The National Cyclopaedia of Biography being the History of the United States [14]

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THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY

VOLUMK

XIV.

THE NATIONAL

CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN .

BIOGRAPHY BEING THE

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE LIVES OF THE FOUNDERS, BUILDERS, AND DEFENDERS (IF THE REPUBLIC, AND OF THE MEN AND WOMEN WHO ARE DOING THE WORK AND MOULDING THE THOUGHT OF THE PRESENT TIME

EDITED BY

DISTINGUISHED BIOGRAPHERS, SELECTED FROM EACH STATE REVISED AND APPROVED BY THE MOST EMINENT HISTORIANS, SCHOLARS, AND STATESMEN OF THE DAY

VOLUME

JAMES

T.

XIV.

NEW YORK WHITE & COMPANY 1910

IB

PUBLIC

>

AST TtLl

B

1941

L

COPYRIGHT, 1910,

BY JAMES

T.

WHITE & COMPANY.

[All rights reserved.]

THE NATIONAL

CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMEEICAN BIOGrEAPKY. A nciation, which collected money due to disabled and dead soldiers without charge. lie also founded the Roosevelt hospital in New York for the treatment of diseases of the hip and spine, which is a lasting memorial to his unflagging interest in moveIn 1877 ments for anicloriatim: human suffering.

ROOSEVELT,

Theodore, twenty-sixth presiof the 1'nited States, was born in New York cilv, Oct. 27, 1858, son of Theodore; and Martha (Butloch) Roosevelt, of Dutch and Scotch-Irish

dent

ancestry.

Klaas Martensen Roosevelt, the founder came from Holland in

of the- family in America, 1(>4!I, and settled in New Nicholas, an alderman of

Amsterdam. His son, the' city, was of the

Leislerian party, and, although a burgher of the "major right," espoused the popular cause in the contest of the colonies with the mother count r\.

After him came Johannes and then Jacobus Roosefather and son, who attained no special prominence; and, in the fourth generation, James I. Roosevelt, a captain in the New York state troops during the Revolution. His son, Cornelius Van Schaick Roosevelt, married Margaret Barnhill, of Pennsylvania, a lady of Scotch-Irish blood, and granddaughter of Thomas Potts, a member of the continental congress; their son, Theodore Roosevelt, father of the president, married a daughter One greatof James Bulloch, of Roswell, Ga. grandfather of the president was Daniel Stewart, who joined the revolutionary army when a mere boy; was captured by the British but escaped from a prison ship, and later served as captain under His mother's grandfather, Sumter and Marion. James Bulloch, was a captain of Georgia and Virginia troops in the same war, and the son of Archibald Bulloch (q.v.), the first revolutionary governor A maternal uncle built the famous of Georgia. confederate privateer Alabama; and another uncle, I. S. Bulloch, fired the last shot from her deck just before she was sunk by the Kearsarge. The Roosevelt,

velts

have always been prominent on Manhattan

Island, as councilmen, organizers of business enterprises, and leaders in public movements of every Notable among them was Isaac Roosevelt, kind. one of the founders of the Bank of New York (the oldest banking institution of that city), and a member of the convention which framed the federal Theodore Roosevelt, the president's constitution. father,

accumulated an ample competence as a glass

He

was a liberal supporter of charitable activities, and devoted a large share of his time to public affairs. During the civil war he took a leading part in organizing and equipping regiments for service; drafted and secured the passage in importer.

congress establishing unsalaried state commissions to deliver soldiers' pay to their wives and children at home. After the war he traversed the South as the head of the New York commission organized a soldiers' employment bureau for the purpose of finding situations for the hosts of discharged veterans, and the Protective War Claims of

a

bill

;

lie u.i-

nomin.'ted for collector of the port of

New

was rejected by the senate because in accepting he declared he-would administer the office in the interest of no party but He was also for the benefit of the whole people;. a devotee of outdoor life and vigorous sports, a fine sailor, an expert at driving four-in-hand, and a boon companion to his children. Thus the bent of the son's genius and the trend of his inclinations In his childhood and are easily accounted for. youth the future president was weakly and asthmatic, incapable of much exertion, either in study

York by

Pres.

Hayes, but

or play, consequently, his international eminence, at the age of fifty, in athletics, politics, economics ranching, soldiering, hunting, literature and public administration is fully as marvelous as the rise of William Wirt from stuttering bashfulness and stupidity, the evolution of Demosthenes from a crooked-shouldered and tongue-tied stripling, or the exaltation of Lincoln from the brambles of His first readings were the books of obscurity. " Leatherstocking Capt. Mayne Reid, Cooper's Tales'" and Dr. Livingstone's "Travels in Africa, and from early boyhood he was fired with ambition But lacking the vigor and to be a mighty hunter. endurance essential to a great hunter, he set himself resolutely to acquire them: he rowed, ran, swam, boxed, took long and rapid walks, rode horseback and practiced calisthenics and shooting, until

he had conquered into a model

himself

energy.

He was

his of

asthma and transformed youthful strength and

primarily educated under private

teachers, and at the age of eighteen he entered Harvard College, where he was active in field sports, a lively boxer and an excellent student. As an illustration of his inborn love of justice it is related that while at college he was requested to resign as teacher of a Sunday-school class, because he had rewarded one of his pupils with a dollar for whipping " a boy who had pinched his sister, saying, You did

boy, perfectly right." He was perfectly right, interested in college politics and was the most ceaseless and insistent reader in his class, but as a speaker, while forceful he was uninteresting and

my

awkward. In the course of extensive historical reading he concluded that both the English and American histories contained numerous misstatements concerning the sea-fighting of the war of 1812, and he proceeded' to verify his theory by

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA examination of the official records. grew his first book, "The Naval War between Great Britain and the United States, 1812-15" (1882), .which was published when he was only a little more than twenty-three years of age. So complete and impartial was this history that a firm of British publishers invited him to prepare the chapter on the war of 1812 for an elaborate work on the royal navy, and accepted his contribution without change or After graduating in 1880, Mr. Roosevelt criticism. read law for a time, and then spent a year in Germany, studying the German language and literature systematic

Out

of this effort Operations of the

and touring the Swiss Alps. After his return in 1881, he joined the New York Republican Association, and was elected to the state assembly from the 21st district of New York city on a platform declaring He attracted for clean politics and clean streets. Email attention in the legislature, and accomplished nothing until petitions protesting against the elevated railroad ring in New York, and involving Judge West brook of Newburg, began to pour in. His request that the charges against this judge be investigated was opposed by the party leaders. Consequently, on Apr. 6, 1882, he took the floor and boldly demanded an impeachment. Although overwhelmingly voted down, he persisted in his effort in the assembly, by interviews and letters in the papers and by every means at his command, until the people of the state were thoroughly aroused and began importuning their representative for action. On the eighth day of his campaign his resolutions to investigate the charges and succeeded in passing them by a vote of 104 to 6. The charges were not sustained or proven, but Roosevelt's career and reputation as a reformer and active enemy of civic uncleanness was established. He was reelected in the fall of 18S2 and was proposed by the newspapers for speaker, but instead, was overwhelmingly defeated and left in complete The situation isolation by his party in the house. is thus described by himself: "I suppose that my head was swelled. I took the best mugwump Btand. I stood out for my own opinion, my own conscience, my own judgment to decide all things. I would listen to no argument, no advice. I took the isolated peak on every issue and the people left me. I was absolutely deserted. Men said, 'He will not listen to anybody' and I wouldn't. Every bit of influence I had was gone. The things I I to wanted to do was powerless accomplish." This, he continues, was his "first real lesson in politics." On further consideration, he concluded that "there were several other excellent people in the body, with honest opinions of the right," and he joined in to help them, they in turn helping him, and to" gether they got things done." He investigated the tenement cigar-makers, about whose conditions there had beer: bitter complaints, and secured the passage of the bill for an amelioration of the evil, which, however, the courts declared unconstitutional; he also presented and had passed the first civil service bill in the state. Although very generally regarded as an ultra-radical, he was again elected in 1883, and by way of continuing his reform activities, struck his first blow for civil service reform, a cause long agitated by his father.

he introduced

Refusing a fourth election, he was sent as a delegate to the Republican state convention, at which he was chosen chairman of the state delegation to the national convention at Chicago in 1884. He was at that time an avowed opponent of Pres. Chester A. Arthur, who was a candidate for a second term, and also of James G. Blaine, the leading candidate, but worked heartily for George F. Edmunds, of Vermont, who stood for the ideal of civil service reform. With

George William Curtis and other reformers, he fought strenuously but unsuccessfully to prevent the nomination of Blaine. However, after a few weeks of recreation in the West, he returned to New York and supported him with characteristic vigor and wholeheartedness, to the intense disgust of his former co-workers. At this time Mr. Curtis pro" He has integrity, phetically said of Mr. Roosevelt: courage, fair scholarship, a comfortable amount of money and a love for public life Somewhat pugnacious, his political fife will probably be a turbulent one, but he will be a figure, not a figurehead, and in time the whole nation will be criticising or praising him." Upon Blaine's defeat by Cleveland, Mr. Roosevelt retired to his cattle ranch in the Bad Lands of North Dakota, for the double purpose of freely indulging his passion for outdoor life and of improving his physical health and The loss of his wife early in that same strength. year may have had some influence also in sending him into retirement. This ranch, which he made famous in his writings, lay along the Little Missouri, on whose banks he erected his ample log

house and log stable for his horse. Game of almost kinds was abundant in every direction. To the north the wilderness was essentially untrodden and the Rockies beyond were wild and unknown. Deer fed about the grounds grizzlies growled in the deep forests and scattered bands of buffalo grazed in the recesses back from the trails. Immense buffalo all

;

heads, huge grizzly skins and many other trophies of his prowess are treasured at Sagamore Hill, his Long Island home, as grateful realizations of the dreams of his boyhood. In contemplating Mr. Roosevelt's recognized skill as a hunter the fact should be remembered that he is near-sighted and compelled to wear specially ground eye-glasses, so that, as he has stated, his hand in the beginning was "none too steady." He won in this, his beloved line, as he has in other lines, by tenacious application and practice. That he loved the wild pastime of the forests and the mountains with an overwhelming love is shown by this extract from

"Wilderness Hunter": "No one but he who has partaken thereof can understand the keen delight of hunting in lonely lands. For him is the joy of the his

horse well ridden and the rifle well held for him the long days of toil and hardship, resolutely endured and crowned at the end with triumph. In after years there shall come forever to his mind the memory of endless prairies shimmering in the bright sun of vast snow-clad wastes lying desolate under gray skies of the melancholy marshes of the rush of mighty waters; of the breath of the evergreen forest in summer; of the crooning of ice-armored pines at the touch of the winds of winter; of cataracts roaring between hoary mountain mosses of all the innumerable sights and sounds of the wilderness; of its immensity and mystery and of the silences that brood in its remote depths." The killing of the huge grizzly whose broad hide adorns Sagamore Hill was one of the most exciting experiHe had made a camp alone ences in his frontier life. at dusk on a small stream and had taken a short turn through the brush to see if he could bag a grouse, when he came upon the bear and wounded ;

;

;

;

;

him.

The animal plunged

moment

later

into a thicket, but a emerged with a rush, "scarlet strings

i

)K

AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

hanging from his lips; his eyes burning like Roosevelt fired and the in the gloom." bullet, as he afterward learned, cut the point of the enraged animal's heart. "Instantly," he wrote, "the great bear turned with a harsh roar of fury and challenge, blowing the bloody foam from his mouth, so that I saw the gleam of his white fangs. Then he charged straight at me, crashing and bounding through the laurel brush, so that it was hard to aim. I waited till he came to a fallen tree, raking him as he topped it with a ball which entered his chest and went through the cavity of his body, but he neither swerved nor flinched and at the moment I did not know that I had struck him. He came steadily on and in another second was almost upon me. I fired for his forehead but my bullet went low, entering his open mouth, smashing his lower jaw and going into his neck. leaped tn one side almost as 1 pulled the trigger and through the hanging smoke the first thing I saw was his paw as he made a vicious side blow at me. The rush of his charge carried him past. As he struck he lurched forward, leaving a pool of bright blood where his muzzle hit the ground; but he recovered himself and made two or three jumps onward, while I hurriedly jammed a couple of cartridges into the magazine my rifle holding only four, all of winch I had fired. Then he tried to pull up, but as he did so his muscles seemed suddenly to give way, his head drooped and he rolled over and over like a shot of froth

embers

1

1

rabbit. Each of my first three bullets had inflicted a mortal wound." He became a part of the life of the plains, the forests and the mountains, meeting every man on his own level and learning much. The physical vigor for which he had always longed and labored came to him in full measure now, and with In it increased ambition and mental activity. addition to his many long hunting excursions and his ranch responsibilities, he wrote "Hunting Trips of a Ranchman" (1SX5), and made notes for other books which followed later. He was par excellence a "mixer," even with the rude and turbulent, participating in the pleasures and labors of his fellows, yet always commanding that respect and deference which is the birthright of the superior mind. On one occasion, it is related, a drunken rowdy, mistaking him fora "tenderfoot," ordered him, with a promiscuous gun-play and a cyclone of profanity, to "treat the crowd." Roosevelt, rising and stepping briskly forward, as if to obey the

command, suddenly shot out a left-hander that sent the bully over benches and boxes prostrate on the floor. Thereafter he was the most admired and He was an active respected man in the region. member of the Montana Stock Growers' Association, and helped to gather in the cattle rustlers, over sixty of whom were summarily dispatched at a single round-up he personally compelled dishonest ;

sheriffs

to

give

the ranchers fair treatment,

or

As one result of his activity, he was once challenged by the Due de Mores, a French aristocrat who owned a ranch in that region, to fight a duel over some cattle difficulty. In answer, he sent a resign.

messenger saying he would reach the duke's ranch in an hour. The duke returned a horseman to meet Roosevelt with an invitation to dinner, which was accepted, and the two

became firm friends. In the 1886 a convention of citizens in New York placed Roosevelt in nomination for mayor, ami soon after the regular Republican organization endorsed the selection All of this was done without his knowledge and while he was "roughing" it in the West. The Democrats ha,ving nominated Abram S. Hewitt and the single-taxers Henry George, the ensuing campaign was unusually bitter. On hearing of his nomination Mr. Roosevelt instantly left the trail and, hastening to New York, plunged into the

autumn

of

.

all his might. He pleaded for a municipal from state and national politics; argued that labor and capital alike were interested in an honest and economical city government, and promised that, if elected, he would administer the office "without heed to anything whatever but the general welfare." He was not elected, however, the returns showing a vote of 90,552 for Hewitt, (IS, 110 for George and 00,435 for Roosevelt. The ensuing two and a half years were devoted to literature, traveling and hunting, though immediately following the election he hastened to London, where he married his second wife. Roosevelt's national reputation began when Benjamin Harrison, who had defeated Grover Cleveland for the presidency in 1888, appointed him a member of the U. S. civil service commission. At that time the commission was a very unpopular institution, being regarded as a sort of alien device for creating and protecting an official aristocracy, and nearly every newspaper and politician in the country was agains tit. Immediately Roosevelt took his seat, however, all was changed. He answered the critics of the commission wherever and whenever they appeared, be they private individuals or senators and cabinet officers, and he struck out with his hardest blows. He promulgated the doctrines that all applicants should have an equal chance, that no employe's should be discharged "so long as they performed their

campaign with

divorce

duties

of

faithfully

and

courteously," and that he would put no person in public office into

whose hands he would not put his affairs.

own

private

He made

a

on what he termed "blackmail" report

New York custom house, that vicious

in the

compelling

practice

employes to contribute a certain per cent, of their salaries to the

recommended the enactment

campaign fund, and which would

of laws

render "such an iniquity impossible." He elimiof the most material objections to it by ordering that examinations for federal positions of any sort could be taken in the several states, instead of necessarily in Washington, thus saving applicants the heavy expense of a journey to the This order marked the turning point in capital. civil service reform. Without it, and another of his rulings, the commission doubtless would have been abolished. That other one put a stop to using the same set of questions for applicants for all sorts of positions, and substituted examinations framed especially for the purpose of developing fitness for each particular kind of service. Notwithstanding these radical improvements, the commission continged to be unpopular, but Roosevelt kept up a ceaseless and spirited defense of the various objections and criticisms, his championship extending to newspapers, magazines, public lectures, hearings and addresses, private letters and official recommendations. When John Sharp Williams objected to the appointment of negroes in the railway mail

nated one

service,

he said "the commission would not make

any discrimination whatsoever for or against any man because of his color any more than because

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA of his politics or religion." He continued in his until May, 1895, when he was appointed Eosition y Mayor Strong president of the New York board of police commissioners, which made him ex-officio a member of the New York board of health, and although strongly urged by the president and his fellow commissioners to decline the new appointment, he felt it his duty to accept it. When he entered the civil service commission he found less than 14,000 employes under civil service rules, and

when he resigned and workings of

there were 40,000, and the object the civil service law were pretty Mr. Roosevelt's fully understood by the public. career as head of the police board of New York was more turbulent than anything that had preceded A vast system of blackmail upon the saloons, it. brothels, policy shops, gambling houses, and even push-carts, was in vogue by the police, under the management and for the benefit of local politicians. This blackmail contribution amounted to several million dollars annually and made the political

The money immunity when violating move to demand Roosevelt's first was

party collecting it practically invincible.

was paid

in

most cases

for

the laws. the resignation of the chief; his next, the promulgation of civil service regulations, and an order to enforce the law closing the saloons on Sunday. Opposition was raised from all quarters, but he paid no attention to the clamor and in a few weeks the saloons surrendered, and the warden of Bellevue hospital reported that for the first time in its history it had no drunken brawl cases from Sunday carous-

1

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:;

a'.'.-.

,..,

-.jgp-.:;.-;,.-

;r'-~f"-=

He also closed the police station lodging-houses,

ing.

stopped the sale of intoxicants to children, and To throttled the pernicious levying of blackmail. make sure that his orders were being carried out and their he were that the police doing duty, personally patrolled the lanes and alleys a number of nights, often unaccompanied, and in order to learn what effect his policies were having upon the poor he visited the slums and inspected the tenement houses. made a rule that police uniforms ruined in saving

He

or protecting life, while the men were on duty, should be paid for by the board; he summoned members of the force who had performed extra hazardous services or acts of bravery, or who had risked their lives for others, congratulating and promoting them, and he called a public meeting of laboring men to explain to them the sworn duty of the police in times of strikes or riots, and to promote a better understanding between those two bodies. Suddenly, in April, 1897, he was appointed by

McKinley assistant secretary

Pres.

of

the

navy

under John D. Long, and he surprised everybody

by

accepting.

whom

He

also surprised the conservatives

he came in contact by the vigor with which he attempted to strip the "barnacles" from with

the service, establishing precedents, creating new duties, and preparing for a possible contest with Spain which he believed to be inevitable in the near He asked for an appropriation of a million future. dollars for target practice, and then a half million more he wanted the bunkers kept filled with coal and the magazines with ammunition, and he wanted :

the men to practice. Pres. McKinley, who was doing his utmost to avert war, did not relish the Roosevelt belligerency, and referred to his assistant secretary of the navy as "the war party." Sen. Hanna, of Ohio, pleaded for peace, for deliberation, for diplomacy, to which Roosevelt made what the country regarded as a ''hot-headed" reply. The coming war, he said, was a moral issue, a stroke for humanity. For the nation to do right, he declared, was far more essential than for it to nurse its business and its commerce; "better lose a thousand bankers than one Farragut; better never have had all our railroad magnates than lose one Grant; better never have known commercial and industrial greatness than miss Lincoln from our history." He was made president of the strategetic board, in which position his activities were ceaseless, his energy He was "running over with enthusiprodigious. asm, suggestion and effort," wrote former Secretaryof-the-Navy Long. He knew that the country was without a standing army or the equipment for an army of any kind; he believed that war was inevitable and he made a complete plan of operations, at the same time urging, energizing and aiding the various bureaus of the navy department, especially the bureau of equipment. After war was actually declared he determined to leave the department and "get into the fight," on the ground that as he "had done what he could to bring on war he had no business, now that it had come, to ask others to do the fighting and stay at home himself." He therefore helped organize what became popularly known as "Roosevelt's Rough Riders" technically First Yolunteeer Cavalry of which he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, with Leonard Wood as colonel, on May 6, 189S. The men were recruited in Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Indian TerOver ninety per cent, of them had herded ritory. cattle or followed the trail on horseback in the West. In their ranks were preachers, Indians, college almost all classes, but all of athletes, "trailers" one type, to whom rifle and revolver were as knife and fork. On July llth, Col. Wood having been promoted to brigadier-general, he was advanced to the command of the regiment. In the most noted action in which this intrepid body participated, the charge up San Juan hill, Roosevelt led the charge thirty yards in advance of his men, although his horse had been shot under him in the opening fire. He also distinguished himself at Las Guasimas. Roosevelt was greatly admired by his men, winning their love and devotion not only because he knew them and their ways, ever appreciating their roughdiamond qualities, nor because he always saw them provided with the best within reach, at no time faring better than they, but because he was the true A few months chieftain, the bravest of the brave. after the regiment was disbanded in September, 1898, he published "The Rough Riders," in which the merits and doings of the command as a body

and as individuals are enthusiastically set forth with many illustrations. The appendix of this book contains the famous "round robin" of Aug. 3, 1898, which Roosevelt addressed to the war department in response to the order from Washington to move the army from Santiago de Cuba on the coast to the interior. In it he declared that as the troops were so debilitated by fevers and the effects of the hot climate, only 20 per cent, of them being fit for duty, such a move would be suicidal and that the only thing that would prevent wholesale destruction was instant removal to the coast of Maine or some similar locality beyond the reach of yellow fever germs. It was a bold move but it was effective, and as the war was really over the regiment was soon afterward brought home. In 1898 Roosevelt was elected governor of New York. His policy as

-

THE!

PUBLK 5X AND IwATfOWS L.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. governor was marked by the same vigor and fearlessness of action that had characterized his previous He recommended a tax upon the political career. franchises of public utility corporations which the

he made a personal investigation of the tenement houses and then induced the legislature to create a tenement house commission; he personally saw that the factory and tenement inspectors performed their full duties vigilantly, and, as he had promised in his inaugural legislature reluctantly provided

;

message, did all that he could, as occasion arose, "for the betterment of social conditions." On McKinley's renomination in 1900, two antagonistic forces in the Republican party united to give the nomination for vice-president to Goy. Roosevelt: the New York politicians who did not like his activity, energy and fearlessness and who wanted to get him out of the state, and the rough-rider and radical elements of the West who admired his style. He himself had no inclination toward the unsatisfactory office of vice-president, desiring rather another term as governor of New York, in order to complete certain reforms then under way or in conNeither Pres. McKinley nor Mark templation. Hanna, the leader of the Republican party, wanted Roosevelt. But the two forces mentioned, adroitly led by Senators Quay, Payne and Platt, were resist less. Roosevelt was nominated on the first ballot, and personally taking the stump made a telling 'anvass. He spoke continuously for many weeks and materially strengthened the ticket, which was -"._> elected by a vote of 7,207,923 to 6,358,133 ami to 155 in the electoral college. During his brief service as vice-president, Roosevelt, besides preaching on several occasions and making numerous -

addresses, delivered his now famous lecture, "The Strenuous Life," before the Hamilton Club of Pres. McKinley was assassinated at the Chicago. Pan-American exposition on Sept. 6, 1901. Roosevelt, who had been spending a vacation in the Adirondack mountains, hurried to Buffalo, arri\ ing on the day of death, September 14th, and took

the oath of office, administered by Judge John R. Hazel, at the house of Ainsley Wilcox. Immediately he issued a proclamation setting aside September 19th as a day of mourning and prayer; and requested the McKinley cabinet to remain with him, announcing that he should continue the McKinley policies unbroken. His cabinet at that time consisted of John Hay, secretary of state; Lyman J. Gage, secretary of the treasury; Elihu Root, secretary of war; Philander C. Knox, attorney-general; Henry C. Payne, postmaster-general; John D. Long, secretary of the navy; Ethan A. Hitchcock, secretary of the interior, and James Wilson, secretary of agriculture all of whom, excepting Postmaster-General Payne were held over from the McKinley administration. Other changes during Roosevelt's first term were the appointment of Leslie M. Shaw to succeed Secretary-of-the-Treasiiry Gage, resigned, Feb 2, 1902, and that of William H. Moody to succeed Secretary-of-the-Navy Long, resigned, May 1, 1902, and the appointment of George B. Cortelyou as the first secretary of the ;

newly established department of commerce and On Feb. 21, 1904, William H. labor, Feb. 23, 1903. Taft succeeded Elihu Root as secretary of war, and on the following July 1st, William H. Moody was transferred to the office of attorney-general to succeed Philander J. Knox; Paul Morton appointed to take his place as secretary of the navy, and Victor H. Metcalf became secretary of commerce and labor to succeed George B. Cortelyou, who as chairman of the Republican national committee, managed Mr. Roosevelt's campaign for reelection during that fall. Postmaster-General Payne died on Oct. 10th,

and Robert

J.

Wynne,

his first assistant, filled

out his term. In his first message to congress Roosevelt recommended registration to prevent immigration of anarchists; outlined his views

on the necessity

of controlling great corporations,

recommending tha creation of a department of commerce and industries, the head of which should be a cabinet officer; recommended wider forest reservations, and the establishment of government reclamation and irrigation works. His tirst term was essentially a con tin nation of the McKinley administration, and he endeavored as far as possible to carry out the known policies of his lamented predecessor. Probably the most important and historic occurrence during his first administration was the definite decision to construct an isthmian canal at Panama, the removal of the obstacles in the way of building the canal, and the actual beginning of the gigantic undertaking, involving an expenditure of over $300,000,000. The question of a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific had been under consideration for over 150 The United States government first took years. up the subject in 1850, and after that time numerous commissions were appointed to determine the mosl satisfactory route by actual serveys. It was finally decided to build a lock canal forty-six and one-half miles long across the isthmus of Panama, after the practicability of such an undertaking had been assured by an international board of French, English, German, Russian and American engineers, and congress authorized the president to acquire the rights, franchises, concessions, unfinished work, plant- and other property owned by the Panama Canal Co. of France, at a cost not to exceed $40.000,000, to be paid, provided a satisfactory title could be obtained and then only after a satisfactory

way should have been obtained by treaty with Colombia. Attorney-General Knox went to Paris to ascertain the legal status of the French canal company and its rights to make the proper transfer. Meanwhile the terms of the ClaytonBulwer treaty between the United States and Great Britain respecting such a canal having proved a hindrance, a new agreement was entered into the second Hay-Pauncefote treaty, which was signed Nov. 18, 1901. A treaty was then drawn up between the United States and Colombia respecting the construction of the canal, and was signed at Washington in January, 1903. The Colombian congress, however, relying on the limitation of the French contract, demanded a heavy cash payment, and finally in the following September rejected the treaty. Less than two months later a revolt broke out in the state of Panama, Colombia, and on Nov. 3, 1903, Panama declared its independence, at the same time signifying its willingness to negotiate a treaty similar to the one rejected by Colombia. On Nov. 18, 1903, such a treaty was signed at right, of

Washington by

Sec.

Hay and Panama's newly

appointed minister plenipotentiary, by which the United States recognized Panama's independence, and for the purpose of protecting her own interests in the great undertaking, guaranteed its maintenance. Following the ratification of this treaty, the president appointed an isthmian canal commission to take charge of the construction of the canal and to govern the canal zone, consisting of RearAdra. John G. Walker, U. S. N. (retired), chairman; Major-Gen. George W. Davis, U. S. A. (retired) ; William Barclay Parsons, New York; William H. Burr, New York; Benjamin M. Harrod, Louisiana; Carl Ewald Grunrky, California, and Frank J. Hecker, Michigan. John F.Wallace, who was general manager of the Illinois railroad system, was appointed chief engineer, and resigned his connection with the railroad to accept the position. On Apr. 22, 1904, the property rights of the Panama Canal

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

6

Co. of France were duly transfered to the United States, and on May 9th' $40,000,000 was paid over by the United States. Pres. Roosevelt then appointed Gen. Davis of the commission to be the governor of the canal zone. The engineering problems connected with such a gigantic undertaking were so great that considerable difficulty was experienced in securing the services of a chief engineer, but that difficulty was happily solved by placing the scientific work in charge of a regular engineer of the United States army, Col. George W. Goethals, Although the completion is still (q.v. for details). some years in the future, it is not too much to say that the name of Roosevelt will always be associated with this great beneficent highway of maritime commerce. The administration was accused of having advance knowledge of the Panama uprising and was criticised for the hurriedness in recognizing her independence. It should he noted in this connection that on Jan. 9. 1909, three treaties were signed, one between the United States and Panama, one between the United States and Colombia and

one between Panama and Colombia, by which all outstanding difficulties arising from the Panama revolution were adjusted in a way honorable and satisfactory to each of the contracting parties. One of Pres. Roosevelt's first notable leaps beyond precedent was calling a halt to the great anthracite coal strike of 1902, and at the suggestion of Secretary-of-State Root

,'

appointing a commission consisting of Judge George Gray, Carroll D. Wright, Edgar E. Clark, Gen. John M. Wilson, Bishop John L. Spalding, Thomas H. Watkins and Edward W. Parker, to investigate both sides of the controversy and report upon the whole situation with findings which he pledged both sides to accept as a just basis for a peaceful continuation of work. (For details, see Parker,

Edward W.)

The judgment

of

that commission constituted the basis of operations in the vast anthracite region until the spring of 1909, when a new agreement i? took its place. The Interparliamentary Union at its meeting in St. Louis, Mo., in September, 1904, in connection with the Louisiana exposition, addressed a unanimous request to Pres. Roosevelt to call a second peace conference at the Hague, and in October of 1904 he issued invitations to all the powers signatory to the first Hague convention to send delegates to a second conference, suggesting that it be held at the Hague. Favorable replies were received, but the Russian government proposed that the meeting be deferred until the conclusion of the war with Japan. The meeting of the second international peace congress took place The Cuban situation at the Hague, June 15, 1907. was also inherited from Pres. McKinley's adminisAfter the conclusion of the Spanishtration. American war the island of Cuba was under the military control of the United States for three years, being ruled by militarv governors appointed by the president. On May "20, 1902, the government and control of the island were turned over to the president, T. Estrada Palma and the congress of the newly inaugurated republic, but before long internal dissensions arose and the situation became so alarming that Pres. Palma called upon Roosevelt to interfere under the conditions of the Platt amendment to the treaty of Paris, which gives the United States the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence and the maintenance of law and order (see Magoon, Charles E.). Charles E.

Magoon was made

provisional governor

and took

entire charge of the administration, remaining there until Jan. 28, 1909, when the rehabilitated republic was turned over to a new administration under the

presidency of Gen. Gomez, and the evacuation of the island by the American troops took place soon A new department, that of commerce thereafter. and labor, was added to the machinery of administration, for the purpose of allowing the government to supervise great aggregations which modern conditions have developed in both capital and labor, and the first secretary was George B. Cortelyou, appointed Feb. 23, 1903. It conducted many investigations which developed information of practical advantage to the nation, the best known of these being the packing industry of 1904, the report of which resulted in several indictments and the passage of a law creating a general system of meat and factory inspection and tagging (see Garfield, James R.) and the famous food and drug act, passed June 30, 1906, under the provisions of which no adulterated or misbranded foods may be imported or carried in interstate commerce. Roosevelt's first administration was highly creditable and won not only widespread approval at home, but the admiration of the whole civilized world, so that at the Chicago convention in 1904 he was enthusiastically nominated to succeed himself, and was elected in November over Alton B. Parker by a vote of 7,621,985 to 5,098,985, and 336 to 140 in the electoral college, the largest plurality (2,523,750) ever given to a candidate for president. Most of the cabinet officers continued in office, the single exception being the appointment of George B'. Cortelyou to be postmasterJohn Hay died on July 1, 1905, and Elihu general. Root succeeded him as secretary of state. The most brilliant achievement of his second administra;

tion

was

his role of

peacemaker between Japan and

Russia, which brought to an end the bloodiest conAfter a series of Russian flict of modern times. reverses culminating in the decisive battle of Mukden and the annihilation of the Russian navy, Pres. Roosevelt arrested the attention of the civilized world by sending (on June 8, 1905) the following identical note to the Japanese and Russian governments: "The President feels that the time has come when in the interest of all mankind he must endeavor to see if it is not possible to bring to an end the terrible and lamentable conflict now being waged. With both Russia and Japan the United States has inherited ties of friendship and good- will. It hopes for the prosperity and welfare of each, and it feels that the progress of the world is set back by the war between these two great nations. The President accordingly urges the Russian and Jap-

anese governments, not only for their sakes, but in the interests of the whole civilized world, to open direct negotiations for peace with one another." The despatch went on to suggest that these peace negotiations be conducted directly and exclusively between the belligerents, and tendered his services as an intermediary if the powers concerned felt that they would be of aid in arranging the preliminaries. Both nations gave instant heed, and on June 12th agreed to the appointment of plenipotentiaries who were to meet in the United States and formulate terms "of a just and lasting peace." The envoys were received by the president at his home at Oyster Bay, and on August 9th following the first official meeting was held at Portsmouth, N. H. When, during the progress of the negotiations a deadlock arose over some of Japan s demands Roosevelt appealed directly to the emperors of both nations,

and persisted

in

his efforts until

Japan

receded from her demand for recoupment and so. modified other items that an amicable convention was finally concluded. The treaty of Portsmouth

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. was signed Sept. 5, 1905. This accomplishment is regarded by many as Roosevelt's greatest achievement, and he himself considered it as such. There can be no doubt that his initiative in securing a cessation of hostilities and his service in making possible the treaty of Portsmouth constituted the greatest contribution to the cause of peace in our day and generation. In other ways also has he been the bearer of the olive branch, notably when the French and German governments were at sword's point over the Morocco situation, he made possible the Algeciras conference. By offering the good offices of the United States at a critical time,

Sec. John Hay. Other matters connected with foreign relations were the development of the civil government in the Philippines, and the trade and commerce with those islands, Porto Rico, and Hawaii; establishment of better relations with the republics of South America (see Root, Elihu) civil government firmly established in Porto Rico; insurrection quelled and formal government installed in ;

the Philippines under a miutary commission which inaugurated local legislative elections and internal h >me rule, and the reorganization of our consular service. Pros. Roosevelt's administration at home was preeminent in the fact that he seized on a pro-

when Argentina and Chili were fast approaching pitiuus moment, when scandalous exposures had warlike conditions, and when Brazil and Argentina aroused the public against chicanery :unl corruption, were on the point of hostilities over the Uruguayan to give the American people a moral shaking up and question, he spoke the words of calm counsel which started matters towards a peaceful understanding. In recognition of the ureat service to the cause of peace he was awarded the Nobel peace prize on Dec. 10, 1906, under the fifth clause of the Nobel will: "To the one who shall have most or best promoted the fraternity of nations, the abolishment or

diminution of standing armies and the formation increase of peace congresses." The prize ($40,000) he devoted to a "Foundation for the Promotion of Industrial Peace," a general instrumentality for arbitrating the differences between Furthermore Roosevelt's adcapital and labor. ministration was notable for the numerous treaties of peace negotiated with the various nations of the world. There were such treaties with practically all of the world nations excepting (lermaiiy and Russia (see Root, Elihu). And in November, 1907, as the result of the joint action of the United Slates and Mexico, there was convened in Washington a notable peace conference between representatives of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico and the United States. During its fourteen sessions eight conventions or treaties were subscribed to as follows ( 1 ) a general treaty of peace and amity; (2) an additional convention

and

1

:

to the foregoing treaty, by which the five republics bound themselves to maintain peace, to preserve complete harmony, and to arbitrate their differences before a Central American court of justice, the provisions of which were made in the third convention (3) a Central American court of justice to consist of a judge from each of the contracting nations, and to be a genuine judicial tribunal for passing judgment on all questions that may be brought before it, acting in accordance with the principles of international law; (4) extradition; (5) on future conferences; (0) on communications; (7) the establishment of an international Central American bureau, and (8) the establishment of a pedagogical institute. This treaty, which was signed Dec. 20, 1907, was considered a most important one in the McKinley's policy of light of international peace. the open door to China and the maintenance of China's territorial integrity was carefully and loyally continued. By an exchange of notes dated Nov. 30, 1908, between Japan and the United States, each country solemnly declared its adherence to the principles of equal commercial opportunities in China and the integrity of China's territory, which put an end to the rumors of war by which the thoughtful in both countries were worried and per;

plexed.

The Alaska boundary dispute was settled United States by a special commis-

in favor of the

sion, and other minor matters long in controversy with Canada were satisfactorily adjusted. A convention with the Dominican republic, which was concluded Feb. 8. 1907, concerning the aid of the United States in the collection and application of the customs revenues of that republic, carried to successful completion the negotiations begun by

bring

home

to the nation his doctrines of business

honesty and righteousness in public life doctrines that he had persistently advocated throughout his whole career. With boundless energy and unflagging zeal, he swelled the tide of their anger until by punishment actually inflicted or through the deterrent fear of it, hosts of wrong-doers were driven into honest ways, old abuses were stamped out, and a sounder and fairer standard of business conduct established. This policy of reform may be analyzed as follows: equality of opportunity and the denial of special privileges; equality upon the of commerce, the prevention of rebates, discriminations and devices by which certain favored are shippers granted advantages or privileges not given to their competitors; recognition of the obliwhich men owe to one another, which gations capital owes to labor, and labor to capital conservation and wise use of our natural resources; vigorous and impartial enforcement of the law; efficient publicity, that is, giving to the public accurate

highways

;

information upon matters which concern it, and governmental legislation of interstate business to pcrvent the abuse of industrial or corporate power. It had long been known that there were flagrant

Sherman anti-trust law. One of prosecutions was against the Northern Securities Co., a holding concern controlling the stock of competitive railroads of the Northwest, which the courts dissolved (see Hill, James J.) Other convictions followed this, and then prosecutions were begun for rebating, the most prominent of them being that against the Standard Oil Co., which was convicted and fined $29, 240,000, although that judgment was reversed on appeal. Additional laws were enacted regulating railroad rates, forbidding a discrimination in rates and rebates, and enlarging the powers of the interstate commerce commission. The movement for the conservation of natural resources was the logical development from the experience of the interior department in It was discovered administering the public domain. that numerous frauds had been perpetrated by which private interests obtained possession of a large part of public lands, especially those rich in Prosecutions were metals, minerals and forests. carried on against these persons, including members of th.8 United States senate, and many convictions were secured. Realizing the seriousness of the rapid disappearance of the forests and the consumption of the mineral resources, Pres. Roosevelt issued an invitation in November, 1907, to the governors of the states and territories of the United States to meet him at the White House, Washington, in the following May, to discuss the question of means to conserve the natural resources of the country. Invitations were also extended to ex-Pres. Cleveland, William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Carnegie, James J. Hill, John Mitchell, Judge George Gray and other violations of the

the

first

prominent men of affairs. The meeting took place May 13, 1908, during which Roosevelt in an address

THE NATIONAL CYCLOP.EDIA

8

reviewed the treatment of natural resources throughout the world, especially the use and waste of them in the United States during the past century. A wise use of them, he said, was the great material question of "the present time and the conference was summoned because the enormous consumption of

person to investigate conditions of the Panama canal work (the first time a president of the United States ever journeyed beyond the limits of his country); sent Sec. Root on a tour of the South American states, Mexico and Canada in order to promote a better understanding and more cordial

these resources and the threat of imminent exhaustion of some of them called for common effort and action." He appointed a committee on resolutions composed of Gov. Blanchard of Louisiana, chairman, and Govs. Cutler of Utah, Davidson of Wisconsin and Ansel of South Carolina, and that committee " that the great prosperity of reported a declaration our country rests upon the abundant resources of the land chosen by our forefathers for their homes; that the country's future is dependent upon the continuation of these natural resources; that they are now being threatened with exhaustion," and urged the continuation and extension of forest policies adapted to secure the husbanding and renewal of the diminishing timber supply, the prevention of soil erosion, and the protection of headwaters, and recommended the enactment of laws looking to the prevention of waste in the minirg and extraction of

relations among Pan-American governments; dispatched See. Taft to Cuba, Panama, the Philippines, China, Japan and Russia in order to eliminate the possibility of friction in dealing with matters of international concern sent a formidable section of

gas and other minerals. It also recomthe appointment of commissions by the several states and by the federal government to act on the conservation of the natural resources and to cooperate with each other in this work. Accordingly on June 3rd following, Roosevelt appointed a national conservation commission consisting of an executive committee, of which Gifford Pinchot (q.v.) was chairman, and sub-committees on waters, forThe general purpose of ests, lands and minerals. this conservation commission is to collect and disseminate information concerning the natural resources of the United States, with advice and suggestions as to the best methods of conservation, and thus cultivate public sentiment in the practice of economy in such resources, and to so shape legislation, both national and state, as will most One of fully carry out these ends of conservation. the last big accomplishments of the Roosevelt administration was the meeting of a similar but international conference of representatives of Canada, the United States and Mexico on the same In addition to the above Roosevelt apsubject. pointed the Keep commission to investigate and reform the workings of the several executive departments at Washington appointed an inland waterways commission to promote the improvement of the Mississippi and its tributaries; selected a rural life commission to investigate the home life and general condition of the American farmer, for the purpose of inaugurating measures for the betterment and uplift of the fanner and his family; caused a searching investigation of the post-office department to be made, which developed sensational conditions of corruption and resulted in many dismissals and several penitentiary punishments sent Sec. Taft to Rome to (see Bristow, Joseph L.) settle the friars' land controversy in the Philippines by personal negotiation with the Pope; went in coal,

oil,

mended

;

;

;

the

navy down the Atlantic and up the

Pacific coast

South America, thence to Australia, Oceania, Japan, Asia and Europe via the Suez canal in order to show mankind that the United States could care for herself with a large share of her fleet on the eastern hemisphere and that she had the means, the machinery, the motive power, the men and the nerve to make the first girdle of the entire earth of

with a line of battleships (see Sperry, Charles S.) ; forced a way to get before the Czar of Russia the American protest against the massacre of Jews at Kishenev, in 1903, when all other nations had failed, and that too without offending the Russian government; advocated an inheritance tax in a speech made when the cornerstone for the new office building for the house of representatives was laid; conthe wrong-doings of the sistently denounced "wealthy criminal class"; closed the post-office at Indianola, Miss., because its patrons formed a mob and threatened the life of its colored postmistress unless she should abandon the office; summarily discharged without trial or honor an entire company of negro soldiers at Brownsville, Tex., (1906) because some of them had been accused of promiscuous shooting in the town, but subsequently revoked that portion of his order which assumed to deprive the dishonored soldiers of all right to hold of honor or trust; commissioned several Democratic officials in the South because he regarded them as more fit than their Republican rivals, and selected William H. Taft to be his successor in the He recognized in Taft the best presidential chair. offices

qualifications for continuing the reform policies begun by himself, and the result of the ensuing election showed that the American people had faith He made this selection two years in his judgment.

advance, and in spite of vehement protests by the people against the strongly unrepublican idea of a president dictating his own successor, brought about Taft's nomination and took a lively interest in the campaign which elected him. He wrote letters attacking the opposing candidate, William J. Bryan, J. B. Foraker, Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, and Charles N. Haskell, governor of Oklahoma and treasurer of the Democratic national committee. He defended Taft's so-called "injunction record" on the federal bench, answered himself the attacks on the candidate, and pointed out and extolled his qualifications as well as the principles which he represented, with His strictures masterful force and fearlessness. drove the treasurer of the Democratic national in

committee from office because he was alleged to have been connected with the Standard Oil Co. he forced the manager of the Republican campaign speakers' bureau to retire because he had been indicted as one of the constituent parts of the powder trust, and he stimulated to abundant success the fund-raising efforts of his party after the managers had failed in that direction. Mr. Roosevelt earned the reputation of being the most daring and most powerful, as well as the most successful political leader who ever sat in the White House "There goes the best politician in Washington," once said Pres. Cleveland, when Roosevelt was only civil service commissioner. ;

He

reconstructed the public

mind

in

regard to the

OF AMKIUCAN BIOGRAPHY. character of public offices; he raised the nation's standard of honesty in business, and made respectThe relations ability for public station a necessity. between capital and labor and such questions as employers' liability and the employment of women and children are regarded from a vastly more enlightened and sensitive standpoint than when he The tone of public first entered the White House. life has been correspondingly raised. Young men of education and wealth no longer leave politics to the politicians they have learned from him a higher His vigorous hand-to-hand sense of civic duty. " methods became known under the sobriquet of The words hceoined or and popularized many Big Stick," and expressions which became universally popular, such as the strenuous life, mollycoddle, be ready, hit the line hard, frazzle, wealthy criminal class, predatory wealth, square deal, undesirable citizens, No president ever attempted such a wide etc., etc. ;

and controlling interest in public no one ever made so many addresses, sent

participation affairs;

so many messages to congress, broke so many precedents, relied so little on the recommendations of senators and political leaders, indulged in so many writings, gave out so many statements, met so many constituents of all grades, engaged in so many pereven turbulent controversies, wrote so many sonal letters which found their way into the public prints, exercised so much active sway over the army and navy and the executive departments, executed so

maiiy reforms in the conduct of public business advocated such advanced forms of social and industrial democracy, instilled so much strenuous activity into everyday military affairs, treated mere wealth and financial power with so much contempt and the oppressions of wealth with such destructive severity, preached so steadily and earnestly for labor, health, activity and right living and for downright honesty, reached out so intrepidly and effectively into the domain of world politics, was on terms of personal intimacy with so large a number of foreign diplomats, or took such an active and He se:it 4'J1 decisive hand in partisan politics. messages to congress, regular and special, and vetoed

His official proclamations and execuforty bills. tive orders number almost 900, and his published letters, addresses, "talks," interviews, "authoritative" statements and speeches relative to public

were almost literally innumerable. Upon the expiration of his term in 1909, ho became a contributing editor of "The Outlook," engaged to deliver the George Romanes lecture at Oxford, England, in 1910, accepted invitations to lecture at the Sorbonne, Paris, and the University of Berlin in the same year, and made preparations for an extensive hunting trip in Africa. This trip to Africa was called a scientific expedition, outfitted by the Smithsonian Institution, to gather natural history materials for the new United States national museum at Washington, which was very deficient in examples of wild life on the dark contiBesides Roosevelt and his son, Kermit, the nent. party consisted of Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, Edmund Heller and J. Alden Loring, representing the Smithsonian Institution, and R. J. C'uninghame, guide. He remained in Africa one year, during which some 7.000 specimens of wild animals were secured, and before his return an account of his adventures appeared in " Scribner's Magazine." Whether or not he has yet reached the zenith of his powers, Roosevelt will unquestionably and unreservedly be accepted as one of America's most brilliant and effective statesmen, and his administration will shine out in the perspective of national history as one of the most illustrious, both for the great upward stride it has taken towards a higher civilization as well as for the recognition it has won for the United States as a affairs

world power

in all that concerns the welfare of the world, particularly in the promotion of national peace and good-will. While he drew upon him-elf a great deal of adverse criticism, especially the latter of his part during administration, even his critics admit that his intentions were good, sound and wholesome. In all his policies he sincerely sought to promote the public welfare and to maintain that high standard of righteousness and honusty of thought and purpose that characterize the American nation as a whole. In summarizing his

civilized

achievements Lyman Abbott in "The Outlook," said: "I admire him for his combination of qualities:

his intensity of conviction

and

his poise of

judgment, his high ideals and his practical realization of them, his inexhaustible energy and his untiring industry, his alertness of mind and his sobriety of judgment, his grasp of great principles and his mastery of details, his chivalrous friendship and his transparent candor, his leonine courage and

his gentle courtesy. He is looked upon with degrees of hostility varying from a passionate enmity to a mild aversion, by the various classes whom he has antagonized. But he has also aroused a passionate devotion to himself among a great and, I believe, increasing number of his fellow citizens, who admire him as a statesman and love him His astuteness as a a- a preacher of righteousness. .

.

.

.

.

.

will be forgotten; his policies will be incorporated in the growing constitution of the nation and presently the world will think they were always there; but his inlluenee as a moral reformer will ever remain in the higher civic ideals and the Quickened patriotic life of a great people." In 1884 Mr. Roosevelt formed a connection with the New York publishing firm of G. 1". Putnam's Sons, and an active partnership continued through several years, during which lie put out in rapid succession a number of substantial books, followed later by addiHe is tional contributions to American literature. the author of the following: "The Naval War of 1812" (1882); "Hunting Trips of a Ranchman" (1885); "Life of Thomas Hart Benton" (1887); "Life of Gouverneur Morris" (1887); "Ranch Life and Hunting Trail" (1888); " Essays on Practical Politics" (1888); "New York," in "Historic Towns," (1890); "American Big Game Hunting" (1893); "The Wilderness Hunter" (1893); "Hero Tales from American History" (with Henry Cabot Lodge) (1895); "Hunting in Many Lands" (1895); "Winning of the West," four volumes (1896), the most

politician

important of his writings; "American Ideals and Other Essays" (1897), a collection of magazine articles; "Trail and Camp-fire" (1897); "BigGame Hunting" in the Rockies and " on the Great Plains" The Rough Riders (1899); "The Stren(1899); uous Life" (1900), a collection of essays and addresses; "Oliver Cromwell" (1900); "Good Hunting in Pursuit of Big Game in the West" (1907); " Addresses and Presidential Messages, 1902-1904," (1904); "Out Door Pastimes of an American Hunter" (1906); besides portions of works like Vol. VI in "History of the Royal Navy of England," and the "Deer and Antelope of North America" (1902) in "The Deer Family." Among his many popular magazine articles and addresses are: "American Ideals," "True Americanism,"

"The Manly Virtues and Practical Politics," "The " College Graduate and Public Life," Phases of State Legislation," "How Not to Hel;> our Poorer Brother," "The Monroe Doctrine," "Washington's " Forgotten Maxim," National Life and Character," "Social Evolution," "The Law of Civilization and Decay," "Expansion and Peace." "Latitude and Longitude of Reform," "Fellow Feeling a Political Factor," "Civic Helpfulness," "Character and Success," "Eighth and Ninth

Commandments

in

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

10

" Promise and Politics," "The Best and the Good," Performance," and "Christian Citizenship." These together with his official messages and papers, political

speeches,

controversial

public addresses,

and other writings, constitute the most notable, as it is the most virile, bulk of literary work in American His books are characterized as "marked history. by felicity, vigor and clearness of expression, with descriptive power," and his historical writings are praised for their "accuracy, breadth and fairness." Mr. Roosevelt dictates with great facility and rapidity and spends no time in recasting and polishing, and none in making indexes. He can break into caller or attend to public business and at the end of the interruption take up the thread of his work instantly, as if noth-

important dictation to receive a

ing had happened.

His composition is direct, clear and sometimes ungrammatical. Mr. Roosevelt was married first on Oct. 27, 1880, to Alice Hathaway, daughter of George Cabot Lee, of Boston, who died Feb. 14, 1884, leaving a daughter, Alice, now the wife of Hon. Nich-

and rugged, but

olas Longworth London, on Dec. of Charles

often rough

of Cincinnati, O.;

and second,

in

1880, to Edith Kermit, daughter of New York, who is the mother of

2,

Carow Theodore J., Kermit, Ethel Carow, Bullock and Quentin Roosevelt. The

five children,

Arclu'bald ideals of his private were always high.

like those of his official life, believes in work, in sacrifices, in justice, in self-respect, in truth-telling, in faithful public service, in keeping close to nature, in life,

He

More especially her influence at the House during Pres. Roosevelt's administration in 1901-09 was socially conservative and upheld the highest standards of refinement. She helpmate. ^yhite

has not publicly indorsed or officially concerned herself with any of the ideas or methods attributed to the "new woman," but has been wholly domestic in her tastes and ways of life.

FAIRBANKS,

Charles Warren, vice-president the United States, was born near Union ville Center, Union co., O., May 11, 1852, son of Loriston Monroe and Mary (Smith) Fairbanks. His first American ancestor was Jonathan Fayerbanck, who landed in Boston in 1033 with his wife Grace Lee. He was a native of Sowerby, in the West Riding of Yorkshire and a Puritan of the extremest stamp. Not liking certain ways of the church in Boston, he pushed on to Dedham, Mass., where he erected a large house of massive oaken timbers, which is still standing. Charles Warren Fairbanks is the ninth descendant from Jonathan. His grandfather, Luther, was born at Barnard, Vt., and his father, Loriston Monroe, was also born at Barnard (1824), but worked his way to Union county, O., in 1837, where he was a farmer, wheelwright and wagon maker. He remained on the farm until 1870, when he moved to Delaware so as to afford a better educaof

tion for his children. The boy was an unusually serious young farmer, with a predominating love for books. At the age of fifteen he was ready to

the open fight, in the square deal, in domestic virtue, in decent living. He romps with his children, he takes a long ride or walk every day no matter what the weather; he fences, boxes, wrestles and plays

enter the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, and was graduated there in 1872. With the help of his uncle, William Henry Smith, who was general manager of the Western Associated Press, he secured

he attends church regularly (Reformed Dutch); he is an omnivorous reader; he writes and speaks prolifically he has many birds and animals about his home; he leads a clean, sensible, natural life. There can be no doubt that from early manhood Mr. Roosevelt loved to serve (or rather govern) the people to do them good and he loved fame. He gave a good index to his character in his reply to an inquiry by Jacob A. Riis as to why he went into politics, when he said: "I wanted to belong to the governing class and not the governed. When I said I wanted to join the Republican association 1 was told that I would meet the groom and

a position as agent of the press association at PittsHere he burg, Pa., and later at Cleveland, O. found ample time while agent to pursue the study of law, and after taking one term in the Cleveland Law School was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Ohio in 1874. He began the practice of his profession in Indianapolis, which has ever since been his home. He is said to have had but one criminal case during his whole law experience, his conspicuous bent being in the direction of industrial, transportation and commercial affairs. Large institutions in Indiana and the surrounding

tennis;

;

;

the saloon-keeper there; that politics were low and that no gentleman bothered with them. I replied that if that was so the grooms and saloon-keepers were the governing class. You have all the chances, the education, the position,' I said, 'and yet you let them rule,' and I joined the association." '

ROOSEVELT, Edith Kermit Carow, wife of Theodore Roosevelt, was born at the home '

of

her grandfather, Gen.

Tyler, in Norwich, Conn., Aug. G, 1801, daughter of Charles and Gertrude Elizabeth (Tyler) Her father was tln> Carow.

son of Isaac Carow, a wealthy shipping merchant of New York, and he also resided in that city, where Miss Carow was educated at She was marMiss Comstock's private school. ried to Theodore Roosevelt at St. George's Church, Hanover Square, London, Eng., Dec. 2, 1886. The marriage proved to be a happy one, and during her husband's remarkably energetic and successful career she has been a sympathetic and judicious

became his clients and he conducted their and guided their operations with quiet and cautious judgment. For some time he kept aloof

states suits

from

except to take part in the caucuses of his party in his immediate neighborhood, but in 1888 he took charge of the presidential campaign of his friend, Walter Q. Gresham. At this time Indiana had two candidates for the presidency Judge Gresham and Gen. Benjamin Harrison, and one of the most strenuously contested state campaigns followed, the result being that the Indiana delegates voted for Gen. Harrison. Judge Gresham in the meantime had secured enough delegates in other states to give him second place when the balloting opened in the Republican national convention at Chicago, John Sherman of ( )liio leading. James G. Blaine had the next largest following, which was thrown to Harrison to prevent the nomination of Sherman and controlled the nomination. Mr. Fairbanks has been an influential participant in every campaign of his party since He has been a delegate to all of the that time. national conventions since 1888 (except in l!Mls; when he was a candidate for the presidency), and generally he was chairman of the Indiana delegaHe had charge of the Harrison forces in 1892 tion. at Minneapolis, and was victorious, though his candidate was defeated by Cleveland at the polls. He secured the Indiana delegates for Mt-Kinley in 1896 and at the latter's express request was made politics,

and movements

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

11

temporary chairman of the St. Louis convention, at which McKinley was nominated, and delivered what is known as the "keynote" speech of the exciting campaign. In 1892, in a speech before the Indiana state convention, Mr. Fairbanks warned his party and the country against the tendency of both parties toward free silver, and in 189G he prepared and pushed through the convention of his state one of the first anti-free silver platforms adopted in The party leaders attempted to this country. induce him to omit any reference to silver, fearing that an anti-silver plank would defeat the ticket, but he carried it to a. decisive victory, recovering the legislature of his state from the Democrats and receiving the election to the U. S. senate on Jan. 20, 1S97, by the unanimous vote of tin- Republican memUTs. He took his seat while Major McKinley was U'ing sworn in as president. In the convention which met in Philadelphia in 1900 he was made chairman of the committee on resolutions which reported the "sound money" platform on which McKinley was renominated and reelected by a triumphant majority over Bryan. In 11)02 he was a candidate to succeed himself and carried the legislature by the largest majority but one iu its hislory and was unanimously reelected on Jan 2(1, In the senate he served as chairman of the 1903. committee on immigration and on the committees on census, claims, geological survey anil public buildings and grounds until 1901, when he was math' chairman of the committee on public buildings and grounds and a number of the committees on geological survey, immigration, relations with Canada, the judiciary, I'acilic islands and Porto Hico. In 1903, while continuing as chairman of the committee on public buildings and grounds, his other assignments were changed to Canadian relations, coast and insular survey, foreign relations, geological His first survey, immigration and the judiciary.

mission failed to agree on the matters that they were called upon to settle because Great Britain would not consent to conclude any of the points at issue unless the United States would agree to submit the boundary question to arbitration. The commission adjourned without accomplishing anything, Great Britain rejecting the offer of the United States to submit the boundary issue to a jury com-

was in opposition to Sen. directing the president to recognize the belligerency of the Cuban insurgents. In 1902, when the French West India island of Martinique was devastated by the terrible eruption

upon which American citizens have actually built their homes and created industries long prior to any suggestion from Great Britain that she had any

speech

in

Morgan's

the senate

resolution

Mont Pellet, he presented a bill appropriating 8100,000 for the relief of the sufferers, which was promptly passed by both houses and for which service he received the thanks of the French republic. When the bill that provided for constructing the Panama canal was under consideration he offered of

an amendment which

called

for

issues of

bonds

to defray the expense of the enterprise, thereby eliminating the danger of having to suspend the work of construction for the want of ready funds and scattering the cost over the future instead of loading the en tire burden upon the people of to-day.

He

favored

tribunal

and

widening the scope of the Hague advocated mixing Filipinos with

United States officers in the Philippines in order to teach the natives the arts of self-government, instead of placing the entire administrative burdens upon them before they were prepared to bear them. Under the protocol of May, 1898, a joint high commission was to be appointed by the United States and Great Britain for settling the Alaska boundary dispute and eleven other matters that had been irritating the two countries, such as the fisheries contentions, reciprocal mining rights, bonding goods for transit through each other's territory, revamping the Bagot agreement of 1817 restricting the armament of vessels on the Great Lakes, reciprocity, etc.

was made a member and chairman commission, the other members being Nelson Dingley, John W. Foster, John A. Kasson, Charles J. Faulkner and T. Jefferson Coolidge. Sessions were held both in Quebec and Washington during the last months of 1893. The comSen. Fairbanks

of

this

posed of an equal number of distinguished lawyers and statesmen from each country. Thereupon Pres. McKinley sent Mr. Fairbanks to Alaska for the purpose of familiarizing himself with facts as In a they actually existed. confidential report to the gov-

ernment

and as chairAmerican section of the commission he recommended that the joint emu mission reassemble. In making this recommendation he

man

in

1901

of the

observed:

"We

cannot submit

toa

foreign arbitrator the determination of the Alaska coasl

under the treaty between the United States and liussia of That coast line was es1M17. tablished by the convention of

line

1X2.") bet wren ireat Britain and Russia. This line has been ca re fully safeguarded by Russia, and tin' I'nited Stales has invariably insisted that it should I

not be broken. Its integrity was never questioned by Great Britain until after the protocol of May, Much as we desire to conclude the questions L898. which we have practically determined, we cannot consent to settle them upon the condition that we must abandon to the chance of an European arbitrator a part of the domain of the I'nited States

claim of right thereto." Mr. Fairbanks then proposed a joint commission or jury of distinguished persons selected equally from both countries, without any independent arbitrator, and the proposition, though previously rejected, was now accepted by Great Britain. Such a commission met in 1908, (see pp. 13-14, Root, Elihu,) and the result of an exhaustive hearing before this international jury of six was a verdict in favor of the American contention as to the interpretation of the treaty of 182.5. On June 23, 1904, Sen. Fairbanks was unanimously nomi-

nated for vice-president on the ticket with Theodore Roosevelt. The Republican nominees were elected by a very decisive majority and Mr. Fairbanks resigned from the senate and took the oath of office as vice-president on Mar. 4, 1905. During 1907 some of the more active of his friends brought Mr. Fairbanks forward as a candidate for the presidency. Pres. Roosevelt had already decided to give the nomination to Hon. William H. Taft, his secretary of war, and was actively engaged in making his programme effective. Many persons were opposed to having the president dictate his successor and they undertook to prevent him from doing so by promoting the candidacy of Mr. Fairbanks in Indiana, Speaker Cannon in Illinois, Sen. La Follette in Wisconsin, Sen. Knox in Pennsylvania and Gov. Hughes in New York. He received forty votes on the first ballot for president in the Chicago convention. The next ballot resulted in the nomination of Taft. Mr. Fairbanks bore an active part in the campaign and contributed to the influences which carried his state for Taft and the entire Republican ticket. Very soon after retiring from office, accompanied by Mrs. Fairbanks, he proceeded to the

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

12

orient, where he made an exhaustive study of Japan, China, Korea, Manchuria and Siberia, with a view

to becoming familiar with their internal affairs and discovering correct principles for the far eastern He has for years been policy of the United States. a popular orator and has delivered numerous public addresses at military, civic, religious and educational He was one of the most democratic gatherings. senators who ever sat in the capitol. His door was open to everybody, without distinction of party or station, and he seemed to take genuine pleasure in helping any whose cause was just, and extending his His patience as assistance willingly and at once. well as his time for listening to others seemed to be unlimited. Mr. Fairbanks has given considerable sums in aid of his alma mater, the Ohio Wesleyan University, and has been a member of its board of trustees since 1885. In 1907 he received the degree of LL.D. from the Northwestern L'niversity. He was married Oct. 6, 1874, to Cornelia, daughter of Judge P. B. Cole of Marysville, O., a schoolmate a in graduate of the Ohio Wesleyan University. Mrs. Fairbanks, who is a woman of fine ability, has been her husband's partner in most of the important events of his life, and has promoted his welfare in many ways. They have four sons and one daughter. I

HAY, p.

John, secretary

of state.

(See Vol.

XL,

12.)

Elihu, secretary of state, was born in Clinton, Oneida co., N. Y., Feb. 15, 1845, son of Oren and Nancy Whitney (Buttrick) Root. The house in which he was born is now known as Knox Hall of Hamilton College, and contains the college scientific and other collections which were originally brought to the institution by Mr. Root's father who for years held the chair of mathematics, astronomy, minerology and geology there. His first American ancestor was John Roote, who came from Badby, Northamptonshire, England and was one of the From him settlers of Farmington, Conn., in 1640. the line of descent is traced through his son Thomas, who married Mary Spencer, and died in Wi-strii-ld, Mass.; their son John, of Westfield, who married Mary Leonard; their son Hewit, who married Experience Pomeroy, and died in Great Barrington, Mass.; their son James of Great Barrington, who and died in Vernon, N. Y., married Lydia and their son Elihu, who married Ochsa Pomeroy, and was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Root's early childhood was spent in Seneca Falls, where his father was pi incipal of an academy; but in 1850 the latter returned to his

ROOT,

chair in Hamilton College, and young Root attended the Clinton grammar school until 1860, when he entered Hamilton College. in his

He was

a prize speaker

sophomore year; won the first prize in mathematics and was graduated in 1864 as valedictorian of his class. In 1864-65 he taught in the academy at Rome, N. Y., and in 1867 was graduated LL.B. at the New York University Law School. During his second year there were but three in the law class, so that Mr. Root received ample personal attention from Dr. John N. Pomeroy, one of the profoundest law teachers of the time. After a year in the office of Man & Parsons of New York city he

formed a partnership with John H. Strahan and a year later became associated with Willard The first litigation that gave to Mr. Bartlett. Root any wide notoriety was the civil and criminal

He was prosecution of the notorious Tweed ring. counsel for and succeeded in defending certain members of that gang, in consequence of which he has been unjustly denounced for being connected with the Tweed ring. He acted in his capacity as an attorney merely, and "his associates in the cases were such distinguished lawyers as Judge William Fullerton and David Dudley Field. He was personal counsel for Chester A. Arthur from the time he was collector of the port of New York until the end of his life, and in 1883 he was appointed by Pres. Arthur to be U. S. district-attorney for the southern district of New York. While in this office he prosecuted many important cases, the most notable being that which resulted in sending James D. Fish, president of the Marine National Bank to jail for ten years for his operations in connection with the firm of Grant & Ward. In a speech made at a Lotos Club dinner, Jan. 24, 1885, a few hours after dynamiters had blown up Westminster hall and damaged the house of commons and other buildings in London, Mr. Root showed his wonderful grasp of international law by going over the entire subject as it applied to the allegation that the dynamite plot had been hatched in the United States and the explosive itself manufactured here. He pointed out that law officers like himself had no authority to act in such a case except under that conferred by the law of 1818, and knew no crimes save those defined in 1778, long before dynamite had been invented. With our laws as they were, he declared, conspirators could meet in broad daylight, hatch their plots openly, manufacture their explosive in plain sight and select their agents to go abroad and use it and no punishment could be made to reach them. Out of this address grew corrective legislation by which dynamiters and anarchists may be apprehended or extradited. In November, 1893, he was elected one of fifteen delegates at large to the New York state constitutional convention. Joseph H. Choate was made president of the convention and Mr. Root chairman of the judiciary committee, which gave the final touches to every paragraph and fitted the various portions together as a complete and homogeneous instrument. This is the first constitution to provide for civil service reform; it forbade the use of railroad and other franks and passes by public officers; provided for laws to prohibit book-making and pool-selling and also erected a barrier which will prevent the city of

New

York, with

its

growing preponderance

of population, from ever controlling either branch of the state legislature. It is one of the model constitutions of the republic. During McKinley's

administration, peculiar and significant circumstances combined to make the appointment of a man like Root as secretary of war imperative. Gen. Russell A. Alger had emerged from the active hostilities of the war with Spain in poor health and discouraged by an inefficient administrative organization that had resulted in serious scandals; there was dissatisfaction and complaint on all sides as the result of the government's policy in the Philippines and its handling of the insurrection there; and in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippine islands there were motley and unrequited popula-

which required new forms of civil go\ernment while the territories in which they resided were being held by the military forces. Pres. McKinley had previously offered the mission to Spain to Mr. Root, but he declined the post. When in July, ISJIli, Secy. Alger resigned the war portfolio, it was tendered to Mr. Root and he accepted it at once, attending a meeting of the full cabinet on July 27th. The conditions into which the new tions

secretary

was suddenly ejected were most

trying.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. Nelson A. Miles, the general commanding the army, had been almost completely ignored liy tlio

Orders to the army were issue. 1 administration. in his name but he never saw them until after their publication and the various bureaus ot the department, siding with or against him, were divided Before noon of his into actively hostile camps. first day's incumbency, ignoring the merits of past or existing controversies. Mr. Root made .in extended call upon (Jen. Miles and the bureau chiefs communicating to each the outlines of his Thus in a few hours he restored official plans. if not personal harmony, habilitated (ien. .Miles with whatever functions belonged to the anomalous " office of the general commanding the army," and inaugurated an era of cheerful cooperation. Having quelled the insurrection in the war. department he turned his attention next day to the insurrection led by Aguinaldo in the Philippine calling upon den. Miles and all of the appropriate subordinate officers and chiefs for informal ion concerning transportation, arms, subsistence, the supply of available officers of experience, etc. On August 8th he announced that all the men that might be required to suppress the Philippine disturbances would be sent there at once and on the 17th issued the order for recruiting ton addiThe forces in the Philippines tional regiments. were soon augmented to nearly 70,000, with free orders to pacify the islands, and Mr Root turned his attention to preparing a form of civil to be administered by military instrumentalities without using or showing the

government

bayonet. There was already a Philippine commission in the islands and the outlines of the new form of government to be administered by it were embodied by Sec. Root in "Instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission." These instructions were signed by McKinley as president, but they were conceived and written Root. When congress met entirely by Sec. and took up the task of legislating for the government of the Islands it simply enacted Mr. Root's "instructions" just as they stood. This state paper, which has been universally praised for its remarkable completeness in every detail, is virtually a constitution as well as code of statutes for establishing courts and administering justice, managing local municipal corporations and schools, laying and collecting taxes, projecting public improvements and promoting trade and agriculture in short it provided for everything required to create and carry on a Republican form of government in a land where such processes were Sec. Root also prepared for utterly 'unknown.

Porto Bico a code of government which was enacted into law and on May 1, 1900, a complete form of territorial government was inaugurated, with a governor, secretary of state, legislature or Early in 1900 a congress, courts, and schools. powerful sect known as Boxers ("The Fist of Righteous Harmony") began a destructive and murderous demonstration against all foreigners in China, and continued then- aggressions until they had successfully besieged Pekin and cut it off from communication with the outside world. The German and Japanese chancellors had been in the streets and the other foreign representatives, including U. S. minister Conger, and his family and suite, were under incessant bombardment in the British legation compound. During a portion of' the Boxer difficulties in China, Sec.-of-State Hay was ill, and besides getting soldiers from the Philippines to Pekin (under command of Gen. A. R. Chaffee) Mr. Root exercised supervisory control over the state department, thus doubling his already onerous and delicate

murdered

13

Hon. John D. Long in his " Xew American Navy," declares that for a time Mr. Root was

duties.

compelled to act essentially as "secretary of war, attorney-general and secretary of state," in connection with the most important diplomatic and legal as well as military affairs in dealing with our colonial complications. The American soldiers rescuing the beleaguered amWashington procured the first authentic information wliich the world received that disclosed whether any ambassadors survived to be rescued. In this strange experience the United States led the world in absolute correctness of conduct as well as effective measures led

the

in

way

and

bassadors,

On

of relief.

Dec.

10,

Ivs,

relinquished her sovereignty over Cuba, and the I'nited States through the war

Spain

department,

assumed tempo-

control of the island. Owing to the wealth, populition and importance of Cuba and the delicate relations sustained toward her by this country as a protectorate power merely, the task of administering her affairs and preparing the people for self-government rary

was one tv.

of

From

extreme

difficul-

the time he entered

the war office until May, 20, 1902, when he turned the island over to Pres. Palma without hitch or error, Mr. Root never took his In 1902 the great aneyes or thoughts from Cuba. thracite strike occurred. All means failing to effect a settlement, a general appeal was made to Pres. Roosevelt to interfere in behalf of the suffering public. Such an interference was resented by mine owners and operators as outside of the duties of the executive and utterly without warrant of law, the courts being open to both sides for whatever proceedings might be found necessary and proper to determine rights or redress wrongs. In October the deadlock seeming to be hopeless, and the operators and owners declining to hold further conferences with "politicians," Sec. Root sought an interview with J. P. Morgan as a controlling influence in the coal carrying roads and laid before him a plan wliich he agreed to consider in conjunction with the heads and managers of such roads and other coal mine operators. His proposition was immediately accepted and the coal interests united in a written request to Pres. Roosevelt to appoint a commission which should review all questions at issue between miners and operators

and

render findings thereon which should be binding upon both parties for three years. Instantly the president appointed the commission. The striking miners accepted it and the terms under which it was appointed and then returned to work pending a judgment. Biographers, magazine writers and public speakers have been unanimous in giving Pres. Roosevelt the credit for settling this prodigious controversy when, in fact, it was the work of the just and constructive mind of Sec. Root. He served on the Alaska boundary commission which met in London in September, 1903, for the purpose of disposing of the new Canadian claim to territory and sea coast in Alaska that had been ceded to the United States by Russia in 1867 according to the terms of the treaty of 1825 between Russia and Great Britain, and never disputed until gold in large quantities was discovered on the coastal strip that both countries had always mapped as belonging to the

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

14

United States. The Canadian claim was rejected, and by a convention signed Oct. 20, 1903, the contracting parties agreed upon a joint survey of the boundary according to the terms of the of 1825. The survey having original treaty been completed and a report thereof rendered, a treaty in accordance with its terms was signed by Sec. Root on April 8, 1908. Militarists believe that his greatest achievement as secretary of war was the initiating and carrying through of the work which resulted in reorganizing the entire military establishment of the United States by "

abolishing the office of general commanding the army" (as well as the numerous independent bureaus, each working in the war department without knowing what the other was trying to do), and substituting therefor a general staff, headed by a chief of staff who represents and advises the secretary of war and synchronizes the activities of the several staff bureaus. The first bill for achieving this purpose was defeated in congress, but instead of complaining and retiring, Mr. Root assumed that he had failed to set forth the merits of the proposition in full and

immediately began a re-preparation of his case. The second bill was passed at the next session of congress and became a law Feb. 16, 1903. General staff details are made for four years and are so arranged that there is a constant interchange of duty between the field and the staff bureaus. In some opinions that part of his work in reforming the administration of the military establishassimilates the state militia with the It divides the regular forces is more important. militia into the organized and the unorganized. The former, if it adopts and uses the rules and regulations of the U. S. army, is entitled to share in the funds appropriated by congress and may draw arms, ammunition, supplies etc from the I". S. army stores and otherwise enjoy the federal The officers of the state militia combounty. panies so participating may attend federal military schools for tuition, and be examined for commissions and promotions, and state military forces may participate in regular army manoeuvres. The army is now a more efficient and homogeneous body than it was ever before. When the last soldiers of the original army of occupation had been with-

ment which

,

drawn from Cuba, and

civil

government, had been

the Philippines and Porto Rico, Mr. Root resigned from the cabinet on Feb. 1, 1904, and resumed his law practice in New York. Retainers in the most important causes began to come to him at once among them for the HillMorgan interests in the Northern Securities cases, from Mayor Weaver in his fight against civic corruption in Philadelphia, and to act as counsel for Edward H. Harriman several great corporations. thus described the great value of Mr. Root's counsel: "Other attorneys tell us what we can't do; Mr. Root tells us what we can do." On July Pres. Roosevelt 1, 1905, Secy. John Hay died. requested Mr. Root to represent the state department at the Hay funeral in Cleveland, O., and he accepted. This was taken to mean that the president desired to have Mr. Root succeed Mr. Hay, and that desire ultimately prevailed Mr. Root taking the oath of office on July 20, 1905. To leave a practice worth $200,000 a year or more, as well as congenial business and social relations for exacting routine labors and prescribed social fully

established

in

which were anything but congenial, shows Mr. Root's strong loyalty to Pres. Roosevelt and to public duty. Taking office in the midst of the peace negotiations between Russia and Japan which had been brought about by the United States, his first administrative move was formalities

inaugurate an up-to-date system of filing, indexing and handling the archives. Having no specific clerical force or appropriation for this purpose, he began by borrowing from or exchanging with war department clerks, and when the much-needed reform had been thus put under way he went to congress and explained the pressing necessity for such an increase in the clerical force as would enable the department to meet promptly and effectively the steadily increasing demands that were being made upon it. Congress responded favorably and the state department, is now as near an up-to-date business machine as any other branch of the government service. While bringing about this reform he urged upon congress the extreme desirability of reorganizing the consular service by creating classes or grades under rules which would enable him to shift consuls and diplomatic agents from post to post, assigning stations according to aptitude or experience and appointing higher officers by promotions from below according to merit. So far as he could, he put this plan into actual practice while waiting for congress to act, and when the new law (approved April 5, 1906) became effective, all consular fees were abolished and a system of graded salaries was established in their stead. The consular service is now managed upon a business basis according to merit and adaptability. In the summer of 1906 Mr. Root made a tour of the South and Central American republics. The primary object was to attend the third international conference of American republics at Rio de Janeiro as United States delegate, but sailing in the U. S. cruiser "Charleston." he took occasion to

to

pay

friendly visits to Brazil, Uruguay, ArgenPeru, Panama and Colombia, for the

tina, Chili,

explaining the scope and meaning Monroe Doctrine, learning the wishes and wants of their people and pledging the good will and cooperation of the United States. In an address delivered at the conference Mr. Root declared: "We wish for no victories but those of peace; for no territory except our own; for no

purpose of of the

sovereignity except sovereignity over ourselves. We deem the independence and equal rights of the smallest and weakest member of the family of nations entitled to as much respect as those of the greatest empire, and we deem the observance of that respect the chief guaranty of the weak We neither against the oppression of the strong. claim nor desire any rights or privileges or powers that we do not freely concede to every American The utterance of this sentiment was republic."

deeply gratifying to South Americans, who had often been told by European intriguers that the "

"

United States to assume some sort presumed of unwarranted and degrading suzerainty over their republics for purposes of her own. Mr Root was everywhere received with open armed in and succeeded the cordiality, eliminating suspicion and reserve that formerly had characterized the relations between the northern and southern continents. During the deliberations of the conconference Mr. Root promised to use his utmost endeavors to commit the Hague tribunal to the doctrine enunciated by Dr. Drago that force should be used no longer for the collection of national debts and that in the international high court of arbitral justice each sovereignity should have an equal representative regardless of size, wealth or No other act of America ever did population. so much to unify, strengthen and win the gratitude of the South American republics. On Nov. 20, 1906, he delivered a comprehensive address before the Trans-Mississippi commercial congress at Kansas City in which he said; "The people of the United

OF AMERICAN BIOCRAPHY. first time accumulated a surplus beyond the requirements of internal development. That surplus is increasing with We have paid our debts extraordinary rapidity. to Europe and have become a creditor instead of a debtor nation. We have faced about. We have become an investing instead of a borrowing nation." Having realized the significance of this change of conditions, Mr. Root had sought to do what he could as head of the state department to find new outlets for the surplus capital, products and manuThat was another object factures of the country. of his noted circuit of the South American nations, and in this Kansas City address he set forth the (Treat opportunities for opening new trade relations witli South America which he had observed, and advocated, as a method of working up and sustaining that trade, a system of ship subsidies to be subsidies sufficient to established by congress overcome the advantage of lower rates of inteiv-t wages and cost of living in foreign countries. In January, I!t07, Sec. Root paid a visit to Canada in response to an invitation from Sir Wilfred I.aurier

general welfare one of the very great of the generation. An equally

States have for the

of

of

achievements

capital

for the purpose of participating in a full interchange' of views and aims with the Dominion administration. During this visit a banquet tendered to him by the Canadian Club enabled him to make a in which he outlined the policy of public address his government and gave expression to the feelings of the people of the United States toward the "hardy and vigorous" neighbors at the North who "love liberty and justice." Canada had long labored under the depressing feeling that in the

15

their

notable result of his labors, in conjunction with by Mexico, was the establishment of an international court of justice, similar to the Hague tribunal, by which the Central American state3 will settle their disputes according to principles In I'.lOli the internal affairs of Santo of law. Domingo, as the result of unending revolutions and insurrections, had become so deplorable that the United States felt forced to send warship.; thither to protect American interests and See. Root to di-palcli a special agent (Jacob L. Hollander) to gather information concerning the fiscal condition On the of the torn and prostrate little republic. report of this agent Mr. Knot devised a way of administering Dominican finances for the equal benefit of all, first sealing down foreign claims from $21,000,000 to less than 12,000,000 and domestic claims from over $11,000,000 to $5,000,000. The collection of revenue and the liquidation of debts \\as committed to an American commission, under a convention with the Dominican governments which Mr. Root after much emphatic urging, induced the I". S. senate to ratify an arrangement which saved Santo Domingo from destruction. In a speech before the Pennsylvania Society of \e\\ York, in lllOti, Mr. Root warned the states that that growth of the federal constitution by conefforts

contentions, her interests had not been sufficiently sustained and the visit of Sec. Root neutralized

of which the federal government had undertaken the regulation of affairs which formerly were "entirely within the cognizance of tin' individual states" was due to the failure of the stall's to adequately exercise controls which He gave further warning the people demanded. that such growth would continue' unless the' state's

this feeling

and materially helped Canada to rise to the position of diplomatic autonomy and national independence which she reached when, in January, 1909, with Ambassador James Bryce, he signed a

should responel to the demands of the people for the adequate regulation of new powers and influences which were seen to be encroaching upon them in many directions. This adelress created

treaty which provided for an American-Canadian joint high commission to which shall be referred

a

disputes except those over pecuniary matters that are now pen ing or may arise under our treaties and that concern Canada and the United Another result of the enti-ntf States alone. cordiale thus inaugurated by him is a convention for the adjustment of pecuniary clainis between the two countries and referring the Xew Foundland fisheries disputes to the Hague tribunal. By this reference the Hague tribunal will record an interpretation of the treaty of 1818 under which citizens of the United States claim the right to fish in New Foundland waters and New Foundland claims the right to enact legislation which abridges the treaty rights of American fishermen. Perhaps nothing ever taxed Sec. Root's patience more than the fantastic performances of Pres. Castro of Venezuela, who literally ran amuck among the nations. Although forced to terminate diplomatic relations with Venezeula, he nevertheless averted war and nursed Castro along like an incorrigible child until the latter fled to Europe early in 1909, after which his successor recognized the justice of American claims and provided for their settlement. In September, 1907, Sec. Root made a special visit to Mexico for the purpose of having a frank and friendly interchange of views with Pres. Diaz on matters of interest to the two countries as well as matters of common interest to all of the governments on the western hemisphere, and permitting the Mexican ministry to know what he had learned at the Canadian and South American capitals. This visit concluded and crowned with success his efforts to amalgamate the sentiment of the western hemisphere and make of its twelve or more governments a cordial and faithful unit in the promotion

a

fisheries,

all

Alaska boundary,

tariff, fur-seal

and

oilier

struction

deep

learneel

impression and excited universal and comment, but was not more effective than

delivered at Utica, N. Y., which, with merciless freedom and precision, he analyzed the policies and performances of William R. Hearst, a proprietor political address five weeks earlier in

of

sensational

newspapers who was aspiring to

the presidency. Of this Hearst address, which contained the allegation that Pres. Roosevelt regarded Hearst as an instigator of the assassination of McKinley, two million copies were printed In January, 1909, the for free distribution. Republican majority of the New York legislature unanimously supported Mr. Root for II. S. senator to succeed Thomas C. Platt, and he was duly As a elected, taking his seat on March 4, 1909. member of the committee on foreign relations he entered on the fulfillment of the plans which as an executive he had suggested and devised. Riveting down and putting into actual practice the Root, policies inaugurated by John Hay, Sec. did more than any individual in the world to unify and pacify the international tendencies of mankind and elevate as well as universalize the code of diplomatic procedure among nations. He signed arbitration treaties with practically all of the civilized governments of the world, and his efforts to have the Hague tribunal constituted upon a basis of equal national sovereignity instead of according to the size, wealth or population of the nation represented, are of inestimable value. A fruitful source of his strength and success was his willingness and ability to appear before any committee of congress and answer any question that should be put to him relative to treaties or other matters in which his department was conIf Mr. Root had cared more for political cerned.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOP.EDIA

16

honors than conscientious performance of public duty he might have been president of the Unitrd States in the place of Roosevelt. When in 1899 Henry C. Payne, vice-chairman of the Republican national committee asked Mr. Root to stand for vice-president on the ticket with Pres. McKinley, he replied that while there were able and good men to succeed him in the war department, no one could take up the threads of the very important matters which were then in process of adjustment or consummation without a period of education similar to the one through which he had passed, and he felt it a duty to remain where he was. To this view Mr. Payne was compelled to give assent and Mr. Roosevelt, then governor of New York, received the nomination. Mr. Root has been twice president of the Union League

New York and was

president of the American Society of International Law (1906). He is a member of the New York and American bar was president of the international associations; sanitary convention of American republics at was president of the its sessions in Washington; New York Bar Association in 1904-5; was temporary chairman of the Republican national convention of 1904 and is a trustee of Hamilton College, Carnegie Institution and the Metropolitan Museum. He has made many public addresses all of them clothed in simple, almost monosyllabic language, and all upon a lofty plane of patriotism and civic duty. Four Yale lectures on the responsibilities of citizenship have been published under the title of

"The Citizen's Part "The Sanction of

in

first

Government"

International

(1907), and Law" (1908),

published by the American Branch Association for International Conciliation. Mr. Root's law practice has been largely that of coun-

has

been

from Rutlandshire, England, to Barnstable county, Mass., in 1639. He was a tanner and leather finisher of good business ability and stern virtues, who erected a house of oak logs in Barnstable in 1642, which stood for 240 years. From 1650 until his death in 1673 almost the entire time of this colonist was devoted to public affairs, either in the colony court, in the council of war, or as court officer, and the land on which he settled is still in the possession of his descendents. Robert Bacon was prepared for college in private schools in Boston and entered Harvard College in 1876 in the same class as Theodore Roosevelt.

He was

class during

course in

and

1880 was

president of the his four years' after graduation elected perman-

ent class president. Upon leaving college he became a clerk in the banking house of E. Rollins Morse & Bro., of Boston. Developing unusual adaptability for financial operations

and

affairs,

he was

rapidly promoted and finally became a member of the firm. Having attracted the attention of J. Pierpont Morgan, whose banking firm Morse & Bro. represented in Boston Mr. Bacon was invited to

enter the service of the great

New York

house and in 1899 became a junior partner. He was entrusted with many transactions requiring tact and poise and carried them through with such

success that very soon the responsibility of conducting all of the larger constructive operations of the Morgan bank was placed upon him. He was selor, his chief fame arising from his ability to settle cases out of court, but he has been active in many also connected with the Philadelphia house of important trials the Stewart and Fairweather Drexel & Co., and had particular charge of the will cases; the Croton aqueduct and Broadway foreign department of the home bank. After 1900 surface railway matters; the sugar trust litiga- he was recognized as the active administrative head of Morgan & Co., and during Mr. Morgan's many tion, in defense of Robert Ray Hamilton against the notorious Emma Mann, and in the tariff levy and prolonged absences in Europe and elsewhere he on the yacht "Conqueror." In an address on had full direction of the firm's affairs. He was in "Three College-Bred Americans" in 1902, Pres. charge in 1901 when the famous "corner" in North"He has done the ern Pacific Railway was engineered which drove the Roosevelt said of Secy. Root most exhausting and the most responsible work stock of that company to over $1,000 a share and of any man in the administration more exhaust- resulted in the panic of May 9-10, 1901. The corner ing and more responsible work than the work of was the result of a contest between the Morgan -Hil] the president because the circumstances have interests on one side and Harriman interests on ti.a been such that with a man of Root's wonderful other, for the control of the Northern Pacific railability, wonderful industry and wonderful conway. While the former secured a majority of the scientiousness, the president could not help de- coveted stock, Mr. Bacon suggested an amalgamahim work that made his task one tion of the conflicting interests in the interest of volving upon under which almost any other man I know would peace, which was accepted by Mr. Morgan upon his have staggered. He has not only been secre- return from abroad. In 1902 he played a promitary of war, but secretary for the islands and secre- nent part in the long and intricate negotiations by tary for the colonies at the same time. For all this which the several English, German, American and nothing can come to Root in the way of reward other transatlantic steamship lines were merged except in the reward that is implied in the knowledge under a common ownership with the title of Interthat he has done something of incalculable im- national Mercantile Marine Co., with a capital of I can do nothing for him. He is 8100,000.000, a gold bond issue of $75,000,000 and portance. the ablest man I have known in our government eight out of thirteen directors citizens of the United I will go further. service. He is the ablest man States. In 1903 he retired from the firm of Morgan that has appeared in the public life of any country & Co. and devoted his time to his personal affairs in my time." He was married in New York until September, 1905, when he was appointed by Jan. 8, 1878, to Clara, daughter of Salem Howe Pres. Roosevelt to be first assistant secretary of state Wales, of Wales, Mass. They have three children, to succeed Francis B. Loomis. He had been a Edith, wife of Ulysses S. Grant, 3rd.; Elihu, Jr. director in the Northern Pacific, West Shore, New and Edward Wales Root. England, Erie, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, Buffalo & Lockport, Hocking Valley, Buffalo & BACON, Robert, banker and secretary of state, Niagara Falls and the Buffalo Street railways, as was born in Jamaica Plain, Mass., July 5, 1860, son well as in the LT nited States Steel Corporation, of William B. and Emily C. (Low) Bacon. The family Amalgamated Copper Co., Edison Electric Illumiwas of Norman origin, and the first American rep- nating Co., National City Bank, Northern Securities resentative was Nathaniel Bacon, who emigrated Co., and other corporations, but resigned from many :

.

.

.

.

.

.

OF AMKKICAX BIOGRAPHY. of them upon accepting the appointment to the His selection was dictated by a state department. desire to have in the foreign relations department of the government a person who was known to be familiar with the great business interests that were involved by the new relations that the United States

was unavoidably assuming with China, Japan, Cuba and other foreign countries, as well as a trained business manager to aid in reforming the adminis-

Mr. features of the state department. first duties were those of acting secretary instead of assistant, Sec. Root being absent in Labrador when the new assistant was sworn in. trative

Bacon's

Although occupying a subordinate position, he contributed materially to the modern character of the state department of to-day as an effective business institution, and he participated in diplomatic matters also to a considerable extent. He accompanied Sec. Taft to Cuba in 190(5 in the attempt to settle the insurrection on that island without formal intervention on the part of the United States under the Platt amendment, and conducted the correspondence with Cuba which drove Pres. Palma to formally appeal to the United States for help, thus avoiding the necessity of intervention by America without being formally called upon to do so. In January, 1909, when Mr. Root was elected U. S. senator Mr. Bacon was appointed to fill out the unexpired term as secretary of state. Although his term of service as premier was short, it was not devoid of important events. He had the satisfaction of seeing the several differences between Venezuela and the United States amicably settled or submitted to the Hague Tribunal for arbitration he formulated the reply of the United States to the protest of the Republic of Panama against the charges made in congress of improprieties in the Panama canal negotiations, and he joined effectively in keeping Japan and the United States unruffled during the attempt of Pacific coast legislatures to enact exclusion and restrictive race legislation that would have violated existing treaties with Japan. On Dec. 20, 1909, Mr. Bacon was appointed by Pres. Taft to succeed Henry White as ambassador to France, and entered upon the duties of his new office Jan. 1, ;

While residing in Boston he was president of 1910. theSomerset Club and member of the Union, Tavern, University, St. Botolph's and Athletic Association clubs; in New York of the Tuxedo, Racquet, Riding, New York Yacht, Lawyers' and Harvard clubs, and in Washington of the Metropolitan Club. He was married Oct. 10, 1883, to Martha Waldron, daughter of Elliot C. Cowdin, and has four children, Robert Low, Gasper Griswold, Elliot Cowdin and Martha Bacon. GAGE, Lyman Judson, secretary of the treasury. (See Vol.

XL,

p. 14.)

SHAW,

Leslie Mortimer, secretary of the treasury, was born on a farm at Morristown, Lamville co., Vt., Nov. 2, 1848, son of Boardman O. and Louisa (Spalding) Shaw. The Shaws are of Scotcli origin. Shiah, surnamed de Shawe, a son of MacDuff, third Earl of Fife, was supposed to be the born about 1025. The first of first of the name, the family in America was Roger Shaw of Cornhill, England, who came to Cambridge, Mass., in 1636 and removing to Hampton, N. H., in lr,:;'.i, played a considerable and honorable part in public Leslie M. Shaw worked on his father's until he became of age, attending the district school and later the People's Academy at MorrisIn 1S69 ville, a few miles from his father's farm. he went to Mt. Vernon, la., to visit relatives. affairs.

farm

Here he found employment and taught a near-by country school. Being ambitious for a better ed 'j!;ation, he entered Cornell College, where he was graduated in 1S74. He was also graduated at the

17

of Law (LL.B.,) at Iowa City, in 1876. After being admitted to the bar he removed to Denison to practice. The experience of handling money for his clients and the spectacle of a rich

Iowa College

agricultural country developing its fiscal institutions directed

more rapidly than

his attention to banking, and he very soon began promoting that business and in time was at the head of active and useful banks at Denison, Manilla, and Charter Oak, all in Crawford county. From the beginning he took a leading part in church and Sunday-school work and in every move intended to promote the He was repeatedly elected welfare of the place. to the school board and for some time was its He was the leader in founding (1893) president. and sustaining the Denison Normal and Business College. Generally politics, beyond the welfare of his city and county, did not enlist his activities, but in 1888 he became more deeply interested in national issues, and took a modest part in the campaign of that year. In 1896 he heard a speech made by William Jennings Bryan at Denison in favor of the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1, and observed that is produced a strong impression upon the community. Taking pains to inquire elsewhere, he found that Mr. Bryan's speeches were winning converts wherever he appeared that the masses were drifting toward him. Believing that if put into actual practice the free silver theory would destroy national prosperity; that the people did not realize the actual meaning of the free silver campaign, and that the paramount necessity of the hour was to inaugurate such an educational propaganda as would counteract Mr. Bryan's wonderful influence upon his hearers, Mr. Shaw prepared charts, statistics and illustrations out of his own experience as farmer, banker and lawyer, and answered the Democratic nominee by a public address to his friends and neighbors of Denison. In college debates and local controversies and at the bar he had been known as a peculiarly clear, incisive and convincing speaker, but no one suspected that it would be safe to match him against orators of the Bryan calibre until after he had delivered this anti-free silver address.

His

fame was instantaneous. His illustrations and arguments were published everywhere and his services were in great demand. Not realizing his own powers and importance, he asked to be assigned to school houses and cross-roads,

but very soon he was drawn to the large cities, where his

quaint illustrations, his ample fund of folk-lore, his illuminating illustrations and his resistless logic carried the masses with him. He made sixty formal addresses and was credited with changing the tide of Iowa back to McKinley. In 1S97 there were ten strong candidates for the Republican nomination for governor of Iowa, including Leslie M. Shaw. The McKinley campaign of the previous year had given to him a strength with the people of which the party leaders were unware, and he was elected over Frederick E. White by a vote of 225.500 to 195,000. Taking office in Jan., 1898, his administra-

tion was popular and prompt and energetic

successful. in securing

He was

very Iowa's quota

the Spanish-American war, and gave personal attention to the welfare of all state of

.

soldiers

in

THE NATIONAL CYCI.OP.EDIA

IS

He was reflected in 1S99 over opponent by the largest vote ever given a Republican candidate for governor in Iowa. During his four years of service as governor he

institutions. his previous

was unable

to confine his activities within state Invitations to make addresses on important occasions came from all parts of the country and many of them were accepted. On some of these occasions he spoke in competition with men of national renown as orators but "he was never outclassed," declared John Hay, "because he In 1898 he was constituted a class by himself." permanent president of the International Monetary Conference at Indianapolis. In his address he declared that the conference had no right to consider whether the gold standard should be maintained, for the people had already settled that. The only subject to be discussed, he said, was what sort of a financial superstructure should be created on the gold-standard foundation. During the presidential campaign of 1900 he made numerous speeches, for Mr. Bryan was again running against Mr. McKinley. In South Dakota he spoke from the same platform with Theodore Roosevelt, then running for the vice-presidency, and the complete mastery of the principles of finances, tariff and business which he then displayed, created the impression in Mr. Roosevelt's

limits.

mind which led, ultimately to his appointment On Dec. 12, 1900, as secretary of the treasury. Mr. Shaw created a still deeper impression upon the leaders of national thought by his address in the east room of the white house at Washington on the centennial anniversary of establishing the His theme was federal government in that city. "The Development of the States during the Century." His grasp of the great subject constituted a general surprise and led Pres. McKinley to declare that "Gov. Shaw was the first man he had known who could crystallize statistics into When Lyman J. Gage retired from the poetry." office of secretary of the treasury Feb. 1, 1902, Pres. Roosevelt, appointed Gov. Shaw to take

He was soon called upon to dispose of numerous knotty problems. The press teemed his place.

with complaints against the treasury regulations which governed the inspection of the baggage of persons returning from abroad and also against the immigration inspection service. In order to secure first-hand information concerning these matters he made personal investigations which resulted in the promulgation of modified rules. It was his habit also, when stock speculation created panics, to go in person among merchants, manufacturers and importers, and learn directly from them whether and to what extent legitimate On one of these visits he business was affected. gave expression to the opinion that "bank reserves were created and maintained for use in emergencies and when such emergencies arose should be used to meet them." He was called upon in 1902, 1903, 1905 and 1906 to relieve the stringency in the money market; and when he found that the banks of the country could not or would not create extra reserves with which to meet the demands made upon them by extraordinary crop or business conditions, he caused the treasury to absorb what he believed would be sufficient funds He always explained to meet these occasions. to the president in writing, the character of and reason for any move of this kind.. The practice of establishing what Mr. Shaw termed a "relief " fund has been followed by his successors. In defending the policy of the secretary of the treasury against the criticisms which followed every step taken in the public interest, he said to a convention

of

bankers in

Washington: "Extraordinary

measures to prevent the spread of epidemics arc always commended; yet this country has never witnessed a pestilence which left in its wake so great an aggregation of suffering and sorrow as mark the course of financial disorders and industrial stagnation." Upon the expiration of his term, Mar. 4, 19(17, he became president of the Carnegie Trust While in the treasury departCo., of New York. ment he was called upon for addresses in all parts of the country, to man}' of which he responded.

The

subjects

of these addresses included the tariff,

merchant marine, the Philippines reciprocity, policies the Cuban protectorate, transportation, as well as every phase of financial conditions, and proposed legislation. They abounded policies in quaint New England folk-lore, and apt illustrations from the rich field of the every day life and excelled in clearness, completeness and simplicity. collection of fifty of the best of them was published under the title of "Current Issues," the most inof which are"Evolution inBusiforming and valuable " ness Methods," Importance of the Home Market," " " " Tariff for Revenue Only," Drawbacks," Reci""Subsidies. ""Statutory Control of Trusts," procity, " Virtues and Defects of Our Currency System,"

A

A

"Credit Currency and Current Credit," "Currency He sugReform," "Inflation" and "Taxation." gested the plan of making the currency of the country elastic, which found many prominent advocates. Mr. Shaw was three times lay delegate to the great quadriennial conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and has for years been regarded as one of the most powerful lay members of that body. He has been a leader fiscal and administrative reforms and succeeded in abolishing useless officesand eliminating unnecessary salaries. He is trustee of Cornell College, but a member of no

m

He was discussed as good presidential timber prior to the assassination of McKinley, and was favored in many localities for the nomination in 1908, but made no effort to secure the nomination after Pres. Roosevelt had selected William H. Taft as the republican nominee. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by clubs.

Simpson College, Cornell and Wesleyan universities and Dickinson College. He was married Dec. 6, 1877, to Alice daughter of James Cranshaw, of Clinton, Iowa.

CORTELYOU, George treasury, was born in son of 'Peter Crolius

He the the

of the July 26, 1862,

Bruce, secretary

New York

city,

and Rose (Seary) Cortelvou. descended from Capt. Jacques Cortelyou,

is

first of first

the line to settle in America,

official

map

of

who made

New Amsterdam

in

1657

and aided in erecting the wall across Manhattan island from which Wall street derived its name, as a protection against Indian incursions from the north. He himse,f acquired lands across the East river on Long Island, and a portion of the original Jacques Cortelyou estate constitutes the site of the Mr. Cortelyou was Cortelyou Club of Brooklyn. graduated at the Hempstead Institute, at Hempstead. Long Island, in 1879, and at the State Normal School, West-field, Mass., i:i 1882. He studied music for a time in the New England Conservatory in Boston, while teaching at Cambridge, but thinking better of stenography as a means of earning a livlihood, he returned to New York. ,

pursued a course in clinics in the New York while studying shorthand, in order to become more expert in taking and transcribing testimony in medical cases. He was a general law and verbatim reporter in association with James E. Munson (q.v.) during 1883-85. In 1,889 he entered the customs service in New York as " stenosrapher and typewriter at $5 per diem

He

hospital,

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. when employed," and held the position for two years or more, when he was transferred to Washington as a "clerk" in the office of the postmastergeneral, and from there, on the recommendation of Postmaster-General Bissell, he became stenographer to Pres. Cleveland in 1895. Three months later he was appointed executive clerk to the presIn March, 1S97, Pres. Cleveland commendident. ed him to his successor, William McKinley, who within a short time -made him assistant secretary. In April, 1900, upon the resignation of John Addison Porter from the secretaryship, Mr. Cortelyou was advanced to the post of secretary to the president, which had grown to nearly the dignity of a cabinet The salary of this position is $.~>,000, position. and the duties are complex, confidential, delicate and unending. The secretary is expected to relieve the chief executive as much as possible of the le--er details of the office, to satisfy the demands of the public in its contact with the White House, arrange interviews of public and other persons with the president, send to the proper departments matters which can be attended to better by other officers, accompany the president whenever he leaves the White House, formulate and give out for the use of the press whatever executive news items the people are entitled to receive, and generally to neutralize and absorb the constant demands of In this position the nation upon its official head. the labors performed by Mr. Cortelyou were heavy and prolonged. The ill health of Mr. Porter brought Mr. Cortelyou to the president's side for a ol ec year before he assumed the official duties of he retary, so that he received the great pressure Pres. when lie was present Spanish war period. McKinlcy was struck down by the assassin's bullet of the marlyr the was at bedside in Buffalo and night and day until death ended his suffering. Although young and strong and of abstemious habits in every respect, he returned to Washington, after McKinley's funeral, well-nigh broken in both body and mind from the prolonged period of night and-day labor and strain as well as sorrow through which he had been compelled to pass. He had been held in the very highest esteem by Mrs. McKinley as well as by her distinguished husband and his friends and she sent for him to open and read her husband's will. She declined to act as administratrix and attached to the instrument a declaration designating Mr. Cortelyou and Judge William R. Day as administrators. He was continued secretary to the president under Roosevelt until Feb. 16, 1903, when he was appointed to the new cabinet position of secretary of commerce and In this new office he demonstrated his labor. capacity for organization. He had to create the executive force of his department out of entirely i

materials, except where bureaus were transHis first ferred to him from other departments. recommendation to congress was made on a scale

new

which he believed to be necessary to meet the duties imposed upon and expected of his comprehensive department, but congress did not take enthusiastically to the recommendations of the young cabinet officer and cut his estimates to such a very low figure that he could not organize the bureau of manufactures. Under the law creating '' the department, it is the province and duty of said department to foster, promote and develop the manuforeign and domestic commerce, the mining, the labor facturing, shipping and fishing industries, interests and the transportation facilities of the United States." In order to carry out this provision there were transferred to his department the lighthouse board, lighthouse establishment, steamboat inspection service, bureau of navigation, United States shipping commissioners, national

19

of standards, coast and geodetic survey, the commissioner-general of immigration, bureau of immigration, and the bureau of statistics, the of the bureau all from treasury department; the census from the department of the inteiior, and the bureaus of foreign commerce from the department of state, together with the independent commissioner of fish and fisheries and the department of labor. Added to these were a bureau of corporations and a bureau of manufactures. Thus the department of commerce and labor began its existence as one of the largest and most complicated branches of the federal ser-

bureau the

vice,

having thirteen subdiand employing a ioi

visions

I

1

1

In his first 10,000 persons. annual report hesaid: "The department deals with the great concerns of industrial

and commercial

life.

To be

of service to these interests it must have their hearty coIt operation and support. must be a department of busiIt must not deviate ness. from the pathway of justice, .

strict

.

.

and

impartial.

It

must

be non-partisan in the highest and broadest sense. It must recognize no distinction as between large and small inIt must adhere rigidly to the lines marked out since the foundation of the government for federal agencies in executing the will of the people." Uter one year and four months in the position of secretary of commerce and labor, he was elected chairman of the Republican national committee On to manage the campaign of Pres. Roosevelt. Mar. 4, 1905, when Mr. Roosevelt began his second terests.

term

.

.

.

he appointed

Mr.

Cortelyou

postmaster-

general to succeed Robert J. Wynne, who filled the office temporarily after the death of Henry Mr. Cortelyou was no stranger to the C. Payne. A little less than ten years post-office department. before he had been a clerk in this department of which he was now the head, a record without He at once set about reparallel in our history. organizing the department and placing it on a In April, 1905, he established a business basis. tenure during good behavior for fourth-class postntaslers, and later brought the presidential postmasters within the same classification so far as the law allowed. He also perfected the rural free delivery system, recommended parcels delivery on the rural routes and tightened the stringency of the regulations intended to prevent the use of the mails for immoral and fraudulent purposes. The postal deficit was reduced to the lowest point in years, while facilities were extended and efficiency increased in all directions. The entire tendency of his administration was to render the postal service more certain and efficient, to extend parcels post agreements with foreign countries, and to keep all postal property in perfect condition and On Mar. 4, 1907, Leslie M. Shaw resigned repair. as secretary of the treasury and Mr. Cortelyou was advanced to his place. In certain ways the treasury department is the most vital branch of public administration, and to add to his responsibilities Sec. Cortelyou was soon afterward called upon to deal with the most stringent and prolonged money panic of the decade. Beginning Aug. 23, 1907, he first undertook to ease the markets before the onset of the panic, by making weekly deposits of cash with banks in sections wher3 currency seemed to be the scarcest. This continued until

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

20

$26,000,000 had been deposited, and had the effect of greatly ameliorating the situation, but as Mr. Cortelyou stated in his annual report to congress,

"there was a constantly increasing stringency in the monetary centers, which culminated in the forced suspension of several important institutions." He then adopted vigorous measures and within four days transferred to banks from the treasury $35,000,000 in cash, taking as security such state, municipal and railroad securities as are acceptable under the laws of the several states which have legislated upon that subject as investments for savings banks. By the middle of November the U. S. treasury had in the various banks of the country over $225,000,000 and financiers had arranged to import $60,000,000 in Even this relief, enormous as it was, gold bars. failed to be sufficient, and the associated banks of all of the greater cities resorted to payments in clearing-house certificates. This experience led Sec. Cortelyou, in his annual report for 1907, to beg congress with "the deepest concern" to take up the subject of providing a more adequate and elastic currency and "not lay it aside until some definite means of relief shall have been enacted into law." Congress took heed, and enacted an emergency currency law known as Chapter 229, U. S. statutes at large for 1907-8, approved May 30, 1908. By this law not less than ten banks in contiguous territory, under prescribed conditions, may form a national currency association, becoming a body corporate, for the purpose of issuing circulating notes founded on state and municipal bonds and commercial paper as prescribed in the act, and may increase or contract such circulation, subject to a specific federal tax of five percentum per annum for the first month and one percentum per month thereafter until the rate shall equal ten percentum per annum. The law providing for this emergency currency will expire on June 30, 1914; but it provided for a national monetary commission of nine members from each house which, in the meantime, shall investigate and refer to a permanent plan for providing an adequate and elastic currency system to take the place of the With the accession so-called emergency circulaion. of the Taft administration in 1909, See. Cortelyou retired to New York to become the head of the Consolidated Gas Co. He is the most notable example in American life of high attainments in the public service without winning any distinction whatsoever in a private capacity or relying upon He personally served three outside influences. presidents of strangely divergent characteristics and sat at the cabinet board representing three great departments, the aggregate number of employed of which was more than a third of a million. His chief characteristics are a genius for hard work and for taking infinite pains with a clear, cool and thorough comprehension of every problem that he has had to study. He studiedlaw while in the public service and was graduated LL.B. at Georgetown University Law School in 1895 and at George Washington University law department, with the degree of LL.M. in 1896. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Georgetown University, the University of Illinois,

He was

and Kentucky Wesleyan University.

married, in 1888, to Lily Morris, daughter of his old preceptor at Hempstead Institute, Dr. Ephraim Hinds, and has five children.

TAFT, William Howard,

secretary of war.

(See

p. 403.)

WRIGHT, Luke Edward,

secretary of war, was born in Memphis, Tenn., Aug. 29, 1846, son of Archibald and Mary Elizabeth (Eldridge) Wright,

grandson of John and Nancy (Mclntyre) Wright,

and great-grandson of Scotland, and the

of

Duncan Wright, a native

the family in America. His father, Archibald Wright, served in the Seminole war under Gen. Armstrong; was a member first of

from Giles county (1847-49), and was elected to the supreme bench of the state in 1858 for a term expiring in 1866, but was arbitrarily displaced by Gov. Brownlow in 1865. His mother was a daughter of Dr. Elisha Eldridge, a native of New Hampshire, and a physician of eminence. He was educated in the schools of his native town, and at the University of MisUpon the outbreak of the civil war he sissippi. enlisted in the Confederate army, and despite his youth was quickly advanced to the rank of captain, of the state legislature

He serving throughout the four years struggle. was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1870, and opening a law office in Memphis, he soon won a reputation as a close reasoner, a well-qualified lawyer and an eloquent advocate that promised to raise him to the high level attained by his father. For eight years after his admission to the bar he served as attorney-general of Tennessee. He first definitely established his reputation in the days of the yellow fever epidemic at Memphis (1878), when he practically assumed the duties and responsibilities of mayor, and taking charge of the relief measures, displayed what may justly be called heroic devotion to duty and indifference stricken to his own life. Although by the plague he was fighting, he lived to see it stamped out and took part in introducing into Memphis the hygienic measures which have since made it one of the model health cities of the world. In 1900 he wag appointed by Pres. McKinley a member of the United States Philippine commission, of which he served as president in 1904. Pres. Roosevelt appointed him vice-governor of the Philippine Islands, Oct. 29, 1901, and when William H. Taft became secretary of war, on Feb. 1, 1904, Gen. Wright was appointed to succeed him as governorHe served until Mar. 30, 1906, when he general. became the first American ambassador to Japan. This post he resigned Sept. 1, 1907, and returned to the LT nited States to resume his law practice. On July 1, 1908, Gen. Wright succeeded William H. Taft as secretary of war, the latter having resigned that position immediately after his nomination for the In making the appresidency. pointment Pres. Roosevelt pointed out GenT Wright's peculiar fitness for the position by virtue of his familiarity with the conditions in the Philippine Islands

Cuba, and Panama, which to great extent

tendon

of

commanded the at the department at

that time. Gen. Wright is regarded as a leader in his profession, not only in the South, but In all throughout the country. the important positions which he has held he distinguished himself by his able conduct of

,.< *(

under his control, and signal fidelity in carrying out the policies of the administration. During his service in the Philippines he won the regard of the army to a high degree, and his subsequent appointment as head of the war department was in accordance with affairs

his

In the wishes of. many distinguished officers. 1903 the degree of LL.B., was conferred upon him by Hamilton College. In politics Gen. Wright He was married Dec. 15, is a Gold Democrat. 1869, to Kate, daughter of Raphael Semrnes,

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. admiral of the Conferderate navy, and has five children:

Luke

Kldridge, Anna,

Katrina Wright.

E.,

Semmes and

Gen. Wright's three sons served

in the Spanish- American war.

KNOX, Philander Chase, attorney-general. p. 40S.)

(See

attorney-general, was CO., Mass., Dec. L. and Melissa Augusta family is old and very

MOODY, William Henry,

born on a farm at Newbury, Essex 1853, son of

Henry Emerson Moody. The 23,

substantial in New England, many of its members taking to literature, domestic economies, evangelism and the ministry. Some had been sailors and some farmers. The founder in the colonies was William Moody, a native of Wales, who with his wife and one son settled at Newbury in It33f>. He was a worker at iron short, powerful and strong-willed. From him sprang an unusually large number of able and intrepid ministers. The lino of descent in traced through William's son, Samuel, and his wife Mary Cutting; their son William, and his wife Mehitabel Sewall; their son Deacon Samuel, and his wife Judith Hale; their son (.'apt. and their son William, Paul, and his wife and his wife Abigail Titcomb, who were the grandparents of Wiliam H. Moody. The subject of this sketch was graduated at Phillips (Andover) Academy, in 1872 and at Harvard College in 1876. He was brilliant, but not persistent, in school, and loved out-door sports, especially base ball, Upon leaving college he took up the study of law In in the office of Richard H. Dana, of Boston. 1878 he applied for examination for admission to the bar, but the committee, learning that he had spent only eighteen months in law-study declined to examine him, because the customary course of He insisted upon being training was three years. heard and when the test was over the committee asserted that young Moody was the best prepared ,

21

States more easy mastery of the Caribbean Sea, He established and the Panama canal when built. a naval base at Subig Bay, in the Philippines; he induced congress to double the number of cadet appointments to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in order to provide competent officers for the increasing number of new ships that is being added to the navy; he secured the establish-

ment

of the first joint

army and navy board

for

the purpose of simplifying and harmonizing the work and operations of these two branches of national defense and he conceived and put into practice the plan of a squadron formation to take the place of individual cruises by the various warships. On July 1, 1904, when Philander C. Knox took (Quay's place in the United Slates senate, Mr. MoodysucceeiK-d him as attorney-gen-

In this office he found eral. a number of extremely important cases pending. Like liis predecessor, he personally appeared before the courts in most of them and was very successful and he inaugurated the practice of having a ' ;

representative of the departinent participate in every case that involved the general welWhile prosecuting the fare. beef trust cases at Chicago, he coined the now popular ex" pression of immunity bath," which was intended to ridi\J. cule the theory of the detendauts that a corporation could avoid punish'

ment for wrong-doing if one of its officers should go to Washington now and then, and make con-

fession. He said to the court: "Washington student they ever had examined. He began will become the Alsatia to which they can resort the practice of his profession in Haverhill, and for immunity for their offenses. Instead of running his business soon became large and reasonably away from a subpoena they will run toward the His first political office was that of government agent and serve a confession on him. profitable. city solicitor, which he filled with universal satis- Washington will become a great resort not only in faction during 1888-90. He was then elected winter but in summer. All the people who are United States district attorney for the eastern violating the laws may go there at intervals and district of Massachusetts, serving until Gen. Wil- obtain immunity. Thus the law under which we liam Cogswell, member of congress from the are acting becomes a license to commit crime. He Now I can fancy these gentlemen gathering at sixth Massachusetts district, died in 1895. was elected to the 54th congress, and was re- Washington. I see Mr. Swift and Sir. Armour In elected in 1896, 1898, and 1900. congress he en route to Washington and meeting there other served on the committees on appropriations, ex- magnates who have been washed in this immunity in of the He secured a decision from the U. S. penditures department justice, insular bath." affairs, transporation of mails, and special com- supreme court to the effect that officers of a corporamittees. He was especially valued on the com- tion can not refuse to testify on the plea that they mitee on appropriations because of the thoroughness may incriminate the corporation and that they canwith which he mastered the details of its very not withhold books and papers from investigation He secured a decision great number of items and his preparedness to in proper legal proceedings. answer inquiries concerning them made on the which broke up what was known as "peonage" floor of the House. He very ably opposed making in the south and also one requiring all railways the coast and geodetic survey an appendage of the to equip their rolling stock with safety couplers. military establishment, giving the most convincing At this same time he carried on preliminary inreasons heard in the House for his position. He vestigations into the paper trust, tobacco trust, drew the provision which became a law that pre- salt trust, fertilizer trust, drug trust and numerous vents the federal departments from establishing other combinations in restraint of trade that were pension lists for incompetent clerks, and he favored believed or have since been shown to be in violation the bill which provides for our eight-hour day on of the Sherman anti-trust law or the Elkins rate government work. All of his debates were clear law. He also instituted in 1906 the famous suit and decisive in form and full of facts. On May of the government against the Standard Oil Co. 1, 1902, when John D. Long resigned as secretary Upon the retirement of Justice Henry B. Brown, of the navy, Mr. Moody was appointed by Pres. on Dec. 17, 1906, Mr. Moody was selected by Roosevelt to be his successor. In the navy depart- Pres. Roosevelt to be an associate justice of the ment his first move was one which transferred U. S. supreme court. He is unmarried, and like mere routine duties to subordinates. He advised the first of his line in America, is stocky, muscular the establishment of an ample naval base at Guan- and rather short. He is fond of horseback riding tonamo, Porto Rico, in order to give to the United and literature.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

22

BONAPARTE, Charles Joseph, attorney-generwas born in Baltimore, Md., June 9, 1851, son of Jerome Napoleon and Susan May (Williams) BonHis ancestry is unusually picturesque and aparte. interesting. His grandfather was Jerome Bonaparte, al,

brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who entered the French navy in 1800. While on a cruise in 1803 he visited the LT nited States, and in Baltimore met and fell in love with Elizabeth, daughter of William Patterson, a native of Ulster, at that time one of the wealthiest citizens of Maryland. Young Bonaparte was then under nineteen and Miss

Patterson eighteen years In due time the couple became betrothed, but Napoleon doggedly opposed the union, which nevertheless took place in Baltimore, in December, of age.

1803. The emperor sent word to his brother that he must return to France, leaving the "young person" behind, and that if he should obey, all would be forgiven; but undertake to

he should bring this "person" with him, she would not be allowed to set foot 1

if

upon French

soil.

Not

regarding this threat as the irrevocable, young

couple sailed for France reaching port the husband went ashore and proceeded to Paris to plead his cause with the emperor while the ship bearing Elizabeth sailed for Amsterdam. Two French men-of-war intercepted the young woman's progress and she was taken to England, where, very soon afterwards, at Camberwell, on July 7, 1805, Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte was born. Napoleon appealed to Pope Pius VII, for an annulment of the marriage with Miss Patterson, but without success. The French council of state then declared the marriage null, and the young bride never saw her husband again. After a time she returned to Baltimore. Jerome Bonaparte was subsequently elected king of Westphalia and on Aug. 1'-', 1S07, he married Catherine Frederika, princess of Wiirtemberg. Elizabeth Patterson, sustained by the great wealth of her father, employed every available means to maintain the legality of her marriage and the legitimacy of her son. Jerome, now having children by Princess Katherine, " the council of state to prohibit Jerome appealed to " Patterson from assuming the name Bonaparte, and while the decision was adverse, it held that the youth could not be considered as a legal member of the imperial family. Upon the death of Jerome Bonaparte in 18bO Elizabeth and her son brought suit for a share of his estate. The courts decided that she was not entitled and should not receive any portion of this estate, but declared that her son Jerome was entitled, to the name of Bonaparte. He was ordered or "advised" to sue for the hand of the daughter of his uncle, Joseph Bonaparte, but refused to do this, and married the daughter of Benjamin Williams, a native of Roxbury, Mass., but for many years a well known merchant of Baltimore. He left two sons Jerome Napoleon, born in Baltimore on Nov. 5, 1830, and Charles Joseph, the subject of this sketch. The latter was graduated at. Harvard University in 1871, and at the Harvard lawschool in 1874. Immediately he began the practice of his profession in Baltimore. lie was one of the

late in

earliest

March, 1805.

On

and most active champions

of civil service

reform, and the value of his services in this direction has been universally recognized. He was chairman of the council of the National Civil Service Reform League and held the office until he entered Pres. Roosevelt's, cabinet in 1905. Believing that the most fruitful source of civic corruption and maladministration was to be found in city

governments, he promoted the organization of the National Municipal League, of which he is president, and he has been from the first a member of the executive committee of the National Civic Federation. The. object of the National Civil Service Reform League is to extend the merit system to all civil appointments state and municThe purpose of the ipal as well as national. National Municipal League, which is an organization formed by the union of local city associations throughout the country, is the improvement of municipal government. It takes no part in state or national politics or contests, but, regardless of political parties, confines its efforts strictly to city government. In 1902 Mr. Bonaparte became a

member

of the board of Indian commissioners, in which he served two years. In 1904 he was the only Republican presidential elector chosen by the voters of the state of Maryland. During that year he reviewed for the government the charges of "graft" in the management of certain branches of the post-office department and reported in favor of reforms and prosecutions which were subsequently carried out. On July 1, 1905, he was appointed secretary of the navy to succeed

Paul Morton. The country being at peace with the world and as there was nothing warlike connected with the management of the navy department Mr. Bonaparte directed his energies toward improving and hamonizing bureau administration. After a careful examination of the situation in comparison with " like features of foreign navies, he drafted a bill to increase the efficiency of the personnel of the line of the navy of the United States." His investigation disclosed that the grade of captain, which was reached in foreign navies at the age of thirty-two to forty-two years was not reached in our navy until fifty-five, and that the average age of American sea-going flag

was fifty-nine years. His bill to remedy this weakness was not adopted, but it opened a field of discussion which proved of much benefit to the serHe succeeded William H. Moody as attorneyvice. His administration was general on Dec. 17, 1906. officers

notable for the extent of his personal participation in In this the work of the department of justice. position of attorney-general his duties were numerous, complex and important, embracing prosecutions of the Standard Oil Co., the sugar trust, various railway corporations and the New York "World" for libelling the government in its discussions of the methods resorted to in acquiring the Panama canal, as well as watching the legal aspects of affairs in Cuba, Panama and the Philippines and the assaults of certain states upon the During treaty obligation of the government. his incumbency he took part in fifty-six cases in the supreme court, which is probably more than twice as many cases, in proportion to time, than were argued personally by any one of his immediate predecessors. Of these cases thirtyeight were decided favorably to the government and sixteen unfavorably, two remaining undecided. Mr. Bonaparte also rendered 135 opinions, all except three being given personally, and all being carefully revised, corrected, and signed by him, and a large proportion prepared by him alone. When he organized the detective force of special agents, he required a summary of the daily reports of each agent to be prepared and submitted

OF

A.MI.UK

A.\

to him every day. In short, he tried to control :uul direct, in every way possible, the details of in his department, and he is report oil to have' said that he wished to make his own mistakes, as hi- felt responsible for mistake made by every-

work

body in the department. The change did not meet with universal approval in the department, and although it is generally conceded that Mr Bonaparte was courteous and considerate towards his subordinates, and has apparently wished to some dissatisfacgive them credit for good work, tion was e\prv"ed at his interference with their initiative.

At

the end of Roosevelt's administra-

tion he resumed tlie practice of law in Baltimore. lie was a fairly \\ Inle a member of the cabinet his consistent civil service reformer: he exercise osvn powers of patronage with little, if any. regard lor personal or political considerations and. so far as known, has been interested in but a I

single appointment by the president, the tion of .Mr. \V. Hall Harris as postmaster

nominaHaiti-

.if

more. A somewhat marked feature' of his character is his apparent complete indifference to m u paper criticism or unfavorable comments from any source, and the impression he has left among those' brought in contact with him is that of an industrious and conscientious man, not readily understood, with peculiar tastes and few symMr. Bonaparte was for twelve years an pathies. overseer of Harvard University and is regarded as one of the foremost Catholic layman of the In 11103 lie was awarded the Laetare country. medal by Notre Dame University, and he is a trustee of the Catholic University of America, at Washington, I). ('. He has been active in national political contests and in Maryland opposed constitutional restrictions upon the suffrage and in favor of pure elections. On Sept. 1, 1S7.">, he was married to Ellen Charming, daughter of Thomas Mills

Day,

of

Newport, H.

I.

They have no

chil-

23

and gas light, municipal heating, banking and oilier business enterprises, in all of which he was uniformly successful. He was apreceivers of the Northern pointed one of the thr Pacific railway in 1S((3, and engaged actively in railway, electric

.

administering its affairs for nearly three years, going through the trying litigation and vituperation

grew out

thai

of

the injunction

Clay, merchant and postmaster-general, was born at Ashfield, Mass., Nov. 23, 1843, son of Orrin Pierre and Eliza Etta Am.Payne. His ancestors were among the earliest

PAYNE, Henry

>

i

and several

them

of

He was

educated at Shclburne Falls, Mass., receiving excellent academic In 1863, after being rejected as a soldier, training he removed to Milwaukee, Wis and entered the wholesale dry goods house of Sherwin, Nowcll A: Pratt. About five years later the competition of greater aggregations of capital led him to take up the insurance business, in which he was very sucHe was postmaster of Milwaukee during cessful. 1875-85. He made the Milwaukee office one of the models of the nation and did more than any other person to develop and perfect the administration of the money-order branch especially that which .

He entered actively dealt with" foreign countries. into politics at an early age and finally became one of the most sagacious managers in the country, having formed one of the most perfect political machines He also gave a great that had ever been known. deal of attention to the business side of politics. He was for years secretary and chairman of the Wisconsin Republican state central committee; was for a quarter of a century a member of the Republican national committee (1880-1904), and was for eight four years chairman of the executive committee years vice-president of the national committee and, His after the death of Sen. Hanna, its chairman. wide knowledge of the grafters and heelers of his party enabled him to check the disbursement of money for futile and illegitimate purposes. Upon leaving the Milwaukee post office he embarked actively in timber-land, telephone, townsite, street ;

issued

by Judge

Jenkins ID prevent he employees from striking. In 1901) h" ad\ocaleil llie adoption of a plan to base representation in Republican national conventions upon th Republican vote cast for president instead I

Of

upon population, but the clamor against in th:' South led him to abandon the

aro-e

carry

of Elihu

it

which

effort to

He

into practice

it

nomination

Root

at first favored the for vice-president on the

with McKinley in 11100, but as M-. Root that he ought to remain in the' cabinet as secretary of war, he turned his attention to Theodore Mr. ReiosoRoosevelt, then governor of New York. velt wrote to Mr. Payne that he preferred the office \ of of governor to that iee-pre>idenl and Mr. Payne made two special journeys to Albany for the pur\Vhen lie pose of bringing about a change of mind. found that he could not convert Mr. Roosevelt he deliberately set about solidifying the western deleHe knew that nomigations in behalf of his plan. nating him for vice-president, would strengthen the national ticket in the \\e-t :l nd make New York Mr. Roosevelt besafely Republican in the East. came president in September, I'.MM, and Charles Emory Smith having resigned the portfolio of postmaster general. Mr. Payne was solee'teel to fill At this time Mr. Payne the vacancy in his cabinet. was not in good health. He had returned shortly before from an extended cruise in the Mediterranean only slightly improved; but as he loved the postal administration, he accepted the appointment gladly. He took keen delight in i|iiietly bringing about administrat ive reforms that gave ticket lli

i

liiht

1

1

1

better service to the public

dren.

settlers of Braintree, Mass., served in the revolution.

MtxlK.U'llY.

ers.

cels \\ith

and several other tions

and

lighter

burdens to

anil

taxpayHe concluded parpost conventions Japan, Germany

employes

organized

;

nathe

postal ser\ ice into fifteen the "battalions," and rural free delivery into eight "battalions," each 1

with

its

own head; gave

literature for the blinel free transmission through

the mails and made numerous improvements in

administration of He post offices. undertook to place letter street cars boxes on the of the entire country, but the labor unions protesti'd so vigorously

the

city

so would make the street car lines United States mail routes

that

to

do

,,

f and therefore

r interfere

with their prerogatives of tying them up by strikes, that he was compelled to abandon this exceedingly meritorious plan for giving much better service to He had not been long an incumbent of the public. the post office department before charges of mal-

feasance in office on the part of old and trusted employees began to appear. An investigation was decided upon, to be conducted by the postmasterthrough his fourth assistant (see Bristow, feneral oseph L.) Wonderfully successful in business and of his life was to be politics, the one ambition

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

24

postmaster-general. He was urged to be a candidate for U. S. senator and the West would have supported him for vice-president in 1900, but Mr. Payne believed he possessed no peculiar fitness for any office except that of postmaster-general, and declined all tenders only to reach the goal of his ambition just us health \vas breaking, and to find the office the theatre of turmoil, crimination and revoHe called the Republican national conlution. vention to order at Chicago, June 21, 1904, and then went on a second cruise for the benefit of his shatHe was married at Mount Holly, tered health. N. J., Oct. 15, 1867, to Lydia Wood, daughter of

Richard Van Dyke of New York city, but left no children. Sec'y John Hay said of Mr. Payne that he had never met a man of more genuine honesty and integrity, a man absolutely truthful and fearless in his expressions of what he believed to be true. He was a man of such remarkable uprightness and purity of character that, judging other people by himself, he was slow to believe evil of anyone. Pres. Roosevelt said of Mr. Payne that he was "the sweetest, most lovable and most truthful man I ever knew." He died in Washington, Oct. 4, 1904.

WYNNE, was born

in

Robert John, postmaster -general,

New York

city,

Nov.

18,

1851, son

The family of Wynne of John and Mary Wynne. descended from the ancient Welsh sept of is the Geraldines through the Wyddel (meaning "the Irishman") who obtained a great holding

of land in Merionette county, Wales, soon after The names Robert and John appear con1200. stantly in the family line backward through eight hundred years. Being thrown upon his own resources early in life, young Robert Wynne, after attending the public schools of hi? native city removed to Philadelphia, Pa., and learned teleg-

In 1870 he secured employment with the Bankers and Brokers' Telegraph Company and in a few years became chief operator of the Atlantic anil The operations of the "news Pacific Telegraph 'o.

raphy.

(

wire" awoke an interest in newspaper work ami in 1880 he went to Washington, D. C., to become assistant correspondent under Gen. Henry V. Boynton He was private of the Cincinnati "Gazette."

secretary of Charles Foster, secretary of the treasury under Pres. Harrison during 1X91-93, and on the accession of Grover Cleveland to the presidency, he returned to journalism, as Washington correspondent of the Cincinnati "Tribune" and Philadelphia "Bulletin," confining his writings largely to finances, the tariff and His artinational politics. cles on these subjects led to an exclusive engagement upon the New York "Press" as Washington correspondent. In the spring of 1902 he was appointed first assistant

postmaster-general.

Mr. Wynne had not been long an incumbent of the office

before

oped

between

develhimself and

friction

of the chiefs and superintendents under him, such as

some

August W. Maohen, chief

of

the division of free delivery and >!t. L'li, LSI-, son of Major Solomon and Anna Maria (Baker) Baer. His earliest American ancestor was Christophel Baer, who came to this country from the duchy of Zweibrucken, ierinany, prior to 17 III, and settled in Northampton county, Pa., in 174:;. His son, John Jacob, who was leorge !'. Baer's grandfather, moved to Allegheny county, Md., in IS(M), whence Solomon (

(

Baer (17!H iss.i went to Somerset county, Pa and engaged in farming. The son received his early education in the Somerset Institute and Somerset Academy. At the age of "thirteen year- he entered Democrat" and worked the ollice of ihe Somerset Subse at the printing trade for over two years, qiH'ntly he entered Franklin and Marshall College, ,

but his studies were interrupted by the outbreak of the civil war in ISIil, and shortly after he and his " Democrat." brother Henry became owners of the Ill the absence of ihe latter, \\llo iTiti-red the army, much extra labor devolved upon lenrge he worked at the printer's case all day and edited the paper and In Augu-l, Isii'J, In- raised studied law at night. a company for the 133d regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers, of which he was elected captain, and in ihe front served to proceeding Humphreys' diviicsion of army of the I'otomac. Joining the army at the second bat lie of Hull Run, he pa rl icipa led in all Ihe engagements up to and including thai at Chancellorsvillc, when hi' was de-tailed && the After ihe adjutant-general of the second brigade. war Mr. Haer resumed his legal studies in another brother's office, and was admitted to the bar in MI I

;

1

1

I

I

four years laler he removed to Heading, Fa., and rapidly gained prominence' at the Berks county bar, where for many years he was an active practitioner, and look a prominent part in the upbuilding of the community. Hi- connect ion with the' Heading companies dates from 1870, when he prosecule.1 an action for damages against the road so ably and successfully that he was at once made counsel for

the Philadelphia & Reading railroad. As his law practice increased lie was enabled to extend the field of his operations, and so successfully did he embrace the opportunities offered to him, thai he became president of a large number of the state's best-known manufacturers' industries, and a direcHe had been the confitor in a number of others. dential legal adviser of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan for some time, and he rendered a valuable service to the latter by securing an entrance for one of his railroads into Pittsburg, Pa., and cooperating with the financier in his plan to unite under one management all the coal-carrying roads with terminals in New York When the work of reorganization took place city. in 1901, Mr. Baer was elected president of the Reading Co., the Philadelphia >i Reading Railway Co., the Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Co., and the Central Railroad Co. of New Jersey. The Reading Co., which is a holding company, acts under a special charter in the state of Pennsylvania. It owns the stock and bonds of the Philadelphia and Reading Railway Co., and the stock of the Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Co., and the Reading Iron Co., as well as the stock of all the smaller roads comprising the Reading system, and a majority of the stock of the Central Railroad Co, of New Jersey. The Philadelphia and Reading Railway Co. is the operating company, operating all the branch lines through lease or agreement, with the exception of the Central Railroad Co. of New Jersey and one or two others. The Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Co. controls and operates all the coal properties of the system with the exception of those controlled by the Central Railroad Co. of New

Meanwhile Mr. Morgan and his interests Jersey. acquired a controlling interest in the Philadelphia

cli

\PIIY.

37

& Reading railroad. When the great anthracite coal strike began on May 12, 1902, it soon became known that the- combination of the anthracite coalproducing and transportation companies under one management gave the mine owners and operators a formidable' advantage. There were 1 17,000 miners thrown out of employment and invested capital amounting to more than $500,000,000 became idle. A light between mine guards and strikers took place on June .">th at Wilkcs-Barre and shortly afterward an attempt was made' on the life of T. A Thomas, division superintendent of the Lehigh Coal Company at \\ilkes-Barre. There were also riots

aiiel

acts of violence

at other places.

In this e-nn-r

Baer was a firm the mine owners operators, although his

Pres. champion of

ge-ne-y

and

was not primarily position of hostility to the demands of the mine-workers, but rather to the claims of the- 1'niled

one

Mine Worker-

of

America

.

the-

organization which controlled the

-t

of

the

from

which instigated

and

them,

rike. -I

May

luring the course which la led I'-'th to( Ictober 23d, I

rike,

Mi Baer was recognized as the most important person on the side of the mine owners. Senators (Juay and iVnrosc of Pennsylvania had a conference with him in the second week in July; and as Mr. Morgan, to whom many looked for help in bringing the opposing interests together, rel'u-eil in be drawn into the controversy, the' responsibility put upon Pres. Baer became sliil more' weighty and But he diel not flinch from the attitude Meanwhile no hard coal had taken by him at first. been delivered that summer, the available supply had long since become exhausted and cold weather was approaching. At a meeting of the leading men of the coal trust held in his office September loth, a statement was given out that the operators would not yield and throughout all succeeding conferences and attempts at reconciliation this attitude was maintained. At this stage Pres. Roosevelt stepped On October 3d in lo help solve the difficulty. he called together in conference the coal operators and Pres. Mitchell of the United Mine Workers, and on October 14th, announced that the mine owners were willing to arbitrate the points in dispute, but stipulated from what ranks the arbitrators should be selected. The outcome was the appointment of a commission to investigate both sides of the In question and the men returned to the mines. April, 1903, he was called as a witness in the hearing of charges against the anthracite coal roads before the Interstate Commerce Commission, on the charge of the complaint of William R. Hearst of the New York " American " that his railroads had combined to restrict the output of anthracite coal and to divide the transportation trade in the interest of the mines controlled by the railroads and against the independent operators, in violation of a section of the Pennsylvania constitution of which says that no railroad company 1874_, shall engage in coal mining or other enterprise by which commodities are produced, and that no coal mining corporation shall operate a railroad more than fifty miles in length. Mr. Baer in defense asserted that that particular section of the constitution had no application whatever to the Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Co., or to the Reading Co., these being distinct and separate corporations; he invited the commission to proceed under the acute.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

38

Sherman anti-trust law, and promised that if anything his companies had done was contrary to the law of the land they would abide by the decision of the proper tribunal. As a railway executive Pres. Baer has thorough control of the details of organization and administration, and is considerate of the He has been alert to interests of his employe's. discern when improvements were needed in the personnel and plant of his roads, and has been prompt to supply them. Self-made, his own experience has enabled him to apply the tests of honesty and ability in the promotion of his subordinates, and in May, 1906, when public attention was specially directed to the fraudulent management of great railways and other corporations, he publicly claimed that criticism did not and could not be brought against the management of the He Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company. He is a regular attendant of the Reformed church. is a great reader and close, practical student of the Bible, whose language he frequently quotes in His record conversation and public addresses. proves him to be absolutely fearless of public opinion when he believes he is right, and his administration of the great interests over which he preMr. Baer sides has been eminently successful. received the honorary degrees of A.M. in 1872, and LL.D. in 1888, from the Franklin and MarHe was married June 14, 1866, to shall College. Emily, daughter of John O. Kimmel, and has five

m

daughters.

HUGHES,

Charles Evans, thirty-seventh gov(1907-10), was born at Glens Falls, N. Y., Apr. 11, 1862, son of David Charles and Mary Catherine (Connelly) Hughes. His father, (1832-1909) a native of South Wales, came to this country in 1855, and held pasterates of Baptist churches in Oswego, Newark, Brooklyn, Scran ton and other places. His mother was of Scotch-Irish extraction. Owing to delicate health, he did not attend school regularly until he was ten years of age, and up to that time was trained by his mother. After attending the public schools of Newark, N. J., he entered Madison college (now Colgate University), being the youngest man in his but two years later class, changed to Brown University. Although not a close student, he distinguished himself by the remarkable facility with which he mastered every ernor of

New York

of study. Just before graduation a classmate suggested to him the advisability of taking up the law

subject

as a profession,

and the idea

was favorably entertained, although up to that time he liad never given the subject the least consideration. In his junior year he won the English literature prize and the Dunn prize, while in his senior year he received the Carpenter prize, awarded He for general attainment. delivered the classical oration on graduation in Three years later he received the degree of 1881. A.M. in course. Having always had a strong liking for teaching, Mr. Hughes accepted a professorship offered him at Delaware Academy, Delhi, N. Y., and taught Greek and mathematics there for a year. His duties required one-half of each day, only, and he now began serious study of law, devoting the remainder of the day to reading in the office of Judge William Gleason, one of the foremost attorneys in that locality. Removing to New York city in 1882,

Law School, also studying in the office of Stewart L. Woodford, U. S. district attorney for New York, and in the office of ChamAt the law school berlain, Carter & Hornblower. he won a fellowship of $1500. Mr. Hughes was graduated with the degree of LL.B. in 1884, was admitted to the New York bar the same year, and entered the firm of Chamberlain, Carter & Hornblower as a clerk. In 1885 this firm became Carter, Hornblower & Byrne, Mr. Hughes being taken in as junior partner, and so continued until 1888, when the firm of Carter, Hughes & Cravath was formed. Up to 1891 he handled largely the court proceedings of the firm. Feeling the need of a change for his health's sake, he accepted a professorship in the law school of Cornell University, and held it for two years, his subjects being contracts, evidence bills, partnership and international law. Largely owing to the influence of Mr. Carter (q.v.), who had become very much attached to him, he resumed his connection with the firm in 1893, which shortly On the after became Carter, Hughes & Dwight. death of Mr. Carter, in June, 1904, the firm He debecame Hughes, Rounds & Schurman. voted his attention to the general practice of law, and if he made any specialty it was as a commercial lawyer, although he handled cases for large corporations, usually being brought into such It was owing to cases through another attorney. the fact that he was untrammeled and beyond the influence of corporations that he was selected by the committee appointed by the New York state legislature in 1905 to investigate the price of gas and This inquiry brought Mr. Hughes into electricity. general prominence, and resulted in the reducIn the summer of tion of the cost of electricity. 1905, while he was in Europe he was selected by the insurance investigating committee appointed by the legislature to investigate life insurance companies in the state, beginning with the Equitable of New York city. The fact that many eminent lawyers were retained by the companies, or were counsel of great corporations connected with them, made the selection a difficult task, but the choice received general approbation. The committee began its session on Sept. 6, 1905, and continued it for several months. The hearings made a profound sensation because of the prominence of the witnesses called, the startling disclosures made, and the thorough probing of the insurance companies' status and methods by the chief counsel. Mr. Hughes displayed a remarkable memory for details; a thorough acquaintance with the facts and figures presented; admirable skill in extracting the information wanted from obdurate witnesses an attitude of impartiality, and an absolute sincerity of purpose. One result of this investigation was the remedying of flagrant abuses connected with the management of insurance companies; another was to place Mr. Hughes in the In 1906 the front rank of the bar of New York. Republican party in the state of New York was upset by factional wranglings. When it became evident that the Democratic convention was to nominate William R. Hearst for governor, Mr. Hughes, who had previously been suggested for the Republican candidate, was looked upon as the one most likely to

he entered Columbia

;

Republican vote. He was nominated by acclamation Sept. 26, 1906, without solicitation on his part. He accepted the nomination without a pledge other than to do his duty according to his conscience, saying that if elected it would be his ambition to give the state a sane, efficient and honorable administration, free from taint of bossism poll the full

any private interest. The campaign was a memorable one in the history of the he was elected Nov. 6, 1906, by a majority state, and of almost 00,000. Throughout his administration or of servitude to

HI

AMUUCAX BIOGRAPHY.

he again sailed to the far East and was in Shanghai at the time of the Tien-Tsin massacre. He was oue of the earliest foreigners who saw Japan in feudal times, and on one of his visits there, being an expert marksman, instructed Held Marshal lyama in shooting. He is a tireless globe-trotter, having made six complete trips around the world, crossed the Atlantic continent thirty-six times, made sixteen voyages across the Pacific to and from the far East and innumerable runs across the Atlantic. During these journeys he explored

Gov. Hughes proved himself a courageous executive, one who strove to accomplish what he believed In he He approved measures for the public welfare. pa-sed by the state legislature, upholding the integrity of the constitution, maintaining the high character of the- public service, providing for the regulation of corporations and for the protection He formulated and had of the people's interests. passed by the legislature the publir service commissions law, creating two commissions of five members each, with jurisdiction over gas and electric

companies

;nnl

nil

common

carriers


, 190S, of a portion of the Gatun dam, the key to the lock-level eanal, construction of which locale.

I.

had begun, aroused plan

criticism from

the fact that

in spite of

it

opponents of this had been definitely

and Officially adopted by act of eongre*-, and in I'.tOti had the approval of the president. As a result of this crii ici-m Pres Roosevelt appointed an advisory committee of engineer-, consisting of Arthur 1". Davis, John 1!- Freeman, Alien Ilazen, Isham Randolph, James li\ Schuyler, and Frederick 1". Stearns, to decide whether the (iatun dam was feasible and hafe and once more to pass upon ihe lyjn of canal 1

1

to be built.

President-elect Taft also visited the

isthmus for purposes of inspection. The results "I borings undertaken under Col GocthaU' direction On the site Of the GatUH dam and olherdala supplied by him convinced the board and they reported unanimously that the lock type of canal as projected Col. Goethals re\vas entirely feasible' and .-afe. ported thai the Iatun dam could and w ould be made (

as safe as the adjoining hills, in resist jug the pressure In an estimate of ihe prob of the la kc against il able cost of the completed canal svibmitted in his annual report of 1909, Col. Goethals fixed he a mount as $.'i7."),000,0()t). The number of employe- on ihe canal was reported as I'll, 835, on the Panama railroad ti.Mil, and the excavation was ]irogressing at the rah' of :;, (1(10, 000 cubic yards per month, al which rate the work should be completed in the \ e;i Col. Gocthals has been successful in in1915. spiring the force at work with him with his own 1

.

1

i

enthusiasm. pearance, six

He

is

of distinguished

personal apbroad-shouldered, with hair of snowy white. It is his custom to go about the work on inspection tours regularly every day and lie frequently walks the length of the nlebra cut, nine miles, to see how the work is progressing. He attained the rank of Colonel of Engineers on l>ec. _', 1909. He was married, in IsM. to Kllie. daughter of Thomas R. Rodman, by whom he had two children: George R., a second lieutenant of engineers, and Thomas R. Goethals. feet in height,

I

BROWN, William C., president of the New York Hudson River railroad, was born in Herkimer county, N. Y., July 2!, ls.~>:?, son of Rev. Charles E. Brown. He was educated at home and in the public schools of Iowa, his father, who was a Baptist clergyman, having removed to Vernon Springs in that state in Central and

He

early developed those traits of hearl largely to his later success in the railway world. He was always faithful and willing to work at any task that came to him, however menial, and he always mastered the most difficult problems, oftentimes

1857.

IdoGK.U'HY.

AMI-.i;lc\\

and mind that contributed so

discovering some simpler method of carrying out. the duties assigned to him. He began his railroad service at the age of sixteen years in the employ of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad at Thompson, 111. in 1868, as a section hand, his principal duty being to load the locomotives with firewood. He improved every opportunity to better his position, and having learned telegraphy after working hours he secured the position of telegraph operator at Charles City, la. ,011 the Iowa and Dakota division of the Milwaukee road. In the spring of 1871 he was transferred to the train-dispatcher's office at Minneapolis as night operator. He became a train dispatcher of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy road in 1876, and was made chief dispatcher

41

of the road in January, 1880. willingness to lend a helping

As illustrating his hand for whatever

related that during a blizzard on one in the winter of 1877-78, when the superintendent of the stock yards at East Burlington was overwhelmed with nearly 400 carloads

came,

it

is

Sunday night

of live stock on his hands, and with little chance of unloading them from the snow-stalled cattlecars, young Brown, upon being relieved from duty al midnight, immediately went over to the stockyards and offered his services to the superintendent.

The following is the superintendent's, report what happened: "He came over

from

the

of

dispatcher's

and said his trick was done and wanted to know if I office

could use him. Said he used to be a section hand and knew how h was. He must have been three or four section hands from the way he turned in and rustled tho-e steers.

We've got every blamed one of them in the sheds now and licdid not unit until I did." Mr. Brown was successively train master

(18Sl-Mi.

superintendent,

(

1

assistant

SS4 NT), and

]ss7 '.Ml) of superintendent he Chicago, Burlington A In road. August of Juincy In he latter year he entered service of the Hannibal A St. Joseph, and the Kansas City, St. Joseph A Council Bluffs railroads as general manager. His next position was general manager of the Chicago, Burlington & Kansas ciiy railroad, and in IS'.Mi he returned to the Chicago, Burlington A (Quincy road, serving as general manager from January, IS'.tli, to July, I'.llll. In the latter year he was appointed vice-president and general manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroad, and in 1902 became vicepresident of the New York Central it Hudson River railroad, with which he has ever since been identilied. In February, 1905, he was also appointed vice-president of the other New York Central lines, and a year later was made senior vice-president. On Feb. 1, 1909, he has been president of the entire system, including over 12,000 miles of The New Y'ork Central lines now (1910) road. comprise the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co., the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Co., the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago A: St. Louis Railway Co., the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Co., the Michigan Central Railroad Co., the Lake Erie & Western Railroad Co., the Lake Erie, Alliance & Wheeling Railroad Co., the Chicago, Indiana & Southern Railroad Co., the Rutland Railroad Co., and the New York & Ottawa Railway Co. Mr. Brown is to-day probably one of the best posted and most able and efficient railroad men in the United States. He is firm and determined, a characteristic never better illustrated than during the great railroad strike of 1888 on the Burlington road, when he personally took the place of the engineer in the locomotive cab and carried the mail train safely into Chicago on time. His career affords a splendid example of accomplishments due to untiring industry, perseverance and fidelity to one's duties. His various rapid I

1

t

i

promotions

have

all

been

made on

merit,

a

own self-advancement and native He was constantly seeking information ability. that would assist him in his work, and made himresult

of

his

so valuable in every position he held that he Constructive and far-seeing, rapid promotion. he realizes the country's needs for increased railself

won

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

42

facilities, and is fitting himself for the realization of those needs by stupendous plans that call for the investment of many additional billions of Long before he was placed in his present capital.

road

he was looked upon throughout the railroad world as the virtual head of the New York Central system. Of pleasing address and a ready speaker, he is frequently called upon to deliver addresses before political and business bodies. Early in his career he adopted a new policy of taking his patrons into his confidence and discussposition

ing at length all questions of interest to the latter as they arise. When in 1907^08 the entire country was clamoring for a reduction in railroad rates, Mr. Brown went into an exhaustive analysis of the entire subject, and conclusively showed that while the cost of railroad equipment, labor and maintenance, as well as the shippers' raw material and expense of manufaturing, increased to a large extent, the railroad rate in, reality had remained the same. Mr. Brown was married June 3, 1874, to Miss Mary Ella Hewitt of Lime Springs, la., by whom he had three daughters: Georgia, wife of Dr. Frank E. Pierce of Kenawee, 111.; Bertha, wife of Dr. John Kellogg Speed, and Margaret

Brown.

NEWMAN, William Henry, railroad president,

was bom

in Prince William county, Va., Sept. 6, 1847, son of Albert and Adelaide (Fewell) Newman. He attended private schools at Edmunton, Ky., where his father had moved in 1852, until he was fourteen years of age, but discontinued his studies when the civil war broke out. His business career began in his uncle's store at Rockland Mills, Ky., and in 1865 he became a clerk in the United States Hotel at Louisville, Ky. Four years later he moved to

Shreveport, La., where he was given the position of station agent of the Texas & Pacific railroad, which at that time was only forty miles in length. During the four years in the position of station

agent he displayed proof of his organizing ability zeal for improvement, and in 1872 was appointed general freight agent of the Texas & Pacific railroad, and soon after also general passenger agent for that company. He was then advanced to the position of traffic manager for Gould's "Southwestern System," which

and

included the Texas & Pacific, the International & Great Northern, the Galveston, Houston it Hen.lerson and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads. In 1885 he was transferred to St. Louis, Mo., in become traffic manager of the entire system, which included

.

above named lines, together with the Missouri Pacific and the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & ilie

Southern railroads. His reputaan expert in all matters pertaining to general traffic conditions was now widely known. He remained with that system until ISSN, when he voluntarily retired from railway service, owing to failing health under the strain, ami went to Alaska to recuperate. In 1889, having recovered his health, he moved to Chicago and deciding to enter the railroad service again, accepted the position of second vice-president in charge of traffic of the Chicago & Northwestern railway. He gave up this position in 1896, and moved to St. Paul, Minn., to take the second vice-presidency of the Great tion as

Northern railroad under James J. Hill, who was then extending his road across the continent. During his stay with Pres. Hill he acquired much

knowledge of methods of modernizing Americaa railways and cheapening the cost of transportation by the use of heavier rails, heavier locomotives and

Two cars. influential stage of

heavier

when he moved

years thereafter the most Mr. Newman's career began

to Cleveland, O., and became associated with the Vanderbilt system, being elected

president of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern He was also made president of two other railway. Vandorbilt lines that year, the Pittsburg & Lake Erie and the Lake Erie & Western, and in 19U1 was transferred to New York and made president of the New York Central & Hudson River railroad, in He directed his efforts addition to the above lines. to uniting all the Vanderbilt roads, about l:j,000 miles of rails, into one system, by abolishing unnecessary offices and reducing operating expenses by concentration and direction under one management, being made president of the other New York Central system lines as follows: Michigan Central in 1905; Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis in 1905; Rutland in 1905; Chicago, Indiana A Southern in 1906, and Indiana Harbor Belt in 1907. On Feb. 1, 1909, he resigned the presidency of all the New York Central lines, feeling that after forty years of railroad work he had a right to immunity

from such heavy responsibility, but he remained member of the board of directors of all the mads in that system and its allied companies, which made him at that time a director of 114

as a

The great work of rebuilding the Grand Central terminal in New York city the putting of the tracks underground and the substitution of electricity for steam as motive power in that city, planned during his administration, was nearly completed before his retirement from active corporations.

Upon the acceptance of his resigrailway service. nation the board of directors officially bore emphatic testimony to the esteem and respect in which he is Mr. Newman was married at Marheld by them. shall, Tex., Feb. 18, 1874, to Bessie, daughter of Cul. Henry F. Carter, of that city.

WELCH, Herbert, fifth president of Ohio Wesleyan University (1905 ), was born in New York, Nov. 7, 1862, son of Peter Ambrose and Mary Louise (Loveland) Welch. His father was president of the New York Savings Bank during 1897-11I02. He was educated in the Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, and at Wesleyan University, where he was graduated A.B. in 1887, and received the degree He then studied theology at tinof M.A. in 1890. Drew Theological Seminary, and after his graduation in 1890, with the degree of B.D., he joined the New Y'ork conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was stationed at Bedford Station, N. Y'., two He was pastor of St. Luke's Church, New years. York city, in 1892-93, and being transferred to the New York east conference was placed in charge of the Summerfield Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. After officiating five years there he became pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Middletown, Conn., a charge he held until 1902. In 1905, after a year abroad and a two years' pastorate at Mt. Vernon, N. Y., Mr. Welch was elected president of Ohio Wesleyan University. The enrollment in H)09 was 1,327 students, and showed an increase of 5 per cent, annually during the four preceding years. The alumni number nearly 4,000, and the amount of permanent productive funds is $710,200.95. LTnder the leadership of Pres. Welch, Ohio Wesleyan may fairly be said to have entered upon a new epoch. Progressive but cautious, with a firm grasp of details and unusual skill in organization, he is giving the unity of a strong directing personality to the various He has brought careful interests of the university. oversight, sound judgment, and the business methods

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. efficient corporation to the administration of His influence on the educational business affairs. activities of all departments of the institution is apparent in the adaptation of the methods of the class-room to a high scholastic standard, and the stimulation in faculty and students of a genuine With a clear conviction that love of scholarship. the function of the college is distinct from that of the worked professional school and the university, he out a curriculum in harmony with modern ideals i>l culture. By careful organization he is seeking to -a preserve to the student body, in spite of the men inn enrollment, the advantages of personal contact with their instructors, which is supposed to be the His peculiar distinction of the small institution. ready sympathy with the students in their problems,

of

an

its

wide range of interest in all their activities, his frankness anil sincerity, have given him a secure In the- wider plaee in their regard and affection. relation of the university with its alumni and patrons, and with the church which it represents, lie is bringof alumni assoing about, through the organization ciations am by a wide personal acquaintance, a elo-er ami more loyal relationship; while as president of the Social Service League of the Meiho.list Church, he is bringing to bear upon the activities of the church, as upon the faculty and students, a deep sense of the Asa public speaker obligations of Christian service. U'eleli is clear, cogent, impressing his auditors Pre by his candor, his fairness, the precision and pob-li lie oi his u II era nee, and the truth of his message. was a member of the board of managers of the Sunday School I'nion of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1892-!Hi, and a member of the board of managers of the Missionary Society, and trustee of \\Ysleyan During 1907-08 he was president of University. the Association oil )hio College President sain Deans, and has been president of the Methodist Federation He belongs to the 1'si for Social Service since 1907. Upsilonand Phi Beta Kappa fraternities. \Vesleyan University conferred upon him the degrees of D.I), He has contribute,! in 1902 and LL.D. in 190G. papers to the "Christian Advocate," the "Northwestern Christian Advocate," the "Sunday School Journal" and the "Sunday School Classmate." He " Albert S. Hunt," a biography in the is the author of "Methodist Review" (1900), and a pamphlet on " "The College Student and the Christian Confession the from "Selections 1901 he edited and in (1900) his

I

I

Writings of John Wesley." Pres. Welch was marJune 3, 1S90, to Adelaide Frances, daughter of James and Elizabeth A. McOee, and has two daughters: Dorothy McGee and Eleanor Welch. ried

CAMPBELL, Thomas Mitchell, twenty-third governor of Texas, was born near Rusk, Cherokee co., Tex., Apr. 22, 1856, son of Thomas Duncan and Rachel (Moore) Campbell, and grandson of Enos Campbell. He worked on the home farm and attended public schools until 1873, and then studied for a year at Trinity University, Tehuacana, Tex. He began work in the county clerk's office at Longview, Gregg co., Tex., and studied law at night until, in 1878, he was admitted to the bar. By reason of natural aptitude and close application to business herose to recognition as one of the most capable In 188!) criminal and civil lawyers in the state. he was appointed master in chancery in the International and Great Northern Railroad Co. receivership case, and in January, 1891, became receiver of

the road. When the case was closed in July, 1892, because of having lifted the road from a demoralized and bankrupt condition to a state of peifect organization and solvency, where it was a valuable, paying enterprise, he was tendered and accepted the office On May 25, of general manager of the company. 1897, he resigned the managership and resumed the

43

practice of law at Palestine. cratic primary election held

In the state in

July,

Demo-

1906,

Mr.

Campbell was nominated for governor of Texas, was elected in November and inaugurated in January, His bold and progressive policies soon 1907. awakened the opposition of certain wealthy and influential parties, who banded together to oppose his reelection. However, he took the stump in almost every county in the state and in the Democratic primaries held in July, 1908, received 217,000 votes, while his opponent, R. R. Williams, received only 102,000 the largest majority accorded a Democrat in the Texas pri-

maries. At the general elections he received a majority of over 150,000 votes and was inaugurated on Jan. 19, 1909. When he first went into the office there was such a deficiency in the state revenues that for periods of several months' duration the treasury

would

be

unable to

meet

There obligations. public was also just complaint that

immense corporate properties were wholly escaping taxaThese two hitherto intion. surmountable problems were solved by a gross receipts law, an intangible assests law, an insurance' law and other tax measures that, without injustice to any interest, brought in ample revenue and yet permitted the taxes of the people to be substantially What is known as an automatic state tax reduced. board was created with power to fix the tax rate each year at such an amount as will yield revenue equal to the total sum called for by the general approbill passed by the legislature. For the first time in the history of the state' the constitutional requirement that public schools shall be maintained six months in the year was redeemed; funds were provided for the support of all the state institutions

priation

and

for

additional

normal

schools,

agricultural

Instead of crippling legitimate enterprises and preventing an influx of capital and population, as many thought, business became more prosperous than ever before; total taxable values increased from $1,221,259,869 in 1906 to $2,174,122,480 in 1908. The population increased from 3,048,710 in 1900 to 4,800,000 in

experimental stations,

etc.

New state departments were created, includ1910. ing insurance and banking, agriculture, labor, state tax commission and state library. Among impor-

tant laws enacted during Goy. Campbell's administration are those to drive "wildcat" insurance companies out of the state and adequately regulate insurance; to establish a system of state banks with an effective guarantee of deposits feature; to improve the penal system and insure the early abolition of the system of leasing convicts; to put "bucket shops" out of business; to protect the lives of railroad, mine and other corporation employees to prohibit the granting of railroad passes to prohibit lobbying (with certain exceptions) to provide for to protect live stock from infection and irrigation drainage districts; to enforce revenue laws and to provide a system of depositaries that keep tax money in circulation until actually needed. Gov. Campbell endeavored to bring about many other reforms, such as the simplification of court procedure, and the reduction of passenger railroad rates; but was prevented by combined influences too strong to surmount. He believes that every man who runs for the governorship should be required to tell the people in advance what his in ten;

;

;

;

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

44

and afterwards do his best to live In all ways he is an earnest, straightforward, manly man who steers his course by duty and puts his state before his own welfare. He was married at Shreveport, La., Dec. 24, 1878, to Fannie I., daughter of William I. Bremer, and had five children: Mary Divernia (deceased), Fannie Bremer, Thomas Mitchell, Sammie Belle and Maytions are if elected, up to his words.

delle Campbell.

FRENCH, Edwin Davis, engraver, was born at North Attleboro, Bristol co., Mass., Jan. 19, 1851, son of Deacon Ebenezerand Maria (Norton) French, both members of long-established

New England

families.

He was

prepared for college at Suffield, T Conn., and entered Brown L niversity, class of 1870, but on account of delicate health he

He withdrew after two years. was naturally of an artistic tendency and at the instance of the founder of the firm he entered the employ of Whiting it Co., silversmiths, of North Attleboro and New York, where for twentyfive years he remained as foreman of the engraving and designing department. His experience here was supplemented by home study and attendance of the Art Students' League of New Y'ork. In 1893 he decided to abandon silver engraving and devote himself to book-plate work on

mpper. His earliest work in this line was done while he was employed by the Whiting Co. and bears tin- date of 1893. Book-plates numbering no less than thirty-six occupied his attention during the first year of his endeavors, and he won within that brief time the reputation of the first American copper engraver. For about two years he lived in New York after leaving the Whiting Co. and then moved to Saranac Lake, where he resideil until his death. His employment on book-plates was continuous, there being no time when he had not on hand commissions sufficient to occupy his attention fur months in advance. Of these interesting little works of art he executed 298 during 1893-90. More perhaps than to any other American engraver, to Mr. French is due the decided advance in artistic taste and commercial demand for these significant tokens of ownership. Prior to his activity, bookplates in America had been, in the main, imitations of English heraldic styles, plain printed labels, or sentimental bits of symbolism. The book lovers of America united in their support of Mr. French, and in the list of owners of plates can be found the names of the Grolierand Union League clubs, Princeeton and Harvard universities, William Loring Andrews, Whitelaw Reid, Barrett Wendell,Theodore L. De Vinne, the Club of Odd Volumes, the New York Yacht Club, the American Society of Electrical Engineers, and the Cosmos Club of Washington. A notable list of book-plates was also executed for Harvard College. No other American engraver or designer of book-plates has produced both bookplates and miscellaneous engravings so much sought for by collectors as did Mr. French. Professional engravers, ambitious in their art, use his plates in technical study, for he was, as they called him, a "little master." He also produced a considerable number of engravings other than book-plates, notably old New York views for the Society of Iconopliiles, and Colonial Order of the Acorn, New York Clupter, and a remarkable engraving of the steamship "Britannia," used as a frontispiece to William Loring Andrew's "A Stray Leaf from the Correspondence of Washington Irving and Charles

Dickens." The membership certificates of The Iconophile Society, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the New York Historical Society are

examples of his workmanship in harmoniously combining the required features of a plate with a wealth of decorative scroll work, as are also a number of engraved title-pages from his hand. Those for "Andre's Journal' and the "Letters of Charles Lamb" were executed by him for the Bibliophile Society of Boston, and we should not omit mention of the view of Harvard campus, in "Edwin Da vis French; A Memorial," privately It is a plate of singular beauty and issued in 1908. accuracy and brings him more than any other American into comparison with the old-time copper engravers. The leading features of his designs were his originality and freedom of line, his artistic adaptation of the lotus and acanthus scroll, and the facility he possessed for bringing all parts of his work into harmony, creating rather an artistic unit than a congregation of details. As an engraver his work is remarkable for its accuracy and boldness in treatment. He worked rapidly and cut the metal deeply. Rarely is there uncertainty He also had a method of touch that in his stroke. eludes analysis, a faculty which gave warmth and 1

distinctive character to his works. He was successively treasurer and twice president of the Art of New York. He Student's League was married in 1873, to Mary Olivia, daughter of Harvey Brainerd of Enfield, Conn. He died in New Y'ork city Dec. 8, 190G.

HUNEKEB,

James Gibbons,

author,

in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 31, 1800, son of

was

bom

John and

On

Mary (Gibbons) Huneker.

his mother's side Gibbons. One of his grandfathers was an Irish poet and a vice-president of the Fenian Brotherhood the other grandfather was a Hungarian musician. He was graduated at Roth's Military Academy, Philadelphia, in 1873, after which he studied law and conveyancing for five years at a law academy in the same city. Meantime he had begun the study of music, to which his taste inclined more than to the law. He took piano lessons of Michael H. Cross for two years and then studied the piano under Theodore Ritter, and theory under Leopold Doutreleau in As his subsequent career showed, Paris, France. he had other masters in Paris also, but they were not musicians, and the young man who eagerly read

he

is

related

to Cardinal

;

the

modern French

essayists, poets, novelists

and

dramatists, and who saw many of them at close range, did not suspect that thereby he was laying the foundations of a career beside which his work on the interpretative and pedagogical side of music would prove to be insignificant. It was as a musician that he settled in New York in 1880 and contrived to eke out a living by teaching and writing He was for a considerable period for the press.

without any regular journalistic connection, but his ability to write entertainingly about music was recognized by the "Musical Courier," with which he gradually became identified, first as critic and He remained with the later as associate editor. "Courier" until 1898. For ten years of this period he was associated as a piano teacher with Rafael Joseffy at the National Conservatory of Music, New York. In 1892-93 he wrote musical criticisms for the New York "Recorder," and, after the

discontinuance of that paper, for the "Morning Advertiser" until 1897. He joined the staff of the New York "Sun " as musical critic in 1899 and held this position until

I'.HIL'

when, at his own

desire,

he

was transferred to the dramatic department, of which he was the head for two years. Th?n he voluntarily relinquished the position of dramatic critic, but retained his connection with the news-

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. on matters pertaining to Mr. Huneker's output of books 1*99 with "Mezzotints in Modern Music."

paper by acting as

critic

art and literature.

began in This was followed by "Chopin

the

Man and

his

(1900), "Melomaniacs" (1902), "Overtones" (1901), "Iconoclasts," a volume of essays devoted ti> Ibsen and the modern dramatists (1905), "Visionaries," a collection of stories (1905), and He is the "Egoists, a Book of Supermen" (.1909). author also of the article on music in the Xew

Music"

International Encyclopaedia and of many prefaces, introductions and magazine articles. His "Mezzotints" has been translated into French and German. Incidental to the writings mentioned he has been engage,! for several years upon a definitive biography of Franz Liszt which, in Ins opinion, There is will be the important work of his life. evidence of much versatility in the foregoing summary of Mr. Huneker's career, and versatility is not

often coupled \\iih commanding ability in any one direction, but Mr. luneker is an exception, inasmuch as he occupies a commanding place in American He has applied himself, one literature as a crilic. after the other, to every output of the human imagination, leaving a subject only when toogreal familiarity with it caused him lo feel that his 1

receptive sensibilities had become blunted. Thus he has always worked at that which interested him most, and this fact may account in some measure for the daz/.ling freshness and spontaneity that His "Egoists" is dedicated characterize his style. to George Brandes, and what Hrandes is to the old world, Huneker is to the new, but Huneker's figure stands out in even bolder relief in America than that of Brandes in Europe, because critics of the first rank are comparatively few here. He has been and a "Necromancer in called a "Super-critic, words," designations intended to convey a suggestion of his unusual insight and his epigrammatic, witty and original manner of expressing his thought.

HAMMERSTEIN, Oscar, impresario and theatmanager, was born

Berlin, Germany, in His father, Abraham 1852, of Hebrew parentage. Hammerstein, was a wealthy merchant and gave his

rical

in

son a good education, chiefly under private masters; but he was a stern disciplinarian, and when Oscar was sixteen years old he was punished so severely for a slight disobedience that he decided to run away

from home, and taking ship at Hamburg for Hull, England, he embarked for America from that port

As cigar-making was the first employment that he could find in New York, he engaged in it at once, and became identified with the business for many years. Being of an inventive mind he patented several devices for improving the process of in iSG3.

cigars, one of which practically revolutionized the method of cigar-making and brought him $300,000. For fifteen years he published a trade newspaper, the "United States Tobacco Journal," which also proved very remunerative. Early in his career Mr. Hammerstein began to invest his earnings in real estate prop-

manufacturing

45

the public with wholesome amusement, and the idea of doing good by means of stage productions was ever uppermost in his mind. He built the Harlem Opera House in 1880; it was a financial loss to him from the start. The Columbus Theatre in East 125th street, Harlem, was next constructed, and being in a populous district, proved to be a wise venture. He next built the Manhattan Theatre at Thirty-fourth street and Sixth avenue, which he leased to Koster & Bial. In 1897 he erected, at a cost of $2,500,000, the Olympia (now the New York). The Victoria and the Belasco were also built by him. He usually supervised every part of the construction of his playhouses, and the architects and decorators accepted his suggestions in matters of novel arrangement, improved convenience and His most serious and elaboartistic decoration.

undertaking was the Manhattan Opera House, where since its completion in 1906 he has presented a series of grand opera performances of the highest merit, rivaling the famous productions of the" Metropolitan Opera House, not only in the artistic quality of presentation but in the personnel The Oi the singers and the variety of the repertoire. skeptics declared that New York could not support twosuch organizations, that asall previous attempts had resulted disastrously, Mr. Hammerstein 's venture would meet the fate of the others, but he had not been studying the musical conditions in vain. His judgment proved correct and the opening of the Manhattan proved to be an epoch-making event in the history of American music, as well as the most decided triumph in the career of Oscar HammerHe showed his abilities as an impresario by stein. int roducing new works of modern French and Italian composers, and brought out a number of European successes, such as Jules Massenet's "Thais," "La Navarrai.se," and "Le Jongleur de Notre Dame"; Charpentier's "Louise"; Debussy's "Pelleas et Melisande," and Strauss' "Elektra," and he secured artists of the first rank, equaling in every way the ia rdei st a rs of the Metropolitan stage, such as Mary rate

,


,

descent, his grandfather having been a noted New York physician. His father 1849-1905) was a wellknown merchant of San Francisco, and his brut her. Edgar D. I'eixutto, was district attorney of that city. His uncle, Benjamin Franklin, was 1'nited Stateminister to Roumania and sometime 1'nited Slates Ernest I'eixotto began consvil at, Lyons, France. his art studies at the School of Design in San Francisco, under Emil ('arisen and in 1SSS went to Paris to continue themat the Academic Julian under the instruetorship of Jules Lef ebvre and Benjamin ConIn 1890 he exhibited a peasant interior at stant. i

ISill a church interior, both of which were well received, the latter subsequent ly being exhibited at the Society of American ArtistHe returned to San Francisco in in New York. 1891. He received honorable mention for some drawings exhibited at the World's Fair, Chicago, 1893, and in that year hereturned to France for At the Salon of 1895 he was further study. awarded honorable mention for a picture entitled "A Woman of Kijsoord," a study of a Dutch woman's head in the quaint coif of the environs of Rotterdam. Returning to San Francisco again, he painted several portraits and had two successful He added to his fame at this period exhibitions. by his artistic illustrations in Gellett Burge "Lark," an airy San Francisco publication whose was to soar into mission in magazine literature the lighter atmosphere of art and letters. He designed most of its covers and made many of its

the Salon and in

'

it

In 1897 Mr. Peixotto settled in New York city, and busied himself illustrating for the leading periodicals. He illustrated Brim's "Tales of Languedoc," Henry Cabot Lodge's "Story of the Revolution," Theodore Roosevelt's "Cromwell," and Mrs. Wharton 's "Italian Backgrounds." As illustrations.

illustrator his work has taken high rank; its characteristics are simplicity and directness, picturesquenessand vividness of detail. He has always had a fondness for architectural studies, and abroad he made many sketches of the chateaux in the valley of the Loire and of the French cathedrals, while at home his drawings of the congressional library in

an

Washington and Boston public library are perhaps the best of that class. In 1899 when he again went to Europe he began writing articles to accompany his illustrations of the picturesque out-of-the-way laces on the continent, and since 1906 he has conE ned his illustrations to his own publications. His first book was "By Italian Seas" (1906), dealing

with Mediterranean material and containing eighty illustrations by himself, followed by "Through the French Provinces'' (1909), with eighty-five illustrations. In 1906-07 there were two exhibitions in New York of his paintings of old-world garden subjects. By special request his drawings and paintings were exhibited in 1907-08 at the Art Institute, Chicago, the Toledo Museum of Art and the Detroit Museum of Art. In 1909 he was made an associate of the National Academy. Mr. Peixotto's work is

PHILLIPS, David Graham,

author, was born Madison, Ind., Oct. 31, 1867, son of David Graham and Margaret (Lee) Phillips. His ancestors were among the early settlers of Virginia and the Carolinas, and a great-grandfather becoming convinced that slavery was wrong removed to Indiana with his He was educated at De family and settled there. Pauw and at Princeton universities, being graduated at the latter in 18X7. He was appointed at once to the reportorial stall of a Cincinnati newspaper. At in

thai period the New York "Sun" was Ihe magnet that attracted aspiring young newspaper men from all parts of the United Slates, and Mr. Phillips was one of the many young journalists who migrated to New York with the intention of joining its staff. He was rapidly advanced in the "Sim" ollicc because

and his unusual method of bringing quality in every-day events marked him as a journalist of the first magnitude. After he " had been with the " Sun for several years he trans" ferred his services to the New York World," remaining there as an editorial writer until the success of his tirst novel prompted him to withdraw from journalism and gi ve his whole attention to the higher his literary style

out the

human

walks of literature. This book was "The Great God, Success" (1901). It was followed by "Her Serene Highness" (1902), "A Woman Ventures" (1902), "ilolden Fleece" (1903), "The Master Rogue"

"The Cost" (1904), "The Plum Tree" "The Reign of Gilt" (1905), "The Social Secretary" (1905), "The Deluge" (1905), "The Fortune Hunter" (1906), "The Second Generation" (1903), (1905),

(1907)," Light Fingered Gentry" (1907), "The Fashionable Adventures of Joshua Craig "(1908),

"Old Wives

"The Worth (1908),

for New" (1908), of a

and

Woman"

"The

Hungry

Heart" (1909). No individual book in this list can be said to have made Mr. Phillips' reputation, although of "The Great

the popularity

God, Success"

was more decided

than

that

which usually attends the initial output of a young novelist. His reputation is a literary evolution, and has been created through a succession of books of a decided literary quality and an idealistic atmosphere, each deepening the in.-ntal impression created by Us predecessor. The human quality that made his newspaper writing distinctive and made him a successful reporter, is the basis of his larger literary work which is filled with a spirit of tranchant, insistent criticism.

Mr. Phillips

is

a pro-

nounced radical in his social, political and religious conviction, and his novels are inspired by a propogandistic

spirit.

On

this

point

New

the

Y'ork

"Evening Post" says: "Mr. Phillips has always about him a good deal of the bull in the china shop, but there is no doubting his sincerity or denying his He is a voice of the middle West he speaks vigor. ;

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

48

without conscious pose, as a plain man of the people, which is to say, the people of the class and district from which he came. Mr. Phillips has acquired a considerable popular reputation as a man who tells the truth as he sees it. In fact, his method unites realism and didacticism in such proportions as to command a large, if feminine audience." His liter-

is highly polished, a quality due to the painstaking industry with which he works. He usually rises before the sun and writes until noon the remainder of the day he devotes to diversion. The work of the morning is transcribed, in many cases rewritten, so that every book he published had, at least, its third writing before it went to th: pubIn addition to his books, Mr. Phillips has lisher. written several articles on serious topics for magazine He is unmarried. publication.

ary style

;

psychologist, was 18, 1854, son

HYSLOP, James Hervey,

bom

at Xenia, Greene co., of

(_>.,

Robert

Aug.

and

Martha

Ann

(Bogle) Hyslop, both of whom were natives of Greene county,

and grandson

of George Hyslop of Roxburyshire, Scotland, who had been disappointed in his

ambition to enter the Royal Guards, and consequently emigrated to America, where he was married to Margaret Greenwood of Virginia, and engaged in fannJames H. Hyslop spent his ing. first eighteen years on his father's farm. He was educated first at

West Geneva and Northwood,

O., and afterwards at Wooster (O.) University, being graduated at the latter in 1877. He first taught for two years in public schools, and for three years

Lake

Forest University. He then attended the University of Leipsic, two and upon returning taught for years Germany, short periods at Lake Forest University and Smith College, and then entering Johns Hopkins University as a student in the philosophical course, was graduated after one year with the degree of Ph. D. In 1899 he was appointed to a position first as instructor and afterward as professor of logic and Prof. ethics at Columbia College, New York city. Hyslop has written papers on ethics and philosophy for such prominent periodicals as '"Mind," "New Princeton Review," "Andover Review," "Unitarian Review," "New Englander and Yale Reat

"

Psychological Review," "Christian Thought" and ""The Nation," and has edited an edition of Hume's "Ethics," with an introduction by himself. He is also the author of the "Elements of Logic," (1892) the "Ethics of vues-." "Philosophic

Review,"

Hume"

(1893), "Elements of Ethics" (1895), "Democracy: A Study of Governments" (1899), "Logic and Argument" (1899), "Syllabus of Psychology" (1899), a Report on Mrs. Piper making a volume of the Proceedings in the English Society (1901), and "Problems of Philosophy" (1905). The last is an earnest and able book which embodies the

author's conclusions on the fundamental questions The bent of his subsequent thought of metaphysics. is most clearly disclosed in the dicsussion in that book on the antithesis between materialism and While dealing with the ordinary spiritualism. arguments on both sides, his own point of view and purpose are clear in his separation of the philosophic from the popular uses of the term "spiritualism," with its implication of the existence of the soul. Discarding the so-called theological and philosophical proofs of the existence of the

soul, he affirmed that it can only be established by His resignation from the chair scientific evidence. at Columbia in 1902 enabled him to devote more time to the investigation of phenomena bearing on this problem, and he became secretary of the Society of Psychical Research. For some years he had been deeply interested in psychic questions, especially in the study of abnormal psychology but the patent frauds connected with the methods of spiritualistic mediums, and the lack of systematized effort in separating allegations of fact worth investigating from the mass of valueless material that gathered around the practices of pretenders led him to organize a movement in which certain phenomena ;

hitherto neglected should be examined scientifically. When in 1905, the American branch of the Society for Psychical Research was discontinued owing to the death of Dr. Richard Hodgson, its secretary, Dr. Hyslop completed the organization of the American Institute for Scientific Research, which was incorporated under the laws of the state of New York. The council of the American society comprises the names of Prof. W. Newbold, of the University of' Pennsylvania; Prof. H. Norman Gardiner, of Smith College, Northampton, Mass.; Prof. W. R. Benedict, of the University of Cincinnati; Dr. Weston D. Bayley, of Philadelphia, and treasurer. Dr. James H. Hyslop, secretary and This institute undertook to carry on psychical and abnormal psychology investigations in the United States under the name of the American Society for Psychical Research, its objects being first, the investigation of alleged telepathy, visions and premonitions, coinciapparitions, clairvoyance, dental dreams, and all kinds of mediumistic phenomena; second, the collection of material bearing on the history of these subjects; aad third, the encouragement of local societies in any part of the country, which may report to the American society,

but

may

elect their

own

officers

and

will

not be

responsible in any way to the American society. Dr. Hyslop started an endowment fund for the permanent organization and maintenance of the institute, and was largely instrumental in providing that no teaching shall be in any way connected with it in any of its official functions and no propagandist!! of any sort associated with it and no official recognition of doctrines involving the suspicion of other

than strictly scientific objects. Other principles governing the institute are that the work shall be done according to the methods and the best traditions of science and with as little publicity as posThus organized, the institute has collected sible.

and investigated a

large

number

of

phenomena

bearing on the objects of research above designated. Dr. Hyslop, as its most prominent member, met with much criticism in presenting the results of his investigations, but he has persevered in his purpose as at first outlined. As editor of the "Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research" he has condensed in its pages for popular use a lame number of reports of cases, including his own experiences with Mrs. Piper, a celebrated medium. After the death of Prof. Richard Hodgson in 1905, considerable interest was aroused among students of he made spiritistic phenomena by the promise that he would try to communicate with his friends Dr. Hyslop, as one of the closest of after death. his friends, undertook, through the medium, Mrs. Piper, to communicate with Hodgson, and believes he has received distinct messages from him. Prof. Hugo Miinsterberg, of Harvard University, strongly criticised Dr. Hyslop, denying the genuineness of the messages by reason of their triviality and their similarity to Mrs. Piper's" method and manner, and Dr. Hyslop replied in the Journal" of the American Society for Psychical Research. The controversy

OK AMKKK A\ BIOGRAPHY. illustrating the usual attitudes (if repudiator- re-pectively of alleged communications from the spirit world, ami aUn as bringing f"r\vard the V Lake Michigan Ship Canal, which saves l.'ill niiies of sailing to all craft trading liet \\ecn (liven Bay and Chicago or any other Lake Michigan port. I'ortes iles Morts, the opening of the liven Hay into Lake Michigan, had always been full of destructive dangers to navigators. Xo one knew this fact better than Isaac Stephenson, who had often navigated through it, so that when Joseph Harris lieL'an an agitation in favor of constructing a canal across the Hour county peninsula, Mr. Stephenson With his contriliuled liberally to the undertaking, partner he took stock in the construction company, served on the executive committee and did everything lie could to promote the enterprise, which was completed under federal supervision. Mr. Stephenson has always been interested in politics and public affairs. In 1X.32 he supported the Whig nominee for president; in l.x.M) he peddled tickets all day in Chicago for Fremont, the first Hepublican nominee, and ever since he lias contributed labor, time and money to the Republican He ha- held many local and other ollice-, Cause. such as city councilor, supervisor, chairman of the County board of supervisors, member of the state assembly four years (1866-70) and nearly twenty years justice of the peace It is said that lie carried When the office of justice around with him. (

51

owns) at an expense of several hundred thousand The reason for this opposition was said to be Mr. Stephenson's refn-al to accede to the dollars.

request for large sums of money that was made by the managers of Mr. I. a Follette's campaign for tne presidency in 190S. Mr. Stephenson is tall, His hair, at the age spare, quiet and thoughtful. of eighty, is thick and black and his health perfect. He is democratic and kindly in his intercourse with others, generous to individuals, liberal toward public enterprises -and tenacious in his friendships. He is the wealthiest man in Wisconsin, but modest and considerate in all the ways of life. His memory is so remarkable that he is able to cany the infinite details of his many great business enterprises in his head. While on the witness stand, in February, 1909, he gave the details of numerous transactions which aggregated very large sums, ami on being asked for a written account he astonished everybody by declaring "Oh, I never keep booko." Those who know him best aver that he never forSen. Stephenson was married first in 1852 gets. to \l.-iri:atvt Stephenson who died in 1x71, second, in Ix7if. to Augusta Anderson, who died in 1882,

and third, in 1XX4, to Klizaheth, daughter of rhomas Burns, of Green Bay. Wis. The surviving children are seven,

married.

all

SMITH,

Burton, lawyer, was born at Chapel Sept. is, 1864, -on of Hildreth Hosea and Mary Brent (Hokei Smith. Hill,

N.

C..

He

received a thorough educathe public schools of Georgia, Tennessee am Texas, and was graduated at the Sam tion in

I

parties having differences chanced to meet him on the street, he settled their dilliculties without making any record or charging any fees, so -luvwd was he to detect the equities of human affairs and For many so upright in his acts and judgments. years, until he became "Uncle Ike," he was addressed as "Captain," because he had been He took a leading part in ter of lake craft. organizing the county of Marinette and gave In-

Houston Texas in

land on which the court house and other county He also donated lands buildings were erected. and sometimes cash and lumber as well for new churches, and ave land for the Stephensen Training School (one of the very useful public institutions of Northern Wisconsin) and presented to the city of Marinette the land and building of the In 1XX2 he was beautiful Stephenson library. elected to congress, serving by reelection until l^ss when he declined to run again. In congress he made no speeches, but was one of the most useful and faithful committee members of the entire body especially on the committees on public lands and rivers and harbors. He was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1SSO, 1892, In 1899 he wa.-- a 1896, 1900, 1904, and 190S. candidate for United States senator, but was dedefeated by Joseph V. Quarles. In May, 1907, he was elected to fill out the unexpired term of John C. Spooner and in September, 1908, was reflected over four other candidates, by a primary vote of the people, and on Mar. 4, 1909 by the legislature for the full term beginning on that day. In the 60th congress Sen. Stephenson served as chairman of the committee on expenditures in the department of agriculture and as a member of the committees on claims, enrolled bills, Pacific railroads, revolutionary claims and the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians. In his last campaign he was strenuously opposed by his colleague Sen. La Follette, whose political fortunes he had financed for years and in whose interest he had established a daily newspaper in Milwaukee (the " Free Press," which he still

continued in partnership with his brother for nine years. Since that time Mr. Burton Smith has had no firm, but hapracticed law in his own name. He has acquired a large and lucrative practice, and has achieved a reputation as one of He instituted and the leading lawyers of the state, conducted the first litigation successfully attacking the convict lease system of Georgia. He obtained the first decision in Georgia, and one of the first anywhere, holding that the federal employer's liability act was constitutional, and he obtained the first decision holding that a suit could not be removed to the federal court merely because it was brought under this act. In addition to these cases of special interest, he has always had a very large general in the trial of important issues practice, especially in the courts. Mr. Smith is one of Atlanta's ablest He is a magnificent specimen of Southern citizens. manhood, standing six feet five inches in height, and of powerful physique, and one whose appearance commands admiration and respect. He is very popular socially, having won by his pleasant perHe delivered the annual sonality a host of friends. address before the Indiana Bar Association in 1902, and before the North Carolina Bar Association two years later. He was president of the Georgia Bar Association in 1902, was one of the organizers of the Young Men's Democratic League in the city of Atlanta, and is a member of the Capital City Club and Atlanta Athletic Club, of which latter he was

mat

Normal l.xso.

School

of

and the Uni-

versity of (ieorgia in 1.XS2.

lie

immediately began the study of law with his brother, lion HokeSniith, and was admitted to the bar in 1883, entering at once upon the practice of his profession

in

Atlanta.

He

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

52

He was a member of the state president. many years, and took an active part in quelling the Pittsburg riot in I'.IOJ and the \tl,mt,i riot in !!)()(>, when his commanding personality and physical courage were a strong factor in suppressing the lawless element then rampant. Mr. Smith was married in. June, 1888, to Frances, daughter of the

first

militia for

Gen. John B. Gordon, and has one child, Hildreth Burton Smith. WEYEKHAEUSER, Frederick, lumberman and capitalist, was born at Nieder-Saulheim, Hessen, Germany, Nov. 21, 1834, son of John and Katherine He (Gabel) Weyerhaeuser. received a thorough education in his native village and was taught by his parents to be

steady, industrious and fruAt the age of eighteen, not relishing the severe military requirements that faced gal.

him

Germany, he emigrated with his mother and sister to the United States and settled in

Northeast, Erie co., Pa. soon found work in a lumber yard as a day laborer and remained there for four at

He

what he afterwards described as "a very small bunch of money." In 1856 he removed to Coal

years, saving

Valley,

Rock

where

he

Island co.,

III.,

the lumber, grain, and coal business on a branch line of the Roek Island & Pacific railway near inexhaustible fields of soft coal. Frank C. A. Denckmann, J>

>"*+1*4tt*4.(S\

engaged

in

who became his brother-in-law, was an employee of the Rock Island saw-mill, so in 1860, when the mill property with its splendid frontage and boom area on the Mississippi river was offered for sale the brothers-in-law joined interests under the style of

Weyerhaeuser

& Denckmann, and bought

the property, giving notes for a large portion of the purchase money. The logs for the Rock Island mills at this time came down the Mississippi river, mostly from Wisconsin. They were handled by a combination known as the Beef Slough Co., which drove, assorted, boomed and delivered logs for all of the mills on the Mississippi and the profits of the Rock Island business, therefore, except those of sawing and from the by-product, went to others. This feature did not suit Mr. Weyerhaeuser, who proceeded to Wisconsin while his partner managed the mill, and began purchasing tt.irts of the magnificent stand of yellow pine that grew in the valley of the Chippewa river and its tributaries. These acquisitions entitled his firm to representation in the Beef Slough Co., now the Mississippi River Boom and Logging Co. which gave employment to from 16,000 to 20,000 persons at the height of the season. As nearly all of the streams that were suitable, or could be made suitable for driving logs and rafting lumber had been already wholly or partly improved and were occupied by other lumbermen, independent operations on them were practically impossible. Mr. Weyerhaeuser began systematically to acquire interests in mills that were in active operation and holdings of others buying, standing timber jointly with when he could, the controlling interest but never changing the firm name. This policy has been steadily followed for more than thirty-five years. In 1872 he was elected president of the Mississippi River Boom and Loggi ig Co., then the largest concern of its kind in the world: a cooperative monopoly of logging operations on the Mississippi

on a scale that was stupendous. In 1879 the 'hippewa Lumber and Boom Co. was organized with Mr. Weyerhaeuser as president. Their mill driven by the great water power at Chippewa Falls, Wis., was for many years the largest in the world. In it were installed several new devices for manufacturing and handling by-products and it was the first mill in which as many as five gangs of 100 saws, in addition to the rotaries and other machines, were operated on a single floor. Shortly before this time he had acquired the enormous plant of the Nelson Lumber Co. at Cloquet, Minn., near the head of Lake Superior, which carried with it (K)0,000,000 feet of standing timber on fine logging streams. To attempt to follow out individually his purchases and operations from this time forward would be burdensome. He continued to reside quietly at Rock Island and only the vaguest notions of what he was doing ever reached the public. Each center of his operations w as in charge of a (

T

competent manager or corporation, manned by persons of tried strength and skill, and the operators in one center made no effort to find out the details As new timber of operations at other centers. areas began to be opened throughout the west Mr. Weyerhaeuser organized a regular timber purchasing corporation known as the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., capitalized at with 12,500,000, headquarters at Tacoma, Wash., in charge of Robert L. McCormick, one of his former partners. Outside of this timber company is what is called the "Weyerhaeuser Syndicate," whose holdings in standing timber would cover the entire state of New York and in which Mr. Weyerhaeuser has literally thousands of partners, many of them of great wealth. He also owns, or is heavily interested in more than twenty sawmills, some of them of enormous capacity. The mill at Potlatch, Letah co., Idaho, is regarded as the finest plant ever built, and there are several others, especially one at Tacoma, which are not far behind in equipment or capacity. In these thirty mills more than

men

2,500 saws, in gangs, are turning out daily over 7,000,000 feet of lumber and vast quantities of

box stock, packed saw-dust and other by-products, the profits on which are lath, shingles, kindlings,

estimated to average from $800,000 to 81,000,000 Besides these his interests extend to per year. numerous dams, factories, warehouses, planing mills and improvements, and he owns or is a director He is president or stockholder in many bnaks. of the National German-American Bank at St. he maintains a modest office for the Paul, in which He is general supervision of his great business. president of the Mississippi River Boom and Logging Co., the Potlatch Lumber Co., the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., the Weyerhaeuser Syndicate, the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Co., the Cloquet Lumber Co., Tacoma Lumber Co., the Little Falls Lumber Co., the Mississippi River Logging Co., the Northland Pine Co., the Pine Tree Lumber Co., the Musser-Sauntry Co., St. Croix Lumber Co., the Shell Lake Lumber Co., the North Wisconsin Lumber Co., the Chippewa Valley Logging Co., the Bonner's Ferry Lumber Co., the Superior Timber

Weyerhaeuser & Denckmann, Weyerhaeuser Rutledge Lumber Co., Duluth & Northeast Railway, Mesabc Southern Railway and has large holdings in the Atwood Lumber Co., the Rutledge Co.,

&

Co., the Nebogamon Lumber Co. and in boats, rafts and railways for handling lumber as well as machine shops-, stump lands, farms and other property. He may be called the king of the world's lumber and timber business, being the heaviest mill and timber owner in the world, though very little of his propety appears on record in the name of Weyerhaeuser. Neither his wealth nor his

Lumber


y

\Ml.lili

il

anyone, nut

even

believed to lie the richest IIIMII in America, which means the richest pri\ate individual He has said thai he docs nut l>ehe\e ill the world. Hi

hiriiscir.

1

is

that he is more wealthy than John D. Rockefeller, His wealth but competent judges affirm tlial lie is. is actual, not fictitious, and is not influenced by fluctuations in the stock market- or the \idory or defeat

of

a

political

It

party.

is

constantly a

growing estate. The increment of a single year on his standing timber would constitute an ample For instance, a trad o! I'aeihc Coasl fortune. timber for which he paid .lames .1. Hill Sd.OOO.OOO, increased in value to SJ 1. Mil (100 without the agency of human labor, and many tracts have doubled and some have i|iiadrupled in his hands His rise to vast wealth, in very brief periods. fiscal and industrial power from nothing is not -.o remarkable as the fact that he has reached his 1

commanding

present

position

I,

in

the

industrial

much of the world ever knowing l.S'.d he moved to St. Paul, w In a e m

world without very his

name.

beautiful

secluded

In

i

Summit avenue life.

He

attends

lie

no

lives

a

and

quid

gatherings

public'

of politics and the public prints. quaint in his manner, speaks with a (iernian

and keeps out

He

is

IUOCKAPHY.

\.\

accent, wears a full beard and is democratic, He is a member of pleasant and kind-heart ed. the Minnesota and Town and Country clubs of St He was married at Coal Valley, III., Oct. 11, Paul. to Elizabeth, daughter of Henry !'. Klm-di-1. I.s.~>7, also of ierinan descent, and has two suns, Frederick K. and John P. Weyerhaeuser. RIDDLE, John Wallace, diplomat was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 12, bsiil, son of John lie Wallace and Rebecca Blair (McClurei liiddle. was prepared for college by private tutors and was lie then graduated at Harvard University in 1SS7. spent three years in the Columbia Law School and devoted the following three years to studying inlernational lau and u-ages, history, diplomacy and special languages in the Kcoledes Sciences I'olil iqnes of Paris, and in 1893 received the certificate of proficiency in the Russian language from College de Prance. I'pon finishing these special courses of university training for a diplomatic career, he was appointed secretary of the U. S. legation at Constantinople, where he served seven years, a portion of the time through very delicate situations, under Ministers Terrell, Angell, and Oscar S. Straus. In (

.

P. 100 he was made secretary of embassy at St Petersburg, serving with signal acceptability until appointed to be diplomatic agent and consul-general to Egypt in 1903. Generally consular officers are not in any sense diplomatic personages, but are required to confine their attention strictly to comIn this case Mr. Riddle's office of mercial affairs. consul-general was invested with diplomatic functions. A consul-general has supervisory jurisdiction over the various consular offices in his territory and is responsible for their proper management. Mice a year he makes a tour of inspection of the consuHe is under bond and under the law of 1!)OU lates. must turn over to the treasury all the income of his (

compensation being fixed by that act and not dependent, as formerly, upon fees. He must keep on good terms with the business interests and local authorities of his station and thus promote the trade relations between his own country and that wherein he is a consul. His is required to forward samples of new products and inventions as well as the seeds of plants, grains or grasses of the country wherein he is stationed that he believes would be valuable addioffice,

tions to the productions of his own country. In short consuls are forever on, and constitute the nation 's commercial and industrial firing-line. In 1905

Mr. Riddle was appointed envoy extraordinary and

53

minister plenipotentiary to Roumania and Servia, and in December of tin [ollowingyear became ambassador to Russia, a station in which he is very influential and popular by reason of his great familiarity with the Russian language, literature and life. He resigned from the diplomatic service and returned to the United States in September, 11)09. He is unmarried, and is a member of the Century and Union clubs of New Y'ork, Metropolitan Club of

Washington, Rittenhouse club Philadelphia, Minnesota Club of St. Paul, and Cercle de 1'Union, ,,i'

of Paris.

DUNNE, in

Chicago,

was born and

Finley Peter, humorist, 111.,

July

10,

1S07, son of Peter

Dunne, and grandson of Patrick (Malone) Dunne, of Irish extraction. He was educated at the Chicago public schools, and at the age of nineteen years began his journalistic career as a reporter of a daily newsIn l.SS'.l he became city editor of the paper. Chicago "Times," and three years later was given a position on the editorial staff of the Chicago "Evening Pest," where he remained till IS'.Ci. For the following three years he was engaged in a similar capacity on the Chicago "rimesHerald," and in January. Is'.ts, he was appointed editor of the Chicago "journal." Under the penname of "Martin Dooley," or "Mr. Dooley," he to con nbiiteil his paper a series of articles in the Ellen

(Finley)

and

Amelia

i

I

which immediately won immense popularity, and created for their author a reputation as one of the foremost American humorists. The utterances of "Mr. Dooley" have since been and being mostly on current universally quoted, Irish

dialect,

topics of the day, many of them have almost become pro\ erbial. Spea king of this fea lire "of Mr. 'mine's He found ihe literary activity, a critic aptly says: human quality in what fell to his consideration; he saw the humor and the sense and the pathos of and he had the rare wit to eyery-day life, All this berealize their universal significance. came a concrete result in his conception of Mr. t

.

.

.

Dooley, whose consideration day embodies all that is the wit really American .

.

.

the

justice

keen

I

sense

and the quality

of

questions of

t

In-

of of

being able to grasp the point in any matter, that have long essential

since been identified with

Abraham Lincoln, and the ability to hit hard without being

mean and unkind

that until

has

been

confined

now

to Mark Twain. The result is that Mr. Dooley is a national character.

we

all

wish

We

know him; him we all

all

respect

;

we had his clear brain.

As Uncle Sam

is himself typical of the Y'ankee, as David Harum is the type of

/

the American countryman, so is Mr. Dooley as thoroughly an American of another sort the Yankee shrewdly mixed with the Irish immigrant." Mr. Dunne has traveled extensively, and one of the assignments of his early reportorial career was to go around the world with the Chicago national baseball team, then the champions, for the Chicago "Tribune." Since 1906 he has been one of the editor-proprietors of and a steady contributor to "The American Magazine." Most of Mr. Dunne's writings have been published in book form, as

"Mr. Dooley in Peace and War" (1898), "Mr. Dooley in the Hearts of his Countrymen" (1899),

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

54

"Mr. Dooley's Philosophy" (1900), "Mr. Dooley's Opinions" (1901), "Observations by Mr. Dooley" (1902), and "Dissertations by Mr. Dooley" (190G). He is a member of the Racquet and Tennis, Metropolitan, Riding and Brook clubs of New York city. Mr. Dunne was married in New York city, Dec. 9, 1902, to Margaret, daughter of Charles Patterson Abbott.

BOOTH,

Ballington, president of the Volunteers America, was born at Brighouse, Yorkshire, England, July 28, 1857, son of William and Catherine (Mumford) Booth. His father, the founder and commanding of

general of the Salvation Army, and his mother, Catherine

Booth, have both achieved world wide prominence as orators and preachers, and from them Ballington Booth

';\ '

"'

i-^

inherited his marked ability as a preacher, orator and organizer. His early education was received at Taunton Collegiate Institute and Nottingham

After a (Seminary, England. successful term in Australasia, as administrative head of the Salvation Army, he came to the United States 'in 1888 to take

command

of the American the work of which his His father was the head. efforts in this country were crowned with marked success, but owing to a difference of opinion about methods of operation in America, Mr. Booth's connection with his father's work ceased, and in 1896, upon the urgent solicitation of some prominent citizens throughout the United States, he inaugurated a new movement known as the Volunteers of America, a national society devoted to philanthropic and Christian efforts. At that time Pres. Booth had no idea that the movement would assume national proportions, but with the energetic and capable assistance of his wife, the work is now represented in upwards of some 100 cities by more than 500 commanding officers, who address congregations aggregating on an average of 4,000,000 people every year. Perhaps no evangelistic work has ever progressed more rapidly and successfully than has that of the Volunteers of America. Besides the evangelistic efforts thus far put forth in many of our largest cities, philanthropic and socialistic branches of the work have been established. Thoroughly abstemious in his personal habits of life, Pres. Booth has enforced the most rigid economy in every branch of the Volunteer work, to the end that all moneys and other aid received by his society have done their full value for good.

branch

of

summer, fresh air camps where thousands of children are taken have been formed; thirty-five principal homes and institutions, most of which are Volunteer property, are open for poor and deserving people in different sections of the country; homes of mercy have been formed, and nearly 45,000 beds have been provided for women alone in the different homes of aid and industry. In connection with the philanthropic homes and institutions about 436,000 persons receive lodgings, and in the Volunteer hospital work over 100,000 cases have been treated since June, 1905. Then there are some 60,000 members of the Volunteer Prisoners' League Childrens'

homes

in

Among the Volunteer (see Mrs. Booth, below). philanthropic branches are also employment bureaus, wood yards, clothing stores, coal supplies, distribution of milk, classes for sewing, reading rooms, nursing hospitals, fresh air camps, circulation of

garments and many other benevolent undertakings. Gen. Booth is an eloand forceful quent platform speaker, and the success with which he moves large audiences of widely different characters from humor to pathos, is one of the evidences of his ability in this direction. He is very fond of music and singing, and has composed a number of well-known hymns, among which "The Cross is not Greater than His Grace" "You've Carried Your Burden," and "Over and Over Like a Mighty Sea," are constantly sung in all parts of the world. Gen. Booth was married Sept. 16, 1887, in London, England, to Maud, daughter of Rev. Samuel C'harlesworth, and has two children: Charles and Theodora Booth. BOOTH, Maud (Charlesworth), philanthropist, was born at Limpsfield, England, Sept. 1.3, 1865, daughter of Rev. Samuel Charlesworth, rector of the She was educated parish of Limehouse, England. in Switzerland anil France and early became interliterature, distribution of

ested in religious and philanthropic work among the poor. She met her husband, Ballington Booth,

who was a

son of William Booth, head of the Salvaof London, at a religious meeting, and they were married Sept. 16, 1887. With her husband she came to the United States in 1888 and for the following nine years was energetically engaged in religious and philanthropic work connected with the Salvation Army. Mrs. Booth with her husband were the founders of the Volunteers of America. This organization is a philanthropic, social and reIt was ligious movement incorporated Nov. 6, 1896. organized on military lines, having as its model the United States army, but in conjunction with military discipline and methods of work, it possesses a thortion

Army

oughly democratic form of government, having a and its by-laws being framed by a grand field council that meets annually and is thoroughly representative. Though only thirteen years old the Volunteers have representatives and branches of benevolent work in almost all the principal cities of the United States. The field is divided into regiments or sections, which come under the control of thirty constitution,

staff officers, its chief centers

being New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Denver, Pittsburg, Chicago, Indianapolis, Cleveland and San Francisco. It has philanthropic institutions in Chicago and Joliet, 111., Fort Dodge, Austin, Tex.; Kas. Kansas City, Mo. Pueblo, Colo.? Boston, Lynn and Maiden, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Erie, Pittsburg and Philadelphia, Pa.; Newcastle, Del.; Newark, N. J.; Orange;

;

T

burg and Buffalo, N. Y

New York

.;

and

In addition to the Volunteer reading rooms, city.

literature is circulatreligious ed in prisons, hospitals, soldiers' and children's homes. There are also sewing classes, hospital nurses, temporary financial relief departments, boys' fresh air camps, Thanksgiving and

Christmas dinners, and many other worthy unundertakings. After the Volunteer movement was formed Mrs. Booth entered heartily into the dei:uU of the new work, but her name is more particularly associated with one of the most prominent departments the Volunteers Prison League, the aim of which is the reformation of criminals in prison. Not less than 60,000 men have become members of the Volunteer Prisoners' League since its inauguration, 70 per cent, of whom are leading reformed lives,

OF AMi:i;ir\\ directly or indirectly in touch prison walls. Mrs Booth formed leagues in wenty-t wo different state prisons. Under her direction also were founded

while the league

with

SO, (100

Hope Halls"

Chicago,

I

111.,

(

I.

further assist them in their efforts to live their lives "If were asked," says .Mrs. as worthy citizens. Booth, "'how can we best help the discharged prisoner, how can he be saved from returning to prison 1 should answer without hesitation: 'Begin before The world is more stem and unrehis discharge.' lenting in its judgment than the law, and there is prejudice against the man that often brings up before him his past and makes him pay over and OV61 again for the crimes which he has, in the eyes of tinam not exaggerating law, expiated in prison. when say that hundreds of men have com.' from prison thoroughly determined to do right, seeking 1

,

1

I

1

chance of honest work, however humble, themselves forced back into a life of crime because wherever they worked the disco very of their past imprisonment meant immediate discharge, To ry to help the men coming homeless and friendless from prison, we have opened homes to which Ihcv can turn, not Only for shelter and food, but tor the loving sympathetic Christian influence that they need. From these homes, we send them to posit ions with those who will give them tin- chance, even with the knowledge of their past, if they really prove A correspondence themselves anxious to do right. only

I

lie

to iind

.

.

.

I

for the moral elevation and benefit of their families She is auis carried on with about 20.001) men." thor of "Branded" (1S97); "Look Up and Hope" of (1S99)- "Sleepy Time Stories" (1899); "Lights " " " 91 Mil; After PrisonWhat ? ( 'hildland ( 901) "The Curse of Septic Soul Treatment" (1906); "Wanted Antiseptic Christians" (1900); "Twi 1

light

1

;

(

Fairy Tales "(1906).

PARKER, Edward

Wheeler,

statistician,

was

Port Deposit, Md., June 1(5, 1860, son of Price and Henrietta Hyde (Donnelli William Parker, grandson of Joseph and Marjorie (Price) Parker, and great-grandson of Edward and Hetty (Cowden) Parker. His great-grandfather, Edward Parker, was a resident of Newark, Del., and made tents for the continental army under subsidy from congress; he was major, and afterward a colonel The subject of militia in the revolutionary war. of this sketch was educated in public and private schools of Port Deposit and at Baltimore, completing his studies at the City College of the latter In 1878 he became associated with his halfcity. brother, J. K. Parker of Baltimore, as bookkeeper, and seven years later removed to Texas, where he was made business manager of the Austin "Statesman." In 1891 he entered the service of the United States geological survey as statistician, and his work there has consisted of the collection of statistics and the preparation of annual reports on coal, coke and other subjects. In 1907, upon the retireiborn at

ment

of Dr. David T. Day as chief of the division of mineral resources of the geological survey, Mr. Parker was placed in administrative charge of this important branch of the survey organization. His studies and work for the geological survey have given him a reputation as one of the leading authorities in the United States, especially on the He subjects of mining statistics and technology. was a member of the jury of awards of the Columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893 was an expert special agent of the United States census for 1900, and was for two years editor of the "Engineering and Mining Journal" (1901-02). He was awarded ;

medal at the Paris exposition of 19011 and Pan-American exposition of 190], and a commemorative medal at the Louisiana Pun h,. e He was a member of the exposition in 1901. arbitration commission appointed by Pres. Kooseat

of he Volunteer movement, one another at Flushing, >now at, in Columbus. Sparkilli, \. Y., ami a third The " Hope Halls" are in reality large homes which provide paroled prisoners with food and shelter, and

the

in

55

a silver

is

members and men within t

"

P.Inc.UAPIIY.

vell

the

investigate the coal strike

to

"of

The

1902.

miners of the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania, members of the United Mine Workers of America, went on a strike in May. 1902, to secure from the niinc operators an advance in wages, a re liiction in tin' hours of labor, and a recognition of their union, and the strike became one of the most notable i,i the United Slates on account of the virtual coal famine throughout the eastern cities occasionel I'.ivrcby. Various at tempts to set lie the trouble, which continued throughout tin- entire summer an, tall, having failed, Pres. Kooscvclt interposed and appealed to both parties to submit I

their differences

to arbitration.

The mine owners

at once accepted liis suggestion and proposed that he appoint a commission to whom should I"' referred all questions at issue.it being understood that the miners would immediately return to work. The commission thus appointed consisted of Brig. -( !en. John M. Wil-

son, I'. S. A.. Judge' leorgei !ray, of the United States circuit c -i, Edgar E. Clark, sociolo11. Watkins, exgist, Thomas coal operator, Bishop John L. Spalding, Carroll 1 1. Wright, U. S. comi:iissio:.er The commission met of labor, and Mr. Parker. It for organization at Washington, Oct. 24, 1902. then adjourned to Scranton and other places in the anthracite region, where it visited the mines and studied lie working and sociologic conditions, after which it took testimony at Scranton and Philadelphia for four months, rendering its decision Mar. 21, I90M. Two important features of the decision were, t

(1) the provision for a permanent board of ciliation which should take up and consider

con-

any

dispute between the miners and their employers referred to it, its decision to be final and binding on all parties, and (2) an unqualified declaration in The wisdom of Pres. favor of the open shop. Roosevelt in appointing the commission and the justice of the awards are shown by the fact that the operators and miners have, by agreement, extended the awards of the commission for two additional terms of three years each, making a total of nine years, and that unprecedented peace a ml prosperity have marked the mining operations the anthracite region since the commission in made its awards. Mr. Parker is the author of chapters on coal, coke, salt and other subjects for the annual volume, "Mineral Resources of the United States," published by the United States geological survey, and he has in preparation a history of the mining industry for the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He is also a frequent contributor to publications of engineering societies and technical He is a member of the American Institute journals. of Mining Engineers, the Mining and Metallurgical Society of North America, the American Mining 'ongress, the Washington Academy of Sciences, the Washington Geological Society, the Washington Economic Association, the National Statistical A ociation, the Washington Society of Engineers, the National Society of the fine Arts, the American Forestry Association and the Sons of the American Revolution. He is also a member of the Engineers' Club of New York, the Cosmos Club, the Colombia Golf Club and the Bannockburn Golf Club of V. (

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

56

Mr. Parker was married at Galveston, ington, D. C. Tex., Apr. 29, 1891, to Laura Harrison, daughter of

Guy

M. Hryan.

WRIGHT,

Wilbur,

aviator,

was born near of Milton and His father was

Apr. 10, 1807, son Susan Catherine (Koerner) Wright. an itinerant preacher (see Wright, and later became a bishop of the Millvilte,

1ml.,

Orville, below) church of the United Brethren in Christ. Wilbur Wright received a common-school education, and for three years attended the high school of Richmond, Ind., later continuing his studies in Dayton, O., where his parents subseq uently settled.

Here the brothers opened a job printing office in 1889, and after 1893 engaged in the bicycle repairing business. They both had considerable mechanical .skill, but never learned a trade norattended a technicalschool. By practice and study they acquired a good knowledge of

and engineering. possessed, moreover, a

mechanics

They

remarkable aptitude for supplementing each other's efforts, and it was this unity of purpose and perfect understanding which was to bring them ultimate success. Their interest in aerial navigation dates from early childhood, first being (7 aroused when they observed a toy on the scientific principle of a helicopter, which soon after they unsuccess-

Accounts fully tried to reproduce on a larger scale. of various efforts with flying machines continued to engage their attention, among them those of Hiram in England, Otto Lilienthal in Germany and Octave Chanute and Prof. Samuel P. Langley in

Maxim

America.

After mastering the literature of the sub-

including Chanute s "Progress in Flying Machines," Langley's "Experiments in Aerodynamics," Mouillard's "Empire of the Air," and divers publications of the Smithsonian Institution, the Wright brothers determined to construct a ject,

machine of their own. The most serious problem to be solved they believed to be the question of equilibrium. The same forces which steadied the machine in a calm caused it to oscillate in the wind.

The previous experimentalists

in

their

work on

had aimed to produce machine with automatic stability. The Wrights now decided to work out the problem upon totally different lines and build a glider in which the control would be entirely manual. To prevent a tendency to pitch downward they placed on a framework directly in front of the main planes a pair of small.subsidiary planes, whose angle or pitch to the direction of flight could be varied at will by means of a lever, and for recuring lateral stability they introduced what is recognized as the most valuable feature in the modern aeroplane; namely, a method of warping or twisting the ends of the main planes in such a way as to balance an excess nf pressure on one end of the aeroplane by inducing an opposing pressure. Thus gliders

:i

the aeroplane should incline to the right the moving of a lever would depress the rear ends of the righthand half of the planes, causing an increase of upward thrust on that side', and at the same time would raise the rear ends of the left-hand half of the planes, causing the air to strike them on their upper side and produce a downward pressure. if

A

broad patent was issued 22, 1900, covering this idea, and the validity of the patent is now being in the courts. tested Constructing a flying, machine

May

on this principle the brothers went down to the

sand-dunes at Kitty Hawk, near the coast of North Carolina, and spent no less than three years in making experiments in gliding flights. By the end of that time they had become thoroughly at home in the air, and the quick manipulation of the levers had become so much a matter of habit as to be They were now ready for practically instinctive. the crucial experiment with a motor. A 12-horsepower engine connected with tw o large screw prowith this machine, weighpellers was attached, and ing 750 pounds, the first successful mechanical flight in history was made on Dec. 17, 1903. It flew a distance of 800 feet in about one minute, against a twenty-mile wind, without a reduction of speed, and without mishap. To all intents and puralighte poses the goal so eagerly sought through centuries was won, and to the Wright brothers belongs the credit of inventing the first man-carrying flying machine that proved a success. Their experiments were continued with a stronger and heavier machine near Dayton, O., in 1904, during which 105 flights were made, but it was not until September ami October in 1905. that long-distance flights were attempted. These varied from eleven to twenty-four Acmiles, at a height of from fifty to 100 feet. counts of their achievements created a sensation throughout the world and particularly in France, where experiments had already been made with flying machines constructed after drawings and r

1

descriptions of the Wright machine furnished by Mr. Chanute in addresses before scientific societies

abroad. Considerable doubt was expressed, however, as to the truthfulness of the reports, and people came all the way from France, England and Germany to investigate the performances at Dayton Kitty Hawk, N. C., again became the scene of further trials of the Wright aeroplane in 1908, the object of which was to test the speed of the machine while carrying two persons, and to gain familiarity with the handling of the apparatus. The first passenger was taken aboard May 14th of that year, in a circular flight of three minutes and forty seconds duration, and at a speed of forty-one miles per hour. The Wright aeroplane as it stands to-day is practically in its essential features the same as the one that first flew in 1903, and despite its apparent crudity it is considered to be by far the most efficient that has ever been produced. It consists of two planes about forty feet long by six feet from front to back and one six feet above the other. These planes are connected by uprights and are mounted upon long runners that extend out in front about ten feet and curve upward in order to act as a .

support for the horizontal rudder, which consists of two small superposed planes about fifteen feet long by two and a half feet from front to rear. Tha horizontal rudder is constructed in an ingenious manner, so that its surfaces become concave on the under side when they are turned upward and on the upper side when they are pointed downward, so as to take advantage of the greater lifting power of a curved surface. It is connected by a wooden rod with a lever placed beside the operator's seat on the front edge of the lower plane, and by moving the lever forward or backward the rudder is moved up-

(.1

ward or downward, causing the machine to ascend To steer the machine from or descend at will. right rear,

In left there are twin vertical rudders in tin-

which :iry Mnollier lever moving forward and back. This second lever can al-o be

moved

In the right or to the left, in order in their outer ends for the purpose the transverse slal>ilily of the ma-

warp the planes near

of maintaining Two wire.- extend downward from point- on chine. both the outer rear edges of the upper plane. These wires a re joined to a single cornier! ing wire >y means I

of short pieces of i-hain passing over pulleys.

A

rod

extends back from the operating lever and carries a short arm near its rear end, n w Inch the connecting wire is fast en IM. Similarly two wire- run from the right-hand rear ends of llie Imiioni plane U|) over pulleys on the center part of the upper plane and down to the bottom ends on the left side. When the right rear edge of the upper plane is pulled downward by moving the lever to the left, the lower ends of the uprights move downward also, anil in so doing pull on the wires connecting them with the uprights on the cither end of the lower plane. The result is thai the latter uprights are rai-ed and with them llie rear edges of both planes. Thus when tinrear part of the planes on one side of the machine is curved downward, the rear part of the planes on tinother side is cursed upward to a like extent. The curving of lhe planes prndu--e~ a greater lift on one side and reduces the lift on the oilier side and the machine ([iiickly rights itself. There are \\ o large propellers about eight and a half feet in diann-ier, which are revolved by a thirty horse-power four I

I

\i cylinder motor at the rate of Kill In ."id r p in the time of the I'.HIS experiments the commerical to be possibility of Hying machines had begun realized at large, and aerial invention was stimuThe practicability of lated all over the world. aeroplanes having been established in America, their Strategetical value in military operations was now urged upon the war department, which finally I

appropriation of $25,000 to purchase an aeroplane designed to carry two persons having a combined weight of 3,30 pounds, and sufficient fuel for a Might of r_'.~> miles, and to have a speed of forty Meanwhile the claims of miles an hour in still air. the French aviators to superiority were dispelled, and the Lazare Weiler Syndicate, formed in France for the manufacture of aeroplanes, offered to purchase for a large sum the French rights of the Wright machine if it should be capable of making two flights in an average breeze and at a few days' interval, carrying two persons anil fuel for a journey of 200 kilometers. Financial backing having been furnished by Charles R. Flint, the New York banker, the brothers prepared to avail themselves of the-e offers, and Mr. Wilbur Wright sailed for Europe while his brother remained in charge of the tests for His French perthe United States government. formances began with a machine built at Le Mans, France, on the Hunaudieres race-course, near that place, Aug. 8, 1908. After a series of short flights he remained in the air one hour and thirty-one minutes, on Sept. 21, 1908, and exceeded all previous records, including one made by his brother Orville ten days before. Then, on December 31st, came his longdistance record of seventy-seven miles and two hours and twenty minutes in the air, by which he won the Michelin cup and $4,000 in cash for the longest flight with a heavier-than-air machine during the year. He also established the world's record for a flight with a passenger on October 10th, when he remained in the air one hour nine minutes and forty-five seconds, and the world's record for height, having ascended 360 feet on December 18th. Thus not only the syndicate's requirements were fulfilled, but a number of prizes won in various private con-

made an

BIOGRAPHY.

\MI lilCAN

57

test-, and the eyes of the world fixed in astonishment upon the Americans' achievements. Invitations to exhibit the abilities of their machines poured in upon them from various governments, and among llie visitors who came to witness the trials were King Edward VII of England and King Alphonso XI 11

of Spain, besides many other distinguished persons. Trials for the Italian government were successfully begun at Home in April. 1909, to be continued after Messrs. Wright's return from the I'niti-d Sinn where their engagement to continue the official gnvenimeni test a1 Fort Myer. Va.. now called them.

See Wright, Orville). A number of European pupils were also instructed by hem in the handling i

I

aeroplanes. Many honors were conferred on the brothers in the form of medals from various them a clubs and soi-ielii--; 'migress awarded special medal on Mar. 3, 19(19, the French government presented them with the cross of the Legion of of

(

Honor Nov.

I'.IO'.I,

(1,

and

llie

title

Technical Science was conferred High School of Munich in the \\ n^hl is a member of the Aero which was the lirsl organization merits of the brothers' invention.

of

Dnetor of

by the Technical same year. Mr. Club of America, to recognize

He

is

tin-

unmarried.

WRIGHT,

Orville, aviator, was born at Dayton, son of Milton and Susan Cat he' me Aug. 19. 1X7 iKoerner) Wright, and broiln-r of Wilbur U'right, His father, a native of Hush county, Ind., above. \n\ 17. 1S2S). was a son of Dan and Catherine Reeder) Wright, and a descendant of Samuel Wright, who probably landed at Boston in 1030, and six years later settled at Springlii-ld, Mass., when- he Ha- a deacon of the First Puritan church. The line of descent is traced from this Samuel Wright through his son James, who was in the " Falls Fight" with the Indians; his son celebrated Samuel, a deacon in Connecticut; his MI Benoni his son Dan, who fought in the revolutionary war, and his son Dan, the bishop's father. Bishop Wright was converted at an early age, and preached his first sermon before finishing his studies at Hartsville College. In 1850 he joined tinWhite River conference, and in 1855 was placed in charge of a church in Indianapolis, being ordained the followHe was sent as a ing year. missionary to Oregon in 1857, taught in Sublimity College two years, during which he had charge of a circuit and attended many camp meetings, and returning to Indiana in 1859 became presiding elder of the Marion district. After editing the "Religious Telescope" for eight years, he was electee bishop of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ in 1877, and for twenty-four years attended conferencesin the United States and Canada, traveling some He retired 200,000 miles. (>..

I

.

.-

;

1

1905. Throughout his ministerial life Bishop Wright was opposed to secrecy and all the popular He evils to which an easy-going church is prone. in

voted for the liberty ticket as a Republican in 1852, public speeches against slavery during the civil war, and in the division of the church in 1889 was the only bishop on the radical side, while 30,000 people' stood with him and about 30,000 more believed in his principles, but were pressed to submission to what they believed to be wrong. He was married on Nov. 24, 1859, to Susan C., daughter of John G. Koerner of Union county, Ind. She died

made

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

58

Reuchlin, Lorin, 1889, leaving five children: Wilbur, Orville and Katherine Wright. Sharing his brother's natural mechanical tendencies, Orville Wright early became associated with him in the bicycle repair business, and from the first participated in the experiments in mechanical flights which, beginning as a pastinte, resulted in epochmaking achievements. When in August, 1908, Wilbur went to Europe to fulfill the conditions of the syndicate formed for the purchase of their aeroplane rights, Orville Wright took his machine to Fort Myer, Va., to prepare for the government tests in

in 18.50 and again in 1809. Returning to America in 1875 he opened a studio in York. his important works are "Pocahontas Informing Smith of the Conspiracy of the Indians," "Washington Resigning his Commission," now in Annapolis;

New

Among

"Age's Reverie," Military Academy, West Point; "Death-bed of Luther," "Requiem of De Soto," and "Old Age of Milton." His "Antiquary" is

owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York city. White was not a strong painter, but he had a good sense of color, the flesh tints of some of his portraits

remind one

of Gilbert Stuart.

His

genre paintings are not unlike Eastman Johnson's, being pleasing in arrangement, and the less ambitious his subject, the more satisfactory the painting. He died at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., June 7, 1877. McCOY, William D., diplomat, was born at Cambridge City, Ind., Nov. 14, 1853. His parents,

who were

free negroes, moved to Boston when he Soon after finishing his studies at the child. Boston public schools, he engaged in teaching, serving for twelve years as principal of a colored

was a

looking to the purchase of their machine for the sum of $25,000. On September 8th the first flight was accomplished in a wind of three miles per hour. Rising to a height of thirty-five feet he encircled the field one and one-half times, and landed in front The enthusiasm of the of the machine's shed. entire country was aroused by the reports of this and continued successes. On September 12th he established a new record by remaining in the air one hour anil fifteen minutes, during which he encircled the field fifty-seven and one-half times. On the following day another record was established, namely, for a flight with a passenger, when with Maj. G. C. Squier of the United States signal corps, he remained in the air nine minutes and six seconds. He was now nearly ready for the official tests, when on September 17th his experiments were suddenly and tragically terminated by the fall of his aeroplane, killing Lieut. Thomas E. Selfridge, a pasThe senger, and seriously injuring Mr. Wright. government extended the time limit nine months awaiting his recovery, and meanwhile he joined his brother Wilbur in France, in time to witness the presentation of the Michelin cup, and share in the many honors bestowed upon them in Europe. He resumed the experiments at Fort Myer in July, 1909, making unofficial nights on the 20th and 21st of that month, remaining in the air over an hour. The test for the government contract was made July 27, 1909, when he remained in the air one hour and thirteen minutes, and three days later he made the test for speed, when he averaged forty-two miles per hour, thus fulfilling all the conditions imposed by the government, and securing the acceptance of his machine. Soon afterwards he returned to Europe

and made a

Berlin, which attracted much attention, especially when he broke the world record for height on Oet.'4, 1909, by flying 1,000 feet above the ground. The degree of Doctor of Technical Science was conferred upon Mr. Wright by the Royal Technical High School of Munich in 1909, and the cross of the Legion of Honor was awarded by the French government in the same He is a member of the Aero Club of America year.

and

is

series of flights in

unmarried.

WHITE,

was born at South Esbon White and cousin of Andrew D. White, the educator and diplomat. He early displayed an aptitude for art. He was elected National Academician in 1SI!>. He studied in Paris, Rome, Florence and Diisseldorf

Edwin,

Hadley, Mass.,

May

artist,

21, 1817, son of

school in Indianapolis. He resigned the position Jan. 11, 1892, when he was appointed by Pres. Harrison minister resident and consul-general at Monrovia, Liberia. However, his health gave way soon after his arrival at the capital of the Republic, and he expired on May 16, 1893. He was unmarried. BEACH, Rex Ellingwood, novelist and playwright, was born in Atwood, Mich., Sept. 1, 1877, son of Henry Walter and Eva Eunice (Can field) Beach. When he was seven years of age, the family moved to Florida to engage in orange culture and Rex attended the schools of that region, being graduated at Rollins College, Winter Park, Fla., in He studied law at the Chicago College of 1896. law for a year, and another year at the Kent College of Law, also in Chicago, but the legal profession did not appeal to him, and he did not enter into its active practice. During his career as a law student, Mr. Beach became interested in athletics. He played upon the football team of the Chicago Athletic Club, achieving distinction as one of the leading "tackles" of the West, and for sometime held the indoor swimming record of 100 yards. At the Olympic games in St. Louis, Mo., in 1904, he won the mile handicap swimming race. Attracted by the rush for gold to the Klondike, Mr. Beach went to Alaska to seek his fortune. Here, to use his own " then flush then broke description, he went broke He returned to the States again, time after time." for a year and mined for zinc in Missouri, with even less success. Back he went to Alaska, taking with him a dredge to work the gold-bearing beach at Nome, but the enterprise proved an utter failure. He was forced to turn his hand to a variety of employments, from vocal teaching to longshoring. "For two years," says Mr. Beach, "I followed the game, stampeding from Cook's Inlet to the Arctic Circle, a little matter of three or four thousand

He then miles, mining, prospecting, speculating." returned to Chicago and engaged in the manufacture of fire-brick, and, later acquired an interest in a conAbout this time he contributed tracting company. an article about Alaska to "McClure's Magazine." The editor promptly accepted it, and went out to Chicago to engage the author as a regular contributor, the result of which was that he ga% e up He sold business and devoted himself to writing. his material to such excellent advantage that he His first adopted authorship as his vocation. production, "Pardners," a collection of magazine stories of Alaska, was published in 1905, and In 190(5 the book was enthusiastically received. first sustained novel, "The Spoilers." The plot turns on a gigantic conspiracy in which a federal judge and political boss are prime

appeared his

OF AMERICAN BIOCKAI'HY. defraud the original claimants of gold mines out of their right-, ami about this situation the author built what the New York "Sun" called "a thoroughly vigorous and eventful story." The melodramatic plol lent itselt to dramatization, and the- story was adapted for the stage by Mr. Beach and James MacArthur,

movers,

to

Nome

the

where it met with more popular than artistic success. This was followed by "The Barrier."i 1908) also treating of Alaska, and "The Silver Horde" 1909), a romance of the salmon-Qshing industry of the (

In conjunction with I'aul northern Pacific coast. Armstrong, Mr. Beach wrote a farce i-i 191 Ml entitled "doing Some," a travesty of the apotheosis of the college athlete by authors, (specially playwrights. His "Spoilers" was dramatized in 1909 by Kugene Mr. Beach is a member of the Chicago Presbery. Athletic and Press clubs of Chicago, and of the of Players', Lambs' and New York Afhlet ic clubs New York. In 1907 he was married to Edith

Crater, an actress.

BROWARD,

Napoleon Bonaparte, eighteenth

of Florida (1905-09), was born in county, Fla., Apr. 19, 1857, son of Napoleon

governor

Duval Bona-

both of parte and Mary Dorcas (Parsons) Broward, whom died when he was twelve years of age. Heattended the country school while working fora bachelor uncle for two years, and then worked in a log camp for another uncle. At various times he was a farm-hand, roustabout on a steamboat, cod fisherman on the Grand Banks, seaman on sailing vessels and fishing boats, steamboat hand, and bar pilot on

Next he purchased an interest St. Johns Bar, Fla. in a line of steamboats plying between Mayportand Palatka, Fla., and in 1887 became proprietor of a woodyardin Jacksonville, Fla. Mr. Broward was apsheriff of Duval county in 1887, reappointed pointed

in 1889, and afterward elected and reflected until 1900. He became a member of the state legislature from Duval county in 1900, and was a member of the In the latter state board of health during 1900-04. year he was elected governor of Florida. During

1890-92 he was engaged in phosphate mining. In 1895 he returned to the steamboat business as owner of a steam tug, the "Three Friends," which he commanded during 1896-98 on eight trips, conveying war material to the Cubans, Since 1902 he has been in the towing and wrecking business at JacksonHe was married at ville, Tampa and Key West. New Berlin, Fla., Jan. 10, 1883, to Caroline Georgia Kemps. She died October 30, of the same year, and he was married again at Jacksonville, May 5, 1887, to Annie I. Douglass. They have eight daughters.

GILCHRIST, Albert Waller,

nineteenth gover-

of Florida (1909 ), was born at Greenwood, S. C., Jan. 15, 1858, son of William E. and Rhoda Elizabeth (Waller) Gilchrist. His first American an-

nor

cestor was Nimrod Gilchrist, who came from Glasgow, Scotland, in 1750, and settled at Stevens Creek, Edgefield co., S. C. His son was Obadiah, and his

59

Railroad Co., but severed his connection in April 1887, and since then he has been engaged in the Mr. Gilchrist belonged to the real estate business. Florida militia, serving on the staff of Gov. Fleming and of Gov. Perry as colonel and inspector-general, and rising to the rank of brigadier-general. He was appointed, in 1890, a member of the board of visitors Two years later he resigned his posiat \Vest Point. tion of brigadier-general and enlisted as a private in company C, 3d United States volunteer infantry, serving in Santiago province, Cuba, during the Spanish-American war, being mustered out of service in May. 1S99, with the rank of captain. During 1893-1905 he was a member of the Florida house of representatives, acting as speaker during the

last

year,

and

in

November, 1908, was elected

governor of Florida by a majority of 2(1, 5S3 votes over the Republican candidate. During his administration the state legislature enacted laws regulating the practice of osteopathy and dentistry; provisions were made for sanitariums for the treatment of tuberculosis, also a pure-food law ami laws for the suppression of contagious diseases in live stock and to prevent corrupt practices at elections He is unmarried. were passed.

BAKER, Ray Stannard, author, was born in Lansing. Mich., Apr. 17, 1870, son of Major Joseph Stannard and Alice (Potter) Baker, and a descendant on his father's side of Capt. Remember Baker of the Green Mountain boys, and on his mother's side of Ezra Stiles, first president of Yale He received his early education in the College. public schools of Wisconsin and Minnesota, and was graduated B S. at the Michigan Agricultural College He afterward took a partial law course in 1889. and a post-graduate course in literature at the University of Michigan. In 1890 he associated himself with his father in the real estate business, but two years later became a newspaper reporter on the Chicago "Record," attracting attention by his of the march to Washington of reports interesting " " Coxey's army of tatterdemalions. Later he was made one of the editors of the paper. He contributed a number of articles, notably a series of

Clure's

1898

war

stories, to

"Mc-

Magazine," and in he became associate

In editor of that periodical. 1900 he acquired an interest in "

American Magazine,"becoming at the same time one of its editors. To these and other magazines he has contributed many special articles, and stories, chiefly on sociological and economic problems, no-

the

tably a series on the labor question in the United States. "In preparing his labor articles," said the Springfield

son was John Gilchrist, who married Mary Holmes, "Republican," "Mr. Baker and was the grandfather of the subject of this talks with all sorts of people John and William were large planters and in search of all possible information. Employers sketch. slave-holders, and the latter was also a general in and employees are consulted alike impartially,. and the Florida militia, a member of the house of repre- every effort is made to get on 'the inside' of the His entire facts." One of Mr. Baker's articles, relating to sentatives, and state senator of Florida. estate was swept away as the result of the civil war. labor conditions in Colorado, was published by the The son was educated at Caroline Military Institute, commission of labor in that state in his official and West Point Military Academy. He began his annual report, and other articles of his have been career as a clerk at 815 per month in a general used as required studies in economic courses at merchandise store at Quincy, Fla. Not long Harvard. Mr. Baker published his first book in afterward he entered the railroad field, becoming 1899, a "Boy's Book of Inventions," to which in " assistant and resident civil engineer for the Plant 1903 he added a companion volume, entitled Boy's Three years later he Second Book of Inventions." These were followed railroad system (1882). entered the employment of the Florida Southern by "Our New Prosperity" (1900), an investigation of

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

60

American conditions; "Seen in Germany" (1903); "Following the Color Line" (1908), and "New Ideals in Healing" (1909). "Following the Color Line" is the outcome of a thorough study He spent some two years of the negro problem. traveling throughout the South, visiting all classes of people, both white and colored, with a view to writing down exactly what he had discovThe result was first published in a series ered. industrial

of

articles

in

"The American

Magazine,"

and

attracted much attention abroad as well as at home indeed, they were translated into Russian and published in Russian journals, and "The World of To-day" (Chicago), advised that they be reprinted "The as a tract by the Southern education board. more one reads this volume," it said, " the more he is convinced of its value. It is so scientific in temperament and so luminous in description that even a casual reader realizes the essential elements of the negro problem as never before." Another book from his pen, "New Ideals in Healing," appeared in 1909, after which he engaged in a series of studies ;

called "The Spiritual Unrest," which is an investigation into the conditions of the modern American church. Mr. Baker is a member of the City and Players' clubs of New York. He was married Jan. 2, 1896, to Jessie I., daughter of Prof. W. J. Beal, of the Michigan Agricultural College, and has two sons and two daughters.

PEARY,

Robert Edwin,

arctic explorer,

was

born at Cresson, Pa., May 6, 1856, son of Charles N. and Mary (Wiley) Peary. His parents belonged to families who had long been engaged in the lumbering business in Maine, and on his father's side he came originally of French stock. Before he was three years old his father died, and his mother removed with her only son to Portland, Me., where he received his early education. In his boyhood he had unusual physical strength and developed a fondness for outdoor life, which was gratified by frequent excursions into the surrounding country, and in these tramps he collected many specimens of minHis erals, birds, birds' eggs, insects and flowers. career at Bowdoin College was highly creditable. He showed special aptitude in

in

survey work and

map making.

He

early

became

the subject of arctic exploration through the writings of Elisha Kent Kane and others. His attention having been drawn to the inland ice-cap of Greenland about this time, he began to study the subject exhaustively and it so fascinated him that he determined to go to Greenland and explore its great mysterious interior. He landed at Disco bay, Greenland, with a single companion in the summer of 1886, and made a reconnaissance eastwardly into the interior, the result of which was the conviction that the inland ice of Greenland offered a highway for further exploration which might lead to the unknown northeast In 1887 he was promoted to the position of coast. engineer in charge of the Nicaraugua canal surveys. His work on the canal, lasting two years, was both administrative and constructive, requiring the capable management of subordinates, high technical skill and grasp of details. He invented rolling-lock gates for the canal at this time, and for his efficient service he was promoted to the rank of commander and civil engineer in the navy. He was two years at the League island navy yard, Philadelphia. Under the auspices of the Academy of Natural Sciences he organized an expedition to Greenland in 1891, and obtaining a second leave of absence from the navy department sailed on the Kite in June of that year, accompanied by a party of scientists under the leadership of Prof. Angelo He established a winter Heilprin, and also his wife. camp at Cape Cleveland, McCormick Bay, in Whale

interested

in

Sound, where game was abundant, and where he completed preparations for the dash north in the following spring. With one companion and eight dogs he made the dash over the inland ice that in some places was 8,000 feet above sea-level and on July 4, 1892, he reached the northern shore of Greenland, over 500 miles from McCormick Bay, and where no man had ever been before. He explored the northern shore, made a map of the coastline, and named the bay beyond Independence bay. This expedition was notable for the determination of the northern extremity as well as the insularity of Greenland, the discovery of land of less extent north of Greenland, and also of a large number of mathematics and engineering, glaciers of the first magnitude, the first complete was the winner of several and accurate information of the peculiar and isolated tribe of Arctic Highlanders and the long sledge scholarships, and stood second After journey which was unique in respect to the disin a class of fifty-one. being graduated in 1877, he tance traveled by two men without a cache from was engaged as land surveyor beginning to end. In 1893 another expedition at Fryeburg, Me., two years, under his leadership went north for the purpose of and for two years more was in continuing the exploration of the northern and f the coast and tne em ply northeastern coast line of Greenland, and, should geodetic survey in Washing- conditions prove favorable, an attempt to reach the ton. In 1881 he passed the pole. The party consisted of Lieut. Peary, his wife, navy department examinations a colored servant, Matthew Henson, and eleven and was commissioned civil others. It left Philadelphia on the steamer Falcon engineer with the rank of and reached Inglefield gulf, where a site was selected A substantial frame house lieutenant, October 26th. He for a permanent camp. served at the navy yard, or "lodge" was erected on the same site he had Washington, D. C.; at Key occupied the year before, and establishing his headWest, Fla.; at the training quarters here, preparations were made for a journey over the inland ice. An unusual event in arctic station, Newport, R. I.; in the bureau of yards and exploration occurred here soon after, in the birth of docks, Washington, and at the a daughter to Mr. and Mrs. Peary, Marie Ahnighito League island navy yard, Peary. His attempt to reach northern Greenland Philadelphia. He distinguished himself by build- that summer was unsuccessful, the sledging party ing for the government a pier in Florida after having to turn back on account of the severity of the more experienced engineers had refused the weather and a fatal disease w'hich attacked his undertaking because they deemed it impossible arctic dogs. In the interim Peary made an excurwithin

the

cost

limit

allowed.

The work was

completed by the young engineer for $25,000 less than the price fixed by the government. In 1884 he was appointed assistant engineer of the Nicaragua ship canal and spent the following year

sion to Cape York in search of the famous Cape York meteorites. These stones, three in number,

mentioned in reports of Capt. Ross in For years the native Eskimos had chipped pieces of the "iron mountain," as they called

were

1818. off

first

THE NSW YOR PUBLIC LIBRA ASTR,

AND

TLLDKN FOUNDATIONS ' K

OF AMKK1CAX BIOGRAPHY. the stones, to tip the points of their rude knives

A number

attempts hud been made since ISIS to solve the mystery of the "iron mountain," lull it was reserved for Lieut. Peary to Having settle 111'' question finally and definitely. gained the confidence of the tribe of Smith-sound Eskimos, one of the hunters guided him to the spot, where on May 27, 1894, he found not a mountain of iron, but three large masses of homogeneous metal, which proved beyond a shadow of a doubt to be of iiieleoric origin. According to an Eskimo legend these stones were originally an Innuit woman, her do^ ;ind her lent which were hurled from llie -ky by Tornarsuk, the evil spirit. They told him that at first one of (he stones was shaped like a woman

and harpoons.

seated, but

lliat

of

the constant chipping off of frag-

ments by the Eskimos had reduced its size one-third to one-half. The two smaller meteorites were secured by him in 1S!I."> and brought lo New York in

the Steamer Kile; the third and largest stone wa secured in I.S',17. These meteorites, which are now iu the American Museum of Natural History, New York, weigh respectively 1,000 pounds, 6,000 pounds and tin- third from ninety to one hundred tons. >n Apr. 1, is'.i"), Peary once more started from his " lodge" to cross the great field of inland ice, a disltance of ")I)D miles to the northern coast, ac (

They encountered panied by two companions Some portions untold hardships on this journey. of the ice were so rough and broken as to be almost the impassable, the food supply gave out, and even

dogs upon whom their very life depended failed them. Added to these discouragements, the muskoxen upon which they depended so absolutely for additional food were not found where expected Nothing better i'lustrates the grim determination, of Conn magnificent courage and American pluck Peary than the way he met and overcame' these heavy obstacles one by one. To quote his nun word's: "Never shall I forget that time and scene; three exhausted men and nuie starved dogs standing These ami the there in the gaunt, frozen desert. glistening snow, the steel-blue sky, and the cold Five hundred miles in an air-line across white sun a waste of snow to the nearest human being, with insufficient rations for even that return journey, yet we were still facing the other way. ... I felt then, as I feel now, that in that cool deliberate moment we took the golden bowl of life in our hands, and that the bowl hail suddenly grown very fragile, and I now feel, as I felt then, that we were neither rash nor foolhardy in so doing, but simply followed the dictates of temperaments which could not act otherwise, and which would do the same thing again under the same circumstances." What saved their lives was the providential discovery of a small herd of musk-oxen soon after, and pushing onward with renewed hope, their goal was reached. After exploring the coast of what is now known as Peary land, he retraced his steps. Starting in fairly good condition he was enabled to make the ascent of nearly 8,000 feet to the crest of the great ice, but this high altitude and the long period of work began to tell on both men and dogs; the latter one by one dropped in their tracks, and were fed to the others. After the most cruel hardships he finally reached his quarters at Bowdoin bay, more dead than alive. During this expedition he completed the detailed survey of Whals sound, and large accessions of material and information regarding the Smith-sound Eskimos were obtained. In 1896 and 1897 Peary made summer voyages to Greenland to bring back the third anil largest of the meteorites mentioned His first north-polar expedition, strictly above. so called, sailed under the auspices of the Peary It rounded Arctic Club of New York city in 1898. the northern extremity of the Greenland archipelago, .

61

surveyed its eastern and northern shores, named the northern cape, which was at S3 39' north latitude, Cape Morris K. Jesup, in honor of the New York capitalist who had generously contributed to the expedition, and proceeded as far north as S4 54'. Another expedition in P.I01 went as far north as Lincoln bay, but had to turn back on account of the adverse conditions. In Midi' another Peary expediIn 1905-06 he went tion reached 84 17' north. and (!', still farther, making the record of S7 surpassing the feats of Nunsen and the hiL< of the Abruzzi in the eastern hemisphere. (In this trip every effort was made to reach the pole, and if it had not been for the open lanes of water encountered, causing unavoidable and costly delays, his efforts would have been crowned with victory. However, he returned to civilI

1

i/.ation

anil

undismayed,

the determination that

with

means success, made his plans is still another attempt, enthusiasm was unbounded. le had made six expedil tons, anil although the hardships were almost unendurable, lie his unique expei felt that ences, extending o\ era period of twenty years, had paved'

for

1

1

I

1

i

the way at last for the final achle\ enienl of the pole itself. He had penetrated farther in-." to the heart of the frozen Arctic circle than any other previousadventurer. An ac-

count of this !!)()() trip was published by him in 1907, en" Nearest the Pole." It embodies the results of titled probably the richest and most original experience thai fell to the lot of any arctic explorer. Many of the (vents recorded a re of a thrilling character; some are si range and uncanny. Of special interest is Mr. Peary's account of the live creatures encountered by him in regions which are commonly supposed to be fatal to animal

life.

Inhislastand most memorable

attempt, 1908-09, he started with better knowledge of the route, and better resources than ever before, and his ship, the Roosevelt, was reenforced in the strongest manner possible to resist the pressure of polar ice. The Roosevelt left New York July 6, 1908, for Sydney, Nova Scotia, from which she sailed on July 17th, arriving at Cape York, GreenThe party consisted of ('apt. land, on August 1st. Robert A. Bartlett, master of the Roosevelt, Dr. John W. Goodsell, surgeon of the expedition Prof. Ross (I. Marvin, of Cornell University and Peary's secretary and assistant Prof. Donald B. McMillan, of Worcester Academy, George Borup and Matthew Henson, a faithful negro servant who had accompanied Peary on his previous arctic expeditions, as well as the officers and crew of the Roosevelt. They established winter quarters at Cape Sheridan, Grant hunt to once in and at 1908, began Land, September, anil make all preparations for the dash to the pole. His plan of operation, which was the result of the many previous years of experience, was to send the necessary food and supplies in a series of relays or divisions, and these supporting parties were to return one at a time as their services were no longer needed. When the last of these supporting parties 48' north latitude, (the fourth) left him at 87 ;

;

Peary had but one companion (Henson) and five Eskimos. The final attempt for the pole began Feb. He rapidly passed the British record on 15, 1909. March 2d, crossed the 84th parallel of latitude on

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

62

llth, the 85th on March 18th, the 86th on 23d, passed the Italian record on Marcli 24th, the 87th parallel March 27th, Peary's own previous record on March 28th, crossed the 88th parallel April 2d, the 89th parallel on April 4th, and on Apr. (i, 1909, reached the north pole, the successful achievement of twenty-three years' effort. The explorer's attainment of his great object is noted in the following entry in his diary, made some hours after taking a hasty noon observation at 89 57' north latitude, only a few miles from the north pole: "The pole at last! The prize of three centuries,

March March

my

twenty years, mine at last! I cannot bring myself to realize it. It all seems so As Bartlett said on simple and commonplace.

dream and goal

for

turning back, when speaking of being in those exclusive regions where no mortal has ever pene" In his trated before: 'It is just like every day.' account of what he did immediately after reaching " The thirty hours at the the pole, Comr. Peary says pole were spent in taking observations; in going some ten miles beyond our camp and some eight in taking photographs, miles to the right of it planting my flags, depositing my records, studying the horizon with my telescope for possible land, and in searching for a practicable place to make a landing. Ten hours after our arrival the clouds cleared before a light breeze from our left, and from that time till our departure in the afternoon of April 7th :he weather was cloudless and flawless. The minimum temperature during the thirty hours was 33, the maximum 12 (below zero). We hail reached the goal, but the return was still before us." Starting southward the following day, he arrived on board the Roosevelt twenty days. later. The only serious mishap to the party was the unfortunate death of Prof. Marvin, who was in charge of the third supporting party, and who was lost on his return The steamer reached Hat lie trip to Cape Sheridan. Harbor, Labrador, on Sep:

;

tember 8th, and New York On on September 29th. Nov. 3, 1909, the National Geographic Society award-

NORTH POLE

ed

The

him

a

results

gold of

medal. Peary's

explorations are admitted to be of great importance. During the twenty-three years since they were first begun, he not only discovered and accurately defined arctic and polar areas hitherto

unknown or imperfectly

known, but he made

scien-

observations of much value in meteorology, geology, glaciology and natural

tific '

history. Large numbers of specimens of arctic flora and fauna were collected, and the habits of the Eskimos were thoroughly studHe has permanently ied. changed and improved the methods of arctic travel. The discovery of the north pole has paved the way for observations of refinement with the pendulum and in the sciences of magnetism and meteorology, which will enable a rigid determination of the figure of the earth, thus fixing the first constant in astronomical

One specially valuable part of his work was the soundings made at different points between Cape Columbia and the north pole. These soundings,

distances.

revealing the depth of the Arctic ocean in various places, are of great value as affording to geographers data from which they will be enabled to infer

whether land is likely to be found in lage areas of It had been held yet unexplored Arctic ocean. until recently that Arctic waters are shallow. But as Peary's last sounding, within five miles of the north pole, showed a depth of 9,000 feet without/ touching bottom, he has established that the polar waters are in a comparatively deep basin. Another warrantable inference is that there is little or no land in that part of the Arctic ocean between the pole and (ireenland and Grant Land. Peary hail been honored by various scientific societies long before he reached the north pole. He was awarded the Kane gold medal by the Philadelphia Geographical Society and the Daly gold medal by the American Geographical Society in 1902, besides being elected president of the latter society in 1903 and to membership in various other learned societies. He has contributed valuable papers to geographical

and in 1898 published "Northward Over the Great Ice." Comr. Peary was married Aug. 11, 1888, to Josephine, daughter of Herman Diebitsch, of Washington, D. C., who was a professor for many years at the Smithsonian Institution. Mrs. Peary should share in her husband's glory, for the assistance, encouragement and loving sympathy she gave him in the long years of struggle anil disappointment and hopes deferred. She accompanied him on several of his Arctic expeditions, remained in winter quarters during his sledge journeys anil was the first white woman to winter with an Arctic expedition. Comr. Peary wrote about his wife thus: "It should be remembered that within sixty miles of where Kane and his little party endured such untold sufferings, within eighty miles of where Greely's men one by one starved to death, and within less than fifty miles of where Ha yes and his party and one portion of the Polaris party underwent their Arctic trials and tribulations, this tenderly nurtured woman lived for a year in safety and comfort; in the summertime climbed over the lichen-covered rocks, picking flowers and Milling familiar home songs, shot deer, ptarmigan and ducks in the valleys anil lakes, and even tried her hand at seal, walrus and narwhal in the bays; and through the long, dark winter night, with her nimble fingers and ready woman's insight, was of inestimable assistance in devising and perfecting the details of the costumes which enabled Astrup and myself to make our journey across the great ice-cap in actual comfort." She was with him on In his first two expeditions and again in 1897. 1900 she went north to meet her husband in the ship Windward, but it was caught in the ice, and she wintered with her little daughter at Cape Records of these experiences from a Sabine. woman's point of view were published in "My Arctic Journal" (1894), and "The Snow Baby" (1901). They have one daughter, Marie Ahnighito Peary, born at Bowdoin bay in 1894, the most northerly born white child in the world, and one son, Robert E. Peary, Jr.

journals,

ARNOLD, was born of

Bion Joseph,

electrical

engineer,

at Casenovia, Mich., Aug. 14, 1861, son

Joseph and Geraldine (Reynolds) Arnold.

His

family settled in the colony of Rhode Island before the beginning of the eighteenth century, the earliest recorded member being Jeremiah Arnold, born at From him the line of Smithfield, R. I., in 1700. descent runs through Jeremiah Arnold 2d and his wife, Elizabeth Knight; their son, Ichabod Arnold, and his son, Jeremiah Arnold 3d and his wife, Percy Rounds, parents of Joseph Arnold. His father, a lawyer by profession, was a pioneer of Nebraska and a member of the territorial legislature during 1865-66. Bion J. Arnold's mechanical genius developed at a very early age. When six years old he

THT

PUBLIC

f

VMKIUCAN VIM to make small boats, sleds anil models of farm implements; he had made a small steam cmjine ;ii ihr age of fifteen, devising and using 'he common piston valve before he had si-en it elsewhere, and in his seventeenth year, without ever having seen one, he constructed a bicycle t'nun a .small advertising cut in "Youth's 'ompanion ." lie originated the suspension type of wheel, now so eomrnon in bicycle construction; and a year later, while at the University of Nebraska, he produced a complete locomotive one-sixteenth full lie was educate:! at the public schools of size. Ashland. Neb., at the Cuivei-sity of Nebraska, and Hill-dale College at Michigan ), devilling special lie was attention to the science of mechanics. graduated at llillsdale. U.S. in ISM, M.S. in 1SS7 and M.l'h. in ISS'.I. He then took a post-graduate course at Cornell t'nivcrsity during ISSN VI, and received the degree of I'j.K. from llnm\ei-iiy ol In I'.HW he received from HillNebraska in ls',17. dale College an engrossed testimonial diploma in recognition of his "distinguished learning and achievement in invention and in mechanical and electrical engineering." a form of honor almost unii|ue and of move significance, than an ordinary I ii

I

i

I

In .lime, P.HIT, Armour Institute of .Chicago degree. conferred upon him the honorary degree of Sc.D. Immediately after gradual ion he became general agent for the I'pton Manufacturing Co builders of A year later Ira el ion engines, of 1'ort Huron, Mich. he entered llie employ of the Kdward I'. Allis Co. as draftsman, and shortly afterwards was ollered a pu-ilion as chief designing engineer of the b.ua While there he designed Iron Works at l)ubui|ue. ,

built numerous steam engines, some developing as high as J,.~iOO horse power. Desiring experience in a different line he re-igned in 1S97 to become mechanical engineer foi the Chicago .V Greal Weslern railway, for whom he redesigned some ol their locomotives and prepared the drawings for new ei|uipments. Cp to this period Mr. Arnold's intention had been to acquire a general experience llie various branehe- of engineering work. in Turning now to the field of electricity he deter-

and

mined

make

that his particular profession, with that end in view he went to Cornell I'niversily for special study. Upon leaving Ithaca he entered the service of the Thomson-Houston Company, in to

I

of its St. l.ouis. Mo.,

office. Later, during he acted as consulting engineer for this company after it had been consolidated with the Edison General Co. While with this concern he

charge

1890-9:!,

also acted as consulting engineer for the Intramural Railway Co., the builders of the elevated railroad

at the Columbia exposition at Chicago in Isn.!, which was the forerunner of the present elevated

So successful was this third-rail electric roads. electric road that Mr. Arnold decided to open an His marked office in Chicago and did so in 1893. ability as an electrical engineer, combined with that extraordinary talent for mechanical construction, soon placed him at the head of his profession,

where he not only remained but is now looked upon as one of the greatest advocates and most successful pioneers of new ideas which mark the progress of electric traction. After completing the Intramural railway he built the property of the St. Charles Street railway in New Orleans, La., and has since devoted his attention largely to the construction and operation of electric railways, in which he has accomplished numerous distinct advances. Being early impressed with the value of storage batteries in connection with electric traction work he set himself to perfecting plans for their use. One of his earliest successes in pioneer electric railroading was the equipment of the Chicago and Milwaukee electric railroad with a substation storage- battery

r.n

;I:.VI

J

HY.

63

and

rotary converter system, using high tension alternating current for power transmission, which proved a great success and has since become the standard type of construction for inlerurban electric roads, having reached its highest state of development in the system put in operation by the New York Central railroad. That road commissioned him in 1901 to study and report upon the feasibility of electrically operating its trains in ami out of New Y'ork city, and for the five years following he was a member of the commission in charge of electrifying over 300 miles of the road's nark, which, with the terminal in New York city that these changes necessitated, involved an expenditure of over si .ii,( Ki.OOO. In PHIL' he was engaged by the ii

of Chicago to make an exhaustive study and report H HI lie enl ire traction system M| within its limits, and in four months he produced a :i(lll page

cily

I

report

anaU

embodying

a

scientific

heent ireproposit ion with so arguments replete and statement - of facts that his recommendations were adopt -is of

I

ed, and formed the basis of a comprehensive system of surface. ele\aied and underground iallwa\ - lalcr developed by him as chief engineer. In conn eel on with this undertaking Mr. Arnold headed a commission appointed to carry out the terms of an ordinance to regulate the operation of the street railways, a plan providing all llie advantages of i

municipal ownership, but leaving the operation of the roads under the management of practical railwax men. In connection with his extensive work on electric railway problems Mr. Arnold has invented a magnetic clutch, a storage battery and a number of other valuable devices relating chiefly to electric railway work. )ne of his latest and most brilliant achievements is his pioneer work in developIn this new field ing single phase electric traction. he conducted a series of experiments during 1900-04 with an electro-pneumatic system of his own invenThis work, conducted at a personal expense tion. of over $40,000, gave a tremendous impetus to the development of the single-phase railway motor, and as it still further reduces the cost of the installation and operation of electric roads, the single-phase s\sicm is being adopted by a number of steam railroads such as the St. Clair tunnel of the Grand Trunk railway system connecting Port Huron, the New Y'ork, New Mich., and isarnia, Ont Haven & Hartford railroad and the Erie railroad. Mr. Arnold has also made valuable contributions to the problem of compact anil efficient power plants for large buildings, his idea being to use a generating unit in conjunction with storage batteries for equalizing the load, and to operate all machinery, including the elevators, by electric motors. He first employed this plan when he was consulting engineer for the Chicago board of trade in 1895, and it has since become the common practice. In 1908 he was retained as consulting engineer by the Public Service commission for New Y'ork city to solve certain problems in connection with the operation of the subway system of the Interborough Rapid Transit Co., and to make recommendations regarding future subways, and is still acting in this capacity. He has also acted as director of appraisals for the same commission, in valuing all of the surface street railway properties of the city of New Y'ork, and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit (

;

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

64

He is acting in a similar capacity for the city of Pittsburg, analyzing the transportation system of that city with a view to making recommensystem.

dations regarding its improvement, Mr. Arnold has contributed extensively to the discussions of the technical societies to which he belongs, and is the author of many treatises, probably the most important being "The Chicago Transportation Problem" (1902), being the elaborate report to the city of Chicago mentioned above, and which has become a text-book on traction matters. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, which he was president during 1903-04, and the Western Society of Engineers, of which he was president during 1900-07. lie was a delegate to the International Electrical Congress at Paris in 1900, and in 190-1 he was cluirman of the executive committee and vice-president of

International Electrical Congress at St. He is a member of the Union League, Midday, Engineers' and South Shore clubs of Chicago and the Transportation and Engineers' clubs of New York. He is a trustee of Hillsdale College and was president of the Chicago-Cornell Associa tion He was married Jan. 14, 1886, to Carrie Estelle,

the

of

Louis.

.

of Henry Berry of Reading, Mich., who died in 1907, leaving two sons, Stanley Berry and P.obert Melville Arnold, and one daughter, Maude He was married again in New York Lucille Arnold city, Dec. 22, 1909, to Mrs. Margaret Latimer Fonda, daughter of Geo. L. Latime:-. Mr. Arnold stands preeminently at the head of his profession in the it i-d States, a master of mathematical theory as well as mechanical and electrical practice.

daughter

.

1

1

1

JENKS, Jeremiah Whipple,

educator

and

author, was bom at St. Clair, Mich., Sept. 2, 185(3, Kim of Benjamin Lane and Amanda (Messer) Jenks. His first American ancestor was Joseph Jenks of

Hammersmith, England, who was induced by Gov. Winthrop to settle at Lynn, Mass. Here he established "the iron and steel works,"

the year 1G42, being the builder of machinery in this country, as well as the first patentee of inventions, having built the first fire-

in

first

engine in America and patented the present form of His son, Jograss scythe. seph, founded Pawtucket, R. I., and made that town the great iron workshop of the colonies. Joseph Jenks' son Nathaniel was a major of mihis son Jeremiah was litia; one of the signers of the " Association test,"

and a

lieuten-

ant of Newport volunteers at the bat tie of Ticonderoga. He married Lucy Whipple :md their son was Jeremiah Whippie, who married Hester Lane and was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Prof. Jenks attended the Michigan public schools and in 1878 was graduated at the University of Michigan, ni-eiving the degrees of M.A. in 1879 and LL.D. He received the degree of Ph.D. at in 1903. the University of Halle in 18X5. After his graduation he studied law and was admitted to the Michigan bar. He taught Greek, Latin and German at Mt. Morris College, and English literature He was professor of political at Peoria high school.

literature at Knox College, during 1886-89; professor of political economy and social science at Indiana University, 1889-91, and professor of political science at Cornell University from 1891 to the present time. In 1899 Prof. Jenks was engaged as expert agent by the United States industrial commission to super-

and English

science

Galesburg,

111.,

vise their investigation of trusts and industrial combinations, arranging for and examining the witnesses

and editing the testimony and reports. In these reports he wrote "The Effect of Trusts on Prices," and prepared the legal report containing the statutes and decisions of federal, state and territorial

law on the subject

of industrial

combinations.

As consulting expert of the LInited States department of labor, he prepared the interpretation of its "Report on Trusts" (1900). In 1901 lie was appointed special commissioner of the war department to visit the English and Dutch colonies in the East in order to secure information on the questions of currency, labor, taxation and police, which might be of service to the government in connection with legislation in the Philippine islands, and in that capacity he visited Egypt, India, the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States, Sumatra,

Java and the Philippine islands. On his return the government published a report on certain economic questions in the English and Dutch colonies of the In 1903 the Mexican government invited far East. him with Messrs. Charles A. Conant and Edward Brush to visit Mexico as an adviser in connection with the reform of their monetary system. Later that same year Pres. Roosevelt appointed him a member of the commission on international exchange with H. H. Hanna and Charles A. Conant (q.v.). This commission visited the leading countries of Europe, and later, as a representative of the commission he visited China, Japan and the Philippine islands in connection with the reform of the Philippine currency and the projected reform of the Chinese curHe also edited the second volume of the rency. report of the commission on international exchange which was issued as a government publication, two volumes, one in 1903 and the other in 1904. In 1907 he was made by Pres. Roosevelt a member of the U. S. immigration commission. Prof. Jenks is the author of "Citizenship and the Schools" (1905),

"Great Fortunes" (1906), and "The Political and Scoial Significance of the Life and Teachings of Jesus" (1906), "Road Legislation for the American State" (1889) "The Trust Problem" (1909), "Principles of Politics" (1909), as well as of many contributions to encyclopedias, reviews and magazines in Germany, England and the United of trusts, monoanil political methods. Prof. Jenks' career has a unique character in American Successive generations of college university life. students testify that his work in the class-room is

States, especially polies,

on the subjects

money question,

ever vital with reality, that

it

develops a sane and

judicial spirit in the student, and that it inspires His public also to active efforts for civic usefulness. service as expert adviser to various legislative and

executive bodies has probably exceeded that of any other living economist, and his first-hand studies of trusts, monetary problems and immigration have aided both the specialist and the public to a better understanding of these questions, and have in a peculiar and notable manner advanced the cause of social reform and of political science in America. He is a member of the American Economic Associais a tion, of which he was president during 1905-07 member of the Century Club and the National Arts ;

Club of Morris,

He was married at ilt. city. Aug. 28, 1884, to Georgia, daughter of Bixler, and has two sons and one

New York

111.,

George W. daughter.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

MOORE, cier,

William Henry, lawyer and finanwas born iu Utiea, N. V., Oct. 2r>, 1848, son

of Nathaniel F. and Rachel A. (Beckwith) Moon-, liolh of whom were natives of New York state. The family was resident in New England in early colonial days, and his father was a well-known nnd highly 'respected merchant of L'tiea, who died in IS'JO. "Tin; sou of well-to-do parents, young Moore had lie best educational advantages. He attended the seminary at Oueida and the t'ortland Academy at Homer, N. Y., and then entered AmI

herst College iu 1867. but was compelled by sickness to give up his studies before graduation. \Vhile in search of health he visited Wisconsin, and deriving benefit from the climate, settled temHere he began to study porarily at Kan Claire. law in' hi! office of W. P. Bartlett, and in 1872 was admitted to the bar. His first practice was in I

the ollire of Edward A. Small, a corporation lawyer of Chicago, and shortly afterwards he entered into a partnership with him, which continued lie then formed until Mr. Small's death in 1SS1.

a partnership with his younger brother, James Hobart Moore, who recently had been admitted The firm soon became known as one to practice. of the best and most successful at the Chicago bar, numbering among its clients such well-known linns as the American Express Co., the Adams Express Co.. the Merchants Dispatch Transportation Co.. the Vanderbilt Fast Freight Line, and similar leading business houses ami wealthy cor-

During the earlier years porations of Chicago. of his career Mr. Moore was the chief trial lawyer of the linn, and was in court continually. Combining with an intimate knowledge of fundamental and statute law great natural sagacity, and constantly exercising the most scrupulous care in preparing his cases, he rarely failed of success. Mr. Moore soon began to develop rare powers of organization, and in the recent history of the great movement for industrial centralization, as the head of the law firm of \V. H. & J. H. Moore, his achievements place him among the greatest financiers of the country. He was one of the principal projectors of the Diamond Match Co., organized in 18*9 from a Connecticut corporation with $3,000,000 capital to an Illinois corporation with $6,000,000 capital. In 1890 a combination of eastern cracker factories was made under the name of the New York Biscuit Co., capitalized at $10,000,000. The brothers were the leading spirits in the management of the match and biscuit companies until 1896, when owing to the depreciation of the stock of these companies, the firm failed for several million dollars. It was evident to everybody that the brothers had lost nothing but their money, that their confidence in themselves and their liearty competent grip upon life were unimpaired, and they immediately addressed themselves to the reshaping of their fortunes. Their creditors had such confidence in their ability to recover that the firm was not formally declared insolvent or put into bankruptcy. It is said that the settlements were on the debtors' own terms. To quote an " " article in "Everybody's Magazine "William H. Moore especially has that gift of power upon men which no one can quite analyze or define. He has a remarkably able mind and a remarkable facility of movement. He is at once quick and sure, urBut above all else, that bane and firm. :

.

.

.

ready, competent, imperturbably good-humored attitude of both the brothers counted. It seemed so inevitable that men whom failure could not daunt were again to command success." Mr. Moore soon demonstrated that this confidence was justified, and the brothers surprised the business world by

65

promptness with which they liquidated all About this lime a tierce trade war was begun between the New York Biscuit Co. and the American Biscuit Manufacturing Co., a rival combination formed of \\est ern cracker makers, and the outeomi of the stiil'e was the consolidation of these two companies and the United States Baking Co. into one company, the the

their obligations.

National Biscuit Co., in 1898. In December of the same year the Moores promoted and organized the American Tin Plate Co. iu February, 1899, the National Steel Co., and in April. 1*99, the American Steel Hoop Co. All of these companies ;

were consolidations iu the steel trade, early transaeiion^ that were to lead up finally to the present I nited States Steel Corporation. In May, 1899, they proposed to take over lie Carneirie Steel Co., capitalized at $025.000,0011. but the time was not I

ripe for such a huge capitalization. They next bought out the American Sheet Steel Co., with in Sl'.i. lino, 111)0 March. HI01, ticcapital, and American Can Co., with $88,000,000 capital. Meanwhile, Mr. Moore's idea of a gigantic merger of steel and iron interests was gaining adherents, and negotiations were continued from time to time until an agreement was signed in New York, Feb. 2:i. 1(101. by the representative of a syndicate, headed by .J. Pierpont Morgan, to finance the deal. This was the origin of the United Stales Steel Corporation, which took over, among other concerns, the American Tin Plate Co, the National Steel Co.; the American Steel Hoop Co., and the American Sheet Steel Co., controlled by Mr. Moore. In 1 H the sphere of their operations was further widened by acquiring control of the Chicago; Hock ill

Island fc Pacific railroad east of the Mississippi, as well as in the subsequent reHe was conorganization. nected with the Cincinnati, ;

Hamilton

it

Dayton Railway

member of

board and executive committee during 1895-1904, and with Co. as a ,

its

the Mansfield Street Railway Co. during 1892-1903, as an

owner and member .

of its At present he is a board. director of the Rapid Ad-

dressing Machine Company. He is a member of the the Union Club, Quill League Club, New York, the Ohio Society, the New York City Bar Association, the Sons of the Revoluthe Order of the Loyal Legion, and tion, Military the National Academy of Science; is a Knight

in the civil killed war. The son was educated in the public schools of his native place, and in 1871 began business life as a messenger boy in a telegraph ofBce at Navasoia. Texas, where his

widowed

mother

was

living. During the years 1 ^;; and 1H78 he was employed as an operator and in other places of trust on l

,"$

the Houston and Texas Central railroad. In 1S79 he entered the Western Union Telegraph service

and \\ inked ;is an operator at Waco. Dallas, Sherman and Houston. In April, 1880, Mr. Brooks was appointed manager at Navasota, and in January, 1881, was promoted to a clerkship in the superintendent's olfice at Dallas.

After a few months' service in that position, he was appointed managerat Waco, and subsequently managed the offices at El Paso and Galveston. On Nov. 1, 1890, Mr. Brooks became manager of the office at Denver, Colo., where he remained until Jan. 1, 1893, and was then appointed assistant superintendent of the third district, with headquarters in that city. He was advanced to the general superintendency of the eastern division, May 1, 1902. comprising the territory east of Pittsburg and Buffalo, and north of Washington, including the maritime provinces of Canada, with headquarters in New York city. There are seven districts in the division, and the oversight of these requires thorough system, close attention to details and constant watchfulness. Mr. Brooks is a member of the Lawyers', Lotos, and New York Athletic clubs. Although preeminently a business man, he can enjoy recreation as eagerly as anyone, his favorite pastime being automobiling. He was married at Waco, Texas, June 20, 1883, to Alpha

daughter of George Bruce Gerald, and nas four sons: Gerald. Belvidere, George Bruce and Joseph W. Brooks.

M.

,

BARCLAY, John Charles, telegraph manager and inventor, was born at Greensburg, Pa,, April 17, 1856, son of John and Julia (Bricker) Barclay, and a descendant of John Barclay, who emigrated from Scotland to America in 1684. Mr. Barclay began his business career at twelve years of age, by working as messenger in the Pennsylvania Railroad office at Greensburg, Pa., and in the course of a few months he became an operator. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, 111., and while working in an office studied at the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, where he was graduated with the degree of D.D.

S.

in

1887.

He

practiced

dentistry in

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

76

eleven years, at the same time night manager of the main telegraph office, and so acceptably were his duties performed, that in 1898 he was induced to give up dentistry and to take the posi-

Chicago

for

serviug as

tion of electrical engineer for the western division of the

Western Union Telegraph Co., with headquarters in Chicago. For four years he had charge of lines in the territory north of the Ohio and west of the

and was obliged to travel far aud wide. In 1902 he was transferred to York city as chief electrical engineer, and in the following year was made assistant genWhile in Chieral manager. .Mississippi,

New

&$>

cago, Mr. Barclay became impressed with the fact that the system of receiving messages had serious defects, and

began experimenting

to

improve

patented the printing telegraph

it.

In 1904 he

known by

his

name, which receives and prints messages on a standard typewriter, and which was said to be the most important invention in the telegrgph world since Edison introduced the quadruplex system. The system is capable of successful operation over any distance now covered by the ordinary Morse circuits. For high speed transmission, a perforated paper strip is employed, which transmits over a wire a succession of electrical impulses of various combinations. By an ingenious arrangement of selecting relays, the impulses representing each character are directed to a particular one of the thirty-two magnets, there being one magnet for each character; and for spacing between words, carriage shifting and paper-feed mechanism. All of these functions are performed locally, the impulses transmitted over the line wire being required to actuate only one receptive relay. The printing of the message is accomplished on a typewriter of standard type, is printed on a regular telegraph message blank, and is all that could be desired in appearance and legibility; the letters being large, well shaped and evenly spaced, and the alignment practically perfect. A part of the system is a typewriter transmitter, also the invention of Mr. Barclay, by means of which the electrical impulses are conveyed directly to the line by manipulating the typewriter key-board, and the operator sends his message directly to the line, thus saving the

time consumed in handling a perforated tape. A knowledge of telegraphy is not essential to the use of this apparatus, accuracy of transmission being dependent only on accuracy in touching the keys, and the speed obtainable is only limited by the capabiliry of the transmitUnless there are weather disting operator. turbances on the circuit, the service is practically automatic; the old-time "sounder" and the need of receiving operators are done away with, and the reception of a message safeguarded and free from errors is assured. The Barclay typewriter telegraph is now in use on most of the western union great trunk lines. Mr. Barclay also invented a lightning arrester and fuse, an improved quadruplex relay, a rheostat and a combination fire-alarm and night watch call box, which is in general use by the American District Telegraph Co. of New Jersey Mr. Barclay is a throughout the United States.

number

director in a large

of telegraph companies,

New York and of New .Icrsey Atlantic and Ohio Lyncliburg and Abiugton Delaware River; Continental, of Pennsylvania; Kern Burner; Ohio and Mississippi; PaciNew York Postal Philadelphia fic and Atlantic Southern Local; Philadelphia and Wilkesbarre and Atlantic Erie County Marine and Inland East Tennessee Susquehauua Kiver and North and West Branch American Union Missouri and National Telegraph, and San Antonio Western and Arkansas Pass. He is president of the Old Time Telegraphers Historical Association is a member of the New York Athletic and Atlantic Yacht clubs, and of the American Institute of In Masonic circles he is a Electrical Engineers. member of the Mystic Shrine and of the Knights Templar. DEALY, William Joseph, telegraph expert, viz.. tlu-

American

District, of

;

;

;

:

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

was born

in

New York

city, Sept. 17. 1843, son

Michael C .and Mary Dealy.

of

His father came from

Ireland in 1841 and settled in New York city. The son was educated in the public schools of New York city and Philadelphia, and as a messenger boy for the Atlantic and Ohio Company in Philadelphia began his telegraphic career on Aug.

A year later he became an operator and he was sent to Magnolia, Md., by the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad Company. During the civil war, in April, 1861, he was captured by bridge burners near Baltimore and by them detained until the work of destruction was completed. On September of the same year he became attached to the United States Military Telegraph services and was again captured in 1862 at Harpers Ferry, but contrived to escape. year later he was called to Washington, serving under the war department, and he merited the confidence of the government to such a degree that he was entrusted with the secret military cipher and appointed manager at Fortress Monroe. After the war Mr. Dealy entered the employment of the

;>.

l>v"n.

in

is.')')

A

Western Union Telegraph Company in New York " manager of the cable room." In 1875 he was attached to the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company's office, in New York city, and in 1879 changed to the American Union Telegraph Company sofflce. Later in the year he became superintendent of the French Atlantic Cable Company, and in 1881 the American Telegraph and Cable Co. sent him to Europe to organize city as

its

foreign

staff.

Returning

was appointed cable manager of the Western

he

Union Telegraph Co., and put in charge of the general operating department. In 188r>, in addition, he became' manager of the commercial news department of the Gold and Stock Tele-

Since Company. isiisbehas conducted that

graph

department with ability and fidelity. HP is identiwith a number of telegraphers' societies, including the Telegraphers Mutual Benefit Association, Gold and Stock Life Insurance Association, the Old Timers, and the United States Military Telegraph Corps. fied

Mr. Dealv was married in New York city Nov. 27. 1873. to Edna, daughter r,f George A. Nicholls. They have four children. Harry, Lela, Edna, and Frank.

77

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

HOLMES,

as counfrequently in the pages of Maryland reports than any other lawyer He was noted for the clearness of his of his time. statements, the strength and force of his logic and his power as a cross-examiner. Among the cases of note successfully handled by him was the prosecution of Adam Horn, in 1843, whose conviction for murder he secured after a seven days' trial. Mr. Steele was one of the charter members of the .Maryland Club, and was one of its first governors. Hi was also a member of

interests, in sel, and his

William, telegraph tariff expert Cleveland, O., Jan. 1H, 1JS44. son of Amos F. and Ada (Proudfoot) Holmes. He was educated in the schools of Cleveland, O., and his first business experience was as clerk in Ihr nlli< of the Western I'liinn

was born

,

in


LA

and with a determination to win, and the courage of his extreme youth, he went to New York, where he made a bitter struggle for an opportunity to get a foothold. One evening, when his hopes were unusually low, he obtained permission to do some "turns" at a concert hall of the cheaper sort on Eighth avenue. He was successful and was given a week's engagement at a small salary. A number of limited engagements followed without any long intervals in which he was out of work. He appeared first

in

police

"The

life,

drama of New York "O'Dowd's Neighbors," in

Inspector," a

and then

in

which he took the part of an Irish servant girl. His best efforts were called out when he had the good fortune to become a member of John Russell's comedians. There his acting was first recognized His next engagement was as of very high promise. with the Casino Opera Co., New York, where, in a series of burlesques he portrayed various comedy types that first brought him into real prominence. He appeared in a number of widely diversified parts that of a Ghetto type of Jew; Fouche, Napoleon's famous prefect of police, in " Madame Sans Gene," and the Laird in Du Manner's "Trilby," and so cleverly and artfully did he present these difficult parts that he at once became the chief attraction of the performance. This pronounced success led to a place in that post-graduate school of burlesquers, the Weber & Fields company, where his clever acting won the warm praise of Coquelin, the French comedian. Meanwhile his talents had come under the observation of David Belasco (also a native of San Francisco, who knew Warfield in their boyhood days), who believed that in this rising young actor there was the latent power and necessary genius to develop an artist of the highest ability, and after Warfield 's contract with Weber & fields was ended, he was taken in hand by Belasco. His first effort under this new management was as a star in "The Auctioneer," a modern character drama of New York life. Simon Levi, the chief part in this play, was the finished product of all the actor's previous efforts hi the portrayal of Hebrew character. It was recognized as a masterpiece, although, as Warfield had figured for some time in the interpretation of Hebrew types and was himself a Hebrew, it excited no particular astonishment among his admirers. To the discerning few it was nevertheless a revelation by reason of his power pathetic passages and his knowledge and grasp But a far more striking proof of the breadth ami fineness of his genius was afforded by his delineation of Ludwig von Barwig, the leading character in "The Music Master," in which his mastery of the sources of emotion, his moving simplicity, his control of the vocal resources of his art were unquestioned and revealed a dramatic ability to whose future attainment even the critics were not disposed to set narrow limits. Judged by the length of time it has run, the amount of the box office receipts, and the fame it has brought to the actor, "The Music Master" has been considered in

of character.

unique among American dramatic productions. So thoroughly had Warficld mastered the principles of his art, and so coinpli-toly did he throw himself into the play, that it lias often been said that he never acted the part twice in quite the same way. His enlarging perception of its possibilities led him to add new touches, to emphasize the same emotion in new ways, and constantly to strive for that finish and completeness of representation which would measure art by the facts of life. As Wes' Biglowe hi "The Grand Army Man," he played a role more in harmony. with American popular tradition, The relation between recalling the civil war. Belasco and Warfield is more than the calculating collaboration of a great actor

and a great theatrical

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. manager. It is based upon strong friendship and a mutual appreciation of capacities that supplement each other. Mr. Warfield refused a guaranteed of $100,000 a year, offered by a theatrical salary syndicate, choosing rather to remain with the friend who gave him his first great opportunity in He is in hearty the higher sphere of his profession. sympathy with the aim of Mr. Belasco to elevate the tone of the American stage by freeing it from influences tending to lower popular taste and depress individuality; but apart from that ; the personal loyalty of the actor to his manager is well known. Mr. Warfield was married in 1S89 to Mary Gabrielle Bradt of San Francisco.

BELASCO, David,

playwright and stage man-

ager, was born at San Francisco, Cal., July 25, 1859, son of Humphrey and Rena (Martin) Belasco, His education was both natives of England.

begun by a Catholic priest at Vancouver, B. C. and terminated at Lincoln College, California, where His inclination towards In- was graduated in 1875. his future profession seemed inborn, since almost from childhood he sought to dramatize every story that

came

into his hands,

his early efforts in this

direction being presented before admiring boyish His first original drama, produced at the audiences. early age of fourteen, was entitled "Jim Black; or The Regulator's Revenge," in seven acts and some It was played at Mozart Hall, San thirty scenes. Francisco, a family resort devoted to music and beer, which had been rented to him for the performance. In this youthful effort he undertook the title role himself, being assisted by some of the genuine toughs of the neighborhood introduced to give local color, and the play was so realistic that it ended in a fist fight between the actors and the native that brought the performance to an "supers abrupt end. This strong inclination for realism has clung to Mr. Belasco throughout his whole career, his crude first attempt developing into realistic effects in which nature's rough edges are smoothed down by art. Mr. Belaseo's connection with stage management developed from the humble role of His call-boy at Baldwin's Theatre, San Francisco. ability so quickly manifested itself that he became the stage manager in 1878, at nineteen years of age, and held the same position in the Grand Opera House

and the Metropolitan theatre

of that city, being

youngest stage manager on the The companies that he directed at Pacific slope. this time contained many actors and actresses who were afterwards celebrated stars, anil it was during these years of stock work in the rich West that Mr. Belasco perfected himself in his art and laid the foundation of his present reputation. In 1880 he removed to New York, whither his fame had preceded him, the Mallory brothers engaging him to take care of their productions in the Madison Square Theatre. From the start he combined the art of dramatization with that of management, adapting foreign plays and dramatizing novels, while also doing original work. In all he wrote at this period about a hundred such plays which were produced with a varied fortune of failure and success. The knowledge that a genuine new playwright had arrived arose from some of these productions, three of " them, "La Belle Russe," Valerie" and "Hearts of Oak," being performed in New York and enjoying prosperous runs. His first pronounced success came in 1884, when his charming comedy of "May Blossom" captured the theatrical world. Few more delightful plays have ever been written, and it took the lead among the dainty, artistic productions for which the Madison Square Theatre became famousduring that period. In 1885 he joined hands with Daniel Frohman, assuming the management of

accounted

the

83

the latter's productions of the Lyceum Theatre, and here he collaborated effectively with Henry C. De Mille, the playwright in a number of successful plays, " " such as The' Wife," "The Charity Ball" and Lord Chumley," the latter the play which launched E. H. Sothern on his prosperous career. His next effort, "Men and Women," written for Charles Frohman, was produced at Proctor's Twenty-third Street Theatre, and was followed by "The Girl I Left Behind Me," written in collaboration with Franklin Fyles, and made the opening production of the Empire Theatre, New York. In 1895 appeared one

best-known plays, of Maryland," which put Mrs. Leslie Carter, a protegee of his, on the It is well road as a star. of

his

"The Heart

to state at this point that Mr. Belasco had in him the making of a fine actor as well as a capable manager and playwright, and that his early cast in his own

boyish play was folio we< by youthful parts in "Metamora" with Edwin Forrest ami "Pizarro" with Charles Keene, and later in juvenile parts with Booth, Edwin Adams and Adelaide Neil1

son.

He

is

said to possess

powers as an actor, and before he took a position in the Baldwin theatre, had madea round of themining camps with AnniePixley, going through all the hardships and diversities of fortune incident to such a career. In 1897 he first undertook management on his own account, " producing "The First Born by Francis Powers, which was the artistic success of the season, and in the following year starred Mrs. Leslie Carter in his own version of "Zaza." "Naughty Anthony," a farcical comedy, was produced by him in 1VI1I. and aflcTwards his dramatization of John Luther Long's Japanese story of "Madame ButterThese two plays were performed with great fly."

fine

London theatres in 1900. "Madame Du Barry" was his next great triumph, played in 1901 in the New National Theatre of Washington and the success in

New York. His own house, the Belasco Theatre, New York, was opened in 1902, with " The Darling of the we favorite plays from his pen Gods," a drama of old Japan, written in collaboration with John Luther Long, and "Sweet Kitty Bellairs," founded on the novel, "The Bath Comedy," by Egerton Castle. Another play "in which he collaborated with John Luther Long was Adrea," In September. a classic tragedy produced in 1905.

Criterion Theatre of t

>

1904, appeared one of his

:

most charming poetical

productions, "The Music Master," which David Warfield made famous, and in 1905 he presented " " The Girl of the Golden West, a drama of the days of '49 in California, Miss Blanche Bates playing the leading part in this, as she had done in several of his In 190G he produced at the earlier compositions. Belasco theatre "The Rose of the Rancho," and in 1907 opened his new Stuyvesant theatre with David Warfield in "The Grand Army Man." In 1908 Mr. Belasco and Harrison Grey Fiske joined in the management of the Belasco theatre, which Mrs. Fiske, famous as a great dramatic artist, was to make her permanent home and Mr. Fiske's attractions were to appear, an arrangement which promised to strengthen Mr. Belaseo's position as the greatest independent producer and writer of plays in America. In 1908 he brought out "The Easiest Way"by Eugene Walter, with Miss Frances Starr in the

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

84

principal role, and in 1909 "The Lily," a problem play that attracted wide attention and increased his fame as one of America's leading dramatists. Mr. Few people ever Belasco's personality is unique. His whole time, summer and winter, day see him. and night, is given to his art, the making and staging He never of plays and the tutoring of actors. scolds his pupils in rehearsal, never loses his temper, always seeks to lead and guide, instead of to drive

them. As for rest, he rarely knows it, bein^ an incessant worker, while in financial matters he is so indifferent as to be the despair of his business agents. He is apparently one of those rare individuals who have no time to think of money.

WORCESTER,

Elwood, clergyman, was born 16, 1862, son of David Freeman and Frances (Gold) Worcester, and a descendant of William Worcester, who came to America in His boyhood 1838, settling at Salisbury, Mass. and youth were spent in Rochester, N. Y., whither a the family removed while he was child. He was graduated at Columbia University in 1886, and at Massillon, O.,

May

having determined to follow the ministry took a three

years

Seminary

in

course

at

the

New York where

General Theological he was graduated in

1887. He was ordained deacon in 1889, and Meanwhile he continued his studies priest in 1890. at the University of Leipzig, receiving the degree In 1890 he was made assistant of Ph.D., in 1889.

minister at St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn, and was appointed to the chair of psychology and Christian evidences at Lehigh University, where for six years he officiated as chaplain of the university. He then accepted the rectorship of St. Stephen's Church, Philadelphia, succeeding Rev. Samuel D. McC'onnell, and eight years later received a call from the Emmanuel Episcopal Church of Boston, Mass, where he succeeded the Rev. Leighton Parks. His work here has been of an extremely practical character, and has made his church a leader in novel and effective service to the people. His first innovation was to inaugurate a cure for tuberculosis,

demonstrating

that patients could be cured without being removed from their homes. But what has given him a national reputation

is

his

promulgation of a

new idea in church work, namethe attempt to cure disease through mental suggestion. A class was formed by Dr. Worcester in October, 1906. which aimed to heal such mental ailmeni.s as hitherto baffled ly,

physicians, combined with an In uplifting religious service. a short time the class grew to a membership of over 250, and so successful did he become that the "Emmanuel move-

ment,"

which

has taken

its

name from this fashionable Back Bay church of Boston, has attracted attention among clergymen and physicians throughout the entire United States. The fundamental idea underlying the Emmanuel movement is

thus expressed by Rev. Samuel M'Comb,

its

"It is an effort to unite in associate director: friendly alliance a simple New Testament Christianity as modern Biblical scholarship corroborates it, and the proved conclusions of modern medicine,

more especially of modern psychological medicine, in the interests of suffering humanity. It imposes no new dogma, philosophical or theologIt claims to be the possessor of no new revelaical. and

which is the product on the one growing Christian consciousness, and that which on the other hand comes through the revelation God makes of Himself in the discoveries tion except that

hand

of the

of science. Its great aim is to give to faith the things of faith and to science the things of science.

Because scientific it distinguishes between those forms or types of nervous suffering which are functional in character and those which are organic. This distinction, it is true, cannot be in the ultimate resort defended, but for all practical purposes it is valid and well recognized. Hence, one of the fundamental principles of the Emmanuel plan, and one which distinguishes it sharply from all systems of metaphysical healing Christian Science, Mental Science, Faith Healing, etc.

is

that there

is first

thorough medical examination of the patient before any psychic treatment is entered upon. This examination is necessary, not only in order of all a

to rule out any organic disease or distinctly organic complications of a seemingly pure functional disorder, but also in order to obtain an intelligent comprehension of the functional disorder itself, if functional disorder it be. From another point of view, the same necessity becomes obvious. Patients, for example, have come to us who have been treated by physicians for organic diseases by means of drugs and special diet, and upon examination it has been found that the disorders were purely functional in character. Now, of these functional disorders, the nomenclature is constantly changing, but, roughly speaking, we may say that they fall under the following five great groups: as it is popularly called, 1. Neurasthenia, or, nervous prostration, which has an infinite number of shades from a slight sense of depression or fatigue to the profoundest exhaution of the nervous system. 2. Hysteria. This is an abnormal disposition of the nervous system, in which the sufferer is peculiarly amenable to suggestion and self-sugges-

The main feature of this fear of disease. 4. Psychasthenia. This word is only two years old and is used to cover the large group of nervous troubles in which the psychical element is predominant. 5. Drug addictions. Here we have those moral slaveries, such as

tion.

3.

disorder

Hypochrondria.

is

cocainism, morphinism, which, while they affect profoundly physiological processes, are now recognized as rooted in psychical and moral alcoholism,

tendencies. that minister

The Emmanuel movement and doctor should unite

believes their forces,

should come to a common understanding and should thus solve the difficulty presented by so many semi-moral and semi-nervous disorders by attacking them simultaneously from the spirtiual as well as from the physical side. Hence, the remedies applied in the Emmanuel clinic are mainly psychological, moral and religious, but not without regard to any physical needs that may be evident. The psychic remedies are those which have been used for some time past with singular success in the great psychotherapeutic clinics of Europe and to a much less extent in some of the hospitals of this country. We have taken advantage of the fruitful union which has been consummated between medicine and psychology." The success of the plan may be attributed entirely to Dr. Worcester's enthusiasm with which he has won adherents from medical practitioners of national repute as well as from scientists, college professors, clergymen, and busHe is the author iness men of the highest class. of "Religious Opinions of John Locke" (1890); " The Book of Genesis in the Light of Modern Knowledge" (1901), the latter being written in a broad spirit, giving the layman the advantages of the latest discoveries of the leading men of

OF AMERICAN HIOGRAl'HY. The Mural science; "Religion and Medicine: Control of Nervous Disorders" (190S), which is an authoritiye account of the psychological, medical and religious facts and principles upon which the practice of psychic healing is based; "The Living Word" (1908), on the philosophy of religion; and "The Christian Reiigionas a Healing Power" (1909). He received the degree of S.T.D. from Hobart College in 1S!I.">, and from the University of PennsylHe is a member of the Oriental vania in 1X119. Society and the Academy of Political and Social He was married, Aug. 7, 1894, to Blanche Science. Stanley, daughter of Rt. Rev. Nelson Somerville Rulison, second bishop of central Pennsylvania, and has four children: Constance Rulison, Gurdon Saltonstall. Hlandina Rulison and David Worcester.

CLARK, Walter Eli, seventh governor of Alaska, was born at \shford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1809, son of Oren Andrus and Emily Jeannette (Jones) Clark. He attended the Connecticut normal school, Williston Seminary, and Wesleyan University, where he was graduated in 1895. In July of that year he became .

a reporter on the Hartford (Conn.) "Post," but later joined the Washington (D. C.) "Times "as telegraph editor. After a short time as Washington correspondent for the New York "Commercial Adverhe went on the Washington staff of the New tiser,"

York "Sun," where he remained for twelve years He was also Washington correspond(1897-1909). "

ent for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer" during In May, 1909, Mr. Clark was nominated 1900-09. Pres. of Taft Alaska, to succeed Gov. by governor Hoggart, resigned. He is a member of the Chevy Chase Club of Washington, D. C. He was married in New York June 15, 1898, to Lucy Harrison, daughter of Capt. Edward Norvell of Lynchburg, Va.

MACKAY, Clarence Hungerford, capitalist, was in San Francisco, Cal., April 17, 1874, only son John William and Maria Louise (Hungerford) Mackay. His father (q.v.) was a "forty-niner "of California, and one of the most prominent and picturesque characters in American biography; his mother was tindaughter of Col. Daniel C. Hungerford of New England

born of

stock. Young Mackay spent most of his early life in London and Paris with his mother, who had become

noted as a

and

patron

of art

and

for the her entermagnificence tainments. He was educated at Vaugirard College,

literature

of

Paris,

and at Beaumont Col-

Windsor, England. He had been instructed in a line lege,

of studies that particularly him for a business career, and upon his return to the United States in 1894 he entered his father's office in New York city, and acquired that practical knowledge of mercantile affairs that later enabled him to carry to successful fruition the many colossal enterprises projected by his father. The energy, foresight and business fitted

capacity that were so strongly marked in John W. Mackay were inherited by the son, and at the early age of twenty-two, when most young men are absorbed by social engagements, Mi. Mackay became president of the Forcite Powder Manufacturing Co., a position he filled for three years. In the same year he was elected a director of the Postal Telegraph Co., and of the Commercial Cable

85

and in less than a year was made vice-president both companies, a position which gave him the administrative control of their operation. Among the great enterprises established by his father were the Commercial Cable Co., in association with James Gordon Bennett, and the Postal Telegraph Clarence H. Mackay Co., an adjunct of the former. hail made the workings of these systems a special study, and his energies were directed towards extending their scope. In 1899, upon the conclusion of peace between Spain and the United States and the resumption of business intercourse with Cuba, he organized the Commercial Cable Co. of Cuba, and endeavored to obtain the necessary permission to lay a cable to that island, but this was refused by the secretary of war, Gen. Russell A. The cable was subsequently laid. The conAlger. st ruction of a cable to the Orient has always been a great hobby with Mr. Mackay's father, but it was left to the son to carry the project to a successful (

!o.,

of

The laying of this cable, which was begun in 1901, required a period of eighteen months and during that time Mr. Mackay gave his personal attention to every detail, which involved an expenditure of over $9,000,000. Mr. Mackay's father died in London July 20, 1902, and in the following October he was elected president of the Mackay telegraph properties, comprising the Commercial Cable Co., the Postal Telegraph-Cable Co., conclusion.

and the Pacific Postal-Telegraph-Cable Co., the most prominent of which is the Postal TelegraphMr. Mackay is also president of the Pacific Cable Co. and the Mackay companies; vice-president of the Federal Sugar Refining Co.; director of the American Exchange National Bank, the Canadian Pacific Railway Co., he Southern Pacific Co., the United States Mortgage and Trust Co., and the Long Island Motor Parkway Company, and a trustee of the New York Life Insurance Co. In 1907- OS he w^as treasurer of the Lincoln Farm Association, organized for the purpose of preserving the Lincoln birthplace farm in Kentucky as a national park, for which $130,000 were subscribed by the American public. Mr. Mackay is a member of the Union, Knickerbocker, Lawyers New York Yacht and Metropolitan clubs of New York city, of the Meadow Brook and Westehester

Cable Co.

Commercial

t

,

County clubs, and of the Pacific, Union and BoheHe has been a mian clubs of San Fransisco. patron of the trotting turf from his boyhood, and

while in France won many races; his successes, it said, did much to create a demand for light harness horses on the continent. Until his father's death he was the owner of large stables of thoroughbreds is

years, and his horses, including Banastar, which he paid $11,000), Heno, Aceful, Kamera and Mexican, have often carried his colors to victory. Mr. Mackay was married in New York city, May 17, 1898, to Katherine Alexandra, daughter of William A. Duer, a lawyer of New York city. Mrs. Mackay is the descendant of a long line of men of eminence, beginning with William Duer, member of the provincial congress of New York, of the continental congress, and of the first state convention of New York. She is a prominent member of New York society, but is as well known for her philanthropy and for her active participation in public affairs. She has taken an active for

many

(for

the public school affairs of Roslyn, Island, and has been a member of the school board of the town since 1905. interest in

Long

ADAMS,

Charles Closson, vice-president of the Postal Telegraph Co. of New York city, was born at Freeport, Armstrong co., Pa., Aug. 15, 1858, son of Alexander Ainsworth and Isabella (Thompson) Adams. His father, who was an iron manufacturer,

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

86

enlisted in the Federal army at the outbreak of the The son was civil war, and lost his life in battle. educated in the public schools of Pittsburg and in the latter at the the academy at Sharpsburg, leaving

In 1874 he entered the telegraph field and did work as operator and manager in the oil regions for the Western Union and the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph companies. Returning to Pittsburg in 1879, he became an operator for the Western Union Telegraph Co., but in 1880 gave up this position to remove to Fort Wayne, Ind., where he worked in the interest of the Associated Press. He again removed to New York city to take a position tendered him by the Western Union Telegraph Co. His marked executive ability attracted the attention of the Mutual Union Telegraph Co., and he was called back to Pittsburg to become the manager of its office in that city. When, in 1884, that company consolidated with a number of others Mr. Adams entered the newspaper service, subsequently making his home in New York city. In February, 1884, he was appointed manager of the Postal Telegraph Co.'s office in Philadelphia, and in His 1880, its superintendent of the third district. force, tact and energy raised the Postal company's service to a high state of efficiency, and led to his appointment as general superintendent of the southern division of the company. Here he remained from 1902-04, when he was elected vicepresident of the Postal Telegraph Co. and removed Mr. Adams was appointed comto New York city. missioner for the Valley Forge (Pa.) reservation by Gov. Stone. He is a member of the Lotos Club of New York city, of the Fellowship and Five O'clock clubs of Philadelphia, and of the Huntington Valley Country Club of Philadelphia. He was married in Philadelphia, Feb. 15, 1896, to Elizabeth K., daughter of Maurice F. Spillin. He has four children: Grace E., Alexandria A., Charles C., Jr., and Katherine Virginia.

age

of fifteen.

FISHER, Irving, economist and educator, was born at Saugerties, N. Y., Feb. 27, 1807, son of Rev. George Whitefield and Elmira (Wescott) Fisher, grandson of John and Elmira (King) Fisher, great-grandson of Zachariah and Delight (Norton) Fisher, and

great-great-grandson of William Fisher, a soldier in the revolutionary war. His father was a Congregational clergy-

man,

who

son's birth dale, R,

I.,

shortly

after

his

removed to Peacewhere young Irving

received his

early education.

He was

prepared for college at the Hillhouse high school, New Haven, Conn., and at Smith

K"

Academy,

5

St. Louis,

Mo.

;

was

graduated at Yale University in 1888, and received his Ph.D.

degree there in 1891. He was then appointed tutor in mathematics at Yale, and in 1893

became

assistant professor of mathematics.

Dur-

ing 1893-94 he studied in Paris and Berlin, and on his return to America resumed his work as asA year sistant professor of mathematics at Yale. of later, in 1895, he was made assistant professor full professor in 1898. political economy, becoming At this period Prof. Fisher's health became impaired and he spent the years 1898-1901 in Colorado and California.

There

is

probably no

man

in

America

contributed more toward the solution of debatable questions in economics and the mechanism of financial exchange than Prof. Fisher. His

who has

Ph.D. degree was entitled MathematInvestigations in the Theory of Value and Prices," which was at once widely recognized by '

thesis for his ical

Prof. Edgeworth of Oxford in 1893 in the "Economic Journal" said: "Without forecasting a future so remote, we may at least predict to Dr. Fisher the degree of immortality which belongs to one who has deepened the foundations of the pure theory of economics." In 1890, in conjunction with Prof. A. W. Phillips, he published his "Elements of Geometry," which enjoys a wide circulation in scholastic circles, and in 1900 was translated into Japanese; and in 1897 he published "A Brief Introduction to the Infinitesimal Calculus," which has been translated into German and Italian. In 190G appeared his first important work in book form, "The Nature of Capital and Income," which Chief Justice Knowlton of Massachusetts characterizes as "a great book, analytical, logical, and philosophical in a high degree." The author bridges the gap between political economy and the theory of bookkeeping, and deals with fundamental concepts The book puts into of wealth, capital, and income. convincing form some of the most disputed conceptions, and it ranks among the memorable contributions made by Americans to economic study. This was followed by "The Rate of Interest: Its Nature, Determination and Relation to Economic Phenomena" (1907), the latest and most scientific discussion of the subject of interest in any language. Being for three years a victim of incipient tuberspecialists.

culosis,

which was conquered by

scientific, practical

treatment, Prof. Fisher has devoted much time to the study of the statistics and history of tuberculosis, as well as of death rates in general and the means of reducing mortality through preventive medicine and practical hygiene. He is the inventor of two tents, the forms of which make outdoor living possible in almost all weathers, and one of which won first prize from the "New York Medical Journal;" he has published numerous articles on tuberculosis in the United States and its reduction, and has conducted exhaustive experiments in diet and endurance tests at Yale University which have demonstrated that "low protein" conduces to endurance. He is a member of Roosevelt's conservation commission, and wrote a report on "National Vitality, Its Wastes and Conservation," published in 1909, of which Dr. Norman Ditman of Columbia " It is the greatest medical step of University said: the century." Prof. Fisher had devised a mechanical diet indicator for saving time in computing food constituents and in a different field invented an overlapping card index, now being introduced by the Library Bureau. In his researches pertaining to human longevity, some of the conclusions he advances are that the average American lifetime is snorter than that of other foremost nations, and that it could be lengthened fully a third that half this improvement could be effected simply by purer air, purer water and purer milk, and that the possible gain from reducing mortality among infants ;

and young children would be

especially great.

He

estimates that the money saving to the nation as a result of such decrease of mortality and sickness would be more than $1,500,000,000 per annum, and that the contributory remedies include a competent national department of health. He is president of the committee of one hundred on national health, of the American Association for the Advancement Prof. Fisher has written many techniof Science. cal articles for the leading periodical publications of America and Europe, and has contributed papers on economics and other subjects to the learned socieThe most important of ties of both continents. "Cournot and Mathematical Ecothese are: " nomics" (1898); Mortality Statistics of the United

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. States Census" (1899); "The Modern Crusade against Consumption" (1903); "Gold Production and the Rate of Interest" (1905); "A New Method of Indicating Fond Values" (1906); "Economic a a Science" (1906); "Statistic-; i |)ict in Sanatoria for Consumptives" (190IJ); "Why Has the Doctrine of Laissez Faire Been Abandoned?" (1907); ''The Influence of Flesh Eating on Endurance" (11107); "A Graphic Method in Practical Dietetics" (1907); "The Effect of Diet on F.ndurance" (1907); "Are Savings Income?" (1908); "Economic Aspects of Lengthening Human Life" (1909); "Re-

on National Vitality, Its Wastes and Conservation" (1909); "The Costs of Tuberculosis in the United States and Their Reduction" (1909); "What the Health Movement Means" (1909), and "War upon the Great White Plague" (1909). lie is a member of the American Economic Association, of the Royal Economic Association, a fellow of the 1-l'ival Statistical Society, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; aK a member of the American Mathematical Society, the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, the port

American Academy of Political anil Social Science, the American Statistical Association, the Washington Academy of Science, the New York Reform Club the New England Free Trade League, the International Free Trade League, honorary member of the Cobden Club, and is vice-president of the He was marBritish Food Reform Association. ried June 24, 1893, at Peacedale, R. I., to Margaret, daughter of Hon. Rowland Hazard of Peacedale, R. I., and has three children: Margaret, Caroline, and Irving Norton Fisher. HARVEY, Lorenzo Dow, educator, was born in New Hampshire, Nov. 23, 1848, son of John S. and Mary (Sanborn) Harvey. His father was a merchant and fanner who purchased a farm in Rock county, Wis., in 1850, and there the son was reared and attended the district schools. He completed a college course at Milton College, Wis., having taught four winters in district schools to assist in paying his college expenses, and was graduated in 1872. After leaving college he had a varied experience in the educational Held covering work in private schools, ungraded village schools, high schools and normal schools and as a member of the board of education in Sheboygan and Oshkosh, Wis. While a member of the board of education in Sheboygan he was also In the normal city superintendent of public schools. school work he was teacher of political economy and civics in the Oshkosh normal school, 1885-92, and for the following six years was president of the Milwaukee normal school. In 1890 he was president of the Wisconsin Teachers Association and for ten years was chairman of the legislative committee In 1897 he was made viceof that association. president of the National Educational Association and president of the library department of that association, to which office he was reflected in 1898. He was elected state superintendent in 1S9S, and was recleetedr in 1900. He was superintendent of the Stout training schools at Menomonie, Wis., in 1903-08 and since 1908 has been president of

Stout Institute. He is the author of "Harvey's Practical Arithmetic" (1909), and devised a ventilating apparatus for schoolrooms and an appliance to assist the pupil in learning penmanship. Mr. Harvey considers education not only a means to sustain personal independence, but he regards the getting of an education as a citizen's duty toward the state. On the other hand, it is the duty of the state to provide for the education of every child within its borders. To this end the child-labor and truancy laws should be so harmonized that the education of the child, not its labor, is made the chief concern. Mr. Harvey was elected president of the

87

National Education Association in 1908. He was married in 1874, to Lettie, daughter of Lee Brown of Edgerton, Wis., and has two children.

ELLIOTT, Maxine,

actress,

was born

in

Rock-

Me.. Feb. 5, 1873, daughter of Thomas and Adelaide (Hall) Dermott, a sea captain of that city, and of early New England ancestry. Her early education was received at the Notre Dame academy, of Roxbury, Mass., and after being graduated she went on a long voyage with her father to South liind,

America and Spain. Having manifested a pronounced inclination toward a theatrical career she went to New Y'ork upon her return to

America,

and,

although

but

sixteen years of age, began the

study necessary for the adoption of the stage as a profession. Her name of Jessie Dermott was changed to Maxine Elliott

at

the

suggestion

of

Dion Boucicault, at that time her tutor in the dramatic art. Miss Elliott's first appearance on the stage was with E. S. Willard, the English actor, in his first visit to this country in 1890 under A. M. Palmer's

management. During this first season she was given minor The Middleman "and roles in "John Needham's Double," ' '

but during the following year she played the parts of Beatrice Selwyn in "A Fool's Paradise" and Lady Gild-

"The Professor's Love Story. Her ing in talent was soon recognized, and in the spring of 1S93 she played the original Violet Woodman in "The Prodigal's Daughter." This was followed by

a brief engagement in "The Voyage of Suzette, after which she was engaged by Rose Coghlan as leading lady and played in her repertoire as Dora in "Diplomacy," Alice Verney in "Forget Me Not," and Grace Harkaway in "London Assurance." In 1895 she became a member of Augustin Daly's company. Under the severe tutelage and careful direction of this master of stage craft her dramatic power and artistic skill were fully developed, and she was thereafter to be ranked among the foremost actresses of the American stage. While with Mr. Daly she played Sylvia in "Two Gentlemen of Verona,"

Hcrmia in "A Midsummer Night's Dream," and Olivia in "Twelfth Night," and was given the same parts when the plays were produced in London. Miss Elliott severed her connection with the Daly in 1897, and was playing a summer season as leading lady of the Frawley stock company in

company

San Francisco, when Nat Goodwin, who was also playing in that city, induced her to join his company. She was married to Mr. Goodwin, Feb. 20, 1898, and shortly afterward became a co-star with her husband in a series of plays produced by them in both England and America. After touring in

Australia she created the part of Alice Adams in the play of "Nathan Hale," which Mr. Goodwin had secured from Clyde Fitch, and her interpretation of this character received the highest commendation and added greatly to her reputation as an accomShe also played the heroine in " An plished actress. American Citizen," "The Cowboy and the Lady," and "When \VeWere Twenty-one, "appearing in the last in London in 1899. In course of time it became increasingly difficult to find plays which gave equal opportunities to both Miss Elliott and Mr. Goodwin, and it was decided that they should star separately. Her first venture as an independent attraction was

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

88

when she appeared as a star in "Her Own a new play by Clyde Fitch. In this she was instantly successful, the general verdict being that the stage had gained a new and brilliant star. When she played the part in London in 1905, King Edward, who occupied the royal box, led the applause throughout the evening, and, at the end of the play, requested an interview with Miss Elliott, whom he highly complimented. This was followed by "Her Great Match" in 1905, which she presented for two " years to the largest houses of her career but Under the Greenwood Tree" produced in 1907, and "My" Bettina in 1908, were comparative failures, alself though both plays aided to enhance her reputation as an actress. Anyplay in which Maxine Elliott appears becomes by virtue of her presence a picture play, not that she falls irito calculated poses, but her beauty is such, and she is so unobtrusively skillful in the enhancing of it, that it makes pictures of itself and gives uncommon pleasure. Since 1908 she has been the owner and manager of the only theatre in America built and conducted by a woman since the days of Laura Keene Maxine Elliott's Theatre,

Almost immediately after

in 1903,

Pittsburg.

Way,"

ment the trustees elected him director of the department of fine arts of the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburg, which has one of the largest endowment funds America for the advancement of art and science.

;

It is of unusual architecbuilt, in New York in 1908. tural beauty, the interior decorations being among the most artistic in America. Every detail of itsconstruction was superintended by Miss Elliott, and the opening attraction was her own performance of a new play, "Chaperon." This was followed by " Deborah of Tod's," the title part of which afforded

for the display of her well-known histrionic ability, and at the same time made a fitting frame for her exquisite beauty. Few plays were more splendidly or artistically mounted, and Miss Elliott herself directed every detail of its production During the season of 1909-10 she appeared in a successful comedy by Frank Stayton, entitled "The She was married, Feb. 20, 1898, to Inferior Sex." Nat C. Goodwin, the actor, from whom she was divorced in 1908. John Wesley, art director, was

an opportunity

.

BEATTY,

born

in Pittsburg, Pa.,

July

8,

1851, son of Richard

and Elizabeth (Wilson) Beatty. His father came to America from Scotland in 1828, and settled He early developed a talent for drawin Pittsburg. ing and received some primary training at home. He also studied engraving on copper and wood. In 187G he went to Munich and continued his studies with such purpose that he was elected to member-

Upon ship in the National Academy of Bavaria. his return to America he opened a studio in his native city. In 1887 he became principal of the Pittsburg Art School and held the position for eight years, during which he was instrumental in bringing the collection of Russian paintings by Verestchagin to Pittsburg. In 1893 he was a member of the world's

this appoint-

His official duties have prevented his being very active with the brush, but he has painted several canvasses of farm life, among them, "Return to Labor," which he etche.l himself and the plate "Plowing the Orchard," "The Potato Field,"

"The Clearing" and "The Plowman." Mr. Beatty belongs to a triumvirate who are pioneers in the management of art museums the other two being W. M. R. French, director of the Chicago Institute, and Halsey C. Ives, director of the St. Louis City Art Museum. These directors have had to make their own clientele, it might almost be said, as they went There was really no demand for the art along. museums that they built up. They created what was best for the people, not what the people wanted. Their success has been phenomenal; the institutions over which they preside having developed almost entirely within a decade, the Carnegie Institute In 1806 when the being the youngest of the three. cornerstone for the Carnegie library building was laid, nothing definite was decided about an art In July, 1905, Mr. Beatty went department. to Scotland to consult with Mr. Carnegie and a prospectus was drawn up for the purchase of a rare collection of casts. He made a number of important purchases including the entire facade of the Church of St. Giles in France, cast in plaster (the largest plaster cast in existence), and many reproductions in plaster of the sculptural treasures of the Trocaderoand other museums. In 1896 thetrusteesdedicated an annual income of $50.000 (which was increased by Mr. Carnegie in 1901 to $100,000) in perpetuity for the purchase of objects of art for a department of fine arts, and with this appropriation Mr. Beatty has been able to organize an art department, the principal feature of which is an annual exhibition and a series of awards that is truly The jury consists of leading artists international. of

London,

Paris,

Munich, The Hague and America,

so that every artist feels that to be accepted ;it Carnegie Institute, or to receive a medal there, is a greater honor than to exhibit or receive medals elsewhere in America, and artists abroad are beginning to estimate the exhibitions as next in importance to the Paris salon. Mr. Beatty visits Europe almost every year in order to keep in touch with what is being done in the art circles on the other side. While the major part of his executive duties have to do with the organization of exhibitions, there being no regular art school connected with the institute, lie has not been blind to the possibilities in assisting the public to an appreciation of the art works exhibited. Just as Mr. French in Chicago has arranged for normal instruction for the public school teachers, so Mr. Beatty has arranged for the training of the school children of Pittsburg. On certain days in the week they visit the galleries and make a study of the paintings and sculpture which is recognized by the school

authorities as part of the regular school curriculum. Such educational methods guarantee that the coming citizens of Pittsburg are sure to show an art culture that previous generations have lacked.

Samuel Chiles, fifteenth president of the University of South Carolina, was born at Coffeeville, Miss., Dec. 24, 1864, son of Morris Randolph and Grace Anne (Chiles) Mitchell, and grandson of Benjamin R. and Mary P. (Arnold) Mitchell,

MITCHELL,

In 1895 he was invited jury. he trustees of the Carnegie library to assemble a loan colled ion of paintings to be exhibited on the occasion of the dedication of the Carnegie library building, and in 189G he was appointed a life member of the board of trustees of the Carnegie Institute of

Columbian exposition I

>y

I

of Scotch-Irish descent.

He

attended the public

and was graduated at Georgetown College, Kentucky, with the degree of M.A. in 188S. During schools,

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY 1891-92 he attended the University of Virginia, and in 1899 received the degree of Ph.D. from the UniSoon after graduating he beversity of Chicago. came professor of history and Greek in Mississippi College; but in 1891 resigned to take the professorship of Latin in Georgetown College, which he held until 1895. During 1895-1908 he occupied the chair of history in Richmond College, and during

1908-09 was lecturer on history in Brown University. In 1908 Prof. Mitchell accepted the presidency of the University of South Carolina. This institution was founded in 1801 and had a successful course up to the time of the civil war. After that it had a somewhat checkered career, owing to the social and political readjustments that took place in South Carolina, but to-day it is thriving with more vigor than ever before; new buildings are being built, a young and aggressive faculty is at work, and it has the largest number of students in its history. It is the purpose of Pres. Mitchell "for this ancient col-

be related anew vitally to and to be responsive to the larger movements in the modern world;" and he is well As a teacher fitted to carry his ideas into practice. he is stimulating and suggestive, vitalizing the dry facts, seizing upon the salient features of an age or biography and re-creating them for his students. lege, rich in tradition, to

the national

life

His generalizations are brilliant, showing keen

in-

sight into character and tendencies. There is, moreover, a strong ethical element in his teaching \vhirh servos to energize his students toward purposeful lives; and through his stirring appeals many young men of the South enter every year into larger public To the country at large Pres. Mitchell is service.

best known as a writer and speaker on topics connected with the present educational renaissance in the South. As an active member of the southern education board and as a vigorous leader in educational conferences, both state and general, he is doing a work of vast import. He was associate editor of the "Religious Herald," Richmond, during 1900-08; president of the Anti-Saloon League of Virginia in 1901-03, and was rector of Virginia He Normal ami Industrial Institution, 1904-06. was a trustee of the Virginia Union University, Richmond Woman's College and a member of the HisVirginia Historical Society and the American He is the editor of a volume torical Association. on "Social Life" in the series entitled "The South in the Building of the Nation," and a contributor to magazines and the "Encyclopedia Americana." In 1904 Hainptlen-Sidney College conferred upon him the LL.D. degree, and in 1905 Furman UnivHe was married in ersity the degree of D.D.

Ky., June 30, 1891, to Alice Virginia, John A. Broadus, and has five chilJohn Broadus, Morris Randolph, William

Louisville,

daughter dren: Terry,

of

Mary Adams, and George

KNE1SEL,

Franz, Roumania, Jan.

violinist,

Sinclair Mitchell.

was born

in

Bucha-

Martin and His father was a musical Victoria (Lukas) Kneisel. director, and the son's education was conducted from the beginning with a view to a musical career. He studied the violin under Grun and Hehnesberger at the conservatory of music at Vienna, and was graduated at the Vienna Conservatory in 1882. At his first public appearance on Dec. 31, 1882, he played Joachim's violin concerto with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, with such success that he was at once engaged as solo violinist in iho orchestra of the Royal Court Theatre. Shortly afterward he became concertmaster of the famous Bilse Orchestra, of Berlin, and in 1885 he was appointed to the same position in the Boston Symphony Orchestra, since which he has been identified with American music. His appearance in Boston rest,

26, 1865, son of

89

was of a nature to embarrass a more season ed artist, for not only did his boyishness suggest less than his twenty years, but there was some ill feeling because he displaced the venerable Bernhard Listemann, who had been Boston's favorite violinist and leading musician for more than a generation. The young man chose the Beethoven concerto for his debut and immediately disarmed prejudice by the clarity and correctness of his tone and a display of that fine, impeccable taste that has since been the distinguishTheBrahmsand im: characteristic of all his work. Goldmark violin concertos were played for the first time in America by him with the Boston Symphony Orchestra position

in all the principal cities. of concertmaster of

He

held the

the Boston Symphony Orchestra for eighteen years, resigning in 1903 in order to devote the greater part of his time to the Kneisel Quartette, in connection with which his name is best known to the public.

Inasmuch

as this or-

ganization is universally regarded as one of the three best string quartettes in the world (by some the best), and indubitably the one that holds the most exalted place in America, a brief summary The of its career is given. quartette was organized at he suggestion of Henry L. the Higginson, founder of Boston Symphony Orchestra, soon after Mr. Kneisel 's arrival in America, and it gave its first concert in the latter part of 1885. Mr. Kneisel, of course, has always been the first violin. During the first season the other members were: Emanuel Fiedler, second violin Louis Svecenski, viola and Fritz Giese, violoncello. For four seasons thereafter Otto Roth was second violin, the other original members remaining, anil then for three seasons Anton Hekking was the violoncellist without changes in the higher parts. Alwin Schroeder became the violoncellist in 1891 and no other change occurred for nine seasons, after which Karl Ondricek was second violin for one season, and Since the beginning Julius Theodorowiez for five. of the season of 1907 Julius Roentgen has been second violin, and Willem Willeke violoncellist. Mr. Svecenski, therefore, has been interruptedly Mr. Kneisel's associate on the viola from the inception The quartette gives a series of of the organization. concerts every year in the principal cites of America, and in the course of its existence has played in most of the large cities of Great Britain as well. The exquisite refinement of the performances, the perfection of ensemble, the delicacy of expression, and all the qualities requisite for the proper interpretai

;

;

chamber music have never been excelled, and Mr. Kneisel will be accorded a high place among the world's great musicians for the success he has achieved in this field. Mr. Kneisel also has a reputation as a conductor. He conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra on one of its western tours and in a series of concerts at the world's fair For eleven years he was concertin Chicago. master and associate conductor at the Worcester (Mass.) musical festivals, and in 1897 he was appointed conductor of the orchestra of the festivals, a tion of

He position he held until his resignation in 1909. resigned from the Boston Symphony in 1903 in order to concentrate his attention on his quartette, and

for the same reason he declined the conductorship of the Philadelphia Orchestra, which was offered to him in 1907. The orchestral performances under his

90

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

direction were marked by much the same exquisite finish that characterizes the playing of the quartette,

a quality that cannot be attained without the most In 1905 Mr. exacting demands upon the players. Kneisel became head of the stringed instrument department of the Institute of Musical Art, New He York*cit'y, which position he still holds (1910).

"

war. His books include A Knight of the Cumberland "(1895), "A Mountain Europa" (1897), "The Kentuckians" (1897), "Hell for Sartin and Other Stories" (1899), "A Cumberland Vendetta" (1900), "Crittenden, A Kentucky Story of Love and War" (1900), "Bluegrass and Little Shepherd of

"The

Rhododendron" Kingdom Come"

(1901), (1903),

edited the "Kneisel Collection" (1900) for violin "Christmas Eve on Lonesome and Other Stories" nnil pianoforte, in three volumes, and is the author (1904), "Following the Sun-flag" (1905), and "The He TraU of the Lonesome Pine " (1908). Besides these he of "Advanced Studies for the Violin" (1910). has written many delightful stories of outdoor life for is a member of the St. Botolph and Harvard Musical clubs of Boston, vice-president of the Bohemia club, various current periodicals. His" best work, acNew York, and honorary member of many of the cording to popular judgment, is his Little Shepherd famous musical societies of Europe. In 1907 he was of Kingdom Come," which describes the scenes and appointed a member of the jury of the violin con- people of his youthful days. Since 1903 he has frecours of the Paris Conservatoire National de Musique quently appeared on the lecture platform and as a et de Declamation, an honor rarely conferred upon reciter of his own writings. Being a gifted amaMr. KneiseFs violin is a Stradivarius of teur actor and a splendid reader, these interpreforeigners. 1714, formerly the property of Prof. Griin, and is tations of his own characters are very popular and almost priceless in value. He was married in entertaining. His home is at Big Stone Gap, in Boston, Mass., in 1885, to Marianne Thoma, and Wise co., Va., near the Kentucky border, on the has four children, Victoria, Marianne, Franz and Powell river, between the Cumberland mountains and the Dividing Ridge ranges; wild and picFritz Kneisel. FOX, John [William], Jr., author, was born turesque, which parallel each other very close at Stony Point, Bourbon CO., Ky., Dec. 16, 1863, together. When, with about two dozen other son of John W. and Minerva (Carr) Fox. The first college-bred men, he settled at "The Gap" to fourteen years of his life were spent in the fa- engage in timber and mining speculation, he found mous bluegrass region of Kentucky, where he rode the locality terrorized by feudists. Law and order horseback and received his education exclusively were unknown. He took part in organizing a vigiat the hands of his father, who was a very lance committee, armed with Winchester rifles, which It is related patrolled the town and effectually suppressed the scholarly man of profound intellect. These incidents form a part of the latter that in his eightieth year, he at- disorderly element. tended an old-fashioned spelling bee in Virginia, of his story, "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine." composed of a large number of young school teachers Although the "Outlook" declares that "The Gap" and modern professors, and at the end of a contest is a place where no sane man would live, it turned and gave to literature the lasting three hours, "spelled down" everyone Mr. Fox to romancing At fifteen years of age John Fox, Jr., best interpreter of the dialects and character of the present. entered Kentucky University and went from there Kentucky and Cumberland mountaineers that it Mr. Fox was married, Dec. 13, 1908, to to Harvard University, where he was graduated in ever had. He was one of the leading actors in the Madame Fritzi Scheff, a noted grand and comic 1883. Harvard Dramatic Society and during a tour of the opera singer, a native of Vienna, whose mother, New England cities with that society, made a Frau Anna Jager, was a prima donna in the Imperial decided hit in a woman's part that of "Madame Opera House of Vienna, and whose father, Dr. Austrian physician Perrichon." Lacking the necessary funds to Gottfried Scheff, was a noted take him home he now became general reporter and surgeon. on the New York "Sun" in the summer and LINCOLN, Joseph Crosby, author, was born entered Columbia Law School in the fall. Soon at Brewster, Mass., Feb. 13, 1870, son of Joseph His father was a ship after he entered the service and Emily (Crosby) Lincoln. of the "New York Times," captain who died while on a voyage to Charleston, but the steady grind and S. C., in December of the year the son was born. confinement of his journal- He attended the village schools of Brewster and istic work and the cage-like Chelsea, Mass., until he was twelve years of age, when his mother removed to a suburb of Boston life of a great city, to one reared that he might complete his education in the schools in the outdoor freedom of cenOn leaving school he tried commerical of that city. tral Kentucky, impaired his health and he left New York in life, but after a short experience as a clerk in busi1885 for the Cumberland moun- ness and banking houses, he discovered that such / tains in southeast Kentucky. work was not congenial to his tastes, and abandoned While wandering about that it to study art, for which he had some native talent. the wellpicturesque and inspiring sec- He entered the class of Henry Sandham, known illustrator, and then opened a small studio tion, and dabbling in mining and timber lands, he began a with a fellow artist in Pemberton Square, Boston. Mr. Lincoln novel, "A Cumberland Ven- Finding their pictures difficult to sell, in detta," based upon one of began to write verse and humorous sketches, the real mountain feuds of order to meet expenses, and these literary effusions that section. The book was selling more readily than the pictures, their author a success and very soon led gradually slipped away from art into" literature. to others, all of which enjoyed a wide circula- In 1S9G he became associate editor of the Bulletin," tion. "Europa" had preceded it as a magazine the official publication of the League of American When Theodore Wheelmen. To it he contributed a poem and a serial and was also a success. Roosevelt organized the Rough Riders for the humorous sketch each week. His work was widely the attention of the Spanish-American war, Mr. Fox was on his way to quoted, and soon attracted To to become magazine editors, who solicited contributions. join them as a private, but was persuaded war correspondent for "Harper's Monthly." His supply their demands, he moved to New York, accounts of the war made interesting reading, and where he gave his entire attention to literary work. he also won laurels as field correspondent for In 1902 he published a collection of his verses under "Scribner's Magazine" during the Russo-Japanese the title of "Cape Cod Ballads." His first novel,

OF AMERICAN "Cap'n Eri," appeared in 1904, and the old sea-dog wno was its hero, immediately became, to use the phrase of the New York "Sun," "everybody's The book passed through many editions friend." in this country, and was widely read and highly Australia. praised in Great Britain, Canada and

The the

of original of the hero, a fisherman-philosopher coast, has been identified as ('apt.

New England

of Chatham, Mass., and the rescue in which he described as taking the leading part is one of the noted deeds of heroism in the life-saving service. Mr. Lincoln's next sea-story, "Partners of the Tide" more action, and less "long-shore" (I'.XI.)), contained philosophy than did "Cap'n Eri." It is a capital boy's book, being the narrative of a partnership between the captain of a coasting schooner and an orphaned lad. The youthful hero refuses to wreck the old vessel at the orders of the owners, am lie and the captain then engage in the work of salving stranded craft and their cargoes, a hard, laborious It is a business at which they greatly prosper. refreshing story with the salt breath of the sea blowing through it, and it contains that quality of realism which makes Mr. Lincoln's seaside romances so convincing. Following this he wrote "Mr.

Mayo,

is

I

Pratt" (190G), "The Old Home House" (1907), "Cy Whittaker's Place" (1908), "Our Village" (1909i, Mr. Lincoln was ami " Keziah Coffin" (1909). married May 12, 1897, to Florence E., daughter of Charles Sargent of Chelsea, Mass. They have one

91

elected as successor to Albert J. Hopkins, who his opponent, to the U. S. senate, his election being effected through a coalition of the Democratic members of the legislature and the anti-Hopkins Republicans. Both as a business man and a statesman, Sen. Lorimer is a fortunate combination of

was was

present-day business political needs mental quickness to grasp a fact or a situation, and executive forcefulness to organize his available forces to make He such situations business or political factors. is president of the Lorimer & Gallagher Co., the Murphy-Lorimer Brick Co., and the Federal Improvement Co. of Chicago. He was married in Chicago, in 1884, to Susan Mooney, and has eight children: William, Leonard, Ethel, Loretta, Loraine, Margery, Helen and Lenore Lorimer.

COMER, Braxton Bragg, thirtieth governor of HarAlabama (1907 ), was born at Spring Hill, co., Ala., Nov. 7, 184S, son John Fletcher and Catherine (Drewry) Comer, who moved to that state from Jones county,

bour

of

Georgia. descent. cation at

He is of Scotch-Irish He received his eduthe

University

of

Alabama, at the University of Georgia, and atEmoryandHenry College, Va., where he was In 1885 graduated in 1869. he removed to Anniston, Ala., and for five years was a member of the firm of Trapp & Comer. -

-

-'

son.

LORIMER,

William, manufacturer and U. S. senator, was born in Manchester, England, Apr. 27, 1861, son of William and Sarah (Harley) Lorimer. He came to America with his parents at the age l the family first settling in Detroit, Midi., but after a short stay there going to Port Sanilac and Bay City, Mich. From thence, in 1809, they settled upon a farm in Holmes county, O., and residence in finally, in 1870, made a permanent Chicago. In 1872 his father's death left him, a boy of tender years, to fight his own way in the world. His experiences in the lower social strata, while supporting the family as a bootblack and newsboy, have the savor of romance. At the age of fifteen he became apprenticed to a sign painter, next he engaged in the packing business, and during his employment by the Wilson Co., he familiarized himself with every department of the industry. Subsequently, while employed by Armour & Co. his health failed, and he became a street railway conWhile thus employed his ardent championductor. ship of James G. Elaine in 1884 marked the beginning of his political career, and the latter's defeat stimufive years,

lated this activity in local political organization,

which brought him prominence and political influHis occupation once more changed to that ence. of a house-painter, but in 1886 a favorable opportunity induced him to engage in the real estate

which subsequently brought him large years later he formed a partnership with William J. Murphy, under the name of Murphy & Lorimer, which firm is still conducting a building and brick-manufacturing business. Meanwhile Mr. Lorimer became one of Chicago's political organHe had been elected izers of the first magnitude. a member of the Republican central committee and later was appointed superintendent of the main water extension under Mayor Roche and superintendent of Chicago's water department under Mayor Washburn. In the election of 1892 Mr. Lorimer was the nominee of the Republican party for clerk of the supreme court, but was defeated, and during the same year was a delegate to the Republican national convention. In 1895 he was elected to the 54th congress and served by reelection in the 55th, In 1909 he 56th, 58th, 59th and 60th congresses.

business, returns.

BIOGRAPHY.

Two

wholesale merchants.

Settling

permanently in Birmingham, Ala., he was made president of

.\\!

\

the City National Bank in 1885, but three years later gave up banking to accept the presidency of the Avondale Mills and Central Cotton Mills, the latter located at Sylacauga. Mr. Comer's business career has been varied and like his political experience has produced results which justify the man. A quick thinker, he is decisive in carrying into action the opinions he thinks correct, and on this point rests his success in the commercial world as well as in His political career is as intricate as it is politics. It is the story of the honest business interesting. man suddenly awakened to the duties of civic righteousness,

and the herculean struggle against

political corruption which follows such an awakening. Single-handed, Mr. Comer forced his principles before the citizens of Alabama until in 1906 he was into a position to make a contest for the put

governorship.

The "white man's primary"

is

the

in the Gulf states, and before this went Comer, now known and feared, for his last With the assurance of struggle with the machine. a real leader, he told the public that what he wanted " He would in the ensuing election was everything. trouble them, if they pleased, for the governorship, the lieutenant-governorship, the rest of the commission, and both branches of the legislature." Then he could get laws for rate-making, against the real election

like. The state machine Comer was not a dreamer, and selected to oppose him a likely man in Dr. R. M. Cunningham, who was a natural orator, jovial and

pass and the lobby, and the

,iiow discovered that

a kind-hearted lieutenant-governor. Dr. Cunningham challenged Mr. Comer to a joint debate, and in this he fared as did the first opponent of Tom L. Johnson of Cleveland, in the latter's first campaign for mayor. In both cases it was a spell-binder against a man who was armed with a bludgeon of Dr. Cunningham's tributes to the beauty facts. of Alabama's women and the chivalry of her sous

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

92

fine as the heart could wish, but Comer freight rates; Cunningham cried out in polished periods for good roads; "everybody is for

were as stuck

to

good roads," replied Comer, "how about the pass evil and the lobby?'' Cunningham drew tears as he spoke for the "old veterans"; Comer replied that he was one of them, while Cunningham was not; but what about reciprocal demurrage? Then Cunningham came over to Comer's platform, and demanded more reforms than did Comer. Comer,

clinging to his man like a bulldog, replied that this was unconstitutional nonsense. The result of the campaign was that Comer carried sixty of the sixty-seven counties of the state and won the governorship by 20,000 votes. He took office in

filament in his incandescent lamp, set nis young assistant at work testing graphite for this purpose. The result was several thousand filaments l-40th of an inch wide and l-l,000th of an inch thick one-half the thickness specified by Edison as the smallest he had hoped for. Graphite disintegrated too rapidly to be continued in practical use as a filament, but his success in forming them is significant as Acheson 's first experiment with

the

substance

prominent part

which afterwards played such a in his career.

After nearly a year

January, 1907, and his term expires in January, 1911. Gov. Comer w.as married Oct. 1, 1872, to Eva, daughter of John and Sarah Harris of Cufhbert, Ga., both members of foremost families in Georgia, and has nine children.

ACHESON, Edward

Goodrich, inventor and born at Washington, Pa., March 9, 1856, son of William and Sarah Diana (Ruple) Acheson, and grandson of David and Mary His grandfather came to this (Wilson) Acheson. country from Glassdrummond, County Armagh, Ireland, in 1788 and settled at Washington, Pa., where he entered into partnership with his brother John, who had preceded him to this country, in the furnishing of government supplies for Indians and the army; he was a successful business man and at the age of twenty-five was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature, to which he was three times reelected. One of his sons, Marcus W. Acheson, was a circuit judge in the third district of the United States Court; another, Alexander Acheson, was judge of Washington county, Pa., and a third, William Acheson (1818-73), the father of Edward G., was a merchant and an iron manufacturer, as well as a man of scientific tastes. Edward G. Acheson received his education at the Bellefonte (Pa.) Academy. In 1872 he was taken from school and employed at his father's blast furnace. When but seventeen years of age, his father's death marked the beginning of a varied experience. He joined a civil engineer corps on railroad construction was ticket clerk on manufacturer,

was

;

a railroad later first assistant engineer on another railroad survey; was employed measuring and computing the capacity of ;

oil tanks in the oil country; then as a bookkeeper, following which he engaged with his brother in

mining iron

ore.

During this

time, however, his chief interest

was try,

in

and

electricity and chemisall his spare time and in studying

money were spent and experimenting.

CARBORUNDUM FORNACE

IN

OPERATION.

there, he was sent abroad as first assistant engineer for the Edison interests at the Electrical Exposition in Paris (July, 1SS1). Before going he had prepared, under Ellison's direction, a complete set of instruments for measuring the efficiency of incandescent lamps, consisting of a rheostat, condenser,

galvanometer, standard cell, resistance coils, Wheatson's bridge and Bunsen photometer. At the close of the exposition, Acheson remained with the Societ6 Edison Continentale, the company formed at Paris to operate the Edison patents in Europe, anil then engaged in the construction of machine He shops and lamp factory at Ivry-sur-Seine. as frequently sent out to install small lighting plants in various countries which were used as exhibits in the formation of local companies to work the Edison patents. Among these experiences were the installation of electric lights in the drawing room of the great Scala Theatre in Milan, Italy; a plant in a museum in Brussels, Belgium in the Hotel de Ville in Antwerp, Belgium; and in the Restaurant Kramopolsky, Amsterdam, Holland, each the first in their respective countries. Having been offered a better salary by the Italian company operating the Edison patents, he entered their employ and installed a plant at Udine, near Venice, one in Genoa, one in Pisa, .within sight of the leaning tower, one in Bergamo, and another one upon the side of the Alps above Lake Maggiore. Leaving ;

the Italian company early in 1883, he went to Before he Paris and engaged in experimental work on his was eighteen years of age he own account, endeavoring particularly to convert had invented a drilling machine heat into electrical energy, but without securing to be used in coal mining and practical results. Sickness and other hardships designed an electric dynamo, followed at Paris and London after his savings which subsequently proved to be identical with the were exhausted, but through the assistance of his Siemens apparatus, at that time unknown to him. former employer he returned to New York in In September, 1880, his ambition led him from January, 1884. There he reentered the Edison western Pennsylvania for his first trip to New York laboratory, which had become a part of the Edison He soon secured employment with Thomas A. Electric Light Company; later he became supercity. Edison at Menlo Park, N. J., as assistant draftsman. intendent of the Consolidated Lamp Company of His application was rewarded with promotion from Brooklyn; and afterwards was electrician of the the drafting room to the original experimental Standard Underground Cable Company of PittsWith indefatigable persistence, department and a closer acquaintance with the burg (1880-89). great "wizard." During the winter following, Mr. he pursued experimental work on his own account, Edison, who was seeking the best material for a but the only practical results so far had been his

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. an anti-induction telephone which he subsequently sold This wire to George Weatinghouse of Pittsburg. was made by coating a rubber-covered wire with invention in 1885 of wire, the patents for

graphite, then passing it through a copper solution, thus plating on it a tube of copper, over which was In-aided a layer of cotton, and this was soaked with asphaltum and then covered with a lead pipe. Thus the central wire and surrounding insulated tube of copper acted as the two conductors for a telephone circuit. After three years of comparative prosperity with the cable company, his ambition for further experimental work led to the formation of a small syndicate for that purpose, and the operations

of his discovery, Dr.

Acheson, as president of the spirit in the ultimate solution of these problems The sale was at first

company, was the moving

.

to powders and grains for polishing or grinding, as manufacturers of articles for abrasive purposes such as wheels, cylinders, sharpening stones, knife sharpeners, paper, cloth, etc., refused to utilize the new product, and a larger market

limited

depended upon the makers

of carborundum putting the finished articles. Among the first articles to be made were dental goods, and the it

into

an abandoned power house in Conceiving the idea that an plant necessary for experiments might lie

were conducted Allegheny Cily, electric

93

in

I'a.

self-sustaining, if a part of the electricity could be used for commercial purposes, he organized a com-

pany to furnish City,

electric lighting in Monongahela installed in November, IS'.II).

where a plant was

The value

of an

abrasive material

now became

uppermost in his mind. When making some furnace experiments in ISSli he had passed a quantity of hydrocarbon gas over highly heated clay and observed that the clay became impregnated with the carbon, increasing its hardness. Working upon this basic idea, with an improvised electric furnace, his labors were rewarded in March, 1S!)1, by the discovery in minute crystals of the substance commercially named carborundum, although it is a silicide of carbon. It is made from a mixture of coke, sand and salt fused in an electric furnace at a temperature slightly below that of the electric are, and the new substance, when cooled, is found in the form of crystals if great brilliancy and sharpness, besides being the hardest substance known, exHe organized the Carboruncepting the diamond. i

dum Company,

capitalized at $150,000, constructed

a small plant in Monongahela City, and secured a patent for the process Feb. 28, 1893. Although superior to either as an abrasive, the expense of manufacture prohibited competition with emery or corundum. Carborundum could only be used for such purposes as could pay a fabulous price for it, and the only purpose which met this condition seemed to be for the polishing of precious stones. Diamond powder then used for that purpose was 70c. per carat, or over $1.500 per pound. Carefully grading a quantity of carborundum powder, which he put into a homeopathic phial, Acheson went to New York to find his first market. Having satisfied the jewelers that it would do the work of the diamond powder, he obtained an order for a small quantity of carborundum powder at 40c. a The accumulation of these crystals grew carat. with improved methods, increasing the stock until the market, which was confined to gem polishers, failed to absorb the output and the price was reduced one-half, after which valve grinders began using it at a still lower price. It was soon evident that in order to make this new substance a great success, methods of manufacture must be devised which would enable successful competition vith the cheapest abrasive. The machinery for tue subsequent treatment of crude carborundum had to be created because it is used in an atmosphere filled with the sharpest cutting substance of the world. Other problems confronting the development of the industry were the introduction of a new product; new methods of making it; the use of electricity at the very birth of its new life; new machinery ar.d appliances; the learning of a new art to adapt the new material to existing uses, and added to this was the vital necessity of securing With capital willing to venture into a strange field. an unwreckable faith in the commercial possibilities

('

VIIB'JKUNDUM F

Buu\INI3.

sale of these brought in sufficient funds to provide for an exhibit at the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893, which led to the sale of one of the foreign In the folpatents (Austria-Hungary) for $20,000. low ing year additional European patents were sold by >r. Acheson for $00,000, and these funds, with I

the proceeds of a bond issue, enabled the company in 1X95 to move to an enlarged plant at Niagara Falls, in which was installed the largest electrical furnace in the world, and make a contract with the Niagara Falls Power Company for 1,000 h. p. Considering that this provided for twenty times the product of the former plant, which of itself was nearly double what the existing market absorbed, the during of the venture stands out vividly in the annals of American industrial development. In ten years the output had grown to 5,000,000 pounds yearly, and the plant had become the only complete abrasive plant in the world manufacturing carborundum in all forms for this purpose. After using all possible for abrasive purposes, a residue of twenty per cent, of the entire production was

waste until a profitable market for this by-product followed the discovery that it could be used for steel manufacturing as an economical substitute for

The capital of the company (1910) $600,000; it employs 500 hands, and uses h. of electrical current hi its furnaces. 5,000 p. The annual output is increased to 0,207,000 pounds. The company also manufactures metallic silicon, through a process invented by Dr. Acheson, of reduction direct from sand. To secure funds for this rapid extension of his industry Dr. Acheson had parted with stock sufficient to lose control of the carborundum company, and with it the presidency in July, 1901. This was a stunning blow, but he was soon devoting his energies to another discovery of even greater commercial advantage. Tn the early stage of the manufacture Dr. Acheson found in his carborundum furnaces a form of carbon having all the properties of graphite, which was due to the decomposition of carborundum, the silicon being vaporized and the carbon remaining as graphite. Further experiments demonstrated that graphite could be obtained in the same way from other carbides, and on Sept. 29, 1890, he obtained a patent for producing graphite ferro silicon. is

94

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA.

from amorphous carbon in the electric furnace. At first he devoted himself to the manufacture of graphite electrodes for use in electrolytes where amorphous carbon would be rapidly disintegrated, and in 1897 over 102,000 pounds of graphite were manufactured and marketed in this form. Meanwhile he continued his experiments in the production of graphite in bulk, and worked out a method of using anthracite coal, which proved to be the Addibest carbonaceous material for this purpose. patents covering the process of making graphite were granted to him Jan. 17, 1899, March In January, 13, 1900, June 17, and Oct. 14, 1902. 1899, the Acheson Graphite Co. was organized for in the following year this its manufacture, and company was merged with the International Acheson Graphite Co., capitalized at $3,000,000 (since reduced to $500,000) and of which Dr. Acheson is president. The company's works are located at Niagara Falls, N. Y., and in 1908 produced 7,385,000 pounds of graphite. This graphite is made into the form of electrodes, rods, bars and plates used in electrochemical and electro-metallurgical industries; in powder form for dry battery filler, paint pigment, electrotyping, lead pencils, graphited greases; also for all purposes of lubrication, and the manufacture of stove polish. Owing to its greater purity and uniformity, the Acheson graphite is superior to the natural graphite. After producing his artificial graphite he began experiments to determine the value of graphite as a crucible body. In these experiments he found that a weak clay, when treated with dilute tannic acid, would remain suspended in water, and was made so fine that it would pass through a filter It was deflocculated. paper. Knowing that clayworking was one of the most ancient of arts, he made a search of all available literature on the subject, but the only reference he could find to the use of vegetable matter in clay-working was in the Bible, where it records that the children of Israel used straw in making bricks for their Egyptian The fiber of straw being very weak, task-masters. Dr. Acheson concluded that it was not used as a mechanical binder, but for some other reason. He boiled some oat straw and found that the extract acted upon clay just as tannin did. From this he tional

1906, the refuse of anthracite coal mines being utilized as raw material. With a graphite eminently suited for lubrication purposes, his next effort was toward giving it the widest utility. Applying his principle of deflocculation, this graphite in molecular form remains suspended in water and when used as a substitute for oil is found to be more economical as a lubricant, not only in first cost, but reduction in power loss caused by the viscosity of oil lubricants, and more satisfactory for pneumatic tools because it eliminates the frequent explosions incident to the use of oil in air compressors. From deflocculated Acheson graphite and water was abbreviated

the name of this colloid "Aquadag." By an ingenious method of mixing aquadag with oil and evaporating the water a lubricant called "Oildag" was produced, the defloculated graphite remaining suspended in the oil. These products for superiority and advantages over any other kind of lubricant have attracted world-wide attention and general approbation from the entire mechanical and scientific world. The importance of this discovery can hardly be overestimated its possibilities are more far-reaching even than the production of carborundum or Acheson-graphite. Tests have demonstrated that an oil carrying so little as 0.35 per cent, by weight of graphite is very much more durable than the oil alone, in some cases lasting The Acheson Oildag more than twice as long Company, capitalized at $100,000, is now manuDr. facturing these lubricants at Niagara Falls. Acheson has obtained nearly fifty patents in the ;

United States and many in Europe upon his various inventions, those in addition to the ones previously mentioned being chiefly for electrical His discoveries and inventions are revoludevices. tionary in their character and give him rank not only among the foremost American inventors, but The also the most prominent scientists of the age. remarkable results secured by him in synthetic electrochemistry in the formation of carbides, as typified by carborundum in the electric furnace, was a successfid beginning which gave a wide stimulus to electrochemical experiments, and his discovery of a process for the deflocculation of nonfused, non-soluble, non-metallic amorphous inorganic bodies by the action of organic agents, marked the opening of another distinctive line of scientific development. The direct reduction from sand of metallic silicon the transformation of non-graphitic carbon into graphite almost perfect in its chemical purity; and the invention of processes for the unlimited adaptation of this substance as a lubricant are achievements any one of which would have brought world-wide fame to the inventor. Altogether his life work has opened up scientific possibilities in the industrial world beyond all He seemed naturally to present appreciation. possess the true scientific spirit and the ability ;

Without academic ilr:i\v logical conclusions. training, his appreciation of the scientific method for reaching practical results led him to insist that to

all

experiments be conducted so as to stand the

most rigid tests. Seldom in the world's history have such scientific qualities been found in an individual, combined with the practical business ability concluded that the Egyptians were familiar with this principle and he named clay so treated ami " dried Egyptianized Clay." In 1906, while experimenting with an electric furnace, and seeking for a product entirely foreign to graphite, he found in the output of the furnace a small amount of soft unctuous graphite a substance he had been As a result of striving to produce for five years. this discovery large quantities of unctuous graphite over 99 per cent, pure was soon being manufactured by a process which Dr. Acheson patented Nov. 20,

to

plan

intrri'-t

new machinery, devise new methods, ( I, one of the first proprietor- of Norwich,

who came from and was

>]

\

His wife was Mary Rudd, and from them of descent is traced through their son Thomas, who married Hannah Backus; their son Joseph, who married Ruth Post; their son Calvin, who married Lydia Denton, and who was Dr. Bingham's grandfather. His father was a native of Bennington, Vt., and engaged in the missionary work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in the Hawaiian Islands durThe son was prepared for college ing 1819-40. at Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Mass., and entering Y'ale College was graduated with the "famous' class of 1853. After serving one year as principal of the Northampton high school, he studied for the ministry at Andover Theological Seminary and was ordained in 1855. Immediately after his marriage, in 1856, he entered the service of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and with his wife sailed from C'onn.

the

PATTERSON, James Albert, clergyman, was born at Dayton. O.. Oct. 19. 1864, son of William John and Anna (Ford) Patterson, both natives of His father came to the United States in Ireland. 1851, settling at Dayton, O.. where he taught school. The s,m inherited from his father a thirst for knowledge, but the lack of means was an obstacle to a After passing through the ela-.-iral education. school for public schools, he taught in a country two years and his savings, supplemented by vacation earnings in the county recorder's office at Dayton, secured for He him a college education. was graduated at Heidelberg University in 1891, at the head

BINGHAM,

CYCI.oP.-KI

line

Boston for the Gilbert islands, arriving there in November, 1857. This island group, situated in the Pacific ocean, north and south of the equator, between 172 and 174 50' east of Greenwich, was inhabited by a tribe of fierce and naked savages among whom Dr. Bingham and his wife settled as the only white inhabitants of the region. At his ordination his father had charged him to make himself master of their language and to translate and publish the Scriptures, and the difficulties besetting his path in carrying out this injunction made of his subsequent romantic career an example of perseverance and devotion to duty rarely if ever surpassed. The couple lived in a tiny hut built by the natives, and their meagre food consisted

of

fish,

nuts,

and pandanus

fruit.

The

climate was almost unendurable, and during nine years of suffering and privation they sowed the seed of Christianity among the savages and applied themselves to the task of learning the native language and reducing it to writing, an achievement which had not been paralleled since John Eliot's translation of the Bible for the Indians. Dr. Bingham translated the New Testament books of Luke and John, and his wife some school books. In 1865 they were forced by ill health to remove to Honolulu, where the missionary completed his translation of the New Testament. During 1866-68 he was in command of the missionary brigantine Morning Star. Returning to the Gilbert Islands in the summer of 1869 to continue his work of civilizing the islands, he found the natives relapsed into their former savage state, but far from being discouraged he began his work all over again. He and his wife remained there until 1875, when failing health compelled him to abandon all attempts to work in the Gilbert Islands. While residing at Honolulu, they spent the greater On his part of each year among the islanders. fifty-second birthday Dr. Bingham began the translation of the Old Testament, a task that was tropical

made more

difficlut

by

his

poor eyesight, and

in

the spring of 1893, after an absence of nearly thirty years from the LInited States, he saw the last portion of the manuscript of the entire Bible set in type at the Bible House, New York city. Besides the Gilbertese Bible, he is also the author of "A Gilbertese Grammar in English" (1861); Gilbertese "Story of the Morning Star" ilsiiii Hymn and Tune Book" (1890); "Gilbertese Bible Dictionary" (1895); "Gilbertese Commentary on Matthew" (1904); "Gilbertese Commentary on the Four Gospels" l!M)5i; " Gilbertese Commentary ou Acts" (1906); " Gilbertese-English Dictionary " (19J8K and "Commentary of the New Testament in the Gilbertese Language" (1908). His Gilbertese-English dictionary, partially finished and almost ready for publication, was lost through ;

i

OF AMKIUCAN BIOGRAPHY. the carelessness of an English philologist, anil the monumental task of replacing the manuscript required the better part of ten years. The work accomplished by Dr. Bingham, besides the creation of a new written language, includes the civilization of a people anil their conversion to the Christian faith, and so successful was he in in this that visitors Gilbert islands now listen skeptically to the to the stories of the former condition of their inThe degree of D.D. was conferred habitants. upon him by Vale and Western Reserve universities in 1893 and Oahu C'ollge, Honolulu, in 1897. He was married at Northampton, Mass., N'ov. IS, to Minerva Clarissa, lS.">li, daughter of ('apt. Jonathan Brewster, a lineal descendant of Elder William Brewster, by whom he had two sons, William Brewster and Dr. Hiram Bingham, 3d.

Mrs.

Bingham

Mil.. Oct.

LV>,

died in 1903.

He

died at Baltimore,

19(>s.

Charles Eugene, author, was born 3, 1X52, son of Seth Lee and Sarah Maria (Hubbell) Hanks, grandson of Nehemiah and Isabella (Lee) Banks; greatgrandson of Nathaniel Banks, and great-greatgrandson of George Banks, whose grave is one of the earliest in Trinity Churchyard, New York. All of his ancestors were New England pioneers and home guard soldiers, his father having been one of the York state minute num. Charles E. Banks spent his boyhood on his father's farm, with the most meager opportunities for education, In his mother being for a time his only teacher. 1871 he engaged in the grocery bsuiness at Wyoname of Grace eV and la under the Banks, ming, afterward became a travelling salesman for mercantile concerns of Davenport, la., and Chicago, 111. He began newspaper work by publishing a small weekly paper in Wheatland, la. He pub" American Commercial Traveler in lished the " 'hit-ago, during 1885-87, and the Weekly Outlook" in Davenport, la., during 1896-97. After spending two years as a reporter on the Chicago Herald," he published, during 1x92 ill, in conjunction with a Col. Nat Reed, the "Banner of

BANKS,

in Clinton county, la., April

,

'

(

Gold," a weekly.

In 1893 he delivered a series

of lectures in several western states, the principle one of which was called the "Sunny Side of Life." In 1896 he became city editor of the Davenport

"Daily Republican," and the following year went to Cuba as war correspondent for the Chicago "Inter-Ocean." Returning in " 1899, he became Register Gazette," city editor of the Uockford (111. and in 1901 literary editor of the Chicago "American," changing to a similar position with the Chicago "Examiner" in 1904. Meanwhile, for four seasons beginning with 1901, he made a tour with Opie Read, giving literary readings under the management of the Central Lyceum Bureau. His first published work was a volume of poems entitled "Quiet Music" (1893), which was fol" Where Brooks Go lowed by a similar volume, These efforts aroused much (1895). Softly" (la.)

)

favorable

comment,

their

genuine poetic spirit and depth of feeling making a wide appeal. The "Chicago Evening Journal" said, "these poems are musical to a rare degree; from first to last they are redolent of the woods and musical bird notes and the lowing of herds. They display a knowledge of human nature no less than of inanimate nature." His first novel was entitled "In

Hampton Roads" (1898), which was followed by In the same year Child of the Sun" (1900).

"A

another volume of poems, "Sword and Cross," was published. In 1902 appeared his "Theodore Roosevelt A Typical American," and a life of

De Witt Talmage; and History

and

in 1907,

Catastrophe,"

and

"San Francisco, "John Dorn,

99

the

Promoter,"

latter

constituting

a

persuasive

document in the encouragement of the preservation of American forests. His other writings are "By Two and Two" and "The Spider" (illustrated poems, 1907), a dramatization

of his earlier novel,

Hampton Roads" (1907), "An American Woman," a drama (1907), "Idols" and "Vibra"In

tions" (1909), a

He

drama dealing with metaphysical

also a constant contributor to the "Century Magazine," "Youths' Companion," ami the "Saturday Evening Post." Mr. Banks, while primarily a poet^ has a clear understanding of the conditions of modern commercialism, anil his prose style is at once picturesque and convincing. Having been without the advantages of a college education, his success is entirely due to a native genius combined with individual effort.

subjects.

is

He is fond of outdoor life, and an amateur hunter, He is a member of the fisherman, and gardener. \\estiTn Authors' Association, of which he was twice president; the Wheatland (la.) Mental Culture Society, which he organized, and served as president; the Chicago Bohemia, and The Owls, He is also a member of the Chicago Press Club, of which he was recording secretary and viceHe was married in Chicago, president and director. Apr. 3, 1892, to Carrie Wyatt Lounsbury, daughter of Wyatt Birdsall of San Francisco, Cal.

STONE,

Isaac Frank, manufacturer, was born in Mar. 2, 1867, son of Theodore and Mary S. (Owen) Stone. His first American ancestor was John Stone, one of the original settlers of Guilford, Conn., who came from Herefortl, England, in 11139 with William Leete (q.v.). Theodore Stone, his father, was a native of Lockport, N. Y., and a merchant, who married the daughter of Hibbard Owen of Wyoming, N. Y. Isaac W. Stone, a eaplain of the war, afterward was one of the first settlers of Rochester, N. Y. I. Frank Stone was educated in the public schools of Chicago. He began his business career in 1884, in the office of Shaw & Co., commission merchants. Rollins, Four years later (18S8) he

Chicago,

111.,

organized the firm of I. F. St me. to engage in handling chemicals, and in 1X90 the i

style of to'

which was changed & Ware. In 1906

Stone

he established the National Aniline and Chemical Co., of which he is president. This at capitalized $500,000, is recognized as the largest in the country dealing in American aniline colorsand by-products, their factories being at Buffalo, N. Y., under the name of the

company,

Schoellkopf,

Hanna

Co., of

Hartford & which he has

been vice-president since He is also a director 1900. of the Contact Process Co., of Buffalo. Mr. Stone is a Repub^can in politics, and a member of the Society of Chemical Industry, the illege of Pharmacy, the Chamber of Commerce(New York), the advisory committee of the Metropolitan

(

'i

Bank, Palestine Commandery of Knights Templar, and of the New York Athletic, Chemists, City and Lotos clubs and the Drug and Chemical Club. He was married in Chicago, 111., June 5, 1889, to Mary L., daughter of James W. Peck, and they have twochildren: Grace H., and Truman Stone. He has a summer residence in Greenwich, Conn., where he is a member of the Yacht Club, Casino and Golf Club, and a trustee of the Brunswick school.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

100

Keteltas, actor, was born

earnestness in working for the betterment of social

at Wolfe Island, Ontario, Canada, Sept. 6, 1869, son of James H., and Clara Cynthia (Morgan) Hackett. His father (q.v.) was an American actor of note, especially celebrated for his portrayal of

Another Sutro play "John Glayde's Honor," produced by him m November 1907, was also notable as an effort in the same direction. The season of 1908-09 saw a revival of several of his earlier successful plays with undiminished power of attraction. Mr. Hackett was married, May 2, 1897, to Mary Mannering, a well-known English Mrs. Hackett brought suit for divorce actress. in 1908. Mr. Hackett has the reputation of being one of the most active producing managers of the day. Under his management is the Hackett theatre in New York, and he directs his own tours. Mr. Hackett is an enthusiastic hunter. His clubs include The Players, The Strollers, Lambs, Alpha Delta Phi, and New York Athletic.

HACKETT, James

Falstaff and Rip van Winkle, and his mother was an actress of some celebrity whose grandfather, Rev. Abraham Keteltas, was chaplain of the continental congress. Young Hackett early developed a taste for dramatic performances, setting up a

play theatre in his home at the age of twelve years. After attending the New York public schools he entered the College of the City of New York, and was graduWhile at colated in 1S01 lege

he engaged actively in foundtheatricals,

ideals.

amateur

the Amateur Dramatic Club there, and winning his first successes in its productions. He also took part in political campaigns, being interested in the propaganda of Henry ing

:

George, in whose campaign for the mayoralty of New York he laid the foundations for an in civic intelligent interest affairs, which remained characAfter studyteristic of him.

ing law for a year at the New school, he yielded for the to his inclination stage, and joining the A. M.

York law

Palmer's stock company, made his first professional appearance as Francois in "The Broken Seal" at the Park theatre, in PhiladelThrough the withdrawal phia, Mar. 28, 1892. of a leading member of the company he was promoted to the latter's place, a heavy character part, and at once scored a success. Shortly after this he was engaged as leading man by Lotta, and then

He went on joined Augustin Daly's company. the road during the season of 1893-94, appearing " " in The Private Secretary," Madame Sans Gene," in which he made a hit as Count de Neipperg, with

Katherine Kidder, and "The Queen's Necklace," with Mrs. Brown Potter and Kyrle Bellew. His work as Dangerfield in Carton's " Home Secretary" an anarchist role, attracted the attention of Daniel Frohman, and he was invited to enter upon a star engagement at the Lyceum " theatre, New York. His appearance here in the Prisoner of Zenda," in February, 1896, established him as a metropolitan favorite. Two years later he made a highly successful starring tour in this same play, and in its sequel, "Rupert of Hentzau," and Alfred Sutro's "The Pride of Jennico." He starred with his own company in 1898 in "The Tree of Knowledge," and the same year added to his laurels in the part of " Mercutio with Maude Adams in Romeo and Juliet." In 1901 he became his own manager and associating

Harrison Grey Fiske and Maurice Campbell, formed the Independent Booking Agency, himself with

opposition to the theatrical syndicate. The agency was dissolved in 1904. Among other plays produced by Mr. Hackett were "Don Caesar's in

McLANE, John, fifty-seventh governor of New Hampshire (1905-06), was born in Lennoxtown, Scotland, Feb. 27, 1852, son of Alexander and Mary (Hay) McLane. His father, who was a wood-engraver, brought his family to Manchester, N. H., in 1853. The son was educated at the public schools of that city, and early in life turned his attention to mechanical pursuits, for which he had a special aptitude. He became an expert wood-worker, and for several years was engaged as a journeyman in the manufacture of furniture. Not satisfied to remain an employee, in 1876, he established himself as a manufacturer of furniture and Not long afterward office fittings at Milford, N. H. he began the manufacture of post-office boxes, locks and other post-office equipments to which he has added various improvements, some of his own design. Each year his business grew to be more prosperous until he became recognized as the foremost manufacturer in his special line in the United States. The McLane Manufacturing Comin Milford occupies 40,000 square pany's factory employs 100 workmen, and supplies furnishings to 10,000 post offices throughou tthe country. Gov. McLane is known as the friend of labor, and at the same time possesses the confidence of capiIn the fullest sense he talists and manufacturers. feet,

is

He

progressive,

public-spirited

and philanthropic.

entered polities in 1885, when he was elected to the New Hampshire state legislature. He was reflected in 1887, and in 1891 he represented his district in the state senate, becoming president In of that body, and being reflected in 1893. 1900 he was a delegate to the Republican national New convention. He was elected governor of Hampshire in the fall of 1904, and took the oath of office in January, 1905. During his administration occurred the peace conference between Japan and Russia, held at the navy yard in Portsmouth, N. H., 1905. This meeting was the direct August, result of Pres. Roosevelt's (q.v.) suggestion to the belligerents in the hope that peace might result. first

Upon their arrival in New Hampshire the Russian and Japanese plenipotentiaries were the guests of Gov. McLane, and when the conference was opened on August 9th, he gave them an official welcome on behalf of the United Sttaes. Since his first term in the legislature he has been greatly in demand as a platform speaker, especially as chief orator on

He is a 33d degree Mason, was public occasions. "John grand-master of the grand lodge of New Hampshire, Ermine of the Yellowstone," after a story by 1898, and in 1905 became illustrious commanderFrederic Remington; "The Secret of Polichinelle," in-chief of the Nashua Scottish Rite consistory. an adaption from the French of Pierre Wolff, He has been a director of the Souhegan National "The Crown Prince," a satirical romantic fantasy, Bank of Milford since 1885, and its president since In 19D."i 1891. Gov. McLane was married March 10, 1880, revealing his powers of light comedy. he starred with his wife, Mary Mannering. in Alfred to Ellen, daughter of Eben Tuck of Milford, and has Sutro's "The W alls of Jericho," a comedy that, four children: Clinton A., Hazel E., wife John strongly satirized the foibles of "society" and Alexander Clark of Evanston, 111., John R., and gave him a vehicle fo the expression of moral Charles M. McLane. Return,"

"The

Chance

r

Ambassador,"

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. manufacturer, was born at Dec. 31, 1849, son of Daniel Waldo ami Frances Fiske (Merrick) Lincoln. His first American ancestor was Samuel Lincoln, who came from Hingham, England, in 1637. From him and his wife Martha the line of descent is traced through his son Samuel, who married Deborah Hersey; their son Jedediah, who married Bethiah Whiton; their son Enoch, who married Rachel Fearing; their son Levi, who married Martha Waldo, and their son Levi Lincoln, who married Penelope Winslow Sever and was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Levi Lincoln, Sr., was attorney-general of the United States under Pres. Jefferson, and lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts; and his son, Levi, was governor Mr. Lincoln of Massachusetts during 1825-34. was educated at private and public schools at Worcester and at Harvard University. After graduating at the latter in 1870 he studied chemistry at the Lawrence Scientific School for a In 1872 he entered into partnership \\iih year. his cousin Joseph Parker Mason, under the linn name of Mason & Lincoln, for the purpose of dealing in iron, steel and heavy hardware but the business proved uncongenial to Mr. Lincoln and in 1874 the partnership was dissolved. In the previous year he had become associated with William Everett Cutter, under the firm name of W. E. Cutter & Co., for the manufacture of copperas, for which purpose they had acquired an In |s76 established plant in Worcester, Mass. the firm entered into the manufacture of Venetian red, a dry paint made from the impure copperas that comes from the bottoms of the crystallizing It was the second firm in the t'niied Slates vats. to engage in such business, all Venetian red having In iss'.l been imported previously from England. the firm of W. E. Cutter & Co. was dissolved ami Mr. Lincoln continued the business alone under the name of Ferric Chemical and Color Co., until 1893, when he sold the plant to the Washlmrn & Moen Manufacturing Co., and retired from active business. In May, 1894, he and his family sailed to Europe for a two years' visit. Since his return to Worcester he has devoted his time to historical and genealogical studies. He published in 1902 a genealogy of the Waldo family of which the Boston "Evening Transcript" said, "Not only has Mr. Lincoln earned the warmest thanks of all those who bear the name of Waldo, and of those whose grandparents bore this name, for he followed the female lines to the third generation, but he has added to the bibliography of American genealogies one of the most complete and well gotten-up books that come under this heading." In 1901 he contributed an article on "The Province Snow, Prince of Orange," to the proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. In October, 1906, he contributed a memoir of Stephen Salisbury of Worcester to the New England historical and genealogical He was for several years director of register. the Worcester Gas Light Co., the Merchants & Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Co. and the Central National Bank of Worcester a member of the board of investment of the Worcester County Institution for Savings and, for ten years, trustee and treasurer of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He is at present a director of the Providence & Worcester Railroad Co.. and a trustee of the Worcester Memorial Hospital, of the Home for Aged Men, and of the Rural Cemetery. During 1889-95 he was a director of the Worcester Public Library. In politics he was a Democrat, until the silver question arose, but has had no strong party affiliations since. In 1896 he was a delegate to the gold Democratic convention at Indianapolis,

LINCOLN, Waldo,

Worcester,

Mass.,

;

and was a candidate

101 for

secretary

of

state

of

Massachusetts on the gold Democratic ticket of that year. He is a member of the American Antiquarian Society of which he has been president since October, 1907, when the Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale retired the New England 'HistoricGenealogical Society, the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Historical Society,

and of several minor historical associations. He was married June 24, 1873, at Worcester to Fanny, daughter of George, and Josephine (Rose) Chandler of Worcester, and has had five children Merrick, Josephine Rose, Daniel Waldo, George Chandler and Dorothy Lincoln. :

EWING, Thomas, Jr., lawyer, was born at Lra venworth, Kan., May 21, 1802, son of Thomas and Ellen (Cox) Ewing. His father (q.v.) (18299(ii was a prominent statesman identified with the early history of Kansas and a brigadier-general in the civil war; he married a daughter of Rev. William Cox of Piqua, O., and his grandfather, also Thomas Ewing, was U. S, senator and member of the cabinet of Presidents Harrison and Taylor. His first American ancestor was Thomas Ewing, who settled in Greenwich, N. J., in 1718, a son of Find ley Ewing of Lower Loch Lomond, Scotland. He married Mary Maskell and the line of descent is traced through their son Thomas, who married Sarah Yickars; their son George, who married Rachel Harris; their son Thomas, who married Maria Wills Boyle, and their son Thomas, who was tin lather of the subject of this sketch. Thomas Ewing, Jr., began his education in the public schools Lancaster, O.; he spent two years at Wooster University (1879-81), and entering Columbia I'nivc-rsity was graduated in 1885, receiving the He then attended the degree of A. M., in 1886. Columbia Law School in ISX7 ss and the Georgetown University Law School, being graduated LL.B. at the latter in 1890. At Columbia he was a prize fellow in science during 1885-88, and also tutored in the school of mines. During his law studies in Washington he served as an assistant examiner at the patent office. After being admitted to the bar of New York state he began his practice alone. Later, in 1893, the firm of Ewing, Whitman it Ewing was formed, his father, Henry H. Whitman, and his brother Hamilton Denman Ewing being the Mr. Whitman other members. withdrew in 1906, and the firm the became Ewing & Ewing. Mr Ewing has made a specialty of patent law, and has been engaged He has in some notable eases. solicited some very important patents, notably the fundamental patent of Frank J. Sprague on his multiple unit system of electric train operation and Prof. M. I. Pupin's patents on long-distance telephony. Mr. Ewing is also president of the Current Literature Publishing Co., of New York, and a director of the Crocker-Wheeler He was twice Democratic Co. nominee for mayor of Yonkers, his home city, but was defeated both times. He is a trustee of the New York Juvenile Asylum, and in Yonkers he is vicepresident of the St. John's Hospital and of the Sprainridge Hospital, on the advisory board of the

at

Yonkers Homeopathic Hospital and Maternity, and a director of the Holywood Inn, a workingmen's club of Yonkers. He was a member of the school board of Yonkers during 1897-1903, and a member of the police board, 1905-07. Mr. Ewing is the

THK NATIONAL CYCLOP/EDIA

102

author of a play, "Jonathan" (1900)

He

a

member

of the

verse.

in

New York

University Club, the Columbia University Club, the Engineers' Club, is

and member

of

the American

Institute of Elec-

Engineers and the Ohio Society, of which he has been a vice-president. He is also a member He was married in Yonof the Kansas Society. kers, N. Y., Oct. 24, 1894, to Anna Phillips, daughter of William Francis Cochran, and has six children: Alexandra, Thomas, William Francis Cochran, Sherman, Clifford Cochran, and Ellen Cox. trical

BUSH, Rufus Ter, merchant, was born in Tompkinscounty.N.Y., Feb.22, 1840, son of Peter T. and Phebe (Sutherland) Bush. His first American ancestor was Jan Bosch, a native of Holland, who emigrated from Teellust in 1662 and landed at New His wife was Amsterdam. Rachel Vermilye, and the line of descent is traced through their son Johannes, who was an officer in the militia for

Dutchess and Ulster counties and also was a member of the colonial legislature during 171628,

and who married Lysbeth their son, Hen-

Henderixsen

;

drick Ter, who married Rachel their Freer; son, Peter Ter,

who married Sarah

Griffin

son, Richard Ter,

who married

;

their

Susanna Waters, and their son, Peter Ter Bush, our subject's father. During the of Rufus T. Bush the family reearly childhood moved to Holly, Orleans co., N. Y., where he was brought up on his father's farm and attended the In 1851 another move was made, district schools. this time to Michigan, and he continued his studies at the Lansing (Mich.) High School, the Michigan Agricultural School, and the Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti, being graduated at the last with honor in 1861. After teaching school for a while, he began his business career as a salesman of sewing machines for a Chicago firm. His success in this and other enterprises brought him sufficient capital to invest in the petroleum oil business in partnership with Walter P. Denslow, who for some time had been carrying on a business in petroleum with inadequate capital. The new firm put out brands of refined oil under the trademark of "Peerless" and "Premium Safety," and despite the destruction of their works by fire the firm of Bush & Denslow enjoyed great prosperity, and their oils won fame throughout the entire country and abroad. Subsequently the business was taken over by the Standard Oil Co., and Mr. Bush retired from active business, devoting the remainder of his life to the management of his He was a life-long student and estate and to travel. a

man

of

much "

literary

and

artistic

taste.

He

Illustrated American Magazine," established the in 1887. He established the Hall Memorial library, presenting it to the town of Ridgeway, He traveled throughMich., in memory of his wife. out Europe, and made a journey around the world in his private yacht, the Coronet, stopping at the Hawaiian islands, Japan, and India. His yacht, the Coronet, became famous as the winner of a race across the Atlantic ocean in 1887, defeating the Mr. Bush Dauntless, owned by Caldwell Colt. was married at Ridgeway, Mich., Apr. 9, 1862, to Sarah M., daughter of Jonathan Hall, and had two sons, Irving T. and Wendell T. Bush. Immediately after his death his large estate was incorporated by his widow and sons under the title of The Bush

which was instrumental in establishing the Bush Docks at South Brooklyn, N.^Y. (For Mr. Bush died particulars see Bush, Irving T.) N. in Brooklyn, Y., Sept. 1.5, 1S90. BUSH, Irving' Ter, transportation expert and born at Lewanee, Mich., July 12, was capitalist, 1809, son of Rufus T. and Sarah M. (Hall) Bush. He received a good private education. Immediately upon the death of his father, in 1890, he was called upon to assume important business responsibilities. Early in his experience as a merchant he realized that one of the most serious economic problems confronting New York city, was the proper handling of its enormous amount of freight. Owing to the phenomenon of almost magical growth as a commercial metropolis of world-wide significance and the home of busy millions, New York has been Co., Ltd.,

many perplexing questions of accommoda-

subject to

and adjustment, but none more

difficult than that of adequate freight handling. So, in 1895, he began his struggle with the vital problem by organising six warehouses in conjunction with a He-e pier on his waterfront at South Brooklyn. he planned to handle freight cheaply and quickly for the harassed wholesaler of Manhattan who was being compelled 'to cart his incoming shipments from various local piers to his stockroom, thence reshipping to out-of-town customers, and all the time having to bear not only the several costs for carriage, but also to pay the highest known rates for labor employed. Therefore, to create a center of greatest utility and advantage, a terminal was built by Mr. Bush, though the railroads had

tion

regularly ignored Brooklyn, even when he placed before transportation authorities convincing arguments in favor of the future development of the Persuasive logic failing to change the fixed locality. opinions of railroad officials, Mr. Bush resorted to a simple ruse whereby to attain his end. Sending an agent to Michigan, he instructed him to purchase a hundred carloads of baled hay, which was to be offered for shipment in various lots at different railroad stations, always with the provision that it must be delivered in the original car at the Bush plant. This led the Western railroads to query their Eastern representatives about the delivery of the hay, and at length the Baltimore and Ohio Once the way was railroad accepted the contract. opened, other roads followed the example set and entered negotiations with the new terminal in

South Brooklyn. From this unpretentious origin has grown one of the principal freight-handling First organized as sections of Greater New York. Co., Ltd., the business became the Bush dozen years of continuous Co., in 1902.

The Bush Terminal

A

operation have brought about extraordinary expansion despite a peculiar prejudice of New Yorkers against any possible business facilities in Brooklyn. But the following figures are irrefutable. There are now seven piers, each a quarter of a mile long, 1,50 feet wide, with intervening spaces of 270 feet; thirty-three steamships have been unloaded at them at one time, and it has been computed that the Bush Terminal handles 10 per cent of the total number of steamships coming to New York, a percentage that equals 15 per cent of the total tonnage received at this port. There is a system of approximately 120 modern warehouses, and three huge model loft buildings of 300,000 square feet capacity each erected, at a cost of $600,000, and twenty more of these structures are projected for the future needs of the cramped wholesaler and Under the title of the Bush Terminal jobber. Railroad Co., the company owns and operates a two-mile track system through Brooklyn which connects with the Pennsylvania lines; terminal yards with a capacity of 1,500 freight cars; twenty-

THE NEW YORK

^ARY

.

\Mi:i!lc\\ of track and iiiiineroiis locomotives, The de-tails of towboats, barges, etc. the everyday working of this terminal have been admirably arranged. Freight cars are lined up at shipping platforms extending (()() feet in length, and they arc approached from cither side by the terminal" force and by carts and trucks. A shipper upon any floor of a building need only load his merchandise upon shipping trucks, attach a tag indicating its destination, and push il on one ot the three-ton freight elevators of the building, when the rest of the work is done by the. Hush Terminal Co. Double loading is also done at the piers, where a vessel is worked at from the dock on one The plant at side, and from barges on the other. present (l!ll(() covers 200 acres wiln a total value of .fJO.OOO.OOO, and this vast accumulation of property is entirely to ttie credit of its pnijerhii, who-ii- keen foresight sensed the value of the site of his great experiment, when others thought such a venture nothing less than quixotic. In conir.-i distinction to the earlier general attitude of inas to the feasibility of the South Brooklyn credulity terminal, it is noteworthy to observe thai the municipal authorities have followed the lead of Mr. Bush, for the New York dock department secured an appropriation wilh which to build a series of city piers, adjoining his terminal. le was to Miss Belle married, first at Kidgway, Mich Barlow, by whom he had two children, Beatrice Harlow and Kleanor T. Bush. Me was divorced in 19011, and on April '27, 11107 was married again to Mrs. Maud Howard Beard, by whom he has one son, RufusT. Bush. five

miles

car-floats,

1

I

,

MKKIK.YPHY.

ancestor on the paternal side was Francis Cook, who came over on the Mayflower and on the maternal side Robert Hicks, who arrived at Plymouth on the Fortune- in U12I. His maternal great-grandmother was Elizabeth Hicks, and his great-grandfather was Com. Benjamin Cooper. John H. Prentice was educated at St. Mark's School at Southboro, Mass., during 1X.X9 (II, and at Columbia College, where he was graduated A.B. in 1X97, and received the degree of A.M. in INKS. During his college career he was captain of the Columbia boat crew for two years, being the first capiam of a Columbia crew to win an eight-oar race at the Poughkeepsie intercollegiate races. He was a member of the Delta Psi fraternity. After traveling for a year or more, he entered the banking house of Strong, Sturges & Co., where he remained four years. lie then associated himself wilh the firm of Kinnicut it I'otter, bankers, and in 19(10 the firm of Potter, Choate it Prentice was formed. Mr. Prentice is a director of the Alabama & (ireat Southern, and of the Virginia it Southwestern railroad companies. He is interested in all out-door sports, especially shooting and fishing. lie is a member of the Knickerbocker, Union, Racquet and Tennis, University. Metropolitan, Midday and St. Anthony clubs of New York, and of the Tuxedo and the Boone and Crockett clubs, lie was married in June. I'.IIKI, to Kate Sheldon, daughter of Alfred ('. Harrison of Philadelphia, and has two daughters, Caroline Cooper and Kate de Forest Prentice.

EARL, Edward,

banker, \\.as born at Elizabeth, son of William Alexander Crane and Phoebe Ogden (Magic) Earl, and a descendant of Edward Earl, a nat i\ e of York, England, who came to America in KiiiO, settling first at Barbadoes, afterward in Maryland and finally at His wife was Hannah Si-caucus, N. J., in Iti7li. Baylis of Maryland, and their son was Edward Earl, who married Elsie Alice (Vreeland), daughter

N.

POTTER,

Eliphalet Nott, banker and broker, IS7S, son Schenectady, N. V., Aug. of Eliphalet Nott and Helen Fuller) I'otter, and a descendant of John Potter who settled in ihe New Haven colony in 1039. His father (IS.'fli 1001) was a son of Bishop Alonzo Potter of Pennsylvania. who married a (laughter of Eliphalet Nott, fourth president of Union College, and a brother of Henry C. I'otter, P. E. bishop of New York, and was president of Union College for twelve years and

was born

at

'.I,

i

of liobart College for sixteen years. The subject of this sketch received his education at (irotun He began his business School, Massachusetts. career in 1897 with the firm of Spencer Trask & Co., York, for the purpose of learning banking,

New

and was made a member

of

Spencer Trask

A:

Co

Soon after tin May, l!t()4) he left that firm and formed a partnership with Hermann Kinnicutt, under the name of Kinnicutt A Potter, bankers, and upon the dissolution of the firm in 190G the firm of Potter, Choate & Prentice was formed, his associates being Arthur U. Choate, John H. Prentice, Frederick B. Adams and Fuller Potter. The firm is recognized as one of the most prominent of the newer financial institutions of

ill

190:(.

New

York.

Mr. Potter is a director of the Moody of the Colinia Lumber Co. of Mexico. He is literary in his tastes, and has made a specialty of the study of Ainerican history. He has a country home at Mt. Kisco, and is interested He is a member of the in all outdoor sports. Racquet and Tennis, Union, and City clubs of New York, besides a number of out-of-town clubs. Mr. Potter was married May 20, 1903, to Josephine, daughter of John T. Atterbury, of the firm of Van Amburgh it Atterbury, bankers, and has three children: Ann Atterbury, Eliphalet Nott, Jr., and John Turner Atterbury Potter.

Manual Co. and

PRENTICE, John

Hill, financier, was born in 11, 1874, son of John and Prentice. His first American

Saybrook, Conn., July Caroline

(.Bill)

103

of

J.,

July 22,

1870,

Enoch Vreeland

member

of the

of

New

Communipaw, N.

J.,

and was

a

Jersey Colonial house of repre-

and at onetime was chosen its speaker. Mr Earl was educated in the

sentatives

public schools of Elizabeth,

N.

J.,

and began

ness career in in

Isxii.

his busi-

New York city

He was

identified

with various mercantile enterprises until, in

1887,

he.

entered the service of the Naiissau Bank of New York He rose to varias clerk. ous higher positions in the bank until in 1898 he was made assistant cashier, and in 1907 cashier. In November of the following year

became its president, a He position he still holds. of is also vice-president En os Richardson & Co. and the Richardson Manufacturing Co. Mr. Earl i; essentially a self-made man. By sheer force of his energy, good judgment and executive ability he has steadily forged to the front, until to-day, although still a young man, he stands among the 'leaders of tlu- banking world. He is a painstaldng and laborious student, not only of the affairs of the counting room, but of everything related to life; he is an accurate judge of character, a single glance, it is said, being sufficient to lay bare the motives of men with whom he deals. Always genial, simple, unaffected and approachable, he wins his way into

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

104

the esteem of the public commanding the respect He is a of all with whom he comes in contact. 1

,

of the New York Chamber of Commerce, the Montclair (N. J.) Club and the Montclair (iolf Mr. Earl was married Jan. 25, 1894, to Club. Carolyn, daughter of John K. Felter of Elizabeth,

member

N. J., and has one son, Kenneth Alexander, and one daughter. Margery Earl.

SANDERS, Jared Young, twenty-eighth govwas born in the Parish of ernor of Louisiana, ( 190S St. Mary, near Morgan City, La., Jan. 29, 1S69, son of Jared Young and Bessie His (Wofford) Sanders. father, asugar planter, died when the son was twelve years of age, and the flood of 1882, caused by a crevasse in the levees of the )

Mississippi

away left

his

'

river,

swept

the plantation and

young Sanders with

mother and

six little

brothers and sisters wholly dependent upon him. He obtained employment in a country store in his neighborhood and continued at this and similar occupafor several years. tions Then he entered a printing office and learned the trade, so that to-day he is a

thorough practical printer of the old school.

From being an employee of the St.

its editor in 1891, and of that some years later secured a controlling interest " While editor of the St. Mary Banner," periodical. he began reading law; was able to matriculate at the law department of Tulane University in 1891, and after being graduated in 1893, was admitted

Mary "Banner," he became

May of that year. He formed a partnership with Placide P. Sigur, under the firm name of Sigur & Sanders, with offices in Franklin, La. This firm was changed to Sigur, Milling & Sanders, in 1896, and in February, 1901, Emile Godchaux was admitted to the partnerUnder the name of Foster. Milling, Godship. chaux & Sanders, it continued until Jan. 1, 1907. when he severed his connection with the copartnerMr. ship and engaged in practice by himself. Sanders' political career began in 1892 with his election to the legislature as a Democrat. By reelection he served twelve years in that body, elected in was and 1900 speaker of unanimously the house, figuring in what was said to be one of the most unusual elections that ever occurred in the house. The speaker of the house, which had adjourned in 1898, was a member of the legislature

to the bar in

of

1900,

but despite this

fact

Mr

Sanders was

given every vote on the floor, the representatives thus paying tribute to the young man who had He so distinguished himself in law and politics. continued to be speaker until 1904, when he was nominated and elected lieutenant-governor of Louisiana. The vote given to Mr. Sanders was the largest given to any of the candidates both in the Democratic primary and in the general election that followed. In April, 1908, he was elected governor, and assumed office in the following month. In his inaugural address the policies he outlined and the reforms he recommended attracted wide attention. Aniong the important measures enacted upon his suggestion were laws regulating the traffic in intoxicating liquors; abolishing race-track gambling; creating a game commission to conserve the birds, animals, and fish of the state; repealing the tax upon mort-

gages, for the purpose of encouraging the investment of outside capital in the development of the state; creating commissions to codify the civil ixnd criminal laws of the state; amending the primary election law with a view to minimizing the opportunity and providing a punishment for fraud in the elections and a number of other Perhaps no governor of important measures.

Louisiana has enjoyed a wider personal acquaintance with the people of the state. His power as an orator, and his firm grasp upon the problems that interest the masses made him one of the foremost of the younger generation of public men in the Gov. Sanders was married May 31, southwest. is .*!, to Ada, daughter of J. F. Shaw of Arkansas, and has one son, Jared Young Sanders, Jr. WALDO, Samuel Lovett, artist, was born He. received in Windham, Conn., Apr. 6, 1783. his art instruction in Connecticut, but painted In 1806 he his early pictures in Charleston, S. C. went to London and for three years was engaged in painting portraits, after which he opened a studio in New York, where he spent the rest of his life. For eighteen consecutive years he painted portraits in conjunction with his pupil William Jewett, (1795-1873), also a native of Connecticut, who was Waldo's assistant for a number of years in New York. A portrait of "Reverend Gardener Spring" by Waldo anil Jewett hangs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Waldo's color was not so fresh as Gilbert Stuart's, and his "brush-work" not quite so free, but he constructed a head with a great deal of knowledge of the planes of the human face, and his work was in most respects superior to his conHe died in New York Feb. 10, 1801. temporaries. SWANSON, Claude Augustus, forty-second governor of Virginia 19013-10), was born at Swanson of John ville, Pittsylvania co., Va., Mar. 31, 1802, son M. and Catherine (Pritchett) Swanson. His father was a prosperous manufacturer and merchant until the year 1875, when by losses in tobacco speculation his entire property was swept away. Up to this time the son had devoted himself to his education in the public schools of his native county, but now, being thrown upon his own resources, he worked for two years at farming. After teaching school for one year, he attended one session at the Virginia Agricultural and Medical College, and then served as clerk in a store in Danville, Va., for two" years, devoting his nights to study. Meanwhile he became a member of a debating society and displayed considerable oratorical talent. Being impressed with an address delivered by him before all the union Sunday schools, 1

(

four prominent citizens of Danville became interested in the young man and offered to furnish the means This offer accepted, the to complete his education. following three years were spent at Randolph-Macon College, where he was graduated A.B. in 1885, and was awarded the Sutherlin mc.lal for oratory, the Hethen highest honor conferred by the institution. took a law course at the University of Virginia, where he was graduated B.L. in 1885. He at once engage.l in the practice of Kis profession at Chatham, Va., and was successful from the start, and also obtained considerable prominence politically. He was a delegate at large to the Democratic national convention in Chicago, 1896. In 1893 he was elected on the Democratic ticket to present the 5th Virginia district i*i congress and continued to serve by reelection until 1906, when he resigned to take up his duties as irjtvrnor of his state. He was reelected to this office on Nov. 7, 1905, by a majority of more than 37,000, for the term ending Feh 1, Gov. Swanson was married Dec. 11, 1894, to 1910. Lizzie

1

leant

1

Lynn.

MANN, William Hodges, forty-third governor of Virginia, (1910

)

was born

in

Williamsburg, Va.,

(if

AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

105

July TO, 1843, son of John anil Mary Hunter (Bow- 1908, and in November, 1900 was elected to the His father died when he was an infant, gubernatural chair. Gov. Mann is known for his ers) Mann. and his mother remarried in 1852 and moved to ability, energy and uncompromising integrity; he Brownsburg, Va. There he attended the Browns- is broad, progressive, but conservative in his views, burg Academy until 1857, when, at fourteen years of and combines the best ideals of the old school with He has served age, he went to Petersburg, Ya.,and began tuearn Ills the progressive methods of to-day. In 1X59 lie was deputy clerk of the county as president of the Citizens' Bank at Blacks! one. living. of Not to way ami studied law during spare moments. Va., and since 1889 has been president of the Bank When the civil war began he volunteered in the of Crewe. He was married to Sallie, daughter of confederate army and was enlisted in company E C. W. Fitzgerald, of Nottoway county, in 1809. At the battle of She died in 1882, and he was remarried in 1885, of the 12th Virginia infantry. Seven Pines he was too severely injured for further to Etta, daughter of Alexander Donnan of Petersphysical exertion and alter a short service under the burg, Va., and had two sons, of whom one is living, confederate states government at Richmond he William Hodges Mann, Jr. went to Dinwiddie Courthouse as deputy clerk and VERMEULE, Cornelius Clarkson, engineer, He was born at New Brunswick, N. J., Sept. 5, 1858, associated himself with ('apt. W. A. Adams. most ami difficult son of Adrian and Maria Yeghte) Vermeule, and a and Adams rendered dangerous service to the confederacy as scouts and spies in the descendant of Adrian Vermeule, the founder of the operations around Petersburg, rendering themselves family in America, who emigrated from Holland in HiOU. This ancestor had no intention of settling so obnoxious to the enemy that order were given Once Mr. here, having come to visit friends who were among to execute them at once if captured. Mann was caught, but succeeded in making his the residents of the town of Harlem, but it happened After the war, he returned to Nollouay that at that time the Reformed Church of Harlem escape. and in ISliT stood his examination and was admitted had fallen into difficulties principally through In 1X70, although but disagreements among its members, and Adrian to the practice of the law. Vermeule, who was an educated man, was engaged twenty-seven years of age, he was elected as the first county judge of Nottj>vay, which position he con- temporarily to fill the position of town clerk and tinued to occupy for twenty-two years, when he "voorleser," or lecturer, that had just been vacated voluntarily retired from the bench. During his by John Tiebout. This opening decided him to whole service on the bench but two of his decisions remain permanently in the colony, and after were reversed. Judge Mann has always taken an serving the Reformed Church of Harlem for eight active interest in politics and has frequently been year, he was invited to fill a similar position in mentioned for high office. Upon the death of Sen. Bergen, N. J. Here he married Christina Cadmus, Barbour he was seriously considered by Gov. and the line of descent is traced through their son McKinney for appointment as U. S. senator. In Cornelius, a large landholder and several times a 1900 his name was presented to the joint Demo- member of the provincial congress of New Jersey, cratic caucus of the general assembly for election as his son Cornelius, his son Isaac Davis, who was the judge of the supreme court to succeed the late Judge grandfather of the subject of this biography. Mr. His endorsements were of the strongest, and \einicule received his early education at Rutgers Riley. only after many ballots was he defeated by ,ludi;e School in New Brunswick, and was graduated at For many years Judge Mann Rutgers College with the degree of C.E. in 1878. Stafford G. Whittle. He began his professional career in charge of the served as a member of the Democratic state execu tive committee, and in that capacity his advice has topographical survey of New Jersey, and after its been often sought by those high in Democratic completion opened an office in At the presidential election in 1900 he New Y'ork city for the practice authority. was one of the Democratic electors at large, and wa- of his profession as consulting He was conthe unanimous choice for chairman of the electors. civil engineer. Upon the election to the state senate in 1899, Judge nected with the United States Mann was unanimously elected chairman of the geological survey during 1884Democratic senate caucus and later he was elected 88, being engaged upon special chairman of the committee on privilege < and elec- work in New Jersey, and during 1889-91 he made surveys tions, which carried with it the Democratic leadership on the floor of the senate in all matters involving for additional reservoirs for the party politics. In 1903 he was made chairman of a Croton watersheds which furn- / committee of nine of the ablest members of the ish water for Greater New York. / general assembly, chosen to revise Virginia's laws Most of his engineering work His course has been along the lines of to conform to the new constitution. water supplies and water power, in the senate has been characterized by his fearle-* ness of personal consequences, and the success with and in this specialty he has won which he has prosecuted important measures for recognition as a leading authowhich he contended. While he has take:i an active rity. In 1903 he built a new in water system for Ithaca, N. Y., part in all of the important legislation passed Virginia during the past ten years, his crowning which put an end to a serious epidemic of typhoid fever which legislative achievements perhaps have been the Mann liquor law and the High School law. The was attributed to the old water former was aimed at and destroyed the cross-roads supply. He has also planned or built water works When the Mann bill was first introduced for the cities of East Orange, N. J. Hudson, N. Y. groggery. But Philadelphia, Pa.; Jersey City, N. J.; and Norfolk it met with a storm of opposition and ridicule. soon petitions began to pour in from every section of and Suffolk Va., and during 1902-03 he developed the state, and the bill was endorsed by three of the a plan for large water power on the Susquehanr.a Mr. Vermeule is the author of a number great Christian denominations, and finally after an river. most important aggressive and most ably conducted fight, the bill of papers on scientific subjects, the was passed. The High School law provides a of which is a "Report on the Water Supply of the method by which the state will aid any school dis- State of New Jersey," a voluminous treatise on the entire subject of the water supply of that state. trict in securing a high school, and since its passage His other papers of note are "The Effect of the in 1906 over 215 high schools have been established He resigned from the senate in June, Forests on the Evaporation of Water on Land in Virginia. I

i/

;

;

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

106

Bodies" and "Report on the Drainage of the Hackensack Meadows." He was founder and managing director of York Cliffs, a summer resort in the state of Maine. He is a member of the Century Club, the Holland Society, the New England

Society of the Oranges, the New Jersey Historical Society, the Newark Board of Trade, the New Jersey Sanitary Association, and the American Waterworks Association. Mr. Vermeule was married 7, 1888, to Caroline, daughter of Col. Horatio Reed, and granddaughter of Benjamin Carpenter of New York city, and has two sons, Cornelius C., Jr., and Warren C'. Vermeule. STONE, John Stone, inventor, and electrical engineer, was born in Dover, Goochland co., Va., Sept. 20, 1809, son of Charles Pomeroy and Annie Jeannie His father (Stone) Stone. in in the war (q.v.) fought with Mexico and the civil war, being twice promoted for gallant conduct on the

June

field of battle was lieutenantgeneral in the Egyptian army and had charge of the department of public works of the kingdom of Egypt, aswell as other high positions in that His American ancountry. cestry dates back to Deacon Gregory Stone and his wife Margaret Garrard, who came from Much Bromley, Essex, ;

;

-^

-^- *-

.'-

England, in 1034, and settled Cambridge, Mass. Gregory

in

Stone became one of the original proprietors of Watertown, and the line of descent is traced through John, Nathaniel, John, John and Alpheus Stone. John Stone Stone early displayed a fondness for the study of physics and chemistry. His childhood was passed largely in Egypt and Europe, and upon the return of his parents to the United States in 1883 he attended Columbia grammar school, New York, the school of mines of Columbia University and Johns Hopkins His studies were mathematics, physics, University. chemistry and electrical engineering, and his course at Johns Hopkins was practically a post-graduate course, though no actual degree was required for admission.

He

entered

the

laboratory

of

the

American Bell Telephone Co. in Boston, in 1890, as an experimentalist, and afterward was retained He was a professional as the company's expert. consulting electrical engineer on his own account, during 1899 1902, after which he became vice-president and chief engineer of the Stone Telegraph and Telephone Co. ami in 1908 became its president. He was also special lecturer on electrical oscillations and their applications at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology for a number of years. Hehassecured over 100 United Stales patents and a corresponding

number

in foreign countries, covering various inventions of telegraph and telephone devices and wireless telegraphy. These include an invention for centralizing the energy in telephone systems (1893) which came into very general use in the United States and abroad. In 1897 he received a patent for a method of increasing the efficiency of telephone lines by the increase of the inductance of

the line. This method was .superseded by one patented by Prof. Pupin. In 1902-03 he obtained a group of patents covering a system of selective wireless telegraphy free from interference and in 1903 he received a patent covering the first .rpplieation of the principles of electrical reson^iice to useful arts. The most important feature of the Stone system of wireless telegraphy is its selectivity and

The one great drawinterference. back to wireless telegraphy in the past was its uncertainty due to the interference by atmospheric electricity, as well as by the signals of nearby sta-

immunity from

Like the telephone hi its early days, wireless telegraphy was operative only when outside conditions were favorable, and for that reason its use was restricted almost entirely to ships at sea and between ships at sea and the shore. The only efficient means of preventing such interference in the wireless telegraph is Mr. Stone's selective transmitter and receiver, which has been perfected to such a point that interference due to atmospheric electrical disturbances is almost wholly eliminated. With it 1,000 stations may be located within a radius of fifty miles from any city and intercommunicate with one another without mutual interference. Other important inventions of his in wireless telegraphy are the "direction finder," an apparatus by means of which the wireless tel"graph equi| unent of any vessel may be used to enable the navigator to determine the direction from which wireless telegraph signals are coming, thus locating the bearing or direction from his vessel of any wireless telegraph station on another ship or on shore and enabling him to determine his bearings in the thickest weather at a far greater distance than he could hear a fog signal or even see a light in clear weather, it will indicate the direction or bearingof a wireless station twenty to seventy-five miles away, to within two-thirds of a point a system by which the messages are automatically rendered secret or illegible except at the station at which they are intended to be received and methods and appara us for simultaneously transmitting and receiving wireless telegraph signals; relaying wireless telegraph messages; directing signals so tha,t they shall not go out in all directions as they do at present, These and for multiplex wireless telegraphy. wireless telegraphy inventions are all owned and controlled by the Stone Telegraph and Telephone He is also the inventor of a system of wireCo. less telephony now used by the Radio Telephone Co. Mr. Stone was a member of the International Electrical Congress which met at St. Louis in 1904, at which he read a paper on "The Theory He is a fellow of the of Wireless Telegraphy." American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; past president and present vice-president of the Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers; vice-president of the Wireless Telegraph Association of America member of the American Electrochemical Society; Associate of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers; member of the Society of Arts of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology member of the Mathematical and Physical Club; the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity, the Johns Hopkins Alumni Association of New England and of the Aztec Club of 1847; the St. Botolph, Technology and Papyrus chilis of Boston, the National Arts Club of New York, and the Army and Navy, and Cosmos clubs of Washington, D. C. tions.

t

;

;

,

KERENS,

Richard C., capitalist and diplomat, the county of Killberry, Ireland, in 1842. son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Gugerty) Kerensj His parents came to the United States when he was an infant and settled in Jackson county, la.,' where, a few years later, his father died. As soon as he was old enough he did his share in helping to support his mother and sisters. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the federal army, being assigned to the transportation department, and spent two years in Virginia with the army of the Potomac. In 1863 he was transferred to the West and took part as a soldier in the campaigns in

was born

in

ol

AMKIiH'VN BIOGRAPHY.

southwestern Missouri and northwestern Arkansas. h.- war ended, he settled in Arkansas. In 1872 Mr. Kerens began the work of transporting mails, express matter and passengers to points on the frontier not reached by railroads, and ran great risks in carrying on the business, as the route lay through territory inhabited by hostile Indians. In 1*71 he began the operation of an overland mail The difficulty and service, covering 1400 miles. danger attending this was great, but Mr. Kerens allowed no circumstance to daunt him, and so satisfactorily were his duties performed that lie was kept in service through three adminisl rations I

and was commended by three postmasters-general. The introduction of railroads into the states where he had operated brought his work to a close, and he removed to St. Louis, Mo., in 1S70. There he did not engage actively in business, having large interests in mines in New Mexico, I'olnradn and Arizona, as well as in railroads in which he li.nl He became identified with acquired interests. the construction of the Cotton Melt system, \\Vst Virginia Central A: 1'ittslmrg Railway system,

Louis it North Arkansas railroad, San I'edro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake railway system, anil lh- is also Coal it Coke railroad of We Virginia. interested in the Atchison, Topeka A: Santa V6 1'res. Harrison appointed him comsystem. missioner at large to the World's Columbian Imposition during 1892 KM; |>ut lie resigned in the latter year to accept the appointment of one of three United States commissioners for the- international-continental which committee, railway hdil for its object the construction of a railway through the South American republics. I'poti becoming a resident, of St. Louis, Mr. Kerens entered the field of politics, giving efficient aid to lie was a member of the the Republican party. national executive committee during ISM 1!MM). anil has been candidate at large to the national convention at Minneapolis since 1892, when he was elected to represent his state in the national committee; and later he was selected as one of nine members of the executive committee. In 1890 he was again chosen to represent Missouri on the national committee, while in 18117 and 1899 he received the votes of the Republican members of the legislature as a candidate of the I". S. senatorIn December, 1909, he was appointed by ship. 'res Taft to succeed Charles S. Francis as ambassador to Austria-Hungary, which post he now occuIn 1904 he received the Laetare medal from pies. the University of Notre Dame (Ind.) for philanthropy and dist inguished services to church and state. Mr Kerens is a member of the St. Louis, Union .St.

t

I

League iN. V.i, and Voung Men's Republican He was married at Fort (Philadelphia) clubs. Smith, Ark., June 2, 1867, to Frances Jane Jones. U. S. senator, was Snow Camp, Alamance co., N. July 31, 1X67, son of Hugh W. and Flora A. (Murchison) Dixon. His first American ancestor, Thomas Dixon, was an English Quaker, who emigrated to Pennsyl-

DIXON, Joseph Moore,

born

at

(_'.,

vania with a party headed by William Penn, and Simon Dixon, was the

his great-great-grandfather, brother-in-law of Herman led the colonists of central

Husbands

(q.v.), Carolina in

who

the North Gov. Tryon in 1771. His father Hugh W. Dixon, was a manufacturer of cotton machinery. The son was educated at Sylvan Academy and at Ouilford College, North Carolina. Upon attaining his majority he determined to go West, and in 1891 settled at Missoula, Mont., which became his permanent residence. In the following year he was admitted to the bar of that state, and at once entered upon an active and lucrative practice. revolt

against

107

He served as assistant prosecuting attorney of Missoula county during 1893-95, and as prosecuting attorney during 1895-97 and a member of the Mon-

tana legislature in 1900. He was a congressman-atlarge from Montana during 1902-06. Meanwhile, in 1901, he was a delegate to the Republican national convention held in Chicago. At the expiration of his second term in congress he declined a reelection, and announced his candidacy for the national senate, He was elected in January, 1907, to succeed Sen. William A. Clark, for the term expiring Mar. 3, 1913. Sen. Dixon was married Mar. 12, 1896, to ( 'arrie M., daughter of Frank L. Worden of Missoula, and has four daughters, Virginia, Florence, Dorothy and Mary Dixon.

THACHER, Haven

Thomas,

New

lawyer, was born in

son of Thomas Anthony and Elizabeth Day) Thacher. His father was graduated at Yale College in 1835, and as prolessor of Latin there from 1812 until his death in Issii. His mother was the daughter of Jeremiah Day, president of Vale during 1817 16. The founder of the family in this country was Thomas Thacher, son of Vter Thacher, rector of the Parish of St. Edmonds, in Salisbury, England, who came to America in It'.:;.") and was the first minister of the Old South Church in Boston. He married Kli/,a Partridge, and from them the lime of descent is traced through Uev. Ralph Thacher, and his wife, Ruth Partridge; Peter Thacher, and his wife, Abigail Hibbanl; John Thacher, and his wife, Abigail Swift, and Peter Thacher and his wife, Ann Parks, who were the grandparents of the subject of this sketch. Voung Thacher attended the Webster public school and the' Hopkins grammar school in New HaVen, and was graduated in the academic department of Vale After teaching in the Hopkins College on 1871. .Conn.,

May

3, 1X/JO,

I

I

grammar

school for a year,

he'

took a post-graduate

and during 1873-75 studied law at the Columbia Law School under Prof. Dwight. He was admitted to the bar in 1875. That summer he aided Hon. Ashbel Green in preparing for publieation Green's Brice's Ultra Vires, a work on corporation law; and in the fall became a clerk in the oHice of Alexander & Green. Soon afterward he began a general law practice in course,

New York, giving special attention o ma tors relating to corporations t

t

and becoming attorney of the Equitable Trust Company. In 1884 he became one of the firm of Simpson, Thacher & Barnum, whose name has been variously Reed, Simpson, Thacher it Barn-

um; Simpson, Thacher, Barnum &

Hartlett and Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett. Mr. Thacher is a prominent au:horit yon law matters. He has contributed occasional articles to law publications and for many years has lectured on corporations in the law school of Yale University. Always actively interested in matters relating to Vale, he was president of the Yale Allumni A-.sociation of ;

York

New

during 1895-97, having previously been its secretary and on its executive committes and upon the organization of the Yale Club in 1897 he was its president until 1902. At the Yale BiCentennial in 1901 he delivered an address on "Yale in Relation to the Law," and in 1903 the Vale corporation gave him the degree of LL.D. Mr. Thacher has been an occasional contributor to legal publications. He was married Dec. 1, 1880, to Sarah McCulloh, daughter of his preceptor, Ashbel Green, and has one son, Thomas D. city,

;

Till:

10S

NATIONAL

Thacher, and three daughters, Louise Green, wife of Theodore 1. Driggs, Sarah, wife of Lewis Martin Richmond, and Elizabeth Thacher. He is a member of the University, Century, Yale, City Midday and Railroad club-, and he Association of the Bar of the City of New York, the New York State Bar i

Association, the Bar Association.

WELLMAN,

Law

Institute,

Joshua

and the American

Wyman,

clergyman and

author, was born at Cornish, N. H., Nov. 28, 1821, son of James Ripley and Phebe (Wyman) Wellman. 'His first American ancestor was Thomas Wellman, a native of England, who came to the colo-

and settled at Lynn (now Lynnfield), Mass., about 1625. The line of descent is traced nies

through his son Abraham, who married Elizabeth Cogswell their son Abraham, who married Kli/abeth Taylor; their son, Rev. James, who married Sarah Barnard; their son James, who married Alethea Ripley, and their son James Ripley, who Wellman 's father. was Mr. Joshua W. Wellman attended the public schools of Cornish, and the Kimhal! IF ion Academy, Meriden, N. H. He taught ;

sometime at Hartford, Vt., and at Kimball Union Academy, and for two terms was princi-

He of the academy at Rochester, Mass. was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1840, whereupon he continued teaching for three years. Entering Andover Theological Seminary in 1847, he was graduated in 1850, and remained a

pal

the seminary for one year. ordained to the ministry he was as pastor of the First Church, Derry, 1X51, and his other charges were the

resident licentiate at

After

being

installed

N. H.

in

Eliot Church, Newton, Mass. (1856-73) and the After First Church at Maiden, Mass. (1874-83). that date he preached in various localities, while using much of his time for literary work. During the civil war he visited the South and saw something of the horrors of that conflict. He was strongly opposed to slavery, and the plain statements of his views in his sermons in Newton produced considerable excitement at the time when many believed that the pulpit should be silent on such subjects. Mr. Wellman was a member of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, and the General Theological Library of Boston. He was for many years one of the managers of the Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, a trustee of Phillips Academy, and a director of the American College and Educational Society. He was the author of "The Church Polity of the Pilgrims" (1857); "Review of the

Sabbath Hymn and Tune Book"; "Our Nation under the Government of God," a war sermon preached in 1802; "Christianity and our Civil Institutions," "A Review of Dr. A. V. G. Allen's Biography of Jonathan Edwards" (IXIMti. and Church, Origin and Early History of the Eliot Newton, (1904), besides numerous sermons, addresses and magazine articles. He received the degree of D.D. from Olivet College in 1808 and from Dartmouth College in 1870. Mr. Wellman was married Oct. 24, 1854, to Ellen M., daughter of Caleb Strong Holbrook of Holbrook, Mass, and had two sons, Arthur Holbrook and Edward Wyman (deceased), and two daughters, Ellen Hol-

rvci.i H'.KIHA brook, wife of Robert Cushman King, and Annie Durfee Wellman (deceased).

WELLMAN,

Arthur Holbrook, lawyer, was East Randolph (now Holbrook), Mass., son of Rev. Joshua Wyman and Oct. 30, 1855, His first AmeriEllen Maria (Holbrook) Wellman. can ancestor was Thomas Wellman, who emigtated to the colonies and settled at Lynn ( now- LynnFrom him and his wife field), Mass., about 1025. Elizabeth the line of descent is traced through their son Abraham, who married Elizabeth Cogswell; their son Abraham, who married Elizabeth Taylor and perished at the siege of Louisburg under Gen. Pepperell in 1795; their son. Rev. James, who married Sarah Barnard; their son James, who married Alethea Ripley, and their son James Ripley, who married Phebe Wyman, and who was He is also descended Mr. Wellman 's grandfather. was born

at

on his father's side from William Bradford and William Brewster, Pilgrim fathers. He was educated in the public schools of Newton, Mass., and at Amherst College, being graduated at the He took up the latter in 1878 as valedictorian. study of law at the Harvard law school and at the Boston 1'niversitv law school, graduating at the latter in 18X2 with the degree of LL.B. xiiminii cum laude. His practical experience was acquired in the office of the late Lyman Mason, and he was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1882. Among the cases with which Mr. Wellman has been connected are 'hapman vs. Kimball, before the supreme court of Maine, in which was involved the question of "presumption of death;" the famous Andover case which was in the Massachusetts courts for many years; Stan wood vs. City of Maiden, a Massachusetts case involving questions relating to the discontinuance of public ways; Kan/, vs. Page, a Massachusetts case in regard to "assumption of risk" in accident cases; BibberWhite Co. vs. White River Valley Electric Railroad T Co., in which the U S. court of appeals made an in regard to receiver's certidecision important He has paid much attention to equity, ficates. He real estate, and probate law. has served upon many important commissions and as master and (

.

referee. ber of

Mr. Wellman was a f

he

mem-

common

council of Maiden, his residence, in 1885, and served as city solicitor during

1XS9-91. In JXXO he became an instructor in the Boston University law school, and in 1891 was

made

professor in that instituthe late Elias Merwin as lecturer on equity tion.

He succeeded

jurisprudence and equity pleadand held the position until 1902. In politics Mr. Wellman is a Republican, and served in the low hou.">of thestatelegislature ing,

in

I

x92,

when he was a member of

the Committee on the judiciary in 189o becoming house chairman of the committee on cities, house chairman of a special committee on the unemployed, and a member of the committee on taxation. For the two following year lie was a member of the state senate, and while in the upper house was chairman of the committee on railroads, a member of the committee on bills in the third reading, and on roads and In addition to his educational positions, bridges. Mr. Wellman is president of the Maiden Hospital, trustee of the Maiden Public Library and of the Malde.i Historical Society, vice-president of the Massachusetts Society of Sons of the American ;

01

AMKHK

\N

He is a member of the Converse Lodge uf .Masons, the Boston Congregational ('lub. of which he was president in 189(i, the Boston Bar Association, the American Bar Association, and the Middlesex Bar Association. He has been chairman :>{ the board of trusiees of the National Council of 'lie Congregational Church of the United States, and he is a member of the State Board of Prison Commission, and of the Prudential Committee of the American Board of Commissions for Foreign .Missions. Mr. Wellman was married Oct. 11, 1887, to Jennie I.., daughter of George Faulkner, and lias one son, Sargent llolbrook, and one daughter, Katherine Faulkner Wellman. Revolution.

BABCOCK,

Maltbie

Davenport, clergyman, was born at Syracuse, N. Y., Aug. :\, IN.IN, eldest son of Henry and Emily Maria (Mallbiei I'abcock. His first American ancestor was James Babcock, a native of England, who came to this country in 1042, settling at Portsmouth, R. 1. From him the line of decent is traced Immgh his son John, who married Mary I.awtor their son George, who married Elizabeth Hall, their son David, who married Dorcas Brown; their son Gideon, who married Mary Che.-eb rough their son Asa. who married Elizabeth Slanton Noyes, and their son Henry, who was Mr. Babcock's father. His ancestors for a. number of ingenerations cluded the most refined and cultivated men and women. His great-grandfather was Henry Davis, second president of Hamilton College, and his grandfather, Rev. Ebenezer Davenport Maltbie. was also a Presbyterian minister of note. Mr. Babcock was educated in the public schools of Syracuse and was graduated at Syracuse University, in 1879 with highest honors. He studied theology at the Auburn Theological Seminary, receiving his degree there in 1882, and immediately became pastor of a church at Lockport, N. Y. He soon disclosed an unusually brilliant intellect and stirring oratorical powers that commanded admiration, and won for him a foremost place among the ;

;

favorites of his demonination. From Lockport he went to Baltimore, Md., and after remaining there for ten years, during which he wrought a marvelous influence over those who heard him preach, he was called to the Brick Church, NewYork city, in 1900, but his promising career was shortly thereafter terminated by an untimely death. Dr. Babcock was preeminently a preacher. He was a clear thinker and a fluent speaker, with a marvelous personal magnetism which appealed to all

classes of people,

and

the influence of which became in a sense national.

-\

"*\.f

"US*

--_

A,

His theology was broad and deep, yet without a touch of present-day uncertainty. Added to the genius of spirituality he had the genius of work, and it was owing to his unselfish devotion to the great work of uplifting mankind that he literally wore himself out and died at the early

Noted

age of forty-two.

for his impartial charity,

he reached people less

in

count-

ways and exerted everywhere a remarkable

personal magnetism. "While he published no books he maybe said to have lived, or sung his thoughts." Nothing better gauges the tenor and spirit of the man than a sentence found on the fly-leaf of his pocket Bible after his death: "Committed myself

lUodKAPHY.

100

again with Christian brothers to unreserved docility and devotion before my Master." " He wrote a number of fugitive poems, said to resemble those of Emerson, which were published in connection with a memorial volume of extracts from sermons, letters and newspaper articles, entitled "Thoughts for Every-Day Living" 1902). Dr. I' dirock was a musician of rare talent and wrote some hymns of unusual beauty. Thedegreeof D.Q. was conferred upon him by Syracuse University in is:iii. Dr. Babcock was married Oct. 4, 1882, to Katherine Eliot, daughter of Hon. John P. H. Tallman of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and had one child,

addresses,

i

who May

died in IN,

infancy

He died

at Naples.

Italv,

1901.

DAVIDSON, James Ole, twenty-first governor of Wisconsin (190(i ), was born on a farm near Aardal, at the east end of Sogen Feb. Fjord, Norway, 10, 1N.1I, son of lie and Ingabor (Jensen Davidson. The educational facilities of the district being very limited, his only schooling (

I

was

received

from

itinerant

religious instructors. His boyhood was spent on his father's

farm, and at the ageof eighteen the rumored possibilities in the United States led him to emiAfter grate to this country. a long, tedious trip, friendless, penniless,

and unable

to speak

or understand the English language, he settled at Madison, U i-., where he soon obtained work on a farm, and at the same time with the aid of a spelling book taught himself the lan-

guage of

his

newly adopted

country. He served as a tailor's apprentice for a time and then obtained a clerkship in a general merchandise store at Boscobel, Wis. Here he saved enough money to go into business for himself, and in 1877 he established a general store at Soldiers Grove, Crawford county, which became his permanent home. His business increased from year to year, until it became one of the largest of its kind in that part of the state, notwithstandIn 1892, when the ing a serious loss by fire in 1885. cause of the Republican party in Wisconsin appeared the hopeless, county leaders in casting around tor an especially strong candidate for the legislature selected Mr. Davidson as a likely candidate, and in spite of his protests nominated him for the assembly, to which he was elected, the only Republican on the ticket. His election was contested In unsuccessfully, and he was twice reflected. the legislature he was the author of bills for the taxation of express companies and to increase the taxes to be paid by telegraph, teleph ne, sleeping-car, insurance and other corporations. He was the author of the law creating the office of state bank examiner, which led up to the present efficient and highly satisfactory system of bank supervision, and which was used as a model by many of the other states. Mr. Davidson was elected state treasurer in 1898, and reflected in 1900. The interest on public funds turned into the state treasury during his tenure of office amounted to 101,000, or three-fold more than under previous administrations, and of the $3,000,000 public funds invested by him as state treasurer, there was not a dollar's loss to the state. He was elected lieutenant-governor of the state in 1902, and upon the resignation of Gov. La Follette to accept the office of U. S. senator he took the governor's chair In the primary preceding the next Jan. 1, 1906.

THi:

110 election he was chosen ity to succeed himself,

NATIONAL CVCLOP.EDIA

by an overwhelming majorand he was elected by more

than 80,000 majority, the largest majority ever by a governor in a non-presidential year. Gov. Davidson was renominated without opposition in 1908, and elected by a majority approximatreceived

The legislature ing that of two years previous. of 1907, with which Gov. Davidson was in full accord, placed upon the statute books of Wisconsin, legislation that is far-reaching and important. Among these enactments is the uniform two-cent passenger rate law, the public utility act, and many other corrective and beneficial laws. He is a man of vigorous intellect and inherent integrity. He is entirely in sympathy with the Republican policy as outlined by Presidents Rosevelt and Taft. While a man of strong convictions, he at all times displays a coolness of judgment, a breadth of vision, a keenness of insight and a fairness, which peculiarly fit him for the office he was called upon to fill. Gov. Davidson is a member of the Masonic He order, the Odd Fellows, Woodmen and Elks. was married at Readstown, Wis., Feb. 21, 1883, to Helen M., daughter of Parker F. Bliss of Readstown, and has two daughters, Mabel, wife of F. C. Inbusch, and Grace Davidson.

BARTON, Enos

Melancthon, president of the was born at Lorraine, N. Y., Dec. 2, 1842, son of Sidney William and Fanny He comes from a family of school (Bliss) Barton. Western Electric

Co.,

teachers, his father being a school superintendent, and his mother the daughter of Rev. Enos Bliss, a graduate of Yale and an early missionary of Jefferson county. Enos M. Barton was educated in the He early public and private schools of Lorraine.

developed remarkable mental aptitude for mathematics, having mastered all the propositions in the school

arithmetic

as

well

as

those in

Davies's

"Elementary Algebra" by the time he was nine years of age. Owing to his father's poor health and limited means, he was early thrown upon his own resources. After working in a country store he became telegraph messenger in Watertown telegraph office, where he soon became sufficiently expert as an operator, ami was occasionally left in temporary charge of the office. (

!

Subsequently (in 1856) he secured a position in the postoffice at Watertown, his fellow clerk being Roswell P Flower His next position was (q.v.). the editorial office of the "Jefferson County News," conducted by Messrs. Eddy and Scliram, but while he performed his duties faithfully and satisin

factorily to his employer, such work did not appeal to him so well as the telegraph business, and finally after spending another term at school he went

to Syracuse and entered the service of a telegraph company as operator. Shortl y afterwards he was transferred to Rochester to be night operator there, a position that pleased him better because it gave him an opportunity to study. He attended a preparatory school in the afternoons while in Rochester, taking advantage of every opportunity to better his education. He even attended the University of Rochester for one year,

meanwhile continuing his night work in the telegraph office, but this close application to both work and study began to tell upon him, and he was forced to give

up

his university course.

He

did

this just at the outbreak of the civil war, and was sent to New York by the Western Union Telegraph

Co. to handle the press reports. He remained there years, during which he perfected himself in the details of the telegraph business and at the same time completed the sophomore year at the University of New York. Upon reaching his majority the company transferred him back to Rochester, where he was placed in charge of the day telegraph

two

service.

and

He continued in this office for much to his credit to record

five years,

that while supporting himself and adding to his education at every opportimity, he was regularly contributing to the support of his aged mother. In the fall of 1868 the company served notice that the salaries of its employes would be reduced ten per cent., and young Barton thought it time to apply his energies and abilities in another direction. Recognizing the enormous possibilities in the field of electricity, he formed a partnership with George Shawk, of Cleveland, O., to engage in the manufacture of electrical supplies. In the following year, Mr. Shawk sold his interest to Elisha Gray, the inventor, and the firm of Gray & Barton, which was successful from the start., soon became recognized as an imIn the fall portant factor in the electrical business. of 1869 Gen. Anson Stager (q.v.) became a general partner, and in the following year the firm removed to Chicago, where Gray & Barton became still better known. The company very fortunately escaped loss during the conflagration of 1871. Immediately after that event the Western Electric Co. was orwith a of ganized capital $150,000, and among its original stockholders were Gen. Anson Stager, Elisha Gray, Milo G. Kellogg, and Enos M. Barton, Gen. Stager becoming the first president of the new company, and Mr. Barton, secretary. He was vice-president during 1882-86, and in the latter year became president of the company, a position he still holds. The Western Electric Co. is engaged in it

is

manufacturing

electrical

machinery and appliances

of all kinds as well as electrical instruments made under the Bell telephone patents. LT nder the able direction and management of Mr. Barton, the busi-

increased by leaps and bounds, additional plants were secured in New York, London, Paris, Berlin, and Antwerp, and the capital stock enlarged until at the present time (1909) the capital stock (issued) is $15,000.000, the gross annual business amounts to $45,000,000. The company maintains large supply houses in Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Cinness

cinnati,

Indianapolis,

St.

Louis,

Kansas

City,

Denver, Salt Lake City, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Atlanta, and Vienna, Austria, St. Petersburg, Russia, and Tokio, Japan. The Hawthorne Works in Chicago alone cover 110 acres, and the employes number over In addition to serving as the head 15,000 hands. of the Western Electric Co., Mr. Barton is a director of the Merchants Loan and Trust Co. of Chicago, and other corporations. He is a trustee of the University of Chicago, an associate member of the

Omaha,

St. Paul,

American Institute of

Electrical Engineers, and member of the Chicago, Union League, Commercial, and Quadrangle clubs of Chicago, and the Hinsdale Club of Hinsdale, 111. Mr. Barton was twice married Prof. :

first, in 1869, to Katherine S., daughter of John F. Richardson, of Rochester, N. Y., who

died in 1898, leaving three children, Alvin L., Clara He was M., and Mrs. Katherine Barton Childs. again married, Oct. 6, 1899, to MaryC., daughter of Henry A. Rust, by whom he had three sons, Malcolm S., Evan M., and Gilbert R. Barton. Mr. Barton has a beautiful summer residence at Hins-

Du Page co., 111., named "Sedgeley Farm," comprising over 1,000 acres. Personally, Mr. Baront is characterized as a plain, candid, unostentadale,

"I

man, who loves best the simple life anil the his fine farm. Kind and generous, no person could be held in higher esteem by business associates, friends, and people generally.

tious

many attractions of

STEPHENSON, Grand Army

of the

Wayne

county, 111 Margaret i('linton)

Benjamin Franklin, founder (if the Republic, was born in let. lS2)i, son of James and Stephenson. The latter was
Review of the World," "The Congregationalist and other periodicals, and is the author " of "The Cross in the Land of the Trident" (1895) Knights ;

(1896); "Dawn on the Hills of "New Testament Studies T'ang" (China), (1898): " in Missions" (1899) Princely Men of the Heavenly Kingdom" (1903); "Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions," 2 vols., (1901-03); and "India and Christian Opportunity" (1904). He is a member of the American Oriental Society, a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, a member of the Graduates' Club, New Haven, president of the American Ramabai Association and secretary He was of the Yale Foreign Missionary Society. married at Lake Forest, 111., June 29, 1883, to Lucy L., daughter of Samuel Dexter Ward of of the

Labarum"

;

Lake Forest, 111. They have two and Sehvyn Dexter Beach.

KROEBER,

Alfred

L.,

children, Roderic

anthropologist,

was

born at Hoboken, N. J., June 11, 1875, son of Florence and Johanna (Mueller) Kroeber. His father was a wholesale dealer in clocks and the son was given the best educational advantages, being graduated at Columbia University in IV.Mi. ami receiving the degree of A.M. in 1897 and Ph.D. in

He was assistant in rhetoric at Columbia 1897-99, and during 1899-1900 was a fellow in anthropology at the same university. In 1900 he went to the California Academy of Sciences at curator of anthropology and in 1901 was associated 1901.

OF AMERICAN KKK1HAPHY. us instructor and secretary and later as assistant professor and curator of anthropology with the University of California. The branches of anthropology in which he has conducted his researches are language, particularly with reference to gramfirst

in its various manifestations, mythology, art and music, in some cases dealing with industrial and social life and physical types. His excellent work among the Indian tribes of California has given the world a much fuller knowledge of the aboriginal history of that state. These investigations as well as his studies of the Eskimos, and the Prairie and Plateau Indians of the United Slates, were carried on first in connection uiili (he American Museum of Natural History, Columbia University and the California Academy of Sciences, but since 191)1 he has worked solely in the interests of the department of anthropology of the University of California. Besides his researches in anthro-

mar, religion

pology, I'rof. Kroeber has speciali/.ed somewhat in ethnology and mythology. Accounts of his investigations have been published in the bulletins of the American Museum of Natural History; the "American Anthropologist"; anil the "Journal of American Folk-Lore." 1'rof. Kroeber was the founder of the American Anthropological Assoeia lie has been its councillor since 19(K and a tion. member of the editorial board since 1905. He is 1

also a

member

ciety,

the

the American Ethnological SoArchaeological Institute of America. tin' American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Japan Society of America, the Anthropological Society of Washington; the American Folk-Lore Society, of which he was president in 1905 and secretary of the California branch 1!IO.">OS, secretary of the San Francisco Society, 190.") OS. secretary of the Japan Society of America, and life member of the California Academy of Sciences. He was married May 24, 1907, to Henriette, daughter of Hugo Rothschild of San Francisco, Cal. of

LUCE, Harry James, merchant, was born at Monroe, Mich., June 111, IXlil, son of William Euston and Sophia (Hayes) Luce. lie was educated in public schools of Michigan, and he matriculated at the University of Michigan in 1XX5, but in the following year his father died, and he was compelled to give up a college education and embark in a commercial receer. In 1887 he entered the employ of the Globe Tobacco Co. of Detroit as a clerk, and subsequently he removed to New York, where he became associated with the tobacco firm of This business was consoliPowell, Smith & Co. dated with the American Tobacco Co. in 1900, and after continuing to direct its affairs for another year he became associated with the well-known firm of The Acker, Merrall r. Thomas P. Gary as surgeon in he Con federate army with Inrank of lieutenant-colonel; M. \V. Gary as a majorgeneral; William T. Gary as a staff-officer with herank of major, later judge of the circuit court of Georgia and U. S. district attorney under Cleveland Samuel M. G. (iary, a staff-officer with the rank of colonel; and John H. Gary as captain of the South Carolina college cadets, who was killed at Battery Wagner. Frank Boyd (iary was educated at Cokesbury Conference School ami In ion College, Schenectady, N. Y., in the class of 1881, but was compelled to abandon his studies in the senior year through impaired health and was not gradHe studied law in the office of his brother, uated. Eugene B. Gary, now associate justice of South Carolina and in 1881 was admitted to the South I

t

t

;

He has since practiced his profession Carolina bar. in Abbeville, S. C. He was attorney in the case of Abbeville Electric Light & Power Co. versus Western Electrical Supply Co., a case involving service of summons upon a non-resident corporation, which was carried to the supreme court of the United In 1890 he was elected a member of the States. South Carolina legislature, serving by reelection until 1!)00, was three times speaker of the state house of representatives, and was a member of the constitutional convention in 1895. In 1900 he became a candidate for the governorship and in the ensuing campaign was the first to advocate local option between a dispensary and no dispensary in each county in South Carolina. In other words he claimed that each county should have the right to say whether or not a dispensary should be estao lishcd in the county. He was a staunch supporter of William Jennings Bryan and was defeated. On several occasions Mr. Gary was appointed by the governor, upon the recommendation of the chief justice, to preside over the courts of South Carolina and presided at the murder trial of Lieut.-Gov. James H. Tillman for the killing of N. G. Gonzales, an editor, a trial which lasted twenty-two days. He is at present and has been for several years, county Democratic chairman of Abbeville county. In 1900 he was again elected a member of the legislature and upon the death of the Hon. A. C. Latimer was

Hit

)(

II!

123

AI'II V.

chosen a

member

of the

S

T".

senate,

March

6,

1908,

which expired March 3, When the state Democratic convention met Columbia, S. ('., in 1908, for the purpose of

complete the

to

latter's term,

r.lOli.

in

electing delegates to the body -iispended the rules

Denver convention, that and unanimously elected

Mr (Ian and Senator Tillman as two of the deleThe other delegates were chosen gates at large. Mr. Gary is a past potentate of Oasis of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, the of the Carolina*, Charlotte, X. C. He was married Jan. li, 1907, to Maria Lee, daughter of Dr. James Evans of Florence and has one son,

by

ballot.

Temple Temple

Frank B.

(iary. Jr.

FORT, John Franklin, jurist and thirty-seventh Xew Jersey, was born at 1'emberton,

governor of N.

.1.,

March I'll, Is.TJ. son of Andrew Heish-r ami \. (Brown) Fort, and nephew of leorge

Hannah

(

F. Fort, governor of

New

Jersey during 1S.V2-55. His first American ancestor was Roger Fort, who came from Kngland in ItlN.'i, and settled in Burlington county, \. J., in 170.5. He received his early education at the Pennington Seminary, N. J., and studied law first with Edward M. Paxson, and afterwards with Garrit S. Cannon and Ewan Merritt. Being graduated at the Albany Law School in 1S72 with the degree of LL.B. he was admitted to the bar in tlic following year and began the practice of his profession in Newark, after serving one year as journal clerk of the Xew Jersey assembly. He

was so successful and showed such marked ability that Gov. McClellan appointed him judge of the first district court of the city of Newark for five years (1878), and at the expiration of his term he

was reappointed by Gov. Ludlow.. He resigned 1SSI5. He was a delegate-at-large from New Jersey to the Republican national convention at Chicago which nominated James G. Blaine for the Again in 1.S1I6 he placed the name of presidency. Garret A. Hobart of Xew Jersey in nomination for the vice-presidency. He served as chairman in the New Jersey Republican conventions of 1889 and in

In 1894 he was a member of the constitu1895. tional commission, subsequently

becoming one Jersey

of the three

New

members on uniform laws

for all the states. Gov. Griggs appointed Mr. Fort judge of the Essex court of common pleas in 1896, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Andrew Kirkpatrick. Judge Fort was later appointed judge of Essex common In May, pleas for the full term. 1900, Gov. Voorhees appointed

him a justice of the supreme court for the full term of seven years.

On Nov. 5, 190S, Judge Fort was elected governor of Xew Jersey by a plurality of more than 8,000

'

,

;

:

votes over his Democratic oppo-

nent Frank S. Katzenbach. Gov. Fort has made a special study of prisons and criminal reformation and in 1902 was instrumental in closing the gambling houses at Long Branch. Before his judgeship he was president of the East Orange Xational Bank, and also a founder and member of the board of trustees of the Newark Security Savings Bank. He was a director of the City Trust Co. of Xewark and the Essex County Trust Co. of East .Orange; and president of the New Jersey Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. He was married April 22. 1X7(3, to Charlotte E., daughter of William Stainsby of Newark, and has three children: Margretta, Franklin W. and Leslie R. Fort.

124

I

UK NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

[Kimball], composer, was Somcrville, Mass., Dec. 20, 1874, son of He reS. Henry and Martha Tilton (Conant). ceived his general education in the Somerville public schools, and showed marked ability in musical composition before he was twelve years old. Under the instruction of his father, who was well known throughout eastern Massachusetts as musician, conductor, and teacher, lie learned to play the piano and violin, but he had not studied theory before he composed fluently in the lighter His first studies in composition forms of music. were conducted at the New England Conservatory of Music under

HADLEY, Henry

born

in

Stephen Emery and George W. Chadwick. At the age of twenty, he composed his first serious work

an overture called "Hector and Andromache." which was performed in New York under Walter Damrosch at a concert of

for orchestra,

the Manuscript Society in ChiekerHe had carried on the ing Hull. study of violin coincidently with composition, and in 1893 made a tour of the United States as leader with the Laura Schirmer Mapleson Opera Company. In the following summer he went to Vienna to study

counterpoint with Eusebius ManA/^tCc dyzewski, and while there com~%/L^_ pleted his Ballet Suite. No. 3, which was heard first at a concert of the Manuscript Society, New York, under the late Adolf Neuendorf, and was afterwards included in the repertory of Sam Franko's American Symphony orchestra. Mr. Hadley was appointed director of the music department at St. Paul's School. Garden City, L. I., in 1895, a position he held for seven years. He composed the following works during that remarkably fruitful period: two symphonies, "Youth and Life," first produced under Anton Seidl at a concert of the Manuscript Society in 1897; and "The Four Seasons," which won the New England Conservatory and the Paderewski prizes in 1902; an overture. "In Bohemia," first produced in Pittsburg by Victor Herbert; an overture to Stephen Phillips' tragedy, "Herod;" a cantata, "In Music's Praise," which won the Oliver Ditson Company prize and was first produced at Carnegie Hall, New York, by the Peoples' Choral Union in 1S99; an "Oriental Suite," produced at a Sunday concert at the Metropolitan Opera House under the composer's 150 songs, and the incidental music direction; to two plays, "The Daughter of Hamilcar," and "Audrey." Of these the "Four Seasons" symphony has been the most widely heard, having been performed in all the principal cities of the United States, in London under Sir Villiers StanAfter ford, and in Warsaw under Mylinaski. leaving St. Paul's school Mr. Hadley composed " a comic opera. Nancy Brown," and then went to Europe again (1904), where he continued composition and appeared in many cities as a conductor. His tone-poem, "Salome," was performed

under

his

Monte

Carlo,

direction

in

Berlin,

Cassel,

Warsaw,

Wiesbaden, etc., and was also heard in the United States, where it was first played by the Boston Symphony orchestra April 12, 1907. In 1908 he became attached to the Stadttheater at Mayence, where he brought out a oneact opera, "Safie." The first performance was on April 6, 1909, with Miss Marguerite Lemon the leading role. Meantime his rhapsody, Culprit Fay," had won the $1,000 prize offered by the National Federation of Musical

in

"The

Clubs (America), and in May, 1909, the composer returned to this country to conduct its first performance by the Theodore Thomas orchestra. He then accepted an appointment as conductor of the Seattle (Wash.) symphony orchestra and began his duties in October, 1909. His other a productions are a third symphony (1906); symphonic fantasia (1905); a lyric drama, "Merlin and Vivian," for solo, chorus and orchestra (1906); a concert piece for viollincello and orchestra (1907); a church service, seven ballads for chorus and orchestra, a string quartette, a piano quintette, a violin sonata, and other lesser works. The very magnitude of Mr. Hadley's output is a certain indication of

its salient character-sponThis does not imply cheapness, else the extraordinary recognition of his ability could not have been achieved, and it does not imply hasty work. The gift of melody is his in greater degree, perhaps, than it is of any other contemporary American composer, and he has the courage to write melody in his works without straining after recondite and extra-musical effects and atmosphere. His music is sane and inspiriting always, and marked at times by rather more seriousness than might be looked for in a man of his years

taneity.

and incessant industry. It is modern ness and buoyant individuality, and it

in is

fresh-

written

with sufficient regard for established principles in art to gratify those whose taste and judgment still incline to formal expression. His orchestra-

from the beginning has been skillful and and the magnetic, nervous mastery he assumes over an orchestra indicates that he will make a distinguished mark in the field which he has chosen at last to make his life work. He is untion

certain,

married.

OTIS, Edward Osgood, physician, was born at Rye, N. H., Oct. 29, 1848, son of Rev. Israel Taintor and Olive (Morgan) Otis, and a descendant of John Otis who came to America in 1635 from Glastonbury, England, and settled at Hingham, Mass. He was the ancestor of many notable members of the Otis family. The line of descent is traced through his son John, who married Mary Jacob; their son Judge Joseph, who married their son Nathaniel, who Dorothy Thomas; married Hannah Thatcher; their son John, who married Prudence Taintor; and their son John Thatcher, who married Louisa Pomeroy, and who was the grandfather of Dr. Otis. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, and was graduated at Harvard University in 1871. He studied medicine at the Harvard medical school where he received the degree of M.D. in 1877, and took a post-graduate course in Europe for a year. He began the practice of his profession in Boston, making a specialty of diseases of the lungs and of climatology, and he has added largely to the literature and general knowledge of tuberelosis by the many papers upon the subject contributed in various medical journals

and transactions. The tuberculosis department of the Boston dispensary, the first of its kind in the Linited States, was founded by him in 1898, and he has since been

its senior physician, as well as of the Massachusetts state physician sanitorium for tuberculosis, of which he is now Dr. Otis was one of the consulting physician. pioneers in this country in the anti-tuberculosis movement, and is still one of the leaders in the In the chair of pulmonary diseases and crusade. climatology, which he has held in the Tufts College medical school since 1902, the greater part of his teaching is devoted to the study of tuberculosis and its early detection. He was among the first to advocate many of the measures for the prevention of that disease, which have now been

visiting

OF AMERICAN For more than twenty years generally adopted. he has been an active member of the American which lias largely to do Association Climatological with tuberculosis and climate as applied to its In recent legislation upon tuberculosis treatment. in in Massachuetts, he has been active, both securing (he three state hospitals for consumptives and in the Municipal Consumptive hospital in He is one of the trustees of the city of Boston. tin Montgomery colored school, and a member of the advisory board of the Dennison Home (settlement) in Boston. He is the author of "Hospitals and Sanitoria for Consumption Abroad" (1898) "The Significance of the Tuberculosis Crusade and Future" il'.ioii; "Dispensaries for Tuberits culosis and Description of the Tuberculosis Department of the Boston Dispensary" (190M); "Duty of the State and Municipality in the Care of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Among the I'oor" (1900); "Struggles Against Consumption" (1902); "Home Treatment of Tuberculosis, either in Favorable or Unfavorable Climate" (1904); "The C.reat White Plague'' (1000), and a series of articles upon climate and health resorts was contributed by him to the second edition of Wood's "Handbook of Medical Science." r. Otis was president of the American Climatological Association in 1X9S, and has Keen president of the Boston Association for the Relief and Control of Tuberculosis since He is also a member of the its organization. American Public Health Association, the American Academy of Medicine, the American Medical Association, the Boston Society lor Medical Improvement, ihe Boston Medical Library Association, the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, the T'niversity Club of Boston, and is a director of the National Asso ciation for the Study ami Prevention of Tuberculosis, and corresponding member of the InterAnti-Tuberculosis Association, and a national deacon in the Mt. Vernon Congregational Church The son of a New England clergyman, of Boston. and a grandson of a revolutionary soldier, Dr. Otis has always maintained the old Puritan traditions and standards of his race. He was married in Boston, June 6, 1894, to Marion, daughter of 1

;

1

125 Carlisle, Pa.,

Mar.

STEDMAN, born

in

5,

who began

as an importer of hides,

and Kast Iiiilia gums. The linn name was changed to Irorge A. Alden A Co., in 1S7S. when a son. Adellx-rt II. Alden. was admitted, and the firm then remained the same until 1S',I7, when A. W. Stedman was admitted. On Jan. I, I'.iiis. (I Edwin Alden (a son), Frederick \\ hunbar, and .1. Frank Dun bar, were admitted skins,

goat

rubber,

(

partnership, Mr. Alden, senior, having died. linn now controls the New York Commercial Co., of New Y'ork city, with houses in Manaos and I'ara, Brazil, the New York Shellac Co., of New York city, and the A. II. Alden & Co., Ltd., of to

The

London and Liverpool, EngThe goods handled are

land.

William Faxton, and has five children: Olive, John Faxton, Edward Osgood, Jr., William Faxton, and Brooks Otis. ARMSTRONG, John, soldier and congressman, was born in Ireland in 1725. With his brother William and sister Margaret, he came to America some time before 174S, and settled in Pennsylvania. He distinguished himself in the French and Indian wars of 1755 5(i, having com-

crude rubber, gutta percha, and East shellac, balata, India gums, which are sent to the markets of Europe, America and Japan, and the annual business in all branches exceeds $30,000,000. Mr.

mand

Commercial

of

rector of A. H. Alden & Co., Ltd., of London and LiverHe was forpool, England. merly a director of the First

of the expedition against the Indian village Kittanning, Pa., in 1755. destroying their settlement and taking the stores sent to them by the French, in recognition of which service he received a vote of thanks from the corporation of Philadelphia and a medal. He was consulted by the propietors of Pennsylvania on all matters connected with Indian affairs. On Mar. 1, 1776, congress promoted him from the rank of colonel to brigadier-general, and lie assisted in the defence of Ft. Moultrie and in the battle of Germantown. He resigned his commission Apr. 4, 1777, in consequence of dissatisfaction as to rank. In the following year he was sent to congress, "having been recommended for that position without solicitation by Gen. Washington," served a second term in congress in 1787-88, and was one of the candidates for the presidency at the first national Gen. election, and received one electoral vote. Armstrong was the father of Dr. James Armstrong Gen. John Jr., (1749-1828) and Armstrong, He died at (1758-1843), U. S. senator (q.v.).

I.

1

Baxter and Miriam White (Stedman) Stedman. His first American ancestor, Isaac Stedman, came from London, England, to the American colonies in loH5 in the ship "Elizabeth" and settled first at Scituate, Mass., but in 1650 removed to that of Boston known as Muddy River (now pail The line of descent is traced through Brookline).

Stedman rector

is

of

secretary and dithe New York Co.,

and

a

^

di-

..

-

Nairrial and Massachusetts National banks of Boston, the Frank G. Alden Co., of

New

dent of Chicago,

Y'ork,

the

and

presi-

Chicago-Bolivian Rubber Co. of 111. He is a member of the Union Club, of Boston member of the executive committee of the Brookline Country Club since 1892; the New England Automobile Club, of which he was the first president, the Massachusetts Automobile Club, the Tennis and Racquet Club, the Norfolk Hunt Club, the Eastern Y'acht Club, the Victorian Club, the Boot and Shoe Associates, and the New England Rubber Club, of which he is the present president. He is also a delegate to the Massachusetts State Board of Trade. He was married first, Dec. 11, 1878, to Lillian, daughter of A. Claxton Cary, of ;

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

126

Dorchester, Mass; she died in 1881, and he was again married, Oct. 4, 1883, to Mary Prescott, daughter of Samuel Prescott Shepard of Boston and a descendant of Col. Prescott of Bunker Hill fame. By the second marriage he has one son,

Arthur Wallace Stedman,

Jr.

LYMAN, Henry Darius, president of the Amerwas

born

at Parkman, O., and Betsey C. (ConHis first American ancestor was verse) Lyman. Richard Lyman, a native of High Ongar, Essex ican

Apr.

Surety

12,

Co.,

1852, son of Darius

England, who sailed from Bristol in the ship Lion, in 1631, and settled first in Charlestown, Mass., and four years later at co.,

His wife was Hartford, Conn. Sarah Osborne, and the line of descent is traced through their son John and his wife, Dorcas Plumb; their son Moses, whose wife is unknown; their son, Capt. Moses, and his wife. Mindwell Sheldon their son, Deacon Moses and his wife, Sarah Hayden (or Heighten); their son, Col. Moses and his wife, Ruth Collins, and their son Darius and his wife, Mary B. Judd, who were ;

581

the grandparents of the subject of this sketch.

Col.

Moses

Lyman

1743-1829) served in the revolutionary war. He commanded the guard over Major Andre at the time of his arrest and execution, and carried to Gen. Washington the first intelligence of the battle of Saratoga and the surrender of Burgoyne. Henry D. Lyman received a public school education and at the age of twenty-three was appointed to a position in the post-office department. Promoted to be special agent and chief clerk of the contract office, he was active in the detection of the famous "star route" frauds in the post-office department, and for this service he was made second assistant postmaster-general Feb. 4, 1884. In the following year lie entered the service At the of the American Surety Co. as secretary. time of hLs resignation the New York "Times" in an editorial said: "Mr. Lyman has been one of Mr. James's ithe postmaster-general) ablest and most fearless assistants, and so long as he held the chair the members of the 'star route' ring could not regain any of the money which Mr. James had recovered from them." Postmaster-General James in after years spoke of him as the most competent and capable man upon that great undertaking, and said that in the manner in which he performed his duties he was "absolutely heroic," and it was largely his ability that enabled the department to become self-sustaining. Mr. Lyman was made vice-president of the American Surety Co., Jan. 12, 1886, and was given complete charge of the department in which fidelity bonds are issued. He was entrusted with systematizing the com(

1

all departments. Almost pany's business in immediately he organized a corps of inspectors

and apprehend defaulters, most of the being former post-office inspectors, of whose work and ability he had knowledge, and from that time the company's business steadily improved. He was elected president April 12, 1899, a position he still holds. He is also a trustee of the North River Savings Bank of New York; a member of the Union League Club, the Lotos Club, and the Ohio Society oi New York. He is the author of "Selected Problems, Game of Draughts" (1881). He was married Jan. 13, 1887, in Boston, MM>-.. to Laura M. v daughter of Dr. John A. Stevens. to discover

men

She died Dec. 31, 1902, and he was again married, June 7, 1907, to Louise C., daughter Charles K. Judson of Rochester, N. Y.

SLICER, Thomas Roberts,

clergyman, was 1847, son of Henry and Elizabeth Coleman (Roberts) Slicer, and grandson of Andrew and Elizabeth (Selby) His grandparents were of Scotch descent, Slicer. two ancestors of the name having settled in Maryland about the middle of the eighteenth century. His paternal grandfather served in the war of 1812 and was one of the "old defenders" of Baltimore. Mr. Sheer's mother was a daughter of George Roberts, an early Methodist minister, who was associated with Bishop Asbury in collating his " Methodism in America," and his father -.vis also a minister with an active career of fiftytwo years as preacher, organizer and debater in the Methodist Episcopal Church. The son received his education in private schools in Baltimore and at the Baltimore City College, class of 1865, but his college course was interrupted for a period of five years on account of the temporary disability of his eyesight. However, he was given the degree nf M.A. by Dickinson College in 1S72. During a part of the time of his disability of sight he held a with a business house in Baltimore. He position entered the East Baltimore conference of Methodist Episcopal churches when he was twenty years of age, and for ten years filled Methodist pastorates, part of which time he served in Colorado and Maryland. He was also pastor of the New York Avenue Methodist ( 'hurch, Brooklyn, N. Y. He left the Methodist church in IX'ti. an accepted a call to the Park Congregational Church of Brooklyn. In 1881 he became affiliated with the LT nitarians, and took charge of the strong First Church of Providence, R. I. From here he went in 1S90 to the Church of Our Father in Buffalo. X. Y., and in 1897 was called to All Souls Church, Xew York where he Aside from his distinctive work as a still presides. preicher, Mr. Slicer's literary interests have been noteworthy. He was literary editor of the Christian Union in 1S77-7S, and later was connected with the literary department of the Chicago "Advance," and of the Providence " Telegram." He is the author of several books, among which are "The Great

born

in

Washington, D.

('.,

Apr.

16,

1

"

Power and Promise Affirmations of Religion," of the Liberal Faith," "One World at a Time," and "The Way to Happiness." He has for many

years conducted Browning and Emerson classes Mr. in his parish house, and with growing success. Slicer is the social man. par excellence, and is in His great demand as a speaker for occasions. strenuous church and civic activities are inevitably helped on by the brilliance of his own personality. During his ministry in Buffalo he was a member of the Saturn Club and organized the Liberal Club. In Xew Y'ork he is a member of the Authors' Club, and was for several years chairman of the "Munic" of the New York City ipal affairs committee His interests as a Unitarian minister have Club. not stopped with his own parish, but have extended to the denomination at large. He is a member of the executive board of the Middle States Conference, and served several years as chairman of the council of the Xational conference of Unitarian He has lectured extensively throughout churches. the country in aid of the establishment of new and Outside the claims of his struggling churches. church Mr. Slicer has been a civic reformer, and a man of no small influence in the public affairs. In relation to his energetic efforts to remedy the evil of the pool-rooms of Xew York, a district attorney said: "I think Rev. Thomas R. Slicer, all alone, by his persistent patience, has done more

OF AMKhlCAN BIOGRAPHY. to abate this nuisance than the four district attorneys of the counties included in this greater He city, and all the criminal courts combined." is very popular as a speaker at the Sunday evening meetings of the Peoples Institute at Cooper Union. where he meets a large crowd of men, who rarely enter church doors, and whose rapid fire of questions after the address, challenge to the utmost the speaker's ability for quick retort ami ready argument. His versatility of gifts make him in demand as a speaker in many places. A clear thinker, with strong convictions, he has withal a poetic imagination, a ready wit, and a brilliant command of language, which place him in the foremost rank lie was married, Apr. 5, IsTl, to as a preacher. Adeline F.., daughter of Theodore C. Herbert, U. S. X. THOMAS, Aug-ustus, playwright, as born in St. Louis, Mo., .Ian. s, ls.">9. son of Elihu B. and Imogene (Uarrettson) Thomas. He was educated His varied in the public schools of St. Louis. and picturesque career l>egan as a page in the Missouri legislature during the session of the He then served twenty-first general assembly. as page in the United States house of representatives during the session of the forty-second congress, and for six years wa-s a clerk in the freight department of the western railroads centering in In the organizations of laboring men St. Louis.

he was especially active, and was made mini workman of Missouri district assembly, No. !t, Knights of Labor, lS7i). The same year he was made the Labor party candidate for clerk of the circuit court, but failed of election. During the season of 1884-85 he traveled as an actor and in Issii he was the unsuccessful candidate of the Republican party for the state legislature. During 1886-89 he was engaged as a reporter, special writer, and illustrator for St. Ixmis, Kansas City, and New York newspapers, and for a time was proprietor, editor,

City

man

Mirror."

and

His

illustrator of the

experience

as

a

"Kan

>

newspaper

led to his final vocation of playwright, and he seems to have been successful in that at the very In 1882 he wrote a curtain raiser called outset.

"Editha's Burglar," based on Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett's story of that name, and it was Its favorable reproduced by Charles Frohman. ception encouraged him to go to New York and enter the field of dramatic literature. This he " did in 1SS9 with a four-act version of Editha's In 1890 he wrote "Alabama," a Burglar." romantic drama of the civil war, which was admirably produced by A. M. Palmer, and met with instant and long enduring success. This was followed by the comedy "In Mizzoura," written specially for the comedian, Nat Goodwin, who was the star. In 1897 he continued calling the roll of the states and territories to furnish him dramatic material, and wrote "Arizona." a play that fascinated auditors and spectators with the magic charm of that strange region. Rarely had there been known such a realism of local color. for the usual tinsel of the stage was transmuted to actual gold in the box-office. It was produced by various companies all over the United States, and five years after its first performance it had brought the author a quarter of a million dollars. These three plays have been published. Among his other plays are: "Colorado," "Man of the World," "After Thought," "The Meddler," "The Man Upstairs," "Oliver GoldsmiUi." "On the Quiet," "A Proper Impropriety," "That Overcoat," "The Capitol," "New Blood," "The Hoosier Doctor," "The Earl of Pawtucket," "The Other Girl," "Mrs. Leffmgwell's Boots," "The Education of Mr. Pipp," "Jim De Lancey," "The Em-

127

"The Ranger," "The Witching Ball," Hour," and "The Harvest Moon." These are in varied dramatic styles, melodrama, comedy, and farce. Indeed, Mr. Thomas is the most versatile of American playwrights. In "Alabama" he created the American pastoral play, for, though set in war time the suggestion of strife in the intensifies the peace of the scene; only background " " in Arizona he lifted western melodrama into the plane of true dramatic art; in "The Earl of Pawtucket" he produced a comedy that, though American in subject, is cbemopoh'tan and not provincial in its dramatic method, as was proved by its success in England as well as in America, and in "The Witching Hour," a new departure from his other work, he has daringly gone beyond any contemporary dramatist, European or American, in founding a play on psychic phenomena still looked at askance by even the scientists. "The \\ itching Hour" has also been put in the form of bassy

a It

novel. Mr. Thomas is a member of the National st'tute of Arts and Letters, and of the Century,

Lambs, and American Dramatists clubs York. He was married Aug. 16, 1890, to Lisle U., daughter of John Peck Colby, of St. Louis, and has two children. I'iay

indomitable will, artistic temperament and personal charm which made him later so potent an influence in the dramatic His schoolfellow, profession. Prof. William James, described "

him

as effervescing with incoordinated romantic ideas of every

Asa boy of fourdescription." teen he ran away from school, and took up the study of art under William Hunt at Newport, and afterward (1858-59) at the Ecole des Beaux On the outbreak of the civil war he Arts. Paris. returned to America and served as a private in the 7th New York regiment, while in camp making his first essay as an actor in the part of Horatio. Later he rose to the rank of major, but retired on At the age of twentyaccount of rheumatic fever. two he made his dbut as an actor at the old Bowery theatre, New York, and then spent five years chiefly in the study of art in Paris under Gerome, Couture and Rousseau. While in Paris he met Francois Delsarte, the famous teacher of action, and he was soon engaged in teaching at Les Cours Delsarte as the foremost disciple of the master. The Franco-Prussian war interrupted his studies, during which his studio and all his earlier paintings were destroyed. Delsarte and his family flee from Paris, and in 1870. to raise for Delsarte's assistance, MacKaye returned

were forced to

money

to America, where he began to advocate the principles of Delsarte, delivering lectures in New York, Boston and elsewhere, and presenting in New York a play, "Monaldi," based on the Delsarte movement, in which he enacted the part of a sculptor. This, his first professional acting, was received with both enthusiasm and ridicule, according as his critics approved or disapproved the school he " Monaldi " he apsought to found. Following peared in "Marriage," written by himself, and the acknowledged sincerity and idealism of his undertaking now began to win for him marked public He returned to Paris in 1873, and recognition. entered the Conservatoire, where he studied dramatic art and stage craft and came in touch with the Under the manageleading litterateurs of the day. ment of Tom Taylor he played Hamlet, to the of Marion at the Ophelia Terry, Crystal Palace, London, and afterward toured the provinces. With as dramatist he in three plays, collaborated Taylor "A Radical Fool" (1873), "Arkwright's Wife" (1873) and "Clancarty" (1874), and also dramatized George Eliot's "Silas Marner." His other

of this period were: "Rose Michel" (1875), plays " Won at Last' (1877), "Through the Dark" (1878), and "An Iron Will" (1879). This last appeared " in an altered form in the following year as Hazel Kirke," first produced -a.\ the opening of the Madison Square theatre, Feb. 4, 1880, and was the most successful play of its generation, running over 500 nights without interruption, and continuing its career with a number of companies on the road. The quaint Madison Square theatre was built by Mr. MacKaye, and its double stage was his own invention, but owing to an unfortunate contract he received scarcely any remuneration from the play, the theatre or the invention. He was also the inventor of a special design of folding theatre chair, 1

which was adopted by a number of theatres. In 1881 he wrote and produced "A Fool's Errand," founded on a novel by Judge Tourgee. As early as 1871 Mr. MacKaye advocated a free school of dramatic art in the United States, and he attempted to found such a school in 1877 based on the ideals of the French conservatoire. Throughout his life he had many private pupils in acting and the principles of Delsarte, among whom were John McCullough, Rev. William 11. Alger and Prof. S. S. In 1884, with Franklin W. Sargent, hia Curry. pupil, he founded the Lyceum Theatre School, which subsequently became the American Academy of Dramatic Art. He also designed and erected the Lyceum theatre at Fourth avenue and Twentyfourth street, New York, and organized in connection with it MacKaye's School of Acting and Expression in Art. The Lyceum theatre opened Apr. 6, 1885, with his play, "Dakolar," in which Robert Mantell played the chief role. This was followed by "In Spite of All," with Minnie Madin the leading part. He wrote a reconstructed version of "Rienzi" for Lawrence Barrett,

dern

produced in 1886, and in 1887 produced "Anarchy," both of which brought to the dramatist renewed success and fame. Owing to the anarchistic outbreak in Chicago at this time, the name of the latter was changed to "Paul Kauvar," which ran for over 100 nights in New York, during part of which Mr. MacKaye played the title role. This was followed by "A Noble Rogue" (1888, afterwards " " produced as "Money Mad,") An Arrant Knave for and "Colonel. written Stuart Robson, (1890), Tom" (1891), written for Nat Goodwin. In 1891 he began the plans for a new type of musicoscenic production to be given in Chicago at the World's exposition, in a vast theatre of his own For this he invention, called the Spectatorium. wrote "Columbus," a poetic drama combining the principles of the Greek chorus with the musical

He designed a number of elabomotifs of Wagner. rate mechanical effects, for twenty-two of which he

received letters patent, but the performance was finally abandoned owing to delays and financial He lived, however, to vindicate its practroubles. ticability in a working model called the Scenatorium, Mr. Macexhibited in Chicago, January, 1894. Kaye was a pioneer artist, of the American theatre, whose intellectual faculties were various and intense. He achieved a permanent reputation as one of America's leading dramatic writers. of the founders of the Lambs' and a

He was one member of

He was twice marthe Lotus Club, New York. ried, and had the following children: Arthur Loring, Harold Steele, William Payson (died 1889), James Medbery, Percy Wallace, Benton, and Mary Hazel

MacKaye.

He

MacKAYE,

died

in

Colorado, Feb.

25,

1894.

James, philosopher and inventor, was born in New York city, Apr. S, 1872, son of Steele and Mary Keith (Medbery) MacKaye. (For ancestry see above.) He attended the New York public schools and Packard's Business College of

OF AMKRIC.VX BIOGRAPHY. that city, and in 1889 entered the employ of a patent lawyer in Washington, D. C., as stenographer. The following year he was employed in the division In of mines and mining of the eleventh census. 1891 he became secretary to Prof. Nathaniel S. Shaler of the geological department of Harvard University and with his help worked his way through the scientific department, giving particular attention to geology and chemistry, and was graduated at Harvard

with the degree of S.B. in 1895. After working with various concerns he joined the engineering firm of Stone & Webster of Boston in 1899, and has been with them ever since in the capacity of chemical engineer. The principal results of his work, which has been carried on in collaboration with others, relate to a process for the production of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride from natural

methods

gas,

and

for

converting peat In the former prointo fuel. has been patented, which cess, 4 x t ure o f natural gas and a ^*IM>-^V chlorine is conducted through a specially designed chamber that not only resists the destructive action of the hot corrosive gases concerned in the reaction, but is so construct ed as to admit of controlling the temperature of the reaction, which is a highly exothermic or heat-gen" The erating one. Mr. MacKaye is the author of Economy of Happiness" (1906), in which he seeks to apply engineering methods to politics and to make scientific ethics, instead of arbitrary tradition and commercial economics, the foundation of Prof. Giddings of Columbia Unipublic polity. versity, in a commentary on one part of the programme formulated in this book says: "It is to Mr. MacKaye's plan for the abolition of poverty that we wish especially to call attention. This plan is nothing less than a very great invention. It adds something that was lacking in the older schemes of socialism but absolutely necessary to any socialism that could hope to be practically workable. It provides as the older socialism did not for a continuing transformation and improvement. Such an organization of society as Bellamy and Grunland proposed

m

j

would have been hopelessly static. It would have put an end to progress. Mr. MacKaye's pantocracy is dynamic to a degree. Like all great inventions, Mr. MacKaye's plan is so simple that everyone who looks into it will say: 'Why did nobody think of this before?' ... It is perfectly sound in theory, and in the long run whatever is sound in theory is best in practice. We predict that the orthodox political economists, if they try in the interest of competitive or individualistic production to invalidate Mr. MacKaye's reasoning will give up the attempt as Since the publication of his book he has hopeless." contributed various articles to magazines, and in 1909 delivered at Harvard, under the auspices of a representative committee of the university faculty, a series of five lectures entitled: "An Outline of Political Engineering." The subjects of the lectures were as follows: "The True Criterion of Right," "The Happiness of Nations," "Liberty, Equality and Democracy," "Capitalism and Socialism," and "The Utility of Man." He was married in Boston, Dec. 9, 1906, to Mary, daughter of Charles Parsons Morse of Plymouth, Mass.

MacKAYE, Percy

[Wallace], poet and dramwas born in New York city, Mar. 16, 1875, son Steele and Mary Keith (Medbery) MacKaye, and

atist,

of

159

brother of James MacKaye. His maternal grandmother, Rebecca Medbery, was the principal of the Charlestown (Mass.) Female Seminary. From his mother, who is active in literary work and has published a dramatization of Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice," acted at many universities, Mr.

also inherits literary instincts and craftsFor three years he attended a public New York city and for a few months the school high school at Washington, D. C., and Lawrence Academy at Groton, Mass. He afterward entered Harvard College, and was graduated in 1897. His early boyhood hours were spent in the theatres, where his father was arranging or managing the production of his own plays, and his father's last drama, "Columbus," was to have contained his son's first serious effort, a series of choral While at Harvard College Mr. MacKaye songs. wrote "Sappho," a poetical play (having no relation to his later work on the same subject), which was acted by Harvard and Wellesley students. He was one of the commencement speakers, his sub" in the Drama ject being The Need of Imagination

MacKaye manship.

m

After leaving college, he spent two of To-day." years in Italy, Switzerland, Germany and England, and while abroad, wrote two plays, "A Garland In to Sylvia," and "Beowulf." Leipzig he studied Germanics, matriculating at the univerWhen he returned to America, he sity in 1899. became a teacher in a private school for boys, in New York city, continuing in this work for four Meanwhile, he continued his apprenticeyears. ship at play-writing, and in 1902 Mr. E. H. Sothern commissioned him to write "The Canterbury In the following Pilgrims," published in 1903. year, Mr. MacKaye gave up teaching ami joined the colony of artists and writers at Cornish, N. H., and devoted himself wholly to literary and dramatic work. His second published poetic drama was " Fenris the Wolf (1905), his third "Jeanne d'Arc" Phaon" (1906), and his fourth "Sappho and He has also written a modern rendering (1907). into prose of a portion of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" (1904), and two prose dramas: "The Scarecrow," based on Hawthorne's sketch "Feather" top," and Mater," an American

study in comedy. The latter was produced in 1908, by Mr.

Henry Miller, in San Francisco and New York, "Jeanne d'Arc" with incidental music by Frederick S. Converse, was first producedbyMr. E. H. Sothern and Miss Julia Marlowe in 1906, and

/'

has been played by them widely in

America and

in

London.

In

1909 "The Canterbury Pilgrims" was played by the Colmrn Players in the open air

at

versities,

many American

uni-

and on Aug. 4th the

same players performed

it

in

of Pres. Taft, at Gloucester, Mass., as a. civic pageant,

honor

with 1,500 citizens and children as supernumeraries, before an audience of twenty-five thousand people. The incidental music for the occasion was written by Walter Damrosch, while Eric Pape was the artistic director.

"Sappho and Phaon" was produced

in New York by Mr. Harrison Grey Fiske in The very titles of his plays suggest the seri1907. Of ousness and variety of Mr. MacKaye's work.

New York "Nation" has "Mr. MacKaye's work is the most notable addition that has been made in many years to the poetical plays the

said:

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

160

American dramatic literature." It has been remarked by many critics that Mr. MacKaye achieves the rare combination of literary excellence and actability "

in

his

dramas.

On

this

the

point,

Boston

Evening Transcript," speaking particularly of "Sappho and Phaon," said: "We remember no drama by any modern writer that at once seems so readable and so actable, and no play that is so excellent in stage technique and so completely filled with the atmosphere of romance and poetry."

New York "Sun" has said of the play"It cannot be too positively said that in his own field Mr. MacKaye deserves a place beside the leaders of his art in England and France." Besides his dramas, Mr. MacKaye has written a And

the

wright:

considerable number of poems and essays. The latter, dealing with the drama, have been delivered His most at numerous American universities. " Prologue to the Saintimportant poems are Gaudens Masque" (given at Cornish, N. H., 1905),

"The

Sistine

Eve," an oratorio, "Ninety-Seven,"

read at the decennial reunion of his college class, "An Ode to the American Universities," the Harvard Phi Beta Kappa poem of 1908; "Ode on the Centenary of Abraham Lincoln," read before the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, and afterwards published, in 1909. He also read a ballad " entitled Ticonderoga," at the tercentenary celebration of the discovery of Lake Champlain, at Fort Ticonderoga, N. Y., in July, 1909. The last appeared in a collection of his "Poems" (1909). A choral ode for the dedication of the New Theatre, New York city, and its opening, Nov. G, 1909, was sung by the Metropolitan Opera chorus; and "Tennyson," a poem for the centenary of the poet laureate, was read at the Brooklyn Institute. In November, 1909, he lectured at Hardvard and Yale on "The He also "pubCivic Functions of the Theatre." lished a series of essays under the general title The Playhouse and the Play" (1909), and he is a contributor on similar subjects to the leading magazines. All of his original works are published by the Macmillan Co., New York city. He is a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, an honorary member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society and a member of the Harvard and Player's clubs, New York. Mr. MacKaye was married at Shirley

Marion Homer, daughter of Henry Lewis Morse, of Cambridge, Robert Keith, Mass., and has three children: Katherine Arvia and Christina Loring MacKaye. Center,

Mass.,

YOUNG,

and

Oct.

8,

1898,

to

Egerton Ryerson, clergyman, author

lecturer,

was

born at Crosby, Ontario, Canada, Apr. 7, 1840, son of Rev. William and Amanda (Waldron) Young. His father was a Methodist minister in Ontario. He received his education in the grammar schools, where his father was stationed, llr began teaching school at sixteen years of age, and after several years' work used the proceeds to continue his education at the Toronto Normal School. Entering the Methodist church 1863, he was ordained in 1867, and his first pastorate was the First Church at Hamil-

in

ton, Ontario,

Canada.

In May,

1868, a few

months

after his

marriage, his church sent as a missionary to the

him

'nv Indians of the Hudson's Bay His first residence Territory. was at Norway House, then a large, important trading and transhipping post of the Hudson's Bay

~2^y

(

From Co., and a general rendezvous of Indians. this center, Mr. Young did missionary work over an area larger than the state of New York, and successfully faced the hardships and privations of that little-known nort,hland, travelling several thousands of miles each year, in winter with dog The sleds and in the summers in a birch canoe. exciting incidents and thrilling adventures of this period of his life have been described in many of his books. After five years' work at

many

Norway House, Mr. and Mrs. Young were sent to open a new mission at Beren's river, on the eastern Lake Winnipeg. The hardships and side of privations of this wild, lonely post proved too much for Mrs. Young, whose health so completely broke down that they were compelled to return to Ontario Here Mr. Young in 1876, for medical treatment. settled down to pastoral work and was stationed successively at Port Perry, Colborne, Bowmanville, Meaford and Brampton, though he still retained his deep interest in the Indians amongst whom he subsequently made extended visits. Mr. Young was very successful on the lecture platform, since 1888, having travelled throughout the civilized world, giving accounts of his life and experience among the wilds of the Hudson's Bay territory. His travels took him into nearly all states of the union, the provinces of Canada, and in Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand, France, Italy He was a brilliant speaker and Switzerland. with a singularly fine manner, and an excellent " Mr. Young was the author of raconteur. By Canoe and Dog-Train" (1889); "Stories from Indian Wigwams and Northern Camp-Fires" (1891); "Oowikapun or How the Gospel Reached Nelson River" (1893); "On the Indian Trail" (1896); "Three Boys in the Wild North Land" "Winter Adventures of Three Boys in (1897); the Great Lone Land" (1899); "The Apostle of the North, James Evans" (1900); "My Dogs in the Northland" (1902); "Algonquin Indian Tales" (1903); "Children of the Forest" (1904); "Hector, My Dog" (1905), and "The Battle of the Bears" His literary style is bright, easy, colloquial, (1906). such as is most attractive and acceptable in narraBoth with pen and tongue, Mr. tive writing.

Young was essentially

the story-teller. Occasionally there are descriptive passages, such as those of the Auroras and other visions of the night, the beautiful and lonely lakes, the vastness of the Northern wilderness, the utility and nobility of his dogs, and the faithfulness of his Indian guides, which are truly eloquent, and identify the author as a master of the noblest idiomatic English. Mr. Young was married, Dec. 25, 1867, to Elizabeth,

daughter of Joseph Bingham of Bradford, Ontario,

and had four daughters: Lillian, wife of R. N. Helme of Lancaster, England; Florence, wife of Rev. A. Boylan Fitz-Gerald of Newark, N. J.; Grace, wife of Newton H. Brown, of Toronto, Ontario; and Winnifred, wife of Dr. H. E. Watson of East Toronto, Ontario; and one son, Rev. E. Ryerson Young, Jr. Mr. Young died at his home in Bradford. Ontario, Oct. 5, 1909.

CHANCE,

Mrs. Julie Grinnell (Mrs. Stephen Rensselaer Cruger) author, was born in Paris, France, daughter of Thomas Wentworth and Sarah Saunders (Paris) Storrow. Her father was a prominent shipping merchant and the owner of an important line of packet ships between Europe and America. Her childhood was one of enthusiastic and constant study and was spent in Europe, chiefly in Paris, France, where she was privately educated and learned to speak with fluency 'French, Italian and German, to which she At the age of thirteen she later added Russian. returned with her family to Irvington-on-Hudson Van

,

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. where her studies artistic and literary, were conWhile still very young she was married tinued. to Col. Stephen Van Rensselaer Cruger, and removing to New York city, soon became prominent in social life. Having been reared in luxury and conspicuous in fashionable society, she startled her friends by publishing two novels, under her pen-name Julien Gordon. The first of these was "A Diplomat's Diary" (1S!)0) which was followed by "A Successful Man" (IS'.H)). They both met with favor and gave her an assured position as an The German poet and prose writer, author. Friedrich Spielhagen, who translated some of her works, probably voiced the prevailing sentiment most concisely in these words; "Now and then to prove to men perhaps also to prove to themselves what they can do if they dare and will, one of these gifted women detaches herself from her sisters, enters the arena with men, to fight for the highest prizes, and as the brave Gotz says of Brother Martin, 'shames many a knight.' To this race of conquerors belongs to-day one of the first living writers of novels and romances, Julien Gordon." Her first novels were followed by "Ma"

Reseda" (1891) and Vampires" (1891 two were translated into German and tinlast into both French ami German; all met with great success and were highly prized by such eminent demoiselle

The

I.

first

Mayo W. Haxeltine, Thomas W. Iligginson and T. P. O'Connor, M. P. Succeeding these appeared "A Puritan Pagan" (translated into critics as

" German); "Marionettes;" "His Lrlters;'' Poppaea" and "A Wedding and other Stories" (1895), ''Mrs. Clyde" (1901), and a volume of poems in Besides these, numerous essays and articles 1905. have appeared in American and European periodicals; among them, "Gentleman in Politics;" "Slovenly Americans;" "Healthy Heroines:" "Men's Women;" "Abraham Lincoln in his Relations to Women;" "Was George Eliot a Hypocrite;" and "The Modern Extinction of Genius," and articles on diplomatic questions, published in "North American Review." Her favorite

subjects of study are philosophy, political economy poetry, but science, art, and even politics are also deeply interesting to her, and unlike most students she is passionately fond of outdoor life and pastimes. Colonel Cruger having died in 1898 she made her home in Italy, and later in Washington, D. C. where in, 1908, she became the wife of Wade Chance, of Canton, O., and

and

London, England.

JONES, Jenkin Lloyd,

clergyman, was born at

Llandyssul, Wales, Nov. 14, 1843, son of Richard Lloyd and Mary (Thomas) Jones. His parents were natives of Wales who came to America when their son was one year old and settled upon a farm in Wisconsin. His boyhood was spent upon the farm, and perhaps the best part of his" education during that period was derived from the independence of thought and integrity of action," which he says distinguished his father. He attended the and later the Spring Green log school house, 7 hen the civil war broke out he enAcademy. listed as a private in the 6th Wisconsin battery and served throughout the struggle. Having determined to follow the ministry as his life work, he spent four years in the Meadville (Pa.) Theological School, a training school for the liberal ministry, and in 1870 began his work as a preacher at Wdnnetka, 111. In 1871 he accepted a call to All Souls Church, Janesville, Wis., and remained there until 1880. Meantime, he was chosen by the Western LT nitarian conference as its secretary, and he assumed the duties of this office together with those of his pastorate. In 1880 he moved to Chicago.

W

111.,

161

and organized a movement which resulted

in the establishment of All Souls Church in 1882, of which he has been pastor ever since, resigning

He

the secretaryship at the same time.

is

the

editor of "Unity," a weekly magazine established by him and other workers in the Western conIt is an exponent of democracy ference in 1878. in religion, and of high idealism in the affairs of the day. It has greatly contributed to the cause

thought and has inspired and vigorously aided many of the reform movements Its motto is "Freedom, Fellowship, of the state. and Character in Religion." In 1876 Mr. Jones organized and was the first secretary of the Western Unitarian Sunday School Society, and Sunday published the first school lesson leaflet issued for liberal Sunday schools (1872). He was secretary of the Parliament of Religions held in connection with the Columbian of liberal religious

exposition in IS'.Cl, and he helped to organize and was general secretary of the Congress of Religions in Chicago in IS! 14. lie was president of the Illinois State Conference of Charities and is a member of the executive committee of the

American Humane Society,

of

the council of the Municipal, Voters' League, and of the Associated Charities Organization of Chicago. In ]ss_> he organized the first Browning class in this of outside circles and was the country College founder and first president of the Chicago Browning has He lectured Society. throughout the entire country on English literature under the auspices of the University Extension Department of the University of Chicago, and is the author of "The Faith that makes Faithful" (in collaboration with Rev. W. C. Gannett), " Practical Piety," " No Sex in Crime," "Jess: Bits of Wayside Gospel," "A Search for an Infidel," "Love and Loyalty," of his brotherly love, his deep all-round

books "full humanity,"

and "What does Christmas Really Mean?" collaborating with Mr. John T. McCutcheon the cartoonist. Mr. Jones was one of the organizers of the

Hill Summer Encampment established in 1890, near Spring Green, Wis., for the purpose of furnishing a quiet retreat for tired teachers and ministers and others who might be attracted to "plain living and high thinking." Accommodations are given at minimum cost, and classes for the study of religion and great literature and natural science are held daily, usually under the direction of Mr. Jones. Its aim is to equip and inspire for the coming year's work and duty. While Mr. Jones's activities have been many, the center of them has been in All Souls Church. Of dominant ethical ideals, he has made his an institutional church, and after twelve years of planning and tireless working, he succeeded, in 1905, in realizing his dream of an Abraham Lincoln Centre, a building "dedicated to public service, honoring the memory of Abraham Lincoln, DemoIt provides a place of worship for All crat." Souls Church, unfettered by creed or dogma or

Tower

denomination; a

place

for

study;

a

home

for

and a "platform for every honest message." It is open every day in the week and every working hour in the day, and out of a large working staff, twenty-three give their entire time to it. Its general aim is to provide "a place where lives may be broadened and bettered by opportunity to study and appreciate what is true and beautiful." neighborliness,

NATIONAL

TlIK

162

Mr. Jones's genius comprises that of the organizer,

Of the first ample the preacher. evidence is found in the great work at Lincoln he Tower Hill Encampment, and the (Vntiv. of Religions; to the second, his written cin;:re works testify, including the editorial pages of I'liity, which invest every theme with the rare charm of his originality. The third and great e>t is shown in his telling public utterances, his fearless his attitude, contagious enthusiar-m, and his elemental power to inspire men and women to The degree of LL.I). was conferred good works. upon him in 1909 by the University of Wisconsin. Mr. Jones was married. June 16, 1870, at Meadthe poet, and l

(

.

(

'VCLUP.EDIA

and fine athletic field. Dr. Gamage is a keen judge of human nature, an inspiring teacher, and a progressive and enthusiastic executive. His influence as an educator is attested by the faithful devotion of every boy that has come under his He is a member of the University guidance.

Pa., to Susan 0., daughter of David Barber, that place. They have one daughter, Mary Lloyd Jones, and one son, Richard Lloyd Jones, who is on the editorial staff of "Collier's Weekly,"

ville,

of

New

York.

GAMAGE,

Frederick Luther, educator, was Hopkinton, Mass., June 19, 1860, son of Richard and Alibie K. (Lackey) Gamage. Henry His first American ancestor, John Gamage, came to this country about the middle of the seventeenth century, and settled in Ipswich, Mass., and was a soldier in King William's war. He married Mary Knight, and the line of descent is traced through their son Joshua, who married Debora Wyeth; their son William, who married Abigail Cook; their son Samuel, who married Mrs. Martha (Rice) their son Richard, who married Betsy Swift; Phipps, and their son Joseph, who married Mary Taft, and who was the grandfather of the subject born

of in

at

this

sketch.

Middlesex

Gamage was

'William

regiment,

1765. Craft's

lieutenant

Samuel

Gamage

was lieutenant in Col. regiment, 1776. Henry Richard Gamage was a soldier in the civil war and was killed at the battle of Winchester, Mr. Gamage received his early Sept. 1'.i, Isiil. education in the Westboro, Mass., high school, and later at Brown University, where he was graduated A.B. 1882 and A.M. in 1885. After serving as master of

Greek at Delaware Academy, Delhi, N. Y., a short time, he was elected principal of the Oxford Academy, Oxford,

was

In 1893 he N. Y. appointed headmaster

of St. Paul's school at

City,

Long

Island,

Garden and for

fourteen years he conducted tlie school so ably that it attained the standing of one of the best secondary institutions in the United State-;. His conspicuous sucin cess organization was recognized by the degree of p.C.L. from Hobart College in 1S9S. In June, 1907, he resigned the headmastership of St. Paul's to found a school on the basis of ideals inspired by t\ enty-five years' experience in pedagogical training the molding of Christian character, the maintenance of high scholarship, the inculcation of fidelity to honor, and loyalty in unselfish service. Supported by the patrons and alumni of St. Paul's and accompanied by a large majority of its attending pupils and masters, he established a new preparatory school at Pawling, N. Y., which was opened under the most favorable auspices, and which met with immediate favor. is situated in a beautiful country where the students have every facility for all manner of outIt

door sports, including a magnificent golf course

New

York, and Sons of the American married at Delhi, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1886, to Isabella, daughter of Robert Ilorner, and has two children, Margaret Edgerton Club

of

Revolution.

He was

and Frederick Luther,

Jr.

HEATH, Frederic Carroll, physician, was born at Gardiner, Kennebec CO., Me., Jan. 19, 1857, son of Alvan M. C. and Sarah H. (Philbrook) Heath. His father, editor and publisher of the Gardiner "Home Journal," was killed in the battle of Fredericksburg. The Grand Army Post at Gardiner was named for him. His grandfather, Dr. Asa Heath, was a prominent physician, and served several terms in the state legislature. Rev. Asa Heath, father of the physician, was a noted Methodist preacher, a circuit rider in New York and later in Maine, being himself a grandson of Barhtolomew Heath, who came to America from England in 1732. Dr. Heath was graduated at Amherst College in 1878, and a few years later received from that institution the degree of A.M. After teaching school for several years, he took up the study of medicine, and in 1884 was graduated at the medical department of Bowdoin College,

being the valedictorian of his class. He was in the United States Marine Hospital service as acting assistant and assist ant surgeon six years at Portland, Chicago, Mobile, Buffalo, Cleveland, and Detroit, After an resigning at the latter station in 1890. extended course of clinical study in the New York Eye and Ear hospitals, he began practicing that specialty at Lafayette, Ind., whence in 1892 he removed to Indianapolis. He is on the consulting staff of most of the hospitals of the city, was secretary of the Marion County Medical Society in 1S94-95, and president of same in 1905, anil has been secretary of the Indiana State Medical Society since 1896. He is also a member of the Indianapolis Literary Club. Dr. Heath is a frequent contributor to medical journals. Among his published

papers are

:

"Zonular Keratitis,"

"The Cataract Operation," "An Unusual Case

of

"Heart the Pulmonary Artery;" TreatTonics;" "Xasal Reflexes;" "Conservative " ment of Insufficiences of Ocular Muscles;" Suppur Ear;" Inflammation of the Middle punitive " The Relation of Sexual Diseases and Excess to the Eye;" "Accidents in Eye Operations;" "Eye Symptoms in General Diseases;" and "Treatment of Prolapse of the Iris." Dr. Heath was married at Rockville, Ind., in 1899, to May, daughter of T. Howard Anderson. She died in 1892, and in 1895 he was married to Agnes, daughter Dr. of John Cochrane, and has one daughter. Heath is an ex-member of the Indianapolis He was professor of diseases Citv Health Board. Aneurism

of

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. the eye in the Central College of Physicians Indianapolis, but since the consolidation of the schools he has been clinical professor in the Indiana Medical College, recently become the Indiana Universtiy School of Medicine. Dr. Heath has reported a case of amblyopia from carbon bisulphide; but one other such case has been reported in America. The progressive character of Dr. Heath's work and achievements marks 'him as an able and successful specialist in the line to which his life is now devoted. of

and Surgeons,

BROWN, Edwin

Franklin, mechanician and banker, was born at Auburn, Me., Jan. 20, IMiL', son of Edwin !.(( and Mary L. (Babcock) Brown. The first of his family in America was John Brown, a native of England, who came to Amer-

and the line of descent is traced through his son Jacob, who married Sarah Brookin; their son John, who married Ruth Kelly their son who married Theophilus, Jemina Hoyt theirson Caleb, who married Polly Mason, and their son Walter, who married Sarah (juimby, and who was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Brown's father (1827-91) was a prominent manufacturer of prismatic nidr\\alk lights. He organized the firm of Brown Brothers in 1800 (incorporated in 1874), which he conducted successfully until his death. Edwin F. Brown was educated in the public schools of Evanston and at the Illinois State University. He developed a decided bent for mechanics and exact sciences, and throughout his whole life displayed considerable ingenuity arid inventive genius. He began his business career in 1880 in the repair department of the Hartford Sewing Machine Co. in Chicago. A year later he entered the bicycle ica in 1035,

;

;

163

boiler was copper, similar to fire engine boilers of the old type. The engine was a miumiim: of the old fire engine and pump. The construction was of steel bicycle tubing, having three wheels 24" in diameter and solid rubber tires 1" in diameter. The boiler was square, of the drop tube variety cylinders were two 2" X 5", connected direct to the rear axle, cranks set quartering so there would be no dead centers. The rear wheels were arranged with clutches, so that the momentum could be used without the engine acting as a brake. ;

There was no reverse gear; reversing was dune by placing the foot on the ground and pushing the machine backwards. The throttle and brake lever were in convenient position to the drive and the handle bars were arranged to tip forward so they could act as shafts to pull the machine home. This invention was exhibited at the first automobile show held in Chicago (1902). All these accomplishments were but side issues in Mr. Brown's In business life he is know-n as a manucareer. facturer and banker, having been identified with the iron business of his father since 1882, and his career as a banker dates from 189G, when with a desire of increasing his knowledge of banking laws

he became a special bank examiner under Comptroller Dawes. After serving as receiver of over l wenty national banks with headquarters in Chicago, in l'.)03 he organized the Manufacturers' Bank of Chicago, a state institution of which he was president. In 1905 it was converted into a national bank under the name of the Monroe National Bank, Mr. Brown retaining the presidency. A man of force and action, his predominant trait of character is self-control, which he calls the "most interesting and beneficial game in life played by one man for the stakes, health

and happiness."

He

is

char-

department of Messrs. John Wilkinson & Co., where he not only acquired a thorough knowledge of all the details of bicycle construction but became an enthusiast in wheeling, which continued until the advent of the automobile. It was while associated with this company that Mr. Brown won the bicycle championship of the northwest in 18S1, making a mile record of 3.08 minutes. He was one of the purchasers of the high-wheel bicycle in Chicago, in 1882 conducted a party of forty wheelmen on a tour through Canada. His enthusiasm for the bicycle and his taste for mechanics led naturally to experiments with a self-propelling vehicle, and to him must be given the credit of constructing and operating one of the first successful devices of the kind in this country. While to Elwood llaynes (q.v.) belongs the honor of designing and operating the first gasolene road vehicle (after 1889), as early as 1885 Mr. Brown built a steam tricycle which was successful in its operation. In the following year he built another machine having four wheels instead of three, which obtained a speed of ten miles an hour, and by 1889 he had constructed a successful three-wheel automobile which ran at the rate of twenty miles an hour. This machine was reconstructed from an old Hillman, Herbert and Cooper two-track tandem tricycle, with the front seat removed, to make a place for the boiler. The engine was a single cylinder 2" X 3", high speed, geared_ in such a way that the engine made 1000 revolutions and the speed of the tricycle was between eight and ten miles an hour. The first

and

acterized as quiet and modest in his tastes and Mr. Brown is a artistic to a marked degree. charter member of the American Motor League and the Chicago Automobile Club,4iaving served as vice-president of the latter, and he is also a member of the Evanston Country Club, the South Shore Country Club, the Chicago Athletic Club, the Chicago Yacht Club and the Uermania Maennerchor. He was married Sept. 10, 1885, to Sarah B., daughter of Stewart B. Vowell, and has one daughter Lucile Vowell Brown. CARSON, Howard Adams, civil engineer, was Kirn in Westfield, Mass., Nov. 28, 1842, son of He was Daniel Barren and Mary (Pope) Carson. graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech1

nology, in the civil engineering course, with the degree of B.S., in 1809, and later received the honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard University. He tlien spent a year as assistant engineer for a mining

and

iron manufacturing

company

in

western Penn-

THE NATIONAL CYCLOP.EDIA

164

and in 1871 he was appointed assistant fair, organized popular lecture courses, enlisted in engineer in the construction of the Providence, R. I., the national guard and rose to be captain of the waterworks, and two years later was placed in charge local company, with which he was connected for of the construction of the sewers of that city. He seven years, and made many ward and country In 1894 he was nominated spent the winter of 1877-78 in Europe making a schoolhouse speeches. study of the various sewerage systems, and upon for state senator, but the district being overhis return was appointed principal superintendent whelmingly Republican, he was defeated. But on the construction of the Boston main drainage. he made so many friends during the campaign and During 1884-90 he was engaged in general practice afterward that he was nominated again in 1898 as civil and consulting engineer, having his office and this time was elected. The Democrats were in Boston, and he has since been consulted in im- in the minority, so Mr. Johnson could do little more portant work in various parts of the country. At than support such reform measures as the RepubJohn Lind, the present he is one of an advisory board of three for licans happen d to present. the construction of the tunnel for moving the trains Democratic governor, was an anti-imperialist and of the New York Central railroad under the Detroit wanted the Minnesota soldiers withdrawn from In 1S87 he made the design for the North service against the Filipino insurgents. river. The matter Metropolitan and Charles river sewerage systems, came up during the session of 1899 in the form of a and under his direction the work was prosecuted. resolution demanding the recall of the Minnesota Two years later he was appointed chief engineer regiment. Every Republican senator opposed of the Metropolitan sewerage commission of Massa- and every Democratic senator except Johnson In August, 1894, he was appointed chief favored it. chusetts. In siding with the Republicans he engineer for the Boston transit commission, and as said: "Deplorable as I believe this war to be, I such had charge of the construction of the Boston for one am of opinion that we should join together subway, the East Boston tunnel under Boston to uphold the hands of the government regardless He is of the political color that may be lent to the situaharbor, and the Washington street tunnel. also the designer of the tunnel under Beacon Hill tion. I believe that the regiment should remain in Mr. Carson's pub- the Philippines as long as the stars and stripes are for the Cambridge connection. lished writings include, among other articles, one on liable to insult. If this be political treason, make "Tunneling," prepared for the London "Times" the most of it." Nevertheless in the convention edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, but mainly of 1900 Mr. Johnson presented Gov. Lind's name consist of reports upon engineering work, includ- for renomination. In 1902 he was renominatcd ing full and comprehensive reports as chief engineer for state senator, but the Republicans put up of the two above-named commissions. He was another Johnson (Charles A.) in opposition, to president of the Alumni Association of the Massa- "mix those babies up," and his defeat was laid chusetts Institute of Technology for two years, and to the inability of the voters to distinguish between is now a trustee of that institution. He is a mem- the two Johnsons. If he had been elected he would ber of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, of have been ineligible for governor under the Minnewhich he was president in 1898-99; a member sota laws. In 1904 the Republicans nominated of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and of R. C. Dunn, a defender of the merger of the Norththe Institution of Civil Engineers of England. He ern Pacific and Great Northern railroads, for was married at Oxford, Mass., in 1870, to Nancy, governor and the Democrats nominated Mr. Johnson to oppose him. He made a vigorous daughter of Theophilus Wilmarth. JOHNSON, John Albert, fifteenth governor campaign, paying his railroad fare and all other of Minnesota, was born on a farm near St. Peter, expenses out of his own pocket, and won by a vote He carried his home county Minn., July 28, 1801, son of Gustaf of 147,982 to 140,130. and Caroline Hansen (Haden) John- of Nicollet (Republican) three to one, and carried His St. Paul and Minneapolis by 9,000. Although not son, both natives of Sweden. father had been addicted to intoxi- fully recovered from a third operation for appencants and left his native land, dicitis, he made speeches in seventy-four counties, where he was a skilled iron smith which required almost continuous night-and-day in 1857, for the purpose of reform- traveling. At this same election Roosevelt carried He began his ing and beginning life anew. Dur- Minnesota by 161,000 majority. ing the civil war the family moved to administration by appointing to office the very St. Peter, where the father fell best men to be had and, as ex-officio member, to from grace and becoming an out- attend and take an active part in all meetings of the board of state university regents, state board cast, died in a public institution. At the age of twelve years young of equalization and other boards ami commissions, John secured a position in a grocery something hitherto unheard of. He recommended store. Although deprived of the placing the office of insurance commissioner on a education that his mother was am- salary, amending the taxation clause of the conbitious for him to receive, he early stitution, passing an inheritance tax and tightening formed the reading habit, and hav- up the timber-trespass laws, and they were adopted. " ing read Prescott's Conquests and His recommendations of a state bureau of immigra" Scott's Ivanhoe," formulated a tion and training school for dilinquent girls were system of self-education which continued through- accepted two years later, and his pleas for reduced out his entire life. He was an all-round youth. He rates, abolition of railroad passes and franks, and played ball, skated, wrestled,, participated in ski an employers' liability law, were later made effectournaments, attended every social gathering, tive. During his first term the state insurance joined numerous local societies, sang in the male commission reported that one of the large state quartet of the church choir and was generally insurance compoanies had been criminally misregarded as the leader in young society. Although managed. Gov. Johnson summoned its officers born a Republican his tariff reform views gave to the executive chamber, disclosed to them the him a Democratic leaning, and in 1888 he was nature of the report and demanded their resignaselected by the stockholders to be the editor of tions. The resignations were given and a comthe Democratic "St. Peter Herald" in which he mittee of business men at the governor's request hail acquired an interest. This position widened took charge of the corporation and not only saved the field of his activities. He managed the county it from ruin, but placed it on a substantial foundasylvania,

'

'

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

165

cian might have been a source of weakness had he not united with it a simple and unswerving honesty and purity of character which compelled the love He was a sun" rer neys-general and insurance commissioners for the and admiration of all men. purpose of devising a uniform code of state in- for many years from a stomach trouble which surance laws. The meeting \va.s called and such finally caused his death, and when he at last a code drawn, and adopted, with slight changes, succumbed after another operation had been perby several states. In 1900 Gov. Johnson was formed, one of the most remarkable tributes ever unanimously renominatcd and was reelected by paid to the memory of a public man in Minnesota a vote of 168,480 to 96,1(12, although the other was accorded to him: bells were tolled and many Republican candidates' were successful by heavy banks, stores and offices were closed and buildings The legislature (Republican) accepted draped in black and purple throughout the entire majorities. In 1907 the degree of LL.D. was conferred state. his recommendations in good faith and enacted most of them into laws. Among these were: upon him by the University of Pennsylvania. He was a maximum schedule of freight rates; 2-cent married, June 1, 1894, to Elinor M. Preston, passenger fares: abolition of railroad passes and lie died at Rochester, Minn., Sept. 21, 1909. Adolph Olson, sixteenth govexpress and other public utility franks; a reciprocal demurrage law for freight cars; increased taxation ernor of Minnesota, was born in Sweden, June 23, on sleeping car earnings; a permanent tax com- 1870, son of Andrew and Louise (Johnson) Olson. mission; a registry tax on mortgages uniform life When he was ten years of age his parents emigrated insurance laws; abolition of private banks; a law to Minnesota, but, through lack of funds, he was His first occupation to facilitate municipal ownership; better salaries left to follow a year later. was the herding of 500 head of cattle on the prairies for state university professors and tutors: and On the tax of Dixon and Cedar counties, Neb., where the increased state drainage operations. commission he appointed men of the highest family lived in a hillside "dug out." A year later character who, in less than one year, added over he hired out to a clergyman-fanner at SKI a month, $100,000,000 to the assessed valuation of iron and gave his earnings to his parents. While there During 1907 over 1(1,000 miners he had access to a free library and began his own properties alone. in the Minnesota iron region, composed mostly of education; but not until he was twenty-one years men of foreign birth, united in a general strike, of age was he able to attend school. AVith only and the owners of the mines, fearing an outbreak, $37.50 as an asset to his natural ability and energy Instead of he entered Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, called on the governor for protection. sending troops Gov. Johnson quietly proceeded Minn., in 1891, and made a record that is difficult He exacted a promise to parallel. In four years and three months he in person to the mines. from the mine owners that they would not provoke had completed a seven years' course of study, takan outbreak and then calling on the strike managers. ing every elective and special subject on the curricdrew a promise of peace from them on pain of ulum seventy-nine subjects in all; had entered Later numerous debating contests without once suffering being met at once by the national guard. he issued a proclamation declaring the right of defeat, and during his entire period at college had peaceable assembly and under official protection, supported himself by outside work. He was calling on the miners to cease marching in large graduated in 1895, as valedictorian of his class. bodies as tending to disturb the peace, warning He then studied law in the office of Judge Lorin against trespass on private property and promising Gray of Mankato, Minn., and three years later the dispatch of troops for any violation of the was' admitted to the bar. During 1897-1906 he terms of the proclamation. In a speech made to was in turn United States commissioner, deputy the strikers' at Eveleth during this disturbance clerk of the United States district court and deputy Gov. Johnson declared that every man who wished clerk of the United States circuit court. In 1902 to do so possessed the right to work as well as to he was nominated as state senator by the Repubquit work and to organize, arid that if necessary licans of the llth district and was elected by the the entire power of the state would be used to pro- largest majority of any candidate on the ticket. Gov. He was reelected in 1905 and although the youngest tect him in the exercise of that right. Johnson's great hold on the masses brought him member of the senate during 1903-05, he succeeded prominently into national politics. In 1908 his in securing the passage of numerous important name was mentioned for the Democratic nomina- acts, chief among which were the highway commistion for the presidency, and when his name was sion act, the anti-rebate law, and amendatory presented at the Denver convention he received acts granting the railroad commission control of In September he accepted a railway rates, discriminations and authority to forty-six votes. renomination for governor, although he did not examine railroad books of record. His splendid desire to serve again, in order to aid in carrying record won him the lieutenant-governership in 1906, Minnesota for the Democratic national ticket. with a Republican majority of 32,000 votes, His popularity did not carry the other candidates, although John A. Johnson was elected governor and while Taft's majority in Minnesota was 100,000, with a Democratic majority of 72,000 votes. On Johnson was reelected by a vote of 178.845 to Sept. 21, 1909, Gov. Johnson died and the lieua Democrat the extraor- tenant governor was sworn in as chief executive cf 153,667, securing to him dinary honor of three terms in an overwhelmingly the state. Gov. Eberhart is versatile and genial, as Republican state. Mr. Johnson was a hater of red well as tactful and impartial and, as one of his tape and fuss-and-feathers. The door to his luxuri- political opponents said: ''Most men in the senate ous chamber in the capitol was always open and he admire and all respect him." Heisalsoa competent met the poorest and humblest with the same grace business man and devotes much of his time in and cordiality that marked his reception of the developing the stone industry at Mankato, being rich and great. Although a man of the humblest secretary and treasurer of the Widell Co., and his origin and limited opportunities, he earned his company employs 500 men and has a weekly payway against extraordinary difficulties to a fore- roll of $25,000; he operates three quarries, burns most place among American statesmen. He loved limestone, and builds concrete and masonry bridges. mankind and was sincerely interested in individual He was married at Mankato, Minn.. June 23, 1898, He had a genius to Adele M., daughter of Fred C. Koke of Barrett, efforts, ambitions and careers. for friendship and for kindliness, which in a politiMinn., and has five children.

His investigations of the insurance business resulted in his suggesting to Pres. Roosevelt that he call a national meeting of governors, attortion.

EBERHABT,

;

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

166

PEARCE, Arthur Williams, engineer and broker, was born at Black Hawk, Colo., Oct. 11, 1874, son of Richard and Elizabeth (Hawkins) His father, a native of Cornwall, England, Pearce. (b. 1837) was a metallurgist who came to the United States in 1870, to construct the first smelting This was for treatment of copper ores. called the Argo smelter, erected in Black Hawk, Colo., for the Boston & Colorado Smelting Co.

works

smelter

at

abandoned and

1878 a

new

in

He was

Subsequently Denver,

the

in Colo.

Black

Hawk was

smelter was built

connected with this

institution

until

1900,

when

he retired, and returned to England. He was president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in 1889-90, the Institute of Mining Engineers of Great Britain, and the Royal Geological Society of

The son received Cornwall. his education in schools in Belgium and England, at the Lawrenceville (N. J.) School, and the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, being graduated at the latter in 1896 with the degree of Ph.B. After leaving college he returned to Denver, Colo., and began practicing as a mining engineer. In 1898 he entered the service of the Venture Corporation of London, England, as mining engineer at Cripple Creek, He spent two years in Mexico developing Colo. the Sonora district for Denver capitalists, and four years in Bolivia, South America, examining and developing tin mines. Returning to the United States, in 1906, Mr. Pearce bought a seat on the New York stock exchange, in 1908, and a year later formed a partnership with Robert H. Simpson and Ricardo Cristiani under the name of Simpson, Pearce & Co., and engaged in the banking and brokerage business. His favorite recreations are tennis and goif, and he is a member of the Racquet Club, the St. Anthony Club, the Rockaway Hunt Club, the Stock Exchange Luncheon Club and Cedarhurst Yacht C'lub. Mr. Pearce was married

May

25, 1908, to Lucy, daughter of

ADAMS,

Samuel Hopkins,

John H. Inman.

on that topic, the first of which, "TuberReal Race Suicide," in "McClure's Magazine" in 1905, is regarded as authoritative upon the sociological phase of the dread disease consumption. This was followed by articles on typhoid .and yellow fever, and various phases of the subject, upon which he also delivered a number of addresses before lay audiences as well as medical societies. During the winter of 1907-08, Mr. Adams acted as chief of the editorial staff of " Ridgway's Weekly," after which he devoted himself entirely to independent literary work. A series of articles growing out of his studies of the health question appeared in "Collier's Weekly" during 1906-07, under the title of "The Great American Fraud." It was aimed at the patent medicine evil and medical quackery in general, and created quite a stir throughout the country. These articles were subsequently published in book form by the American Medical Association. Upon this subject, too, he addressed a number of medical societies and conventions. In the final debate in the house of representatives over the pure food bill, the leaders in charge of the measure credited him with having secured the enactment of the patent medicine clause. On the side of fiction, Mr. Adams has contributed a number of short stories to various magazines, and in 1907, in collaboration with Stewart Edward White, he wrote "The Mystery," a tale of adventure centering about a mysterious island in the Pacific. In 1908 appeared "The Flying Death," a story of a strange agent of destruction which makes its appearance through the air above Long Island, of articles

the

culosis,

striking terror into the hearts of the inhabitIn their sustained interest, vivid flights ants. of imagination and plausibility of fact, his stories are not unlike the writings of Jules Verne. Mr. Adams is a trustee of Hamilton College, and was secretary of the Alumni Association of the New

York "Sun'' during 1905-06.

He

is

a

member

Alpha Delta Phi clubs of New York city, the Owasco Country Club of Auburn, N. Y., and of the Committee of One Hundred on National Health, the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and the National Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis. He was married Oct. of the Players,

19, 1898, to Elizabeth R. Noyes, of Charleston, Ya.. and has two daughters.

W.

THOMPSON,

author, was born at

Dunkirk, N. Y., Jan. 2(i, 1871, son of Myron and Hester Rose (Hopkins) Adams, and descendant of ('apt. John Adams of Salem, Mass., who was a soldier in the revolutionary war. The line is traced through their son Abner of East Bloomfield, N. Y., and his son Myron, who was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. On his mother's side, Mr. Adams is a descendant of Stephen Hopkins, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was educated at the Rochester Free Academy, Rochester, N. Y., and at Hamilton College, where he was graduated in 1891. In the same year he began his journalistic career as a reporter and special writer for the New York "Sun," in which Meanwhile capacity he continued until 1900. he began to write for the periodical papers, his first article appearing in " Scribner's Magazine' " in 1898. During 1900-02, he was managing editor of McClure's Syndicate, and during 1902-04 was advertising manager of the publishing house of McClure, Phillips & Co. In the latter year he became a staff writer on " McClure's Magazine," and from that time on devoted himself seriously to this line of work. Having become deeply interested in the subject of public Tiealth, he began a series

David Eugene, diplomat, was Branch county, Mich., Feb. 2S, 1S54, son of John H. and Rhoda (Bennett) Thompson. His father was a farmer. He attended the country born

in

schools until the age of thirteen, when he devoted himself to learning the watchmaker's trade. In 1872 he began to earn a livelihood as laborer in the employ of the Burlington Railway in the state of Nebraska, and was promoted to various higher

became superintendent. In this capacity he remained until 1890, when he resigned to take the management of various industrial enterprises. Since 1902 he has been president and chief owner of Lincoln "Daily Star," and the Columbia Fire Insurance Co. of Nebraska. In politics, Mr. Thompson is a Republican, but never held political office, until in 1902 he was appointed by Pres. Roosevelt envoy extraordinary and positions until, in 1881, he

On Jan. 10, plenipotentiary to Brazil. 1905, he was raised to the grade of ambassador and retained this position until 1906, when he became American ambassador to Mexico. During a three years' incumbency of this important post he distinguished himself by a remarkable activity in the interest of his country. Having bought, in minister

I

'.MK),

for

approximately $10,000,000 he resigned railroad,

Pan-American

in

gold the the

from

(IF

AMERICAN mof.UAPHY.

diplomatic service in that year, to devote himself to ils management and his interests in the United This railroad is the only Mexican line States. running from the north to the Central American border, and is about 2'.('.t miles long. Mr. Thompson

was married in Chicago, 111., in January, to Jeanctte, daughter of J. II. Miller.

1892,

HEKTOEN, Ludvig, pathologist, was born at We-tby, \\'is., July 2, 18H3, son of Peter P. and Olave (Thorsgaard) Hektoen. His father was a native of Norway, and a school H-achcr and farmer; his mother was the daughter of a successful farmer, Lars Thorsgaard, who emigrated from Norway The son was graduated to Wisconsin about 1858. at Luther College, Decorah, la., in INS:;; ai the Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, in a special student at the University student in Ix.x.'i xl, and was a of Wisconsin in Vpsala, Prague, Berlin, and Vienna, in IMin, During 1X90 92 he was 1894-95, 18911, and 1897. lecturer on pathology at Rush Medical College, Chicago; in 1890 91, physician to the coroner's oflicc; in 1X92 91, professor of pathology. College 1X95 98, proof Physicians and Surgeons; in fessor of morbid anatomy, Hush Medical College; in 1S98-02 president of 'the Chicago Pathological to the Cook Society; in 1889 -():{ pathologist County Hospital. Since' I89X Dr Hektoen has been professor of pathology in Hush Medical

College of 1887; was

College,

and since

1901,

professor

of

pathology

He

ha~ conducted investigations in immunity and other problems In 190'-' he became director in infectious diseases. of the Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases. He has been one of the editors of the "Journal of Infectious Diseases,'' since 1901, and has published

at the University of Chicago.

number of medical books and articles, among which may be mentioned: "Postmortem TechHe edited Dnrek's "Pathologic nique" (1X94). Histology" (1903-04) ami cont ribuied to the "American Text Book of Pathology" (1902), He is a member of of which he was coeditor. the Enixersity and l^nadrangle clubs of Chicago, the Westward Ho Golf Club, and of numerous He was married medical and scientific societies. at Habo, Sweden, in 1N91, to Ellen, daughter of Isak Strandh, and has one daughter, Aikyn and one son, Josef Hektoen.

a,

167

won

for him recognition as an official equipped for his work, possessing clear sound judgment, conservative foresight, views, and strong convictions. The record he has made in solving difficult problems of the theory and practice of life underwriting has spread far beyond

years, has

thoroughly

the limits of the company, and has placed him in the lu-t rank among his professional associates. He was a charter member of the Actuarial Society of America, and has taken an active inteiv-t in the welfare of that organization, having served on important committees and as vice-president during In 1903 he 1902-06, and president 1900-08. was a representative to and a secretary of the He was 4th international congress of actuaries. married at Ne\v Haven, Conn., Dec. 23, 1869, to Martha A., daughter of Elias K. Breckenridge of Meriden, Conn., and has four sons, Ernest A., llalph ' I

MM

(>., I::,

Donald B., and A Men, and two daughters, and Maud E. Wells

STANWOOD,

Isaac Augustus, manufacturer was born in Augusta, Me., Dec. 7, Daniel Caldwell and Mary Augusta (Webster) Stanwood, and brother of Edward Stanwood (q.v.). He is descended from Philip Stainwood of Gloucester, Mass., in 1652, through the la tier's son Jonathan and his wife Mary Nichols; their son Ebenezer and his wife Hannah Warner; their son Ebenezer and his wife Sarah Wilcomb; their son Isaac and his wife Eunice lloilgkins, and their son Isaac and his wife Joanna Caldwell, who were the parents of Daniel Caldwell Stanwood His father was a paper manufacturer, and was the first city clerk of Augusta and in 1856

and

laxvyer, lx:;9, son of

served

in

the state legislature.

Isaac A. Stanwood

was educated at the Augusta public school. After learning the paper manufacturing business under his father, who had been engaged in it since 1857, he formed a partnership with William H. F. Toxver in 1861 as Stanwood & Tower, successors to the Cushnoc Manufacturing Co. at Brown's Corner (noxv Riverside), Vassalboro, Me. In J862 the firm experimented with wood as a material for making paper and by January, 1803, they xverenot only producing wood paper but xvere selling it to the trade, being at that time the only manufacturers using \vood for that purpose. The origin of these experiments Mr. is curious and interesting. Stanwood 's attention xxas called to the material used by hornets

Daniel Halsey, actuary, was born at co., N. Y., Aug. 19, 1845, son of Alden and Amanda Maria (Youngs) Wells. His first American ancestor was William Wells, a native of England (probably Norwich), who in the making of their nests, and came to America about 1640, and settled at South- its close resemblance to paper, From him the line of descent is traced and observing that the insects old, N. Y. through his son Joshua, who married Hannah -craped xvood fiber from old their son Samuel, who married Bethia fence rails and dry logs, he deTuthill; Goldsmith; their son Youngs, who married Abigail termined to try that material Paine; their son Joseph, who married Martha in the manufacture of paper. Corey, and their son John, who married Mehetabel Their wood was in the form Tuthill, and who was the grandfather of the sub- of excelsior and from 1863 to Mr. Wells was educated in 1866 they used the entire prodject of this sketch. Ground wood public and private schools of his neighborhood, uct of a mill. and entering the Sheffield Scientific School of pulp was a later development, being, according to Yale University, was graduated Ph.B., in 1867. the "Paper Trade Journal "of Oct. 16, 1897, first In the following year he received the degree of made on March 5, 1867. The great reduction in He remained at the Sheffield the price of paper with its resultant benefits to C.E., from Yale. Scientific School as instructor in mathematics mankind had its first impulse in Mr. Stanwood's successful operations early in 1863. In 1875 he until June, 1874, when he accepted a position with the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co. Two removed to New York city and held a position in the U. S. custom house until 1888. During years later he was made second assistant secretary 1888-92 he practiced laxv both in the U. S. supreme of the company, becoming first assistant in ls,X holds. still court and in the U. S. circuit court. he In the latter and actuary in 1881, a position Mr. Wells' service to the Connecticut Mutual Life- he tried revenue cases and collected for the firm insurance Co., covering a period of nearly forty with which he was associated $1,500,000, which

WELLS,

Riverhead, Suffolk

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

168

had been exacted in excess as custom duties. Since 1895, he has been a clerk in the police department. Mr. Stanwood has been a deacon in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn for many years, and a member of the Brooklyn Union League Club for He was married in Augusta, Me., fifteen years. June 16, 1802, to Isabel F., daughter of Nathan P. Mrs. Stanwood died in 1873 and he Sturgess. was married again in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 23, daughter of George Walsh. 1878, to Martha D He has three children: Maud, Daniel C. and Mabel ,

Stanwood. manufacturer, was born Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England, Sept. 1, 1823, youngest son of George and Tabitha (Armitage) Left an orphan at an Goodall. early age he entered a woolen establishment, manufacturing and after serving an apprentice-

GOODALL, Thomas,

at

V

ship of eleven years, he acquired so thorough a knowledge of the business in all its details that he was placed in charge of the establishment, buying all the wool and other supplies for the business and required In disposing of the product. 1S44 he engaged in business for himself. Two years later he came to this country, and after a brief stay in Connecticut and Massachusetts, he finally settled in Troy, N. H. (1852) and first engaged in the manufacture of satinets and beavers. One cold, windy day he observed a farmer endeavoring to secure a blanket to the back of his horse, and he at once conceived the idea of shaping a blanket to the horse and keeping it in place by straps and buckles. Thus originated the horse blanket, many bales of which he manufactured and presented to Federal soldiers during the civil war. He was the first and only manufacturer of horse blankets of this description in this country, and in 1865 he sold the plant to a syndicate of Keene, N. H., capitalists, by whom the business has since been conducted. He then made a trip to England for rest and recreation, but could not content himself with an inactive life, and but shortly after his arrival began the exportation of plush lap robes for sale in the United States and Canada. Convinced that the protective policy of the United States encouraged manufacturing of all kinds, he determined to establish a plant for the production of those goods. He erected mills for this purpose at Sanford, Me., and in 1867 began the production of carriage robes and Kersey blankets, the first ever manufactured in the United States. The products of his plant found a ready market, and with an ever-increasing demand enlargements became necessary for the accommodation of constantly augmented manufacturing facilities, until, at the present time (1910) the Sanford Mills turn out an annual product valued at $2,200,000, have a capital of $1,000,000, and give employment for over 1,100 operators. In 1884 Mr. Goodall resigned his position aspresident of the Sanford Mills, which had been incorporated in 1877, and retired from business. In He is a politics Mr. Goodall is a Republican. strong advocate of all measures which tend toward the moral and intellectual elevation of those ,

about him. He was largely instrumental in founding the public library at Sanford, and was its first president. In reviewing his successful and honorable career in life, one feels how much can be accomplished by brains and energy. He has won for himself the honor and esteem of those

who know

him, and has founded in this country a family that holds an exceptionally high place in the land of his adoption. Mr. Goodall was married April 29, 1849, at South Hadley, Mass., to Ruth, daughter of Jerry Waterhouse, and has three sons: Louis Bertrand, George Benjamin, Ernest Montrose Goodall.

HOPEWELL,

merchant

John,

was born at

and

manu-

Franklin co., Mass., Feb. 2, 1845, eldest son of John and Catherine (Mahoney) Hopewell. His father was a native of London, England, who came to the United States at fourteen years of age, and settled in Philadelphia, Pa., where he learned the cutler's trade. Later he moved to Greenfield, Mass. The son attended the public schools until he was fourteen years of age, at which time he took up the trade facturer,

Greenfield,

of his father, entering the

& Goodnow,

employ of Messrs. Lamson

manufacturers of table cutlery, at Shelburne Falls, Mass., with whom he remained three years. In 1861 he removed to Springfield, Mass. There for a while he was with the Wason Manufacturing Co. and when the civil war began he secured a position in the United States Meanwhile he continued his studies armory. at night school; the information he gained from study and reading acquired outside of working hours enlarged his ideals and stimulated his ambition. He determined to fit himself for a larger career, and resigning his position, entered a business His first experience in a college in Springfield. mercantile business was as agent for a publishing house in Albany, N. Y., but his employers met with misfortune, and he returned to Springfield, where he secured a position with Josiah Cummings, a manufacturer of saddlery. Preferring to work directly for the manufacturers, he made an arrangement with L. C. Chase & Co., of Boston, to be their This business was ortraveling representative. ganized in 1847 by Lucius C. Chase and Henry F. Chase for the manufacture of saddlery and horse clothing, and in 1867 they joined with Thomas Goodall of Sanford, Me., and built Sanford Mills, for the manufacture of plush carriage

and furniture plush, becoming the pioneer manu-

robes

facturers

America.

this material in L. C. Chase & Co.

of

became the selling agents. Mr. Hopewell was an important factor in its growth, and in

1875 he was

made

a partner

&

in the firm of L. C. Chase Co., and in 1885 bought out

the business and became the of the firm, and treasurer L. C. Chase of Sanford Mills. & Co. at the present time represents Sanford Mills; Troy (X. H.) Blanket Mills; Reading (Mass.) Rubber Manufac' Co. and Holyoke turing . xV.

becoming assistant civil engineer of the Walnut Hills cable road of Cincinnati in 1886 and to the Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific railroad in 1886. During 1887-92 he was astronomical and magnetic computer in the U. S. coast

As*

and geodetic survey, and from Europe in 1895 became decent in mathematical physics at the University of Chicago, and in the following year he was made instructor in geophysics. During 1897-99 he was assistant professor of mathematics and mathemat-

upon

his

return

physics at the University of Cincinnati, being in the latter year chief of the divisions of terrestrial magnetism and inspector of magnetic work in the U. S. coast and geodetic survey In connection with his work here he made various important discoveries regarding the phenomena of the earth's magnetism and its changes from time His publication, "United States Magto time. netic Declination Tables for 1902 and Principal Facts Relating to the Earth's Magnetism," passed through two editions, and in order to fill the continued popular demand there were issued separately in 1908 the two works, "United States Magnetic Tables and Magnetic Charts for 1905" and "Principal Facts of the Earth's Magnetism." Dr. Bauer in 1904 became also the director of the department of research in terrestrial magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington to the duties of which position he has been devoting his entire time since 1906, when he resigned his position Dr. Bauer has in the coast and geodetic survey. now (1909) under construction for his department a vessel to be called the "Carnegie," especially designed for the magnetic survey of the oceans, which, because of the very small amount of iron being used in its construction, is attracting much He was also chief of the division of attention. terrestrial magnetism in the Maryland geological survey during 1896-99; was astronomer and magnetician for two boundary surveys of Maryland, 1897-98, and has been lecturer of terrestrial magnetism in Johns Hopkins University since 1899. He founded the international quarterly journal, "Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity," in 1896, and has ever since been the editorin-chief. Extensive contributions have been made by him to the reports of the U. S. coast and geodetic survey (1899-1907), as well as to the scientific press, chiefly on the subject of terrestrial magHe has been a member of the Internanetism. ical

appointed

_

tional Meteorological Conference since 1898, serving

on

its

permanent committee on

terrestrial

magne-

lie is a fellow of the American Association tism, for the Advancement of Science (vice-president and chairman of section of physics in 1909), and a member of the American Physical Society, the Astronomical and Astrophysical Society, the National Geographic Society, Association of American Geographers (first vice-president, 1909), Washington Academy of Sciences, the Philosophical Society of Washington, of which he was president during 1908, and the Cosmos Club of Washington, and the Sigma Chi fraternity. He is an honorary member of the Sociedad Cientifica Antonio Alzate of Mexico, corresponding member of the Gottingen. Royal Academy of Science, and a member of the

Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft, and the committee on terrestrial magnetism of the International Association of Academies, and of the American He was one of the speakers Philosophical Society. at the international congress of arts and sciences He was married in Washat St. Louis in 1904. ington, April 15, 1891, to Adelia Francis, daughter

Myrick H. Doolittle, of Washington. have one daughter, Dorothea Louise. of

GRAVES,

Charles Hinman,

merchant

They and

diplomat, was born in Springfield, Mass., Aug. 14, 1839, son of Rev. Hiram A., and Mary (Hinman) Graves. His father was the editor of the "ChrisHe was educated in tian Watchman" of Boston. the common and private schools of Boston and Litchfield, Conn. Upon the outbreak of the civil war he enlisted as a private in the 40th regiment New York volunteers, and during the course of the war was promoted to 1st lieutenant, captain, and major, serving as assistant adjutant-general while He was brevetted holding the last two ranks. lieutenantKXjlonel and colonel of volunteers before the close of the contest, having participated in all the battles of the army of the Potomac, and served on the staff of Gens. Phil. Kearney, Birney, Stoneman and A. H. Terry. Entering the regular army June, 1866, he was commissioned 1st lieutenant of the 14th U. S. infantry; was promoted captain of the 34th infantry June, 1867, and received the brevet of major and lieutenant-colonel in 1866. Resigning from the service in 1870, he settled in Duluth, Minn., and with Joshua B. Culver established the firm of C. H. Graves & Co., to engage in He also the insurance and real estate business. acquired interests in other mercantile enterprises, becoming president of the Duluth Iron Co., and the Lake Superior Elevator Co., and a director in the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad Co. An active and influential Republican, he entered the political life of his state and was elected state senator in 1875. He was a member of the state house of representatives during 1889-91, and served as speaker 1889-91. He was also a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1880 and in the same year was elected mayor of Duluth. During 1893-95 Mr. Graves served as a member of the capitol commission of the state of Minnesota, and in March of the latter year, Pres. Roosevelt appointed him envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Sweden and Norway. During his incumbency occurred the separation of those two nations, after which he retained his mission to Sweden, acting in 1906 aa special ambassador to the coronation of King Haakon at Trondhjem. Col. Graves is a member of the Loyal Legion, serving as vice-commander of the Minnesota Commandery, and is a member of the Army and Navy Club of Washington, and He was married the Minnesota Club of St. Paul. at Mendham, N. J., May 20, 1873. to Grace, daughMrs. Graves ter of Maj. Gen. Joseph G. Totten.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. died in 1902 and he was again married at Athens, Pa., Apr. 25, 1905, to Alice Kinney, daughter of Dennison W. Trippe.

COLTON, Arthur Willis, author, was born at Washington, Conn., May 22, 1868, son of Willis Strung and Lucy Parsons (Gibson) Colton. His first American ancestor was George Colton, who came from Sutton, Cofield, England, about 1640

From him settled in Longmeadow, Mass. his wife Deborah Gardner, the line of descent is traced through their son Ephraim, who married their son Esther Marshfield; Benjamin, who married Elizabeth Pitkin; their son Abijah, who m:irried Mary Gaylord, and their son George

and and

Colton, who married Lucy Cowles, and was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Colton was educated at the famous (iunn School of his birthplace, and was graduated at Yale the Foote University in 1S!)(). After holding scholarship for three years he received the degree of Ph.D. During 1893-95 he was instructor in English literature in the academic department of Yale, and then became tutor at the Ridge School In 1906 he was appointed of Wasliington, Conn. librarian of the University Club, New York city. Mr. Colton has written for many of the leading magazines Harper's, Scribner's, Century, Atlantic

his literary work published in Monthly, etc. and " book form are Bennie Ben Cree" (1900); "The Delectable Mountains" (1900); "The Debatable

"Port Argent" (1904), and "Harps Babylon," a volume of verse (1907). Mr. Colton is always the artist observer, writing with a sure pen and a versatile imagination. He has individuality, humor, insight and picturesqueIn "Tioba" (1903) he distinness of language. romancist, and guishes himself as an accomplished " in "The Belted Seas" (1906) and The Cruise of the Violetta" (1906), a master of humor and sarcasm.

Land"

(1901);

Hung up

in

RICHMOND,

Charles Alexander, tenth president of Union College and chancellor of Union University, was born in New York city, Jan. 7, 1863, son of Archibald Murray and Margaret (Law) Richmond, who came with their parents from Scotland, and settled in Thompsonville, Conn., in 1828. He was educated at the Orange military academy and by private tutors, attended the College of the

New York one year, and Princeton College three years, being graduated at the latter in 1883. He also took a three years' course at the Princeton Theological Seminary and received the degree of A.M. in 1886. Entering the Presbyterian ministry his first charge was in East Aurora, N. Y., where City of

he remained during 1888-94. In the latter year he was called to the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church in Albany, N. Y., and labored successfully When he took this church it conthere until 1909. sisted of only a few families worshiping in a small frame house, and he left it a large and flourishing

Through his personal exertion a handsome church edifice and later a chapel were built and an extensive work among the poor of Albany was started In the year 1909 he beand is now carried on. came president of Union College and chancellor of Union University, to succeed Andrew V. Raymond.

church.

Tliis university enrolled in

Union

1909 in

its

four depart-

Albany Medical College, Albany Law School and Albany College of Pharmacy, 759 students, the number of instructors in the college being 30 and the total faculty of the ments,

College,

Pres. Richuniversity comprising 124 persons. mond is the author of a, "Book of Songs" (1901), both words and music, written for children, and The degree of D.D. which are widely popular. was conferred upon him by Hamilton College in

187

1904. He is a member of the Fort Orange Club of Albany, the Century and Princeton clubs of New York. He was married at Buffalo, N. Y., June 8, 1891, to Sarah, daughter of Franklin D. Lockeof Buffalo, and has two daughters and one son.

HEMENWAY, James Alexander, U. S. senator, was born at Boonville, Warrick CO., Ind., Mar. 8, 1860, son of William and Sarah (Clelland) Hemenway. He was educated in the common schools, studied law at Boouville, Ind., and upon being admitted to the bar opened a law office in his native town in 1885. He was elected prosecuting attorney of the 2d judicial district of Indiana in the follow-

He served as ing year, and was reflected in 1888. a member of the Republican state committee from the 1st district of Indiana, known as "the pocket district," this being the extreme southwestern district of the state, during 1890-92; was elected to congress from this district in 1894, serving by reelection until 1904, but he resigned from the last term before taking his seat. He was one of the few new members of congress who were ever appointed to serve upon the committee on appropriations, and in 1898 he acted as chairman of that In 1904 he was elected to the nacommittee. tional senate to succeed Charles W. Fairbanks, who luul been elected vice-president of the United He took his seat Mar. 6, 1905, and waa assigned to duty on the committees on appropriations, military affairs, public lands, and University of the United States, becoming chairman of the last. He was indorsed for reelection to the senate by the Republican state convention in 190S, and had no opponent in his party, but the legislature waa Democratic and on joint ballot it elected a Democrat and Sen. Hemenway retired from senate Mar. 4, 1909. He was married at Boonville, July 1, 1886, to Anna Eliza, daughter of William Alexander, and has one son and two daughters.

States.

BARLOW, Charles, merchant, was born in Dudley, England, Oct. 26, 1820, son of William Barlow. He received a good English education, and at the age of twenty came to the United States to seek his fortune. in

New York

city,

Settling

he entered

the employ of Messrs. Tappan & Douglass, the pioneer mercantile agency firm, the first dispenser of credit in Amerwhich was established in 1841 by Arthur Tappan, the silk merchant. Among ica,

his associate clerks were Robert G. Dun (q.v.), who was

also serving an apprenticeship When Mr. in the business. Tappan retired young Dun

:

became Mr. Douglass' part-

name being changed In Douglass & Co. 1859 Mr. Dun bought out Mr. Douglas's interest, and took as his partner Mr. Barlow, the name being changed to Dun, Barlow & Co., which under the able management of these young partners rapidly developed ner, the

'.

to B.

The business had great into vast proportions. influence in molding the credits of the business world, and it soon grew and developed to such an extent that a large business building, known as the Dun building, was erected at 290 Broadway. Mr. Barlow had general charge and supervision of the business, and by his energy, industry and business sagacity, contributed very largely to its After phenomenal development and success.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

188

name was changed to R. G. Dun & Co. twice married, the second time, at Englewood, N. J., Apr. 15, 1866, to Annie C., daughter of Robert Halley of New York, and they had four children, two of whom survived him, E. Dudley Barlow and Elizabeth, wife of George H. Hoyt. There are also three surviving children of a former marriage: William Barlow, Mary Eberhardt and Grace von Wentzel the son residing at Plainfield, N. J., while the daughters have lived in Europe since their marriages. Mr. Barlow died at his summer residence at Long Branch, N. J., July 20, 1880. his death the

He waas

COWARD, James in

New York

city,

Smith, merchant, was born Dec, 19. 1847, son of John and

Mary (McMurran) Coward.

His earliest American anceswas Rev. John Coward, who came to this country from England and settled at Freehold, N. J., in 1697. tor

Several of his later ancestors held commissions in the Revolutionary army. Mr. Coward attended the Chry&tie street public school until he was nine years of age, when he entered the employ of G. W. Curtis as office-boy. Five years later he accepted a position in the shoe store of James Sinclair, on Pearl

and remained two His next employer was B. McC'losky, who had a small store at 270 Greenwich street. When he was Street, years.

nineteen years of age he started in the shoe business

for himself, in New York city. His former emfinally sold out to other parties who soon Eloyer liled and then Mr. Coward took the store that is one of the six which he now occupies. At that time he was only twenty-one years of age and his His first dealings were capital was very limited. with Aaron Clafflin. His modest purchases at that house awoke in the great merchant a personal interest in the young man, who if not able to meet his

thirty days was granted whatever time he required. His standing from that time was assured and his progress has since been steady. The two men were warm personal friends during the remainder of Mr. Clafflin 's life. In those days custom shoe making was a profitable business, and this was Mr. Coward's specialty. He lived over the store, which he opened regularly at six o'clock in the morning. There he worked until ten in the evening, and often prolonged his labors until two A.M. fitting up stock bill in

and lasts so that the shoemakers might have plenty of work ready for them the first thing in the mornThe business steadily increased and necesing. sitated the addition of more stores until now it occupies six entire buildings at 264-72 Greenwich St. Here in the busy wholesale section, away from the so-called women's shopping district and the usual centers where men buy their footwear, Mr. Coward with the assistance of many employees does an annual retail shoe business of over $1,000,000.00, a considerable part of this being from mail orders from all parts of the world. Mr. Coward is a thorough student of the foot. His trade mark is "The Coward Good Sense Shoe," whose peculiarity consists in its conformity to the natural shape of the foot, thereby giving the foot proper room at all points and not crowding it into unnatural and deformed shapes. By adopting the most progressive methods he has become one of the foremost shoe merchants in the country. Energy and perserverence are the dominant traits of his character, and

they are well demonstrated by an incident when he first began to advertise. Said Mr. Coward, "I would go out late at night and early in the morning with a pail of paste and cover the entire lower districts with posters which read 'Get your footwear " For many years he has been a at Coward's.' trustee of the old John Street M. E. Church and a trustee of the trust fund of the same church. He

was also for several years the superintendent of the John Street Sunday-school. He has been superintendent of the First M. E. Sunday-school of Bayonne, N. J. for the past twenty-three years. Mr. Coward was married Sept. 29, 1869, to Harriet, daughter of John Moore, of Coytesville, N. J., and has two children, Harriet, wife of A. D. Woodruff, Bayonne, N. J., and John, who has been associated with his father in the shoe business for the past twenty-three years as general manager and is to succeed him in business

GEORGE, Joseph Henry,

clergyman, and

fifth

president of Drury College, was born at Coburg. Ontario, Canada. May 3, 1851, son of Joseph and Margaret Ann (Armstrong) George, and grandson of Joseph George, who emigrated from Cornwall, England, to Canada in 1N34. He was educated at the Cobourg Collegiate Institute, Albert College, Belleville, Ont., and Victoria University, Toronto, where he was graduated B.A., and M.A. in 1SSO, with high honors in orientals and philosophy. He then took a post-graduate course in philosophy at Boston University, where he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1882. His first charge was as pastor of a Presbyterian church at Belleville, Ont., where he remained six years (1884-90.) Accepting a call from the First Congregational Church in St. Louis, Mo., in 1891, he remained there until 1897, when he became principal of the Congregational College in Montreal. He was appointed professor of homiletics in the Chicago Theological Seminary in 1901, and in 1903 was elected president of the institution. In 1907 he was called to the pres-

idency of Drury College, which he had previously served as trustee and as chairman of its board, 1891-97, to succeed Rev. J. Edward Kirbye. The college, which is a co-edvicational institution, is advantageously situated in the highest part of the In its ten spacious buildings state of Missouri. it offers both arts and science classes, as well as a preparatory academic course. Since Dr. George became president, $250,000 has been added to its funds; a modern gymnasium costing $25,000 has been erected; a classical hall at an outlay of $40,000 and a central heating plant costing $20,000, has been constructed. The number of instructors in 1909-10 is thirty and the number of students 500. Pros. George also holds the chair of philosophy, is a member of the Round Table and the Mercantile clubs of St. Louis, Mo. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Drury College in 1894 and by the Congregational College, Montreal, in 1896. He was married at Belleville, Ontario, June 12, ISM to Blanche, daughter of Anson G. Northrup of Belleville, Ontario, and has two children. i,

KNIGHT, Frederick Irving, physician, was born Xewburyport, Mass., May IS, 1841, son of Frederick and Ann (Goodwin) Knight, and a descendant of John Knight, who emigrated from England in the ship "James," and settled at Parker River, Mass., in 1635. He received a thorough education, being graduated at Yale College in 1S62, and studied medicine at the United States Hospital, New Haven, Conn., and subsequently at the Harvard Medical School, being graduatd M.D. at the latter in 1866, and receiving the degree of A.M. from Yale University in the at

OF AMERICAH BIOGRAPHY. same

year.

Subsequently

he

went abroad

to

continue his studies chiefly in Vienna and Berlin (1871-82). During 1865-66 he was house physician at the City Hospital in Boston, and for a short time was assistant to Dr. Austin Flint of New York city. In 1867 he opened an office in Boston as the associate of Dr. Henry I. BowdTtch. Meanwhile he had held positions at the Boston Dispensary, Carney Hospital and the City Hospital of Boston until 1872, when he relinquished them to establish a special clinic in laryngology at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1872 he was appointed instructor in auscultation, percussion and laryngoscopy at Harvard University. Here he devoted considerable time to the medical school, first as instructor, then as assistant professor (188288), and finally in 1886 as clinical professor of laryngology, which position he resigned in 1892. He gave up his clinic in 1892, and was made consulting physician to the hospital, and from that time devoted himself to private practice in diseases of the chest and throat. Dr. Knight was associate editor of the "Archives of Laryngology" during 1SSO--S3, and frequently contributed articles on his two specialties, larynology and climatology to medical journals. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the American Laryngological Association, of which he was president in 1880, the American Climatological Association of which he was president in 1891, and the Boston Society for Medical Improvement. He was married in Berlin, Germany, Oct. 15, 1871, to Louisa Armistead, daughter of William Stuart Appleton, formerly of Baltimore, ami is survived by one daughter, Theodo_ra Irving Knight, now Mrs. G. K. B. Wade, of New York He died at his residence in Boston, Mass., citv. Feb. 20, 190!). McMICHAEL, Morton, Jr., banker, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 5, 1836, son of

Morton and Mary (q.v.) was mayor

His father (Estell) McMichael. of Philadelphia. He was educated at the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia, and among his classmates were bishops Potter of New York, Coleman of Delaware, and Hare of the Dakotas. He was engaged in various business pursuits up to the time of the civil war, when he entered the federal army, being attached as a volunteer aide to the military staff of Gov. Andrew G. Curtin. He was in active service during the first two years of the war, especially in the Maryland and Southern Pennsylvania campaigns, and during the battle of Antietam was on the staff of Gen. Reynolds. When the national banking law was enacted, he was prominent in the organization of the First National Bank of Philadelphia, the first institution chartered under that law and from that day until his death, the business and development of the institution were his chief concern. He was its cashier from the date of organization, June 10, 1863; cashier and vicepresident from 1898 to 1904; and president from January 1, 1904, until his death. He was elected first vice-president of the American Bankers' Association in 1888, and in 1890 became its president. Mr. McMichael was associated closely with various important interests in banking and business, notably the Cramp Shipbuilding Co., of

which he was treasurer

inherited

gifts

of

and

director.

His

hospitality and geniality, his his attractive personal qualities

wide culture, and endeared him to a large circle, and his intimate friendships included such men as Dr. Horace Howard Furness and Sir Henry Irving. Few exceeded him in the knowledge of the science of banking, as was indicated by the fact that business men of prominence throughout the country sought

189

few had broader knowlstudy, such as that of the history and literature of France. He was an early member of the Union League, was president his counsel continually;

edge along some

lines of

of the Penn Club, and was a member of the Philadelphia, Art, and Country clubs, and of the society of Colonial Wars. Mr. McMichael was married Nov. 25, 1857, to Ellen, daughter of Moses Thomas of

Philadelphia,

by

whom

he had two children,

Morton, and Anne, wife of Henry M. Hoyt, eolico torHe died in Philageneral of the United States. delphia, Pa., Mar. 28, 1904. ABEEL, George, merchant, was born in New York city, Oct. 16, 1839, son of John Howard and Catherine Emeline (Strobel) Abeel. His first American ancestor was Christopher Janse Abeel, a native of Amsterdam, Holland, who came to America about 1647 and settled at Beaverwick (now Albany), N. Y. The line of descent is traced through his son Johannes, who married Catherine Schuyler; their son David, who married Mary Duyckinck; their son Garret, who married Mary Byvanck; their son Garret Byvanck, who married Catherine and who was the grandfather of George Marschalk, Garret Abeel Abeel, the subject of this sketch. was a prominent merchant of New York city for the well-known iron many years, having organized and steel business in 1765, under the name of Abeel & Byvanck, which has been conducted continuously by him and his descendants to the present day. He was a commissioned officer in the English militia until the revolutionary war, and also a member of the New York general committee, the committee of safety and the provincial congress of New York. When the revolution began he resigned from the militia and joined the revolutionary army, becoming major of the 1st regiment, N. Y.

He removed his militia, under Col. John Jay. papers and records to a barn in New Jersey for safety, but the barn was destroyed by the British and most of the records lost. The son, Garret B. Abeel, resumed the business in 1791 and built a store at 365 Water street, N. Y., in 1802, which is the present site of the company's business, subsequently ;qu< extending the store thrrough the entire block. His name appears in the New Y'ork city directory of 1799 as "ironmonger at 85 Cherry street. In 1816 he took a partner and the

name

Abeel

became which was

of the firm

& Dunscomb,

in 1829 to G. B.

again changed Abeel & Sons.

His son, the father of George Abeel, became a member of the firm in 1836, which was then known as Abeel & Bro., and in 1840 it was

conducted

under the perJohn H. Abeel, which was changed in 1S47 to John H. Abeel & Co. George Abeel received a classisonal

cal

name

of

education in private schools in

and began

New

York,

career in 1S55 in his father's iron and steel business. His father retired in 1870, since which Mr. George Abeel has been the active head of the concern, the name at that date being changed to Abeel Bros., as it remains to the present day. The old-fashioned ideas of honesty and business probity on which the house was founded are still kept up, and the ancestral pride is shown in the careful preservation of books and papers of 150 years ago. In addition tq his business interest, Mr. Abeel is a trustee of the East River Savings Bank. He is also a member his

business

THE NATIONAL CYCLOP.EDIA

190

of the St. Nicholas Society, the New York Historical Society, the American Museum of Natural History. and the New York Zoological Society. He was married, Oct. 16, 1861, to Julia E., daughter of Rev. Francis H. Guenther of Buffalo, N. Y., and has three sons: George H., Francis H. and Henry Fraser Abeel. Otto Hermann, banker and philan-

KAHN,

thropist, was born in Mannheim, 21, 1S67, son of Bernhard and

Germany, Feb.

Emma

(Eberstadt)

maternal grandfather was burgomaster of Worms. His father took part in the

Kahn.

His

revolution of 1848. and like

many other of the best men in Germany fled to

America, but after an amnesty had been granted, returned to Germany, and establishing a banking house in Mannheim, took a very active part in public affairs.

The son received a thorough collegiate education in Germany; and after serving one year in the German army, decided to follow the bank-

air-

In 1888 ing business also. In- wont to London, and for five years held a position in the English branch of In the Deutsche Bank. August, 1893, he came to the

United States, and for two years was associated with the banking house of Speyer & Co. inNew York. After travelling two years in Europe, on Jan. 1, IS'. 17, he became a partner in the well known banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. of New York. While Mr. Kahn is recognized as one of the leading financiers of America, he is perhaps better known for his devotion to the advancement of the arts and sciences, and lor the generosity of his contribution to many worthy charities. He owns a valuable collection of paintings by the old masters, and also a fine collection of tapestries, bronzes, and old Italian enamels. He is chairman of the board of directors of the Metropolitan Opera House, and is a director of the Boston Opera House and one of the founders and officers of the New Theatre, which was opened in New York city on Nov. 6, 1 !>()'. l. He is a generous patron of the best forms of music, and he contributes liberally to the advancement of musical standards in the United He has given financial aid to young singers States. and performers in quest of a musical education, whose talents give promise of notable achievement.

Mr. Kahn indulges in various out-door sports, such as riding, driving, automobiling, yachting and golfing, and he has been a successful exhibitor at various horse shows. He is a director of the Equitable Trust Co., the National Bank of Commerce, and the Morristown Trust Co. of Morristown, N. J. He is also a member of many scientific and benevolent societies, and the City Club, the Lotos Club, Lawyers' Club. Eastern Yacht Chili, National Arts Club, St. Andrews Golf Club, and the Morristown Field Club. Mr. Kahn was married in New York city, Jan. 8, 1896, to Addie, daughter of Abraham Wolff, a banker of New York, and has four children, Maud Emily, Margaret Dorothy, Gilbert Wolff, and Roger Wolff Kahn.

SAUNDERS, William Lawrence, civil engineer, and inventor, was born at Columbus, Ga., Nov. 1, 1856, son of William Tebell and Virginia (Oracade) Saunders. His father was a minister of the Protestant Episcopal church, and was rector of

Trinity Church Apalachicola, Fla., during 1850-70. In 1872 he removed with his family to Philadelphia, and the son, who had received his preliminary education at home and from private tutors, entered the scientific department of the University of He showed ability as a writer, Pennsylvania. was editor-in-chief of the "University Magazine," and was elected class poet. After he was graduated in 1876 with the degree of B.S., he was engaged in special newspaper work for the Philadelphia "Press." During the centennial exhibition of 1876, as correspondent for southern newspapers, he made two balloon ascensions with Samuel A. King, the famous aeronaut, at the exhibition, grounds. On one of these the balloon reached the height of three and one half miles and remained Mr. Saunders began his career in the air all night. as a civil engineer in 1878 in th_e service of the National Storage Co., at Communipaw, N. J. He made a series of soundings in New York bay preceding the erection of the National docks on the

New Jersey water front, and he also had charge of the construction of piers warehouses, docks and In cutting the ship channel the ship channel. a ledge of rock was encountered requiring sub-

aqueous drilling and blasting, and after many experiments he devised and patented appliances, for subaqueous drilling, which are now in general use.

By

this

method the

drill

is

inserted inside

a large tube, which rests solidly on the surface of the rock; a small pipe carries water under pressure from a pump on the drill stage to the bottom of the hole, and this water forces away the chippings made by the drill. In 1882 he became identified with the Ingersoll Rock Drill Co., in the capacity of engineer. He was sent to Vermont to study quarrying machinery, and after mo ths of experimenting he devised the Ingersoll track channeler and the gadder. Subsequently he invented the bar channeler. He obtained several patents on these inventions, which were subseqently acquired by the Ingersoll Rock Drill Co. He was made secretary of the company in 1890. In 1895 the Rand Drill Co., and the Ingersoll Rock Drill Co. were merged into the present company, the Ingersoll-Rand Co., the largest concern of its kind in the United States, with a capital of $10,000,000, and Mr. Saunders became vice-president. Upon the death of its president, William R. Grace, in 1904, he succeeded to that office, and holds it at He has made a special study the present time. of submarine engineering, and is a well-recognized authority on compressed air, and on machinery and methods for excavating rock. He is a voluminous writer on the subject. He has published a "Cyclopedia of Compressed Air Information" Air Production" (1888), (1902), -"Compressed " and since 1895 he has been publishing Compressed Air," a

He

monthly magazine devoted

to his specialties.

much thought to reheating of comand has made exhaustive investigations

has given

pressed

air,

and experiments leading to the development of an effective and economical internal reheater. He was married, Aug. 4, 1886, co Beitha Louise, daughter of Robert L. Gaston of Narragansett Pier, R. I., and has two daughters, Louise and Jean A resident of North Plainfield, N. J., Saunders. he has taken an active interest in the welfare of in the years 1892-93 he was his community; elected mayor 'of the city on the Democratic ticket when the community was overwhelmingly Republican, and he has been president of the Muhlenherg Mr. Saunders is hospital of Plainfieid since 1899. a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Engineers Club, the Lawyers Club and the Chamber

ill

\MKHICAX HKXiHAPIIY.

of Commerce of New York, and the Country Club In an article in "Cassicr's Magazine" of Plainfield. in 1907 his personal characteristics are said to be a strong love for and faith in human nature; enduring, tenacious and unshakable friendship, intuit i\ perception of every man's capabilities; remarkable

of accomplishing results with whatever instruments happen to be available; willingness to assume responsibilities, no matter how onerous; a keen, unfailing and buoyant sense of humor, and high physical, mental and moral courage.

power

BAND, Jasper Raymond, manufacturer, was born at Montclair, N. J., Sept. 3, 1874, son of Jasper Raymond and Annie M. (Valentine) Rand, and a descendant of Robert Rand, an Englishman, who settled at Cambridge, Mass., about 1035. He was educated at Cornell University. In 1899 he entered the employ of the Rand Drill Co., of which his uncle, Addison C. Rand (q.v.), was president and his father was treasurer, as manager of one of the Another uncle, Albert T. Rand, was the shops. founder of the Laflin and Rand Powder Co. To him had been submitted for approval a rock drill called the Hotchkiss and Gardner, and this lie turned over to his brother Addison, who pronounced it imprart iThis led Addison to take an interest in cable. drills, and later he became acquainted with Joseph C. Githens, who had a shop for repairing the Hurleigh Mr. Githens had drill, at that time the standard. invented a rock drill of smaller size than the Burleigh, which, while doing less work per minute than the other, accomplished more per day by reason of the time saved in handling it. This, named by him

the Little Giant, established basic principles,

which later inventions have been indebted. Addison C. and Jasper R. Rand realized that the manufacture of these machines would be profitable accordingly, in 1871, they formed the Rand Drill Co., with Nathan W. Horton as superintendent. He was the leading factor in inducing mining comto

;

panies to substitute rock drills for hand labor. The original nature of the business was the manufacture of air compressors, as well as rock drills. The Rands obtained control of two important machines the slugger drill and the straight-line compressor, both invented by Frederick A. Halsey of New York The city, who was at the time in their employ. slugger drill is designed to give a dead instead of a cushion blow, and introduces a principle used in It also introall piston valves to a restricted part. duced the spool form of balance piston valve, which has become universal in all piston-valve drills. The straight-line compressor, designed in the early '80's, did away with the sole plate on coma more direct connection pressors by obtaining between the air and the steam cylinders. Mr. Halsey was the first to urge making compressors of compound forms as regards steam, mid also the first to urge the use of Corliss engines to drive comIn 1879 the Rand Drill Co., the pioneer pressors. concern in the manufacture of practical machines, was incorporated for the purpose of manufacturing drills and compressors, a business which has normally and gradually increased in importance and reputation. Their output later included air compressors, gas compressors, rock drills, core drills. pneumatic tools, compressed-air pumps, and general mining machinery. At present the compressor business is of leading importance, on account of the varied uses to which compressed air, formerly merely an adjunct to the drill business, is put. In 1900 both Addison C. and Jasper R. Rand, Sr., died, and the firm was reorganized, Jasper R. Rand, Jr.,

becoming president, George H. Sampson, vice-president, and Frederick A. Brainerd, treasurer and eecretarv. In 1905 the Rand Drill Co. consoli-

191

dated with the Ingersoll-Sargent Co. under the name of Ingersoll-Rand Co. Mr. Rand became vice-president of the new concern ami retained

The Rand drills number of tunnels, including the Haverstraw, Weehawkcn ami West Point, and in constructing the Washington and New York city aqueducts, and notably in the subway excavations, while the Rand machinery that

his death. driving a large

until

office

were used

in

use throughout the world, from British Colto South Africa. Since 18- their main factory has been at Tarrytown, N. Y. Mr. Rand was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of Mining Engineers, the New England Society, the Cornell University Club, Alpha Delta Phi, the Engineers and Salmagundi clubs of New York, the Army and Navy Club, Washington and the Montclair Club. He enlisted in the 1st engineers during the Spanish-American war and became a second lieutenant, serving with his corps in Porto Rico during American occupation. He died in Salt Lake City, UJtah, is in

umbia

.Mar. 30. 1909.

ANDREWS, was born

in

1S23, son of

Chauncey Hunn, manufacturer,

Vienna,

Trumbull co., O., Dec. 2, Julia (Humason) Andrews.

Norman and

His father, a native of Hartford county, Conn.,

removed to Trumbull county, O., in 1818, where he engaged in farming, and subsequently in mercantile pursuits. The development of the coal mines of Mahoning valley attracted the attention of Chauncey H. Andrews, and ten years after his removal to Youngstown he commenced exploring for coal. In 1857 he opened the Thornbill bank, which in nine years produced half a million tons of coal, and in 1858 he formed a partnership with William J. Hitchcock under the name of Andrews A: Hitchcock. Ten years later they opened the Burnet bank, one of the largest mines in the Mahoning valley, and also the Hubbard Coal Co.'s In 1864, with his brother, Wallace C. Andrews, he opened the Oak Hill and Coal Run mines, in Mercer county, Pa., which developed His coal mines naturally into large enterprises. led to an interest in iron furnaces and rolling mills. such a He established plant at Wheatland, which was the means of developing a thriving town at that place; he built the Hubbard and Hazelton furnaces and he also organized the Niles Iron Co., which was mines.

subsequently removed to HazelIn 1879 he established the ton. Imperial Coal Co., which owned 3,000 acres of coal land, and mined over 1,000 tons per This was one of the day.

and

largest

finest

coal fields in

western Pennsylvania, the com-

pany owning its own railroad and equipments. In 1869, in conjunction with his brother and the Erie Railroad Co., he completed

the Niles

& New

Lisbon

miles

long, coal fields, which was sold to James Me Henry it Co., of London, and by them leased to the Atlantic and Great Western Railway Co. In 1871 he railroad, thirty-five

through

fine

helped to project and carry through the Mahoning coal railroad, in

which he owned a large

interest,

and

1876 he was one of the prompters and organizers He was also of the Pittsburg . in 1880, and of the Malleable Iron Works, and was (

THE NATIONAL

192

the Second National Bank of Mr. Andrews was married July 1, 1857, to Louisa, daughter of Garry Baldwin, and had two daughters: Edith H., wile of John A. Logan, Jr., and Julia L., wife of Leslie C. Bruce. He vice-president of

Youngstovvn.

died,

Jan

25. 1893.

GUNTHER,

Charles Frederick, manufacturer,

of

cashier.

business until the outbreak of the civil war. He accepted a position from the Confederate government as purser on an Arkansas river and other

steamers and was captured by Federal forces, and being paroled returned to his

old home in Peru. He was employed in a bank at Peoria, 111., for a short time, and then accepted a position as travelling salesfor Charles Yv Sanford, wholesale confectioner His business carried him throughout of Chicago. the eastern, western, and southern states, and .

eventually to Europe. Subsequently Mr. Gunther became associated with the wholesale confectionery firm of Greenfield, Young & Co. of New York city, and in the fall of 1868 he opened a retail confectionery store on Clark street, Chicago, which was said to be the first high-grade confectionery establishment in that city. The great fire of 1S71 wiped out his factory, but nothing daunted he reopened in a small way, and gradually developed his business until it became one of the largest and most successful of its kind in the United States. Mr. Gunther was the originator of the popular caramel, first made in 1869, and many other There are two large establishments in novelties. Chicago, one for retail, the other wholesale, where between 300 and 500 hands are employed and the annual business amounts to half a million dollars. In addition to his confectionery business, Mr.

known among

archaeologists

and

antiquarians for possessing probably the largest and most valuable private collection of historical manuscripts and paintings in the world. relics, This collection includes some of the scarcest Bibles in America, such as the first Bibles of European nations, the first Guttenberg Bible, the Bible

owned by Martha Washington and by Washington's first

New Testament

ever printed

in English," some of the Eliot Indian Bibles, and His historical all of the early American editions. manuscripts are by many of the world's famous writers,

poets,

A

Egyptians of Pharoah's time. He has what is probably the largest collection of portraits and relics of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, His including several of Washington by Peale. collection of portraits also includes fine specimens of Lafayette, Jefferson, Paul Jones, Benjamin

Gunther.

position

in the ice

Betty, the

>I

the

re-

He began

then went to Memand engaged phis, Tenn.,

sister,

I

Mr. Gunther was married in April, 1S69, 1900). to Jennie, daughter of Samuel Burnell of Lima, Ind., and has two sons, Burnell and Whitman

He

well

HMO

connected with the banking house of Alexander Cruickshank, attaining to

family

his business career as a clerk in a general store,

is

'!.
il:iv Union clubs of Boston, and secretary of Evening, and " of the old Wednesday Evening Club of 1777." He is also vice-president of the Massachusetts Order of the Cincinnati. Mr. Lothrop was married April Hit. 1866, to Ann M. daughter of Honorable Samuel Hooper, member of congress, and had fourchildren Mary Buckminster Peabody, wife of Dr. Algernon Coolidge, Jr., of Boston William Sturgis Hooper Lothrop, a banker in Porto Rico, and Thornton K. Lothrop, Jr., a member of the Suffolk bar. Ilisiorii-iil

He

I'rim-r Society.

is

also vice-president of

,

:

;

Amy

;

HARRIS, Andrew Lintner, forty-fourth governor of Ohio, was born in Butler county, O.. Nov. 17, 1835, son of Benjamin and Nancy (Lintner) Harris, of He attended the public Irish and Gorman descent. schools of Preble Co., until he was twenty one years of age, when he entered Miami University, and was graduated B.

S. in 1860.

He

began a course of law, but the outbreak of the civil war interrupted his plans, and ou April

l(i.

1861. he enlisted, be-

coming second lieutenant of the twentieth Ohio Volunteer infantry, and shortly afterwards captain. After three months' service, he organized

anew company in the seventyOhio volunteer infanlie was commissioned major on Jan. 12, 1863, colonel on May 3, 1863, and was fifth

try,

bre vi 'tied

on March

brigadier- general

He

13, 1865. participated in eighteen battles,

including that of Gettysburg, where he commanded the second brigade, first division, In this battle he was wounded eleventh army corps. slightly, but more severely in the previous battle of Mi-Unwell. Va. At the close of the war he returned to Ohio, was admitted to the bar in 1865. and immediately entered upon the practice of his profession at Eaton. During 1866-67 he was a member of the Ohio state senate. In 1875 he was elected probate judge of Preble county, in which capacity he served for two terms (1875-82). In 1882 he withdrew from public life and engaged in farming, but in 1885 he was elected a member of the Ohio general assembly, and at the close of his term was re-elected. In 1891 he was elected lieutenant governor of Ohio on the

Republican ticket and was re-elected in 1893, serving in that capacity during both terms of Wm. McKinley In 1898 lie was appointed by Pres. Mcas governor. Kiuley a member of the United States industrial commission, on which he continued to serve until 1902. In 1905 he was elected lieutenant-governor for the third time, and upon the death of Gov. Pattisou, in 1906, he succeeded to the office. Gov. Harris has done much for the improvement of the business methods at the state institutions and of the general He has devoted his attenconditions in state affairs. tion to details in state affairs so as to carry out

many

While a supporter of temperance measures when he was a member of the Ohio senate and of the house of representatives, he approved of more temperance legislation than any other governor of He also restored the old bureau of forestry Ohio. and did much for agricultural and other interests. He was noted as a practical governor without aspirations for any other public office than the one he held.

reforms.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. Gov. Harris is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Loyal Legion. He was married at West Florence, 0., Oct. 15, 1865, to Caroline, daughter of Eli Conger of Preble county, 0., and has only one child, Walter C. Harris.who is the photographer of the New York "

World."

SHAWAN, Jacob Albright, educator, was born in Wapakoneta, O., June 15, 1850, son of John Nicholas and Margaret (Foster) Shawan. His father was a contractor and builder, of English descent. Deprived of the care of both parents early in life, young Shawan was educated at the public schools at Urbana, O., working summers and vacation times to pay his way. He also engaged as a teacher in the public schools during his college course. He was graduated at Oberlin College in the class of 1880. Immediately on leaving college he chose teaching as a profession, and was elected superintendent of the city public schools of St. Mary's, O., in 1880, where he served until 1883. He then went to Mt. Vernon, O., where he held the position of superintendent for six years. He became superintendent of public instruction of Columbus, He was married at DeGraff, 0., Dec. O., in 1889. 23. 1881, to Jennie Koch Holmes, of Irish descent. Mr. Shawan is a member of the various national state and county teachers' associations, is a Mason and a member of the Methodist His success in life is enEpiscopal Church. tirely due to tact, executive ability and to early habits of self-reliance, industry, and an ambition to do well and conscientiously every duty attempted. CONANT, Charles Arthur, banker and economist, was born at Winchester, Mass., July 2, 1861, son of Charles Edwin and' Marion (Wallace) Conant, and a descendant of Roger Conant, who was acting governor of Massachusetts before the arrival of Gov. Endicott. He received a public school education, and at the age of

and

nineteen began his career as a reporter on the Boston "Advertiser," devoting his attention chiefly to political topics,

a subject

in

which he

was

particularly interested. When in 1886 the "Advertiser" changed hands, Mr.

Conant resigned

to

become

correspondent of the Boston

"Post" and , is;;;,, son of John and Hannah Newhall (Gardner) Low. His father was a civil engineer and surveyor, and one Tinof the most prominent citizens of Chelsea. sou early developed a fondness for art, and in 1858 went, to Paris to study painting at the ateliers of Couture and Troyon. it was while he \\ as in Paris in 1873 that he first became interested in the subject of pottery and glazes, and his interest was further excited upon his visit to the centennial exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, where was exhibited a full line of productions of the Oriental Mr. Low continued painting a short potteries. time after his return from Europe. He tirst took up scenic painting, painting the tirst set of scenery and the drop curtain for the Chelsea Academy of music, but the attractions of the potter's art were too strong for him. and in 1877 lie became associated with the Chelsea Pottery, when- he mastered all the details of pottery making. While here, he mastered the secrets of firing and all that was then known of glazing and colors, and after numerous experiments he determined the possibilities of clay

and glazing, he originated a process which made him famous throughout the entire art world. Taking a tile of fine clay sand, he placed on it a fresh leaf from the garden, and subjecting the tile to a heavy and sudden pressure, a perfect duplicate of the leaf was impressed in the tile. By successive firings and glazings he produced a perfect replica of the original leaf in intaglio. This was an entirely new process, and gave promise of enormous

He accordingly formed a partnership possibilities. with his father in. 1879, and in 1889 established the

Low

Art Tile Co.

intaglio

tiles

to

It

was only a step from making relief tiles in clay, and

making

using the first impression as a mold. This process admits of the reproduction of a great variety of objects, and sucli tiles were called by Mr. Low natural tiles. Before the Low tiles were made, the attempts at producing machine-made relief-tiles were limited to the, reproduction of low reliefs in The process was patented by arabesque patterns. Mr. Low in 1880. One of the peculiarities of the Low tiles is the strength and purity of the glazes. The colors range from pale yellow and delicate grays through the entire scale to intense, lustrous browns and vigorous tones of green and even black. In 1880 these tiles were awarded the gold medal at the exhibition held at Crewe, England, over all the famous pottery manufacturers of the United Kingdom, and since then the company has received numerous other awards and medals. Mr. Low had the temperament and enthusiasm of perennial youth, and held a warm place in the affections of his artistic and literary friends, of whom he numbered a great many. Few men had wider and

more intimate friendships among American artists than he. He was one of the founders of the famous Allston Club of Boston, and also the Paint and Clay Club.

He

served as park commissioner of

10, 1907.

AMORY, John James, manufacturer, was born

;

ment

239

Fond du Lac. \\is., July 15, 1856, son of John and Jane (Smith) Amory, of English descent. His father was a New York capitalist, and when the city purchased the Auiory estates (1848), which are now a part of Central Park, he removed to Wisconsin and acquired large at

Fond The son was edu-

real estate holdings in

du Lac.

cated at St. Paul's school, Fond du Lac (1886-92) and Riverview Military Academy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., (187275). He was first em ployed in a railway ticket office and for three years was engaged in the livery business in the West. In 1881 he returned to Fond du

Lac

and

estate,

engaged managing

in

real

also

his

''

her s estate. He was subsequently agent for an exfat

pii

-s

company and

hotel

proprietor in the West, and in 1886 he became secretary and treasurer of the Gas Engine it Power Co. of New

York. This company was incorporated in New York, 1885, with a capital of 810(1,000, for designing and building naphtha launches and engines. It was the first in this business and was so successful that in a short time to $150,000 and largely

it

increased

extended

capital stock Howplant.

its

its

ever, the increasing popularity of the explosive gasoline engine in 1900 caused it to branch out in making large engines for yachts as well as gas engines of from three to two hundred horse-power, steam engines and steam boilers. In 1896 the Gas Power Co. took over the Charles L. SeaEngine bury Co. of Nyack, N. Y. The new company being known as the Gas Engine & Power Co. and the Charles L. Seabury Co., Consolidated, with a capital of $600,000, and Mr. Amory as president. The machinery of the Seabury Co. was added to the Gas Engine & Power Co. Plant at Morris Heights, N. Y., a large plant for steel construction was erected, and the site of the company was increased to over ten acres, with a frontage of about 1,000 feet on the Harlem River. Separate departments for the designing, building and full equipping of large and small boats were established, until the company became probably the only one in the world which built and fully equipped for instant use steam yachts and launches, naphtha yachts and launches, electric boats, fire craft, torpedo boats, tugs, lighters, tenders for yachts, gigs, dinghys, cutters, and yawls. They also construct marine engines-water-tube boilers and naphtha engines. Among the vessels built by the company are the twin screw steel steam yacht " Kanawlm," the fastest cruising yacht in the world, and the United States torpedo boat "Bailey," the fastest vessel in the navy. Mr. Amory is also president of the National Association of Engine and Boat Manufacturers, and trustee of the Motor Boat Club of America; member of the Society of Naval Archi-

&

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

240

and Marine Engineers National Civic Federand the New York, Larchmout Yacht, Columbia Yacht, New York Athletic, Fordhara and Transportation clubs of New York city. He

tects

;

ation,

Mount Morris Bank of New married Sept. 1, 1881, at PoughUeepsie, N. Y., to Mary Shepard, daughter of John F. anil Chloe Hart well Hull, and has three is also

a director of the

York

city.

He was

John Hull, Eugene Hortou and Clement Gould Amory. CHILSON, Gardner, inventor, was born at Thompson. Conn., in 1804. He received a common school education and was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker in Sterling, Conn., and after serving sons:

Ms

apprenticeship settled iu Providence, R. I. In 1837 he engaged in the manufacture of stoves and furnaces at Mansfield, Mass., and in 1844 he invented a new furnace that was awarded a medal at He also inthe World's Fair in London in 1851. vented a number of other improvements in stoves, such as a conical radiator applied to stoves and furnaces (1854) a cooking range with two ovens placed above the fire (1858), and an office stove surmounted with a broad disk, which radiates heat towards the floor (1863). He died in Mansfield, ;

Mass., Xov.

21, 1877.

STOTT, Henry Gordon,

electrical

engineer,

was born at Orkney, Scotland, in 1866, son of David and Elizabeth Jane (Dibblee) Stott. His early education was obtained iu the public schools at his native town and from his

who was

a clergyman in the Church of Scotland. Later he fa her, i

was graduated

at

He

Watson

College.

received his technical training at the College of Science and Arts, Glasgow (now the Glasgow and West of Scotland College), specializing in mechanical engineering and electricity. Immediately upon his graduation, in 1885, he entered the

employ of Musgrave

Co., an electric

tfc

light concern of

In the same year he became assistant electrician to the Anglo- American Telegraph Co.,

Glasgow.

on board its steamship Minia. During his four and a half years' connection with this company he took part in

many deep-sea repairson Atlantic cables

and did much experimental work in different methods of locating faults of submarine cables. He also assisted in duplexing the United States Cable Company's main cable, which was at that time the longest cable ever duplexed (3,750 knots).

He

resigned his position in 1889 to become assistant engineer with the Brush Electrical Engineering Co. ot London, with whom he remained until 1891. In that year he was engaged as electrical engineer on underground conduits and cables by the Buffalo Light & Power Co., later the Buffalo General Electric Co., of Buffalo, N. Y. Later he became the company's engineer, and in that capacity executed some notable construction work, including the design and erection of a new power plant. On March 1, 1901, he was appointed superintendent of motive power of the Manhattan Railway Co., New York city. Here he had charge of the completion of the Seventy fourth street power plant as well as sub-stations and transmission lines, also organized the entire operating force of this new department. Upon the lease of the Manhattan railway system by the Interborough Rapid Transit Co.. Mr. Scott was appointed superintendent of motive power for that company, taking charge of the erection and construction work at the Fifty-ninth street power

This department has charge of power plant. houses, high tension transmission lines, sixteen substations and the low tension transmission lines to the third rail, comprising both the elevated and subway divisions. Mr. Stott is the author oi many technical papers, published in the transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the most important of which are " The Con version and " Steam Distribution of Received Currents," Pipe aud Its Relation to Station Covering Economy," "Power Plant "Economics," and "Notes on the These papers are the result of Cost of Power original investigation and are notable contributions He has to the literature of electrical engineering. given a series of lectures before the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and the Engineering Society In 1907 he was elected of Columbia University. president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers; he was vice- president of the New York Electrical Society, and is manager of the American He is a member Society of Mechanical Engineers. the of the American Society of Civil Engineers National Advisory Board of Fuel and Structural Mat. 'rial the Engineers' Club, New York, and the Wykagyl Country Club. He is a thirty second degree Mason. He was married in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 24. 1894. to Anna, daughter of John K. Mitchell of New Rochelle.N. Y., and has one sou and ;

;

one daughter.

MAURY,

Brooke, physician and Georgetown, D. C. Feb. 5, 1834, son of Richard Brooke and Ellen (MaHis first paternal American gruder) Maury. ancestor was Mathew Maury, a native of Dublin, Ireland, who emigrated to the colonies in 1718, His wife was Mary Ann settling in Virginia. Fontaine, a native of England, and the line of descent is traced through their son, Rev. James their son, Maury, who married Mary Walker Fontaine Maury, who married Betsy Brooke, and their son. Richard Brooke Maury, who was His father, Richard Brooke Dr. Maury's father. Maury, was private secretary to President Monroe, and afterwards served as first clerk in the navy department; and his maternal grandfather, Janies Magruder, was a merchant of Georgetown, engaged in the shipment of tobacco to Richard B. Maury was educated in a Europe. private school at Fredericksburg, Va., where his He parents removed shortly after his birth. was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1852. After teaching school four years, he determined to follow the medical profession, and returned to the surgeon,

Richard

was born

in

,

;

University of Virginia, taking the medical course

under the instruction of James L. Cabell, John S. Davis, 8. S. Maupin and Henry Howard, and was graduated M. D. in 1857. He at once went to New York city, and was appointed interne at Bellevue Hospital, serving one and a half years; and while holding that position took the degree of M.D. at

the University of New York. Upon the outbreak of the civil war he entered the Confederate army as surgeon of the Twenty-eighth Mississippi cav-

In 1862 he was assigned to duty in Confederate hospitals at various points, including Gen. Johnson's hospital forofficers at Lauderdale Springs, Miss. After the war Dr. Maury settled at Memphis, Tenn., in the practice of his profession. He has made a specialty of women's diseases and gynecology. He thoroughly mastered his subject and kept in touch with the various advances and discoveries alry.

and surgery until he has become recognized as one of the most eminent gynecologists and abdominal surgeons of the south. It is said that in female plastic surgery he was probably only in medicine

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. only excelled by Thomas A. Emmet, of whose technique Dr. Maury was a close student. He served as professor of physiology at the Memphis Medical College during 1869-70, and in 1870 became professor of the practice of medicine there. He was professor of gynecology at the Memphis Hospital Medical College during 1885-97. Aside from his medical and surgical attainments, Dr. Maury has won the esteem of the entire community in which he dwells by his personal qualHe is a memities and his honesty of purpose. ber of the Memphis Medical Society, of which he is a past president; the Tennessee State Society, the American Medical Association, the British Gynecological Society, and a fellow of the American Gynecological Society, of which he was president in 1906. He has taken an active part in local educational matters, having served on the board of education of Memphis for a number of years, and as its president for two years. In 1907 he was also president of the Public Education Association of Memphis. In that year he also organized the City Club, the " to bring together frequently object of which is men who believe in the complete separation of party politics from the administration of all local public affairs, in order that intelligent and effective cooperation in the work for good government in Memphis and Shelby county may be secured." He was the originator and guiding spirit of the Lucy Brinkley Hospital for Women, which was erected in Memphis by Hugh L. Brinkley in 1892. Dr. Maury was twice married: first, June 14, 1840, to Jane S., daughter of Henry T. Ellett of the supreme bench of Mississippi; she died in 1875, leaving five children, and he was again married, Oct. 10, 1876, to Jennie B., daughter of Hon. William K. Poston, a lawyer of Memphis. Of this marriage there are three children, two sons and a daughter.

DOUGLAS,

William W.,

jurist, was born in Nov. 26, 1841, son of William and Sarah (Sawyer) Douglas. His father was a native of Scotland, and came to the United States about 1820, settling at Salisbury, Mass. He was educated in the public schools of Providence and at Brown University, being graduated there in 1861. When the civil war broke out he enlisted in the 5th regiment of Rhode Island volunteers, and received a commission as second lieutenant. He took part in the Burn-

Providence, R.

I.,

side expedition, the battles of Roanoke Island and Newbern and the siege of Fort Macon. He Wris promoted to first lieutenant, June 7, 1862, and captain Feb. 14, 1863. At the expiration of his term of service in December, 1864, he returned to Providence, and studied law first in the office of Hon. Samuel Currey and subsequently at the Albany Law School, Albany, N. Y. where he was graduated LL.B. in 18G6. He began the practice of his profession in Providence. He became interested in politics early in his career, and was elected a member of the general assembly from Providence in 1871, and served two terms. Subsequently he was a member of the city council, 1873-76, and in 1890 was elected state senator, a position he resigned in the following year having become associate justice of the supreme court of the state. He was chief justice during 1905-08. Other positions held by him were: major and division judge advocate on the staff of the major-general commanding the Rhode Island militia, 1866-74; assistant adjutant-general of Rhode Island, 1881-82, and adjutant-general in the latter year until the

was filled by the general assembly. He was commander of Rodman Post, No. 12, Department of Rhode Island of the Grand Army of the Republic, and was judge advocate-general of the Grand Army during 1871-77, serving on office

staff of Commanders-in-Chief Burnside, He was senior viceDevens and Hartranft.

the

commander

of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion in

1889-90. He was United States Commissioner for the district of Rhode Island, served as Chief supervisor of elections for his state in 1888. a member of the board of trustees of Brown University, and has been a director of the Narragansett Electric Lighting Co. for many years. He is a member of the Rhode Island Historical Society, the Hope Club, the Providence Art C'lib, the Sqijantum Association, the Providence Franklin Society, the Agawam Hune Club and the Newport Clam Bake Club. He received the

honorary degree of LL.D. from Brown UniverChief-Justice Douglas was marsity in 1902. ried June 30, 1884, to Anna Jean Bennett of Newton, Mass.

SHANNON, James Jebusa,

artist, was born Auburn, N. Y., in 1862. He removed to St. Catherines, Canada, in his boyhood and there received lessons in drawing from a local teacher, and began his career by making billIn 1878 he went posters for agricultural fairs. to London to study, intending to return in two years' time, but the ranid growth of his

in

reputation, together with other circumstances, induced him to remain. After a three years' course at the South Kensington School of Art, where he took a medal for proficiency in painting the human figure, he opened a studio in London and very soon received the recognition his unusual gifts merited. His first important picture, a portrait of the Hon Horatia Stopford, maid of honor to Queen Victoria, was by exhibited at the Majesty's orders, Royal Academy in 1881. In 1887 Mr. Shannon exhibited at the academy a full length portrait of Henry Vigne, master of the Epping forest harriers. It was warmly praised for its extraordinary vigor, and was the means of placing him in the front rank of the younger painters,

Hr

and bringing him many commissions. He was awarded medals at the Columbian Exposition, Chicago, for a full length of Mrs. Charles Worth; at Munich in 1895 for a group of contributions; and a medal of the first class at the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburg, in 1897. In 1895 he exhibited, for the first time in the Salon of the Champ de Mars, Paris, sending portraits of Josef Hoffman, the pianist. Mrs. Shannon, and others. Among his works, which include an occasional subject picture, are portraits of Sir Henry Irving as Louis XL; Miss Clough, of Wellesley College; the Countess of Dufferin and Ava; the Dutchess of Portland; Mrs. Prideaux-

Brune: Lady Diana Manners, and Lady MarManners. Mr. Shannon's range of color is wide and is not limited to conventional comjorie

"

The

chief merit of his style," it its directness, its frank attention to what is requisite for the proper representation of nature's facts, and its discreet avoidance of what is only superfluous and ornamental." He was an original member of the New English Art Club, and is a member of the Chelsea Arts Club and of the Institute of Painters in Oil Colors. Mr. Shannon has a handsome residence adjoining that built by Sir binations.

has been said,

"

is

242

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

Frederick London.

HOLM,

Lelghton,

beside

Holland

Park,

Charles Ferdinand, lawyer, was born

New York

city, March 8, 1862, son of Carl and Mary (Moartienssen) Holm. His father, a native of Germany, was an iron founder by trade and a manufacturer of stoves in New York The son received his education at Dr. city. Medler's private school in Brooklyn, and finished at the Royal Gymnasium at Schwerin, Germany, where he was

in

graduated in 1878.

Upon

his return to the United States, he entered the Columbia Law School, and was graduated there, LL.B., in 1882. He served as a reporter on the New York " World," for one year, and in this capacity acquired a thorough knowledge of stood journalism, which him in good stead when, ten years later, he became the principal owner of the "

Brooklyn

Morning Chron-

the only morning paper ever published in

icle,"

p at al lands. The son Wesley received a common school education the at Sulphur Springs school, and began his

business

career

of

assisting his father in his coal operations. After his father's death in 1SG3 he joined the rush of oil prospectors to A marvelous boom resulted here Pithole. Pa.

from the great

oil strike; the town acquired a population of 14,000 and maintained the second largest postoffice in the state, but to-day not a brick or a stone remains to show where Pithole once flourished. Being successful in his first venture, he devoted himself permanently to the development of oil and gas properties, and in subsequent years followed up the operations carried on by the tireless army of prospectors in the counties of Venango, Butler, Clarion, Greene and Allegheny in Pennsylvania, and also in West Virginia. Besides these oil fields he made large investments in coal lands, especially in West Virginia. Mr. Guffey has been conspicuously identified with Pittsburg politics, particularly in connection with movements in behalf of municipal reform. In every attempt to secure the election of honest and competent men to office; in every struggle to force the enactment of reform legislation for Pittsburg bj

the general assembly of the state, he has been and enthusiastic worker. Frequently he has conveyed trainloads of reform advocates to the state capitol at his own expense, and he a tireless

has been throughout

known

commands

accordingly in an unusal degree the

to

remain

at

Harrisburg

entire sessions of the legislature, He laboring for the cause of good government. has uniformly declined to accept public or party honors in recognition of his services. He is unmarried and lives in a magnificent bachelor mansion on Atlantic avenue, Pittsburg, Pa., over which a married sister presides. Straightforward and unaffected in manners, pronounced in his opinions, loyal to his friendships, fearless in the pursuit of what he deems to be the right, and withal a debonair, courtly gentleman, Wesley S. Guffey represents the best and worthiest type of American citizenship, and he

respect and friendly regard of his follows.

SHIPP,

Jesse Allison, actor and playwright,

was born in Cincinnati, O., Mar. 24, 1864, son of Thomas and Ellen (Taylor) Shipp. He received in the public schools of Cincinnati,

his education

and immediately upon his graduation, at the age of sixteen, sought employment. He worked on a river-boat for several months and then secured a position in a large millinery store, where he remained for two years. He next drove a laundry wagon for about a year, and it was during this employment that he. with three others, formed a local quartet and sang evenings at the then famous German Gardens in that section of Cincinnati known as "Over the Rhine." Togther with a partner he joined Hart's Minstrels in Indianapolis

and remained three weeks, when they returned to Cincinnati. In 1887 the quartet went on tour and, remaining intact for seven years, was very successful. They took part in man}' small minstrel shows. During the last three years of its existence the quartet was engaged in Draper's presen" Uncle Tom's tation of Cabin," and Mr. Shipp appeared in various different parts. During the season of 1894-95 he was with the Primrose and

West Minstrels; in 1895-96 he played with " Isham's Octoroons"; in 1896-97, with "Oriental America" " A and in the season of 1897-99 took part in Trip to Coon-town." He was very successful iu important parts and specialties, and had a prominent share in the final staging of "Oriental America." In 1900 he was secured by Williams and Walker as their stage manager and also to write their plays and take a Mr. Ship]) is the tirst part.

American negro' writer of musical plays and is regarded as the most successful playwright of the colored people in this country. Among his plays may be mentioned: the "Policy Players," " Isfl9; "The Sons of Ham (HUH)), " " Iu (19II2), '

Dahomey "

'

Abyssinia,

(1905). and " (1907).

Bandaua Land Shipp's

plays

have

worked out along

In Mr. been '

original

superseding the extravagant burlesque colored lines,

characters of the past, and to the public presenting true colored artists in their native environments. His plays have also scored successes in

England.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA BUSH, William Henry, born

at

inanufai Hirer. \\as Alechanicsville, Mil., Nov. 1, 1S2*. son of

cupies a large part of the buildingand has a faculty of national repute. Mr. Bush also conceived plans " for the erect ion of " Bush Temples for the housing of the Bush it Gerts Piano Co. in various large cities and towns of the United Stales and he creation of centers of musical education, known as Bush Temple Conservatories. Three of these are in exislence at the present time, and plans for development along these lines are steadily maleriali/.ing. The ramification of the Bush it Gerts Piano Co. extends all over the United Slates, the company having branch houses in Boston, Mass., Dallas, Tex., Austin, Tex., Memphis, Tenn..and agencies in all the large cities and towns of the United Si at es, disposing nf an output of between live and six thousand pianos annually. It is one of the most substantial concerns of the piano industry, and

David and Rebecca (Marsh) Bush, He was ducated lie public school up lo Illr age ol I'oui cell, \\ hen he went into the produce and commission business Market, Baltimore, Md. in the old Lexington i

'

in

I

I

I

He coiiducled a general business. shipping pr< duels and chartering his own freight trains from various southern Pennsylvania and northern Marvlund for the conveyance of products direct to In 1*57 lie removed to the Baltimore market. Chicago, engaging in the produce and commission, ami lumber business Ihere, and built up a very tircof isTl. For large trade following the Chicago a number of years he handled more lumber in the Chicago market than any competing concern, retiring in 1S77 and retaining only an interest in the commission, [lacking and provision business up In s *l, to |ss-_>. when he retired from business. however, he was induced by his son William L. who had served an apprenticeship and learned the points in

enjoys

a

high

financial standing.

,

piano building trade, to enter into the piano business iind in issj thcv established the linn of AV. H. Hush A: Co., consisting of \V. II. Bush. \V. L. Bush anil Ji in Certs, incorporating he same into a stock Company in ISll'i umlcr Hie name of Bush it Ceils Mr. Bush Piano Co. which perpetuated his name. was married in 1*47 to Mary Jane, daughter of Ralph Brunt of Baltimore and had eighl children, After his HUM. 111. lie died in Chicago. Mar. death, as a monument to him, w as erected the Bu-h Temple of .Music of Chicago, costing ha I!' a million dollars and constituting one of the landmarks and architectural ornaments of lie a real western metro In it are housed the Bush it Certs -Piano polis. Co.. the Bush Tern pie Conservatory of Music, Bush Temple Theatre, and numerous oilier institutions of learning and education. I

National Politics. He isalsoa member of the Civic Federal ion and the Art Institute of Chicago. He was married, in 1897, to Pearl Elizabeth, daughter of William I). Barrow of Lexington. Ky. ALLEN, Dudley Peter, surgeon, was born at Kinsman, Trunibull co. Ohio, March 2.">, 1852, son of Dudley and Janet (Frame) Allen. His first American ancestor was Samuel Allen, who emiu'lated from Bridgewatcr, England, and settled at

I

,

1 Braintree, Mass., in Hi:;-, if? traced through .

BUSH, William

Lincoln, piano manufacturer,

was born ill Chicago, III., .March 3. isiil, son of William Henry and Alary .lane (Brunt) Bush. He was educated in the public schools and the Uni\ersity

,.

'

of Michigan. In 1878 he entered the factory of George II. Woods A: Co. of Boston. Mass., as an apprentice and learned the piano business. Through his influence was established the firm of W. H. Bush it Co. of which he be-

came secretary and niana^

r

taking an active part in all branches of the business and

more

especially the sales de-

partment which was built up with a rapidity that quickly established the concern as one of the most progressive piano manufacturers in the United States.

Its business attained

enormous proportions in a having been incorporated five

very few years, years after the formation of the partnership under the name of Bush it Gerts Piano Co. witha capital stock of $400,000, which has since been increased t ie million dollars. After the death of his father, William Lincoln Bush became president, which office he has occupied eversince, greatly increasing the volume of business and contributing to t Inactive business life of Chicago in various ways He planned and carried out the building of the Bush Temple of Music, one of the most attractive and artistic buildings in Chicago; he also founded the Bush Temple Conservatory of Music v.'hich oc-

Their instru-

ments are rapidly attaining fame and reputation throughout the couutr}', being in use in several hundred educational institutions, including the New England Conservatory of Boston. Mass., Drake University of Des Moines, la.. Hamilton College at Lexington. Ky. and many other similar and equally well known educational centers. Mr. William Lincoln Bush is a member of the Chicago Commercial Association, the Hamilton ('iuh. and was for two terms president of the Marquette Republican Club, one of the best known clubs in

l

'I

245

From him

the line of

his son Samuel, who married Sarah Partridge; their son Samuel who married Alary Pratt (second wife); their son Benjamin, who was twice married, his son John, by the sec. .nd wife, who married Tirzah Morgan, and their son Peter, who married Charity Dudley, and who was Dudley P. Allen's grandfather/ This Dr. Peter Allen settled with his family in Kinsman, cted professor of church history and posi-

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

250

institutions in Oberlin Theological SemiThis department was greatly enin 1870. larged and developed while he was at its head. In 1884 he was elected foreign secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and holds the position at the present time (1906). In 1888 he visited the missions of the Board in Turkey, and in 1898 those in China. Ordained to the ministry in Oberlin in

tive

nary

he has preached almost constantly ever While living in Ohio he served for six months or a year, the First Congregational churches of Cleveland, Elyria and Ashtabula, the Presbyterian church of Sandusky, and the Second Congregational Church of Oberlin. The degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Amherst in 1862 and that of D.D. by Amherst 1866, since.

Dr. Smith was a trustee of a number in 1877. of colleges, was a delegate to the World's Missionary Conference in London, 1888; a delegate to, and chairman of the general committee of the ecumenical conference on foreign missions in 1900; was elected president of the American Colonization Society in 1905. He is a member of the American Historical Association, and of the Winthrop and Bostonian clubs of Boston. " Students Dr. Smith was editor of the Oberlin of the "University QuarMonthly," 1860-61; " " Bibliotheca Sacra" terly 1859-61; and of the the last 1884-85, being still assistant editor of " named. Besides he is the author of Lectures" in Church History and the History of Doctrine (18811, and "Lectures in Modern History" (1SS1). He was married at Hartford, O., Aug. 1, 1865, to J. Augusta Bushnell.

BEYER, Henry

surgeon,

Gustav,

was born

at Hohenstein, Ernsthal, Saxony, Oct. 28, 1850, son of Carl and Wilhelmina (Scheibe) Beyer, He attended the natives of the same place. schools of his native place until 1864, and then for two years, received private instruction in

ancient and modern languages and mathematics. In 1866 he entered a pharmacy as an apprentice, receiving practical instruction in botany, chemistry and pharmacy, and in 1869 passed the examination as pharmacist, as required by law. Exempt from military service, because he was under height, he came to the United States in 1870 and was engaged in the drug business until 1873, when he began his study of medicine at Bellevue Hospital Medical

College,

New

York

He was graduated

city. in 1876;

entered the U. S. the same year as assistant surgeon; was promoted to passed assistant

Navy

in 1880; to surgeon in 1893, to medical inspector in April, 1905. He took a at course post-graduate

and

the University of Leipzig in 1880-81;

at

Johns Hop-

kins

during University 1882-84, and again 1886-87, receiving the degree of Ph. D. from the latter intitution In 1887. In the U. S. Navy Dr. Beyer served in succession at the Naval N. Hospital, Brooklyn, Y.

;

training-ship

mouth, 1877-79; receiving-ship Colorado,

Ports-

New

York, 1879-80; special duty. Museum of Hygiene Washington, D. C.; special duty Smith-

sonian Institution 1884-87; U. S. flagship, Tren1887-88; training-ship Portsmouth 1889; Yantic 1889-91; Naval Academy, in charge of hygiene and physical training, 1891-96; U. S. Raleigh, June to December, 1896; Newark, Dec. 1896 to March 1897; U. S. Monitor Amphitrite, 1897-99, during the war with Spain in Cuba and Porto Rico; receiving-ship Wabash, Boston, 1901-03; training-ship Prairie, 1899-1901; member of board on barracks and of special commission sent to England and Germany to study barrack construction, August, 1903, to February 1904; professor of Naval hygiene at the Naval Medical School, Washington, D. C., February, 1904, to July, 1905, and during 1905-07 he was fleet surgeon of the Pacific fleet. He served as delegate to a number of important international congresses in 1908, and was chairman of the committee on exhibition of the International Congress on TubercuDr. losis, Washington, D. C., in the same year. Beyer ranks among America's most eminent physiologists. He has made a specialty of the study of the structure of lingula pryamidata and the nervous system of Porpita, and Is a recognized authority on hygiene. Dr. Beyer is a member of the American Physiological Society; Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists; Boston Society of Medical Sciences; American Public Health Association; American Medical Association; and National Geographic Society; also of the University and Metropolitan clubs, Washington; St. Botolph Club, Boston; Royal College of Surgeons, London; Alumni Association of Johns Hopkins University; and a companion of the U. S. Order of Foreign " First Aid to the Wars. He is the author of Injured" (1893); reports to the surgeon-general U. S. navy; hospital reports, and many " American Journal of the contributions to the Medical Sciences"; "Medical Age"; "Journal " and of the Boston Society of Medical Sciences other periodicals, covering a wide range of ton,

.

He was married at Portland, Me., May 1880, to Harriet B., daughter of Josenh Wescott; his wife died Jan. 4, 1890, leaving two sons: George Wescott and Henry G. Beyer, Jr. topics. 6,

MACKENZIE, Alexander, chief of engineers of the U. S. army, was born at Potosi, Grant co., Wis., May 25, 1844, son of Donald Alexander and

Mary

Ann

(Connor)

Mackenzie.

His

father, a native of Scotland, came to America He was eduin 1835, settling in St. Louis. Mo. cated in the Platteville (Wis.) Academy (now Wisconsin State Normal School) and after 1857 the Dubuque (Iowa) High School, the family (now East removed to Dunleith having

He was appointed to the West Point Military Academy in 1860. from Dunleith, and was a cadet in that institution till June 13, 1864, when he was praduated and promoted in the army to first lieutenant, corps of engineers. He served during the civil war as assistant engineer, Department of Arkansas, 1864-65, and was engaged in making military reconnaissances of grounds and works around Duvall's, Pine Bluffs and Little Rock and constructing redoubts at Little Rock, Ark. On March 13, 1865 he was brevetted captain for gallant and meritorious services. During 1865-68 he served successively as assistant engineer in the repairs at Ft. Washington, Md.. on the examination of the levees of the lower Mississippi; in making surveys for extension of the United States capitol grounds, and on improvement of the harbors of Lake Dubuque).

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. Having been made captain, corps of March 7, 1867, he was placed in command of an engineer company at Willet's Point, N. Y.; was assistant engineer of repairs

Michigan.

engineers,

of the Louisville and Portland Canal, and various other works 1874-79; was in charge of the and harbor improvements, river operating snag and dredge boats in the upper Mississippi Des Moines rapids canal valley, operation of the and the dry dock at Des Moines rapids, till 1895. He was a member af the Missouri River Commission from 1884-95 and member of various engineer boards on river and harbor improvements, bridge construction, etc.; 1880-96. He was promoted to the rank of major, corps of engineers, April 5, 1884 and upon a further advancement to lieutenant-colonel, corps of engineers, Feb. 3, 1895 he was made first assistant to the chief of engineers, serving from 1895 to 1903, and as a member of the Light-House Board 1895-1904, in the meantime becoming He colonel, corps of engineers, on May 3, 1901. was a member of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, 1902-03; member of the Provisional General Staff from 1903: of the general council, Provisional General Staff and chief of the third division, Provisional General Staff, June to August 1, 1903; of the General Staff Corps from 1903-04; of the board for the government and direction of the work of the war college, 1903-04; of the board to determine upon a site for a central military post in the Island of Oahu, Hawaii Territory, and to conduct a thorough and exhaustive military reconaissance of the entire Hawaiian Archipelago, October to December 1903, becoming brigadiergeneral and chief of engineers of the army Jan. On that date he was placed in com23, 1904. mand of the corps of engineers and in charge of the engineer department and served till May 25, 1908, also as member of the Board of Ordnance and Fortification, to May 1908. and of the Board of Commisioners of the Soldiers' Home, 1904-08; of the board to revise the report of the Endicott Board appointed under the provisions of an act of congress approved March " examine and report at what ports, 3, 1905, to fortifications, or other defenses are most urgently required," 1905-06; of the Inland WaterHe retired from ways Commission, 1907-08. active service May 25, 1908, with the rank of During the nine years that, as major-general. principal assistant to the chief of engineers, he was in charge of the river and harbor improvements of the country, and the four years that " " he was chief engineer, continuing contracts in public improvements were inaugurated and many modern economical methods. In recognition of his services the University of Pennsylvania, in 1906, conferred upon him the degree of Sc. D. He is an honorary member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and a member of the Army and Navy Club, of Washington. He was married at Milwaukee, Wis., in 1869 to Lucia, daughter of Caleb Wall, of Milwaukee.

CABOT, Godfrey Lowell, manufacturer, was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 26, 1861, son of Samuel and Hannah Lowell (Jackson) Cabot. His father (1815-85) was a practicing physician in Boston. Among his ancestors were Jonathan Jackson, U. S. marshal of Boston and president of the Boston Bank, and his son, Patrick Tracy Jackson, who was one of the founders of the city of Lowell, and T. H. Perkins, founder of the Perkins Institution for the Blind. Mr. Cabot

251

was educated in the public schools of Boston, the Boston Latin School and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was graduated at in 1882, receiving the degree of A.B. magna cum laude, and alter working one year for his brother Samuel Cabot completed his studies ot the Zurich Polytechnic and Zurich He studied abroad for sixteen University.

Harvard College

months and returning to Boston was engaged in chemical work for over two years, first for his In brother, then alone. 1887 he acquired the facfor the manutory facture of carbon black located at Worthington, Pa., which was built by his brother, Samuel. Mr. Cabot at once set about the busideveloping ness, and in 1899 he built the Grantsville Carbon Works, which is considered the largest factory in the world employed in the making of carbon black. He also owns factories at Creston and Bristol, W. Va., and Cabot, Pa. Carbon a species of lamp black, but has a much better color and greater coloring power, and is the soot of natural gas. It is the most important basis for black printing ink, and is also largely used for giving a better color to stove polish; in fact, it is used wherever a strong, insoluble black pigment is required. It is manufactured by burning flames of natural gas beneath an iron surface, from which the black is automatically scraped and then automatically delivered to conveyers, which carry it to a bolt, where it is bolted, elevated and packed. All the machinery at the Cabot works, excepting the packer, is automatic. There are over 100 large horizontal cast-iron plates for this purpose, twenty-four feet in diameter, under each of which revolve a system of pipes, a black box and scraper and the other apparatus necessary to deposit, remove and deliver the black into a conveyer. This process is different from that in use in any other factory. The Grantsville factory has a capacity of 8,000 pounds a day, and requires upwards of 8,000,000 cubic feet of gas to supply it. It is run day and night from year's end to year's end, and is the nucleus of a system of natural gas mains over forty miles in extent. The various factories have about 90,000 feet of pipe, ranging in size from 1\ to 2 inches, and the buildings and machinery cover about six acres. The producing end of the business comprises about ninety gas and oil wells, about 120 miles of gas-mains and over 30,000 acres of gas and oil rights, most of which are owned in fee. In addition to the various factories, three villages in West Virginia and six in Pennsylvania are supplied in whole or in some measure with gas, besides a considerable number of industrial establishments. Through the production of this carbon black and the sale of gas and oil, Mr. Cabot has attained a world-wide reputation in

the business world. As a chemist he has made researches on the solubility of lime in salt solution. He has traveled extensively both in Europe and America, and has made a thorough study of the oil and gas industry both here and

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

252

sea, from a theoretical as well as a practical standpoint. He is the author of various articles on scientific and political subjects, including a brochure on the annexation of Mr. Cabot was married the Hawaiian Islands. June 23, 1890, to Maria B., daughter of J. B. Moors of Boston, and has five children.

on the Caspian

BROWN,

Elmer

fifth

Ellsworth,

United

States commissioner of education, was born at Kiantone, Chautauqua county, N. Y., Aug. 28, 1861, son of Russell

McCrary and

Electa

L.

(Sher-

man) Brown. His first

American an-

cestor on the paternal side is believed to be Ben-

jamin Brown, whose name first appeared in Connecticut records of the middle of the ceneighteenth

From him tury. the line of descent is

traced

his

who

through son Thomas, married Adah

Mudge,

who married Molly Daniel, their son Alvah, who married

their

son

Stedman

and Eunice Eddy,

and who was Mr. Brown's grandfather. He also traces descent from a number of the Pilgrim fathers, including William Molines, Samuel Eddy, Miles Standish and John Alden. Young Brown learned his letters at the age of two and a half years, and very early developed a fondness for reading and study. When only seven years old he was browsing through books on history, botany, astronomy and physics in his father's collection. He began his education in the public schools at the age of eight, and five years later he passed the county examination for a teacher's standing at the head of the list of competitors. He took the full course at Illinois State Normal University, where he was graduated in 1881; but meanwhile he had begun his career as a school-teacher in 1878, first as principal of the public school at Rockport, 111., and in the following year as teacher in the high school at Astoria. Upon leaving the State Normal University, young Brown was appointed principal of the South Side schools at Belvidere, 111. While in this position he first manifested his genius for organization, being instrumental in forming the Northern Illinois Teachers' As-

certificate,

sociation.

work the

Having determined to make his lifescience of pedagogics, he matriculated

at the University of Michigan in 1887, and havadvanced standing, completed ing received the entire four years' course in two years, and received his B.A. degree in 1889. He also attended the University of Halle (Germany), and with the same uncommon zeal and speed he

mastered the German language, which he had already studied at home. He wrote his thesis in German, and secured his degree of Ph.D. in 1890. Returning to the United States to resume his professional teaching, he was first principal of a high school at Jacitson. Mich., and within a year was called to the University of Michigan as acting assistant professor of the science and the art of teaching. His success in higher education was immediate, and when, in 1892, the

University of California created a new chair of education, its occupancy was offered to Dr. Brown, under whose strong, tactful leadership it became one of the most important departments

His influence was felt in the university. Not every grade of the schools of the state. only in the work of the schools did he stand for definite ideals of progress and efficiency, but for the teachers themselves he labored, and labored successfully, to make their profession as The indignified as that of law or medicine. fluence of his administrative ability was soon in

felt

beyond the confines of the state, so that Dr. William T. Harris retired as commis-

when

sioner of education in 1906, Pres. Roosevelt could appoint no one better fitted to take his In the furtherance of place than Dr. Brown. his work Dr. Brown's activity has been directed towards promoting freedom in organization and control of state school systems. He has labored for state aid in the maintenance of the high schools, and for the appointment, retention and promotion of teachers on the basis of professional fitness alone. Standing as he does for the most modern and improved methods in the science of education, it will not be out of place to enumerate some of the newest lines of advancement in the educational world: the development of trade schools, resulting in the organization of the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education in 1906; measures for the improvement of rural education, resulting in the establishment of agricultural high schools in various states, and in the introduction in congress of bills for national aid along this line; the training of women for the specific duties of the home, which is further advanced in European countries than in the United States, where as yet there have been one or two Mothers' congresses and an International Congress on the Welfare of the Child, held in Washington, and as a result of this training of mothers a recent growth of organizations for bringing the school and the home nearer together; the movement for the combination of apprenticeship with technical study of collegiate grade; more attention to individual training, and international education as is exemplified in the exchange of professors and teachers of foreign institutions with those at home. Dr. Brown is a member of the National Education Association, the National Council of Education, of which he was president during 1904-07, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is also a member of the Advisory Council of the Simplified Spelling Board, the Advisory Board of the National Congress of Mothers, the American Committee of the Third International Congress for the Advancement of Drawing and Art Teaching, and the Federal Schoolmen's Club. Dr. Brown has always taken an interest in religious organizaAfter leaving the normal tions and progress. school he became assistant secretary of the Young Men's Christian Associations of Illinois, of which his brother, Isaac E. Brown, was and still is the state secretary, and that experience resulted in the organization of the system of corresponding membership, which was afterwards widely extended and adopted almost universally among the Christian Associations. He is a member of the Religious Education Association and its vice-president in 1908, and was for some years a trustee of the Pacific Theological Seminary of Dr. Brown has the Congregational Church. written a large number of articles for educa-

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. " Notes tional magazines, and is the author of on Children's Drawings" (1897), "Secondary Education" (1900), "The Making of Our Middle Schools" (1903), which is a recognized auorganization of our thority on the history and " Origin of American secondary schools," and Said a writer in the State Universities (1905). "Southern Educational Review": "Kindliness and gentleness are as much a part of his character as are honesty and scholarship. Through all his seriousness a rich vein of humor runs, and it is always ready to crop out in sparkling In spite of all his strenuous activity and wit. the countless demands upon his attention, he is never too busy to stop and lend assistance to the youngest and most obscure teacher or to the

student

seeking

help.

In

spite

of

his

attain-

ments he is almost painfully modest and retiring, and with all his force and power and inflexibility in what he is convinced is right, he is tactful and gentle and considerate far beyond No one will ever the ordinary run of men. know how many students he has helped with advice or money or to positions after they have His lovable nature and his everleft college. ready helpfulness make all men his friends." Dr. Brown was married June 29, 1889, to Fanny Fosten, daughter of Rev. Zachary Eddy, D.D., one of the most noted preachers of Michigan.

ADAMS,

George Burton, historian, was born at Fairfield, Vt., June 3, 1851, son of Calvin Carlton and Emeline (Nelson) Adams, of New England ancestry. His father (1813-1906) was a clergyman and personally directed his son's early education until he was ready for college. He was graduated at Beloit College in 1873, at Yale University in 1877, and then took a post graduate course at the University of Leipzig, where he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1886. Upon his graduation at Yale, he was appointed professor of history at Drury College, Springfield, Mo., a position he retained until 1888, wher> he received a similar appointment at Yale UniProf. Adams's original research has versity. been particularly on the subject of feudalism and the feudal period of English constitutional " Civilization Durhistory. He is the author of " Growth of the French ing the Middle Ages," " He also Nation," and European History." wrote Vol. II in Hunt and Poole's "Political " and edited Duruy's " MidHistory of England dle Bemont and Monod's "Medieval Ages,' in conjunction with Prof. H. Morse Europe." and " Select Documents of English ConstiStephens, tutional History." He is one of the editors of "

American Historical Review " and is the author of many articles and addresses upon histhe

He

is a member of the AmeriSociety and the American Historical Association. He was a member of the executive council of the latter during 189197, and 1898-1901, vice-president during the years 1906-1907, and president in 1908. He was married July 1, 1878, to Ida. daughter of Mills de Forest Clarke, of Beloit, Wis., and has one daughter, Ruth M. Adams.

torical subject.

can

Antiquarian

CHOATE,

Charles Francis, lawyer, was born May 16. 1828. son of Dr. George and Margaret Manning (Hodges) Clioate. His first American ancestor was John Choate who came to Massachusetts in 1643, settling in Chebacco, now Ipswich, and where the family have The line of resided for more than 250 years. descent is traced through his son. Thomas, fain Salem, Mass.,

253

known as the " Governor," who married Mary Varney, their son Francis, who married Hannah Perkins, their son William, who married Mary Giddings, their son George, who married Susanna Choate, and who was the grandmiliarly

father of Charles Francis Choate. His father, Dr. George Choate (1796-1880), was graduated at Harvard College in 1818, and practiced medicine in Salem during 1822-67. He was president of the Salem Athenaeum and of the

Essex South District Medical Society for many years, and represented Salem in the legislature. His wife was a daughter of Gamaliel and Sarah Charles F. Choate, re(Williams) Hodges. ceived his preparatory education in the public and Latin schools of Salem. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1849, and at the Harvard law school with the degree of L.L.B., in 1852. During 1851-54, he was a tutor in the department of mathematics in the college. He was admitted to the bar in 1855, and at once opened an office in Boston, where he acquired a lucrative practice, largely as counsel for railroad corporations. In 1864 he became regular counsel for the Old Colony Railroad, and continued in its service for more than thirty years. He became a director in 1872, and its president in 1877, continuing in the latter position after the lease of the road to he New York, New Haven

and Hartford Railroad Company, in 1893. He was also president of the Old Colony Steamboat Company until 1894. During his administration as president, there was a marvelous development of both the railroad and steamboat companies. of new steamers was achieved, boats of unequaled convenience and comfort, giving the Fall River line between Boston and New York a world wide reputation. Mr. Choate has been a director and vice-president of the New England Trust Company for many years, and was a director of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad from 1893 to

An equipment

1907 when he resigned. He has been a trustee of the Mount Auburn cemetery, at Cambridge, Mass., for over

He was

thirty

vice-

years. president of the Massachusetts Plospitul Life Insurance Co., was chosen its actuary in and president in 1893, 1901 a position he still holds

In

(1910).

resented

lower lature,

a

he

1863,

'

I

"\

,

repin

Cambridge

"'

:.%

the

house of the legisand in 18G4-65 was

member

of

the

Cam-

government. Mr. Choate gained an eminent position at the bar during the twenty-five years bridge

city

of his active in railroad tion law he

practice,

and

was

and

corpora-

regarded as an authority. of its principles was broad and deep, while his power to strike at the foundation of facts and marshal them clearly and concisely, was recognized and admired. He is a man of large business capacities, of great executive ability, and of impressive presence and His sympathies are tender and prodignity. found, and wholly genuine, and many a young man owes him a debt of gratitude for his friendly interest and influence at the start of a successful career. He was one of the original members of the Union and University ciubs of

His

knowledge

254 Boston. Y.,

Nov.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA Mr. Choate was married in Utica, N. 1855, to Elizabeth Waterman, daugh-

7,

ter of Edward and of Providence, R.

whom

are

Hannah (Thompson) Carlile, They had six children, of Sarah Carlile, widow of living: I.

Joshua Montgomery Sears; Margaret Manning, wife of Nathaniel I. Bowditch, and Charles Francis Boston.

Choute,

a

Jr.,

prominent

lawyer

of

BATTELL, Rabbins, philanthropist, was born at Norfolk, Litchfleld county, Conn., April 9, 1819, son of Joseph and Sarah (Robbins) Battell and descendant of Thomas Battelle, a naof tive England, who emigrated to this country during the latter half of the fifteenth century and settled

at

Dedham, Mass.,

where

he became town clerk. Battell Joseph was a country merchant, and an early purchaser of western lands, thus a handsome acquiring fortune. Four of his ancestors were Mayflower Robbins Batpilgrims. tell was fitted for college at Dr. Hall's school, and Ellington, Conn., entered Yale. In the class of 1839. His musical talents made him of service in the worship of the chapel, college

where he played the flute and shared the honors of the choir leadership with Richard Storrs His father's death, in 1842, brought upon him and his brother Joseph, the care of a large landed and personal estate, and to this he gave his attention, spending a part of every Willis.

New

in York city. He represented his in the state legislature four terms; was state comptroller in I860; was a judge of probate

week town

for a score of years by choice of both political parties, and served as colonel of the militia. Mr. Battell was a delegate to the Peace convention of 1861, at Washington, but when he saw that

war was

inevitable, he supported the adminisand was a confidential adviser to Gov. Buckingham. For many years he was one of

tration,

the trustees of the state hospital for the insane, and for a time he was president of the Connecticut historical society, of which his uncle, Thomas Robbins, was librarian. He was also a member of the corporation of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and was interested in temperance work. His interest in his native town was evidenced by his efforts to introduce improvements in agriculture, to develop its natural advantages, and to attract to it desirable summer visitors and permanent dwellers, and to afford its residents In conjunction with opportunities of culture. his sisters, he gave the Congregational church a memorial chapel and a chime of bells; and founded in 1S84 the Robbins preparatory school, an institution of high grade; he opened his library and art gallery freely to the public, and by means of free indoor and out-door concerts enabled the townspeople to hear the best music and musicians. He aided scores of young men

and women in making their way through college, and to his liberality many a collegiate institution

was

indebted.

To Yale

college,

Mr.

Battell and his family gave generously, their benefactions aggregating $300,000, most of which was for Battell chapel and its organ, a number of scholarships, ana the Battell professorship of music. To Williams college, Mr. Battell personally gave $10,000, in addition to a chime of bells. His influence in art matters was marked. He encouraged native talent, assisted Thomas Hovenden and other artists, and gathered what is probably the best representative collection of pictures by American artists in this country. His talent for music was unusual and his love for it a passion. During his early years he did much to elevate the public taste by gratuitously choral societies and church choirs in drilling the towns of Litchfield county, and up to the time of his last illness, he was the chorister of the Congregational Church of Norfolk. He was one of the first to appreciate Dykes, Barnby, Sullivan, and other modern English composers. A number of original compositions, bear witness to his taste and his skill, among them the hymn tunes "Abide with Me" and "O Lord, to Thee " I Cry," and a Trust Song," a composition for male voices. Mr. Battell was a man of serene temper, dignified, yet winning manners, and of a refinement of speech and sentiment that joined with his other characteristics to make him an unique personality, and one of the finest products of New England training. He was married at Newark, N. J., Aug. 15, 1849, to Ellen R., daughter of George S. Mills. Mrs. Battell died March 19, 1851, leaving one daughter, Ellen, wife of Frederick P. Terry, of New York city, and after his death, of Carl Stoeckel of Norfolk, Conn. Mr. Battell died at Norfolk, Conn., Jan. 26. 1895.

HOWE,

Achibald Murray, lawyer, was born Northampton, Mass., May 20, 1848, son of James Murray and Harriet Butler (Clarke) Howe. His first American ancestor was John Howe, who emigrated from England, residing first in Watertown, Mass., and removing to Sudbury in 1639, and finally to Marlborough. The line of descent is traced through his son Samuel, who married Sarah Leavitt Clapp, widow of Nathaniel Clapp; their son Moses, who married Eunice Rogers; their son Samuel, who married Hannah Smith; their son Estes, who married Susanna Dwight; their son Samuel, who married Sarah Lydia Robbins, and who was the grandfather of Archibald M. Howe. His grandmother, Mrs. Samuel Howe, was a daughter of Edward Hutchinson Robbins. lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts when Caleb Strong was governor, and through her he is also a descendant of William Hutchinson and Anne HutchinHis great-grandfather, Estes Howe, was son. a practicing physician in Belchertown for over fifty years, and served in the revolutionary war as army surgeon under Rufus Putnam and Gen. Gates. His most interesting maternal ancestor was his great-great-grandfather, John Brown of in

Pittsfield, who was killed on his thirty-sixth birthday at Stone Arabia, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1780, while commanding a detachment of Berkshire

men who were surprised by the Indians. Brown, who had served as a major in Montgomery's expedition to Quebec and in the Massachusetts provincirl congress was for a long time the accuser of Benedict Arnold, having had full knowledge of his financial dishonor before 1775. Arnold's flight took place Sept. 25, 1780, and it may be that Brown did not know when he died that he was justified in his repeated public charges against Arnold. In 1849 young Howe's

255

OK AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. family removed to Brookline, Mass., where he attended the private and public schools. From the Brookline high-school he entered Harvard College in 1865, and was graduated in 18G9. He then took the regular course in the Harvard Law School, and after being graduated with the degree of LL.B., in 1871, he continued his legal studies in Boston with his uncle, George S. Hillard, then United States attorney, and later with the flrm of Hillard, Hyde & DickinHe was admitted to the Suffolk bar in son. 1872, and began the practice of his profession He confined himself, especially ia in Boston. later years, almost exclusively to conveyancing, to the administration of estates, and to general commercial law branches, in which his natural ability and broad legal training gained for him a high reputation and an honorable standing at the bar. Early in his professional career Mr. Howe was for two years private secretary to Hon. Henry L. Pierce, member of the fortythird congress in Washington, and during that period gained a taste as well as knowledge of public affairs, which has ever since been one of his chief avocations. He has always been independent and self-reliant in his political actions, but at the cost of chance to gain definite politHe ical distinctions, or of holding high offices. has resided in Cambridge since 1867, and was a member of the Cambridge common council during 1875-77, and of the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature from Cambridge in

serving in the latter body on the committees on constitutional amendments and proFor many years he has bate and chancery. taken an active part in promoting or opposing measures before the legislature, not only lending them his professional assistance, but exerting a wholesome influence for or against them, as the welfare of the community demanded. He was one of the earliest members of the Massachusetts Reform Club, and has been one of its vice-presidents, and in the advancement of civil service reform he has been especially active, both in the commonwealth and at Washington. He was a member of the executive committee of the Massachusetts Independents in 1884, and for five years was a director of the American He is also a member Unitarian Association. of the Bar Association of the city of Boston and Mr. Howe was marof the St. Botolph Club. ried June 4, 1881, to Arvia S., daughter of Epes Sargent Dixwell, a distinguished teacher of Boston, who lived in Cambridge, Mass. 1891,

financier, was 31, 1853, son of

HASTINGS, Frank Seymour,

born at Mendham, J., May Rev. Thomas S. and Fanny (de Groot) Hastins, and brother of Thomas Hastings, the archHis father (q. v. ) was a Presbyterian itect. clergyman, who for nine years was president of the Union Theological Seminary in New York, and his grandfather, Dr. Thomas Hastings, was the well-known composer of church music, and a descendant of Thomas Hastings, a lawyer, who emigrated from England to the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1640. On his mother's side, Mr. Hastings' ancestors were Dutch and French Huguenots, his maternal grandfather being William de Groot, a merchant and legal writer, whose family name in olden times was sometimes writMr. Hastings ten in Latinized form, Grotius. was educated in private schools in New York city. Having determined to follow a commercial career, he did not go to college, for which he had been prepared; but in 1869 he entered the N.

Williams & Guion, in the shipping that house he went to the shipping house of Fabbri & Chauncey, and when Mr.

employ

of

business.

From

Fabbri became a partner in the firm of Drexel, Morgan & Co., in 1882, Mr. Hastings associated himself with Thomas A. Edison and the various Edison companies. He was made a director of the Edison Electric Light Co., the Edison General Electric Co., the General Electric Co. and some fifty subsidiary companies. In 1892 he became interested in a number of gas companies in association with Com. E. C. Benedict of i\ew York. He was president and a director of two of the Chicago gas companies previous to

He is president and ditheir consolidation. rector of the Indianapolis Gas Co., vice-president and director of the Commercial Acetylene Co., of the Marine Engine and Machine Co., and the Manhattan Oil Co., and a director of the United States Rubber Co., the Blan Gas Co. of America, the Indiana Lighting Co. and the Amazon Wireless Telegraph Co. Mr. Hastings has displayed considerable musical genius, which has been inherited from his illustrious grandfather. He is a skilled performer on the of songs, the organ, and has composed a number " A Red, Red Rose," most popular of which are:

" Bring Her Again." He Amateur Glee Club, of which he has been president since 1903, and the Men"

is

Contentment," and a

member

of the

delssohn Glee Club, of

New

York, and the

New

a director of the Oratorio Society of New York, but of all hit contributions to the advancement of musical culture in America, probably the most notable of his achievemens has been the management of the Russian Symphony Society of New York, of which he has been president since 1905. That organization has given a series of concerts in

York Symphony Society and

New York

city

and elsewhere, consisting

chiefly

of selections from the Russian composers, the success of which has

been an important page in the history of music So well America. in have his efforts been in Russia appreciated that in 1908 the czar of Russia conferred upon him the order of St. Stanislaus. Mr. Hastings was married Oct. to Caroline 1875, 14, daughter of Charles Fan-

ning of and he

New York

city,

has one son, F. Charles Hastings. Mr. Hastings has taken a prominent part in yachting and other outdoor sports. He is a member of the Seawanhaka-Corinthian Yacht Club, of which he served as rear commodore three and the Indian Harbor Yacht, the New seasons,

York

Athletic, the City,

ALLEN,

and the Camera

clubs.

Wiliiam Frederick, metrologist and

editor, was born at 1846, son of Joseph

Bordentown, N. J., Oct. 9, Warner and Sarah Burns (Norcross) Allen. He descended from Samuel Allen of Chew Magna, near Bristol, England, who emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1681, settling on the Noshaminy creek, at a place now called Bridgewater, near Bristol, the line being traced through his son Samuel, and his wife, Jane

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

256

their son Samuel, and his wife Elizabeth Clawson; their son Samuel, and his wife Sin.ih Brown, and their son Samuel, and his wife, Sarah Warner, who were the grandparents of William

Wain;

Mr. Allen's father was chief engineer F. Allen. of the Hoboken Land and Improvement Co., of the Dundee Water Power and Land Co,, and of He served in the various railroad enterprises. As state senate and also ou the governor's staff. deputy quartermaster-general of Xcw Jersey, he" IH ^ mized and equipped the "three months' men on the outbreak of the civil war, and the first eight He was regiments of three years' volunteers. appointed colonel of the 9th New Jersey volunteers and joined the Burnside expedition to North but was drowned off Hatteras, Jan. Carolina, His son was educated at the Model 15, 1862. School, Bordentown. and at the Protestant Episcopal Academy, Philadelphia. In May, 1862, he took a position as rodman on the engineer corps of the Camden and Amboy railroad, becoming assistant engineer in 1863. During 1868-72, he was resident engineer of the West Jersey railroad, and then became assistant editor of the " Official Railway Guide." In 1873, he took the position of editor and manager of the National Railway Publication Co. He has been secretary of the general time convention the (now called

American

Railway

As-

1875. He is the originator of what is known as standard time. In October, snciation)

a

1881,

was

since

communication

presented

to

the

American Railway Association,

to

the

reform there

calling attention desirability of a in time-keeping, at that being

over fifty difstandards in the United States. The papers were referred to Mr. Alperiod

ferent

len,

who had

long been

interested in the subject, in April, 1883, the association received his

and

report,

which

provided

for an elastic inster.d of a rigid boundary line between the hour sections; it designated every point upon the boundary lines where the change from one hour section to the other was to be made; it arranged a method of passing from

the use of one hour standard to another without danger of interference or mistake; it included definite information respecting the changes required in the schedule of every train on each railroad, in passing from the use of the old to the new standard, so as to preserve unbroken the relative time and connections with trains on other roads. It suggested a common-sense adjustment between local and standard time, and proposed nothing that could not be adopted in practice.

The system was unanimously

en-

dorsed, and the duty of securing its actual adoption was placed upon the secretary. In October he reported that he had secured agreements from the managers of 78,000 miles of roads to put the plan into actual use. and the cooperation of the Naval Observatory at Washington, the Cambridge Observatory, and certain city governments. The association ordered the plan to go into operation on Nov. 18, 1883, and in a few weeks' time every railroad in North Amer-

had adopted the system, which has since extended to many other parts of the earth. Mr. Allen is president of the Knickerbocker Guide ica

Co.; vice-president of the Railway Equipment and Publication Co.; vice-president of the New York Transfer Co.; president of the Manhattan Fire Alarm Co.; ex-member of the board of assessment and of the board of trustees of the In 1870 he village of South Orange, N. J. founded and laid out the town of Wenonah, Gloucester county, N. J. Mr. Allen was a delegate of the United States government to the International Meridian conference, 1884, to the International Railway congress at Paris, 1900, and to the International Railway coneressrs at London, 1895, Paris, 1900, and Washington, 1905. He is a member of the Loyal Legion; American Society of Civil Engineers; Geographical Society of Vienna, Austria; American Geograph-

National Geographic Society; New Historical Society; American Metrological Society; American Academy of Political and Social Science; American Statistical Association; American Economic Society; American Association for the Advancement of Science; American Forestry Association; Municipal Art Society; American Railway Guild New England Society of master); (past Orange, N. J. (ex-counsellor); Engineers' and Railroad clubs of New York, the Lawyers' and Transportation clubs of New York and Buffalo; the Union League of Chicago; South Orange Field Club (ex-president); South Orange Republican Club (ex-president), and East Orange The honorary degree of Republican Club. ical Society;

Jersey

M. S. was conferred upon him by Princeton University in 1906, and in the same year the Belgian government decorated him as a chevalier of the order of Leopold. Mr. Allen was married at Salem, N. J., April 20, 1871, to Caroline Perry, daughter of Hon. Thomas Jones " Broad Seal " members of Yorke, one of the congress from New Jersey. They have four children: Yorke, Frederick Warner, Eugene Yorke and John Sinnickson.

BOYDEN, Albert Gardner, educator, was born at South Walpole, Norfolk co., Mass., Feb. 5, 1S27, son of Phineas and Harriet (Carroll) His first American ancestor wasi Boyden. Thomas Boyden, who emigrated from Ipswich, Suffolk co., England, in 1634, and settled in Watertown, Mass., and the line of descent is traced through his son Jonathan, who married Mary Clark: their son Jonathan, who married Rachel Fisher; their son Benjamin, who marvied Mehitabel Lovell; their son Benjamin, who married Huldah Armsby; their son Phineas, who married Lydia Boyden, and who were the grandparents of Albert G. Boyden. His grandfather (Phineas) and great-grandfather (Benjamin) were soldiers in the revolutionary war. He attended the district schools, and having decided upon the profession of teaching he devoted every spare moment to study while workMeaning with his father as a blacksmith. while he had taught school for three winters, and upon reaching his majority entered the State

Normal

School

at

licinir Bridgewater. he'was appointed assistant at his alma mater in Bridgewater. He went to the Bowditch High School, Salem, Mass., as principal in 1853, and three years later was made submaster of the Chapman Grammar Schoo' in Boston. Meanwhile Marshall Conant had become the second principal

graduated in 1849.

In 1850

257

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. of

the

Bridgewater normal school

(1853),

suc-

reediim- Nicholas Tilliughast, its founder, and in 1857 Prof. Boydeu was appointed his assistant. During this period he was called upon to teach nearly all the subjects in the course. He also made a careful study of the science of pedagogy. His success was such that in I860 he became principal of the school, a position he held with great credit to himself for forty-six

his principalship the school expanded, the attendance greatly increased, its method of instruction was improved and devel-

Under

years.

and additions and improvements were made from year to year in its buildings and grounds until it now enjoys a national reputatio as one of the best appointed normal schools in America. During his long term as head of oped,

institution Prof. Boydeu's influence as an educator extended beyond its walls. "He was " during Massachusetts Teacher editor of the iNii.VTu. and is the author of numerous educational addresses. He served as president of the Plymouth County Teachers Association in 186263; of the Massachusetts Teachers Association, 1872-73; the Massachusetts Schoolmasters' Club,

this

the New England Normal Council, and secretary of the National Council of

1888-89; 1900,

Education in 1884. "In the language of former Pres. his long career as an eduEliot of Harvard, cator was of a singularly fruitful and multiplying kind, and his service to the cause of education in his state will be felt through a

number of generations." The dominant note of his extended success was his moral earnestness, a trait of character observable in all the His work in every line was great educators. thorough, positive and practical. He possessed the faculty to a wonderful degree of arranging his subject logically by outline, grouping the important ideas in main divisions, and the less important ideas in sub-divisions, thus enabling his students to analyze a course of study and to the important separate from

matter

unim-

the

The great benefit portant. derived students his to from this training was the power

to

explain

intelligently

most

to

important

matters

a others, requisite

In 1906 he a teacher. retired from the principalship and became principal emeritus, being succeeded in the office by his son, in

Arthur C. Boyden. He was married at Newport, Me., Nov. 18, Whitten,

1851,

to

Isabella of

daughter

Thomas Clarke, and had three sons: Arthur Clarke, mentioned above; Walter Clarke, who died in ininfancy, and Wallace Clarke, who is head master of the Boston Normal School. His first wife died Oct. 1, 1895, and Mr. Boyden was married again, Aug. 24, 1898, to Clara Adelia, daughter of Rev. Joshua L. Armes of Nashua, N. H. She died April 19, 1906.

PRENTISS, Henry, merchant, was born at Hubbardston, Mass., Sept. 25, 1848, son of Henry and Adaline (Wright) Prentiss, and a descendant of Valentine Prentiss, who came to New England with John Eliot, the apostle and settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1631. After

a public and high school education obtained at Hubbardston, Worcester and other Massachusetts towns, he began his business career in the employ of William Dwight, treasurer of large In cotton mills in Boston. 1866 he went to Cincinnati, and became secretary O., and treasurer of the White

Water Valley

railroad,

which

now a branch of the "Big Four" system. Nine is

years later he removed to New York city, where heengaged in the manufacture of taps and dies and machiAt the nists' small tools. same time he took up the sale of miscellaneous machine tools and machinists'

and this

departthe nucleus of his present business, which in 1885 was organized as the Prentiss Tool and Beginning in Supply Co. a small way, he has developed a trade in new and used metal-working machinery of all kinds, which is one of the largest in the United States, its annual busiMr. ness running into millions of dollars. Prentiss is a member of the National Supply and Machinery Dealers' Association, of which he has been first vice-president since 1906. He supplies,

ment became

was married June 9, 1870, to Anna E., daughter of Rev. Dr. Reuben Jeffery of Brooklyn, N. Y., and has four children: Julia H., Ella J., Valerie and Marshall Prentiss.

FRENCH,

was born at Brainson of Jonathan and Sarah Brackett (Hayward) French. The old family homestead in Braintree, where he was burn, was acquired in 1G40 by his first American ancestor. John French, who came here frnm England, and From this it has never been out of the family. John French the line of descent is traced through his son Thomas, who married Elizabeth Belcher; their son Moses, who married Esther Thayer their son Moses, who married EH/abcth Hobait, and their son Asa, who married Mehitable Hollis, and Asa,

tree, Mass., Oct.

who was

jurist, 21, 1829,

the grandfather of the

subject of this

His great-grandfather, Capt. Moses French, was a soldier in the revolutionary war, and his grandfather. Asa French, was for many years postmaster of Braintree, town clerk and town treasurer. His father was a respected farmer, town treasurer and selectman. Young French attended the

sketch.

public

schools of Braintree.

received his pre-

paratory education at the Leicester Academy in Worcester county, and in 1847 entered Yale College, where he was graduated with honors in 1851. He then entered the Harvard Law School, but a year later transferred his studies to the Albany Law School, and while there was a student in the office of John V. L. Pruyn and John H. Reynolds, two of the leading members of the Albany bar. After spending a term in that institution he returned to the Harvard Law School and took his degree of LL. B. in 1853. He at once began active practice in Boston in partnership with George White, which continued until July, 1858, when Gov. Banks appointed Mr. White judge of the court of probate and insolvency for Norfolk county. Subsequently Mr. French practiced alone. In 1869 he was appointed district attorney for the southeastern

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

258

Massachusetts and held that office by popular elections for thirteen years, resigning in 1882 to accept a judgeship in the Court of Commissioners of Alabama claims at WashHe officiated as judge with great digington.

district of

nity

during the existence of that court, till Dec. 31, 1885, when lie resumed the practice of his profession in Boston. Judge French was an able lawyer, and for many years was a proruiueut member of the His strong legal Suffolk bar. qualifications, his good judgment and sound common tense, his power of argument, and liis keen discrimination between right and wrong were widely

On the bench he iccogni/ed. displayed rare judicial qualities anil won universal approbation. He possessed a thorough knowledge of the law, and attained that eminence in the profession which only true merit, combined with industry and natural abilDuring a long ity, can bring. and active career he was connected with many important cases, one of the most noteworthy being the celebrated Andover case, in which he was associated with Judge Hoar as counsel of the board of visitors. In

He was a mempolitics he was a Republican. ber of the lower house of the legislature in 1SG6, and while acting as district attorney was also a member of the Massachusetts Fish ComHe was president of the board of mission. trustees of the Thayer Academy at Braintree succeeding the Hon. George Tyler Bigelow, the first president, in 1878, and was also chairman of the board of trustees of the Thayer Public Library since its foundation. He was the first president of the Norfolk Club, and was one of the earliest members of the University Club of Boston. Judge French was married June 13, 1855, to Ellen, daughter of Ellis Clizbe of Amsterdam, N. Y. She died September 12th of the same year, and in October, 1858, he was married t Sophia B., daughter of Simeon Palmer of Boston. She died Dec. 25, 1891, leaving four children: Asa Palmer, now U. S. attorney for the district of Massachusetts, L., Harriet C., wife of Prof. Charles W. Mixter of Plymouth, Mass., and Sophia M., wife of Robert G. Valentine of Washington, D. C. Judge French died in Braintree, Mass., June 23, 1903.

Emma

DIPPEL, Johann] Andreas, [

at Cassel,

Germany, Nov.

and Marie

singer,

was born

30, 1866, son of Friedrich was educated in the (Espe) Dippel.

He

high school of his native town, where he was graduated in 1882. Entering the employ of the banking house of Mauer & Plant at Cassel in 1883, he continued in that occupation for five years, acquiring the rudiments of a sound business and financial education. In the meanwhile he began the study of the voice under Mme. Zottmayr, a

famous singer of the royal court theatre at Cassel. Having decided to enter upon a musical career he his home in 1887, going to Berlin, Milan and Vienna, where he continued his studies with such masters as Prof. Julius Hey, Alberto Leoni and Johann Ress. This extensive musical training, added to his proficiency in four different languages enabled him to sing all the leading tenor parts in Italian, French and German operas with equal success. In 1887 he secured an engagement at the Stadt-Theater in Bremen, and made his left

of the same year as the SteersFlying Dutchman." While his engagement at this theatre lasted until 1892, he was granted leave of absence during the season of 189091, to sing at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York. Ills American debut was made on Nov. 26th, " Asrael," under the conductor1900, in Frauchetti's

debut

man

in

in

September

"The

ship of Anton Seidl.

Bremen engagement

the termination of his visited the United States

Upon lie

for a concert, tour, during which he sang under the eminent conductors, Anton Scidl, Arthur Nikisch and Theodore Thomas. Returning to Germany he sang at the Stadt-Theater in Breslau during the season of 1892-93, and from 1893 to 1898 he was a member of the Imperial court opera in Vienna. In 1898 he resumed his connection with the Metropolitan Opera Co., which he has retained to the During four seasons Mr. Dippel has present time. filled engagements at the Royal Opera, C'ovent Garden, London; at the Imperial Opera, St. Petersat the Royal Opera, Munich, and at the burg Bayreuth festivals, his unequivocally favorable ;

all of these places serving to make his international. Mr. Dippel possesses a resonant tenor voice of excellent timbre, large compass and of a quality that at once appeals to the most intimate His intonation and enunciation are sinfeelings. gularly perfect, and his brilliant training and finished art enable him to interpret with equal To felicity works of a widely diversified character.

reception at

fame

superb vocal equipment Mr. Dippel adds an admirable stage presence, splendid dramatic power and a fine imagination, all combining to give his personation an artistic finish rarely found upon the Not the least important feature of operatic stage. His Mr. Dippel's work is his great versatility. different operatic repertoire comprises nearly 150 from Mozart parts in works of the German school his

Wagner; the Italian, from Donizetti to Puccini, as well as the works of the great masters of France. In addition to this he has a repertoire of over sixty oratorios. Perhaps the most distinctive work of Mr. Dippel has been done as a singer His of Wagnerian roles. impersonation of all of the great master's heroes are familiar and favorite figures to the American public, and to

particularly

both

'

in

his Siegfried " and Siegfried"

has Gotterdammerung an msec! he enthusiastic comment of the press of two In continents. February 1908, the board of directors of the Metropolitan Opera '

t

Company, in recognition of wide knowledge of operaboth here and tic affairs abroad, and of his keen busihis

ness ability, appointed Mr. Dippel to "the important post of administrative manager at the Metropolitan Opera House. In this of capacity the destinies of the greatest institution its kind in America are largely confided to his hands and many important artisticand administrative Mr. reforms have resulted from his initiative.

Dippel was married at Norderney, Germany, Aug. 23, 1890, to Anita Lenau.

GOETSCHIUS, Percy, musical theorist and composer, was born at Paterson, N. J., Aug. 30, 1853, son of John Henry and Mary Ann (Berry) Goetschius. His first known ancestor was a pastor

259

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. of Ziirich, Switzerland, who in the middle of the seventeenth century emigrated to Holland and thence to America, settling in the vicinity of New

York. Percy Goetschius received his early education in a private school His of his native town. musical training began iu 1873, when he to Germany to

went

was graduated

in

to

study at the conservatory of music at Stuttgart, where he Prior to his i**: w> '

'Jlli5Sl&.-

V

--

"

*-5/r< ''

fati'i

'

RsSHflK\'

1878.

graduation

he had become teacher of tne English classes in

harmony at the conservatory, and subsequently he had charge of all female classes, still later

engaging in regular class work, in both languages, on the subjects of harmony, counterpoint, composition and, after 18S5,

In the latter year he received the title of royal professor from the king of Wiirtemberg. In 1886 he became musical "editor of the (Stuttgart) " Schwabischer Merkur and " Neues Tagblatt," and acted as correspondent for various other German musical periodicals. Prof. Goetschius returned to America in 1890, and during 1890-92 occupied the chair of musical theory, history and advanced pianoforte at Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. This institution conferred upon him the honorary degree of Mus. Doc. in 1892. In the same year he accepted the post of professor of harmony, counterpoint, composition and musical history at the New England Conservatory of Music, Boston, Mass., also lecturing on various kindred subjects. He resigned in 1896 to engage in private teaching in the branches above named, simultaneously holding from 1897 the position of organist and choir-director of the First Parish Church, Brookline, Mass. Being invited to take charge of the department of theory and composition at the newly established Institute of Musical Art, under the direction of

musical history.

Frank Damrosch, he, in October, 1905, removed to New York city to accept this important post. Here Dr. Goetschius, together with several assistant

teachers,

instruction

gives

in

all

branches of musical theory to scholars from all parts of the United States. His reputation as a musical theorist as well as an educator is international, and his writings upon the subject are regarded as authoritative, exhaustive and thoroughly practical. Among them may be "The Material Used in Musical mentioned: five "The (1889), editions; Composition" Theory and Practice of Tone-Relations" (1892), six editions; "Models of the Principal Musical Forms" (1894); "Syllabus of Musical History" (1895); "The Homophonic Forms of Musical Composition" (1898); "Exercises in Melody Writing" (1900); "Applied Counter"Lessons in Music Form" point" (1902)

(1904);

"Twelve Lessons

in

Harmony"

(1904).

These works are widely used in educational institutions and by music students generally, and some of them have become standard textbooks on their several subjects. Dr. Goetschius has also done valuable educational work in editing and revising for pedagogic use Mendelssohn's "Pianoforte

Works"

(1906);

Mendels-

"

"

"

sohn's SonaSongs Without Words " (1906) tinas of Clementi and Kuhlau (-1907), and a "Sonatina Album" (19U7). His own published " Menuet " (1880); compositions include a "Wedding March" (1882); "Two Concert Pieces in Fugues" (1885); "Seven Character " " Waltz Rhythm" (1888); Revery (1908); two "Mazurkas" (1908), and a "Sonata" " " Chorale-Fantasie (1908), all for pianoforte; " " Concert Fugue (1908) for organ, (1908), and besides a number of anthems, piano pieces, and " for pianoforte and violin. a " Concert Piece He has also composed a symphony, two overtures and an orchestral suite, besides numerous smaller works. Dr. Goetschius is a man of broad learning and an extraordinary power of analysis. Uncommonly successful as an educator, his passionate love for his art places him above the mere technician, and he has the faculty of imparting theories in an attractive manner and with a full appreciation of the beautiful and original, for the creation of which they serve as a foundation. He was married, first, at Stuttgart, Germany, July 29, 1889; and second, at Metz, Germany, June 14, 1899, to Maria C. C., daughter of Justizrath Apollinaris ;

He has one daughter and one

Stephany.

son.

ANDERSON, Abraham

Archibald, artist, Aug. 11, 1847, son of William and Sarah Louise (Ryerson) Anderson. He developed strong artistic talents at an early age, and began to study drawing with the noted illustrator, Cabanel. Later, he was a pupil of Bonnat, the portrait painter, and he his art continued

was born

in

education

in

New

Jersey,

Paris

under Cormon, Rodin, the sculptor, and RaCollin. He phael conceived the idea of organizing a cooperative and mutual benefit society

among

the American art students of Paris, hundreds of whom

were hampered by insufficient means and comopportunities, bined with ignorance of the country and its manners. As a result the American Art Associatio n aris

/

t { with? Mr. Anderson as its first president. It has been instrumental in furnishing the first impulse to many successful careers. Mr. Anderson has produced some good canvasses in several lines, but it is as a portrait painter that he ranks high among the class of artists who have established America's pre-eminence in this de-

established,

partment of art. Among his portraits that have been exhibited at the Paris salon, are those of Gen. O. O. Howard, H. B. Claflin, Gov. E. D. Morgan, Thomas A. Edison, Bishop A. Cleveland Coxe, Elihu Root, John Wanamaker, and Charles Stewart Smith. Mr. Anderson designed and built the Bryant Park Studio building in New York City, containing some forty

apartments.

He

is

a

member

of

the

Union League, Lambs and Riding clubs of New York city; the Automobile Club of America; the New York Society for the protection of

200

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

game; the National Geographical Society, New York Academy of Science, New York Zoological Gardens, the Fail-field Country Golf Club, Camp-fire Club of America (president), and the New York Chamber of Commerce. He was married June 15, 1877, to Elizabeth, daughter of Jeremiah Milbank, of New York city.

ANDREWS, Alfred

Hinsdale, manufacturer,

was born at New Britain, Conn., Dec. 25, 1S3C, son of Deacon Alfred and Mary Lee (Shipman) Andrews, and a descendant of John* and Mary Andrews, his first American ancestors. The line of descent is traced through their son Daniel, his son, Daniel, Jr., who married Mabel Goff; their son Hezekiah, who married Anna Stedman; and their son, Capt. Ezekiel, who married

Roxana Hinsdale, and who was Mr. Andrews' His father was a manufacturer grandfather. of carriages and harnesses, who later in life turned his attention to farming and then to local histories and genealogies; he compiled the

"Andrews Memorial" (1871), and was the "Bancroft of Connecticut." The son received a common school education, working on his father's farm until sixteen years of age, and attended one term at the Connecticut Literary In 1857 he travInstitution in Suffleld, Conn. eled throughout Iowa and Wisconsin as the agent of the New York "Independent," and finally settled in Chicago, III., which thereafter became his permanent residence. Here he entered the employ of the Holbrook Apparatus Co., engaged in making and selling school apparatus and supplies. After remaining with this firm about eight years, in called

1865 he withdrew and similar a organized business of his own, in partnership with under S. Bigelow, the firm name of Andrews & Bigelow. In 1866 the firm name was changed to A. H.

Andrews & Co. The business was prosperous from the outset, indicating a high degree of business ability and In 1884 the integrity.

was incorporated, with Mr. Andrews as president, and the is to-day largest concern in the country engaged in the manufacture of bank, office, school and church furniture, doing an annual business of over $1,500,000 per annum. Its large factory in Chicago contains over five acres of floor space, employs 1.000 hands, and there are branch offices in New York city, St. Louis, Mo., San Francisco, Cal., and Portland, Oreg. As head of this great concern, Mr. Andrews' executive ability has been shown in no way more clearly than by his selection of men as business associates who are possessed of a diversity of talent. He is a man of large sympathies, a kind heart, and a fine sense of justice traits which have largely contributed to his success, for they have always assured the most friendly relations between him and his employes, as well as between him and the public at large. He was married Feb. 6, 1872, to Ella Cornelia, daughter of Newell Matson of Milwaukee, Wis., and had one daughter, Bertha M.,

company

wife of Dr. Arthur T. Holbrook, and one son, Herbert Cornelius Andrews, who died in 1905.

ANDREWS,

Herbert Lee, merchant and

in

ventor, was born at New Britain, Conn., June 6, 1844, son of Alfred and Mary Lee (Shipman)

Andrews, and brother of Alfred H. Andrews, above.

He was

educated in the public schools of his native town, including the high and normal, and after teaching school for a short period in

Meriden and Plantsviile,

Conn., in 1SGS, he went to Chicago, 111., and entered the manufacturing department of the school and office furniture factory established by his brother,

Alfred H. Andrews. It was soon discovered that he inventive rare possessed genius and a natural talent for drawing. Having mastered all the details of the he was made superintendent business, the

factory.

He

made

improvements

in

the various lines of furniture, especially in school desks and seats, which at that time were He very crude and ungainly in appearance. invented the first folding seat school desk, an adjustable school desk, besides a large variety of opera chairs and other school appliances, such as a dustless blackboard eraser, and an ink well for school desks. He also devised the steel rod framed chairs, tables and stools, which have been a staple article of furniture since 1890, and many improvements in the design as well as the manufacture of office, school and church furniture. In 1895 he invented a steel woven fabric to be used in place of leather or plush for car seats, to be used by the various Mr. Andrews was railroad car manufacturers. married June 6, 1872, to Emma, daughter of John Shaw Cuthbert of Detroit, Mich. He died in Chicago. 111.. Dec. 31, 1906. PARKER, Herschel Clifford, physicist and explorer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 9, 1867, son of Herschel and Hannah (Walker) Parker and grandson of Dr. Bradley and Lydia His grandfather, BradF. (Hildreth) Parker. ley Parker (1800-69), was a practicing physician in New York city and a member of the Kings County Medical Society. On his mother's side he is descended (q. v.),

who was

from Hon. Timothy Walker

member of the first provinmember of the committee of a

congress, a safety and supplies, an officer in the revolutionary war, a delegate to the continental congress, and subsequently was chief justice of the state. Prof. Parker was educated in private schools of Brooklyn, and after taking a course at the Brooklyn Polytechnic matriculated at the Columbia University School of Mines, where he was graduated in 1890. Immediately after graduation he was made instructor in physics at Columbia, and in 1903 he became professor, a position he still holds. His scientific work has consisted mainly of researches in the field of electric cial

electrical measurement and also of mountain climbing and exploration. For a number of years, in association with Walter G. Clark he has'been studying the development of a new mate-

lighting and

capable o'f withstanding a higher temperature than the carbon filament used in the incandescent rial

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. The

result of their experiments is the lie lion This light is nearly four times as brilliant as the carbon filament now made by the Edison Co. the light, moreover, is

lamp.

filament.

;

absolutely white, and is less expensive than any other artificial light. The

patent was awarded to Prof.

-/''

\\\

~-

>.

ffifj**

.Mr.

in

April 25, 1905. Other inventions of his arc an incandescent electric lamp making use "' " '1UM1-I/. t" "' i" plaee of the ordinary filament, and a new process for the reduction of metallic iridium. Parker Prof. made an ascent of Mt. Blanc in IS'.ll and the i

1

Matterhorn

^/7

and

Parker

Clark jointly

in 1795.

He

has made numerous expeditions to explore the mountains of western 1p. North America, having climbed Ml. Uanicr in He 1897, Mt. Hood in 1899, and Mt. Simsta in 1893. was the first to climb Mt. Lefroy of the Canadian Alps in 1897, Mt. Dawson in 1899, Mt. Goodsir in 1903, Mt. Hungabee in 1903, Mt. Deltaform in 1903, Mt. Biddle in 1903, and Mt. Olympus (Washington) in 1907. During the summer of 190(! he made an extensive exploration in Alaska in the region at the base of Mt. McKinley. During the summer of 1906 he was a member of Dr. Frederick A. Cook's party that explored the region of Mt. McKinley and undertook to ascend the peak. The first attempt was a failure, and believing the ascent an impossibility, at least for that summer, he returned to the East. He is the author of "Winter Climbing on Mt. Washington and the Presidential Range" (Appalachia, 1902), "The First Ascents of Mts. Hungabee, Deltaform, and Biddle" (Appalachia. 1904), "The Exploration of Mt. McKinley" (Review of Reviews, 1907), and "A Systematic Treatise on Electrical Measurements" (1897). He is a member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Physical Society, the Appalachian Mountain Club, the American Alpine Club, the Explorers Club, (of which he is a vice-president), the Arctic Club, and the Canadian Alpine Club, a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Geographical Society.

^jsUtdt*

& Power

Redwood

While holding City. in general consulting engineering work but alter two years resigned to devote his entire time to engineering in California, Hawaiian Islands, Japan, and Mexico. In 1899 he organized the firm of Kilbourne & Clark Company of Seattle, Wash., to engage in the electrical manufacturing, contracting, and Co. at this position, he

engaged

supply business and

and

to

electrical engineers.

practice as mechanical

He

devoted

much time

to original laboratory research work along the lines of chemical, mechanical and electrical development. He had a number of inventions in a forward condition of development, when in 1904, he removed to New York city to become manager of the electrical department of the Ansonia Brass & Copper Co. of New York and After holding this position Ansonia, Conn.

two years he withdrew

to

become associated

with Prof. Herschel C. Parker of Columbia University and to devote his entire time to his own engineering and research work. The research work of Prof. Parker and that of Mr. Clark were combined and the corporation of the Parker Clark Electric Company was formed to continue research work and particularly develop a new incandescent electric lamp, the joint invention of Mr. Clark and Prof. Parker. Of this The firm, Mr. Clark is president and director. joint invention is known as the Helion lamp and is the result of seven years investigation and experiment in the field of incandescent The original discovery was made by lighting. Mr. Clark which together with the discoveries of Prof. Parker and the development under the hands of both, produced a material for use as an incandescent filament or lighting element in the incandescent lamp, possessing very high resistance and capable of withstanding a much higher temperature than had before been possible with incandescent filaments. The Helion filament is a composite substance made up largely of silicon, possessing not only the ability

operate at a high temand effiperature high ciency, but also to withstand tha oxidizing effect of atmosphere, so that the filaments may be burned in the open air without enThe closing glassware. light produced by the Helion to

is produced at an exonependiture of about third of the energy required for an equal amount of light from the ordinary or carbon filament lamp and the filaments nave withstood a temperature in excess of 3000 degrees centigrade, without destruction. The invention is protected by a large number of patents issued to both inventors. In addition to these patents, Mr. Clark holds patents on a number of other important inventions connected with high potential transmission of electric power and in mechanical pumping appliances. Mr. Clark is also president of The Clark Electric & Manufacturing Co. of New York, vice-president of

lamp

CLARK, Walter in

Salt

Thomas

Lake Allen

Gordan, engineer, was born

City. Utah, Oct. 23. 1876, son of

and Eunice Madelna (Wright)

M. Clark who Clark, and grandson of Jesse joined his father Clark in Jackson's army in the war of 1S12, and remained during the balance of the campaign. The grandfather of Jesse M. Clark fought with Washington during the revolutionary war and his great-grandfather Abram Clark was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Walter G. Clark, received his early education in the public schools of Salt Lake City, Hammond Hall, a private institution there, and the Salt Lake Academy. Afterward he studied electrical engineering, chemistry, and mining engineering, under private instructors at San Francisco, Cal., and at the technical schools in California. In 1895 he was made manager of the Peninsula Lighting

the Eck Dynamo & Motor Co., Belleville. N. J., and director of the Texas Traction Co. of Dallas, Texas. He is a member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Elec-

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

262

tro-chemical Society, Pacific Northwest Society of Engineers, Pacific Transmission Association, the Faculty Club of Columbia University, the Union League Club of New York, the Engineers' Club of New York, the Rainier Club of Seattle, Wash., the Fail-field Country Golf Club, Indian Harbor Yacht Club, and Treasurer of the Explorers' Club of New York.

SCOTT, Isaiah Benjamin, bishop, was born near Midway, Ky.. Sept. 30, 1854, son of Benjamin and Polly (Anderson) Scott, of African His father was a descent. carpenter by trade, and in the days before the war was " underidentified with the ground railroad." The son received his early education iu private schools in and later in fort, schools in Austin,

Frank-

public Texas. From there he went to Clark University, Atlanta, and the Tennessee College Central

Walden

(now

University),

Tenn., where he was graduated in 1880. During his college career he taught schools iu Georgia in the summer months to help Nashville,

pay for

his education.

joined the ference of

He

Tennessee conthe Methodist

Episcopal Church in 1880, but went to Texas in May, 1881, and after one year as professor of mathematics at the state normal school, Prairie View, Tex., became a member of the Texas conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, holding pastorates at Houston, Galveston and Marshall, Tex. During 1888-93, he was presiding elder of the Marshall and Houston districts. From 1893 to 1896 he was president of Wiley University at Marshall, leaving the University toaccept the editorship of the Southwestern Christian Advocate," the official organ of his church, published at New Orleans, La. During his administration at Wiley University, he freed that institution of debt, and placed it on a safe and firm financial

He

foundation.

was

considered

and during forceful writer, the eight years of his administration greatly increased the circulation and influence of his paper. It was largely through his position as editor, that he demonstrated his grasp of all church work, and made his influence so widespread, that in 1904 he was elected, by the general conference, missionary bishop for Africa, with headquarters at Monrovia, Liberia. This is the oldest foreign mission field of the a

sane

and

Methodist Church; it has over one hundred preachers and teachers, twenty-one schools, about 1,200 pupils, and seventy-five churches. Bishop Scott, while a member of an annual conference, was chosen five consecutive times, at the head of his delegation, to the general conference of his church, which meets quadrennially, and he served for four years on the hook committee, and four years on the general aid and committee of freedman's missions, church extension. He was a member of the Ecumenical Methodist conferences held in

Washington, D.

C., in 1891,

and

in

London, Eng.

D.D. was conferred upon him by the New Orleans University while he was a presiding elder, and that of LL.D. by Wiley University after he became a bishop. in

1901

The degree

of

He was married May

24, 1831, to Mattie J., daughter of John and Laura Evans of Franklin, Tenn., and had six children, Evans Braden, Annie Laura, Marie Adele, Cornelia Belle, Mabel

Etta,

and Ira Benjamin

BAKEWELL,

Scott.

William, lawyer and mathe-

matician, was born at Chester, England, Feb. 12, 1823, son of the Rev. William J. and Sarah (Needham) Bakewell. He received his early education at Norwich, England, and in 1839 his parents came to the United States and settled at Pittsburg, Pa., which became his permanent home. Having determined to follow the legal profession, he studied law at the Western University of Pennsylvania and also in the office of Charles S. Bradford of Pittsbnrg, and was admitted to the bar in 1845, and five years later was admitted to practice in the United States courts. He made a specialty of patent law, being one of the first lawyers in the United States to devote himself to this branch of practice, and as his business increased, his reputation spread throughout the United States. Among the important cases with which he was identified were the litigation on the Roberts oil well torpedo the patents covering the manufacture patents of nitro-glycerine and dynamite; the Bell telephone patents; the patents covering the manufacture of nuts and bolts by machinery; and in all of the important litigation relating to the manufacture of iron and steel carried on during the time of his practice. Mr. Bakewell also developed a remarkable mind for mathematics, and when a young man originated a mathematical table, which is now used in all standard engineering work. He was interested in the Monongahela Navigation Co. of Pittsburg, which was instrumental in opening the Monongahela to navigation, and for over fifty years he was its secretary. His energy was not confined to his profession, but he took an active interest in a number of worthy charities. He was a trustee of the Western University of Pennsylvania, and was also president of the board of trustees of the Western Theological Seminary. He was a director of the Allegheny cemetery, and was for many years a member of the state board of charities. He was married July 15, 1845, to Jane H., daughter of Rev. Allan D. Campbell of Pittsburg, and had five sons and three daughHe died in Pittsburg, Pa., Nov. 8, 1900. ters. ;

AMES, Charles Gordon, clergyman, was born in Dorchester, Mass., Oct. 3, 1828. Having been left an orphan in early infancy, he was adopted informally into the family of Major Thomas Ames of Canterbury, N. H. His boyhood was spent on a farm, with moderate opportunities in a district school. At the age of fourteen years he entered the printing office of " the Morning Star," a religious paper and organ of the Free Baptists, then published in Dover, N. H. Here he began to develop those qualities and abilities which were to prove effective through a long and varied career of public He became a boy preacher in his activity. eighteenth year, and being duly licensed, went to northern Ohio and made appointments wherAfter preaching for ever a door was open. about three years, with intervals of school-teaching and manual labor while attending a local academy, he was ordained to the ministry in November, 1849, and returned to New England, preaching for a while in Tamworth, N. H. In 1851 he accepted a home missionary appointment at St. Anthony Falls, Minn., and four

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. "

Minnesota years later became editor of the Republican." He withdrew from the Freewill Baptists in 1856, was elected register of deeds for 1857-58, and in 1859 became connected with the Unitarian denomination, which has since honored him with important trusts. Though his religious sympathies are unlimited by doctrine or sect, he has been welcomed alike in evan(if the Free gelical pulpits and on the platform His first liberal charge Religious Association. was with a society which he organized in 1859 in Bloomington, 111., over which he presided He held brief pastorates in Cincinuntil 1862. nati, Ohio, and Albany, N. Y., and in 1865 was sent to California by the American Unitarian Association, where he gathered several new societies and did considerable public work on educational lines in San Francisco and elsewhere He was pastor of the throughout the state. Unitarian Church at Germantown, Pa., during " Christian Reg1872-77; was then editor of the " in Boston for three years, and in 1880 ister he formed the Spring Garden Unitarian Society in Philadelphia, over which he presided for On the death of James Freeman eight years. Clarke in 1888, Mr. Ames succeeded him as minister of the Church of the Boston, which Disciples, position he still holds (1910). At the time of the civil enerlabored war he getically for the cause of the Union, and gave a number of addresses on public affairs in WashingNew Philadelphia, ton, York, Boston and other He has been accities. in movements connected with tem-

tively interested

perance, civil reform,

cial

liberty,

so-

education,

and human improvement, decided leaning with a demotoward practical He was one of the cracy. early leaders in the organHe of ization charity. early won and has continued to hold a place on the lecture platform, and has shown his faith in printer's ink by many contributions to the press. He is the author of several small books: "George Elliot's Two Marriages" (1886); "As Natural as Life" (1894); "Hidden Life," a collection of poems (1898); "Sermons of Sunrise" (1901); "Five Points of Faith" (1903); "Living Largely" (1904); "Peter and Susan Lesley" (1904); "A Book of Prayers" (1908); while hundreds of his sermons have been published in pamform. During his twenty years of phlet service as pastor of the Church of the Disciples his pulpit utterances have been distinguished by a remarkable richness of thought and great clearness of expression, with equal ability (and of a high order) as preacher, pastor and manager. It is rare that a man endowed with so much pure sentiment, a man of so poetic and spiritual a nature should, at the same time, display such sound common sense and such a His people go to distinct talent for business. him for advice in all lines of their varied exIn 1896 he perience, and he never fails them. received the degree of D.D. from Batesi College. Dr. Ames was married March 28. 1850. at Dover, N. H., to Sarah J., daughter of John Daniels.

263

His wife died in 1861, and on June 25, 1863, he was married to Fanny, daughter of Increase Baker of Cincinnati, Ohio. He has one son, Charles W. Ames, who is general manager of the West Publishing Co., of St. Paul, and two Vivian, wife of Thomas G. Minneapolis, and Edith Theodora, wife of Raymond M. Crosby, an artist of Boston. Mr. Ames is a member of the American Philosophical Society, the Boston Thursday Evening Club, the Twentieth Century Club, and various civic and philanthropic organizations. Alice

daughters,

Winter

of

Jules Semon, banker, was born in Nov. 9, 1861, son of Semon and Elizabeth (Van Praag) Bache. His father was a native of Nuremberg, Bavaria, who came to America in 1845, and engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York; he was the founder of the glass importing house of Semon Bache & Co., which has been doing a successful business since 1855. The son was educated at the Charlier Institute, which is now the La Salle School. His first business experience was in his father's glass importing house, of which he was subIn 1881 he became cashier of the manager. banking firm of Leopold Cahn & Co. Here he mastered all the details of the banking business, and in 1886 received an interest in the concern, whose name was changed to J. S. Bache & Co. in 1892, his partners being Hugo Blumenthal and Stephen D. Bayer, Mr. Leopold Cahn remaining in the business as a special partner. The business was eminently successful from the outset, and soon won wide recognition as a power in the financial world. In 1900 Mr. Bache's original partners retired, and instead there were associated with him William J. Wollman, Herbert A. Scheftel. George B. Thurnauer, Samuel Hessberg and Walter Louchhein, the name of In 1904 his the firm remaining the same. brother, Leopold S. Bache, also entered the firm. At the present time the banking house of J. S.

BACHE,

New York

city,

Bache & Co. owns four memberships in the New York stock exchange, and probably does the largest amount of floor trading of any firm in

the city.

It

has financed a number of large en-

Cattle terprises, including the Distilling and " Feeding Co., popularly known as the whiskey In 1900 Mr. Bache reorganized trust, in 1905. the New Amsterdam Castualty Co., of which he is chairman of the board of directors, as well as

the

principal stockholder, in 1906 he organized the Cosmopolitan Fire Insurance Co., of which he was the first and present In addition he president. is a director of the Empire Trust Co., the InterCornational Banking

and

the and of poration, National Bank of Cuba, the Cuba Distilling Co.,

I

and Matanzas Railway Warehouse Co., Oakland Realty Co., Anniston City Land Co.; and the New Collieries Co. He of the New York and the Lambs clubs, the Liederkranz and the Automobile Club of New York, the Oakland Golf Club of Long Island, and the Travelers, Auto-

River is

a

member

mobile, Polo and

Bois

de Boulogne

clubs

of

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

2G

Mr. Bache was married May Paris, France. 23, 1892, to Florence R., daughter of Adolph Srneftel of New York, and has two daughters,

Hazel

J.

and Katherine King Bache.

McCUTCHEON, George Barr, author, was born near South Raub, Tippecanoe CO., Ind., July 26, 1866, son of Capt. John Barr and Clara (Click) McCutcheon, and descendant of John McCutcheon, who emigrated from Scotland to Virginia in 1730. His father, who had served in the Union army during the civil war, was a farmer and stock raiser. He was educated in the public schools of Lafayette, Ind., and at Purdue University, but his collegiate- course ended in the freshman year, in consequence of a difference of opinion with the faculty. Already literary aspirations had possessed the youth, and his father, now deceased, attempted to quench them by putting him at farm work for a season or two. He was a member of a dramatic club at Lafayette, and for a few months in 1SS2, he played the comedian in a strolling opera company. In 1889 he began newspaper work as

a reporter on the Lafayette

"

Morning Journal

"

Four years at a salary of five dollars a week. later he became city editor of the Lafayette " Courier," and to this journal he contributed a " serial story, The Wired End." In 1900 he " Graustark," which published his first novel, achieved a success that almost equalled that of

" Prisoner of Zenda," and Anthony Hope's which was translated into several foreign languages and also put on the stage. In the same year Mr. McCutcheon removed to Chicago where two brothers were living: John T., then car" toonist and war correspondent of the Record," and Benjamin F., railroad editor of the same abandoned Having newspaper. journalism, he now devoted himself to authorship and in 1902 " Castle Craneycrow," which led a republished " He is a viewer to say of him story-teller, :

not a stylist, a rhetorician, or a philosopher. But he has a tale to tell which he embellishes with taste and discretion, really astonishing futility of imagination, and sufficient sense of human nature to bring the characters and story near to the reader without making them comwas followed by "The Sliermonplace." This rods" (1903); " Brewster's Millions" (1903); " Thr Day of "Beverly of Graustark" (1904); "The the Dog" (1904); Purple Parasol" (1905); "Jane Cable" (1905); "Cowardice " Court" (1906); "Nedra" (1906); " The Flyers of Anderson Crow" (1907); (1907): "Daughter (1908); "The Man Brodney's" (1908); ''Truston Kins:, a Story

"The Husbands from

of

Edith"

of Grnustark and numerous short (1909). stories in magazines. Mr. McCutcheon is a member of the Loyal Legion, the Chicago Athletic Association, the Union Club, the Saddle and Cycle Club, the Exmoor Club, the Forty Club and the Little Room Club of Chicago, and the Players', Lambs' and Authors' clubs of New York. He was married Sept. 1904, to Marie Van Antwerp, daughter of Lawrence Proudfoot, of Chicago.

WILLIS,

Nathaniel,

Jr., editor,

was born

in

Boston. Mass., June 6, 1780, son of Nathaniel and Lucy (Douglas) Willis, and grandson of Charles and Abigail (Belknap) Willis. He was descended from George Willis, an Englishman, who arrived in Massachusetts about 1630, through Nathaniel, Nathaniel, Charles and Charles, Jr. Mr. Willis' grandfather, Nathaniel Willis, Sr.

"

(1755-1831), published the Independent Chronicle," a Whig paper, in Boston during 1774-84, then removed to Virginia, and when his son, Nathaniel, in Boston, was seven years of age, put him to work at folding newspapers and In 1790 he removed to Martinssetting type. " burg and began the Potomac Guardian," upon which the son was employed until April, 1796, when the father went to Chilicothe, and set up " Scioto Gazette," the first paper in Ohio. the to Boston and commenced " Chronan apprenticeship in the office of the where same room in Court street in the icle," Benjamin Franklin had worked before him. In 1S03, young Willis, was invited by members of the Republican party to estabish a newspaper in

The son now returned

Portland, Me., in opposition to the Federalists.

" Eastern This he did, calling the journal the ran and the high, political Argus." Party spirit articles were so severe, that a number of lawAbout six years later suits for libel resulted. the " Argus" was sold to Francis Douglas, and is still alive, with the same name and principles. isHaving removed from Portland, Mr. Willis " Boston sued the initial number of the Recorder," on Jan. 3, 1816, a complete newspaper, founded upon a religious basis, and the The first religious newspaper ever published.

"Recorder" was to Rev.

sold in 1844

Martin Moore, a Con-

gregational minister, who conducted it till 1867, when it was " Conconsolidated with the to its but not gregationalist,"

own

extinction, for

its

name

appears coupled with that In of the younger weekly. 1827 Mr. Willis began to publish The "Youth's Companion," the first religious still

periodical ever printed for children. It was the outdepartgrowth of a children's " ment in the Recorder," and was "devoted to piety, morality and brotherly love." After publishing it successfully for about thirty years, " " Mr. Willis sold the to OlmCompanion stead and Ford, who conducted it upon the same principles upon which it was founded. Nathaniel Willis was married in Boston, Mass., July 21, 1803, to Hannah Parker, a native of Holliston Mass. She died in 1844, and he was married again, July 8, 1845, to Mrs.
aste, then run through a powerful press, through which such mixture is pressed through a die about the size of the lead to be used in the pencils. After the lead is cut into the desired length and baked at a great heat in ovens, it is ready to be placed in the grooves of the cedar boards. Two such boards are glued together and then put through shaping machines, which, turn out the pencil in either the round or hexagon shape. These pencils are then trimmed at the cuds so that they are equal in length. The next process is the sand-papering so as to give them a :

THE NATIONAL CYC'LOP/KUIA

i>c,s

smooth surface before receiving the polish. The and afterwards polishing is first done by machinery an extra hand polish is added. After this the ends are again trimmed off neatly and the pencil is ready to be stamped in either gold or silver, and packed up in the required dozen packages and boxed for Mr. Faber was a man of great enterthe trade. He was of a genial and social prise and refinement. nature, and imbued with a strong sense of honor, lie was married July 1, 1854, to Jenny, daughter of Ludwig Hang of Munich, and had six children. He died in New York city, March 2, 1879, leaving two The sons, John Eberhard, and Lothar W. Faber. older sun. dropping his first name, John, succeeded his father in the charge of the business alone at first, but later associated with himself his brother, The factory in Brooklyn Lothar W. Faber. was incorporated into a company in 1898, and "

Eberhard Faber Pencil Compthe pany," of which Mr. Lothar W. Faber is president. The latter has entire charge of the factory, while his older brother. Mr. Eberhard Faber, has entire charge of the selling end of the business. GREEN, John, physician, was born at Worcester, Mass., April 2, 1835, son of James and His uncle, grandElizabeth (Swett) Green. father and great-grandfather all bore the name of John Green, and were all practicing physicians of Worcester. Of these the uncle (1784-1865) was probably the most notable, being the founder of the first Worcester public library he was graduated at Brown University in 1804, and in 1836 obtained the medical degree from both Brown and Harvard. During a long and successful practice, he \\ accumulated a valuable collection of professional and other books, comprising 7,000 volumes and this jl he presented to the city of Worcester in 1859 as a basis for a public Dr. John Green, the sublibrary. ject of this biography, obtained his early education at Worcester, Mass and was graduated at Harvard College in 1855. Harvard gave him the degree of B.S. in 1856, A.M. in 1859. and M.D. in 18. During 1855-58 he studied medicine styled

;

,

Cambridge, tinder Profs. Mnrrill and Jeffries and in the latter year took an examination that made him a fellow of the Massachusetts 'Medical Society. This fellowship permitted him to spend two years in at

\Vymiiii

;

European

study,

after

which

he

settled

in

Previous to this he had been Boston, Mass. elected a member of the Boston Society of Natural History (1856), and in 1857 he was made curator of comparative anatomy. In that year also he accompanied Jeffries Wyman on a scientific expedition to South America. While practicing in Boston he was made a member of the Boston Medical Association; the Suffolk District Medical Society of which he was elected secretary in 1865; and the Boston He Society for Medical Observation (1863). was appointed physician to the Boston Dispensary in 1862, and surgeon to the same institution in 1863. During 1862 he was in the medical service of the Western United States Sanitary Commission, and for a few months held the position of acting assistant surgeon in the army of the Tennessee. After visiting Europe for a second time in 1865, when he took special studies in ophthalmology, he finally settled

in

St. Louis, Mo., in 1866. Here he made a specialty of the eye and ear, and the most important period of his professional career began. He was

elected professor of ophthalmology and otology in the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1868, and three years later was appointed lecturer on ophthalmology in the St. Louis Medical College, connected with Washington University. In 1873 he became surgeon to the

St. Louis Eye and Ear Infirmary, and "consulting ophthalmic surgeon to the city hospital ol' St. Louis and in 1874 he was appointed ophthalmic surgeon to St. Luke's hospital there. During 186871 he contributed papers to the "Boston Medical and Surgical Journal," "the American Journal of the Medical Sciences," and Baumgarten's St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal." His papers have also been published in the transactions of the American ophthalmological and otological societies and in the reports of the international ophthalmological congresses. He compiled the notes to the American edition of Carter on the Eye " He was a delegate to numerous ses(1876). sions of the American Medical Association. He was married Oct. 22, 1868, to Harriet Louisa, daughter of George W. and Caroline (Partridge) Jones, of Templeton, Mass. ;

'

'

CADMAN, Samuel Parkes, clergyman, was born at Wellington, Shropshire, England, Dec. 19, 1864, son of Samuel and Betsy (Parkes) Cadman. His father and grandfather were Methodist ministers and preached constantly, but like many other clergymen of their denomination in Great, in their case, that Britain, had a second vocation of mine-owners, in which the Cadman family has been engaged for more than 150 years. Dr. Cadman was educated at Richmond College, London r University, w here he graduated with honor in 1889. In 1890 he came to America and after entering the Methodist ministry was assigned to the charge of a church at Millbrook, N. Y. Two years later he became pastor of the Central Methodist Church, Yonkers. N. Y., and there his unique powers as a preacher and pastor were recognized. In 1895 he was assigned the difficult task of reorganizing some of the downtown churches in Manhattan, chiefly the one well-known as the Central Methodist church of Xe\v York city and famous for having been the scene of great ministers' labors. Here he entered upon the leadership of what be;

came known

as the "Forward Movement." reason of changes in population this church, known as the Metropolitan Temple, located at Seventh

Avenue

and

By now

Fourteenth

Street, had become reduced in to about membership

Dr. Cadman was not only given the task of reorganizing this church, but there were placed under him three other contiguous downtown churches with four sixty.

and two missionThe wonderful ability man was shown in the

assistants aries.

of the

results of his six years'

work, which more than sixteen hundred members were added to the churches in his parish, and new life was infused into every deduring

He preached to a crowded building partment. twice the Temple was every Sunday, while open every night in the week for services, prayer

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. meetings, lectures, debutes or musical entertainments, all of which were well attended. Iu 1901 Dr. Cad man received a call to the Central Congregational church in Brooklyn, N. Y., which is one of the largest and must successful churches of that

He

United States. accepted the call his ministry there in .March 1901. and during the first four years of his incumbency nearly 1000 were added to the membership of the conAll the activities of the church, In

idy in the

and began

gregation. which include two branches, the Chinese bible school, the mission Study Club, the Ladies' Home and Foreign Missionary societies, the /.enana Hand, the King's Guild, the Ladies' Aid Society, the .Men's Guild, Hie Young Men's Club, the Hoys' civic Club and the Central League, have felt the impulse of the master mind which has directed all their efforts. During the year HIM Hie various benevolent societies collected s7,',('i-l:S while the [lew rents reached the handsome sum ol S'jii.lSl. The year previous about S)5,(IOO was given by members of the church to outside benevolent and charitable objects, notably, the Bedford branch of In line with this, it was vnied the Y. M. C. .V. that the sum of sSO.OOO be raised for a jubilee

269

Institution, where from the he paid his expenses by his own unaided efforts. He then entered Boston University, where he received the degrees of B. S., A. B. (1877) and A. M. (1879). He was also graduated B. O. from the School of Oratory in 1879, M.D. from the Harvard Medical School in 1881, and LL.B. from the Boston University Law School in 1882. During his tive years at the university he managed the college boarding club, and during his summer vacations the Ocean View Hotel, Block Island, It. I., which accommodates 500 In 188', he guests. went to Europe to continue his studies. On his return he engaged in business. For three years he was president of the board of trade of Kearney, Neb., and in 1894, after some time spent in the Black Hills region of South Dakota, he returned to Boston. Meantime he had begun earnest literary work, his principal effort being confined to writing books calculated to encourage young people to make an earnest endeavor for success in life. He

Hampton, (N. H.)

start

1

fund

(the fiftieth

has written: "Pushing to the Front" (1894); "Architects of Fate" (1895); " IIow to Sue ceed" U89HI "Success "(1897); "TheSecretof Achievement" (1*9*1; Cheerfulness as a Life Power" (181)9); "Character the Grandest Thing

1904),

and a large part of

in

anniversary occurring in April this is being devoted to the building of a chapel for the Albany Avenue branch church. Dr. Cadmanisan untiring wo,-ker, as is shown by the position he has given the Central Church, as a centre of Christian and philanThe memberthropic work, in Brooklyn borough. ship of the church includes an unusually large

of representative citizens, and the number of men who attend its services is a gratifying Dr. Cadinan is aided by strong boards of feature. trustees and deacons, which have done a great deal for the excellent 'financial and spiritual conDr. C 'adman's preaching, is dition of the church. not of the sensational order, neither is it of the socalled evangelistic type, but he has a vital message that the masses are eager to hear. Styling himself a conservative-liberal, he believes in those assured results of Christian scholarship whose investigations are pursued in a devout and reverent spirit, holding that nothing is to be feared from

number

candor and mental integrity. He is always listened to by large audiences, whether he speaks in a church or on the public platform, and his servIn .all ices as a lecturer are in great demand. civic affairs where moral issues become at all prominent the leadership of Dr. Cadman is very marked. Thoroughly conversant with all phases of the history of England and America he brings to the discussion of social and political problems a wealth of intimate historical knowledge which could hardly be surpassed. This command of the intellectual resources is joined with a readiness of speech and of wit which makes him a force on any platform which champions a moral issue. In 1898 he received the degree of D. D. from both Wesleyan He is a University and Syracuse University. trustee of "Washington University, Wash. Wichita Adelphi College, Brooklyn and College, Kansas the Brooklyn Institute of Art and Sciences and is ;

;

;

;

a member of the University, Union League and Lincoln clubs of Brooklyn. Dr. Cadinau was married at Buxton, England, Oct. 2, 1888, to Esther Lillian, daughter of John Wooding of England, and has three children, Frederic Leslie, Marie Isabel, and Lillian Esther. MAKDEN, Orison Swett, editor and author, was born at Thornton, X. H. about 1848, son of Louis and Martha (Cilley) Marden. He was left an orphan at two and one-half years of age. He was educated in the common schools and at New

;

the. World" (1899); Good Manners and Suc" eess (190D); "The Hour

"

of Opportunity " "

"

(I'.ioiii;

Winning Out" Klements

of

(19011)

;

Business "

'

Success. An (1000); Iron Will "(1901); "Talks With Great Workers" " How They Suctl'.'nl) ;

"

ceeded (1901); Stones" ping "

"Step(1002)

The Young Man

Business" ing " Stories from (1904);

Man" a

;

Enter(1903);

Life" of a

"The Making

"Choosing Career" (1905); " Every (1903);

Man a King" "The Power of

(1906);

Person-

"Success (1906); Nuggets "(1906); "The Optimistic Life" "He Can who Thinks He Can "(1908);

ality"

"

Grow Old?" (1909) Do it to " "Peace, Power and Plenty

"

(1907);

"Why

(1909), and These books have received the highest commendations from the press and many prominent men of the day. Some of them are used as school text books in the United States, Italy and Japan, and circulate widely in Germany and England. In 1898 he founded "Success," an illustrated monthly magazine for the continuance of the good work thus begun, and he became president of the Success Co. By virtue of his able editorship it has obtained a wide circulation throughout the United States, Canada and some thirty other countries. In 1901 "The Consolidated Encyclopedic Library" was published in ten volumes, with Dr. Marden as It embodies his ideas as to the editor-in-chief. proper education and development of children and

a Finish (1909).

the cultivation of success qualities in adults. The editor has secured the contributions of over five hundred prominent and successful men and women for this great work. Dr. Marden was married, in 1905, to Clara L., daughter of W. T. Evans, of Louisville, Ky.

,

ANGELL, James

Rowland, psychologist, was

born at Burlington, Vt., May 8, ISfiQ, son of .Tames Burrill and Sarah Swope (Caswell) Angell. His

THE NATIONAL, CYCLOPEDIA

270

father (q. v.) is the fourth president of the UniverHis mother was a daughter of sity of Michigan. Alexis Caswell(q. v.), who was president of Brown His first American paternal ancestor University. was Thomas Angell, a native of England, who emigrated to the colonies with Roger Williams, His wife was Alice settling in Providence, K. I. Ashton, and the line of descent is traced through their son John, who married Ruth Field; their son Thomas, who married Sarah Brown; their son

Jeremiah, who married Mary Mathewson; their son Andrew, who married Tabitha Harris; their son Charles who married Olive Aldrich, and their son Andrew Aldrich, who married Amy Aldrich, and who was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. His boyhood was spent at Ann Arbor, Mich., and he was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1890, where he received the degree of A.M. in the following year for work done in psychology, economic-sand American history. He took post-graduate courses at Harvard University, the- University of Berlin' and the University of In 1893 he was appointed instructor in Halle. philosophy at the University of Minnesota, and one year later became assistant professor of psychology at the University of Chicago, with which he has ever since been connected. In 1904 a special department of psychology was established at the His special university, and hewasput at itsbead. lini of work has been in connection with reaction phenomena, with the bodily results of affective Prof. stimuli, and with the localization of sound. Angell is the author of a text-book on psychology, which has passed through four editions. He has also published a considerable number of papers on He is a general and experimental psychology. member of the American Psychological Association, was a member of its executive council in 1901, and president of the society in 1905. He was married Dec. 18, 1894, to Marion Isabel, daughter of Charles L. Watrous of Des Moines, la., and has one son. James Watrous, and one daughter, Marion Caswell Angell. EARLK. John Walter, merchant, was born at Ulysses, Tompkins co.-, N. Y., Aug. 81, 1854, son 1

of John Thomas and Susan Margaret (Taylor) Earle. His first American ancestor was Benjamin Earle, a native of England, who emigrated to Pennsylvania and was the first white settler in Luzerne county. His wife, was Augusta Demmingand from them the line of descent is traced through their son Daniel, who was an officer in the war of 1812, and

Dorcas who married Hale: their son John, who married Mehitable Genning, and their son John Thomas, who was Mr. Earle's

father. He was in the public

educated

schools of Ithaca, N. Y., the Ithaca Academ}', and matriculated at Cornell University in the class of

He was compelled 1878. to leave college before graduating by lack means and he began

of his

business career as a clerk for the United States Express Co at Ithaca in 1870. 1877 he entered the employ of William O. Wyckoff (q. v.), a court reporter and stenographer, who two years previously had become an agent for the then newly invented Remington typewriter,

and after mastering

all the details of the business, later he was sent to Philadelphia to take of the charge Remington typewriter business at that place. In 1889 Mr. Earle became general of the manager Remington type writer business for Wyckoff, Seamaus Benedict for Great Britain

two years

&

and Ireland, with headquarters in London, England, and so successfully did he conduct the branch office ItiOil he was given charge of the enEuropean business. Meanwhile in 1893 the Union Typewriter Co., was organized, which was

there that in tire

a consolidation of various typewriter interests, and in 1902 Mr.Earle was called home and made assistant to the presidentof the organization. Subsequently he became vice-president, a position he still occupies. Mr. Earie is a director of this company and alsothe Merchants' Exchange National Bank of New York. He is also a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Union League Club, Cornell Club, and Hardware Club of New York, and the Union League Club of Brooklyn. While residing in London he was chairman of the American Society in 1899-1900, of which he was one of the founders. Mr. Earle was married April 17, 1879, to Rita Carr, daughter of William Mack of Ithaca, N. Y., and has three sons, Charles W., Harold A.

and Donald W. Earle. inventor, was born in 1866 son of Fernando, and Alice F. (Mills) Wood, and a descendant of Henry Wood, who came to America about 1640, and settled at Peashore and Woodbury, N. J., and later acted as William Penn's agent among the Indians. His father (q. v.), was one of the most prominent men in

"WOOD, Henry A. Wise,

New

York, March

1,

New York

city, serving as for three terms, and representing his state in congress for twenty years. The

mayor

son was educated at Media (Pa.) College, and in 1883 entered the employ of the Campbell Printing Press & Manufacturing Co. where he served in all departments until he reached the position of president, an office he ,

still

(1910)

holds.

He is Wood

president also of the

&

Nathan Company. Even boy he had developed

as a

a hiffh degree of scientific knowledge and mechanical ingenuity, and bis love for machinery of the printing art crystalized the inventive faculty already so strong within him. He has invented many valuable things in connection with printing and allied machinery, and since 1890 has been granted upwards of fifty patents, and the present state of development of the printing press is due in no small part to his His most important invention, however, is i'leas. the "autoplate," an automatic machine which has entirely replaced hand labor for casting and finishing printing plates used by newspapers. These plates are cast in metal from papier-mache matrices, which, being page size, bear an exact imprint of every line, letter, and picture contained in the From these plates the newsoriginal form of type.

paper page is printed, as it was formerly from forms of type set by hand. Four hours of labor by the old method were enough to exhaust strong men, where heavy, hot plates and ladles of molten metal were handled over and over again by the workmen, under circumstances of great hardship. Now, all

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. necessary is to feed in papier-mucho matstart the machine, which thereupon proceeds to deliver completely cast and finished metal at the plates, weighing about fifty pounds eaeh, rate of four a minute. By the old method such a and a half. It is plate was obtained in a " minute World," the second paper stated by the New York to use the autoplate, that the machine cuts down

that

is

rices,

ami

the time of newspaper production to such an extent that no paper using the old process could even attempt to make the time that modern conditions demand. Six years of incessant labor, during which his failures were legion, were spent by Mr. Wood in solving the problems of automatic stereotypy. "Unlike the type-setting machine, and other labor-

saving devices, the autoplate is the only apparatus displacing hand-labor in the printing art which has not met with violent opposition from the unions and been the cause of costly and protracted strikes. Having privately constructed bis machine Mr. Wood first brought it to the attention of the unions as a practical operating device, ready to be put to work; one which must be reckoned with; and after a long course of negotiations, temperately and patiently conducted, induced them not only toanr the innovation and recommend the general adoption of the machine, but to place it under their own protection as well. Thus, notwithstanding the fact that attended by but three men it was capable of performing the work of eighteen, the autoplate became the first labor-saving device to be introduced by organized labor itself. Rated as an inventor of brilliant imaginative powers, Mr. Wood has a complete mastery of the science of mechanics, is direct in his methods of work, and is possessed of an extraordinary indomitability of purpose which enables him easily to carry out the most difficult undertakings; but unlike most inventors, he is an astute business man and himself conducts the various Anauthor enterprises with which he isconnected. as well as an inventor, his books have been well it

]

and the reading public. Of the "Fancies" (1903), the volume, " " Boston " Transcript said Completely unconventional, if not absolutely original and thouglit-comThe Forge,' the pen which wrote pelling The Building of the Rose' I Am the Present, 'and evidently is in the hand of one who is already a poet and a philosopher." His other publications are " " " The Book of Symbols (1904) and A Philosophy "

received

poems

critics

by

in his first

:

'

.

.

of Success

New York

.

(1905).

Mr.

Wood

Yacht and Ardsley

is

a

member

clubs,

of the

and of the

American Geographical Society. He was married in 1891, to Elizabeth Ogden, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Brower, of New York city, and has one daughter, Elizabeth Brower Wood.

DE MOSS, Mary Hissem, California, Ky., July 27, 1871,

was born at daughter of Martin

singer,

271

Luther and Rachel (Galloway) Hissem, and a descendant of Martin Hissem, a native of Germany, who came to America early in the seventeenth century and settled in Westmoreland county, Pa. His sonLevi, born in Pennsylvania in 181(i, removed to Kentucky in 1870, and his sou, Martin L. was the ,

She also father of the subject of this sketch. traces her descent from Andrew Galloway, her of Scotland, who great-grandfather, a native settled in Baltimore, Md., early in the seventeenth Mrs. de Moss was educated in the public century. schools of Xew Richmond, O., ami having developed vocal powers at an early age she was sent to the College of Music in Cincinnati, O., and was While at this college she graduated there in 1893. gave instruction in singing, and remained until 1895, having received a scholarship for the voice, and taking a two years' post-graduate course. Her first position wasas soloist at Christ Episcopal Church in Cincinnati. In 1900, she removed to New York city and became soloist at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Clnirch. Probably no singer of recent years has made more rapid strides in the oratorio and concert field than Mrs. de Moss, who since her debut before a New York audience has steadily forged to the front, until she has become known as one of the best equipped sopranos in America. She has sung under the baton of

Theodore Thomas, Walter Damrosch, Emil Paur, Victor Herbert, and Frank van der Stucken, and in 1S98 she made a tour to the Pacific coast, with

New York Symphony

orchestra under Frank a clear soprano of excellent quality, full of mellowness, with almost unlimited power in the upper register, brillant in tone, elastic in quality, ami always under control. the

Her voice

Damrosch.

is

E. Krchhiel, musical critic of the "New York Tribune," has referred to her as "a sympathetic personage with a voice at once lovely in quality, flexible and penetrating, a taste that seems the fruit of musicianly instincts," and although but II.

a few

years before the she has already reached the very first

,

public

rank of American singers. She has appeared as soloist

leading

Worcester tival, the

Festival

lehem,

at

Musical

the Fes-

Cincinnati May the Beth-

and Pa.,

Bach

Festi-

She has also sung with the Boston Handel and Haydn, and Apollo clubs, the Apollo Club of vals.

Chicago, the St. Cecelia Society of Boston, and with the Boston Symthe Cincinnati phony, the New Symphony,

York Symphony, Philadelphia Symphony, St. Louis Symphony, Pittsburg Symphony, Brooklyn

Symphony and

the Baltimore

Symphony

chestras. She was married at Newport, 29, 1894, to Lacy M. de Moss.

or-

Ky March .

,

GOULD, Frederic Alvah, clergyman, was born at Woolwich, Sagadahoc county, Me., Jan. 29, 1852, sou of Rodney and Statira P. (Ward) Gould, and a descendant of Jarvice Gould, who came to Plymouth, Mass., in the Elizabeth in 1635. His family removed to Norwalk, Ohio, in 1868, and he attended the public schools in that town. He entered the Ohio Wesleyan Uni-

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

272

took high rank as a scholar, and was graduated iu 1877 with the degree of A.B. Meantime he had studied theology, and iu September, 1877, he began his pastoral labors at ShiMi, Ohio, in the north Ohio conference

as field secretary, and two months later as superintendent of the Cleveland district. About a year afterward he was elected state superintendent of the Ohio Anti-saloon League, which position he held until Dec. 10, 1903, when he was elected

versity in 1871,

first

His next of the Methodist Episcopal C'hiireh. Ohio, where he recharge was at Hayesville, mained for two years from there he went to

general superintendent of the American Antisaloon League to succeed Howard 11. Russell, the founder of the movement. His successful leadership of the work in Ohio gave him such prominence throughout the country, that when a new leader for the larger field was to be chosen, his was the only name considered, and his election to this responsible position was unanimous. Mr. Baker is a man who loses sight of himself in the of of course his work. Instead egotism, he has faith in tireless effort; instead of desiring notice for the league workers individually, he desires that the league shall earn notice by honest accomplish-

;

Gambler; later tin

-iic

years ;

year?.). \

two

to Cleveland i-toObei'liu (three

ears),


rn at Sinclairville, Chautauqua co.. N. Y.. July 18, 1840, son of Pardon ami -Mary liurritt) Sennett. His father was a prosperous business man and a pioneer in the iron interests of Pennsylvania, at one time owning and operating three blast furnaces. The son was educated at Erie academy ami at a preparatory school in Delaware co., N. Y. After passing the entrance examinations for Yale college the failure of his eves compelled him to renounce his college course for four years of travel abroad. He ;

:

;

:

:

;

(

visited Austria. France and Germany, spending much time in Vienna and Nuremberg, and relie returned to maining a year in Paris. America in 1863 and began the manufacture of oil-well machinery at Meadville, Pa., including later a new type of engine of his own invent HI. In 1896 lie removed his extensive works to Youngstown, O., and shortly before his death had reorganized his business as a stock company i

which he was president, and manager. He began in 1873 to take an interest, in the scientific study of birds and in 1874 collected numerous specimens. In 1876 he visited western Minnesota for ornithological investigation and secured a large series of specimens, especially water of

In Februaiy, 1877, he visited the lower Rio Grande region of Texas with F. S. Webster, birds.

and brought back 500 birds for his collection, three of which were new to our fauna and one to science)

;

1,000 eggs,

many new

or rare; a

few mammals and a large collection of inse.-is. Other trips to Texas were made in 1878 and 1SX2, and in 1887 he enlisted the service of William Lloyd, who collected specimens there for him.

He

also sent J. M. Priour to the region of the lower Brazos river and the coast region of northeastern Mexico, and later to Monterey to add to Mr. Sennett had long intended his collection. to write a monograph on the birds of the Rio river, and spared neither time nor expense in collecting materials for that purpose. A number of the colored plates had been prepared from drawings by Mr. Ernest SetonTliompsnn, but death prevented the completion of the work. In 1883 he deposited his collections of birds and mammals in the American Museum of Natural History, later presenting to it a collection of mammals fiom Texas and eastern Mexico. In 1886 he made two trips to the

Grande

He was an of North Carolina. original member of the American Ornithological Union, and in 1886 was made chairman of its committee on the protection of North American birds. He also took an active p-irt in the work of the Linnasan Society of New York, and While in Meadin 1887-89. was its president. ville he was mayor of the city during 1877-81, mountains

and

inaugurated many municipal improvements. He delivered an address on " Bird " before the Pennsylvania state Legislation board of agriculture in 1890, and wrote a number of valuable papers on ornithology which " were published in the " Auk and similar periin the and odicals, proceedings of scientific

281

" Notes on the Orbodies. Among these are nithology of the Lower Grande region of Texas'' (1878); "'Observations in Western North Caro:

Mountains

lina

in 18*6

"

(1887)

Flight of Whistling Swans" of the Golden Eagle" (1882)

catcher" (1882)

;

"An

"

Unusual

Capture "Fork-tailed Fly " Black-throated Auk (1884);

;

(issii)

;

;

"Some Undescnbed Plumage of North Ameri"A New Species of Duck can Birds" (1887) from Texas" (1889), etc. He was so thorough ;

in his investigation

that

little

he has done will

The ten new species and subspecies of North American birds described by him are placed on the American Ornithological Union check list. Mr. Sennett died at Youngstown. O., March IS, I'.MK). PRICE, Theodore Hazeltine. cotton expert and financier, was born in New York city. Feb. Eliza (Dyer) Tabb .siil, son of William H. and Price, and a descendant of John Price, who came from Bristol, England, to Hanover county, Va. in 1720, and there married Elizabeth Randolph. The line is traced through their son Thomas, need revision.

!i.

I

a member of the revolutionary ried Elizabeth Winston; their son John Marshall, who married Eli/a bet Can- Mosby and was Mr. 1

army who mar-

1

Price's grandfather. His father, William H. Price, was prominent in the

business

was one

community and members

of the

of the original board of managers of the New

York Cotton Exchange. He was also president of the Southern Aid Society, formed at the conclusion of the civil war. Theodore H. Price was educated in the public schools of

New York

city.

His

business venture was in 1883, as a member of the cotton linn of Eure, Price of NorFarrar Later he befolk, Va. came the head of Price, Co. of New York Reid first

&

&

which eventually was merged into Price, McCormick & Co., destined to achieve world- wide fame as cotton operators. In 1899 and 1900 Mr. Price's firm formed what up to that time was the greatest corner in cotton ever known, but circumstances it was impossible to foresee resulted in a break, and May 20, 1900, the failure of Price,

citv,

McCormick

&

Co. for $18,000.000 wa.j posted. All the secured and unsecured indebtedness was met except 600,000, and the members of the firm were legally released from further liability. Nevertheless, Mr. Price held himself morally responsible for the balance owing, and liquidated He it as rapidly as circumstances would permit. has been continuously identified with cotton interests since 1882, and is recognized as one of the foremost cotton experts of " the world, being the author of a ''Cotton Atlas and numerous other compilations which are practically textbooks on the subject. He is a member of the New York Club, the New York Athletic Club, the Riding Club of New York, the Downtown Club, the Westmoreland Club of Richmond, Va., and the Chicago Club of Chicago, III. He was married May 26, 1000, to Harriet E.. daughter of Gen. Alex. B. Dyer of Washington, D. C., and has three children, Harriet, Betty and Theodore, Jr.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

282

HAWN,

teacher, was born at Va., Nov. 29,1862, son of William

Henry Gaines,

Richmond, and Mary Harrington (Thomson) Hawn, and grandson of William and Mary (Fhelan) Hawn. His father was a captain in the Confederate army, and his grandfather as state treasurer of Alama during 1834-40. Henry G. .Hawn was educated at the University of Tennessee and at Washington and Lee \\

l)a

..

?

University. After leaving college he became a teacher of English and literature in was inprivate schools structor in the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute' for five 5'ears, and at Middlebury College, Vt., for three Since 1900 he has years. U'eii a lecturer in the department of philology in the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences ; and for ;

3

S^Tw

J

\jjf&

^

'^

^%>>

si/' fi/-& sva**~* **^f-

some years has conducted an important private school of "The Speech Arts." He is one of the lecturers in the New York public schools, and dramatic instructor

" and the of the Cornell University Masque Williams College " Cap and Bell " societies. He has contributed many important articles to " Divorce," pubmagazines, (of which one on lished in the "Arena," attracted widespread of" and is the author Diction for attention), " Singers ( 1'JOl). He is a member of the Brooklyn Writers' Club, vice-president of the Southern Society of Brooklyn, and president of the National Association of Elocutionists. This order was founded in 1890 by Hannibal A. Williams, for the promotion of vocal culture and dramatic expression, and to unite the members of the fraternity of readers and teachers of elocution ami oratory in closer professional and personal relationship, by means of correspondence, conventions, and the exchange of publications." Its first president was F. F. Mackay, of New York city. Mr. Hawn has been one of its most active workers for some years, and was made its president in 1902, and re-elected in 1903. He was married at Newark, N. J., Dec. 30, 1889. to Alexina. daughter of John Shoemaker, and has "

one child.

I'lurbe.

SPENCER, Joseph William Winthrop, geol-

ogist, was born at 1851, son of Joseph

Dundas, Canada, Mar. 26, and Eliza E. (Coe) Spencer. He was graduated at McGill University, Montreal, in 1874, with first honors in geology and mineralogy, and later studied at the University of Gottingen, where he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1877. In 1S74 he explored into the northwest territories of Canada, under Dr. R. Bell. On his return in 1877 he became science master in the Collegiate Institute of Hamilton, Ontario, and in 1880 professor of geology and allied subjects in King's College, Nova Scotia, and vice-president of the same. In 1882 lie was elected professor of geology in the University of Missouri, and held the chair until 1887. The

museum

building of this university, which at that time was the largest in the West, was designed by him and erected under his supervision, and he also obtained the large zoological collection and procured the private cabinets of Prof. Joseph G. Norwood and Prof. George C. Swallow for the geological department. In 1889 the Georgia legislature revived the office of state geologist, and he filled the position during 1889-

His reports constitute two volumes, " Geological "Survey of Southwestern Georgia" (1891), and Geological Survey of the Paleozoic Belt His investigations were of Georgia" (1893). mainly of questions relating to surface and glacial phenomena, both in America and Europe, and he was one of the pioneers in this country 93.

in the department of lacustrine geology. He discovered that the basins of the Great Lakes were only dammed up portions of the ancient valley of the St. Lawrence, with the drainage from the Huron basin by way of Georgian bay and a now buried valley to a point east of Toronto, while the isolated Erie basin, after receiving the now reversed upper drainage of the Ohio, discharged west of Niagara river, which was not then in existence. Again he discovered that the later formed and upper lakes also discharged to the northeast, and only lately was the overflow turned into Lake Erie and the Niagara river also that another remarkable change will occur with the diversion of the waters of the upper lakes into the Mississippi by way of Chicago, at no distant date, when Niagara falls will cease to exist. He was the first who was able to provisionally compute the age of the Falls (32,000 years). Among other discoveries was this that the two Americas were lately united by an Antillean bridge and continental expansion which were for a time at a great elevation as shown by the now drowned valleys, such as the submarine canon of the Hudson. He was a fellow of the Geological Society of London, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Geological Society of America, and scientific societies in the United States and Canada. He is the author of " Ni" " Duration of agara Fossils (1884); Niagara Falls and History of the Great Lakes" (1895), and numerous papers on the changes of level and evolution of the West Indies, of which he is an authority. He was married April 15, 1896, to Katharine S. (McCleary) Thomson, of Toronto. :

:

BYRT, Arthur William, clergyman and missionary superintendent, was born in Chicopee, Hampden co. Mass., Sept. 23, 1864, son of Charles and Emma Jane (Powell) Byrt. His parents came to the United States from Bristol, Eng., in 1860. He was educated at the Chicopee high school at Wesleyan University. Middletown, Conn., where he took the degree of A. B. cum laude in 1886 and at Columbia Law School where he received the degree of LL.B. in 1888. He was admitted to the bar in 1888. and established a successful practice, especially in the line of real estate law, but having become a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, was convinced that his life-work lay in its ministry. While securing orders he organized and built t wocl lurches in Queen's borough. New York city. He was admitted on trial to the New York East Conference in 1891, and to full connection two years later. The churches organized under him developed so rapidly that it was necessary to station a preacher at each place, and Mr. Byrt remained at Morris Park, where, at the end of two years, a beautiful church edifice was erected. At the beginning of his fifth year of service, he was called to the church at Patchogue, L.I. During his pastorate, the spiritual life of the church was deepened, the church and parsonage property was improved and the congregation raised more than $22,000 for various expenses. In 1898 Mr. Byrt was called to become superintendent and corresponding secretary of tin Brooklyn Church Society of. the Methodist Epis.

;

;

1

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. copal Church, and in conjunction with it assumed the pastorate of a church in Warren street, Brooklyn, which was at a low ebb of life and seemed Solikely to be abandoned. The Brooklyn Church ciety was incorporated with eighty-two charter members. The corresponding secretaryship was held by various pastors, without ipcn-,at ion, for a number of years. During 1889 Rev. D. \V. Couch was appointed financial agent. In 1891 Rev. George P. Mains assumed theolticeof corresponding secretary, to whose title was added that of superintendent, and under him a more effective connectioimlism was secured and someof the
; and treasurer of the Dry Goods Auxiliary of the Hospital Saturday and Sunday Association. He is a trustee of the Hudson Fulton Celebration Committee, and also the Grand Monument Association a member of the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, the New England Societv, the Englewood (N. J.) Golf and Field clubs, lie Metropolitan Museum of Art, Union League and Merchants Club of New York. Mr. Eames was

country.

;

;

I

married November

2,

1886,

to

Sophia

Stokes,

CURRY,

;

;

;

methods from this kinship and setting its peculiar ideals no lower than theirs. Though the school

was small at first, it has exercised a great influence on modern education. Investigations begun by the School of Expression have led to discoveries which have thrown great light

upon many

of school has a course of three years, with an additional post graduate year, while there are special difficulties

speech.

The

murses

for

teachers,

clergymen, stam-

public-school

merers and all those afflicted with defects of speech. Its students average about 300 each year, and there are seventeen teachers in the fa-

The significance of Dr. Curry's work is the fact that he has placed all vocal and elocutionary training upon a psychological basis. He has made a study of the > C-w"v'uv whole field of expression, in eluding the relation of all the arts, and has made care ful investigation of every kind of fault, such as minister's sore throat, stammering, stuttering and other impediments, misuse of voice by teachers, and has evolved a method for the development of culty.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. the voice in speaking, for improving preachers and Dr. Curry was also instructor in oratory teachers. at the Yale Divinity School ilnrinu IN'.I2-1!)03 at Harvard Universily during 1891-94 at Harvard Divinity School during 1896-1903, and since 1884 he has been act ing professor of elocution and oratory The degrees at Newton Theological Institution. of A.M., B. I)., and Ph.D. were conferred upon him by Boston University, and he received the honorary decree of I, ill. I), from Colby University He is a member of the Boston Art Club, in 1905. and has served as its librarian since 1X01. lie is the author of "Province of Expression" (is'.ll): "Lessons in Vocal Expression" (Is'.i.'i) "Imagination and Dramatic Instinct" (lsr, ami was fur two years a director, of the Dayton City Chili, and has been a member of the Machinery Club of New York since its inception in 1905. He was married at Troy, N. Y., Oct. 25, 1871, to Merretta S., daughter of Chester B. Filkins, and has two children Edward Rollin and Merretta Ann Kirby. :

WOODWARD,

.

Samuel Walter, merchant and

philanthropist, was bom at Damariscotta, Lincoln co., Me., Dec. 13, 1848, son of Samuel and Jerusha (Baker) Woodward. After receiving an elementary education in the public schools of his birth-

he obtained employment with Cushing ct Ames, dry-goods merchants of Boston, Mass., where through faithful service and a businesslike grasp of executive detail he was promoted through the various departments. In 1870 Alvin M. Lothrop became employed by the Cushing & Ames firm arid a close friendship springing up between the two clerks, they decided to embark in a business of their own. In 1873 they established a dry -goods store in Chelsea, Mass., under the firm name of Woodward & Lothrop. Their enterprise proved place,

satisfactory, but in 1880 Mr. Woodward decided to establish a dry-goods business in Washington, D. C., and in 1880 the firm opened its first drygoods store at 705 Market street, Washington. The business was very successful from the start, and is now one of the leading houses in the national

Mr. Woodward is a typical American merchant, who during the intervals of business, interests himself deeply in the spiritual as well as He is a the material welfare of his fellowmen. patron of the Young Men's Christian Association of which he has been president, and is president of the American Baptist Missionary Union a director capitol.

;

Hopkins,

jurist,

was

born at Bloomingdale, 111., Mar. 12, 1848, son of Parker and Hepsibah (Goodwin) Sedgwick. His first American ancestor was Gen. Robert Sedgwick, who died at Jamaica, B. W. 1., May 24, 1656, while serving as commander of the British troops under Cromwell. The line of descent is traced through his son William; his son Samuel; his son Joseph; his son Samuel; and his son Elijah, who was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Sedgwick was graduated at Wheton (111.) college in 1872, with the degree of A.M., and afterwards studied law at the University of MichiIn 1874 he began law practice in the office gan. of his brother, G. G. Sedgwick, at Kewaunee, Wis., anil four years later opened an independent office at York, Neb. In 1895 he became judge of the district court of the fifth district, state of Nebraska, which position he held till 1900, and one year later he became supreme court commissioner. In 1902 he was elected judge of the supreme court of Nebraska, serving as chief justice in 1906-08. In 1909 he was reelected to the supreme bench. He was married in Ogle county, 111., Sept. 25, 1878, to Clara M., daughter of Evan Jones, and lias two daughters: Catherine M., and Myrna P. Sedgwick.

CHADWICK,

John Rogers, broker, was born at Exeter, N. H., Dec. 9, 185(5, son of John and Frances Oilman (Rogers) Chadwick. His father (1821-84) was a sea captain and was for some time president of the Boston Marine Society.

Mr. Chadwick's mother

was a daughter

of

John Rog-

Exeter, N. H. The son received his education int. he public and high schools of Exeter and began his business career in 1875 with the mercan-

ers, of

house of Hemenway & Browne, as a clerk. He performed his duties faithfully tile

and

diligently

and rose

to va-

higher positions until 1888, when he became a partner in the firm. In 1898 the In business was liquidated. 1901 he became a member of the stock exchange firm of Schuyler, Chadwick & Stout. In 1906 he allied himself with Mr. Chadthat of Schuyler, Chadwick & Burnham. wick's favorite recreation is golf, and he has taken a number of international trophies for his skill in that game. He isa memberof the Down Town Association and N. Y. Athletic clubs of New York city. He was married, June 17, 1891, to Anna, daughterof George Duval of New York, by whom he has two rious

daughters,

Chadwick.

Katharine

Rogers and Anna

Duval

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

320

Sidney Schieffelin, banker and broker, WHS born in Jersey City, N. J., Aug. 25, 1864, son of John Arent and Kate (Mancini) SchuyHe is descended in the eighth generation from ler. Capt. Philip Pieterse Schuyler, who came over from Holland in 1050, and became the founder of an illustrious family. His wife was Margaretta Van Slichtenhorst, and the line of descent is traced through their son, (.'apt. Arent, who married Gertrude Van Cortlandt; their son, Col. John, who married Anne Van Rensselaer; their son Arent

at the rate of some 15,000 words weekly, and so keen was his mental capacity that the labor involved was limited to the time required to get the words on paper. On one occasion he wrote a novel of 60,000 words in less than a week. Having determined to make literature his profession he went into the wilds of Canada, where he lived in a rude shack and eked out a period of study and The result of writing by fishing and shooting.

John, who married Swan Schuyler; their son John Arent, who married Eliza Kip; their son Arent Henry, who married Marcy C. Kingsland, and their son John Arent, who was the father of the Mr. Schuyler is thus a subject of this sketch. direct descendant of three of the foremost Dutch colonial families of America, and the line is peculiarly interwoven, inasmuch as the Anne Van Rensselaer, who married Col. John Schuyler, was a daughter of Maria Van Cortlandt (wife of Stephanus Van Cortlandt), who was a granddaughter of Philip Pieterse Schuyler, the first of the family in America. Sidney S. Schuyler was educated at the Hasbrouck

immediate success. The book was rejected by five publishers, and the disappointed author, who had married on the strength of his hopes, was compelled again to resort to story-writing and thus earn enough money to publish his novel at

SCHUYLEB,

He began his business Institute, Jersey City. career in 1879 in the employ of D. H. Houghtaling Co., tea merchants, and six years later he transferred his services to the brokerage firm of Dakin Co. In

&

&

1899 he became a member

New York

Chadwiek

discovered before the book had

who

& Burnham,

his

for

twenty-five years r-had been connected with the executive department of the New York stock exchange. Mr. Schuyler is a devotee of genealogical research, and is a member of the New Jersey Historical Society, the Holland Society, the St. Nicholas Society, the Sons of the Revolution, the Colonial Order, the Sons of the American Revolution of New Jersey, and the Society of Colonial Wars. He is also a member of the St. Nicholas Club, the Watchung Hunt (Hub, the Canoe Brook Country Club, the Cranford Golf Club, and the Park Club

N.

J.,

daughter of John

where he resides. He is a Mason. Mr. Schuyler was Dec.

12,

1894,

to

Cora,

Anderson of St. Louis, Mo., the mother of one daughter, Marion Van Rensselaer Schuyler; and on July 15, 1903, to Helene G., daughter of Charles Leo Abry of New York, by whom he has one son, Van Rensselaer J.

author, was born in Baltimore, Md., Sept. 20, 1878, son of Upton Beall

and

Upton,

Sinclair, and grandson of of the U. S. T^avy. who He resigned at the beginning of the civil war. \\as graduated at the College of the City of York in 1897, and attended Columbia University Priscilla

('apt.

Arthur

in that its essential features were portrayals of Mr. Sinclair's inner experiences, but the hoax was

(Harden) Sinclair,

New

but did not finish his course there. His ability as a writer early manifested itself and during the last years of his college course he was receiving an income from the sale of juvenile fiction and the jokes and quips contributed to newspapers and other publications. During a part of his college career he was under contract to produce fiction

become a pro-

His next effort was "Manassas" success. Then the editor (1904), a story of the civil war. of a socialistic paper suggested that he write a

nounced

story depicting labor conditions in the Chicago stockyards, and he went to Chicago to get his subject matter at first hand. The result was "The Jungle," which first appeared as a serial in "The Appeal to Reason," a Socialist journal, and

which

for its thoroughness of investigation, completeness and multiplicity of detail, and

its its

horrifying disclosures, must be accorded first place in the literature of exposure. Its immediate effect was sensational, and its Pres. Roosevelt ultimate influence far-reaching. sent for Mr. Sinclair to assure himself that the conditions and customs depicted were true, and then ordered an official investigation of the Chicago stockyards, resulting in the passage of the pure food law of 1906. (See Wilson, James.) Meantime he had written a number of socialistic pamphlets and had become so active in that movement that he was nominated for congress on the Socialist ticket and became vice-president of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society. Conceiving the idea of a cooperative home colony, he interested a number of men and women in the Helicon Home Colony, which he established on a nine-acre tract in Englewood, " 1906. not a believer the startling

N.

Schuyler.

SINCLAIR,

The book was genuine enough

genuine document.

partners being John R. Chada wick, formerly foreign shipping merchant of Boston, and Charles L. Burnham,

thirty-second degree twice married: on

own expense. It failed with the public quite as signally as it did with the publishers, although at a later date the plates were bought by a regular publisher, who reissued the book under the title 'King Midas." Mr. Sinclair now returned to his primitive life in Canada and wrote "Prince Hagen a Phantasy" (1903), which was two years in finding a publisher, and then failed to impress the public. His severe hardships and disappointments suggested the idea of a novel based on the bitter experiences of an unappreciated poet who lived in a garret until hunger drove him to suicide, and he wrought out the idea in "The Journal of Arthur Stirling" (1903), which, with the help of some of his friends, he contrived to pass as a his

stock exchange, and in 1906 organthe firm of ized Schuyler,

of the

of Plainfield,

was "Springtime and Harvest" (1901), with which he returned to New York confident of this exile

and

in While colony of social reform, this "home club" was to solve domestic Mr. Sinclair many designed by problems by applying to distribution the cooperative methods which Socialism advocates in production. The enterprise ended in failure, when Helicon, with almost all the earthly possessions of its All Mr. founder, was destroyed by fire in 1907. J., in

method"

Sinclair's subsequent productions are strongly colored by his socialistic convictions. Besides those already mentioned, his books are: "The Indus-

Republic" (1907); "The Overman" (1907); "The Metropolis" (1907); "The Moneychangers'* From (1908), and "Samuel the Seeker" (1909). the point of view of mere authorship, unaided by

trial

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. other conspicuous relationship

321

CRANE,

William Montgomery, manufacturer, Roselle, N. J., June 14, 1852, son of Richard Montgomery and Maria (Coles) Crane. His first American ancestor was Jasper Crane, a native of England, who cameto America in 1638 and settled at New Haven, Conn. He was one of the founders of Newark, N. J., and one of the founders of the First Presbyterian Church of East Jersey, now the twice his years. This gives a romantic interest First Presbyterian Church of the city of Newark. to his life which, aside from his extraordinary From him the line of descent is traced through and sudden attainment of fame, was full of color his son, Deacon Azariah, who married Mary Treat and unusual incident. Mr. Sinclair was married their son John, who married in 1900 to Meta H., daughter of William M. Fuller, their son Abigail and has one son, David Sinclair. Jonas, who married Hanna Lyon, and their son Rufus, QUIMBY, Silas Everard, clergyman, was born who married Charity Campat Haverhill, N. H., Oct. 19, 1837, son of Rev. Silas bell, and who was the grandand Penelope (Fifield) Quimby, of English descent. father of the subject of this His father was a prominent clergyman of the sketch. He is also a descendMethodist Episcopal church. He was graduated ant of Robert Treat, one of at Tilton (N. H.) Seminary in 1855, and at Wesleyan the founders of Hartford, He was Conn., one of the nineteen University, Middletown, Conn., in 1859. official

or

to the

community, Mr. Sinclair may properly bc> regarded as the most effective writer of his immediate time. His novel, "The Jungle," published when he was twenty-seven yer.rs old, had world-wide consequences, having been translated into seventeen languages, and gave the author such commanding influence as is seldom attained by writers of

was born at

;

;

licensed as a local preacher at Middletown, Conn., He taught in Newbury (Vt.) Seminary in 1858. for eight years, acting as principal of the Institution Mr. Quiinby joined the for a year and a half. Vermont conference in 1862, and the New Hampshire conference in 1803, still continuing to teach at the seminary. His work at this institution met with much success (as a teacher of mathematics and Greek he had few superiors), but wishing to get into the active ministry he resigned the prinHis cipalship and entered the pastorate in 1867.

appointments were Lebanon, N. H. (1867-68); Plymouth (1869-70); Exeter (1871-73); Sunapee and Tilton (1877-78). Upon the (1874-76); death of Pres. L. D. Barrows of the Tilton Seminary, in P^ebruary, 1878, Mr. Quimby succeeded to the This institution, which is under the position. jurisdiction of the Methodist church, stands among the foremost in New England. Up to this time, the school has enjoyed a fair measure of prosperity,

compared to many schools, its advantages were and its instructors few. Mr. Quimby entered upon his work, without a guaranteed salary, and labored untiringly to jret

limited,

place the institution on a better footing, adding several new departments, such as music, art, and practical

chemistry and physics, and inaugurating a new era of prosperity. His seven years' administration at Tilton were most important, fundamenIn 1886 tal, and enduring. he was appointed to a pastorate at Whitefield, N. H. (1886-87), and subsequent ' at Laconia charges were Newmarket (1888-89); (1890); Exeter (1891-93); Rochester (1894); Penacook St. Pleasant (1895-96) radjutant in the military department of the east, and acting signal officer of that department, aid-de-camp and acting assistant^adjutant.;eneral to Maj.-Gen. Irvin McDowell in the division In 1873 he was appointed by Pres. of ths south. Grant judge-advocate U. S. A. with rank of major of From 1874 he was professor of law in the cavalry. U. S. miltiary academy at West Point with rank of In iiirnant co'lonel, until assigned by the president in 187.S to be government counsel in the case of Maj.-Gen. Fiiz-John Porter. In 1880 he was on temporary duty with the general-in-chief of the army at army headquarters in Washington. On Dec. 8, 1888, while acting as assistant to the secretary of war, he was placed on the retired list, on his own application, for disability contracted in line of duty; and on April 23, 1904, Pres Roose; velt appointed him a lieutenant-colonel U. S. army, In his legal capacity he frequently served retired.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. on general courts-martial and military commissions, and defended numerous cases in the civil courts

men in the military or naval president of the commission which investigated the summary execution by the Confederate commanding general in North Carolina, in violation of the laws of war, of twenty-two U. S. volunteers, captured in the attack on Newberne in 1864. Among the more noted cases which lie conducted to a successful issue wp.s a defense at Detroit of Sergt. James Clark, 23d U. S. Int'iintry, charged with the murder of a military In 1873 he was government counsel beconvict. fore the special court of inquiry of general officers ordered by act of congress to investigate the Freed-

against officers and service.

He was

men's Bureau, of which Gen. Sherman was president, and later was Gen. Grant's and Lieut. -Gen. Sheridan's counsel in the court of inquiry which inquired into Gen. G. K. Warren's conduct as commander of the 5th Army Corps in the battle He was also of Gravelly Run and Five Forks. counsel for the war department before the court of claims in six cases of great importance to the army, involving the validity of adverse decisions by the treasury department. In 1870, as a member of an army board, Col. Gardiner went to Canada to investigate the military prison discipline Aside from his military capacof the British army. ity he was judge of the pro visional court of pleas and quarter sessions at Raleigh, N. C., in 1805 liii. He has published the following works: "Jurisdiction and Powers of the United States and State Courts in Reference to Writs of Habeas Corpus as Affecting the Army and Navy" (1867); "Evidence " Practical and Practice in Military Courts" (1875) Forms for Use in CourVMartial and Remarks as to Procedure" (1876); "The Orderof the Cincinnati in France" (1907); and a number of historical addresses, including, "The Rhode Island Continental Line " " in the Revolution Biographical Sketch of Colonel ;

;

and Brevet Brigadier-General Henry Burbeck"; ''Chaplains of the American Army"; "The Allied Forces of France in America"; and "The Havana with Spain." He aided Expedition of 1762 in the war

in incorporating the Military Service Institution of the United States and the Society of the Sons of

the Revolution. He was elected district^attorney of New York city in 1S97, and held that office until 1900, when he resumed the practice of his profession. He is president of the Rhode Island State Society of the Cincinnati; secretary-general of the Society of the Cincinnati; commandant of the Military Society of the War of 1812 and Veteran Corps of Artillery, and member of a large number of learned, military, religious and social organizations. The College of the City of New York, Dartmouth College, and Columbia University conferred upon him successively the degree of A.M. In 1875 New York University conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., and in 1896 Hobart College that of

L.H.D.

LINCOLN, Joseph Bates, merchant, was born at North Cohasset, Mass., July 3, 1836, son of Ephraim and Betsey (Bates) Lincoln. His first American ancestor, was Daniel Lincoln, who came from England to Hingham, Mass., about 1644, and the line of descent is traced through his son Ephraim, who married Mary Nichofs; their son Ephraim, who married Lydia Marshall and their son Ephraim, who married Lucy Lincoln, and who was the grandfather of Joseph B. Lincoln. He was educated in the public schools of Cohasset, and after three months at Comer's Commercial College in Boston, he began his business career as a clerk in a Boston retail shoe store. Subsequently he entered the employ of A. Esterbrook, another shoe dealer, and in 1859, having formed a partnership with George

333

under the firm name of Richards & Lincoln, he acquired Mr. Esterbrook's business. About three years later he purchased his partner's interest and conducted the business alone until 1866, when he formed a co-partnership with George A. Mansfield and Edward E. Batchelder, under the name of George A. Mansfield & Co., and entered Mr. Mansfield retired in the shoe jobbing trade. 1869 and the firm Batchelder & Lincoln continued until the death of the former in 1878, after which Mr. Lincoln was the sole proprietor of the He was one of the first to adopt the business. principle known among shoe jobbers as the New C. Richards,

England method, and his house was long recognized He personally as a distinctly New England house. supervised the several departments of the business which was thoroughly systematized. His great success was due to his faculty of gathering bright men about him, and of retaining the friendships

He developed the business from year to year until the annual sales exceeded $5,000,000, and as an exclusively jobbing business it was probably the largest in In 1891 he the world. was the Democratic nominee for state representative in a strong Redistrict. He publican was defeated, but in the following year he was the first elected, being Democrat ever sent to the house from this disin the legislature trict, he served on the committee on mercantile afhe made.

fairs.

He was one

of

the founders of the Boot and Shoe Club of Boston, and was a member of the Narragansett Boot and Shoe Club, and the New England Shoe and Leather Association. Asa man Mr. Lincoln was thoughtful and sagacious, and his personality was interesting and attractive. He was greatly interested in charitable work and

Hundreds of young men owe their liberally. start in life to his help and many concerns to-day on a strong financial footing owe their beginning to his influence -and financial aid. Mr. Lincoln was married at East Boston, Nov. 1, 1860, to Annie, of James and Elizabeth (McKeown) daughter

gave

He

died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 21, 1895. director of the United States mint, was born at Auburn, N. Y., Aug. 19, 1846, son of Edwin Warren and Mary A. (Roffee) Leach, and a descendant of an old New England family whose immigrant ancestor, Lawrence Leach, with his wife and three sons, settled in Salem, He removed with his parents in Mass., in 1629. 1852 to California, where he was educated in the public schools, though returning in 1859 for a two In 1866 he beyears' course in his native city. came one of the publishers of the Napa (Cal.) "Reporter." As Vallejo, situated at the mouth of Preston.

LEACH, Frank Aleamon,

and opposite States navy yard, was growing rapidly and seemed destined to rival even San Francisco, he removed thither in 1867 and began issuing the weekly which in 1868 was changed to the " Evening Chronicle." In 1886, seeing Oakland forging ahead, he sold the "Chronicle" and founded the Oakland "Evening En-

Napa Mare

Creek, on a deep-water harbor the seat of the United

Island,

quirer," which he conducted successfully until 1897. Having been appointed in that year by

334

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

McKinley superintendent of the U. S. branch mint at San Francisco, he sold out all his newspaper interests to devote himself to the duties of that The superintendent has general superposition. vision of the refinery and coining processes of the mint and of the relations of the government with Although all of his depositors of precious metals. subordinates are under bond, he is nevertheless Pres.

held strictly responsible to the treasury for any due to errors, defaults or thefts of such subordinates. He is required to make minute reports of all mint and assay operations, the amounts of metal coined and on hand, the amount and character of deposits, the expenses of his office in all branches and his transactions with other officers In these duties Mr. Leach was so of the mint. successful that in September, 1907, Pres. Roosevelt promoted him to be director of the U. S. mint The functions of this officer at Washington, D. C. are peculiarly responsible, though closely defined by law. Besides supervising the operations of the mints and assay offices, he must gather and publish statistics of the annual production of the precious metals, procure new designs for coins (which cannol be changed oftener than once in twenty-five years) receive such foreign coins as come into possession of the treasury and fix the value of the foreign coinages once in three months for the beneHe remints all foreign coinage fit of commerce. coming to the mint before reissuing it, and he may coin money for foreign governments at a stipulated fee, the principal outside patrons being Mexico and some of the Central and SouthThe annual reports of the American states. director of the United States mint are of special value to the financiers, economists and metal producers of the entire world. Mr. Leach resigned his position in 1909, to accept, at the urgent request of citizens, the presidency of the People's Water Co., of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, Cal., one of the largest corporations of its kind on He was married at Vallejo, the Pacific coast. Cal., Dec. 1, 1870, to Mary Louise, daughter of Abraham Powell, by whom he had four sons: Frank, Abraham P., Edwin R., and Harry E. Leach. INSULL, Samuel, president of the Commonwealth Edison Company, of Chicago, was born in London, England, Nov. 11, 1859, son of Samuel and Emma (Shaw) Insull. His father was prominent in the temperance movement in Great Britain. Young Insull was well educated in private schools In 1878 he at Reading and Oxford, England. became private secretary to Col. George E. Gouraud, the London representative of Thomas A. Edison, and at that time engaged in organizing the telephone business in England. In 1881 he was sent for by Edison to accept a similar position with him in America. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1896 in order to vote for McKinley, and for eleven years he had entire charge of all He of Mr. Edison's personal and business affairs. became an executive officer of many of the Edison the the Electric Tube Co. corporations, including Edison Machine Works; the Edison Lamp Co., and what is now the General Electric Works at Schenectady. Besides participating actively in the development of these corpo rat ions, he also held In 1889 the various positions in the directorates. various Edison electric light companies were merged into the Edison General Electric Co. and in 1892 the latter was allied with the Thomson-Houston Co., under the title of the General Electric Co., of which Mr. Insull became second vice-president, having charge of the manufacturing and selling departments. This position he resigned in June, 1892, with the express consent of Mr. Edison to go to losses

;

Chicago and accept the position of president of the Chicago Edison Co. Incandescent lighting and the use of power from a distribution plant was then in its infancy in the West. The Chicago Edison Co. was a development of the Western Edison Light Co. which was incorporated in 1882 for $500,000, with the late Anson Steger as president, and which operated under a franchise granted for the installation of electric lighting machinery under the Edison patents in the states of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. In March, 1887, the Western Edison Light Co. was succeeded by the Chicago Edison Co. which operated in Cook county under a franchise granted by the Edison Electric Light Co. for the purpose of distributing power from a central station. The growth of the business since he took the presidency has been over fifty- fold. In 1897 a franchise was granted to the Commonwealth Electric Co. by the city council of Chicago to lay mains within the city of Chicago for a period of fifty years, and in 1898 Mr. Insull formed the Commonwealth Electric Co. of which he is president. This company acquired control of the Mutual People's Electric Light & Power Co. Electric Light Co.; Hyde Park Thomson-Houston Light Co.; Hyde Park Electric Light & Power Co.; ;

West Chicago Light & Englewood Light Co. Power Co.; Western Light & Power Co.; and Edge water Light & Power Co. In 1898 he introduced into Chicago and, in fact, into America, the Wright-Demand system of measuring electric power. As the franchise under which the Chicago Edison Co. operated was granted for only twentyfive years and would have expired in 1910, that company was consolidated with the Common;

wealth Electric Co. in 1908 under the title of the Co. This new company, incorporated for 830,000,000, is one of the largest It furnishes a greater of its kind in the world. power than any other plant, viz., 225,000 horsepower, which is used not only for lighting but for manufacturing plants, office buildings, traction and The cost of electric lighting under light purposes. Mr. Insult's direction in Chicago has decreased relatively from 1 cent per 16 c.-p. lamp per hour to Mr. Insull also or-fa cent per 16 c.-p. per hour. ganized and is president of the North Shore Electric Co., which controls the light and power business in Waukegan, Highland Park, Evanston, Maywood, La Grange, Chicago Heights, and Blue The possibilities of the electric power Island. business under the control of Mr. Insull in northIt is eastern Illinois are impossible to estimate.

Commonwealth Edison

his desire to furnish traction power to all surface In railroads in Chicago and district.

and elevated

and is the all-dominant While he acquired much technical knowlhis edge through his association with Mr. Edison, success has been mainly due to his own personal Mr. Insull is ability as a financier and organizer. a member of the American Institute of Electrical all

of this he has been

figure.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. Engineers, the British Institute of Electrical Engineers, the National Civic Federation, the Metropolitan, Union League, Lawyers', and Engineers' clubs of New York, and the Chicago and Chicago He has a large country Athletic clubs of Chicago. He estate of over 850 acres at Libertyyille, 111. was married, May 24, 1899, to Miss Margaret Anna Bird of New York city, and has one son,

Samuel

Insull 3rd.

PEARSON, John James, jurist, was born near Darby, Delaware co., Pa., Oct. 25, 1800, son of Bevan and Ann (Warner) Pearson, and grandson After of Judge John and Anne (Bevan) Pearson. a public school education, he took up the study of law at Mercer, Pa., under Hon. John Banks; was admitted to the bar in 1822, and began to After the practice at Franklin, Venango county. fashion of these early days he rode the circuit through many counties with his brother lawyers, and acquired a wide practice, being peculiarly skilled titles.

in

the

trial

When John

who was a member

land Banks,

of

of

con-

gress, resigned his seat in 1835, Mr. Pearson became his suc-

the serving during second ses ion of the 2-1 th He was a member congress. of the state senate in IS3741, and served as chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1849 he was appointed judge of the 12th judicial district of Pennsylvania then composed of the counties of cessor,

Dauphin and Lebanon, and removed to Harrisburg. He presided over the courts uf both counties until the Hon. R. M. Henderson was elected additional law judge and relieved him in large part of the judicial work in Lebanon county. Judge Pearson's appointment was for life during good behavior, but according to the new constitution of 1850, the office was made elective and in 1851 he was elected president judge by the votes of both parties. In 1861 and 1871 he was reflected without opposition, and in 1881 he refused a third nomination. In January, 1882, he retired from the bench, but not from practice, for he appeared in the district court in the same year as one of the attorneys of the Standard Oil Co., in its tax litigation with the commonwealth, and helped to represent his client in its appeal to the supreme court. Beginning with 1849 and ending with 1882 the supreme court reviewed 153 of Judge Pearson's opinions in cases which arose in the 12th district, and many other opinions delivered by him in cases which he heard and decided in other districts. Of those from the 12th district 110 were affirmed. His decisions were published by his son William (2 vols., 1879-80). Learned in law, quick and keen in his perceptions, dignified yet courteous in his association with other members of the bar, impartial and nonpartisan, indulgent and considerate in his treatment of young attorneys, he

honored every position he held. Judge Pearson was married Oct. 13, 1837, to Ellen, only daughter of Gen. Samuel Hays of Venango county, and he had one son, Alfred, and two daughters, Mary and Anna, who died in their vouth. He was again married, July 12, 1842, to Mary Harris, daughter of Joseph Briggs of Silvers' Spring, Pa., and greatgranddaughter of John Harris, the founder of HarTheir children were Edward, Caroline, risburg. Julia, Ellen, William, and Mary Harris. Judge Pearson died in Harrisburg, Pa., May 30, 1888.

335

PEARSON, William, lawyer, was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Aug. 9, 1854, son of John J. and Mary Harris (Briggs) Pearson. His father was for thirty-three years president-judge of the twelfth He received his judicial district of Pennsylvania. primary education at private schools in Harris-

burg and the Harrisburg academy. He entered Princeton in the class of 187G, but was not graduated, leaving to take up the study of law under his father. He was admitted to the bar in 1876. He was appointed prothonotary of the middle district of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, Jan. 1, 1882, and became prothonotary of the Harrisburg district of the superior court under the provision of the act of assembly of 1895 creating that court. These offices he still holds. Mr: Pearson has always been a Republican in politics. He is a member of the Dauphin county bar association and of the Historical Society of that county; and of the Harrisburg country club. He is the editor of ''Pearson's Reports," being the decisions of his father, from 1850 to 1880 (2 vols., 1879-80), and also wrote a treatise entitled ''Pearson's Supreme Court Practice" (1884).

BENNETT, John Emory, soldier and jurist, was born at East Bethany, Genesee Co., N. Y., March 18, 1833, son of Charles W. and Alice (Holden) Bennett. His father was a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was graduated at Genesee College, Lima, N. Y., in 1853, and then entered a dry goods house in CleveIn 1855 he removed to land, O., as a clerk. Morrison, 111., where he engaged in the dry goods business, subsequently building a hotel and also When the civil war began serving as postmaster. he assisted in raising the 13th, 24th, and 75th Illinois reigments, and was lieutenant-colonel of the last. In the last year of the war he commanded the .'hi brigade of the 1st division of the army of He took part in twenty-two enthe Cumberland. gagements, including Chicamauga, Missionary Ridge and Atlanta, and was promoted brevet brigadierSoon after the war closed he entered the general. regular army and was judge-advocate of the district including Arkansas and Mississippi during the reconstruction period. This position he resigned to become judge of the first Arkansas circuit, and upon the expiration of his term he was placed on the supreme bench. Meanwhile he had discovered a process of extracting cotton-seed oil, and at the end of his term he turned his attention to its manufacture, erecting large mills at Helena. Having sold out

in 1883, Judge Bennett removed to South Dakota, Here he engaged in farming, settling near Clark.

but took an active part in public matters as leader In 1888 he was elected of the Republican party. state attorney for Clark county, and in 1889 a member of the supreme court of the state, serving by reelection until his death and presiding over that body during 1892-93. He was a man of indomitable energy, lofty purpose, breadth of mind,

and generous nature.

He was a member 01 the Odd Fellows, the Knights Army of the Republic.

order of Free Masons, the Templar and the Grand

Judge Bennett was married at Bethany, N. Y., Apr. 5, 1854, to Marion L., daughter of Reuben Kendall, of Le Roy, N. Y., and had a son, Eugene M. Bennett. Judge Bennett's death occurred at Pierre,

S.

D.,

Dec. 31, 1893.

NOYES,

Daniel Rogers, merchant, was born at Lyme, Conn., Nov. 10, 1836, son of Daniel R. and Phoebe Griffin (Lord) Noyes. His father, a mer-

war of and his maternal grandmother, Eve Dorr Griffin, was a sister of Edward Dorr Griffin, D.D., president of Williams College. The first of the

chant, served as lieutenant-colonel in the 1812,

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

336

family in America was James Noyes, a native of Chouklerston, Wiltshire, England, who emigrated to Massachusetts in 1634, and was minister of the church at Newbury from 1635 until his death. By his wife Sarah Brown, he had a son, James, and the descent is traced through this son and his wife Dorothy Stanton; their son, Thomas, and his wife Elizabeth Sanford; their son, Joseph, and his wife Barbara Wells; and t'.ieir son, Thomas, and his wife Lydia Rogers. Daniel R. Noyes was, to use his own words, "an undergraduate in the school of experience," having attended academies and high schools only.

York

He removed city in

engaged until 1861,

in

to

New

1854 and was there

business

when he

enlisted in

the 22nd regiment, New York state national guard. Upon the expiration of his term of service he returned to New York and entered a bank. The failure / of his health compelled him to in give up business, and several years were spent Mr. Noyes travel in this country and Europe. settled in St. Paul, Minn., in the winter of 18GS-G9 and there took up the wholesale drug business. A. M. Pett became his partner in 1867 (Mr. Noyes' brother soon joining them) under the firm name of Noyes, Pett & Co. In 1809 Mr. Pett retired and the name was changed to Noyes Brothers. In 1X70 Edward II. Cutler became a partner, and since that time it has been and continues as Noyes Brothers & Cutler. The house of which Mr. Noyes is the head has developed from comparatively small beginnings into the leading one in its line in the Northwest, and one of the largest in the United Mr. Noyes never sought or accepted States. political preferment, but not many citizens of Minnesota, if any, were more closely identified with its development along educational, religious, and philanthropic as well as business lines. He was a trustee of Carleton College for thirty-two years, and was a regent of the University of MinneHe was the founder of the General Relief sota. Society of St. Paul and served as its president, and for many years has been president of the Minnesota State Society for the Prevention of Cruelty, now the State Bureau for Child and Animal Protection. He was one of the incorporators of the New National Red Cross Society; was a member of the creed revision committee of the Presbyterian church and vice-moderator of its general assembly of 1902; was vice-president of the American Humane Society, and of the American Sunday School Union; was president of the National Wholesale Druggists' Association in 18SG-87, and a director of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of New York city for about ten years; and was president of the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce and the St. Paul Jobbers' Union. Mr. Noyes was a member of the National Geographic and Historical societies, the American Social Science Association; the Century Club of New York city; the Minnesota, and Town and Country clubs of St. Paul; and was an elder and :ict ive member of the House of Hope (Presbyterian) Church. lie was the author of occasional articles on sociological and other topics, and delivered a number of addresses on matters of public interest. He was married in New York city, Dec. 4, 1866, to Helen A., daughter of Winthrop 'Sargent Oilman, a

/

_

prominent

banker and philanthropist, and had Helen Oilman, wife of Prof. William

five children,

Adams Brown, Winthrop

of

Sargent;

Union Theological Seminary; Evelyn McCurdy, wife of

S. Saltus, of Mt. Kisco, N. Y.; Caroline L., Rpllin wife of Thatcher M. Brown, of New York; and D. Raymond Noyes. He died in St. Paul, Minn., April 13, 1908. William Fitzjames, M. E. bishop,

OLDHAM,

was born in Bangalore, South India, Dec. 15, 1854, eon of James Oldham, a British army officer in the service of the East India Company. His ancestors on his father's side had been for many generations military men or members of the British navy or merchant marine. The son received his primary and business education in India, and was While first employed as a government surveyor. so engaged he entered, through curiosity, a religious

meeting where he heard

direct

incisive

preaching which led him to become an earnest Methodist Christian and to fit himself for the To that end he gospel ministry in that church. came to America in 1879 and attended Allegheny Here he was obliged to College, Meadville, Pa. earn the money to maintain himself, and the next year he was joined by his young wife. In two years they both entered Boston University, where he was graduated in the class of 1883. His wife being unable, by reason of ill health, to complete the course, spent a term at Mount Holyoke Seminary, and in 1884 they both sailed for India to open a mission wherever Bishop Hurst might send

He

a new foreign Here they established an Anglo-Chinese school, and while Mr. Oldham created the school and was superintendent them.

selected

them

to open

mission in Singapore, Malaysia.

of the Malaysia mission his wife taught in the boys' school, opened the work among women, and was

president of the Christian Temperance Union in that place. With a Mrs. Leavitt she organized the work, and established a permanent mission among the women, America money and furnishing the Australia sending as the resi-

the

first

Woman's

dent missionary Miss Sophia Blackmore. After years of incessant labor they returned to America by way of China and Japan in 1890. Proceeding directly to Pittsburg, Pa.,

Mr.

Oldham was appointed

of the Butler Street Methodist Episcopal Church.

pastor

He had

flattering offers of in two promiMethodist colleges in and accepted that in the

professorships

nent

Ohio Wesleyan 1895, University, founding there the chair of missions and comparative

religions,

which

he

occupied until

1900. He was a delegate to the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1880, and to the ecumenical conference at Washington, D. C., in In 1900 he was again elected a delegate to 1891. the general conference and soon after was appointed assistant secretary of the Missionary Society of the

In 1904 he was Methodist Episcopal church. elected missionary bishop of Southern Asia and has retained that office to the present time. Bishop Oldham is an extensive contributor to the religious He was married, Sept. 13, 1875, to Marie press. Augusta Mulligan, the daughter of a British army She was an earnest missionary and conofficer. vert to the Methodist Episcopal church, and before tier husband left for America she opened and alone conducted a girl's mission school at Bangalore.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. manufacturer and was born at Syracuse, N. Y., May 11, 1851, son of Sylvester P. and Cornelia (Marsh)

PIERCE, William Kasson,

financier,

His ancestors early settled in Connecticut, Spaulding Pierce, removed to Sauquoit, Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1796. His father (q.v.), a native of Sauquoit, settled at Syracuse in 1839, and there founded the Pierce, Butler & Pierce Manufacturing Co., in 1876, of which he

Pierce.

whence

his grandfather, Dr.

was

president

until

his

William K. Pierce was educated in the schools of Syracuse, and was graduated in the scientific department of Cornell Unideath.

After two versity in 1873. years spent in travel abroad, fie began the study of law

but later Syracuse, his intentions and entered the crockery business with the firm of S. P. Pierce & Sons. With his brotherfather and his the firm of in-law, William A. Butler, he founded Pierce, Butler & Pierce, manufacturers and jobbers in steam, gas and water supplies, and steam and At the end of ten years the sanitary engineers. business had so vastly increased that the company was organized as the Pierce, Butler & Pierce Manufacturing Co., with a capital stock of $200,000. About 1888 he purchased a large foundry and machine shop at Geneva, N. Y., and organized the Catchpole Manufacturing Co., with a capital of $100,000, which was conducted with equal success until 1890, when the two companies were consolidated under the name of Pierce, Butler & Pierce Manufacturing Co., with a capital of $600,000. Since this date the company has done an annual In addition to business of $1,000,000 and over. inaugurating and carrying forward this vast enterprise, Mr. Pierce has been an active and important factor in the electric light business of Syracuse and In 1882 his firm obtained a franchise for vicinity. lighting the streets of the city, which, with their entire plant, was subsequently consolidated with the present Thomson-Houston Electric Light Co. In 1888, as a result of his own conof Syracuse. at

changed

ception and almost solely by his own efforts, he organized the Syracuse Heat and Power Co., capitalized at $200,000, obtaining valuable franchises from the city to lay wires and conduits through the streets. He was president of this company about ten years. In February, 1893, he incorporated the American Boiler Co., which was formed by the consolidation of five of his most important competitors, with a capital of $1,500,000. Three years later, on behalf of the Pierce, Butler & Pierce Co., he purchased the entire capital stock of this corporation, and united all the various business and manufacturing interests in his large factories at Syracuse. He has been president of this concern since its foundation, and conducts its far-reaching activities through branches in all the important cities of the Union. Through his great enterprise and untiring activity, Mr. Pierce has earned recognition among the foremost captains of industry at the present day. No man has done more than he to develop Syracuse, and none has been more alert to cooperate or inaugurate movements looking toward an extension of its activities or an increase in its importance. In 1880 he was appointed captain on the staff of Brig. -Gen. J. D. Hawley, and in 1882 was promoted major on the

337

Gen. Dwight H. Bruce, 7th brigade N. G. He is a member of several of the leading clubs of Syracuse and quite as prominent in social He was married June 6, as in business affairs. Eleanor B., daughter of Stiles M. 1880, to Rust, of Syracuse. They have two sons and one daughter, William R., Harold S., and Rosamond staff of

N. Y.

Pierce.

MOULTON,

Aug-ustus Freedom, lawyer, was

May 1, 1848, son of Freedom and His earliest AmeriCoffin (Carter) Moulton. can ancestor was William Moulton, who left his home in Ormsby, Norfolk co., England, in 1637, going first to Newburyport, Mass., and finally settling at Hampton, N. H. The record of descent, arranged by generations, is as follows: William Moulton and his wife Margaret Page Robert Moulton and his wife Lucy Smith Jonathan Moulton and his wife Elizabeth Lamphrey; Capt. Daniel Moulton and his born at Jay, Me.,

Shuah

;

;

wife Grace Reynolds;

Charles Pine Moulton and

his wife Olive Fabyan; and Joshua Moulton and his wife Lydia Stone, who were the grandparents of Augustus F. Moulton. Capt. Daniel Moulton

was an extensive landholder in bcarboro and during the revolutionary war was a member of the committee of correspondence and safety. Having obtained the rudiments of his education from the town schools of Scarboro, Augustus F. Moulton attended in succession Gorham academy, Saco high school, and Westbrook seminary. He entered Bowdoin College in the class of 1873, and was graduated at the head of his class, delivering the As an underoration at the commencement. graduate he won the St. Croix prize established for the best offhand debater. The year following graduation he was tutor in

Bowdoin

College.

He

read law in Portland with Judge William L. Putnam, of the United States court of appeals, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since that date been in conhe has tinuous and successful

then

practice of his profession in He has Portland.

devoted his

time almost

the law, exclusively to but was president of the

Maine

Mutual

Accident its conMr. Moulton, solidation. in addition to the gift of oratory, wields a strong and ready pen. His taste runs on historical lines and he has furnished many interesting and valuable contributions to magazines and other periodicals. He has also published several pamphlets which have been widely circulated and commended. These include, "Trial by Ordeal," "The Settlement of " Scarborough," Church and State in New England," "Sir Ferdinand Gorges and his Palatinate of Maine," and "Genealogy of the Moulton Family." Some of the more notable causes with which he has been connected as senior counsel are the Aaron McKenney will case, the Thomas J. Libby murder case, the Edward A. Chase murder case, the suits growing out of the explosion of the works of the Portland Gas Co. in 1900. and a number of important railroad cases. He has always been deeply interested in educational matters, and was a member of the school committee of Scarboro for fifteen years. He represented Scarboro in the Maine legislature during 1878-79; was mayor of the city of Deering (now a part of Portland) in 1898 and was president of the board of aldermen of Portland in 1900. He Association

until

;

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

338

a member of the Cumberland, Lincoln, and Portland clubs, the Maine Historical Society, president of the Maine Society of Sons of the American Revotion, member of the Society of Colonial Wars, a prominent Mason and Knight of Pythias, as well as a member of several other local societies of a He is unmarried. social and literary nature. is

MOSES, Charles Malcolm, was born in Limerick, Me., Aug. 25, 1851. son of Abram and Mary Ann His earliest American ancestor, (Foss) Moses. George Moses, was one of three brothers who came from the Isle of Wight in 1754, and settling in Scarboro, Me., was the progenitor of all the families bearirg the name in that section of Maine. George Moses married in Scarboro in 1772, Ann, daughter of Edward Milliken of that town, and the line of descent is traced through George, William and Cyrus, the grandfather of Charles M. Moses. The latter was educated in the public schools of Biddeford, Me. He served as clerk in a hardware store in Biddeford for several years, and then became bookkeeper and paymaster in the Saco Waterpower Machine Co. one of the largest indusconcerns in the state of Maine. In 1878 he was elected mayor of Biddeford, being the youngest man to hold that office in the history of the city, and trial

was

in 1880. reflected resigned his position with the Saco Waterpower Machine Co. in March, 1898, to accept the office of appraiser of customs at the ports of Portland and On the death of Weston F. Milliken, Fal mouth. collector of the port, in January, 1900, Mr. Moses was appointed to fill the vacancy and was reappointed in 1904. His administration of the affairs of the Portland custom house have won the cordial appreciation of the leading commercial men of the city, as well as that of the local representatives of the several lines of foreign stea_iiships, which make that port one of their terminal points. To sound judgment and unusual executive ability Mr. Moses adds a courteous and winning personality. Since 1888 he has been a member of the Republican He is a member of the Biddeford State committee.

He

and from Harvard

His wife was Sarah, in 1847. daughter of Col. Andrew Galbraith, and their daughter, Annie Gibson, was married to William, U. Roberts, a distinguished civil engineer. He died in Philadelphia, Pa.,

VAN BENSSELAER,

May

3,

1853.

Marianna (Griswold), and author, was born in New York city, of Feb. 25, 1851, daughter George and Lydia (Alley) She received her education at home. Griswold. She was married, in 1874, to Schuyler Van Rens-

art critic

selaer, of

New

Brunswick, N.

husband she returned

of her settled

J.

to

Upon

the death

New York and

with her mother, Mrs. George Griswold. president of the Public Education AssociaBesides frequent contributions tion of New York. to periodicals on art and architecture, she has published the following works: "Book of American "American Etchers" (188G); Figure- Painters" " (1886) Henry Hobson Richardson and His Works" (1888); "Six Portraits; Delia Robbia, Correggio" " (1889) English Cathedrals ( 1892) ;" Outof Doors" (1893), "One Man Who Was Content," a novel (1897), and a "History of New Y'ork in the Seventeenth Century," in four volumes (vol. I, 1909).

She

is

;

'

'

;

BEAUPRE, Arthur M., diplomat, was born at Oswego, 111 July 29, 1853, son of Matthias and Sarah J. (Patrick) Beaupre and a descendant of Chevalier Francois de Beaupr, famous in early Canadian history. He was educated in the public schools of Aurora, 111., studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar and to practice in the United States courts in Chicago. During 1886-94 he was county clerk of Kane county, 111. He was ap,

1

,

pointed by Pres. McKinley secretary of the legation and consul-general at Guatemala, Oct. 7, 1897, serving there as charg d'affaires from Dec. 9, 1897, to Jan! 24, 1898; and from Feb. 12, 1899, to April On Oct. 27 of the same year he was ap5, 1899. pointed secretary of the legation and consul-general at Bogota, Colombia, where he served as charge^

from Sept. 23, 1900, to Jan. 28, 1901 and from March 17, 1902, to July 22, 1902. Appointed by Pres. Roosevelt envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Colombia on Feb. 12, 1903, he served as such during the pendency of the Panama canal treaty before the Colombian congress, receiving the highest praise from Amerd'affaires

ican

public

;

officials

for

these

services.

When,

during January and February, 1904, the United States senate considered the question of the Panama canal treaty, Mr. Beauprd's part in the negotiations was favorably commented upon by many of the It was said that but for Mr. leading senators. Commandery of Knights Templar. He was mar- Beaupr's energetic and effective intervention, the ried in Saco, Jan. 17, 1872, to Lillian J., daughter present arrangement with the republic of Panama On March 17, 1904, of William H. Deering, of that city, and had one would have been impossible. he was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister child, Katherine M., wife of Paul S. Hill. plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic, and on GIBSON, John Bannister, jurist, was born at April 2, 1908, was transferred to the more imCarlisle, Pa., Nov. 8, 1780, son of Col. George Gib- portant post of envoy extraordinary and minister After his graduation plenipotentiary to the Netherlands and Luxemson, a revolutionary soldier. He is a at Dickinson College, in 1800, he studied law; was burg, succeeding Dr. David Jayne Hill. admitted to the bar of Cumberland county, Pa., member of the administrative council of the permaat The Hague. Mr. in 1803, and practiced his profession in the counties nent court of arbitration of Carlisle and Beaver, and afterwards also in Beaupr6 was married at De Kalb, 111., Oct. 20, Hagerstowii, Md. He represented Carlisle in the 1880, to Mary F., daughter of Hon. Charles W. Pennsylvania state legislature in 1810-11, and two Marsh, and has one daughter, Beatrice, wife of years later was appointed judge of the llth Penn- Spencer S. Dickson, a British consular officer. He became a judge of the supreme eylvania circuit. lourt of the state in 1816, and in 1827 was made BOARDMAN, Waldo Elias, dental surgeon, of chief-justice Pennsylvania. He was again was born at Saco, Me., Sept. 1, 1851, son of Elias elected to the supreme bench in 1851 Judge and Sarah Hartshorn (Hopkins) Boardman, and Gibson gained renown as a Shakesperian authority, a descendant of William Bordman, who came over and in 1821 was elected a member of the American from Cambridge, England, settling in Cambridge, He received the degree of Mass., in 1638. He received his education in the Philosophical Society. LL.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1838, public schools of his native town and a private

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. school in Portland, Me., and subsequently in the medical and dental schools of Harvard Univenty, which he entered in 1883 and where he was graduated D.M.D. in 1886. Previously, however, in 1869, he engaged in business with his father who was estabTwo lished in the boot and shoe business at Saco. years later the son went to Boston and there engaged in the profession of patent solicitor and counsel in patent causes, to which he closely applied himself for nearly seven years, when his health gave way, and he was forced to seek recovery in four years of travel and open-air life. At the end of this period he became associated in the publication of a weekly trade journal in New

York city, and after selling his interest in this enterprise entered the drug business and subsequently the confectionary business, retiring from this in 1883, in which year he began his medical and dental studies at Harvard. He entered upon the practice of his new profession in 1886 at Boston, Mass. In 1890 he was appointed instructor in the dental department at Harvard University, being reappointed each year to 1900. In 1891 he was appointed curator of the Dental Museum at Harvard for an indefinite period, and librarian in 1897, In 1899 he was also for an indefinite period. appointed a member of the administrative board, in

which capacity he is still serving. He has been the editor of the "Quinquennial Catalogue" since its

published in 1897. Dr. Boardman was a member of the World's Columbian Dental Congress at Chicago, 111., in 1893, and a member of its finance committee in the state of Massachusetts, and was honorary chairman of the general committee for the state of Massachusetts of the Lewis and Clark Dental Congress, Portland, Ore., in 1905, being also the honorary president of this congress and a member of various committees of the Fourth International Dental Congress, St. He is a member of the Louis, Mo., in 1904. Dental Protective Association of the United States, the American Academy of Dental Science, the Interstate Dental Fraternity, the Federation Dentaire Internationale, life member of the Harvard Dental Alumni Association, and associate member He has of the New York Institute of Stomatology. been an active member of the Massachusetts Dental Society since 1887, acting as its president during 1906-07, president of the Northwestern Dental Association, 1899-1900, and of the Harvard OdonHe is also a member tological Society in 1896-97. of the National Dental Association, of which he was elected the president for 1904^05, the American Medical Association, and various clubs and civic organizations. Dr. Boardman was married at Boston, Mass., June 15, 1882, to Margaret first

edition,

Elizabeth, daughter of

Thomas Brown.

BOSTWICK, Arthur

Elmore,

librarian,

was

born at Litchfield, Conn., March 8, 1860, son of David Ehnore and Adelaide (McKinley) Bostwick, and a direct descendant of Arthur Bostock, of came to Tarporley, Cheshire, England, who America about 1641, and settled at Stratford, and from Conn. His wife was Jane Whittell, them the line of descent is traced through their son John, who married Mary Brinsmead; their son John, who married Abigail Walker; their son John, who married Mary Bushnell their son Benajah, who married Hannah Fisk; their son David, who married Hannah Hill; their son Joel, who married Nancy Stone, and was the grandfather of the subThe latter's father (1821-72) ject of this sketch. was a physician at Litchfield, Conn., and here his youth was spent. He was educated at Litchfield institute and Yale University where he was graduated B.A. in 1881 and Ph.D. in 1883. He held the ;

339

Silliman fellowship in physical science as its first in 1881-84, and acted as substitute instructor and proctor O'ring 1883-84. In the latter year he became teacher in the high school of Montclair, N. J., resigning in 1886 to become one of the editorial staff of Appleton's "Cyclopedia of

incumbent

American Biography," on which he continued to 1888. He then engaged in general literary work; was assistant editor of "The Forum" (1890-92); was associate editor of the "Standard Dictionary" and office expert in physics (1892-94), since 1893 acting "also as editor of the science department of the Literary Digest." In 1895 he became chief librarian of the New York free circulating library, and from this time on his chief attention has been given to library work. During 1899-1901 he waa librarian of the Brooklyn public library and in the latter year became the chief of the circulation department of the New York public library, which position he holds at the present time. Here he has charge of the various branches of the library, const it ut ing the largest circulating library in the world. In 1909 there were forty-one branches having a circulation of over six and a half million volumes a year and a library force

of

over four hundred

The development

of this work has been aided greatly by the generous grants of the

people.

city government and by the large donation in 1901 of $5,-

200,000 by

Andrew

Carnegie,

for the erect ion of H branch IJIUI1L11 buildUU11Uhe features inings. Among the 1

t

reduced during Mr. Mr.Bostwick's

R

.t

;vUkUA

> /3 / /, CD. IvLwctKX^K

administration are are the travel^^_ 's ;he children's children ing libraries, the ( the establishment of libraries, cooperation with the public schools, and the pro vision of books in foreign languages for our adult immigrant Dr. Bostwiek was president of the New population. York Library Club in 1897-99 and 1908-09, of the Long Island Library Club 1900-01, the New York State Library Association 1902-03, vice-president of the New Jersey Library Association 1899-1901, and a member of the American Library Association, of which he served as president in 1907-08. He is a memberof the advisory commit tee of the Public Education Association, directorof the People's University Extension Society, and a member of the university council of the New York State University since 1904. He is also a member of the Authors' and Delta Kappa Epsilon clubs, a fellow of the American Library Institute, and its president in 1909, and was a delegate to the copyright conference in 1905-06. He is the joint author with John D. Champlin of " Young Folks' Cyclopedia of Games and Sports" (1890), has written numerous sketches in various cyclopedias, and is a contributor to current literature on physical science and library economy. He was married at Carmel, N. Y., June 23, 1885, to Lucy, daughter of Rev. Dr. Rollin A. Sawyer, a Presbyterian clergyman, who after retirement from active work was for some time an editorial contributor to " The Evangelist" and professor in the German Theological Seminary, of Newark, N. J. They have three children, Andrew Linn, Esther, and Elmore McNeill Bostwick.

BALDWIN, in

of

Frank Dwight, soldier, was born Washtenaw county, Mich., June 26, 1842, son Francis Leonard and Betsey Ann (Richards)

Baldwin. His first American ancestor was Joseph Baldwin, son of Richard Baldwin of Chelsbury, Bucks co., Eng., who came to America in 1639 and

.

j

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

340

settled at Milford, Conn., and the line of descent is traced through his son Jonathan, who married Hannah Ward; their son Ezra, who married Ruth their son Ebenezer, who married Lois Curtis; Wetmore; their son Samuel, who married Lucy Leonard, and their son Leonard, who married Ar-

and who was Gen. Baldwin's grandfather. Frank D. Baldwin received a public school educa-

villa Car,

completing his studies at Hillsdale College He was not graduated owing to the in Michigan. outbreak of the civil war, but on June 15, 1904, Hillsdale College conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in recognition of his military attainments. In September, 1861, he enlisted as second lieutenant of the Michigan horse guards in the volunteer army, becoming first lieutenant of the 19th Michigan volunteers in 18C2. His first engagement was at Brentwood, Tenn., March 25, 1803, when the command was captured by Gen. Forrest. He wa.s exchanged, Oct. 5, 1863, tion,

and while

his

company was

guarding a

railroad bridge three miles south of Murfreesboro, he was again cap-

tured by Gen. Wheeler, but set at liberty the same day. During the winter of 186364 he was in command of scouting parties in the vicinity of McMinnville, Tenn., guerilla

"encountering many times.

bands

He was

pro-

moted captain, Jan. 23, 1864, and in that year his regiment formed a part of Sherman's army on its campaign through Tennessee, Georgia, the CarIn this olinas and Virginia. campaign he took part in the battles of Resaca, Cassville, Dallas, Altoona Hills, Kenesaw Mountain, Culps Farm, Peach Tree Creek, the sieges of Atlanta and Savani

nah, the capture of Columbia, the battle of Goldsboro, and in the occupation of Raleigh, N. C. He was awarded a medal of honor "for distinguished bravery in the battle of Peach Tree Creek, Georgia, July 20, 18(i4, while serving as captain 19th Michigan infantry," having "led his company in a countercharge, under a galling fire, ahead of his own men and singly entered the enemy's line, capturing and bringing back two commissioned officers, fully armed, besides a guidon of a Georgia regiment." He was mustered out of the volunteer army, June 10, 1865, and was appointed to the regular service Feb. 23, 1866, as second lieutenant of the 19th United States irTantry, and was engaged in various capacities in the western states, taking part in Gen. Miles's campaign against the Indians 1874-75. He was awarded a second medal of honor for distinguished gallantry in action against the Indians on McClellan's Creek, Tex., Nov. 8, 1874, having "rescued, with two companies, two white girls, Adelaide and Julia Germaine, by a volunteer attack upon the Indians whose superior numbers and strong position would have warranted delay for reinforcements, but which delay would have permitted the Indians to escape and kill their captives." Immediately after the Custer massacre, he accompanied his regiment to the Yellowstone country, and participated in all the movements of the troops under Gen. Miles against the hostile Indians occupying that region until isso. He was promoted captain March 20, 1879, and was breyetted captain, Feb. 27, 1890, for gallantry in art inn against Indians in Texas, and brevetted major for his gallantry and successful attack on

the Indian chief Sitting Bull's camp on Red Water In November, river in Montana, Dec. 18, 1876. 1890, was ordered from Texas to the scene of Indian hostilities near Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., where he was on duty as inspector general until the final surrender of the Indians in June, 1891. He was inspector of small arms at Chicago, 111. 1891-94; was Indian agent at Anadarko, Okla. 1894-98, and was inspector-general with the rank of lieutenant-colonal of volunteers during the Spanish-American war, 1898-99, when at his own request he was relieved to join his regiment in the Philippine islands. Upon his arrival at Cavite he assumed command of the 4th United States infantry to which he had been assigned as lieutenant-colonel. He was constantly engaged in operations against the Philippine insurgents in Cavite and adjoining provinces, which forced the surrender of Lieut.Gen. Trias with several hundered of his followers,

He was promoted to fully armed and equipped. colonel, July 26, 1901, and assigned to the 27th In 1902 he organized and commanded infantry. the Lake Lanao (island of Mindanao) expedition, of the 27th and 17th infantry, of parts composed 25th mountain battery and detachments of the engineer and signal corps. This command was engaged in operations against the Moros. It was the first body of civilized troops that ever successThe fully reached the south shore of Lake Lanao. campaign terminated in the utter defeat and capture of the strongholds of the Moros in the battle of Bayan, May - and 3, 1902, with loss to the Americans of fifty-one killed and wounded, and of the Moros, three hundred or more killed. Col. Baldwin was prompted June 9, 1902, to be brigadier-general. Owing to illness he was obliged to leave the As commander of the field of active operations. department of the Visayas, he continued in the Philippine islands until Feb. 22, 1903, when he was relieved from further duty there and assigned to the command of the department of the Colorado, with headquarters at Denver. He was assigned to the command of the southwest division in April, 1905, with headquarters at Oklahoma City, where

he remained until his retirement, on June 26, 1906. Gen. Baldwin was married Jan. 10, 1867, at NorthDr. Thomas ville, Mich., to Alice, daughter of Blackwood, and had one daughter, Juanita Baldwin.

ANDREWS,

Clement Walker,

Librarian,

was

born at Salem, Mass., Jan. 13, 1858, son of Joseph and Judith (Walker) Andrews. His father was a banker and merchant, at one time engaged in the East India trade, for two years mayor of Salem, and for several years beefore and during the civil war a brigadier-general in the Massachusetts volunteer His mother has been prominent in philanmilitia. thropical work, especially as chairman of the executive committee of the American Ramabai He was educated at the Boston Latin Association. School and at Harvard College, where he was graduated A.B. in 1879 and A.M. in 1880. In the latter part of his college course he gave special attention to the study of chemistry, and was graduated with honor in the subject. After two years in the laboratory of the manufacturers of Carters' inks, he entered the service of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1883, first as assistant and a year later as instructor, and soon afterwards was placed in charge of the

in organic chemistry,

In William Ripley Nichols chemical library. 1888 he served as scientific member of a commission T appointed by the L nited States treasury depart-

ment

to investigate the methods in use at certain ports in determining duties on sugar, and in 189192 he had full charge of the laboratory work in organic chemistry. Gradually, however, library

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. and bibliographical work took more and more of In 1889 he was appointed his time and attention. librarian of the Massachusetts Institute of

Tech-

341

Lane

Hall, a large auditorium with laboratories and and also the Lane hospital, the latter building being opened to the public in 1894. He also founded a yearly course of instruction, the Lane course of medical lectures, to be given by some eminent authority annually selected for his ability in some department of medical science. His last years were devoted to the work of Lane hospital class rooms,

and with the cooperation of the faculty he systematized the work of the previously independent departmental libraries. In 1892 he was elected secretary of the Society of Arts and appointed editor of its publication, the "Technology Quarterly." In 1895 Mr. Andrews was appointed and Cooper Medical College. His methods were librarian of the newly established John Crerar simple and direct with clear-cut precision in and of has held this to He devised many original operaChicago, library position everything. the present time. The scope of this library as a tions in surgery, always seeking the best ways reference library of scientific and technical litera- of perfecting the surgeon's art. In 1870 he ture made his training and experience of special was married to Pauline C. Sampson, of Massavalue in carrying out the plans of the directors. chusetts, and died childless at San Francisco Under his administration a staff of fifty assistants Feb. 18, 1902. has been organized, temporary quarters capable of ELLINWOOD, Charles Norman, physician, accommodating nearly 200 readers and 300,000 was born at Cambridge, LaMoille Co., Vt. Apr. volumes have been fitted up, and in fourteen years 12, 1836, son of ThonWand 250,000 volumes and 70,000 pamphlets have been Alice Maria (Lathrop) Ellinaccumulated. Mr. Andrew's services outside his wood, grandson of Ralph library work have been confined to the American Ellinwood, and descendant Library Association. Besides considerable com- of Ralph Ellinwood, born in mittee service he was counselor nine years, vice- Wales, who emigrated from His England to America in the president two years, and president in 1907. published writings consist of a few periodical "True Love" about 1638, articles on chemical and library subjects and of his landing at Salem, Mass. " List of His father was a manufacreports as librarian, and he has edited a Serials in Public Libraries of Chicago and Evans- turer of woolen cloths at ton" and supplements, a work covering some Cambridge, Vt., where he owned mills. 12,000 titles. Mr. Andrews is unmarried. The son passed his boyhood at LANE, Levi Cooper, "surgeon, was born on a farm Cambridge, Vt., at Allennear Cincinnati, ()., May 9, 1830, son of Ira and burg, and at Stamford, In his Hannah (Cooper) Lane, and grandson of Jesse and Canada. 1850, Hannah (Huddeston) Lane. His early education mother having died, he was chiefly acquired in private. At the age of removed to Chicago, 111., with private sixteen he taught in the district schools of Butler and there county, and later he attended Farmer's College, tutors and at the Hathaand Union College and, although he did not take a way Academy, completed his elementary course. He then entered Rush Medical College and was full course, he subsequently received the degree of A.M. and the honorary degree of LL.D. from the graduated M.D. in 1858. During 1860-62 he nology,

He studied medicine with his uncles, Drs. Esaias and Elias S. Cooper, and was graduated at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1851. In the same year he was appointed an interne at the latter.

New York

state hospital,

and

four years later became assistant surgeon in the United States navy. He pursued his st udies in medicine and surgery with unremitting vigor while in the navy, and on one of his voyages to Europe he obtained a furlough and took a course at the university of Gottingen. In 1861, having resigned from the navy, he joined his uncle, Dr. Elias S. Cooper, who had organized the first medical school on the Pacific coast, in San Francisco, Cal. Dr. Lane taught in this -=^a^t school and became thoroughly identified in spirit and action with his uncle's work until the latter's death in 1862. 1875, to Early further increase his medical knowledge, he visited London, Edinburgh, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, and after two years study received the degrees of M.R.C.S., England, and M.D. summa cum honore, Berlin. On his return to San Francisco he resuscitated the institution organized by his uncle, and in 1888 he founded its successor, Cooper Medical The buildings he erected from his earnings College. in his practice which with subsequent endowments approximated $500,000. He built as an addition

0^6

m

continued his medical education in the Ecole de Medicine in Paris, and worked in the French hospitals, taking special courses, and returning home after the outbreak of the civil war. In September, 1862, he was appointed surgeon to the 74th Illinois volunteer infantry, and served with the army of the Cumberland and the army of the Ohio, participating in the battles of Perryville, and Bowling Green, Ky., Stone river, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Atlanta, Nashville, Franklin and Lookout Mountain. On the summit of Lookout Mountain he established a hospital, where, as surgeon in chief with thirty assistants, he had charge of 1500 sick and wounded. He was at Atlanta during the He was brigadesiege and capture of that city. surgeon and in charge of field division hospital in the East Tennessee campaign then returned to Nashville, where he continued in hospital service until the war ended. After practicing in Chicago for a year, Dr. Ellinwood removed to San Francisco, and was appointed professor of physiology in the Medical College of the Pacific, which in 1881 became Cooper Medical College. Subsequently, he filled the chair of clinical surgery in that institution, with service at the City and County Hospital. He located, and in 1873 erected, the Marine Hospital on the Presidio reservation, and served there for nine years as surgeon in charge. Having become identified with the organization and development of Cooper Medical College and its Lane Hospital, he succeeded its founder, Dr. Levi Cooper Lane, upon In 1879, while his death in 1902, as its president. in charge of the U. S. Marine Hospital Service in New York, he received from the war department the transfer and possession of Bedloe's Island, for ;

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

342

the treasury department, and opened there and Prof. Oliver was a member of the Nat ional Academy conducted the first U. S. Marine Hospital in the and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and port of New York. Dr. Ellinwood was appointed Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and Regent of the University of California in 1901. the American Association for the Advancement of The degree of LL.D, was conferred on him by Science. He was one of the council of the American Rutgers College, New Jersey, in 1903. Dr. Ellin- Mathematical Society, and a member of the honowood delivered lectures up to 1900, and was a con- rary societies of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi He was tributor of special articles to medical journals. and of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. He is a member of the county and state medical married, June 28, 1888, to Sara T., daughter of Robert B. Van Petten, who survived him. He societies, and at one time was president of the He is also a member of the Loyal Legion died at Ithaca, N. Y., March, 27, 1895. former. and of other patriotic organizations. He was MONNOT, John Ferreol, metallurgical and married in San Francisco in 1873, to Elizabeth, mining engineer, was born at Classon Point, Westdaughter of Archibald McDowell. They have one chester co., N. Y May 13, 1S64, son of John B. and Louise E. (Ponsot) Monnot. His father came daughter and three sons. to this country in 1821 at the age of sixteen, and OLIVER, James Edward, educator and mathe- became a man of means and influence. He was matician, was born in Portland, Me., July 27, 1829, educated entirely abroad, entering the Lycee son of James and Olivia St. Louis, France at eight years of age, and subDuring his sequently the Polytechnic school. Later, at the (Cobb) Oliver. boyhood the family resided request of the United States government, he was at Lynn, Mass., where his received at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des early education was received. Mines de Paris, where he was graduated in 1888 as He was graduated at Harvard metallurgical and mining engineer. After spending College in 1849 and was the three years in mining and metallurgical establishIn college he ments in France, Belgium, and Germany, to comclass poet. came under the inspiring in- plete his practical education, he became general fluence of Prof. Benjamin manager of a steel foundry at C'harleville, France. Peirce, who considered him In 1893 he was retained by a group of capitalists one of his ablest pupils. Im- to go to Caracas, Venezuela, and report on a gold mediately after graduation he mine at El Chacao. Here he found the mining was appointed assistant under resources so great that he remained for several his former preceptor, in the years actively engaged in exploring and working nautical almanac office, then different mining properties; discovering very valulocated in Cambridge, and able iron ore deposits on the south bank of the retained his connection with Orinoco river; also serving as consulting engineer In 1871 he for the Chacao Gold Mining Co. in Venezuela in it until 1869. was appointed assistant pro- 1893-94, and as general manager of the Pedernales mathematics at Asphalt Mines in 1894-95. During 1899-1901 he fessor of was general manager of Lo Improvisto Gold Mining Cornell University, and in 1873 succeeded to the Co. Since 1901 Mr. Monnot has been engaged in full professorship, which he held till his death. With a rare genius for mathematics and devotion metallurgical researches. He has discovered differto the best culture of his students, Prof. Oliver ent processes for welding coatings of metals, such not only maintained his department at a high as copper and silver on steel cores, for which he has obtained patents in all countries. The most level, but it is not too much to say that he made the university a center of mathematical influence valuable of these is his process for welding copper As a teacher, his breadth of to steel, the new product being called Monnot for this country. view and wealth of suggestiveness, coupled with copper-clad steel, and as a result copper and steel a rare depth of insight and power of sustained re- have been commercially welded together for the search, made him the inspiration of those pupils first time in such form that a steel core can be produced with a copper coating of any desired thickfitted to cope with the higher mathematics, developing at once their originality and enthusiasm. Eager ness. The weld between the two metals is autogein his love of truth and unflagging in the pursuit nous and so complete at all meeting points that of it for its own sake, he was careless of fame, co-extension takes place without any separation publishing little of the results of his studies. His of the component metals. The commercial value in the fact that the strength and publications consist chiefly of papers in mathe- of the product lies matical journals and the transactions of scientific durability of the metal are increased and the cost very materially decreased. He has also patented societies, also of advanced text-books on algebra and trigonometry of which he was joint author. a process for obtaining homogeneous and sound At the time of his death he was engaged upon a castings of metals, which is of great advantage in treatise on the theory of functions and upon another the making of steel ingots, as it improves the on non-Euclidean geometry, also upon a new quality and reduces the cost. Mr. Monnot divides is consulting application of mathematical methods and princi- his time between New York, where he His in- engineer for the Duplex Metals Co., and Paris and ples to certain questions in economics. terests were not limited by his specialty or its London, where he has introduced the manufacture cognate sciences; ethics and philosophy claimed of his metals. In the United States his patents much of Ids attention, and he brought to every are exploited by the Duplex Metals Co. of New question a freshness of view, an absolute inde- York, of which he was president during 1905-08, pendence and freedom from bias that rarely failed when he resigned to extend his work abroad. to set it in a new light. However supported by His contributions to the advancement of the science traditional or contemporary authority, every of metallurgy have been most valuable and notable, theory was subjected to the most searching and he stands in the front rank of the profession. His early religious training was in the Among his lesser achievements are a process of scrutiny. Society of Friends, and he always retained his extracting rubber from bark and leaves of trees, sympathy with their ideal spirit and life. In and improvements in steam heating and electric Ithaca he was an active member of the Unitarian lighting systems. He is a director of the Duplex church and leader of a class in the study of ethics. Metals Co. and the Hudson Wire Co., and a member ,

,

'

IRK

,RY

:

:OMi i.

343

OF AMERICAN' BIOGRAPHY. of the Association of Mining Engineers of Paris and of the Engineers Club of New York. He was married in New York city, December, 1895, to Comtesse de Laredo, of Bone, Algeria.

WIECHMANN, Ferdinand Gerhard, chemist and author, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 12, 1858; son of Ernst Gustav and Anna Caecilie His father, a native of (Albe'rs) Wiechmann. Germany, came to the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century, and engaged in business The son was educated at the in New York city. Deghuee Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., and later attended schools in Berlin and Stuttgart, Germany. He was graduated at the School of Mines, Columbia University in 1881, and a year later he received the degree of Ph.D. from the same university. Postgraduate study at the University of Berlin, Germany, followed, and in 1883 he was made an instructor In that year also, he became conat Columbia. nected with the American sugar industry, with .

to the study of historical and Catholic and has given many lectures and addresses upon these topics, some of his most popular lectures being "Commodore John Barry, Father of the American Navy;" "James Shields, Soldier, Justice, and Senator from Three States;" "Matthew Lyon,

little leisure

subjects,

Man Who

Elected Jefferson;" "John Ury, Popish Priest' in 1741;" "Wolfe Tone, Apostle of Irish Unity," which were given Dr. Coyle has in many parts of the country. the

Hanged as a

'

contributed editorials and articles to many of the Catholic papers in support of projects calculated to advance Catholics in social or public life or to broaden and enlarge their educational powers. On many occasions he has been orator-in-chief at Catholic functions, and at the Catholic centenary celebration at Poughkeepsie in 1908 he was the In 1909 he was decorated by the chief speaker. Pope, receiving the degree of J.D., the title of count, and the position of knight commander of the Holy Sepulchre in recognition of his services to Catholic which he has ever since remained identified. He progress. Dr. Coyle was married Jan. 25, 1893, to Catherine, daughter of Edward Lennon of New is well known as a writer on chemcial subjects and among his publications are: "Sugar Analysis" York, and has one daughter, Ada. (1890); "Lecture Notes on Theoretical Chemistry" its Evolution and Achieveand "Notes on Electro-Chemistry"

"Chemistry,

(1893);

ments"

(1899);

He is a frequent contributor to technical (1906). work in journals, his articles bearing on research sugar chemistry, optical physics and electrochemistry. In 1886 he invented a process for the treatment of sugar solutions which has been adopted in the industry in the United States and In 1906 he invented a process for the in Europe. Protal and of vegetable albumins utilization the preparation therefrom of a series of compounds of value in the arts and industries. He is the English secretary of the International Commission on Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis, a charter member of the American Electro-chemical Society, and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, a member of the American Chemical Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, an associate member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and a fellow of

Dr. Wiechmann the London Chemical Society. has made a specialty of sugar chemistry and optical physics in sugar chemistry he is looked upon as a leading authority and has appeared as an expert In 1885 before the courts in important litigation. he was married to Marie Helen, daughter of Dr. Three Leopold Damrosch (q.v.), the musician. children were the issue of this marriage, a daughter, Margaret Helen, and two sons, Walter Gerard and Harold Ferdinand Wiechmann. ;

COYLE, John Grant, physician and surgeon, was born at Brighton, Mass., Dec. 1, 1868, son of Michael and Bridget ((Kenealley) Coyle. His father, a native of Brighton, Mass., served as signal quartermaster in the United States navy during

the civil war. John Grant Coyle was educated at the Boston Latin School and New York Univerin 1891 as sity, and was graduated at the latter a physician and surgeon. He immediately entered upon the practice of his profession in New York city, making a specialty of nervous and digestive diseases. Dr. Coyle was lecturer on medical topics for the board of education during 1894-97, and in 1S96 he became medical editor of the New York " Daily News," which position he held for eight years. In 1898 he became associated with Rose Hawthorne Lathrop in the care of destitute sufferers from He is cancer, in which work he is still engaged. attending physician at the St. Rose free home for incurable cancer, founded by Rose Hawthorne his Lathrop. Although a busy man he devotes

merchant, was born in New son of William and Lucy (Olmsted) Wills. He received a thorough education from private tutors, and having decided upon a mercantile career, he entered the fire insurance He was identified with fire insurance business. Meanwhile he had made a careful for twenty years.

WILLS, James,

York

city, April 30, 1845,

study of the cold storage business, and in 1877, with his brother William Wills, he formed the firm of Wills Bros., to engage in the cold storage business. At that time the refrigerating industry was in its infancy, and Mr. Wills was not only of the pioneers but became one of the most prominent factors in building up and developing this new Previous to the development of artificial line. refrigeration only a small the perishable of foodstuffs sent to market

part

could be consumed, and the glut at the season of greatest production prevented the producer from

paying profits from what he was able to

realizing

dispose

of.

The

development

scientific

of refrigera-

ting processes permits the

storage of the whole crop of perishable merchandise for a continuous

supply

and at low cost. Eggs and poultry are among articles principal and considering stored, that these, known as the

the

"hen product," exceed in value any other product of the country, an idea of the importance of the The warehouses cold storage industry may be had. conducted by Mr. Wills carry a stock of 200 millions of eggs and thousands of tons of poultry, besides butter, cheese, meats, fruits, nuts, and an almost endless variety of other perishable articles, and the refrigerating plants of the company produce the equivalent of the melting of 2,500 tons of ice every twenty-four hours. These facts have, demonstrated the economic value of artificial refrigeration inasmuch as the production of foodstuffs does no longer keep pace with the increase in population. In 1888 the Wills Bros, incorporated their business into the Merchants Refrigerating Co., and while it is one of many similar companies it stands as the largest of

THE NATIONAL CVCI.or.EDIA

344

the kind in the United States. The growth of the industry is due to no small extent to the ingenuity, He inskill, and executive ability of Mr. Wills. vented many of the modern processes of cold storage, and originated improvements in construction and methods of handling goods. Mr. Wills is interested in all outdoor sports, and is a member of the New

York Yacht Club, the New York Athletic Club, and the Salmagundi Club of New York.

STORER, John Humphreys,

capitalist,

was

born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 2S. 1859, son of Horatio Robinson and Emily Elvira His first Am(Gilmore) Storer. erirun ancestor was Augustine Storer, a native of Lincolnshire, Eng., who came to America in 1629, and settled at Boston, Mass. His wife w as Susanna lutchinson, and the line of descent is traced through their son William, who married Sarah Starbuck; their son Joseph, who married Hannah Hill their son married Eliabeth John, who Hill; their son John, who married Mary Langdon their son T

I

;

;

Woodbury, who married Margaret Boyd, and their son David Humphreys, who married Abby Jane Brewer, and was the

S

grandfather of the subject of This David Humthis sketch. phreys Storer (q.v.) was a famous physician and naturalist. He was dean of the Harvard Medical School and a president of the American Medical Association. Mr. Storer's father, Horatio Robinson Storer (q.v.), was also a noted physician of Boston, who is said to have been the first in America to teach gynecology proper as distinguished from obstetrics. Belonging to the same family is Hon. Bellamy Storer, who was United States ambassador to Belgium, Spain and Austria. John Humphreys Storer was educated in private schools in Boston and at St. Mark's He studied one year at School, Southboro, Mass. Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, and three years in Italy, then entered Harvard College and was graduated A.B. in 1882. He was an active and popular student at college, serving as an officer in many of the student organizations, as editor of the Harvard daily paper and a director from his class of the Harvard Cooperative Society. He also attended the Harvard Law School, where he was graduated LL.B. in 1885, and was admitted to the bar in Boston in the same year. Becoming interested in a number of large family trusts and industrial and real estate companies, he gradually abandoned law practice and devoted all his time to business pursuits and financial operations. Mr. Storer is a director or trustee in some forty concerns, and is serving as treasurer of twenty-three, viz., Boston Cooperative BuildCo., Boston Suburban Development Trust, Boston Water Power Co., Brooklyn Associates. Brooklyn Development Co., Church Avenue Real

ing

Estate

Association,

Clifford B.

City

Harmon &

Buildings

Corporation,

Eureka Roman Stone York Development Co., Harmon Co.,

Co., Greater New Park Co., Harwood Construction Co.,

Hudson Co-

operative Savings and Loan Association, Kingsboro Realty Co., Merchants Real Estate Trust Co., Montague Builders Supply Co., New Y'ork Suburbs Co., Pelham Associates, Pelhamwood Co., Point Shirley Co., Realty Co., State Street Trust Co. (Boston), Staten Island Associates, Tuckahoe Associates, Windsor Trust Co., Winthrop Development Co., Wood-Harmon Associates, Wood-Harmon Bond

Wood-Harmon Real Estate Association, WoodHarmon Real Estate Trustees and the Wood-Harmon Richmond Realty Co. He is also a director Co.,

the Episcopal City Mission, the New England Watch and Ward Society, the Workingmen s Building Association and the Workingmen'a Loan Association; a trustee of the People's Institute and the Wells Memorial Institute for Workingmen; a trustee and secretary of the Robert Treat Paine Association, and senior warden of Christ Church, Waltham. Mr. Storer is also a member of a number of social clubs, including the American and Massachusetts Automobile associations, Somerset, Union, of

Boston Athletic, Harvard, City, Boston City, Exchange, Essex County Country, Manchester Yacht,

Oakley Country and Republican clubs, all of Bosand the University, Harvard, New Y'ork Athletic, City History and Harmon Country clubs of New York. He also is a member of the Harvard Law Association, Bostonian Society, New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston Chamber of Commerce, Boston Merchants Association and SoMr. Storer was married ciety of Colonial Wars. Nov. 18, 1885, to Edith, daughter of Robert Treat Paine (q.v.) of Boston. His children are: Emily Lyman, John H., Jr., Edith, Robert Treat Paine, Theodore Lyman, and Lydia Storer.

ton,

architect, was born in New July 23, 1846, son of Edward and Catharine (Ireland) Cook. His father was a native of Stafford, England, a member of the Cooke family of Cannock Staffordshire, and coming to this country in 1815, he engaged in mercantile business in New York city. His mother was the daughter of George Ireland, who designed and

COOK, Walter,

York

city,

built

many important

buildings

in

New York

during the first half of the nineteenth century. The son was prepared for college in a private school of New York city, and was graduated at Harvard He studied architcture at the College in 1869. Royal Polytechnic School in Munich, 1871-73, and at the Paris School of Fine Arts, 1873-76, at the latter studying under Emile Vaudremer. In 1878 he began the practice of his profession in New York city, and formed a partnership with George Fletcher Babb. In 1884 Daniel W. Willard became associated with them, under the name of Babb, Cook & Willard, W. A. Welch taking his place in 1898. The work of the firm has been varied. It designed the De Vinne Press and the Hanan buildings of New York, perhaps the

most

successful of those remarkable warehouse buildings which have been built since 1890 with massive brick walls and the simplest possible treatment. Another office building of note is that of the New York Life Insurance Co., at St. Paul, Minn., which is surprisingly vigorous in style,

and one

buildings

of the

within

reproduced

in

the

most

original

of the high

twenty years. It is book "How to Judge

past

Sturgis's

The firm has deArchitecture," Plate LXIV. signed houses for F. B. Pratt and George D. Pratt of Brooklyn Andrew Carnegie of New York country houses for Paul D. Cravath and W. S. ;

;

Pierce, Long Island; Carnegie branch libraries and the Alfred Corning Clark neighborhood house, and the building for the New York Kindergarten Association in New York. The house of Andrew Carnegie is an endeavor to express the special

wishes of its owner, which were: first, to avoid pretentiousness above all things and to give him nothing which should be spoken of as "a palace;" second, to recall, so far as surrounding conditions would allow, the idea of a mansion in the country witli garden attached. Mr. Cook has acted as expert member of the jury in a number of im-

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. portant- competitions, among them those for the New York Public Library, for the University of California, and for the buildings at West Point. He was a member of the Municipal Art Commission of New York city, and is now consulting architect He of the board of estimate and apportionment. is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects, of which he is a director and past president of the New York chapter; a member of the Society of Beaux Arts Architects, of which he was president in 1X'.I7 IS'.IX: associate of the National Academy of Design, and a member of the National Academy of Arts and Letters, and the Century and Harvard Mr. Cook was married clubs of New York city. in Pans, France, Nov. 18, 1870, to Marie Elizabeth Hugot, who died leaving two sons, Dr. Edward and Walter C'ook, Jr. He was married again, Feb. 25, 1898, to Louise, daughter of Hon. E. C. Sprague, of Buffalo. N. Y.

BOWERS, of the

March

Lloyd Wheaton,

United States, was born 9,

1859, son of

solicitor-general

in Springfield, Mass.,

Samuel Dwight ami Martha

Wheaton (Dowd) Bowers, and a descendant of John Bowers, who settled in Massachusetts about After preparatory schooling, he entered Yale University, where he was graduated A.B., 1879, He then attended as the valedictorian of his class. the Columbia University Law School, receiving LL.B. in the degree of 1882. Being admitted to the bar in the same year, he began his legal career in New York city, with the firm of Chamberlain, Carter & Hornblower, and two years later became a member of the firm of Wilson & Bowers at Winona, Minn., retaining this connection until 1893. During 1893-1909, he was general counsel of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway system, with headquarters at Chicago. On April 2, 1909, he was appointed by Pres. Taft, solicitor-general of the United States, to succeed Henry M. Hoyt. Mr. Bowers is the representative of the department of justice on the central committee of the Red Cross He is a member of the Chicago and UniSociety. versity clubs, the Onwentsia and Skokie Country clubs, and the Chicago Athletic Association, of Chicago, and of the Metropolitan Club of Washington. He was married at Winona, Minn., in 1887, to LouLse Bennett Wilson, daughter of Thomas Wilson, 1635.

by whom he had two children, Thomas Wilson dan Martha Wheaton Bowers. His first wife died in 1897 and in August, 1906, he was married to Charlotte Josephine, daughter of Thomas Lewis, of Detroit and Grosse Isle, Mich.

APPLE, Henry Harbaugh, educator, was at Mercersburg, Pa., Nov.

8,

1869, son of

born

Thomas

Gilmore and Emma (Miller) Apple. His father (q.v.) (1829-1898) was a clergyman, president of Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa., and professor of church history in the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church in the United States. The son was educated in the public and high schools of Lancaster, Pa., and Franklin and Marsnall College, where he was graduated A.B. in 1889 and A.M. in 1892. His studies for the ministry were pursued in the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church in the United States. His first charge was St. John's Reformed Church, Philadelphia, Pa., over which he presided from 1892 until 1898, changing in the latter year to the Trinity Reformed Church, of York, Pa. During his first pastorate the church was made self-supporting and started on the way to strength and In his labors at York he was very prosperity. successful and during the eleven years of his ministry the church contributed $120,000, of which $58,000 was for benevolent purposes. He was elected president of Philadelphia classis in 1895;

34.3

president of Zion classis in 1902, and in 1905 became president of the Potomac synod of his church. In 1909 he was elected to succeed Rev. Dr. John S. Stahr, as president of Franklin and Marshall College, of which his father had been the head. In speaking of his fitness for his new duties, a local paper said, "He has a genial spirit, sound judgment, vigorous mental qualities, well poised character and strong executive ability, which will fit him for the high and honored position for which he is elected. Few men in the Reformed Church are more widely known and enjoy to a greater degree the confidence and love which is manifested for him. He has rendered conspicuous service to the community." Pres. Apple is also president of the Schubert Choir, a musical organization, and a member of the Historical Society of York, Pa. He as chaplain of the city volunteer fire companies during 1898-1909. He received the degree of D.D. from Lafayette College in 1909. He was married at Lancaster, Pa., to Florence Emma, daughter of Dr. A. J. Herr, and had one daughter.

CORLETT, William Thomas,

physician,

was

born at Orange, Cuyahoga co., Ohio, son of William and Ann (Avery) Corlett, and grandson of William Corlett, who with his wife and six children emliii-aied tn America and settled in Newburgh, near Cleveland, in 1827. He was educated in the public schools of Orange, and the high school of Later he entered Oberlin Chagrin Falls, Ohio. College, and studied medicine at Wooster Univer-ity, being graduated M.D. at the latter in He then went abroad, and for about three 1877. years was engaged in study at the London England) (

Hospital, the Tlopital St. Louis, of Paris, and in the hospitals of Vienna and Berlin, finally qualifying at the Royal College of Physicians of London, England, in 1881. Upon returning to the United States in 1881, he took up the practice of medicine In 1883 he was elected professor in Cleveland, O. of skin and venereal diseases in Wooster University. In 1886 Dr. Corlett was elected professor of derma-

tology and syphilology in the Western Reserve L'ni-

He is versity which position he still fills (1910). also dermatologist to Lake Side hospital and consulting physician for diseases of the skin to Charity hospital, the City hospital and St. Alexis hospital.

As

an

author

of

medical works he is freely quoted by French, English, German, and Russian writers. Some of

known works are: "The Acute Infections Exanthemata," a work of 392 pages profusely illustrated from life; "The Seahis best

ley Diseases of

the Skin," in

Morrow's "System of "

Dermatology ;" The Parasitic Diseases of the Skin," in Hardaway & Bang's "Text-book of Dermatology and Genito-Urinary Disand numerous medical pamphlets and contributions to medical journals. He is also author of "The American Tropics" (1908). In 1903 Dr. Corlett, was invited to deliver the annual address before the Dermatological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and while in London received an invitation to the senior medical students a_ddress of the University of Edinburgh. He has travelled extensively in the West Indies, Mexico, Spain, Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, and the interior of Africa. Dr. Corlett is a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine (Great Britain); member of the American Dermatological Associaeases,"

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

346

tion and its president in 1905; and member of the Country and Union clubs of Cleveland. He was married at Mannheim, Germany, June 26, 1895, to

Amanda Marie, daughter of Isaac Leisy, of Cleveland; and has one son and two daughters.

Mm

KKN/.IE, Robert,

clergyman, was born

at Cromarty, Scotland, Nov. 5, 1845, son of John and Isabella (Allan) Mackenzie. At the age of eleven years he was thrown upon his own resources, and coming to this country a few years later, While employed in a settled in Chicago, 111.

lawyer's office he attended the old Chicago UniHe versity for three years as a special student. then entered McCormick Theological Seminary,

and was graduated in 1873. He was ordained in the same year, and in 1874 he became pastor of the Presbyterian Church, Decatur, 111. After officiating at Lafayette, Ind., for three years (1876-79), he was made pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of San Cal., Francisco,

where he remained for \\twenty-twoyears. In 1901 he was called to the Rutgers Church, New York city, which pastorate he 1

,

,

! '.

held till 1909. He was also chaplain of the Old Guard In 1904 he of New York. was made president of the college board of the Pres-

byterian church, and in 1909 was called to the presidency of the San Francisco Theological Seminary. As a preacher, Dr. Mackenzie is forceful, eloquent and imOne of pressively earnest. the great monuments to his personality and ability is the Presbyterian Theological Seminary at San Anselmo, Cal., probably the most conspicuous The building on the Pacific coast. religious seminary was founded in 1873 in San Francisco. Dr. Mackenzie became interested in it in 1889

and proceeded to raise money for new buildings and endowment. Among those whom he induced to contribute was Mr. Alexander Montgomery, a California pioneer who gave $500,000 and endowed the chair of apologetics with $100,000 which he named after himself and nominated Dr. Mackenzie as its first professor. The latter filled the chair for twelve years in conjunction with his pastorate. During Dr. Mackenzie's ministry on the Pacific coast, he was easily the leader in all the lines of church advance. As pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of San Francisco and at the same time professor and builder of the new Presbyterian Theological Seminary, he was in a position to exercise the widest leadership in all movements that tended to the development of the Christian life and activity of California. His church was the center of all the forces that promised moral and spiritual reformation to a city that in many ways was a field entirely unique. When he went to

New York

he immediately took his place among Presbyterian leaders of the East. In the Presbytery, in all religious and civic movements, his counsel is recognized as an important factor. In 1873 he was married to Lydia Ann, daughter of Archibald McLeod of Romeo, Mich., and has six children, Jean K., John A., Henry A., James A., The first Isabella H. and Aileen S. Mackenzie. named is missionary of the Presbyterian church

the

in Africa.

HENDERSON,

William James, author, was

born in Newark, N. J., Dec. 4, 1855, son of William and Esther (Lewis) Henderson, and grandson of Henry Lewis, a native of London, who emigrated His father, of Scotchto the United States in 1837. Irish descent, was a theatre manager, and the son was associated with him for two years of his life. Even at an early age his tasks and proclivities pivoted toward a literary career, and while at a preparatory school which he attended at Freehold, N. J., he worked as a reporter on the Monrnouth " he Democrat." Entering Princeton College interested himself in college journalism, and upon his graduation in 1876 became a reporter on the New York "Tribune." He abandoned journalistic work in 1878 to become business manager of the Standard theatre in New York city, but in 1880 took the editorship of the "Financial News" and in 1881 returned to the "Tribune." Two years later he transferred his services to the new

He had already mastered staff of the "Times." his two special subjects, music and navigation, and his writings now began to deal more especially with these. In addition to his journalistic work, he has contributed stories, poems, and essays to the leading American and English periodicals.

professor of musical history in the New College of Music during 1890-1900; was an associate editor of the "Standard Dictionary"; and is lecturer on vocal art in the Institute of Musical Art, New York city. Besides his journalistic work Mr. Henderson is the author of "The

He was York

Story of Music" (1889);

"Preludes and Studies"

(1891); "Sea Yarns for Boys" (1895); "Afloat With the Flag" (1895); "Elements of Navigation" (1895); "Last Cruise of the Mohawk" (1897); "Richard Wagner" (1901); "Modern Musical Drift" (1904); "Pipes and Timbrels" (poem) His (1905), and "The Art of the Singer" (1906). writings are characterized by their versatility, probably due to the outgrowth of his journalistic The order of fancy reflected in his training. poems is so different from the cutting humor of his criticism that it is hard to reconcile them as emanating from the same individual, and there is

a difference,

still

though

less

striking,

between

these and the sobriety with which he expresses His tales of the himself on music in book form. sea designed for juvenile readers stand in a class by themselves. It is unquestionably as a critic that he looms largest in the contemporary view, and in that field, with all his wit and apparent inability to resist the opportunity to pen a bright phrase at the expense of human sympathy, there is evident a judgment of works and performances based on extensive study and matured by long He has given arduous study to the observation. theories of voice training, and to the results of the various "schools" or "methods," and on the subject of tone production and the interpretation of vocal music he speaks with an authority unsurpassed by any of his contemporaries. Mr. Henderson served in the New York naval militia from 1890-99, being commissioned ensign in 1891 and lieutenant in 1898; he also enlisted as lieutenant in the IT. S. navy for temporary service in the Spanish war, and though not called for service, was put on the eligible list. He is an ex-member of the Author's Club, and a member of the Princeton Club of New York city, and of the Author's

Club

of

He was married first in in 1880, to Ella, daughter of J. Carter of Nashville, Tenn., and second, 9, 1904, to Julia, daughter York, London, Eng.

New York Samuel in

New

city,

May

A. Wall. By his first wife he had two children, William H. and Florence V. Henof Frederic

derson.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

NORRIS, Frank,

347

author, was born in Chicago, Mar. 5, 1870, son of Benjamin Franklin and Gertrude G. (Doggett) Norris. He studied art in the Julien Academy in Paris from 1887 to 1889, and literature at the University of California and at Harvard (1894-95). His first (1890-94) " Yvernelle," a three canto poem of medieval book, France, was published in 1891. In 1896 the San Francisco "Chronicle" sent him to South Africa, where he was at the time of the Jameson raid. He enlisted in the British cavalry for the defense of Johannesburg and on the failure of the raid was ordered out of the Transvaal by the Boer government. In 1896 and 1897 he was connected with the San Francisco "Wave." In 1898 he was sent by the Doubleday, McClure Co., of New York, to Cuba as a war correspondent, his articles appearing later in the "Century Magazine," and in the same public year attracted the attention of the literary " with a powerful realistic novel entitled McTeague." In a review of this work the Washington "Times" said: "Since Bret Harte no one has written of California life with the vigor and accuracy of Frank Norris, and the best of it is that he is not in the least like Bret Harte, or very much like anyone but himself." In 1899 appeared "Moran of the Lady Letty," a story of the adventures of a shanghaied hero and a trousered ship-steering heroine with piratical outlaws off the California coast. In this, the author demonstrated his ability to draw characters, to create an atmosphere, and to hold the reader's interest without interruption. "Blix" followed in 1900 and "A Man's Woman" The motive of the latter is the conflict in 1901. of the ambitions of a man and woman each with a settled purpose and determination in life. In this case the man's work in the world was the heroic task of Arctic exploration, affording many dramatic situations. Mr. Norris now planned a trilogy of novels, narrating consecutively "the epic The first oi the series was "The of the wheat." Octopus" (1901), dealing with an incident known in California as the "Mussel Slough Affair," which The story ends with was based mainly on fact. one of the most striking and dramatic illustrations

as they have a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit It is not right that they be exof happiness. ploited and deceived with false views of life, false characters, false sentiment, false morality, false history, false philosophy, false emotions, false heroism, false notions of self-sacrifice, false views

of "poetic justice" in literature, the oppressor's vain struggle for life in a whirlpool of wheat in the hold of a wheat schooner. The second story of his trilogy is entitled ''The Pit," and appeared posthumously in 1902. Its subject is gambling in wheat on the produce exchange of Chicago, and its motive is the death grip which the fascination "The hero," of speculation has upon its victims. says the "Arena," "becomes as much a slave of the 'pit' as man ever becomes of drink, of opium, of the hallucinations of well-defined insanity.

the business by transferring the former branches to the newly organized corporation of H. A. Metz & Co. The manufacture of the drugs and chemicals of these enormous enterprises is carried on by a company composed of the same interests, the Consolidated Color and Chemical Co., whose factory is located upon the shore of the Passaic river in Newark, N. J. Besides the main offices in New York city, there are branches in Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, Providence, Charlotte, N. C., Atlanta, Ga., San Francisco, Toronto and Montreal, Canada, and Hamburg and Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany. In business Mr. Metz is the typical

111.,

Seldom has the essential evil of stock gambling been more vividly portrayed than in this work. Barring Zola's great novel entitled 'Money,' which also concerned with stock gambling, we know of nothing in contemporaneous fiction more impressive than this work." The last volume of the trilogy was never produced owing to Norris'

is

untimely death. His short stories and essays were subsequently collected and published in separate volumes entitled "A Deal in White" and

"The Responsibilities of the Novelist," respectively. The interest in his work was so keen that a demand in the San Francisco "Wave" which were destroyed in the fire of 1906), induced a publisher to bring out in 1909 a collection of his short stories hitherto unpublished in book form, with the title "The Third Circle."

for his earlier (all

the

files

work

of

Since Norris fully lived up to his ideal of the function of a novelist, it is proper that this ideal should be here presented in final judgment of his work. "The people," he said, "have a right to the truth

religion of duty, of conduct, of manners." "Therefore," he concludes, "the author should address himself to his task with earnestness, with soberness, with a sense of his limitations, and with all the abiding sincerity that by the favor and mercy of the gods may be his." Mr. Norris was married in New York city, Feb. 12, 1899, to Jeanette Williamson Black, of San Francisco, and had one daughter. He died in San Francisco, Cal., Oct.

of

-'.->.

1(102.

METZ, Herman

and compA., manufacturer 7 currency of New Y ork, was born in New York city, Oct. 19, 1867, son of August and Elizabeth Metz. After attending the public schools of his native city and the high schools of Newark, N. J., he began his business career as office boy with the firm of Paul Schulze-Berge, manufacturing Possessed of more than ordinary dilidruggists. gence and ambition, he at once began to study chemistry in the evening classes at Cooper Union, where he was duly graduated with honors, and before long was appointed laboratory assistant and clerk, then city salesman, traveling salesman, troller of

Boston agent, and finally manof the Boston office.

ager

When the business was incorporated in 1893 under the name of Victor Koechl & Co., Mr. Metz became vice-president and treasurer, at the youthful age of twenty-seven years, and in 1899 he became president and virtual owner In 1903 the enterprise. the chemical and dye-stuff deof

partments were separated from the pharmaceutical branch of

American of commercial genius, with a supreme His business interests capacity for organization. are charted on a great diagram in his private office, and responsibility is fixed on a scientific system. Mr. Metz is a staunch Democrat in politics, and for a number of years he has taken an active interest in local He was one of the main founders politics. of the Kings County Democratic Club, which he built up into a local political power, and as president of which he served in 1903. He was candidate for alderman and for congress on the Independent Democratic tickets in Brooklyn, was a delegate to the Indianapolis convention in 1896 and to In 1906 he was the St. Louis convention in 1904. elected comptroller of New York city on the ticket with George B. McClellan, mayor, and introduced a number of reforms during his administration. In addition to the interests mentioned above Mr.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

348 Metz

is

president of the National Civic Club of

New York

(having formerly been its treasurer), a trustee of the New York Reform Club, a director of the Guardian Trust Co., a member of the Manufacturers' Association, the Brooklyn League, the National Association of Manufacturers, the Merchants Association of New York, the New York Chamber of Commerce, the Board of Trade and Transportation, the Society of Chemical Industry of London, England, the Deutscher Chemiker Verein, of Dresden, Germany, the American ChemElectro-Chemical Society; the ical Society, the Riding and Driving, Manhattan Cricket, Long Island Kennel, Parkway Golf, Germania, Bushwick, Lincoln, and Crescent Athletic clubs of Brooklyn, and the Manhattan, Lotus, Pleiades, Democratic, New York Athletic, Salmagundi, Thirteen, Riding and Driving, Chemists, and Wool and Drug clubs of New York. Mr. Metz is also a thirty-second degree Mason, belonging to the New York consistory, a

member

of Palestine Commandery and Mecca of the Mystic Shrine of New York, a member the Commonwealth Lodge 409 of Brooklyn,

Temple of

Jerusalem Chapter 8 and Aclelphi Council 7. He also a member of the Royal Arcanum, Gilbert Council. He was married, in 1891, to Laura A. Traut, of Newark, N. J.

is

FLIPPER, Joseph Simeon, bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal church, was born in Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 22, 1859, son of Festus and Elizabeth (Burkhalter) Flipper. He received a thorough education, attending Atlanta University until 1876. He left to teach school in various parts of Georgia. For five years he pursued the study of theology, and in 1880 was admitted to the ministry M. E. church. of the A. His first pastorate was at Grooverville, Brooks co., Ga., and he was of the church at Boston, Ga., subsequently pastor 1881-82, and at Darien, Ga., 1882-83. For an interval of two years he resumed teaching in I'c'catiir county, and was then made minister of the Bethel Church at Atlanta, where he remained four years. In 1893 he was made presiding elder of the Athens (Ga.) district, a position he held he for three years, when became pastor of the Allen Temple Church at Atlanta. Here he remained until 1899, when he was placed in charge of St. Paul's Church in the same city. In 1904 he was made dean of the theological

department

of

the Morris Brown College in Atlanta, Ga., and shortly thereafter

was

elected presi-

His dent of the institution. administration, covering a period of four years, was marked by an increase in the student body from 600 He reto over 1000 pupils. signed the presidency in May, 1908, to assume the duties of bishop of his church, having been elected and consecrated May 20th of that year, and assigned to the ninth episcopal district, comprising the states of Arkansas and Oklahoma. Bishop Flipper was chairman of the episcopal committee ot his denomination at ('cilumlms, ()., in 1900, and again at Chicago, 111., in 1904. He was also a member oi the finance board of the A. M. E. church during 1900-08. Bishop Flipper was married Feb. 24, 1SXO; to Amanda, daughter of Eliza Slater of Thomasville, Ga., and has one daugher, Josephine,

and two

member

first

United

and Carl F. Flipper. Henry O. Flipper, the

sons, Nathaniel F.

Bishop Flipper's brother

is

of his race to be

States

Military

graduated at the West Point

Academy,

(1877).

REED, James,

clergyman, was born in Boston,

Mass., Dec. 8, 1834, son of Sampson and Catharine His earliest American ancestor was (Clark) Reed.

Reade, who emigrated probably from Maidstone, England, in 1635, and settled at Weymouth, Mass. This William Reade married Avis Deacon, and the line of descent is traced through their son William, who married Esther Thompson their son William, who married Alice Nash; their son Solomon, who married Abigail Horton; their son John, who married Hannah Sampson, and were the grandparents of Rev. James Reed. He was educated at the Boston Latin School and at Harvard College, being graduated at the latFor one year ter in 1855. after graduation he taught in the Boston Latin School. Having decided to enter the ministry, in 1860 he was ordained a minister of the New Jerusalem church

William

;

(commonly

called

Sweden-

borgian) and entered the service of the Boston Society of the New Jerusalem, becoming sole pastor In 1890 there were 106 societies of the in 186*8. Swedenborgian church including those of the general church of Pennsylvania which withdrew In 1905 the number of societies at a later period. reported as belonging to the general convention was 103 and which, with additions since made to the seceding body, must amount to, at least, ten more. These figures show that in the past few years there has been a small increase in membership and in the number of churches organized. The movement is strongest in Massachusetts, and probably the most prominent of all the churches is that presided over by Rev. Mr. Reed. The doctrines of the New Jerusalem include briefly: the Divine unity and humanity; the Deity as essential love, manifesting itself in wisdom; the Divine Likeness in man the gradual fall of man from spiritual enlightenment by separation from God and exalting self redemption by the Father assuming humanity, and in the person of Jesus Christ purifying and glorifying it, until, after the last temptation of the cross, the Lord was wholly Divine, even His body a risen Divine body. The Holy Spirit is an emanation of love and wisdom from the Lord, and, with the essential Divinity and the Divine Humanity, constitutes the Trinity. Regeneration is such renunciation of sin that the spiritual mind, existing latent, is opened to the influx of the Divine. Animals have only the first degree of the mind, viz., the natural and, not being capable of receiving the Lord, are not immortal. But all nature is an oiubirth from the spiritual, on which all life depends. In 1894 Mr. Reed was made president of the New Church theological school, which is located in Cambridge, and in 1900 he became general pastor of the Massachusetts Association He served as a of the New Jerusalem Church. member of the Boston school board during 1871 7.~>, and for many years has been president of the ;

;

;

Massachusetts lie

is

a

Home

member of

for

Intemperate

Women,

the Harvard Musical Association,

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. the I'nion Club, Phi Beta Kappa Society, and the He is the author of Society of Colonial Wars. "Religion and Life" (18G5); "Man and Woman, Equal but Unlike" (1870); "Swedenborg and the New Church" (1880) and he has been an editor of the "New Church Review" since 1894. He was married in Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1858, to Emily Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Ripley, and had Catharine Clark, John Sampson, six children: Gertrude, Miriam, Josephine, and Emily Elizabeth Reed, five of whom are still living. ;

Revolution, and a life governing member of the Ari Institute of Chicago. He is also a member of the Union League, Builders', Hamilton and Engineers' clubs of Chicago, and the Engineers' Club Mr. Horton was married, Dec. 27, of New York. 1871, to Emma, daughter of George Babcock of Waupun, Wis., and has three sons, George Terry, Horace Babcock and Hiram T. Horton, and two daughters, Sue Mary and Jessie Margaret Horton.

CLARK,

HORTON, Horace Ebenezer, civil engineer and manufacturer, was born at Norway, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1843, son of Hiram Terry and Mary (Kurd) Horton. His first American ancestor was Barnabas Horton, a native of Mousely, Lancashire, England; to America with the ship "Swallow," and landed at Hampton, Mass., and with his wife, Mary, settled permanently at SouthoM, Suffolk co., N. Y., in 1640. The line of descent is traced through his son Caleb, who married Abigail Hallook; their son David, who married Mary Horton their son David, who married Eliza (his cousin) Sweazy; their son David, who married Meliitabel Terry; their son Luther, who married Clarissa Forsyth, who was the grandfather of the subject Horace E. Horton was educated of tfiis sketch. After in the Fairfield Seminary, Fail-field, N. Y. leaving school he became assistant engineer employed in railroad field work. Since 1S6S he has been prominently identified with bridge building, metal water storage, tower and tank construction. When twelve years of age he left Norway for Utica, He then moved N. Y., remaining there two years. to Rochester, Minn., where he resided until 1889. During 1865-70 he was engaged in railroad engineering work and it was during this time that he found He believed then his life's work, "bridge building. as he does now, in specialization, and the result of his efforts has produced one of the most practical

who came

;

minds in the design and construction of bridges He built seven bridges across the of modern times. the .Mississippi river, the most important being bridges at Ft. Snelling, 1,000 feet long and 125 feet high, and at Dubuque, In 1889 ft. long. he removed his operations to Chicago and organized the Chicago Bridge and Iron Works, of w'hich he 2.SOO

Since the proprietor. then the work of metal structure for water storhas developed so age that the firm's output in tower and tank work exceeds that of any other

is

concern.

One

single ever made for

largest

track

rolling

of the contracts

an

eight-

Schurzer

was that the sanitary district of Chicago, to Mr. Horton Tor $450,000. The soundness of his engineering ability, both in design and construction, has never been questioned and the initiative displayed has ever been a source of admiration by his Mr. Horton is president of the Ridge competitors. Park district of Chicago, 111. He is a director of the American Society of Civil Engineers; a past president of the Western Society of Engineers; member of the American Historical Association, the Amsrican Geographical Society, the Academy of Social and Political Science; a past president of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American ..-

lift

given

bridge

by

Joseph

Bourne,

Sturbridge, Worcester 7, 1836, son of Joseph Sylvester and HarrietB. (Bourne) Clarke, and a descendant of Thomas C'lark of the Maywhom Clark's for flower, island in Plymouth harbor

born

at

clergyman,

was

Mass.,

Oct.

CO.,

was named. This Thomas Clark went back to England with the Mayflower, but returned three years later and settled on land granted to Mr. him by the colony. 'lark's fat her was a CongregaThe son was tional minister. educated at the Classical In(

stitute of ill

I

'hillips

West Newton and Academy, Andov-

He entered AmMass. er, herst College, where in addition to the regular course he made

a

special

study

of

literature, winning several prizes for original composition tion, and was graduated in 1858.

English

and declama-

He studied theology at the Andover Theological Seminary, being graduated there in 1861, and immediately tor thereafter accepted a call Yamouth, Mass., where he remained seven years. Securing a leave of absence in 1864 he offered his services to the Christian commission, which he served during the last seven months of the civil war. In 1868 he became minister of the Central ConFour gregational Church at Newtonville, Mass. years later he went to the Central Church, Mass. In 1879 he was appointed Jamaica Plain, secretary of the Massachusetts Home Missionary his a father held forty years Society, position previously, and three years later he succeeded Dr. Henry M. Storrs as secretary of the national society, with headquarters in New York city. Dr. Clark still holds this position. He has made many missionary visits throughout the entire United States, and addressed many thousands in the interests of American home missions. The papers that he has delivered at the various annual meetings of his society form an important part of the society's literature. He is also the author of "Leavening the Nation" (1903), which is an exhaustive history of American Protestant home missions, and has been characterized as the most satisfactory account of American domestic missions that has ever been published. Since 1903 Dr. Clark has given much time to developing the "Home Missionary Magazine," as editorial secretary, and during 1888-1904 was the special New York correspondent of the Chicago "Advance" under the pen-name of "Bourne." He was a charter member of the Boston and Brooklyn (N. Y.) Congregational clubs, and was the first of the clerical members of the latter to serve as He was for a number of years a member president. of the Boston Monday Club, and is a member of the American Historical Society. The honorary degree of D.D. was given by Amherst in 1888. He was married in 1863, to Eunice, daughter of

THE NATIONAL CYCLOP.EIHA

350

Matthews of Yarmouth, Mass. second, 1867, to Carrie M., daughter of Jeremiah Allen of West Newton, Mass., and third in 1878, to Clara N., daughter of Lewis Nelson Herendeen of Falmouth, Mass. He has four children: Allen Lincoln Clark; Hattie May, wife of Hon. Benjamin

James

;

in

Cook

of Fall River Mass. Marjorie Caswell C'lark.

;

Joseph Herendeen and

BURGESS,

Charles Frederic, chemist, elecand educator, was born at Oshkosh, Wis., Jan. 5, 1873, son of Frederic and Anna A. (Heckman) Burgess. He was educated at the University of Wisconsin, where he was graduated B.S. in 1895 and E.E. in 1897. Immediately upon obtaining his first degree he became an instructor in electrical trician

engineering at his university, being appointed assistant professor in 1898, associate professor in 1899, and professor of applied electro-chemistry and chemical engineering in 1900, which latter department was organized by him. Prof. Burgess' special research work has been in electro-chemistry and electro -metallurgy. He has developed various processes of refining metals electrolitically, and has taken out a number of patents on electrical and chemical lines. Since 1904 he has acted as investigator of electrolytic iron and iron alloys for the Carnegie Institution, and at the same time as consulting engineer for the various industrial concerns. He is a member of the engineering staff of the Wisconsin railroad commission. He was a member of the international jury of awards of the St. Louis exposition of 1904. Prof. Burgess is the author of many papers on electro-chemical subjects and has frequently contributed to scientific and technical publications and the transactions of learned societies. He is a member of the American Electro-chemical Society, of which he was president in 1907; the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the Society of Chemical Industry; the American Chemical Society, and the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. He was married June 20, 1893, to Ida J., daughter of Col. Charles H. Jackson of Bentonville, Ark., by whom he had a daughter, Elizabeth H., and a son,

Jackson Burgess.

BAKER,

Lorenzo Dow, merchant, was born March 15, 1*40, son of David and Thankful (Rich) Baker. His first American ancestor, Francis Baker, came from England in 1641 and settled at Dennis, Cape Cod, Mass. His wife was Isabel Twining, and the at \Vellfleet, Mass.,

line

of

descent

is

traced

through their son John; his son, Isaac, who married Sarah Rich; their son, Richard, who married Elizabeth Wetnerel; and their son, David, who married Rachel Hopkins, and who was the grandfather of Lorenzo Dow Baker. The son of a fisherman, one of young Baker's earliest desires was

own a fishing vessel. After attending the public schools until the age of nineteen he spent one term at the Wilbraham Academy. He then assumed command of a fishing schooner, and followed the In 1870 a party fishing business for twenty years. of gold hunters engaged Capt. Baker to cany them up the Orinoco river, and on his return, by way of Jamaica, he took on a cargo of baled bamboo, bananas, pineapples, and cocoanuts. The fruit, however, was too ripe, and, upon its arrival at New to

York, was entirely spoiled. Undeterred by this mishap, and perceiving the enormous possibilities in 1871, he determined to devote himself entirely to the banana business, and in time built up a As his capital increased he gave up large industry. the sailing vessel to become the senior partner of the firm of L. D. Baker & Co., trading in fresh, fruit between Jamaica and Boston. In 1884 the Boston Fruit Co. was organized with a capital of 8500,000, of which Capt. Baker was president. This company, in turn, was merged into the United Fruit Co., in 1899, and he remained managing director of the Jamaica division until his death. To Captain Baker belongs the credit of laying the foundation of an entirely new industry for the United States, for probably no other modern instrumentality has done so much to develop tropical America agriculturally and industrially as the business of the United Fruit Co., which is now one of the largest industrial enterprises in America. He was the pioneer in applying modern methods of economic and efficient organization to the growth of fruit in the tropics, and there is now throughout the West Indies, Central America, ami along the Spanish Main, prosperity and hopefulness with thousands and thousands of acres under scientific cultivation in bananas and other fruits, where, but a fev. years ago, there was the jungle, a despondent, The properties population, and a cheerless outlook. of the United Fruit Co., are valued at over $20,000,000, and consist of plantations of bananas, oranges, pineapples, sugar cane, and other tropical products in Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Colombia, and Panama, together with a fleet of nearly one hundred freight steamers, Some, idea of the magrailroads, wharves, etc. nitude of the enterprise, may be gained from the banana business, their chief product. The company annually supplies over 50,000,000 bunches to the markets of New York, London, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and New Orleans, from which ports the fruit is distributed all over the United States and the continent of Europe. Although the products are now drawn from many tropical countries, Capt. Baker's name will always be particularly associated with the island of Jamaica r

man who did much toward making it the second in commercial supremacy of the West Indies islands. Added to his extraordinary shrewdness and his uncommon commercial genius were his integrity of character, his high standard of honesty, and his rare kindness of heart. As an appreciation of these qualities, it should be recorded that the inhabitants of Jamaica where during the latter years of his life he spent the greater part of each year presented him with an elaborate silver tea service, in 1905, and on this occason the Archbishop " of the West Indies said We admire and honor for Baker his character and religious devotion. Capt. In his career we have seen his high moral virtues and a kindly philanthropy associated with absorbing interest in public responsibilities and great capacity and success in business, and instead of being starved and dwarfed by this association, these virtues have been made, capable of ministering more effectively to the general welfare." A devout Methodist, he was president of the board of trustees of the First Methodist Church of Boston, and a trustee of Boston University. He was president and director of the Baker Yacht Basin Corporation and the Cape Cod Steamship Co.; a director of the United Fruit Co., the Nipe Bay Co.. and the Cuba Fruit Co., a member of the Boston chamber of commerce, the Boston Marine Society, the Exchange and Economic clubs of Boston; the Council of The Royal Jamaica Society of Agriculture and Commerce and Merchant's Exchange, as that of the

A.Ml-: UK 'AN

the Jamaica Club, a member of the board of assistants of the Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants; and he was also vice-president and director of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association. Capt. Baker was married December 19, 1861, to Martha, daughter of Thomas and Hope (Hamblen) Hopkins, of Wellfleet, Mass,, ami bad three sons: Lorenzo Dow, Joshua Ilamblen, and Reuben Rich Baker, and one daughter, Martha Alberta Baker. He died in Boston, Mass., June 21, 1'IOS.

Cooper, merchant and capBrooklyn, N. Y., Jan. Ill, IMS, son of Minor Hubbcll and Emily (Meiggs) Keith. He received a thorough educa-

KEITH, Minor italist,

was born

in

tion in private schools and began his business career at the early age of sixteen as lumber at inspector of

One \Villiarnsburg, N. Y. year later he engaged in the wholesale lumber business on his own account. In 1870 he went to Padre Island, Texas, and for two years was engaged in raising and killWhile here he ing cattle. became

interested in a pro-

ject of building a railroad

from

Port

Limon,

COM a

Rica, to San Jose, a distance of 116 miles, this being the first railroad built in Central America to the interior, and requiring a period of eighteen years to comDuring this time Mr. Keith resided in plete it.

Costa Rica, and became prominently identified with public affairs there, having constructed all the principal public works in the country, such as custom houses, cart roads, sanitation works, and during 1SS3 made a contract with the government for the settlement of their external debt in Kur.ipe. This was successfully accomplished, and also the He also confinancing of the Costa Rica railway. structed the Northern railway of Costa Rica, the total mileage of the two systems being about 370 In addition to the lands composing the miles. right of way and terminals, the government gave Mr. Keith's company as a subsidy 165.000 acres near the northern terminal, especially adapted to the cultivation of bananas. While in Costa Rica he planted large areas in bananas, to be shipped tn New Orleans and New York by way of his railway and steamers, and in 1899 with Andrew W. Preston he organized the United Fruit Co. a combination of the Boston Fruit Co. an.l properties owned by Mr. Keith in Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia. Mr. Preston became president of the new company, and Mr. Keith vice-president. The United Fruit Co. is now one of the largest Its industrial enterprises in the United States. assets are valued at over $35,000,000, .consisting of plantations of bananas, oranges, sugar-cane, ami other tropical products in Costa Rica, Cuba, Dutch Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, Colombia and Panama also a fleet of upwards of 100 freight steamers, railroads, wharves, etc. Some idea of the magnitude of the enterprise is gained ;

from the banana business, their chief product.

The company annually

supplies

over 35,000,000

bunches to the markets of New York, London, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore New Orleans and Mobile, from which ports the fruit is distributed all over the United States and the continent. In 1904 he formed a company with Sir William Van Home and Gen. Thomas H. Hubbard, of which he

H10CHAPHY. was made

known

351

president, to construct another railroad,

the Northern Railroad of Guatemala, extending from Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic coast to Guatemala, a distance of 194 miles, and connecting with the Guatemala Central railroad, that has its terminus at San Jose on the Pacific ocean. This road was completed and opened to Mr. Keith is also prestraffic in January, 1908. ident and director of the Abangarez Gold Fields of Costa Rica, the Costa Rica Esperanza Mining Co. of Costa Rica, the Baltimore Bridge Co., the Northern Railway Co. of Costa Rica, the Guatemala Railway Co., and the Commercial Bank of Costa Rica, and a director of the Fruit Dispatch Co., the Nipe Bay Co., and the United Mines Co. Mr. Keith is a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London, and a member of the Metropolitan, the New York, and the City Midday clubs, all of New York city. He was married, Oct. 31, 1883, at Brooklyn, N. Y., to Cristina, daughter of Jose Maria Castro, ex-president of the republic of Costa as

Rica.

PRESTON, Andrew Woodbury, president of the United Fruit Co., was born at Beverly, Mass., June 29, 1846, son of Benjamin and Sarah Lee He was educated in the public (Poland) Preston. schools of Beverly, and embarked in a business career before attaining his majority, having formed a partnership in 1864 with Augustus Williams, and engaged in the manufacture of shoes at Beverly. Six years later he went into the fruit business at the Quincy market, Boston, and continued in that

when in 1885 he was made Boston Fruit Co., importers of His fruit business put him in touch tropical fruits. with the various commercial enterprises in the West Meanwhile the busiIndies and Central America. ness of the Boston Fruit Co. steadily increased and in 1899 it was merged into the United Fruit Co., Mr. Preston becoming president of the latter, which In office he continues to hold at the present time 1872 the total importation of bananas into the United States was not over 500,000 bunches, the fruit at that time being transported chiefly by sailing vessels. During its fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1908, the company imported 28,500,000 bunches. The United Fruit Co. has grown from small proportions to be one line for fifteen years,

manager

of the

It now has a. of the largest of its kind in the world. fleet of about one hundred steamers, including many new vessels of 5,000 tons capacity, eafh equipped with a special cool air system and capable of carrying 60,000 bunches of bananas, as well as 100 These vessels passengers, and general freight.

bring bananas to the principal Atlantic and Gulf ports of the United States from its immense plantations in the tropics, connected with the seacoast by railways owned and operated by the company. Under the presidency of Mr. Preston, the United Fruit Co. has perfected an elaborate organization, which is adniirably administered and which takes into account every

minute

detail.

The company's

distributed throughout the United States, including the far northwestern section and Canada. The Elders & Fyffes, Ltd., an English company, in connection with the United Fruit Co.,

imports

are

large shipments of bananas weekly during the year to England and the continent, and the business is increasing rapidly and promises a. development under the United Fruit C'o.'s direction that will compare favorably with the growth of In addition to its vast the business in America. fruit interests, the company also owns and operates one of the largest sugar plantations in Cuba, which produces upwards of 56,000 tons of sugar yearly. It also controls a duplicate sugar producing company, the combined properties representing some 220,000 acres, of which more than 47,000 acres

now makes

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

352

have also been planted in cane, and the two mills having a combined capacity of handling 7,000 tons Besides this it also imports large of cane daily. quantities of oranges and cocoanuts and some grapefruit, and does an extensive freight and passenger business, particularly between New Orleans and Colon. The capital stock of the United Fruit $21,340,000, with assets over 835,000,000, and the executive officers are: Andrew W. Preston, president; Minor C. Keith, vice-president; Charles A. Hubbard, treasurer and assistant secretary; and Bradley W. Palmer, secretary. Mr. Preston is also president and director of the Fruit Dispatch Co., the Nipe Bay Co., the Hotel Titchfield Co., the Pittsburg Fruit and Produce Exchange, and the United Colorado Mining Co. vice-president and director of the Northern Railway Co., the Abangarez Gold Fields, of Costa Rica, and the Quartette Mining Co. treasurer and director of the M. D. Cressy Co., a director of the American Mail Steamship Co., Elders & Fyffes, Ltd., First National Bank, and City Trust Co., of Boston; National Bank of Cuba, Havana; and chairman of the Tropical Fruit Steamship Co., Ltd. Among the clubs of which Mr. Preston is a member are the New York Yacht Club, Eastern Yacht Club, Tedesco Country Club, Country Club of Brookline, New Algonquin Club, Exchange Club, and Boston City Club. He is a thirty-second degree Mason and a Knight Templar. Mr. Preston was married, Aug. 4, 1869, to Frances E., daughter of Joseph Gutterson, of Weymouth, Mass., and has one daughter, Bessie Woodbury, wife of Eugene W. Ong, of Brookline.

Co.

is

;

;

DONNELLY,

Charles Francis, lawyer, poet,

and philanthropist, was born in Athlone, county Roscommon, Ireland, Oct. 14, 1830, son of Hugh and Margaret (Conway) Donnelly. He was of notable Irish lineage and the family was distinguished for religious loyalty, patriotism, and scholarship,

his

ancestors

having been prominent

for

many

generations

in the learned professions.

From them he inherited those brilliant intellectual qualities

combined

with the great force of character which served him so well during his long professional life. His father. Hugh Donnelly, brought his family to

when

Canada

in 1837,

the subject of this sketch was but one year of age. They took up their residence in St. John, New Brunswick, where the boy was educated in private schools and at the New Brunswick Presbyterian Academy. In 1848 he removed with his parents to Providence, R. I., where his clasHe studied law sical studies were completed. in the office of Hon. Ambrose A. Ranney, of Boston, and at the Harvard law school, and was graduated with the degree of LL.B., in 1859. He was admitted to the Suffolk county bar in September of the same year and at once entered upon the practice of his profession. During 1SGO02 he lived in New York city, where he met the eminent men of the day both in law and in letters. for his culture was broad and his literary tendencies at the time so strong as to threaten a divided He had already become known in allegiance.

Boston as a most interesting newspaper correspondent, and a writer on educational topics, especially as these affected Catholic citizens. New York, his most distinctly literary work

In

was

the "Knickerbocker Magazine" and published other secular journals of the day, over the penin

name

of "Schuyler Conway." \Vashington correspondence, essays, personal sketches, and poems came in quick succession from his pen, for he possessed to a marked degree the genius which is a

predominant characteristic of the Irish race, and if the law had not made even a stronger appeal than letters, he might have become a noted author.

Among

his

fugitive

poems

"Roma"

has

been

highly praised, but perhaps nothing from his pen has received higher commendation than his sonnet on the death and burial of James Russell Lowell, which appeared in the "Boston Advertiser." Ultimately he returned to Boston, where his law practice soon brought him i itoprominence. Bishop (afterwards Archbishop) Williams, of Boston, enhim his as counsel in and for legal gaged 1867, forty years these two men, who had so many

character traits in common, were very closely identified. Beginning in 1867 with the House of the Good Shepherd, all the charters of the many charitable, educational, and ecclesiastical institutions founded by the archbishop, including St. John's Boston Ecclesiastical Seminary at Brighton,

were drawn up by Mr. Donnelly. In 1888 he was ri'tainril by the Catholics to advocate and defend before the state legislature the right to establish parochial schools, and the right of parents to choose them for the training of their children. He fought the school issue in five hearings before the committee on education in 1.888, and in fourteen in the following year, and the result was a victory for the Catholics in a bill defining the existing school laws, clearing away obsolete clauses, and leaving absolute freedom as to means of educaHe conducted the case judiciously and tion. without rancor, and he made a gift of his services and also of all the incidental expenses to the Catholics of Massachusetts. Mr. Donnelly had long been a member of the Charitable Irish Society, in Boston in founded 1737, and was for several terms its president. He was among the founders of many of the Catholic charitable institutions of Boston, including the Home for Destitute Catholic Children, for which he drew up the articles of He was connected with incorporation in 1864. the administration of state charities since 1875, when he was appointed by Gov. Gaston to succeed Dr. Samuel G. Howe on the State Board of Charities, and for more than three years he was chairman of the board. During his service he wrote the sharp and spirited politico-legal public correspondence conducted by the board with Gov. Butler (1883), which was used to advantage by his opponents in his canvas for a second term. For thirty-two years except for a brief intermission under Gov. Butler's administration Mr. Donnelly stood for the rights of the old, the incompetent, and especially the children, on this board; his long service culminating in the passage of the famous bill of 1905, which recognizes the rights of every minor ward for whom the state finds a home to be brought up in the faith of its parents. In 1884 he proposed and drafted the act subjecting dipsomaniacs to the same restraint and treatment as lunatics which was adopted by the legislature of 1885. It was the first legislation of the kind

Europe or America and reflects great upon the ability and sound judgment of Mr. Donnelly. At the request of the representa-

either credit

tive-; of

in

the

parliament

Roman of

Catholic church, at the World's at Chicago in 1893, he

religions,

THE NEW YO PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASV, LKNX AND TILOEN fOUis ]

I

*

CF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. wrote an exhaustive study of the "Relations of the Roman Catholic Church to the Poor," from Mr. Donnelly was a man of broad its beginning. scholarship, a student of the English classics and of the early lore and history of Ireland, and was keenly interested in the- literary movement of the Irish renaissance. While a Roman Catholic and a Democrat he had an influence with his fellow citizens of all denominations and of the Republican party that no other man of the same affiliations has ever commanded in Boston. His work was

on special and unusual lines, and if any project of difficulty had to be managed the first appeal for advice and aid was to him. To these interests he g.-i\e his time, thought, and labor ungrudgingly. He gave, too, not in the way of formal service, but in all sincerity and out of a hearty concern in the public and private welfare, and the amount of his own personal benefactions will never be known. His poems have been published under the title of "Roma and other Poems" (1909). In 1885 he received the honorary decree of LL.D. from Mt. Mr. DonSt. Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Md. nelly was married at Providence, R. I., Sept. 21, 1893, to Amy Frances, daughter of James and Mary (Donnelly) Collins. His death occurred at Boston, Jan. HI,

1909.

DIXON, Roland Burrage, bom in Worcester. Mass., Nov.

educator,

was

son of Lewis Seaver and Ellen Rebecca (Burrage) Dixon, of

early

New England

(>,

ancestry.

1X75,

He removed

with his parents to Boston when he was six years of age, and there was educated at the Chauncey

He enHall, Berkeley, and Hopkinson schools. tered Harvard University in 1S93, and was graduated in 1897. Before entering Harvard, he became interested in science, particularly chemistry, geology, and languages. Specializing in the study of these in college, he finally became interested in anmade a special study of this subHarvard, and for a short time also under

thropology, and ject at Prof.

Boas

at

Columbia

University.

During

he pursued his studies in European museums. After graduation he became an assistant was in anthropology at Harvard University; 1900-01,

made

instructor in 1901, and assistant professor His first field work was of an archaeoin 1906. In logical nature at Madisonville, O., in 1897.

1898 he accompanied the Jesup expedition of the Arrerican Museum of Natural History to British Columbia, and in the following year undertook the investigation of the tribes of northern and north-eastern California. Similar work was done during five or six summers for the American Museum of Natural History, and for the UniverThis field work in the west sity of California. gave him opportunity for extensive travel over the entire Pacific slope, and he has also traveled at different times in Europe, Asia, New Zealand, and Australia. Apart from the field work above indicated, he has been especially interested in the general problems of enthnology, archaeology, and ethnography of America and Oceania. On all of these subjects, as well as on Indian languages, he conducts courses at Harvard. Prof. Dixon has published two monographs on the Maidu and Shasta tribes respectively. He also published a Maidu grammar for the Smithsonian series, Maidu texts for the memoirs of the American Ethnological Society, and Chimariko for the University of California, together with various shorter papers. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement] of Science, the American Anthropological Association, and the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. He is a member of the American Folk Lore Society, of which he was president in 1907-08, and of the

353

American Enthnological ih|ii:irian

national fi.ir

Congress

Erdkunde zu

ll:ir\:irl

clubs

respectively.

of

and the Colonial and Cambridge and New York,

Berlin;

of

He

American An-

Society,

InterPolynesian Society, Americanists, Gesellschaft

Society,

is

unmarried.

HUNTER, [Wiles] Robert, sociologist, was born in Terre Haute, Ind., Apr. 10, 1X7-4, son of William Robert and Caroline (Fonts) Ilunler. He wa eilucated in the public schools of his native city and was graduated at the University of Indiana, in

1890.

Immediately after

his

graduation he took up social reform work as a life study. For a period of six years he was the organizing secretary in the establishment of the Chicago bureau of charities, during which he resided successively in the Northwestern Helen settlement, I'niversity Heath House, and Hull House colonies of social workers among the poor. In the summer of 1899 he went to England to study the working of Toynbee "mother of settleHull, the ments'' and similar colonies in London. As chairman of a co umittee of the City Homes Association, an organization for investigating the serious problem of housing the poor, as member of the Special Parks commission and of the School Extension committee, and as superintendent of the municipal" lodging house (in which capacity he attacked the tramp problem" with notable ability and courage), he rendered to the of cause signal service humanity in Chicago. His report on "Tenement Conditions in Chicago," in book form in 1901, won wide recognipublished tion as an original and scientific contribution to the question of housing the poor. In 1902 Mr. Hunter was called to New York to succeed James B. Reynolds as headworker of the University settlement, the most important center of sociological work in the city. He retained this position for a year, during which his sociological activities so increased and widened that in 1903 he resigned the headworkership to less occupied hands. In 1932 hi became chairman of the New York childlabor committee, which is responsible for the immeasurably important laws that protect 300,000 Mr. Hunter establi>ln-d children of the poor. his reputation as an author by his book, "Poverty" (1904), which has been highly praised by distinguished sociologists abroad and at home. Jack London, in reviewing it, said: "It marks the beginning of a new epoch in the scientific study of in the United States. society Sociologists have practically passed this subject by, while the statisticians have left it severely alone. Mr. Hunter's book points out the imperative necessity for now considering poverty. ... It shows distinctively the trained mind, the scientific mind, the experienced mind. Not for nothing has Mr. Hunter spent years of close contact with poverty." The nature of his work has brought him in contact with many of the most prominent Socialist leaders in Europe as well as in America, and in recent years he has openly allied himself with the movement. In 1908 he published "Socialists at Work," which is a full and impartial account .

of the chief

.

.

socialist parties in Germany, Italy, Belgium and England, of their leading orators and politicians, and the work they have accomplished. Mr. Hunter holds that, as in the past, the extravagant powers of pope and priest,

France,

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

354

Park

to be formed of their relative merits." In December of that year he was ordered as chief engineer to take charge of a government survey of the Panama route. At the request of the Nicaragua government he was sent to that country again in 1876 to survey the lower part of the valley of the

Political

San Juan and the harbor

of king and noble, have been limited for the good of the people, so the power of the capitalists, the autocrats of the present, must be abated for the He is a member of the benefit of the workers. Committee for Prevention of Tuberculosis, the

the American Association, and Social Science, the Social Reform Club (past president), and the City Club of New York, all devoted to civic betterment, and the Weeburn Golf Club. He was married at Noroton, Conn., May 23, 1903, to Caroline M., daughter of Anson Phelps Stokes, Metropolitan

Academy

of

the New York banker, and sister of James Graham Phelps Stokes, an associate of Mr. Hunter in his social reform work.

MENOCAL, was born

at

Aniceto Garcia, Havana, Cuba, Sept.

civil 1,

engineer, 1836, son of

Gabriel Menocal, a Cuban planter and a descendant of an old Span-

He was educated in ish family. Havana, and at the Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., his 1862. degree in Returning to Cuba, he became sub-chief engineer on the Havana water works in 1863, holding the

receiving

position until

appointed

partment

1870,

when he was

engineer in the public works,

of

de-

New

York city, where he remained two years. In 1872 he entered the service of the United States government as civil engineer in the navy department, and he served as chief engineer on all the government surveys for establishing the practicability of a ship canal at Panama and Nicaragua. The question of an Isthmian canal had been under consideration for 150 The subject was first brought to the scienyears. tific world by one La Condamine, long a resident in Central and South America, who presented a paper before the Academy of Sciences, Paris, France in 1746, calling attention to the importance of an Here in the United States, interoceanic canal. the first to give it consideration was Cornelius '' Vanderbilt. He organized a company called, The American Atlantic and Pacific Ship-Canal Company," which negotiated an agreement with the government of Nicaragua providing for the construction O. \V. Childs, an of a canal from ocean to ocean. engineer, was employed to make the surveys, and it was from him that the first accurate topographical knowledge of the Nicaraguan depression was secured. Finally in 1872 the U. S. government became interested in the subject, and made the first appropriation to determine the practicability of such a canal. Mr. Menocal was appointed chief engineer of the government's expedition to make the preliminary surveys, and was engaged on the work for the rest of the year, handing in his In the following year Pres. Grant report in 1873. appointed an interoceanic canal commission, consisting of Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Capt. C. P. Patterson and Com. Daniel Ammen, to inspect the various routes in both Panama and Nicaragua, and Menocal was ordered to accompany the commission. In its report to the president the commission recommended the adoption of the Nicaragua route as possessing "both for the construction and maintenance of a canal, greater advantages, and offering fewer difficulties from engineering, commercial, and economic points of view, than any of the other routes shown to be practicable by surveys sufficiently in detail to enable a judgment

of

Greytown.

Mean-

while the de Lesseps project for a Panama canal was started in France, and in May, Is"!), the U. S. government sent Admiral Ammen and Mr. Menocal as its delegates to a canal congress, known as the International Scientific Congress, which met at Paris to decide upon the best route for an interoceanic canal. The report of these two commissioners concerning the character of the proceedings witnessed by them effectively destroyed the confidence of the government in the Panama scheme. In the United States faith in the Nicaraguan Menocal made other project remained unshaken. surveys in 1880 and 1885, finally selecting a new route, and a Provisional Interoceanic Canal Society was organized to arrange the preliminaries of the proposed work. A concession was obtained from the Nicaraguan government, but numerous obstacles could not be overcome in time and it expired by limitation. Another provisional canal associa-

was organized the Maritime Canal tion

which subsequently became of Nicaragua, with

Company

its chief engineer. He secured another concession, this time making an advance payment of $100,000, and in the fall of 1889 work on the

Mr. Menocal

of Greytown harbor was begun this being the first step in the actual construction Hon. Warner Miller was of a Nicaraguan canal. president of this construction company. Efforts to financial were made secure support from the

improvement

public as well as from congress, but without avail, and in 1893 the company went into the hands of a

The government made still another survey of both the Nicaraguan (1895-96) and Panama (1897-98) routes, the commission attended by Menocal as chief engineer favoring the latter as being both cheaper and more practicable. receiver.

He was the first to suggest the feasibility of a railway along the Florida Keys to Key West in a report to the government, and such a road was He was subsequently built by Henry M. Flager. member of a board sent to the Philippine Islands to prepare plans for the principal naval station in those islands (1900); and in 1902 he was one of a commission to select a site, draw nlans, and prepare estimates for a coaling station on the He was a leading authority on coast of Liberia. hydraulic engineering, and almost his last work was the perfecting of an irrigation system for the northern provinces of Cuba. He was a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and in 1879 was decorated a chevalier of the Legion of Honor for the part he took at the canal congress in He was married in 1866, to Elvira, daughter Paris. of Francisco Martin, of Cuba, and had three sons, He died Adolfo, Edward and Daniel A. Menocal. in New York, July 20, 1908. WOLLE, John Frederick, organist and conductor, was born in Bethlehem, Pa., April 4, 1863, son of Rev. Francis and Elizabeth Caroline (Weiss) Wolle, and a descendant on both sides of the Moravian missionaries who founded Bethlehem His father (1817-93) was a Moravian in 1741. clergyman and principal of the Moravian seminary He was also the inventor of a at Bethlehem. " paper bag-making machine and author of Desmids of the United States" (1884); "Fresh Water Algae " Diatomaceae of the United States" (1887); and of North America" (1890). Young Wolle waa graduated at the Moravian parochial school in He soon after went to his native town in 1879.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. of music in Munich under Rheinberger. His subsequent career showed that Dr. Wolle had a remarkable predisposition

Europe to continue the study

and it was fortunate therefore that he had such a master as Rheinberger, under whom he acquired a devotion to the purely intellectual side of music that amounted almost to an obsession. On his return to Bethlehem in 1885, he was appointed organist of the Moravian church, a position which he held continuously for counterpoint,

until 1905. During nearly this entire period he officiated also as organist at the Packer Alemorial Church in connection with Lehigh University. Early in his career as a rural organist

and music

teacher,

he or-

ganized the Bethlehem Choral Union, and the Easton Choral Society, out of which was evolved the Bethlehem Bach Choir, organized in 1898, which made him the country over.

mous

fa-

The

Choral Union was composed mainly of young people who had apparently no more than average interest in serious music. Dr. Wolle inspired them with ambition, and step by step led them through the range of standard cantatas

and oratorios

until

in

had mastered, the St. John Passion music by Johann Sebastian Bach, which was followed by other works of 1888, the

singers

that master. When, however, in 1892 he essayed the B-minor mass it proved too difficult, and the singers rebelled. They besought their conductor to change the programme, and upon his refusal to do so the society was disbanded. The singers begged Dr. Wolle to lead them again, but he would not consent unless they were willing to take up the B-minor mass. The deadlock of six years was broken at last by the surrender of the singers, and the Bach Choir was organized in 1898 with the B-minor mass as its programme. After fifteen months' study it was brought to performance on Mar. 27, 1900, in two divisions, afternoon at four, evening at eight, this being its first complete American production, the event constituting the first Bach festival. The undertaking attracted much more than local attention, and from that time Dr. Wolle was recognized as a conductor of extraordinary His devotion to Bach, and the skill ability. with which he brought his amateur associates to a perfect technical mastery of that composer's works, gave him a unique position in American music. The second Bach festival took place May 23-25, 1901. The unique feature of these festivals was not so much that there were three days, two sessions each day, devoted to the compositions of one and the same man, and that that man was the insuperably difficult Bach, but that there was a unity of idea underlying the entire festival scheme, a logical development running through the programme from beginning to end. The life of Christ was the subject beautifully and impressively illustrated in the Christmas oratorio and the Passion culminating in the mass, the church's declaration of its belief in the events of the simple narrative of the Gospel.

The

third Bach festival, May 11-16, 1903, was an extension of the second, comprising two days each of Advent and Christmas music, passion music, and resurrection and ascension music. This was followed by the nine-day Bach cycle,

comprising

three

festivals

of

three

days

each,

355

two sessions each day the Christmas festival, Dec. 28, 29, 30, 1904; the Lenten festival, Apr. and the Easter and Ascension 12, 13, 14, 1905; festival, June 1, 2, 3, 1905, the entire cycle being but a logical extension of the original idea. In these festivals the mass in B-minor, the Christmas oratoria, and the St. John Passion received their first complete American hearing. Many of the contatas were heard not only for the first time, but thus far for the only time in America. Thus Bethlehem became a Mecca for musical pilgrims from all parts of the country, and the realization of high ideals witnessed there was a source of inspiration to all musicians and music lovers who had the good fortune to make the pilgrimage. In 1905 Dr. Wolle accepted the professorship of music in the University of California, where, in addition to his duties as a member of the faculty, he became conductor of the university symphony and choral concerts in the Greek theater. He organized the Bach choir of California, and on Apr. 22, 1909, conducted the first California Bach festival before an audience that taxed the capacity of the Greek theater. The degree of doctor of music was conferred upon him by the Moravian He College and Theological Seminary in 1904. is a member of the Bohemian Club of San Francisco, the American Guild of Organists, the Neue Bach Gesellschaft and International Music Society of He was married July 21, 1886, Leipzig, Germany. to Jennie Creveling, daughter of Henry Pohlman Stryker, of Hackettstown, N. J., and has one daughter. PYE, David Walter, merchant, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 5, 1870, son of Robert Henry Pye, a native of Ireland, who came to the United States in 1840, and became a merchant and manufacturer in Brooklyn, N. Y. He married Margaret, daughter of Robert Carter of that city. The son, David W. Pye, was educated in the public schools of his native city, and was prepared for a business career at Kissicks' Business College, where he was graduated in 1888. He worked for a time in the employ of the Brooklyn "Argus," and while attending the business college was a salesman in a Brooklyn dry-goods establishment. In 1889 he became identified with the Safety-Car Heating and Lighting Co., as assistant to the treasurer. This company was organized May 5, 1887, with Arthur W. Soper (q.v.) as president, and Mr. Pye later was made assistant to the vice-president and also purchasing agent of the company. In 1898 he became second and four years vice-president, later vice-president, in charge of the selling department of the business. The Pintsch gas system, while a German invention, has, like so many other devices originated in the older countries, developed in America to a point where it is immeasurably superior to the system as used in the country where it originated. It provides a substitute for oil in the illumination of railroad cars and the aim of the inventor was to produce a safe system of car lighting which should be as economical as possible. American conditions making much greater demands upon the system, a plan had to be evolved for a supply of gas of uniform quality to be made attainable at the This resulted in the principal railroad centers. establishment of an almost gigantic system of Pintsch compressing plants at such points as would

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

356

best serve to supply the especial needs of the various railroads. The company to-day has in operation sixty-three of these plants in which are installed apparatus for the safe reception and storage of the oil from which the gas is manufactured in conjunction with distributing pipes to the various railroad passenger cars yards and stations. Another very important application of Pintsch gas is in gaslighted buciys, which are bring widely used throughout the world and cmistitutc an important aid to Mr. Pye is musical and literary in his navigation. He is a tastes and is also interested in athletics. member of the New York Athletic Club, the Crescent Athletic Club, the Railroad Club, the New York Railroad Club, the Japan Society, the Traffic Club, and the Machinery Club, of New York. He was married June 14, 1905, to Florence Belle, daughter of James Edgett of Brooklyn, and has one daughter, Orrea B. Pye.

CONVERSE, Frederick Shepherd, composer, was born at Newton, Mass., Jan. 5, 1871, son of Edmund Winchester and Charlotte Augusta (Shepherd)

Converse.

He

is

a

Deacon Edward Converse, who came to America from Northum-

direct descendant of

berland

county,

England,

and landed at Charlestown, Mass., in 1630, subsequently settling in Woburn, Mass.,

where he became a select man and a commissioner from the church to settle the His business of the town.

-

son by his second wife, Lieut. James Sarah, was Converse, a deputy to the Massachusetts general court, who married Anna Sparhawk Cooper; their son was Maj. James, also a deputy, speaker of the house and in charge of all military forces in Maine, who married Hannah Carter; their son was John, who married Abigail Sawyer; their son Joshua, who married Rachel Blanchard; their son Joseph, a sergeant in the revolutionary war, who married Elizabeth Davis; their son Rev. James, pastor of the Church of Christ at Weathersfield, Vt., legislator and state chaplain, who, by his second wife, Charlotte White, became the grandfather of the subject of Edmund W. Converse, the father this sketch. (1825-94), was a prominent merchant of Boston, and who was president of the National Tube Works and the Conanicut Mills. Frederick S. Converse was educated in the public schools of his native town and at Harvard College. His early musical training consisted of the study of the piano under local teachers, until at Harvard he came under the Paine. Devoting influence of Prof. John K. himself earnestly to the study of musical theory, he was graduated in 1893, with the highest honors in music, his sonata for violin and piano being performed at the time of graduation. Though intended for a commercial career by his father, his musical inclination was so strong that after six months in business, he resumed his studies, first with Carl Baermann in piano and George W. Chadwick in composition, and then at the .

After two of Music in Munich. under Joseph Rheinyears of study there, chiefly berger, he was graduated with honors in 1898. At this time he had already composed besides smaller works, the sonata above mentioned, a " string quartet, op. 3; a concert overture, "Youth

Royal Academy

in D-minor, which had performance in Munich, July 18, Is'.i.s. These pieces may be said to represent the formative period of his creative genius; showing a strong individuality, they nevertheless adhere to strictly classical forms, and even the earliest compositions evince a determination to master the fundamental laws of musical construction to a rare degree. Returning to Boston he engaged in composition and teaching privately until in 1899 he became teacher of harmony at the New England Conservatory of Music. In 1902 he was appointed instructor in music at Harvard University, attaining the rank of assistant professor This position he resigned, September 1, in 1905. 1907, in order to devote himself entirely to comLeaving the field of composition in position. conventional form, he now appeared as a composer His " Festival of of symbolic musical poems. Pan,'' op. 9, first performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1899, and by the Queen's Hall Orchestra in London, England, in 1905 displayed an originality of invention and a mastery of the modern orchestra but slightly suggested by his earlier works, though the rigorous discipline which characterizes them doubtless prepared him for the successful freer handling of his medium. " This work, as well as that which followed, Endyfirst mion's Narrative," op. 10, performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1903, deals with " certain aspects of Keat's Endymion." Like it is without suggestion of realistic them, however, tone painting, and make their appeal through musical qualities. Other works of subjectively similar character soon followed, showing a continued ultra-modern tendency and an increased brilliance of technique and breadth of imagination. Among them are two poems, "Night" and "Day,"

op. 6, its

and a symphony

first

suggested by verses of Walt Whitman, op. 10; Keats's "La Belle Dame Sans Merci," ballad for " baritone and orchestra, op. 12; Euphrosyne," concert overture for orchestra, op. 15, and "The Mystic Trumpeter," orchestral fantasy, op. 19, after Walt Whitman. All of these compositions have been produced by prominent orchestras and the critical comment upon them has been highly " " The Mystic Trumpeter in particular favorable. shows a decided advance in the technique of construction and psychological expression, and represents in a way the culmination of Mr. Converse's aims. The scheme of musical treatment is very of the poem, free, following the symbolic essence

subtly reproducing its atmosphere- and eloquently translating its emotions and scenes by the employment of characteristic themes, often recurring Mr. Converse's and skilfully varied in color. rendering of dramatic material in his symphonic poems has naturally led him to essay the operatic form, and the result is "The Pipe of Desire," a romantic opera in one act, op. 23. It was first produced in Boston, in 1906, and in New York, in 1909, being the first opera by an American composer to be presented by the Metropolitan Opera Company. He has also composed a violin in Aconcerto, op. 13; a second string quartet

minor, op. 18;

overture, entr'actes

and incidental

" music to Percy MacKaye's play, Jeanne d'Arc," a dramatic and poem for solo "Job," op. 25; smaller voices, chorus and orchestra, besides many and compositions, including piano pieces, songs A musician of decided originality choral works. and a most brilliant technique, with a fine harmonic sense and marvelous skill in orchestral coloring, Mr. Converse is counted among the most interestone ing composers of the ultra-modern school and He of the foremost that America has produced. is a trustee of the New England Conservatory of

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. 7

Music, and a member of the National Society of Arts and Letters, the Tavern Union, St. Botolph and Tennis and Racquet clubs of Boston, the Harvard Club of New York, Colonial Club of Cambridge, and Norfolk Country Club of Dedham, Mass. He was active in organizing the Boston Opera Company in 1907-8, and is vice-president of the company. He was married at Brookline, Mass., June G, 1S'J4, to Emma, daughter of Frederic Tudor, and has six children: Louise, Charlotte Augusta, Marie, Virginia, P>ederick S., Jr., and Elizabeth Converse.

MATHER, Samuel Livingston, born at Middletown, Conn., July 1, Samuel and Catherine (Livingston) a descendant of the Rev. Richard came

to

America from England

financier,

was

1S17, son of

Mather; and Mather,

who

in

1035, settling latter married Catherine,

at Dorchester, Mass. The Catherine Holt; their son, Timothy, married Atherton their son, Richard, married Catherine ;

Samuel, married Deborah ChamRichard married Deborah Ely; Samuel, married Lois Griswold, becoming the grandfather of Samuel L. Mather. Samuel Mather was a stockholder, and a member of the first board of directors, of the Connecticut Land Co., which sent out Moses Cleveland (q.v.) to the Western reserves in charge of the surveying party in 17i)(i, an errand which resulted in the His father, Samuel founding of Cleveland, O. Mather, Jr., was also a member of the above company, and possessed large landed interest in the After graduating at Wesleyan city of Cleveland. 1'niversity in 1835, Samuel L. Mather engaged in the commission business in New York until 1843, when he removed to Cleveland, O., as a real estate agent for various Connecticut owners and their son, pion,-their son, and their son,

Wise;

as

the superintendent of his father's interests. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. Inn his attention being attracted at this time to the new iron discoveries in the Lake Sxiperior region, he gave up the law and directed all his energies d> enterprises connected with that industry. Though the first, organized effort in this direction was the of the Iron Jackson the second precursor Co., and most successful was the Cleveland Iron Mining Co., organized in 1850, reorganized in 1853, of which Mr. Mather was an incorporator, first

treasurer,

and

for

twenty-one years president. In 1889 he contracted for a steamers, the of the

fleet

of

first

owned by any

steel

mining companies, anil also concluded the purchase of the controlling interest in the Iron Cliffs Co., an adjoining property, owning over 50,000 acres of land in the best mining region of that

He was a director state. officer of several other

and

mining and iron manufacthe New turing companies York, Pennsylvania & Ohio and the Mercantile 'National Bank. ;

'

Railroad Co.,

He was an officer of Trinity Parish (Episcopal), the oldest church organization of Cleveland, and held the position of treasurer, vestryman, and senior warden for thirty-eight years. He was also delegate to the diocesan convention for many years, treasurer of the missionary committee, member of the standing committee, promoter of the fund for endowing the diocesan episcopate, and for three successive terms represented his diocese in the general triennial conventions of the church in

357

the United States.

He was

public spirited as a

and generous as a contributor to charity He was married, Sept. 24, 1850, organizations. to Georgiana Pomeroy, daughter of Charles J. Woolson, of Cleveland. She died leaving two children, and he was again married, June 11, 185G, to Elizabeth Lucy, daughter of William R. Gwinn, of Buffalo, N. V., by which union he had one son. citizen,

His death occurred at Cleveland, O., Oct. 8, 1S90. VOSBURGH, George Bedell, clergyman, was born at Stockport, Columbia 1850, son of Bartholo-

mew

('. and Ann Eliza (Bedell) Vosburgh. He comes, on his father's side, of old Holland

Dutch ancestors who on

settled

banks

the

of the

river near the

east

Hudson city of

Hudson

about Hi!)."). He spent his boyhood on his father's farm and received his early education at a village school. Later he entered the state normal school in Albany, N.Y., and was graduated in 1870. He then entered

Madison (now Colgate) I'niversityand was graduated in turn in the collegiate ami theological departments, finishing the course in 1X74. Later he took a post-graduate course at the University of Chicago. Madison University conferred upon him the degree of Ph.B. the University of Chicago, the degree of M.A. in 1883 and Ph.D. in 1884, and Shurtleff College, 111., the degree of D.D. in 1892. He was ordained to the ministry and installed over the First Baptist Church of Cooperstown, N. Y., in June, 1874. Among the prominent churches of his denomination of which he has been pastor, are the Bergen Baptist Church, Jersey City, N. J., the First Baptist Church of Decatur, 111., where he was pastor for seven years, received more than 400 persons into its membership, and was instrumental in erecting a new house of worship the First Church, Elgin, III., where he served nearly four years, ministering always to very large congregations, receiving hundreds into the church, besides lifting a large debt from the society. During 1893-97 he was pastor of the Stoughton Street Baptist Church, Boston, Mass., and then he became pastor of the First Baptist Church, Denver, Colo., where he still remains. This is the largest church of the denomination west of the Mississippi, having a membership of 1.200, and its house of worship is one of the most imposing in the city. More than 1.000 have united with the church since he began his pastorate, and a debt of over $28,000 was liquidated, largely through his personal efforts. Dr. Vosburgh has travelled extensively in Europe and Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Greece and Turkey. His principal side study apart from his professional work is art. He is a popular lecturer, especially He has before literary societies and colleges. been president of the Baptist Ministers' Conference of Boston, Chicago, and Denver, and for four successive years was president of the Colorado Baptist state convention. He has been chaplain of the Colorado Society of the Sons of the Revolu;

;

years and is a member of the Denver His sermons, although carefully prepared, are delivered without notes, and his evangelical spirit, his wide range of reading, and the fund of information gained by travel contion for Artists'

many

C'lub.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

358

tribute to the effectiveness of his pulpit ministraHe has a rich sympathetic voice, a magnetic

tions.

personality and a charm of manner that rank him easily as one of the foremost of pulpit orators. Dr. Vosburgh was married at Arlington, Mass., Aug. 24, ISM, to Florence L., daughter of Albert C. Learned, and has two children: Edna H., wife of Lieut. Bernard Leutz, U. S. A., and Paul L.

Vosburgh.

BRUCE, Wallace, poet and orator, was born at Hillsdale, Columbia co., N. Y., Nov. 10, 1844, son of Alfred and Mary Ann (MacAlpine) Bruce. His earliest American ancestor, George Bruce, came from Scotland to this

country and settled

at Woburn, Mass., in 1635. His great-grandfather,

and poetry.

He was

educated at the Hudson River Institute, Claverack, N. Y., where he valedictorian

of

and entering he University, distinguished himself as a scholar, writer and

his class,

Yale

orator, winning six literary honors, including prizes in English composition and public He was one of the editors of the Yale debate. After being graduated in Literary Magazine. first

1867, he studied law with William A. Beach and was admitted to practice in 1869, but devoted most of his time to literary pursuits. In 1872 he was invited to lecture at the Poughkeepsie Lyceum, with such colleagues as John B. Gough, Robert Collyer, T. DeWitt Talmage, and Daniel Dougherty. He was received with great favor and his reputation He was appointed as a lecturer was established.

U.

S.

Consul to Edinburgh, Scotland, July,

1,

1889,

this office until Sept. 1, 1893. He was poet laureate of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning,

and held

made

Edinburgh, as successor to Robert Burns, James Hogg, and others. He wrote and delivered "The

Auld Brig's Welcome" at the unveiling

of

the

Burns monument at Ayr, in 1891. He delivered an address at the unveiling of Symington's monument at Lead Hills, and gave the dedicatory address at the unveiling of the Lincoln monument in Edinburgh, in 1893, the first erected to that statesman in Europe, the conception and completion of which. were entirely due to his efforts. He lectured before the Parkside Institute of London, the Philosophical Institute of Edinburgh, and delivered an address on Washington Irving at the old grammar school building of Stratford-on-Avon, after its restoration in 1892. Each year of his resi-

dence burgh

Scotland he lectured before the EdinLiterary Institute, and on his departure the Lord Provost and town council of Edinburgh presented him with a silver loving cup. For many years Mr. Bruce has been in close touch with the Chautauquas of many states. He has lectured more than thirty times at Chautauqua, N. Y., and over 100 times at other educational centers throughout the country. Since the organization of the Florida Chautauqua, De Funiak Springs, Fla., he has been one of its most ardent supporters, and on his return from Scotland in 1893 he was unanimously elected its president. The various occasions on which he has delivered addresses or poems are the centennial of the Battle of Benningin

Washington's

Headquarters at Valley Forge; reunion of the Society of the Army of the Potomac at Saratoga ; Fourth of July addresses at Bound Brook, N. J., centennial of the "Big Tree Treaty," Geneseo, N. Y., laying of the corner stone of the New York Caledonian Club; centennial of William Cullen Bryant, Great Barrington, Mass. Authors' and Artists' Congress, Tennessee Centennial, Nashville. In the full of 1900 and 1904 Mr. Bruce was one of the prominent speakers of the Republican national committee. He is the author of "In Clover and Heather," (1889) "Here's a Hand" (1893) Wayside Poems "The Hudson," "Leaves of Gold," "Scottish Poems ' and Wanderers. " Mr. Bruce was married June 29, 1870, to Annie, daughter of Stephen ;

'

Becker Clara,

' '

of Brookview, N. Y., and has three Kenneth and Malcolm Bruce.

children,

John Bruce, was

a sergeant at the battle of Lexington. As a boy, young Bruce was unusually fond of history

was

ton, Bennington, Vt;. preservation of

BRUCE,

Kenneth,

lecturer,

was

born

in

Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1876, son of Wallace

and Anna (Becker) Bruce. His father, is a lecturer of national reputation and is president of the Florida Chautauqua, De Funiak Spa. He received hi3 early education at the Riverview Military Academy, Poughkeepsie, and at Edinburg Collegiate Institute,

He prepared for college at Williston Seminary and at Phillips Andover, and was graduated at Yale University in 1900. He took prizes in declaration at all these institutions, and his class poem at Yale received very general and favorable notice. Immediately after graduation he prepared himself for the lecture platform, and his first public appearance was at the Eastman Business College in 1902, when he substituted for his father with such success that he has lectured In the same year he there every succeeding year.

Edinburg, Scotland.

was made superintendent

of the Florida Chautauqua, De Funiak Springs. During the eight years of his platform work, he has steadily advanced, his field covering the entire country and including all the leading Chautauquas. His principal lectures " are "Historic Hudson" and Bonnie Scotland ;" illustrated "Wit ami Humor," "American Genius," " Robert Burns," " Nathaniel popular lectures, and " Hawthorne," "Early English Drama." Tennyson's Idylls of the King," "Lord Byron," "American Poetry," "Macbeth," "Hamlet," "As You Like "Midsummer Nights Dream" It," "Tempest," and "King Lear." He is the author of " Return of the Half Moon" (1909), and is a regular contributor of both prose and poems to the leading magazines. His lectures are characterized by clear and distinct delivery, and unusual power of description, and a He is a member of the classic mode of expression. Yale Club, New York city, Writers' Club, Brooklyn, and of the fraternal orders of Masons, Odd Fellows, and Knight of Pythias. Mr. Bruce was married April 5, 1904, at Atmore, Ala., to Laura, daughter of William M. Carney.

BROWN,

Dickson Queen, manufacturer, was

born at Pleasantville, Pa., Apr. 2, 1873, son of Samuel Queen and Nancy (Lamb) Brown. He :i^ educated at the Phillips Exeter Aacdemy, where he was graduated in 1891; at the Hoch Germany, and Schule, Charlottenberg, Berlin, at Princeton LIniversity, where he was graduated He then took the electrical enA.B. in 1895. gineering course at the Boston Institute of Technology receiving the degree of E.E. in 190S. In that year he entered the service of the Tidewater Oil He Co., of w hich his father was the president. commenced as acting assistant mechanical engineer of the refinery, and a year later he entered the main office in New York. He is also president of th.' Associated Producers Co., which is an affiliar

OF AMKKICAX BIOGRAPHY. numerous independent petroleum producers, secretary of the Tidewater Oil Co. of New Jersey and vice-president of the Tidewater Oil Co. of Massachusetts. Mr. Brown is a member of the tion of

American Institute of Electrical Engineers and American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and also of the University, Princeton and Apawamis clubs, and the West Side Tennis and Camp Fire

He is a member of the Tiger Inn Club of Princeton and the Sigma Chi fraternity. His recreation is chiefly taken in motoring and golf. He is unmarriei STANTON, John, capitalist, was born at Bristol, England, Feb. 25, 1830, son of John and Joan (Locke) Stanton. His father, a mining engineer with large interests in Welsh colliiTirs, brought his family to America in 1835, for the purpose of engaging in coal mining operations in He invested heavily in coal lands Pennsylvania. in Pottsville, Pa., and later purchased iron mines near Dover, N. J. The son was educated principally under his father's tuition, and at the age of seventeen assumed an active part in managing the New Jersey mines, thus early acquiring a In practical knowledge of mining operations. 1851 he became interested in copper deposits in Connecticut, and soon afterward began a systematic exploration for copper deposits through the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and Norili Carolina, meeting with varying success until he reached the Tennessee line. In the Ducktown region of Tennessee he located and secured a valuable copper mine, and erecting smelters with the aid of New York capital worked the ground with profit until the civil war suspended operations. The works were confiscated by the Confederate government. Mr. Stanton then turned his attention to the copper deposits of Lake Superior, and there developed several valuable mines which he worked with great success for many years. Not only did he conduct the management of these mines, but the property was made the basis of clubs.

1

.

corporations, in which he had He was president of the large personal interests. several influential

Wolverine Copper Mining Co., the Mohawk Mining Co., the Baltic Mining Co., the Michigan Copper Mining Co., and the \V inona Copper Co., secretary and treasurer of the Atlantic Mining Co. and the Central Mining Co., and owner of extensive undeveloped mineral lands in the copper region. He also had large mining interests in Colorado and Arizona, which are worked with varying degrees of success. Mr. Stanton was a pioneer developer of mineral deposits in the South and West, and was recognized as one of the ablest mining engineers of the country and one of the best He authorities on mines and mining. was one of the founders of the New York Mining Stock Exchange, serving as its first president in 1876 and subsequently as its treasurer. He was prominently connected with the organization of the Copper Producers Association of the United States in 1892, representing the principal copper mines in the country, and was unanimously chosen president, a position he held until his death. Mr. Stanton was a man of great shrewdness combined with a high regard for right

and detail of action. He was one and for two years president of the Engineers Club, and a member of the Union League, Downtown and Knickerbocker Athletic Lotos, clubs of New York, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Lake Superior Mining Institute,

in both method of the founders

359

and the North

of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. He was married in New York, Dec. 24, 1857, to Elizabeth R., daughter of Robert H. McMillan, and had two sons, John succeeded Robert, and Frank McMillan, who him in the management of his mining operations, and two daughters. He died in New York city, Feb. 2:5, nun;

CUMMINGS, James Howell, merchant, was born at Goshen, Lancaster co., Pa., Aug. 7, 1867, son of John and Sarah E. (Thompson) Cummings. His father was for many years treasurer of the Holmes

& Edwards

Sil-

ver Co., of Bridgeport, Conn., and served in the federal

army, throughout the civil war, being lieutenant of heavy artillery. The son received a thorough education in the Philadelphia public schools and high school. He entered upon his business career in the employ of John B. Stetson & Co.,

hat

manufacturers,

of

that city, in November, 1882. He began at the bottom round of the ladder, serving as office boy

and

as subsequently He was quick to grasp the various details of the business, and soon showed his worth by the faithfulness with which he performed his duties. So valuable had he become to the company that when the J. B. Stetson Co. was incorporated in 1891 to take over the business founded by Mr. Stetson, he was made secretary. Subsequently he occupied the position of treasurer and second vice-president, and upon the death of Mr. Stetson on Feb. 18, 1906, he was elected president. Under Mr. Cumming's management the business has developed into what is said to be the Its largest manufacturers of hats in the world. main factory in Philadelphia has a floor space aggreand gating twenty-four acres, employs over 5,000 hands. Here the company maintains solely for its own work an establishment for the treatment and cutting of fur; a factory for the weaving of silk bands, bindings and braids; buildings for clerk.

'

and for printing dies on leathers and tips; a shop for making exclusively designed blocks; a factory for manufacturing paper boxes; machine shops in which the company's machinery is constructed and repaired, and a general construction department for the erection and maintenance of its own buildings. The famous Stetson hats are made of furs exclusively, and to supply the demand for their goods the company purchases some 1 1 ,000,000 fur-bearing skins annually, which are gathered from all over the world. From Buenos leather cutting

Ayres are imported the skins of the nutria, collected from the river regions of Argentina. The choicest hare skins are brought from Germany, and the highest grades of Scotch coney skins find their way to the Stetson plant. Beaver skins from northwest America furnish the only fur which not imported. The Steston hat has practically a world-wide reputation, and the company's capital Mr. Cummings is also a director stock is $8,000,000. of the Bank of North America of Philadelphia, which is the oldest bank in the United States; director of Erben, Harding & Co., and president of the Stetson Hospital, Philadelphia. He was married, Feb. 22, 1889, to Anna C., daughter of is

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

360

M. Richards of Philadelphia, and has one son, Howell Cummings, Jr., and three daughters, Marie R., Elizabeth S. and Eleanor F. Cummings. II.

J.

AMBERG, was born

William A., inventor and merchant,

in Albstadt, near Hanau, Bavaria, July 6, 1847, son of John Adam and Margaret (Hoefler) Amberg. His father came to the United States in 1840, and settled permanently at Mineral Point, He was educated in the public Wis., in 1852. schools, and after serving for four years as a clerk in a general store continued his studies at Sinsinawa Mound College and in a business college in Chicago.

He began

his business career in Chicago, in 1865, as bookkeeper in the em-

ploy

of

Culver,

Page

&

stationers. Five years later he formed a

Hoyne,

partnership with

Daniel

Cameron under the name of Cameron, Amberg R.

A: 'o., to engage in the stationery and blank-book manufacturing business. The firm suffered a temporary loss from the great
._ The latter has 1

'

(

unusual relation to literature in that it was a dramatization of Mr. Moffell's own novel. "A King in Rags" (1907), and that it became the basis for another novel under the title of the play, "The I'.M)'.),. Hatlle" Through the Wall" (i909),_a detective novel, was published as a magazine serial in America, and as a book, translated by Felicien 'a seal, in France. Mr. Moffett is master of a rapid style that makes his book easy and agreeable readThe New York "Critic," discussing "Careers ing. of Danger and Daring," said, "He writes with a vigor and pieturesqueness that holds one spellbound," and the "Churchman" has spoken of his Mr. Moffett style as "always lively and effective." was married in New York city, Feb. 11, 1899, to Mary E., daughter of Dr. Wm. T. Lusk of New York.

;ui

I

OWEN, Sidney Marcus, Huron county, ()., Aug. 11, Nelson and Clarissa Ransom) Owen, and grandson of Silas Owen, a native of Wales, who came to America in 1780, and took part

editor,

was born

in

1838, son of Horatio

i

in the

closing struggles of

the

revolutionary war, as well as in the war of 1812. He was educated in the public schools of his native county and at Oberlin College, and in 1857 became associated with his father in the conduct of a general store at Havana, O. He continued in the mercantile with the business, exception of one year's service in the civil war as first lieutenant of Co. G. 166th Ohio volunteer infantry,

until

1884,

when

with his brother, Horatio N. Owen, he founded the "Farm, Stock and Home," which has since become the leading agricultural journal of the Northwest, and removing to Minneapolis, Minn., actively engaged in its management.

He had previously contributed to periodical literature, and on assuming control revealed a degree of editorial and literary abilty that immediately won for him great popularity with his readers. While primarily of an agricultural character, this

THE NAI10NAL CYCLOP.EUIA

382

paper has wielded a strong political influence. He has aided in building up the Farmer's Alliance of Minnesota, until it became a large and influential organization, anil was an earnest advocate of the Minnesota State Agricultural School, founded at He was married in St. Anthony Park, in 1889. 1860 to Helen A., daughter of Henry Feagles of Fayette, Seneca co., N. Y., and has one son, Harry N. Owen, who is associated in the management of "Farm, Stock and Home."

WILLCOX,

William Russell, lawyer, was born

at Smyrna, Chenango

son

of

Thomas

L.

co.,

and

X. Y., Apr. Catherine B.

1S03, (Stover)

11.

Willcox, and grandson of Lillibridge and Anna (Hoxie) Willcox, natives of Rhode Island, who setr tled in Smyrna, N. Y ., in 1798.

The family

originated in

Rhode

having become established there about the time Roger Williams founded the Providence Island,

Young Willcox was brought up on a farm. He was educated at the Brockport (N. ~Y.) Normal School, the University of plantations.

Rochester, and at Columbia Law School, being graduated at the latter with the degree of LL.B., in 1889. The degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by the University of Rochester in 1904. He was principal of the Webster (N.

Y.)

Academy during

1882-85,

and of the Spring Valley (N. Y.) union school two years, after which he removed to New York to practice law. During 1902 and 1903 he was commissioner of parks for the boroughs of Manhattan and Richmond, under Mayor Low, and president of the park board. In this capacity he probably did more to establish the open air playgrounds than had been accomplished by any other park commissioner of the city. His administration was notable for the improvements and innovations he inaugurated; the roads and drives of the city parks were improved; the park system was enlarged by the acquisition of large tracts of land in the borough of Richmond; a number of small parks and open air playgrounds were opened; a permanent farm garden for children was established, and additions to the buildings of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Natural History were made. Mr. Willcox has been associated with Jacob A. Riis and other pliilanthropists in settlement work in the crowded districts of New Y'ork city for many years, and he is also well known as a student of educational matters. On Jan. 1. 1905, he was appointed postmaster of New York. One of the reforms

urged by Gov. Hughes in his first campaign for governor of New York was the abolition of the district boards that had the supervision of various public utilities, and the concentration of their duties and responsibilities in a single body. The legislature passed such a law in 1907, practically as Gov. Hughes asked for it. The state was divided into two districts those counties which make up New York city, Kings, Queens and Richmond constitute the first district, and all the other counties of the state, the second district. Each commission is to consist of five members to serve one, two, three, four and five years respectively, and each of their successors is" to hold office for five years. Mr. Wilcox was selected by Gov. Hughes to be chairman of the first district, his term to expire Feb. 1, 1913 and he resigned from the position of postmaster of New York city

new

to accept the

post.

The commission

of the

has general

supervision of all the transportation lines and other common carriers and is to keep informed as to their general condition and manner of operation, not only with respect to the adequacy, security and accommodation afforded, but also as to their compliance with all provisions of law. It is required to investigate the cause of all accidents on railroads or street railways within its jurisdiction which result in loss of life or injury to persons or property,

first

district

anil tion.

which

in

their

judgment require investiga-

determine and establish rates of fares and charges when in its opinion such rates of fares and charges are unjust or unreasonIf it finds that the railable or discriminatory. road equipment, appliances or service is unsafe, it has power to order repairs and improvements or even a complete change, and if in its judgment a street railroad does not run trains or cars enough or run its cars with sufficient frequency to accommodate traffic, it may direct any such railroad to better its service. Without first having obtained the permission and approval of the proper public service commission, no railroad corporation may begin the construction or addition of its lines, and no franchise to own or operate a railroad may be assigned, transferred or leased until such change is first approved by the comIn the case of lighting companies the mission. commission may ascertain the quality of the gas It

supplied,

shall

examine

the

methods

employed

manufacturing and

in

supplying gas or electricity for light, heat or power, and may order such improvements as will best promote the public interest, preserve the public health and protect those using such gas or electricity. The commission may fix the standard of illuminating power and purity of the gas sold, and fix the initial It is required efficiency of incandescent lamps. to inspect, examine, prove and ascertain the accuracy of all gas and electric meters, and no corporation or person is permitted to use or sell any meter which has not been first inspected and approved by the commission. The commission is also authorized to exercise the powers heretofore conferred upon the board of rapid transit railroad commission. The creation of a body with such important responsibilities and powers was a radical departure in public policy, but the good it has accomplished in the brief period of its existence is a striking and specific commentary on the wisdom of Gov. Hughes, the creator of the commission, and reflects most creditably upon the ability of Mr. Willcox as its chairman. Mr. Willcox is a, member of the Union League, the Century Association and the Republican Club of New York, the NVw York Bar Association, and the Alpha Delta Phi Society. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by New York University in 1909. He was married Jan. 21, 1904, to Martha J., daughter of William F. Havemeyer, the sugar merchant of New York. WHITE, Henry Seely, educator, was born at Cazonovia, N. Y., May 20, 1861, son of Aaron and Isadore Maria (Haight) White. His first American ancestor. John White, came to this country from Messing. Essex co., England, landing in Boston, Mass.. Sept. 16, 1632, subsequently becoming one of the original settlers of Hartford. Conn. In 1635 he was one of the first board of selectmen of Cambridge. From him and his wife. Mary Levit the descent is traced through their son Nathaniel, who was a representative from Micldletown to the general court of Connecticut, being elected eightyfive times, and his wife, Elizabeth their son Daniel, and his wife, Susannah Mould; their ,

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

383

was started in Yokohama in 1865 and the house was a pioneer in this line, having at that time no competitor on account of the hostility to forThe first store was at eigners existing in Japan. parents of the subject of this sketch. He received 814 Broadway. In 1893 the business was incorhis early education at Cazenovia Seminary, was porated, the capital stock being several millions graduated at Wesleyan, University in 1882, and of dollars. A factory for the manufacture of at the University of Gottingen, (iormany, where porcelain and the decoration of china is located at he received the degree of Ph.D., in 1890. During Nagoya, Japan. The trademarks of the firm are 1884-87 he held the position of registrar at Wesleyan "Ichi Ban" and "Nee Ban." From a retail, business as first established and which has grown to imI't.iversity, and was also tutor in mathematics. In 1890 he was appointed assistant in pure math- mense proportions, has developed a wholesale trade ematics at. Clark University, and two years later w-hich extends to every section of the country, rebecame professor of pure mathematics at the quiring representatives in nearly all the markets of Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. From Europe and Asia. The house is known throughout there he went to Vassar College, where he has been the world, and its reputation foi solidity and exact He has business methods is an enviable one. Mr. Raymond professor of mathematics since 1905. contributed many scientific articles to various was a director of the Real Estate Trust Co. of magazines valuable to the student of higher math- New York, the Lincoln Trust Co., and a member ematics, probably the most important being one of the Stock Exchange and the Union League on semi-conbinants and affiliants which appeared Club, of New York city. He was married Jan. in the "American Journal of Mathematics" in 29, 1875, to Grace Clark, daughter of Col. John He was appointed associate editor and Qiiincy Adams, Brooklyn, N. Y., and had one son, 1895. editor of "Transactions of the American MathIrving Edward Raymond, who succeeded his father Prof. Wliite is an in business. Mr. Raymond died at Stamford, ematical Society," in 1903. enthusiast on the science of mathematics and its Conn., Apr. 18, 1905. Aside from his duties at limitless possibilities. WAGONER, George Washington, physician Vassar and his editorial work he is preparing a and surgeon, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., Feb. !'_'. " textbook on Plane Curves of the Third Order," 1856, son of Rev. George and Mary L. (Henrie) a subject that with its closely allied subject of Wagoner, and grandson of Rev. George Wagoner, who emigrated to the United States in 1826, and elliptic functions he expects to see taught in tilecolleges of the future as commonly as conic sections settled in Madison, Westmoreland co., Pa., where He is a member of the I'si he figured prominently in the religious affairs of is at the present time. Upsilon Society, American Mathematical Society, the community. He was one of the pioneer antiof which he was vice-president 1900-01, and pres- slavery men, and did much by his eloquence and ident 1907-09; a member of the Deutsche Math- trenchant pen to mold public opinion on that subematiker Vereinigung and C'ircolo Matematico di ject. As early as 1835 he published "A Plan Palermo and was presiednt of the department for Abolishing War," which embodied many of of mathematics at the congress of arts and sciences, the principles suggested by the Peace commission He was married, Oct. 2S, l.s'.in. organized half a century late.". Dr. Wagoner's St. Louis, 1904. to Mary Willard, daughter of Frederick Lathrop father was also a clergyman in the United Brethren The son was educated in the public Gleason, of Hartford, Conn., and has three children. Church. schools of Johnstown, Pa. Charlotte L., Martha I. and Mary W. White. After working several years James Irving, merchant, was in the printing office of the born at Bedford, Westchester co., N. Y., Aug. 24, Johnstown "Tibune" he be1843, son of Edward and Phoebe (Knowlton) Ray- gan the study of medicine in mond. His earliest American ancestor was Richard the office of a Dr. Wakefield, Raymond, who came from Essex county, England, and was graduated in the in 1634, and settled in Massachusetts, having been medical department of the granted half an acre of land at Winter Island, Western Reserve University, in Salem harbor, "for fishing trade and to build Cleveland, O., in 1878. He began to practice medicine upon." He styled himself a mariner, was probably " master or certainly part owner of the ketch Hope- in Johnstown, where he has well" of thirty tons. In 1662 he purchased a established an extensive busiHe is a member of house and lot at Norwalk, Conn., whither he re- ness. moved soon after, and was engaged in a coastwise the Cambria County Medical trade with the Dutch and English settlers on Society, of which he was Manhattan Island. He received his education in president in 1890; the Medithe public schools of his native town and the acad- cal Society of the State of emy, whose principal was James W. Husted, sub- Pennsylvania, of which he sequently a prominent figure in New York politics. was treasurer during 1902-08, '/fa He then worked on the farm until he attained his and president during the year and he went to New York and the American 1908-09, city, majority, when after giving his services free for a year, purchased Medical Association. In addition to his medical an interest in the house of A. A. Yantine & Co. practice Dr. Wagoner was secretary of the L'nited Here he applied himself earnestly, studying the States pension examining board during 1884-89; details of the extended business of the firm and deputy medical inspector for the Pennsylvania evincing an industry and capability which soon State Board of Health during its operations in the brought promotion. In 1875 he became a partner flooded district in 1889; is secretary of the Coneand in 1887 purchased the entire interest of A. A. maugh Valley Memorial Hospital of Johnstown Vantine, becoming sole owner of a unique establish- and a member of the Surgical Staff, director of ment. The house has long been the leading one the Cambria Library Association, president of the of its kind in this country, making a specialty of board of fire commissioners and a member of the the finest rugs, carpets, silks, and other fabrics, board of corporation of the Grand View Cemetery also porcelains and bronzes from China, Japan, Association. He is a member of the different Turkey, India and other Oriental countries. The Masonic bodies, the Knights of Pythias and the son Isaac and his wife Sibbil Butler; their son Moses and his wife Huldah Knowles; their son Isaac, and his wife Thankful Clark, and their son Roderick and his wife Lucy Blakeslee, the grand-

business

RAYMOND,

*& 7K

TI1F.

384 Elks.

He

NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

has served as ward committeeman a

of years; was delegate to the state conventions of 1884-89, and was an alternate delegate to the Democratic national convention at Chicago In 1896 he was elected mayor of Johnsin 1SS4. town, and his administration was characterized

number

by a progressive spirit that has contributed much Dr. Wagoner to the material interests of the city. was married June 6, 1894, to Gertrude Fritz, (laughter of Conrad Suppes of Johnstown, Pa., anl has two sons and one daughter.

BAKER, was born

in

Alfred Landon, banker and broker, Boston, Mass., Apr. 30, 1859, son of

Addison and Maria (Mudge) Baker of New England ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Ezra Mudge, served in the governor's council of Massachusetts; and his father was a member of the firm of Hamblin, Baker & Co., of Boston, engaged in the canning Alfred L. Baker rebusiness. ceived his education in the public He beschools of Lynn, Mass. gan his business career in the service of James F. Edmunds & Co.. dealers in fire-brick and clay in Boston,

and subsequently was

C. W. secretary for Amory, treasurer of Amory Manufacturing Co. Having determined to follow the legal profession, he took up the study

private

law in the office of George W. Smith of Boston, and was admitted to the bar in 1881. He entered upon the practice of law at Lynn While in partnership with John R. Baldwin. there he served on the school committee and city council of Lynn. In 1886 he located permanently in 'hicago, forming a law partnership with Louis M. Greeley, under the firm name of Baker & Greeley Having been interested in a number of stock and of

(

bond

transactions, he gradually gave up his lawbusiness and became identified with the New York and Chicago stock exchanges, of which he has been a member since 1896. Under the firm name of Alfred L. Baker Co., he has become recognized as one of the leading bankers and brokers of Chicago. Mr. Baker served as president of the Chicago stock exchange during 1S9S-1900 and is a director and vice-president of the Chicago and Calumet Canal and Dock Co., and vice-president of the National City Hank, and a nr'iiiber of he 'hiea^o. University and Union League clubs of Chicago, the Merchants Club, of which he was president in 1905, the Onwentsia Club, of which he was president He was also president of the board during 1901-06. of trustees of Lake Forest LTniversity, and was a Mr. governor of the Society of Colonial Wars. I

I

Baker was married in Chicago, 111., June 6, 1894, Mary, daughter of Henry Corwith, and has two daughters, Isabelle and Mary Landon Baker. to

HODGE,

William Thomas,

actor,

Albion, Orleans co., N. Y., Nov.

1,

was born at 1874, son of

Thomas and Mary (Anderson) Hodge of ScotchIrish descent. His father was a business man and

real estate broker. in the public schools in the

In his childhood his

N.

He began

town of his parents removed

his education birth, Albion.

to Rochester,

Y., and he attended the public schools there until 1891, when the desire for a theatrical career

became so strong that he ran away from home to go on the stage. He had learned something of the fascination of stage life from his older orother Joseph Hodge, who was a theatrical manager, and

at that time

was managing the Hill Repertoire and then at Plymouth.

Co., touring Pennsylvania

Young William Hodge immediately took a train town, and was made property man of

for that

the company.

His duties were onerous and quite

varied, and he did not always perform them to the satisfaction of his employer, who discharged him a number of times within a period of thirteen weeks. His desire to become an actor was still strong within him, and when, a little later, this company disbanded he joined two of the members in organizing what was known as the Elite Theatre Co., which played in many of the smaller towns in New York state. He filled the part of property man and advance agent, at the same time playing a variety of roles as the comedian of the troupe.

His next venture was in partnership with Thomas Cooney, as joint manager of the New York Comedy Co. When preparing for the initial performance the owner of the music hall at East Kingston N. Y , refused to rent the hall on the ground that there were not members enough in the new company to give a performance which would warrant a charge of admission, and also that Hodge was not enough of an actor to please his clientele. Mr. Hodge rose to the occasion and gave a demonstration of his talents by singing the "Irish Jubilee" and dancing an Irish reel on a barroom floor. This exhibition, together with his offer to allow the owner to collect the price of admission (ten and fifteen cents) and return the money after the performance was over if it did not satisfy the audience, was sufficient to gain the owner's consent. His performance was "Kath" leen Mavourneen the three given by professionals and some amateurs he picked up, and the profits amounted to thirty-eight dollars, so that the venture

was considered a great

success. With this amount of capital to start on, Hodge and his company toured the Catskill mountains during the following summer. After that he was a member of the Marks Bros. Co., of Canada, the Meyer Collins Co. in New York state, and the "Heart of Chicago" Co., which was performing in Canada. At the close of his con-

company he organized the Will Hodge Comedy Co., and toured the smaller towns of New York state. The next

nection with that

season was spent in the South,

which he went to Chicago and appeared in vaudeville, in partnership with a Mr. and Mrs. Hanley. While these numerous engagements usually after

ended disastrously from a financial standpoint, they enabled him to gain a wide and varied experience on the stage, as well as a proficiency in all branches of the histrionic art.

He went to New York in 1900, and was engaged by Mr. Erlanger to appear in the part Heavy" with the Rogers Brothers in their first starring tour, in the musical of the "Brazilian

comedy entitled "The Reign of Error." This New York engagement marks the beginning

of

his

great

success.

Being advised

James A. Herne about another engagement, Mr. Hodge was at first reluctant to call upon him, but finally mustered sufficient courage, and before the interview was over he was engaged to create the role of Freeman Whitmarsh the painter in Herne's new play, "Sag Harbor," at 840 per week, upon the condition that if Hodge was not to see

first three rehearsals he should be dismissed immediately. Mr. Hodge, not oversanguine of his own abilities, was well-nigh dis-

satisfactory at the

AMKKH AN UK

1)1

traded after he had been rehearsing "Sag Harhor" for some ten days without a word of approval of any kind from Mr. Herne. To quote his own "I became so nervous and discouraged words: iHv.-mse he did not speak to me that at last I was determined to find out just where I stood; so I went to him after the tenth rehearsal and said: 'Mr llerne, owing to ihe fact that you have passed me by at these rehearsals, and have given me no instructions whatsoever, I assume that I am considered hopeless in your eyes. If such is the case I would like to quit right now, because the strain is getting to be too much for me.' Looking at me with that quiet, characteristic smile of his, and placing his hand upon my shoulder, he replied: 'My boy, if you are as funny to the public as you have been to me at these rehearsals, your fame will be assured after the opening night of my play," Mr Herne was right. "Sag Harbor" was first. performed in Boston, Mass., at the Park Theatre, Oct.

24,

1899,

and the character

of

Freeman

Wliitmarsh was one of the biggest hits of the Hodge continued in "Sag Harbor" until evening. the death of Mr. Herne two years later. In the following season he was engaged by Charles I-'rohman for his production of "Sky Farm," in which he appeared at the Garrick Theatre, New York city. Subsequently he appeared in the character of Capt. Plummer in George Ade's "Peggy from Paris," produced by Henry W. Savage, and in the following year (1902) he was engaged by Liebler & Co. to create the character of Hiram Stubbins in "Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch." In 1903 he produced a play from his own pen entitled "Eighteen Miles from Home," which was not a success, and after one year at Weber's Theatre, New York, playing Seth Hubbs, the volunteer fireman, in Weber's production of "Dream City," he was engaged by Liebler & Co., in 1907, to play the leading part in "The Man from Home" by Booth Tarkington and Harry Leon Wilson. The play ran in Chicago for the entire season, and was then taken to New York, where Mr. Hodge surpassed his Chicago success, playing for a period of two years. He is now spoken of by ministers of the pulpit and referred to by writers as "The Lincoln of the Stage." He was married in New York city, June 13, 1909, to Miss Helen Hale, an actress.

GARDINER, Charles Perkins, lawyer, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 22, 1S36, son of William Howard and Caroline (Perkins)Gardiner,and grandson of Rev. John S. J. Gardiner, rector of Trinity Church, Boston, from 1805-30. His father was a prominent lawyer of Boston, and his mother was a daughter of Thomas Handasyd Perkins, the founder of the Perkins Institute He was edufor the Blind. cated at the Boston Latin School and the Lawrence He began Scientific School.

?.WW~

his professional career in his father's law office, and gave his chief attention to the care of various trust funds committed to the firm. Being possessed of ample means Mr. Gardiner gave largely of his time and wealth and interest

to various religious and educational enterprises. A devout churchman, he took active interest in the affairs of the Episcopal church in both the dioceses of Maine and Massachusetts, where he owned a home.

:I!

U'lH

385

.

Ilr was also for many years a member of the corporatiun of the Church of the Advent in Boston, lie wa^ fur furty years a trustee and treasurer of St.

Paul's School, Concord, X. H., and was the valued adviser of the successive rectors, Rev. Drs. Henry and Joseph Cult. He was president of the New England Conservatory of Music for ten years, his own great luxe of music anil his perception of the benr'icial effect on the- country of well-trained inu-icians leading him to devote considerable of his time and attention to the upbuilding of this school of music. He was married, May 10, 1X04, to Fields, daughter of Capt. William T. Glidden of Newcastle, Me., senior partner of the well-known firm of Glidden it Williams of Boston. His widow survived him with one daughter, Mary Caroline, Mr. Gardiner died at wife of William H. Cabot. Broukline, Mass.. Aug. 13, 1'tOs.

Emma

RANDALL, Edwin was born at Jan.

14,

Mortimer, Jr., clergyman, Winnebago co., \\ i>., Edwin

Nepeuskun,

1862, son

of

Mortimer and Lueretia C. iStecle) Randall; grandson of \ehemiah and Sally (Sinclair) Randall; great-grandson of Gersliam Randall, and greatgreat-grandson of Nehemiah Randall. The last named was hekilled under Braddock in French and Indian war, and ler-hani was present at the t

I

Boston and the surrender of Burgoyne at Sara Mr. Randall attended toga. the public schools, and in 1880 siege of

was graduated

Baker Uni-

at

versity, receiving the degree of A.M., in 1889, and D.D. in 1902. The latter year he also received the degree of D.D.

from Willamette University. In March, 1SS7, he joined the Kansas conference of the Methodist Episcopal church and accepted the pastorates of Herrington, Kan. (1SS7-89); Osage city, Kan. (1889-92); Washington, Kan. (1892-93); Leavenworth, Kan., First church, (1893-96), and Seattle, Wash., First church (1896-1903) All his pastorates were successful, especially those at Washington and Leavenworth, Kan., where, before his arrival, there had been much division While at Seattle the membership of his church increased from 500 to 1,300 and a longstanding debt was canceled. He resigned this .

.

last pastorate in 1903, at the request of his

bishop

and the annual conference, to take the presidency of the University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Wash. This institution had just been incorporated to succeed one that had collapsed after a disastrous career, and consequently there was neither property nor credit to begin with. However, the alumni association of the old school supplied the 544 contributors subscribed site, $21,000 for new a building, a faculty was assembled, students solicited and, three months after Mr. Randall had taken charge, the university was in regular operation. At the close of the first year there had been an enrollment of 237 students, three had graduated at the College of Liberal Arts, the institution possessed property free of debt valued at $40,000, and had assets in subscriptions totaling $30,000. Mr. Randall resigned in May, 1904, being elected general secretary of the Epworth League of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was reflected in 1908. During 1900^04 he had been a member of the general board of insurancs of the church and in 1904 and 1908 was member of the general conference. For some time he conducted league conventions on the institute plan, but gave it up when it encroached

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

386

on his pastoral work He was chaplain of the Son s of the American Revolution in Washington state during 1900-05. Mr. Randall was married in Baldwin, Kan., Nov. 15, 1888, to Jennie May, daughter of Thomas Sweet and a graduate of Baker University. They have two children May and Edwin Thomas .

:

Randall.

DRAPER, Eben

Sumner, manufacturer and governor of Massachusetts, was born

forty-fourth at Hopedale, Worcester Co., Mass., June 17, 1858, eon of George and Hannah (Thwing) Draper. His earliest American ancestor was James Draper,

of Heptonstall, England, who to America in 1648, and He settled in Roxbury, Mass. had served as captain in King

came

His wife Phillip's war (1675). was Abigail Whiting, and the line

of

their

descent runs through Capt. James, who

son,

married Abigail Childs; their son Abijah, who married Alice Eaton; their son Ira, who married Abigail Richards, and was the grandfather of the Mr. subject of this sketch. Draper was educated in the public schools vate school at

and Allen's priWest Newton,

Mass., completing his education at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was He spent graduated in 1878. some time in his father's machine shops at Hopedale, learning the details of the business, and after a further apprenticeship in a cotton mill, was admitted to the firm of George Draper & Sons of Hopedale in In 1897 a consolidation was effected with 1880. the Hopedale Machine Co. and the Hopedale Machine Screw Co., the new corporation being called the Draper Co. This industry originated with Ira Draper, an ancestor of many of the present officers, who took out a patent on a loom temple in He built up a small business and turned it 1816. over to his eldest son, James Draper, in 1830. James and his brother, E. D. Draper, formed a partnership in 1837, and were joined by a third brother, George,

in

1852. to

moved

Hopedale Machine Company (which had formerly taken over the Hopedale Furnace Company), the

Dutcher Temple Company, and the Hopedale Machine Screw Company, and in 1900 the various plants were united by a complete reorganization of the buildings and additions which more than doubled the capacity. The capital stock was $8,000,000; the officers being William F. Draper, president, J. B. Bancroft, vice-president; George A. Draper, treasurer; Eben S. Draper, agent; and George Otis Draper, secretary. The business of the Draper Company consists of the manufacture and sale of patented spinning machines, involving the development of hundreds of inventions, and the present output of Northrop looms, the most important of all the machines, is about 2,000 per month. It takes out about 100 patents each year, the greater number of which are developed by the company's own inventors. The officers of the company are inventors themselves, several of them having taken out nearly 100 patents each. The present company and the

surroundings have been almost entirely built up on the profits of the business, not depending on the investment of outside capital. There are about twenty-four acres of floor space in the various

and its employes number about 3,000. Draper had charge of the selling department, which does a business of several millions per annum. Mr. Draper was a member of the town, congressional and state committees, and in 1892 served as chairman of the Massachusetts Republican state committee. He was chairman of the Massachusetts delegation to the national Republican convention in 1896, and in 1900 was the Republican factories S.

Eben

elector for the eleventh congressional district. He served as chairman of the state delegation to the Nashville exposition in 1897, and president of the Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association that raised " " $200,000 for the hospital ship, Bay State during

the Spanish-American war. During 1908 he was lieutenant governor of the state and in the same year was elected governor by a plurality of 60,156 over James H. Vahey, Democrat. In 1909 he was reflected for the ensuing year. Gov. Draper was a director of the Boston and Albany railroad; National Shawmut Bank, American Boston;

Thread Co.;

New England

Cotton Yarn Co.; Mil-

They Hope-

in Mass., 1853, and acquirother valuable ing dale,

patents in cotton machinery estab- -r- 1 lished branch industries in association with W.

W.

Dutcher,

the

inventor, and E. C. Dutcher, of the

famous

f]

R-

'

C~f --

" ~'""* i >

:

'

''-^n

Kilm!ii!'lif^T"K

ito^K^Ss^iiP

Dutcher

temple, in 1854, the Hopedale Machine Company and the Hopedale Furnace Company in 1867, and the Hopedale Machine Screw Company in 1S8S. In 1868 E. D. Draper retired in favor of William F. Draper, the present president of the company. The business up to 1870 consisted largely in the introduction of loom improvements. Since then important improvements connected with the art of spinning have been introduced: the Sawyer and Rabbeth spindles, the double flange spinning ring, and the now famous Northrop loom. In 1897 the present Draper Company was organized by the absorption of the firm of Geo. Draper & Sons, the

ford National Bank; Milford, Franklin and Providence railroad; Milford and Woonsocket railroad; Continental Mills; Queen City Cotton Co., etc. He is a member of the board of corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a member of the Society of Colonial Wars, Republican Club of Massachusetts, Home Market Club, Union New Algonquin Club, Exchange Club, Club, Country Club, Metropolitan Club of New York, and the Hope Club of Providence. He was married, Nov. 21, 1883, to Nannie, daughter of Gen. Benjamin H. Bristow, of New York, who was secretary

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. of the treasury under Grant, and candidate for the presidency in 1876. They have three children: Benj

amin Helm Bristow, Dorothy and Eben Draper,

elocution in the Brooklyn Evening High Schools, He is the author of a number of

for three years.

dramas and farces, that have been performed with varying success: "A Point of Honor," (1873), "The Banker's Son," (1884), "Parvenues," (1888), "In a Trance," (1890),

Jr.

comedies,

M UNRO,

Peter Simcoe Morton, actor, author was born in York, England, Fob. 17, Rev. Alexander Fraser and Plelen (Miller) Munro, both natives of Scotland, who came to America when the subject of this sketch was twelve years old. After attending the Model School, Toronto, Canada, he studied oratory and dramatic He began to learn the printing art for three years. trade, but soon gave it up to

and

lecturer, 1842, son of

"A

Needless Sacrifice," (1892), "The Defaulter," Break," (1898). The (1895), and "An Awful versatility of the man is further shown by his public lectures, the most popular of which are: "The Comedians of the Pen" (illustrated with

"Francis Bret Harte" (illustrated), "Revelations of the Obelisk" (illustrated) and "Impression and Expression." He has also recently completed a novel of modern life entitled "As Thyself," which was written in collaboration with his late father-in-law, Dr. Charles Testut. In military circles Mr. Munro is the general comportraits),

enter the dramatic profession, in which he remained for several years, playing many parts in various cities of the United States and Canada in the old

manding the department of the east in the Army and Navy Union of the United States, and since 1905 he has been president of the War Veterans and

stock company days. During the civil war he enlisted in the 34th Independent Battery of flying artillery, N. Y. volunteers, and served on Roanoke Island and in front of Peters-

Sons' Association of the United States of America. He is also a past commander in the Grand Army of the Republic, a member of the New York Press Club and the Thirteen Club. He was married June

burg. Returning to New York, he yielded to the wish of his

22, 1865, to

a Presbyterian minister, to give up the stage as a profession and went into the printing business. Although he ranks as an authority on the use of types and on typographical designing, he is even

known literary and better

in

America

:

historic abilities, In for his success as a teacher and lecturer. 1879 he became assistant editor of the "American Model Printer," the pioneer of the class of technical New York city by Kelly periodicals, published in

firm of

&

Mr. Munro has been known as a thorough instructor in elocution and dramatic art. Many prominent actors and actresses, clergymen, lecturers, and platform entertainers received their finished For training in his Brooklyn studio of expression. more than thirty years he has taught in the schools, five years

academies and

among them

colleges St.

John's

of

the Catholic

church,

Fordham, New York city, and College,

St.

St. Francis Xavier's College, Francis' College, Brooklyn, College of St. Angela, New Rochelle, N. Y., and the St. John's Boys' Home, Brooklyn, besides a number of parochial schools and literary unions where he is teacher and director of entertainments. He was professor of

daughter of

Emma

LADEW, Edward R., manufacturer, was born at Shokan, Ulster co., New York, Feb. 18, His father 1855, a son of Harvey Smith Ladew. was one of the most prominent tanners and leather r merchants of New Y ork. He and Daniel B. Fayerweather became partners in the old leather

and

the autonomy of the printing pressmen. After this victory, Mr. Munro retired and accepted the editorship of the "Exponent," a society journal published in Brooklyn by John Suter. For thirty-

Isabelle,

and Aida May Munro.

for his

He was successively the Bartholomew. business manager of "Thoughts and Events," a weekly journal of literature and affairs, chief editor of the "Daily Financial Report," a journal devoted to the money, stock and bond market and chief editor of the "American Art Printer," probably the most exquisite exponent of advanced typography ever issued, meanwhile serving as the New York correspondent for a number of western and southern journals. In 1892 he assumed the editorship of the "American Pressman," a monthly. devoted to the interests of the organized printing pressmen of the United States and Canada, who were then battling with the International Typographical Union for recognition as a separate and In this distinct branch of the printing trade. magazine appeared the most trenchant articles from his pen, so forcibly and logically framed that, before two years had elapsed, the Typographical Union was glad to capitulate and fully recognize

Eugenie Louise

He has three Dr. Charles Testut of New Orleans. sons living: Albert Alexander, a draughtsman and designer with Tiffany & Co., Leon Charles, and George Edwin, and two daughters Lauretta,

who was

father,

387

Hoyt

Brothers, and

upon the

dissolution

of that firm, in 1870, with Joseph B. Hoyt, formed the firm of J. B. Hoyt Co., who were the first to make "scoured oak backs" and "Hoyt's short Edward R. Ladew, after a thorough lap belting."

&

education at Charlin Institute and Dr. Anthon's Grammar school, entered the business as a special partner in 1877. Joseph B. Hoyt retired in 1SS4, the firm of J. B. Hoyt & Co. was dissolved, and Daniel B. Fayerweather, Harvey

Smith Ladew and Edward R.

Ladew organized

leather

weather

.

the

house of Fayer& Ladew. When

the senior Ladew died in 1888, a brother, J. Harvey Ladew, acquired an interest in the business and became a member of the firm. Daniel B. Fayerweather died in November, 1890, and his surviving partners acquired his interest and continued to use the old firm name. On Aug. 1, 1898, Fayerweather & Ladew became a corporation, with In 1904, capital of $1,250,000. Ladew purchased his brother's holdings in the company and dissolved the corporation in 1905, thereafter continuing the business under the name The firm of Fayerweather of Edward R. Ladew. & Ladew acquired extensive tanneries at Chattanooga, Term,

;

Flintstone, Ga.,

Paw Paw and

W.

and Cumberland,

Va.; Clearfield, Everett, Philipsburg and Tecumseh, Pa., which were sold to the United States Leather Co. and The firm also owned allied companies in 1893.

Md.;

Davis,

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

388 two

largo leather belting plants in

New York

city,

which were not sold with the tanneries, but reThe manufacture of leather belting was tained. carried on here until 1903, when the plant was partially destroyed by fire and was rebuilt at Glen Cove, L. I. This factory at Glen Cove, probably the largest of its kind in the world, was carried on by Edward R. Ladew up to the time of his death, and for a while he operated a branch factory at Mr. Ladew was a vice-president of 'harlotte. N. C. the United States Leather Co. for a time, and a director of that corporation from its organization, until his death. He took an active part in the early management of its affairs, and did much in laying the foundation upon which its success has been built He was a director in the Bowling Green Trust Company and a member of the Chamber of He was an enthusiastic yachtsman Commerce. and for years captain of station No. 10, New York Yacht Club, belonging also to the Larchmont and Hempstead Harbor yacht clubs, besides a number Mr. Ladew was a of social and sporting clubs. man of strong individuality and high ideals. He was married Jan. 26, 1886, to Louise Berry, daughter of Charles Wall, who survived him with two children, Harvey S. and Elise Wall Ladew. He died at his country place "Elsinore," at Glen Cove, L. I., Aug. 30, 1905. WILTSEE, Ernest, was born at Poughkeepsig, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1X63, son of Abraham and Jane Elizabeth (Longking) Wiltsee. His first American ancestor was Hendrick Martinson Wiltsee, a native of Holland, who came to America in 1640, Mr. Wiltsee's and settled at Newtown, L. I. great-great-grandfather, Johannes Wiltsee, was (

.

a lieutenant in Col. BrinkerhorTs regiment of New York infantry, which took part in the capture of Burgoyne at Bemis Heights; his son was Cornelius; and his son was John Cornelius, who married Winifred Lent Rapelye, and who was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Wiltsee received his education at the Bishop's school at Poughkeepsie, and at the Columbia College school of mines, being graduated M.E. at the latter in He began his professional career as chemist 1885. for the Edgar Thomson Steel Works at Braddock, Pa., 'and after one year transferred his services to the Colorado Fuel and Iron He was Co., at Pueblo, Colo. subsequently chemist at the

Holden Smelting Co., at Denver, (18S7), and in 1888 he went to California to serve as

Colo.

assistant superintendent of the North Star Mine at Grass Valley. Here he remained two years, and also two years as manager of the Homewardbound nu'ne at Grass Valley, Cal. He went to South Africa in 1892, under

John Hays Hammond, as one of three mine managers for Barnato. He had Barney charge of the Glencairn mine at Johannesburg, and a year later was manager of the Gelrlenhuis Estate Mine at Johannesburg, for the Consolidated Goldfiekls of South Africa, a company formed and controlled by Cecil Rhodes. In 1895 he became superintendent engineer for the same company, and held that position until the famous Jameson raid, when operations ceased in all the mining property owned by Cecil Rhodes. Returning to America Mr. V, HIMT was engaged in private enterprises in Cali for five years, wnen he removed to Po" -

three years later to

New

York.

lie v

years and a half manager of the Venture Corporation, a British concern, and since then has been engaged in private practice as a consulting engineer in New York city. He is a member of the Rand Club of South Africa, the Denver Club of Denver, the Pacific Union, University, and Burlingame clubs of San Francisco, and the Tuxedo. City, Midday, Calumet, and Strollers clubs of New York city. He was married, Oct. 18, 1905, to Emily Stuart, daughter of Col. Stewart Taylor c-f New York city, and a niece of Mrs. Pierre Lorillard, Sr.

MILTON,

William Hall, lawyer

and U.

S.

senator, was born in Jackson county, Fla., Mar. 2, 1864, son of William

Susan Hall His first American ancestor was John came from Milton, who England and settled in Halifax county, N. C., about He married Mary 1730. Farr, and their son, John Milton, became one of the

and

Henry

(Hearn) Milton.

heroic history,

figures in Georgia fighting through-

out the revolutionary war, for a time being the

and

ruling

He

power

in

his

state.

married Hannah E. Spencer and their son was Gen. Homer Virgil Milton, who rendered gallant services in the

He

war

of

1812.

married Elizabeth Rob-

and their son, John Milton, (q.v.) became governor of Florida in 1860. He married Susan Amanda Cobb, and was the grandfather of the subject of After a preliminary education in the this sketch. public and private schools of Marianna, Mr. Milton entered the Agricultural and Mechanical College at Auburn, Ala., where he remained until he completed the sophomore year and left there a qualified On returning to Marianna he engaged surveyor. in merchandising, but continued in that business only about four years. His innate interest in politics led to his taking an active part in the campaign of 1885 and he was elected to the legislature in 1888; in the meantime studying law and being admitted to the bar in 1890. He became interested in an official capacity in the banking business the same year, and banking has largely received his time and attention ever since. He has, too, been an influential factor in state politics and since 1886 has attended as a delegate every state and congressional district Democratic convention, serving two terms on the state Democratic executive committee -and on the congressional district committee. In 1888 he was elected to represent Jackson county in the state legislature and served with ability in that body. He was clerk and treasurer of Marianna for eight years and was court commissioner by inson,

He was presiof Judge McC'lellan. dential elector in 1892 and was appointed U. S. surveyor general by Pres. Cleveland in 1894, holding this position until his resignation in 1897, when he retired to again enter the banking business. appointment

In 1898 the people of Marianna demanded his services as mayor and nominated and elected him over his protests, when there was an active, strong candidate already in the field. He served two terms and positively declined reelecti n to a third. In 1900 he was a candidate for governor and in the state Democratic convention was the recipient of a large vote made up of some of the best and ablest men in Florida, who loyally stood by his colors for r days, until he released them in order that a

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. nomination might be made. On Mar. 27, 1908, Gov. Broward appointed him U. S. senator to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Sen. William J.Bryan, and he served until March 3, 1909. In line with his policy of upbuilding, he completed in 190S one of the most beautiful and elegantly-furnished banking houses in the state, for the use of the First National Bank of Marianna, of which he is vice-president and The extent of his interests and scope of his cashier. activities may be judged by the number of important institutions with which he is connected. He is president of the Milton Land and Investment Co., president of the Southern Life and Accident Insurance Co., president of the First National Bank of DeFuniak Springs, president of the Bank of Blountstown, vice-president of the Bank of Panama City, vice-president of the Florida Home Insurance Co., director of the Cottondale State Bank of Cottondale, Fla., Central State Bank of Campbellton,

Bank of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fla., American National Bank of Pensacola, Fla., secretary and treasurer of the Marianna Manufacturing

Fla.,

Co., treasurer of the Chipola Transportation Co., president of the Marianna Telephone Exchange, a member of the board of bond trustees of Jack-on county, and has for ten years been president of the board of managers of the Florida State Reform School. He is a member of three patriotic societies the Sons of the American Revolution, Sons of Confederate Veterans, and the Society of the Cincinnati, being vice-president of the latter for the state of

Georgia.

a Mason,

Among the fraternal orders he is a Pythian, and a member of the Alpha Taxi Omega

Mr. Milton was married, Nov. toSarah S., daughter of James S. Baker, of Greenwood, Fla. They have had six children, of whom
0 and engaged in importing French tinware and French hardware

specialties,

Southern railroad, and Mexican Railway Companies. With Gov. Harmon, of Ohio, and William H. H. Miller, he acted as counsel in the reorganization of the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroad; in 1905, with E. H. Gary and W. O. Johnson, he organized the United States Natural Gas Co., of which he is now general counsel. and in the following year he was the counsel in organizing the Metropolitan Gas and Electric Co., and the Union Gas and Electric Co., of Chicago. City

Pam

also counsel for the Siegel Stores Corof the Consolidated Traction C'ompanies of Chicago. Some idea of the magnitude of the organization and re-

Mr.

poration,

is

and counsel in the reorganization

organization work done by Mr. Pam can be gained from the capitalization involved. The aggregate amount of securities issued by only the companies above mentioned, exceeds SI, 900,000,000. Mr. Pam has appeared in the courts of the states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Iowa and Missouri, and before the United States suprme court in cases affecting railroad rates, public utilities and tax questions. He is a devotee of books and music and a collector of paintings. As a student he is especially interested in history, and his principal enjoyments are He is in travel spent in countries ripe in history. a. splendid example of a self-made man; the son

TXJRY- vtt-

WOODMAtN

L-I-

associating with him, Charles Lalance, under the firm name of Lalance & Grosjean. He found a ready and promising market for his wares, and being a man of keen perceptions and shrewd business capacity, success was instantaneous. Believing that he could manufacture his own wares cheaper than

he could import them, he brought over a number and opened a small

of Swiss and French artisans shop at Woodhaven, L I., to

make

articles of tin,

spoons being a leading specialty, of which he was the original manufacturer. As the business grew tin

THE NATIONAL CVCLOP.EDIA

396

other household utilities were produced, and this small beginning was the foundation of what develinstituoped into one of the largest manufacturing tions of its kind in the world. The great product of his fertile brain was the process of enameling sheet iron cooking utensils, the secret of which was known only to himself and his associates. At that time agate ware was unknown. After several years spent in perfecting the process, he finally produced a form of agate ware which was adopted by him and which has been accepted as the standard He inenamel ware throughout the whole world. corporated the business in 1869 with a capital stock of $500,000, a large capitalization for those days. The factory was burned in 1876, but was immediately rebuilt on a larger scale, and as the business continued to expand large rolling mills and tin were erected at Harrisburg, Pa. (see plate works The goods manufactured by the illustration). Lalance & Grosjean Manufacturing Co. consist of all kinds of cooking and household utensils used for culinary purposes. They are stamped from one piece of metal, and are then enameled by a process that greatly increases their strength and lasting qualiSome idea of the enormous growth of this ties. business may be judged from a comparison of the accompanying illustrations, showing the original plant at Woodhaven, erected in 1860, with its modest surroundings, and the present establishment, that covers over twenty acres, and employs a large army of men. Mr. Grosjean was married to Eugenie E., daughter of Pierre Rosselot of Brooklyn, N. Y., and he had a son, Alfred, who died in '888, and one daughter, who became the wife of Auguste Julien C'ordier, who succeeded Mr. Grosjean Mr. as president of the company upon his death. Grosjean died at his residence in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 24, 1903. CORDIER, Auguste Julien, manufacturer, was born in New York city, Feb. 27, 1854. Both father and mother were natives of France, coming to this country when young and marrying here. He received a public school education and began business life at twelve years of age in the employ of Lalance & Grosjean, tin goods manufacturers, then a co-partnership business, in Pearl Street, New York city. Intelligence, industry and careful

methods on

won

recognition from his employers and successive promotions rapidly followed. His entire career was destined to be identified with this enterprise, which he saw develhis part speedily

the selling department to the position of second Three years later he bevice-president in 1889. came first vice-president, and upon the death of Florian Grosjean in 1903, he was elected to succeed him as president. Beyond his high capacity as a business man and industrial leader, Mr. Cordier was a model citizen, generous, genial, sympathetic, toleHis rant, public spirited, upright and optimistic. acquaintance was very extensive and his affability rendered him generally popular. He was an excellent host and entertainer, companionable and

charming personality. He was highly esteemed both business and social circles, and his kindly greeting, spontaneous good humor and magnetic disposition won and kept a host of friends. Besides a home in Brooklyn, he maintained an ample and magnificent villa at Woodhaven, L. I., which had been originally erected by his father-in-law, Mr. Grosjean. Mr. Cordier was a Republican in political affiliations, but was never active in politics. He was identified with many organizations of both a social and business character. At the time of his death, he was president and a director of the Woodhaven Water Company and a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce. He served on the directorate of the Phoenix and Hanover banks, of New York city, and belonged to the Union League, the Fulton, the Republican clubs of New York, and the Montauk, and the Riding and Driving clubs of Jamaica. Mr. Cordier was married, Apr. 3, 1884, to Alice Marie, daughter of Florian Grosjean, senior member of the firm in which he was employed. He had one daughter, Alice Marie, and one son, Auguste Julien of in

Mr. Cordier died at his haven, Long Island, Oct. 22, 1906. Cordier.

PHELPS, Erskine

Mason,

home

at

Wood-

merchant

and

philanthropist, was born in Stonington, Conn., Mar. 31, 1839, son of Charles H. and Ann R. (Hammond) Phelps, and a descendant of William Phelps, a native of Dorchester, England, who fled to Leyden, Holland, to escape the persecutions of the non-conformists at the time of James I. From Holland he joined a number of other familes who came to America by way of Plymouth, England, in 1630, arriving at Nantasket, Mass., and settling first at Dorchester, Mass., and subsequently at

oped from a comparatively small business only a few years old, into what is now a gigantic indusAt the outset, try- with a worldwide reputation. through strict attention to the duties assigned him and by the display of a special aptitude for such a business, he continued to qualify for more important work and was successively advanced to the

Windsor, Conn. Here William Phelps become one of Windsor's most eminent and honored men, being mentioned in Stiles' ancient, Windsor as a "gentleman with good estates." Charles H. Phelps was a member of the largest drygoods firm in the city of New Orleans and was drowned in the wreck of the steamer " Lexington " on Long Island Sound in 1839. The son began his business career in the service of Allen, Copp & Nesbitt, banker, of St. Louis, Mo., but returned in a few years and engaged in 'the brokerage business in Boston. In 1S64 he formed a partnership with George E. P. Dodge, whom he had known from childhood, to engage in the manufacture of shoes in Chicago, and in 1872 Mr. Na-

positions of entry clerk, city salesman, and travelHis predominating genius was his ing salesman. ability to widely distribute the products of the a company, gift that resulted in his promotion from

Palmer became a member, the name of Phelps & Dodge being changed to Phelps, Dodge & Palmer. At the time of the Chicago fire the firm's building was destroyed, but two days later

LALANCE.

&

ORQ5 JEAN

-

thaniel B.

I

ALJGUSTE

J

.

CORDIER

AMKKICA.N UltKiKAPIIY.

Ul

the partners had reestablished themselves temporarily in the residence of Mr. I'helps on Indiana

Avenue until other quarters The new building which was

could be .secured. erected on the site

of the ready for occupancy in March. 1X72. This was the pioneer boot manufacturing hnii of the West, and their good.s were of so line a quality and their sales were -o great that they were never able to keep abreast of their orders. Subsequently they added the maiml'aeture of women's shoes, and they soon duplicated their

former successes

new

line.

firm I'j

U\

sold

In out

in lln-

I'.HHI

to

t

lie-

the

ards-Stanwood Shoe

Company,

bnl .Mr. 1'helps :ui interest in

retained the new concern and is still a director. During in his long residence Chicago lie has been a conspicuous figure in the mercantile history of tincity and has ever taken a hearty interest in all matters pertaining to and the development

growth of western trade. He was active in the exploitation and manage-

ment

of

the

World's

Columbian exposition in IS'.lli. He was a director ami tin- controlling factor in some of the most important corporations of the city, such as the Merchants Loan and Trust Co., the Commonwealth Edison Co., the London Guarantee and Accident Co., and the Calumet Insurance Co. A man of culture, well read and versatile, he has been a life long student, and has shown rare discrimination and splendid taste in his valuable collection of rare books, paintings and He possessed a large and complete Nasculpture. poleonic collection consisting of pictures, statues, He was one of the organizers and rare books. and the first president of the Iroqupis Club of Chicago; he was for twenty years president of the National Business League of America and he is a member of the Commercial, Chicago, Calumet, the Saddle and Cycle, Mid-day, Washington Park, South Shore Country and Pickwick Country clubs of Chicago; the Manhattan Club of New York, the Temple and Algonquin clubs of Boston and the Thatched House Club of London. For many yenrs he has been president and trustee of the Hahnemann hospital of Chicago, always having been an active supporter of that and many other charitable and When the Central Church of public institutions. Chicago was formed under the leadership of Prof. David Swing, Mr. Phelps was one of the early members, and he continues to participate actively in the work, now under the pastorate of Dr. F. W. Gunsaulus. He was a member of its board of trustees for ten years, after which he retired on account of failing health. In politics a Democrat, he has taken an active part in the agitation for tariff revision, which was contemporaneous with the Cleveland administrations. He was a member of the national Democratic committee in 1888 and served on the national executive committee for his party during Cleveland's second presidential campaign. He was an intimate friend of Pres. Cleveland and after contributing liberally to the expense of his campaign, he refused the post of ambassador at the court of St. James. He has been consul of

Columbia

in

397

Chicago for twenty years.

In 1864

to Anna Elizabeth, daughter of Charles L. Wilder, of Lancaster, Mass. -Mr.

I

'helps

was married

DODGE, George Edward Payspn, merchant and manufacturer, was born at Bennington, N. II., (let ls:;!, son of George Dodge of Puritan descent His father was also a prominent merchant at Lancaster, Mass., for many years and after a public ~>. .

school education he entered his father's business Lancaster at sixteen years of age. In 1MJO he removed to Boston and associated himself with

at

Krskine M.

in the manufacture of boots In Isiil they decided to remove their manufactory to Chicago, a local ion thai pie'nised

and

Phelps.

shoes.

larger possibilities fora new boot and shoe business. A factory was erected in this city and the business At this period the demand was mainly prospered. for wax, calf, kid and split leather for boots and -In"'-, and the young firm devoted its energies to

the manufacture of the "glove-fitting boot," tanned with hemlock bark stuffed with grease, and the bottoms pegged on with wooden pegs, and in those days the entire boot was made by hand. The company's reputation was established by these goods They were ihe lir-t to in roducc warranted gum Or rubber boots, which added to their fame, sale's of these rubber boots aggregating $500,000 About IsTli the company began introannually. ducing a machine for siding the boot, and gradually the hand-sewed soles gave way to the new McKay As fast as other machines process of stitching. t

were invented and introduced for simplifying the manufacture of shoes, they were purchased by the firm of Phelps & Dodge. About 1880 the company began the manufacture of ladies' fine shoes, and in this line as in others the firm stood foremost among western manufacturers. They also enjoyed the distinction of having sold more boots and shoes than any other house in the entire West. In 1900 the partnership was amicably dissolved, and the business was turned over to a number of their associates and employees under the new name of

Edw ards-Stanwood Shoe Co. Mr. Dodge will be better remembered for the generous gifts bestowed upon a multitude of deserving poor of Chicago. It is said that he gave away more money in an unostentatious manner than any man in ChiHe was for many years cago. an earnest supporter of the Hahnemann Hospital of Chicago,

and was one

of its trustees

at the time of his death. He was also a member and trustee of the Central Church, to which he bequeathed $30,000. His other bequests were: $10,000 for settlement kindergartens; $25,000 to Chicago Commons $15,000 to Hull House; $25,000 to Beloit College; $5,000 to the Pacific Garden Missions; $8,000 to Bennington Library; $5,000 to the American Bible Society, and $15,000 to the Lancaster Congregational Church. In his philanthropy Mr. Dodge was a, conspicuous example of the broadest and best Christianity that is based on a pracHe detical application of the Golden Rule. voted his spare moments to searching out worthy ;

objects

of

charity,

and when he found one he

straightway devoted his time and his abundant means to assisting him, but throughout all his giving he never lost sight of the essential thing saving the man and the woman through the boy

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

398

and the girl. He was a member of the Chicago, Washington Park and Calumet clubs of Chicago, and was unmarried. For many years he made his home with his friend and partner, Erskine M. Phelps, whose friendship for his partner had for forty-six years been as intimate as a brother's. Mr. Dodge died in Chicago, 111., Dec. 5, 1904.

KASTOK, Adolph, manufacturer, was born at Wattenheim (Rhenish Bavaria) Germany, Apr. 14, 1856, son of Jacob and Sarah (Hartman) Kastor. He

attended the local village schools of his native town until his tenth year, and then studied at commercial

schools

in

the

cities

Grunstadt and Ingenheim four years.

He

left

Havre

of

for for

the United States in 1870 and joined

'

his

uncle's

firm

of

Bodenheim, Meyer & Co., NewBecause of his York city. of mind and his alertness former schooling, after a few weeks he mastered the comthe

English lanplexities of guage sufficiently to attend evening schools. At the end of six years his uncle's firm went out of business, and in 1876 he started in the hardware business for himself. Although dealing in general hardware he paid particular attention to the cutlery branch until, in 1883, he abandoned all lines but cutlery, ceased catering to the retail stores, and started visiting the jobbing hardware trade exclusively. In 1886 he took his brothers, Nathan and Sigmund Kastor, into partnership, and the firm became Adolph Kastor & Bros. In 1898 the youngest brother, August, was also admitted. In 1886 the firm's importations had assumed proportions that made it necessary for his brother Nathan to visit Europe as buyer, and having decided to locate in Germany, he made his headquarters at a place called Ohligs a town adjacent to the cutlery manufacturing town of Solingen. At first he attended to the purchases, but later on started scissors and razors, periodical visits to this country in order Mr. to keep in touch with the needs of the trade. Adolph Kastor claims that a great deal of the credit for the success of the firm is due to Nathan, whose

manufacturing pocket knives,

making

wise judgment in purchasing, and whose energy in establishing the factory in Germany are largely responsible for the firm of Adolph Kastor & Bros, being placed to-day among the largest importers and manufacturers of cutlery in the world. In 1890 Mr. Kastor began the manufacturing of shears at West Cornwall, Conn., and connected himself with the J. Mallinson Shear Co. Soon afterwards he started the Camillus Cutlery Co. at Camillus, N. Y., for the manufacture of pocket knives. Before he opened the business the town had a population of about 550 people, but a few years afterwards it had grown to over 1200. The plant employs 300 hands and the output averages 2000 dozen knives per week. Adolph Kastor & Bros, also manufacture goods at Sheffield, England. Mr. Kastor returned to Europe for the first time in 1879, and in Sheffield not only thoroughly acquainted himself with all branches of cutlery, but established an agency where the small makers could deliver their goods at a central point, to be afterwards exported by his agent. His ambition is to represent the best that every country has to offer as its particular product in the cutlery line, so that Germany, England, France, Austria and

Sweden are drawn upon to supply the markets of the United States. Mr. Kastor is a director in the Fidelity Trust Co. of New York, and is a member of the principal charitable institutions of New York. His chief recreation is golf, and he belongs to the Hollywood Golf Club. He is also a, member of the Harmonie Club and the Metropolitan Museum His firm are members of the of Art of New York. Merchants' Association of New York. He was married in New York, Apr. 3, 1884, to Minnie, daughter of Bernhard Denzer, and has four children Edna, Alfred B., Robert N. and Helen Kastor. :

PUTNAM,

Eben, author, was born at Salem, 1868, son of Frederic Ward and Adelaide M. (Edmands) Putnam. His first American ancestor was John Putnam, who came from Aston Abbotts, Bucks co., England, and settled at Salem in 1640. From him and his wife, Priscilla, Mass., Oct.

10,

the line of descent is traced through their son John, who married Rebecca Prince their son James, who married Sarah Brocklebank; their son James, who married Ruth Hathorne their son Eben, who married Margaret Scollay; their son Eben, who married Elizabeth Fiske, and their son Eben, who married Elizabeth Appleton, and who was the grandEben Putnam father of the subject of this sketch. w as prepared for college and admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, of Boston, but did not matriculate. In 1886 he began business life in a stock broker's office in Boston, but in 1890 became connected with the Salem Press as manager and treasurer, remaining in the publishing business until called to Burlington, Vt., in 1899, as business manager of "The International MonthFour years later he returned to Boston, ly." and became treasurer of mining and development companies operating in California, but resided Mr. Putnam's important in Wellesley, Mass. literary work was in the field of colonial history, and genealogy of the early settlers of New England, and to which he made many valuable contribu;

;

y

He

established

genealogical magazine for sixteen years, under the titles of "Salem Press Historical Genealogical Magazine," "Putnam's Historical Magazine" and the Genealogical Quarterly." He was also founder and coeditor of the Vermont "Antiquarian, "and edited also "The Genealogist's Note-Book" and "The Genealogical Bulletin," finding time meanwhile to contribute occasionally to other He similar periodicals in America and England. edited the "Osgood Genealogy," was associated tions. in 1890

a,

which was published

with Col. Converse in the preparation and editorial direction of "The Converse and Allied Families," and contributed important material to the " "

Streeter," "Tapley and several other genealogies, especially concerning English records, results of his He published helpful studies of British records. descriptions of English and Scottish records, and

in the work of gathering and publishin state, colony ing notes on materials contained and county archives, in a systematic fashion. He " was the author of A History of the Putnam Family

was a pioneer

in

England and America,"

in

two volumes, and

of

"The Putnam Lineage," "Military and Naval Annals of Danvers" (published by the town), in which a novel manner of handling the subject was adopted, which is now the method most approved

for such compilations, and other works of like Research into the origins and precharacter. migration history of Higginson, Endicott, Edge.

combe, Purrington and other leading

New England

families, led to publication of monographs on those One of his lesser but most important families. articles relating to local history was "An Inquiry into the Authenticity of the so-called First Meeting

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

399

House" at Salem, in which his contentions were fully sustained by a special committee appointed by the Essex Institute. His "New England Ancestry of Grover Cleveland," published in 1892, received

Cyclopedia he contributed the articles "Rhetoric" and "Figures of Rhetoric." Most of his text-books have gone through several editions. He is also the founder and editor of a series of monographs en-

wide notice, and was quoted throughout the country. Mr. Putnam was elected a member of the New

titled

England Historical-Genealogical Society in 188G, and for several years served on the committee on

English Research, with the late VV. S. Appleton, Jr., John T. Hassan, and Col. T. W. Higginson, through which agency the distinguished genealogist, Henry P'. Waters, was maintained as special investigator in England, resulting in discovery of the Washington, Harvard and many other New England origins. He was secretary and registrar of Old Salem Chapter, S. A. R., councillor Old Planters Society, librarian Vermont Antiquarian Society, secretary and lieutenant-governor Vermont Society Colonial Wars, and president American Genealogical Society. He was a member of the committee of the Essex Institute which collected and installed the historical exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition, Massachusetts state He was also a member of the New building. Brunswick Historical Society, with which province his family were prominently connected of tin- ( 'alifornia Historical-Genealogical Society, and of the Salem Light Infantry Veteran Association. Mr. Putnam was married in 1896 to Florence, daughter of Frank Tucker, of New England ancestry, and by whom he has three children: Eben FiskeAppleton Putnam, Frederic Lawrence Putnam and Adelaide Margaret Putnam.

R. C. Winthrop,

;

SCOTT, Fred Newton, educator and author, was born at Terre Haute, Ind., Aug. 20, 1800, son His of Harvey D. and Mary (Bannister) Scott. father was a member of congress during 1855-57, and for many years was judge of the superior court

at Terre Haute. He began his education at the schools of his birthplace and in Indianapolis, but moved to Battle Creek, Mich., in 1878, and attended the high school there. He was graduated at the University of Michigan as A.B. in 1884, and received the degrees of M.A. in 1888, and Ph.D. in 1889. Afterwards he studied for a year at the University of Munich. He was assistant in the general library at the University of Michigan during 1884-85, and 1887-88, and assistant librarian during 1888-89. In the latter year he became a member of the literary faculty, in which he has held the following positions: instructor in English (1889-90), assistant professor of rhetoric (1890-96), junior professor of rhetoric (1886-1901), professor of rhetoric from 1901 to the present time, and now head of the department. During 1897-1900 he was " university editor and issued the University News Letter." Among his publications are: "Songs of the Yellow and Blue" (with Professsors Gayley and Stanley), (1888), "Aesthetics, Its Problems and Literature" (1890), "Principles of Style[' (1890), editions of Lewes's "Principles of Success in Literature" (1891), of Spencer's "Philosophy of Style" (1891), of De Quincey's "Essays on Style, Rhetoric and Language" (1893), of Johnson's "Rasselas" (1894), of Webster's "First Bunker Hill Oration" (1897), of Washington's "Farewell Address" (1905), of the Bible" (1905). He is also joint author of A Guide to the Literature of Aesthetics" (1890), "An Introduction to the Methods and Materials of Literary Criticism"

and "Memorable Passages "

"Paragraph-Writing" (1893), "CompositionRhetoric" (1897), "Elementary English Composition" (1900), "Composition-Literature" (1902), "The Teaching of English" (1903), "A Brief English Grammar" (1905), "Lessons in English, Books I and II" (1905), and to the New International (1899),

"Contributions to Rhetorical Theory." His principal aims as educator and investigator have been to improve the teaching of English composition in schools and colleges and to establish a scientific foundation for the advanced study of He was among the earliest to have rhetoric. special courses for the training of teachers of English composition and the first to introduce rhetoric as a graduate study. He is a member of the Modern Language Association of America (its president in 1907) and a contributor to its publications, and writes frequently for educational and He is also a member of the philological journals. English Association (of Great Britain). Prof. Scott was married Sept. 27, 1887, to Isadore, daughter of B. M. Thompson of Saginaw.

VOORHEES,

New

Foster MacGowan, thirty-fourth

Jersey (1898-1901), was born at 5, 1856, son of Nathaniel Whitaker and Naomi (Leigh) Voorhees. His descent is traced from Steven Corte Van Vorhees, his son Lucas Stevense; his son Minne Lucasse, who married Sarmafji Stryker; their son Garret, who married Neeltje and their son Garret, who married Sarah Whitaker and who was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Voorhees attended private schools, and was graduated at Rutgers College in 1876, receiving the degrees of M.A. in 1879, and LL.D. in 1898. He also received the LL.D. degree from Princeton University in 1902. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1880 and has resided and practiced in Elizabeth since. For several years he was a member of the Elizabeth board of education, and during 1888-90 was a member of the state legislature. He was state senator from 1894 until 1898, and served as president of the senate during the last year. Upon the resignation of Gov. Griggs in 1898 to become attorney-general in McKinTey's cabinet, Mr. Voorhees became acting governor, and completed the term of four years. After the expiration of his term of office he entered upon the active practice of his profession and has been associated with many of the financial and business enterprises of Elizabeth. He has been president of various home clubs, and is a member of several clubs of

governor of Clinton, N.

J.,

Nov.

;

New York

city.

He

is

un-

married.

TURNER, Thomas

Mor-

gan, merchant, was born in Chicago, 111, Sept. 28, 1856, son of John Spencer and Cornelia (Eddy) Turner, grandson of John McCloud Turner, great-grandson of John Turner, Jr., and great-great-grandson of John Turner, the first of the family in America. He ^\ was educated in the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, and entered Harvard College, but left before graduating to begin his business career. He began as a clerk under his '

father, and after mastering all the details of the business became more closely associated with his father's work, and in 1880 was admitted to the firm as a partner. In 1897 the busi-

was incorporated as the J. Spencer Turner Co., with Thomas Morgan Turner as president; E. A. Brinkerhoof, vice-president; H. H. Lehman, treas-

ness

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

400

and W. H. Evans, secretary. In 1905, upon the death of Mr. Turner's father, a controlling interest of the company was sold to the Consolidated Cotton Duck Co., but it is still operated independently under the same previous management. Mr. Turner is also president of the Tallahassee & Montgomery railway and the Greenwoods Cotton Co. of New Hartford, Conn. He is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, the Union League Club He was of New York, and the Atlantic Yacht Club. twice married: first to Emily Thorp, daughter of A. S. Barnes of Brooklyn, N. Y., who bore him two sons, H. M. and Spencer Turner, and second to Maud urer;

whom

May, by Turner,

he has one son, Thomas Morgan

Jr.

CLARK,

Charles Heber

("Max Adeler"),

author, was born at Berlin, Worcester co., Md., July 11, 1841, son of Rev. William J. and Annabella Harlan (McCullough) Clark, and descendant of Thomas Clark, who emigrated from Scotland and He was educated at settled in New Jersey in 1692. Georgetown, D. C. In 1867 he began journalistic work on the Philadelphia "Evening Bulletin" of which he later became one of the editors and proIn 1874 he published his first book, "Out prietors. of the Burly-Burly," using the name of "Max Adeler because as he was engaged in serious work '

'

he preferred not to be identified^ with a volume of nearly pure humor. This disguise was unavailing, however, for the book made such a hit that about 1,000,000 copies were sold and the curiosity of the public soon penetrated the author's disguise. Mr. Clark has been an editorial writer upon tariff questions for the Philadelphia" North American," and for ten years has edited the journal of the Manufacturers' Club of Philadelphia, which he served as He is widely known as a writer upon secretary. economic questions and is an influential advocate of tariff-protection. Among his other books of fiction are: "Captain Bluitt," (1900) "In Happy

Hollow"

(1902),

and "The Quakeress"

(1905).

( 'lark has lived for many years at Conshohocken the Schuylkill valley, and is director of a chemical company there. He was twice married, in 1871, to Clara, daughter of Lewis A. Lukens, and in 1897, to Elizabeth K. Clark, and has three sons

Mr.

in

and two daughters.

WHEELER, born

in

Albert Gallatin,

New York

city,

April 27,

capitalist,

1854,

was

son of

Bethuel Church and Julia Catherine (Lawrence) Wheeler, and a descendant of Ephraim Wheeler, a native of England, win settled in Plymouth, Mass., in 1(185. On the maternal side he is descended from the famous Lawrence family of Long founded by William Island, who settled at Lawrence, Albert G. Flushing in 1645. Wheeler was educated in the i

public :

schools of

New York

He

began his business career as a commission merchant, and at the early age of

city.

eighteen years had acquired a large business interest in shipping between Hudson river

ports and New York city. He was shrewd far beyond his years in business affairs, and investing some of his earnings in New York street railways he acquired a knowledge of public utilities and of the transportation business which started him in a career of development of large enterprises. During the next decade through his energies the pronmiers

of the American Union, Mutual Union and Baltimore and Ohio telegraph companies were enabled The years 1887-97 to overcome many obstacles.

were devoted to securing through legislation the commercial success of the air brake, car coupler, the Pintsch light, and the underground electric street

railway systems, the latter's success in New York city and Washington being due largely to his Meanwhile Mr. Wheeler's busipersonal efforts. ness had taken him to Chicago, and having made himself familiar with the problem of handling freight in that city, he conceived of a scheme for solving the difficulty which when put into practice resulted in one of the most important engineering His feats ever attempted in the United States. idea was nothing less than a complete network of underground tunnels ramifying into every part of the business section, and affording direct communication between the shipping departments of the great mercantile houses and the freight yards of the His first step in this different railroad companies. gigantic enterprise was to secure a franchise from the city, and organizing a company known as the

Telephone and Telegraph Co., rights were secured from the city to establish a system of "sounds, signals and intelligence by electricity or otherwise," with permission to lay conduits under all the streets andalleys and even under the Chicago The word "intelligence" river and its branches. in the franchise was interpreted as meaning mail matter and newspapers, and conduits which should be made large enough to hold ears for the transmission of such mail matter and newspapers would also be large enough to handle merchandise, which should be loaded and unloaded inside the private Contrary to the opinion of all transbuildings. portation experts, Mr. Wheeler contended that the cars in these conduits should be small enough to enter all buildings and be raised by elevators to any floor without the necessity of adding to the strength of such buildings as they then existed, thus avoiding any subsequent expense to the owners or proprietors, and of such a size, moreover, as would permit them to enter the door of an ordinary freight This car also should be large enough to take car. any size package a railroad could receive as freight through the freight car doors. He also contended that there was no need to have the conduits any Illinois

larger than

would accommodate

this small-sized

maintaining that the volume of business depended on keeping the cars moving and not on car,

He resolutely refused to yield a point, their size. after the work was completed and the system put in operation in accordance with his ideas, he was acknowledged to be in the right. Subsequently additional gran us were obtained from the city of Chicago, authorizing the carrying of freight and and

merchandise, and legalizing the tunnels themselves, and a new company was formed called the Illinois Tunnel Co., capitalized at $30,000,000, to take over all the rights and property of the Illinois Telephone and Telegraph Co. During the process of construction this company was taken over by the Chicago Subway Co., capitalized at $50,000,000, and the plans were enlarged so as to include the construction of sixty miles of tunnels. The engineering work was in charge of George W. Jackson, who was chief engineer and general manager, and the work was completed and the system put in operation in September, 1908. The preliminary franchise having granted the right to establish a system of "sounds and signals," Mr. Wheeler now directed He behis energies to a plan for carrying it out. came interested in an automatic telephone device which insured absolute privacy in the conversation and which did away with all manual operators. The Automatic Electric Co. was incorporated in

OF AMi:itlc\\ BIOGRAPHY. 1904 with a capital of .?5,000,000 to manufacture

and

automatic secret service devices. incorporation this automatic system has

install those

Since

its

been installed and is in successful operation in over one hundred cities in the United States. Mr. Wheeler was married Fel>. L', 1X73, to Cassie Gould, daughter of William II. Taylor of New York city, and has one daughter, Cassie (lould, wife of Edwin W. Gearharl of Scranton, Pa., and one son, Albert Gallatin Wheeler, Jr. 1

JACKSON, George Washington, engineer, was 111., July 21, 1801, son of Thomas Jackson. He was educated in the Chicago public schools and at Oxford, England In 1883 he began the practice of his profession in Chicago. Ten years later he was appointed consulting engineer for the city of Chicago in its study of the traction problem, and he was given the contract for the construction of a freight subway system, which has been pronounced one of the greatest engineering feats in the country. These tunnels were built to take care of the enormous freight traffic that had been a problem of the Chicago authorities for some time. In a district of the city a mile and a half square are thirty-eight railway stations, and nearly 200,000 tons of freight are moved to and from them daily. Previously this caused great congestion in the streets, until Mr. Jackson found a way to construct a series of tunnels made of concrete. At the same time it was planned to have spur tracks connect with the basements of the leading warehouses and stores in the city, and provisions were made for carrying coal to the large buildings and removing ashes therefrom and handling the United States mail. The tunnels of this system are enclosed in a concrete shell fourteen inches thick at the bottom and fourteen inches thick at the sides, which curve to the center overhead in the shape of a. parabola. The dimensions are twelve feet nine inches high and fourteen feet wide for the trunk lines, seven feet six inches high by six feet wide for the branch lines. The work occupied a period of four years, and the tunnel was opened for traffic in August, 1905. Mr. Jackson has always been an advocate of the use of concrete. He is probably the leading authority on cement constructions in the United States, and the labyrinth of catacombs under the busy streets of Chicago will stand for many years as a monument to his genius and ability. He was consulting engineer tor the city of Chicago in its study of the traction problem, and was the hydraulic engineer for the Chicago high pressure water commission. He is the inventor and owner of patents on interlocking steel sheeting, and is president of the Interlocking Steel Sheeting Co. Among the more important works undertaken by him are the following: Section No. 3 of the Southwest land and lake tunnel; Blue Island avenue land tunnel; 28,3.50 feet of eight-foot tunnel for the department of public works, Chicago; the Dearborn street bridge for the sanitary district of Chicago; the water pipe tunnel, Chicago river, at Diversey boulevard, for the department of public works, Chicago the Strickler tunnel, through Pike's Peak, 6,042 feet long; the Randolph street bridge, for the city of Chicago; the Polk street water tunnel, Chicago, length, 6,290 feet the Wentworth avenue drainage system, Chicago, five to eleven feet in diameter, length 36,660 feet, average cut 3.3 feet; the foundation of the Halsted street bridge, Chicago a fourteen-foot conduit, Reading Pa., length, 12,600 feet; fifty-five miles of subway, Illinois Tunnel Co., Chicago; Sacramento avenue subway, Chicago; tunnel under river, La Salle street, Chicago Telephone Company, Chicago; foundation, Common-

born

in Chicago,

and

Alice

.

;

;

;

401

wealth Electric Co., Chicago; fifteen-foot stormwater conduit, Muscatine, la., length, 4,000 feet; Loomis street and Harrison street bridges, Chic; igo electric light conduit system, South park board, Chicago; 94,000 feet of pneumatic tube system, Associated and City Press of Chicago; conduits for the Chicago Telephone Co., Western Union Telegraph Co., Postal Telegraph Co., Chicago Edison Co., Central Union Telegraph Co., Columbus, O. the Twenty-second street bridge, Chicago; North pier for the U. S. government, Chicago; electric light conduit system, West park board, Chicago; North avenue bridge, city of Chicago; Eighteenth ;

;

street

bridge,

city

of

Chicago; pile protection, Rogers Park street ends, ('liii-ago;

raising

and

re-

foundation under part of Marshall Field's wholesale buildTorrence Chicago; ing, avenue bridge over Calumet river, Chicago; temporary swing bridge over Chicago river at North steel avenue, Chicago; sheeting, Chicago avenue pumping station, Chicago; conduits for the Central constructing

Union Telephone Co., InInd. ; dianapolis, sixty miles drainage system, miles Chicago; forty-six track trolley and drainage system, Chicago Co. two miles

Subway

canal feeder the IllinoisMississippi canal, U. S. government; tunnel under river at Quarry street, Chicago Edison Co., and the ;

Belmont avenue drainage system, Chicago. Heisa Knight Templar, Thirty-second degree Mason, an Elk, a member of the South Shore Country Club, Chicago Athletic Club, Illinois Athletic Club, Chicago Automobile Club, Press Shriner,

Club of Chicago, Academy of Sciences, Chicago

Technical Club, and WeMern Society of Engineers. He was married in 1883 to Rose Theresa Casey, and has one daughter, Rose, and one son, Thomas Jackson. AILSHIE, James Franklin, jurist, was born in Green county, Tenn., June 19, 1868, son of George W. and Martha (Knight) Ailshie. His grandfather, Stephen Ailshie, was "conscripted" during the civ;l war and held as a prisoner at Vicksburg until the capture of that stronghold. His father also fought in that war, in the union As a lad James Ailshie worked on the home ranks. farm and attended the public schools. He afterwards studied at Mosheim (Tenn.) College and Carson College, Mossy Creek, Tenn., until nineteen years of age, when he moved West and became a public school teacher. Choosing law as his profession he took a college course at Willamette University, Salem, Ore., and was graduated with the degrees of LL.B. and Ph.B. in 1891. The same year he was admitted to the Oregon bar but began his practice in Idaho, where he was successful from the start. In the following year he was admitted to the supreme court. During 1893-95 he was a regent of the State University, and for nearly thirteen years was active in his profession, being engaged in a great number and variety of cases some of vast importance. His chief reputation was gained in defending criminal cases, in which he had an extended experience and unusual success. In January, 1903, Mr. Ailshie became associate justice of the supreme court of Idaho, and since 1907 he has

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

402

In this capacity he has written justice. in all branches opinions in cases involving questions of civil law and has dealt with the criminal law from the most trivial misdemeanor to capital cases. The one perhaps attracting the widest attention was the case of the state vs. Mover, Haywood and Pettibone. When these parties were returned to the state of Idaho from the state of Colorado they applied to the supreme court of Idaho for a writ of habeus corpus, based upon various grounds among which was the from ground that they were, first, not refugees had been kidnapped justice and, second, that they from the state of Colorado by Idaho officials. Judge Ailshie's opinion was subsequently affirmed by the supreme court of the United States. He was also joint author and compiler with Assist. of the "Idaho Digest," Atty.-Gen. Edwin Snow, of dealing with the decisions of the supreme court the state. His ability to see the sunshine of life has made Judge Ailshie's court decisions almost classics of their kind; his eloquence, honesty and fearlessness have won the confidence of the bar, and the whole people. For a time he had the distinction of being the youngest chief justice of any bar in the United States. He is a stockholder and the president of the Grangeville (Idaho) Electric Light and Power Co., and a stockholder and director of the In 1909 First National Bank of Grangeville. Willamette University conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. He was married June 19, 1894, to Lucia, daughter of Rev. J. B. Bundren of Jefferson City, Tenn., and has four children. SHARRETTS, Thaddeus Stevens, public official, was born Montgomery county, Md., Nov. 11, 1850, son of John Frederick and Martha Ann Elizabeth (Brereton) Sharretts, and grandson of Frederick Sharretts, a captain in the war of 1812. His father (1815-98), at the age of eighteen became the manager of Thaddeus Stevens's Caledonia Iron Works in Pennsylvania, then the largest He held this iron works in the United States. position until Pres. Harrison induced him to enter the service of the government, and later became the " proprietor of the Baltimore He was a personal Patriot." friend of the leading men of his time and for a number of years was a director of the

was commissioned by the president of the United States to assist in preparing a tariff for China, and that he would either do so in conjunction with the other powers or he would prepare such a measure by himself and file it with the Chinese government. The matter having been referred to London, Great Britain consented to recognise the American representative, and furthermore to accept America's proposal that an international congress prepare such that he

been chief

When the foreign representatives had astariff. sembled the German, French and Japanese commissioners requested Mr. Sharretts to prepare a tentative schedule for discussion, and the measure thus drafted by him with but few unimportant changes was the one finally adopted and afterward ratified by China. Before returning home a delegation of tradesmen from Shanghai, Tien-Tsin, Peking and other Chinese cities petitioned Mr. Sharretts to prevent if possible the ratification of an impending treaty between China and Great Britain under the terms of which 12^ to 15 per cent, additional duty was to be imposed on American cotton and other American goods shipped to Manchuria and the north of China. With all the dignity to be commanded by the use of one of the naval vessels of the Asiatic fleet, he was conveyed in the United States monitor Monterey 000 miles up the Yangste river to Nanking, and accompanied by Capt. Drake and a detachment of Chinese infantry and cavalry visited the Chinese viceroy, with whom he lodged a vigorous protest against China's ratification of any treaty with Great Britain which imposed additional taxation on American goods before the consent of the United States had been given. After consulting his cabinet the viceroy replied: "Your Excellency can tell the president of the United States that I had already approved and forwarded the treaty with England to> to Peking for ratification, but within the last ten minutes I have telegraphed withdrawing my apYou can tell him that China will never proval. knowingly impose a discriminating duty on American products nor commit any other act that is una

.

to his great country," and true to his promise the objectionable part of the treaty never became operative. Mr. Sharretts was married at Mount Washington, Md., July 1, 1875, to Mary They Ellen, daughter of John Kelly, of Virginia.

friendly

have nine children.

HIOGINS, James Henry,

Baltimore and Ohio railroad..

Thaddeus educated

S. Sharretts was' at St. Timothy Hall

College and was graduated at George Washington (then in Columbian) University 1874, and was admitted to the bar in Maryland. He held a

position in a wholesale grocery

Baltimore until eighteen, when he was appointed U. S. appraiser at

establishment in

the port of Baltimore. He showed such executive capacity in that office that when the board of U. S. general appraisers was established, he was appointed a member of that body, and still holds the position. In 1902 Pres. Roosevelt sent him to China with extraordinary powers to assist in preparing a tariff for China in connection with the other nations to which indemnity was due for damages inflicted during the Boxer outbreak. Upon arriving at Shanghai he was informed by the resident commissioner for Great Britain that England would not consent to the United States participating in the preparation of the Chinese tariff, adding that the proposed tariff had already been framed by experts in England and was then on its way to Shanghai for ratification. Mr. Sharretts replied

forty-sixth governor

was born at Lincoln, R. I., Jan. 22, F. and Elizabeth Ann (Mather) 187(1, Higgins, and grandson of James Higgins, who came from Ireland between 1845-50 and settled in Pawtucket, R. I. He was educated at the Pawtucket high school, and was graduated at Brown University in 1898, after which he studied law at the Georgetown of

Rhode

Island,

son of

Thomas

University Law School, Washington, D. C., receiving the degree of LL.D. in 1900. At once he commenced the practice of his profession in Pawtucket.

Two

years later was elected a Democratic

member

Island house of representatives, and during 19015-00 was mayor of Pawtucket. The administration of this office met with general approval and disclosed such abilities as an executive that in 1900 he was elected governor of Rhode Island, and was reflected in 1907. His election was largely due to his fierce attack on Gen. Charles R. Brayton, High Sheriff of Providence county, and known as "the blind boss of Rhode Island." Gov. Higgins was director of the Pawtucket Foundry Co., a member of the American Bar and Rhode Island Bar Associations, and a member of the Hope and the University clubs of Providence, the Blackstone club, Pawtucket Lodge of B. P. O. Elks, Modern Woodmen of America, and Ancient Order of Hibernians. He was married Nov. 17 to Ellen F. Maguire, of of the

Rhode

Pawtucket, R.

I.

ART

OF AMKH1CAN BIOCKAPHY. TAFT, William Howard,

twenty-seventh presiUnited States, was born in Cincinnati, O., Sept. 15, 1857, son of Alphonso and Louise M. His ancestors were originally from (Torrey) Taft. England. His father (q.v.) was a distinguished lawyer and statesman of Cincinnati, a jurist, secretary of war and attorney-general under Pres. Grant, and United States minister to Austria under The son, William H. Taft, was a Pres. Arthur. clever student from early childhood. Passing through the Cincinnati high school, he matriculated at Yale College at the age of seventeen, and was graduated in 1878 as salutatorian and class orator, standing second in a class of 121. In college he was an expert football and baseball player and a good wrestler and boxer, and he is still fond of outdoor He was the most powerful sports, especially golf. man in his class, but the steady opposition of his father kept him out of the regular football, baseball and other teams of the college. He then took a special course in law at the Cincinnati College of Law, where he received the degree of LL.B. in 1880, winning half of the highest prize, and was admitted Instead of opening to the bar in the same year. a law office, he became law and court reporter on his brother's paper, the Cincinnati "Times-Star," and later with increased compensation on the Cincinnati "Commercial," which gave to him a rapid familiarity with all forms of practice in a large Being a diligent and careful worker and city. popular with all classes, he was made assistant prosecuting attorney of Hamilton county in 1881, and the sturdy and persistent character of his methods in prosecuting the felonies of a large river In March, 1882, city attracted universal attention. he went to Washington to consult with Pres. Arthur concerning a diplomatic station for his father, and there unexpectedly received the appointment of collector of internal revenue. Although he mastered the details of the domestic customs business, he did not like the office there was no law in it so in January, 1883, he resigned anil formed a law partnership with Maj. H. P. Lloyd, a former partner The culmination of a long series of of his father's. gross miscarriages of justice in Cincinnati so aroused public indignation that in March, 1884, the jail was mobbed and the court-house burned. The general corruption of the channels of justice was attributed to T. C. Campbell, against whom the bar association preferred charges and Taft prepared the case His fearlessness and thoroughness were for trial. siK-h that, though formally convicting him upon one charge only, he drove Campbell from practice and the city. This removal of Campbell gave to the the judicial system of Cincinnati such purging that beneficial effects of it are felt to this day. During 1885-86, while maintaining his general practice, he assumed the duties of assistant county solicitor, which gave to him an intimate knowledge of the In details of practical municipal administration. March, 1887, at the age of thirty, he was placed upon the bench of the superior court, of the state by Gpv. John B. Foraker, and in the following spring, having received the regular Republican nomination to succeed himself, he was elected over William Disney by a vote of 21,025 to 14,844. In 1890 Pres. Harrison was looking for a "big and fearless man" to be Congressman solicitor-general of the United States. Benjamin Butterworth advised him that there was such a man in Cincinnati Judge Taft, and Taft received the appointment. The solicitor-general

dent

of the

takes the place of the attorney-general in ease of the absence or disability of the latter; he has charge of the business of the government before the United States supreme court; prepares opinions for the president and the heads of departments, ami generally represents the government before state and

403

In this office Mr. Taft's He was connected with the noted Behring's sea cases (in re Cooper, 138 U.S. 404; 143 U. S. 472) the Quorum case (U. S. vs. Ballin, 144 U. S.), and the tariff act In the tariff cases (Field vs. Clark, 143 U. S. 649). cases he appeared for a month before a jury in the lower court, a very unusual proceeding for the solicitor-general, and showed himself to be master of the intricacies of the tariff, anil as the government had been defeated in previous trials, his victory, which brough millions of revenue to the government, was the more notable. Mr. Taft's management of the office

other courts everywhere.

services were of the highest value.

;

solicitor-general was such that when an act was passed circuit creating the federal courts of appeals, with a new judge in each circuit, Pres. Harrison appointed him to the bench of the sixth circuit, comprising the nine federal districts in Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Tennessee (March, 1892). His labors in this capacity were more congenial to him than those of any portion of

of his career. lot to decide a

It fell

number

to his of cases

pertaining to corporations and regarding the rights of labor, in which he blazed in advance the trail that all courts in the end must follow, his decisions now being regarded as an elemental portion of American In the case of Moore vs. Bricklayers' jurisprudence. Union of Cincinnati, he held that a boycott against a third party to compel him to cease business relations with another because that other party was under boycott by the unions was unlawful a "malicious combination," and that decision was affirmed by the supreme court and is now the

accepted theory in all courts. An equally important case was that in which, in April, 1893, he issued a mandatory writ to compel P. M. Arthur, chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, to withdraw his order to engineers of other roads to refuse to handle interstate business from the Toledo & Ann Arbor railroad so long as the pending strike of the engineers on that road should remain unsettled. The engineers of connecting roads were not on strike anil had no grievance against their employers. Their actions, therefore, became a conspiracy and were punishable as such. When Judge Taft's writ came before the court it was sustained and made

permanent, and all courts now, in similar cases, follow the rule thus laid down (54 Fed. Rep. 730). It was this case and the resulting practice everywhere based thereon which gave rise to the campaign

expression

"government

by injunction."

was so-called Phelan case (62 Fed. Rep. 803) one for contempt. The American Railway Union was carrying on a strike on all railroads which used Pullman cars for the purpose of compelling the discontinuance of such use, the union having on hand an unsettled strike against the Pullman company. Phelan, an officer of the union, defied the order of Judge Taft restraining a strike on the Cincinnati Southern road, which was being operated by his receiver, and was attached for and convicted of

The

contempt. In this case Judge Taft took a more advanced position as to the rights of organized labor than had ever before been enunciated by any court. He said " The employe's of the receiver had a right :

It is a benefit to organize into or join a labor union. to them and to the public that laborers unite for their common interests and for lawful purposes.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

404 They have labor

to

they are often able,

sell.

all of

they stand together them, to obtain better

If

prices for their labor than when rich employers, because the necessities of a single employe may compel him to accept any price that The accumulation of a fund for those is offered. who feel that the wages offered are below the legitimate market value of such labor is desirable. They have the right to appoint officers who may advise

dealing singly with

1

They have a They have a right

them as to the course to be taken. right to unite with other unions.

any one who may, on pain of expulsion from the union, order them peaceably to leave employment because the terms of the employment are unsatisfactory." On this strong statement an injunction to prevent the employes of the Wabash railroad from striking to secure an advance of wages to appoint

was

dissolved.

It

legalized

the

strike.

In

his

Cooper Union speech delivered in New York city on Jan. 10, 1908 on "Labor and Capital," a workingman in the audience called out: "Why should not a blacklisted laborer as well as a boycotted Judge Taft incapitalist have an injunction?" stantly rejoined: "He should, and if I were on the bench I would issue it mighty quick." He then "The labor union has come to stay. proceeded: If the employer would consult his own interest he must admit this and act on it. He cannot decline to recognize labor unions as the controlling influence The time has passed when the in the labor market. managers of great industrial corporations can successfully maintain the attitude of declining to deal with labor unions and insisting that they will deal with their own men only as individuals." While on the bench Judge Taft lent his efforts to establishing the valuable law library of the United States circuit court of appeals at Cincinnati, and also to consoli-

dating the Cincinnati Law School with the University of Cincinnati. After the consolidation was effected he became professor of the law of real property and dean of the law school, positions he held until he went to the Philippine islands. In March, 1900, a military commission was appointed by Pres. McKinley, as Commander-in-chief, to bring order out of chaos in the Philippines, and Mr. Taft resigned from the federal bench to accept the chairmanship of the commission. As soon as congress could formulate the necessary legislation for a provisional government, Mr. Taft was appointed the first civil He selected of the Philippine archipelago. fovernor uly 4, 1901, the natal day of the American rethe Filipinos public, for his inaugural and addressed " I am your friend," "My Fellow-Countrymen." he told them, "I have come to bring justice and freedom for you on behalf of a great nation. Trust me, help me, and you will find I am a man of my word." The United States government had had some experience in the past with provisional and military governments in reconstructing the southern states after the civil war, but that was a simple task compared to the problem that confronted Mr. Taft. In the South a mere order restored courts, opened ports of entry, resumed the postal and customs services and rehabilitated everything else

as

save equal participation in the suffrage in a common English-speaking and enlightened brotherhood. In the Philippines the church and the state had been amalgamated; republican or self-government was unknown; land titles and land registration were unknown; the lands were unsurveyed free education was unknown; trial by jury was unknown; modern forms and methods of civilization were unknown; deliberative bodies were unknown even the English language was unknown, and there were everywhere the poverty, distress, ladronism and chaos which always follow insurrection and pesti;

;

lence in a tropical country, and above

all

the mass of

the Filipinos were either primitive or savage. Thus Mr. Taft was compelled to begin at the bottom and to create the materials with which to lay the foundation for that beginning, for in the entire archipelago there was not a single body of trained administrative officers. In the position of president of the Philippine commission and. governor of the Philippine islands he served four years, suppressing insurrection and brigandage, establishing postoffices, postal savings banks and other banks, bringing in teachers and establishing schools, granting franchises and promoting internal business and trade, formulating tariffs and carrying forward public improvements, especially waterworks and sewerage for Manila and important work in the harbors of Manila, Cebu and Iloilo, preparing civil and criminal codes and establishing courts and systems of administrating justice, laying the foundation for local self-government in

the provinces, building roads, and eliminating destructive plagues from the herds, preparing suffrage laws and teaching the people how to comply with them, adjusting the vexatious friars' land problem, and finally preparing the way for an elective Filipino national assembly. The assembly was

not chosen until after he became secretary of war, but he traveled all the way from Washington to Manila to inaugurate by a comprehensive formal address its first meeting on Oct. 16, 1907. When he finished his work in the Philippines over 600,000 children were learning English in the public schools; 1,000 miles of railway had been contracted for; more than 1,000 Filipinos were patrons of the postal savings bank; rural free delivery was being ina gold standard currency had been augurated established, and much had been done for the benefit of agriculture and stock-raising and stamping out contagious and infectious diseases. The disposition of the friars' land question was one of the most ;

and the effectual and satisfactory way he solved the problem is an indication of his capacity for accomplishing things and his calibre as a diplomat. The so-called friars were Roman Catholic monks, consisting of four orders (Franciscans, Augustinians, Dominicans and Recollects), who as the police officers of Spain had administered local affairs for two centuries or more, and were intensely disliked. They owned over 425,000 acres of the best lands in the islands, leased to 65,000 tenants. The universal hatred which the people had conceived for these friars led to the wide insurrection with which Spain was struggling when the Philippines fell to the possession of the United States, and also to a complete cessation of rentpaying by tenants on the friar lands. Furthermore, non-payment of rents on friar lands engendered a disposition in the tenants of other lands to resist paying rents the Filipino junta declared all Spanish titles forfeited, and demoralization and unrest were becoming general. Many priests had been massacred and hundreds cast into prison. Mr. Taft liberated the imprisoned priests, but could not enforce the collection of rents. Seeing that friar ownership and administration must be eliminated, he did what had never been done before; he went to Rome and effected a satisfactory settlement by personal negotiation with the Pope and his cardinals. He then asked congress for power to issue $7,000,000 in bonds for the purchase of the friars' lands, and they were sold to the tenants who occupied them on long-time and easy terms. Through his interview with the Pope, he also secured the removal of the hated Spanish priests and the substitution of other priests many from the United States under an American bishop, and tranquillity has since been unbroken, for the Filipinos love their church. Nothing in Mr. Taft's varied career exceeds in delicate diplomacy or valuable results his disdifficult of his tasks,

;

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. of the monks on terms satisfactory to all concerned. Reports of dissatisfaction amongst the natives and hatred for American rule having been persistently circulated in the United States in 1!0.">, Sec. Taft conducted a considerable party of U. S. senators and representatives to the Philippines and thus disclosed to them the conditions as they In his third lecture, entitled actually existed. "Colonial Administration," in the Yale series (1900) on "Four Aspects of Civic Duty," Mr. Taft showed that American merchants and business men, aided somewhat by the prejudice of the soldiery, were more blamable than the Filipinos for whatever antagonism had been aroused between the races and thus rendered the pacification of the islands more He also declared that there could be no difficult. hope of really successful government in the islands without a period of material prosperity. "One must feed a man's belly," he said, "before developing his mind or giving hini political rights." The prosperity " which he said Was required would be greatly aided between the United States free trade by establishing and the islands a thing that will come ultimately. I am confident." Later, however, he was compelled to accept a compromise as to sugar, tobacco and In this lecture he declared that the other articles. policy of the United States must be the Philippines for the Filipinos; that the English colonial policy was "one of enlightened selfishness" and that "our policy is far more advanced than that of Lord Cromer's (in Egypt) or of England's anywhere. It may be that it is too far ad vanced that it is doomed to failure; but at any rate it is an experiment that We can afford to make it, it is wise for us to make. and if it be a failure we can afford to accept the When in May, 1904, the Panama responsibility." canal commission was created, the president placed " that commission under the immediate supervision of Sec. Taft. Such a long period had elapsed since the French Panama Canal Co. had ceased work and growth and decay had proceeded with such rapidity in that climate that the new commission found canal matters in very great confusion. The 2,100 dwellings erected by the French for their workmen, as well as the hotels, hospitals, machinery and work (which had cost $200,000,000) were in decay and overgrown with trees and rank vegetation, and there were no waterworks, no sanitary necessities, no stores or warehouses. Materials, tools, medicines and supplies had to be brought from the United In November, 1904, Mr. Taft proceeded to States. Panama, and after a thorough survey of conditions issued the orders which constituted the basis of government and operations in the canal zone. His four years' experience with tropical conditions in the Philippines was of great value to the government His first step was to make the at Panama. canal zone sanitary, healthful and habitable a task comprehending almost as many difficulties as digging the great canal itself. That he completely mastered the details connected with the preparation of the heavy undertaking is shown by his address on the Panama canal delivered before the Ohio State Bar Association at Put-in-Bay in the clearest and completes! review July, 1906, of the project that the public had ever received. In the spring and summer of 1900 Cuba had been torn by numberless domestic disturbances and insurrections, and a revolution to overthrow Pres. Palma and his government on the sllegation that he had been elected by fraud was pending. There were 10,000 men on the outskirts ready to invest Havana. The situation was so alarming that Pres. Palma appealed to Pres. Roosevelt, under the protectorate clause (the Platt amendment) of the act of congress granting Cuban independence, and United States soldiers and warships were dispatched

lodgment

;

'

'

405

to take possession of public affairs on the island. in charge of them he sent Sec. Taft. Upon reaching Havana Mr. Taft held patient conferences with all of the contending factions and with representatives of the business interests. He made our purpose in the intervention so clear that he disarmed the critics of both governments, saying,

With them and

when he proclaimed himself provisional governor: "The provisional government hereby established will be maintained only long enough to restore order, peace and public confidence, by direction of and in the name of the president of the United States, and then to hold such elections as may be necessary to determine on those persons upon whom the permanent government of the republic should be devolved." Within a month he had pacified the entire island, dispersed the insurrectos, restored business, and recommending the appointment of Charles E. Magoon (q.v.) to take his place, returned to the United States. Although disorders were

suppressed

speedily

and peace maintained, the

island continued to be disturbed by political unrest. The Cubans wanted to know when the United States soldiers would be withdrawn and in what manner a republican form of government would be restored. There was also a feeling of unrest in Porto Rico and Panama, and in the latter many charges of corruption and inefficiency. Therefore, in March, 1907, Pres. Roosevelt sent Mr. Taft on a journey of inves-

tigation

and

pacification to these three localities.

At Panama he instituted some necessary administrative reforms as to foods, liquors and wages, prohibiting the importation of intoxicants by the government; at Porto Rico he explained the reasons why congress did not grant formal American citizenship to the inhabitants, and in Cuba he ordered a general census of the island to be taken on which registration lists could be founded, which should be followed by local elections and, in case thtfse should be successful, by an election for president, and after that, if the island should be tranquil, the troops and officers and protectorate of the United States should be withdrawn and the Cuban republic reestablished. The details of this plan were carried out in due form. On Nov. 14, 1907, the census was completed on Nov. 14, 1908, a president and congress were elected by popular vote, and on Jan. 28, 1909, the United States withdrew its army of occupation and its pro;

visional civil officers, leaving the Cuban republic rejuvenated, tranquil and hopeful just as Sec. Taft had outlined in the begininng. Having composed

Porto Rico,

Panama and Cuba, Mr. Taft was now

sent by Pres. Roosevelt on a similar friendly mission to Japan, China and Russia. Japan was ruffled by the exclusion of Japanese students from the public schools of San Francisco, and also by the president's proposal to send a battle fleet to the Pacific China was boycotting American goods in retaliation for the rigor of the federal Chinese exclusion act, and Russia believed that public sentiment in the United States had been too favorable to her enemy in the RussoJapanese conflict. Mr. Taft was to iron out these ten thousand miles of wrinkles, and he succeeded. He landed first at Tokyo, where at a great banquet, on Sept. 30, 1907, he declared that the United States would not abandon the Philippines and would not go to war with any nation on any pretext of which he could conceive. This was his fifth visit to Japan, and he privately made explanations to the throne which completely satisfied the Japanese national mind and strengthened the historic friendship between the two nations. In Shanghai, at a char;

banquet given in his honor, he made an address which was intended for the people of the He reiterated that the entire Chinese empire. United States did not intend to sell the Philippines to Japan or to any other nation that America hoped

acteristic

;

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

406

ever to contribute to the integrity of China that the return of the Boxer indemnity was a good-will offering, and that the United States would aid to establish a gold standard and effect any other valuable reforms that China needed. Mr. Taft remained a month in the Philippines, opening the first national assembly, as mentioned above, and generally lubricating the wheels of administrative affairs, and then proceeded to Russia via VladivosHe found tok, arriving at Moscow November 30. the Russian press filled with accounts of his life and services and the people enthusiastically cordial. After visiting the national Duma and having an audience with the czar he returned to the United ;

States via Hamburg. So satisfactorily and successfully did he fulfill the role of peacemaker that the press of the country began to refer to him as In the Pres. Roosevelt's "secretary of peace." meantime, under the personal direction of Pres. Roosevelt, the campaign to secure for him the

nomination for president had made strong progress. The other candidates were P. C. Ivnox of Pennsylvania, J. B. Foraker of Ohio, Leslie M. Shaw of Iowa, Gov. Hughes of New York, R. M. LaFollette of Wisconsin, Vice-Pres. Fairbanks of Indiana, and Mr. Taft was nominated J. G. Cannon of Illinois. at Chicago on the first ballot, June 18, 1908, by a vote of 702 to 278. His Democratic opponent was William Jennings Bryan. He was elected on November 3, by a vote of 7,637,676 to 6,393,182 for Bryan, and 326 to 157 votes in the electoral college, and was inaugurated Mar. 4, 1909. He selected for

cabinet the following: Philander C Knox, secretary of state; Franklin MacVeagh, secretary of the treasury; Jacob Dickinson, secretary of .war; George W. Wickersham, attorney-general; Frank H. Hitchcock, postmaster-general; George von L. Meyer, secretary of the navy; Richard A. Ballinger, secretary of the interior; James Wilson, secretary of agriculture, and Charles Nagel, secretary Mr. Taft enjoys the disof commerce and labor. tinction of being the only president who received a deliberate course of training for the executive chair at the hands of the chief executive. As early as 1906 Pres. Roosevelt selected him as the bestequipped man in his knowledge for the presidency, and thenceforward assigned to him such duties as would give him the gieatest possible familiarity with domestic, insular and foreign affairs, and, what no other American president ever before enjoyed, a personal acquaintance with the rulers of Russia, China and Japan and the pope in Rome. It also may be said that he had a more varied career in newscivil affairs than any of his predecessors paper reporter, practicing attorney, criminal prosecollector of revenue, state cutor, county solicitor, judge, federal judge, United States solicitor, head of a colonial commission, colonial and protectorate governor, paramount commissioner to several poAfter his nominatentates, and secretary of war. tion he selected a series of fifteen addresses and writings, which were published in a volume entitled "Present Day Problems" (1908), the subjects being as follows: "Inaugural Address as Civil Governor of the Philippines," "The Inauguration of the Philippine Assembly," "China and Her Relations with the United States," "Japan and Her Relations with the United States," "An Appreciation of General Grant," "The Army of the United States," "The Panama Canal," "A Republican Congress and Administration and Their Work from 1904 to 1906," " The Legislative Policies of the Present Administration," "The Panic of 1907," "Southern Democracy and Republican Principles," "Labor and Capital." "The Achievements of the Republican Party," "Recent Criticisms of the Federal Judiciary," and "Administration of Criminal Law." The Dodge his

M

course of lectures which he delivered at Yale University in 1896 has been published in book form, In sumentitled "Four Aspects of Civic Duty." up his characteristics Pres. Roosevelt said: ming " He won an enviable reputation and succeeded to a

remarkable degree in combining entire fearlessness in stating and upholding his own convictions with the ability to avoid giving needless offense to those The combinawhose convictions differed from him There are too many tion of these qualities is rare. men in public as in private life who will not stand by their convictions in time of stress and there are also not a few who, having the right convictions and the courage to stand by them, nevertheless put them forward in the most offensive manner in the manner best fitted to prevent their becoming the con.

;

victions of

any considerable number one

of their fellow

Mr. Taft's great gifts of usefulness that he possesses exactly this ability to stand by the right, and the ability unflinchingly yet to do it with the minimum of offensiveness toward those who do not see matters as clearly as he does." Since 1905 Pres. Taft has been president of the American National Red Cross, which has enlarged the scope of its great service to humanity during his administration by an active campaign against the ravages of tuberculosis as part of its peace activity. He is also president of the Western The degree of LL.D. Federation of Yale Clubs. was conferred upon him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1902, by Yale University in 1903,

countrymen.

It is

by Harvard and Miami the University of Iowa

of

universities in

in

1905,

by

1907 and by Wesleyan was married June 19,

He University io 1909, 1886, to Helen, daughter of Hon. John They have

W. Herron

three children Robert Alphonso, Helen Herron and Charles Phelps Taft. of Cincinnati.

:

wife of Pres. Taft, was 2, 1861, daughter of John Williamson and Harriet (Collins) Herron. Her first American ancestor was Francis Herron, who come from County Antrim, Ireland, in 1734, and settled at Pequa, Lancaster co., Pa. He married Mary McNutt, and the line of descent is traced

TAFT, Helen Herron,

born

in Cincinnati, O.,

June

through their son William, who married Nancy Reynolds, and their son Francis Herron, who married Jane Wills and was Mrs. Taft's grandShe was educated first at Miss Nourse's father. private school in Cincinnati, and then at the University of Cincinnati. Ever since she was a small child she had known William Howard Taft, and she was married to him in her father's home in Cincinnati on June 19, 1886. The union is probably the wisest act in act in Pres. Taft's brilliant career. It was through his wife's influence that he resigned his position on the bench to re-enter actively into politics, and later accepted the post of governor Mrs. Taft has accompanied her of the Philippines. husband on his various trips to every part of the world She is passionately fond of music, and is one of the founders and patronesses of the Cincinnati Orchestra Association. She speaks more than one foreign language, and is an art connoisseur of discriminating taste. .

SHERMAN, James Schoolcraft, vice-president

United States, was born in Utica, N. Y., Oct. 25, 1855, son of Richard U. and Mary Frances (Sherman) Sherman and grandson of Willet H. of the

and Catherine (Schoolcraft) Sherman. Originally the name was also spelled Shearman. The first of his father's family in the colonies was the immigrant Henry Sherman, son of Sir Henry of Dedham, Essex CO., England. Another member of the Dedham Shermans settled in Connecticut, and from that line sprang John and William

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. Tecumseh

Sherman.

The

vice-president

is

of

the ninth generation from Henry Sherman through

Samuel

(of Watertown, Mass.), Philip, Benjamin, Jonathan, Jonathan 2d, Robert, Willet H., and Richard U. Sherman. His father, horn in Vernon, Oneida co., N. Y., was prominent in public affairs He was major-general for more than fifty years. of the state militia, a member of the state legislature, clerk of the state assembly, a member of the constitutional convention of !S(i7. author of Sherman's Legislative Manual (1853) which is still in use, ten years tally clerk of the United States house of representatives, and for fifteen years president of the New York State Forest and Game Commission. The subject of this eketch was educated in the public schools of New Hartford, the Utica Academy and the Whitestown Seminary, and was graduated at Hamilton His reputation as a debater College, in 1878. and declaimer began in the lower schools and at college afforded him an opportunity to earn first honors in declamation during his freshman year. His father's public career led him to take an active interest in politics and political debates, and he

was

selected

to represent his class in

the prize

debates of his senior year. He was not a brilliant student, but faithful and reliable as well as very After popular with professors and students. graduating Mr. Sherman began to study law at Utica in the office of Beardsley, Cookinham & Burdick. In 1880 he received the degree of LL.B. from Hamilton College, and being admitted to the bar, became a member of the firm of Cookinham, Gibson and Sherman, in which he remained, with some changes in partners, until 1907. His practice was that of a counsellor and business adviser, in which he developed great aptitude, rather than that of an advocate. Upon the death of his father in 1895 he became president of the New Hartford Canning Co., which had been organized by the Sherman famliy, and in 1899 he helped to form the Utica Trust and Deposit Co., one of the most important fiscal institutions of central New York, of which he was also persident. Many other local business enterprises claimed his attention as well. Having lived from childhood in an atmosphere of politics, he began making "stump" speeches before he left college, and he has continued the practice ever since. In 1884, at the age of twenty-eight, he was elected mayor of Utica, a normally Democratic city, by a substantial majority and declined a renomination. In 1886 he was elected to congress in the 23d district, then represented by a Democrat, and In congress his served by reelection until 1908. services were those of a faithful and laborious representative.

He made no

speeches

to

the

he was a hard worker in committees, and was never absent from any duty except in case of compelling necessity. Having always taken a sympathetic interest in the Indians, he is recognized as perhaps the most valuable head of the committee on Indian affairs who ever sat in conIn that capacity he served twelve years. gress. The Indian school at Riverside, Cal., Sherman .galleries;

Institute was named in his honor, at the request of the people of that section. In his home at Utica, N. Y., are numerous Indian mementoes and and as Father relics, many of them very rare; Wau-be-ka-chuck (Four-Eyes, because he wears spectacles) he is known to the Indian leaders of the entire country. No matter what the occasion or who his visitor, he never refuses to grant an interview to an Indian. His other assignments were to the committees on civil service, interstate and foreign commerce, judiciary, expenditures in the department of justice (chairman), census,

407

Washington centennial and rules. The committee is the "steering committee" of the house the speaker's advisory cabinet and none but men of calm judgment, long experience, upright character, and personal influence are placed upon it. He was a right hand for Speakers Reed, Henderson and Cannon, and no other member was called upon so often to preside over the turbulent sessions of the committee of the whole.- In 1908, on rules

at

the

national

convention

(Chicago)

he

was

nominated on the first ballot for vice-president on I 'res. Roosevelt, the ticket with William H. Taft who had dictated the nomination of Mr. Taft, undertook to force the nomination of Sen.

Cummins

or Sen. Dol-

Iowa

for vicepresident, but the delegates balked and Mr. livar of

Sherman was upon the first

chosen roll call.

In his speech of acceptance he endorsed nathe Republican tional he platform; said he favored revision of the tariff but not a destruction of its protective features, declaring that he had helped to make his party's record in labor

legislation by voting for the eight-hour day,

employers' liability act, a child-labor law for the District of Columand the acts designed to minimize the bia, hazards of railway employment; he opposed class legislation; he favored an army and navy sufficiently great and effective to deter attack from foreign powers, and advocated the control but not the destruction of industrial and He was elected with transportation corporations. Mr. Taft, after a lively campaign in which he was an active participant, by a vote of 7,677,544 to He succeeded Charles W. Fairbanks 6,405,707. on Mar. 4, 1909, Mrs. Sherman riding to and from the inaugural ceremonies with him, the first time the wife of the vice-president has shared this honor with her husband. Mr. Sherman's political activiHe ties have been continuous for thirty years. was secretary, chairman, or member of his home ,

'

county committee for many years; chairman of the state convention of his party in 1895, 1900, and chairman of the national Republican 1908; congressional committee in 1906; and was a delegate to the Republican national convention of He is a trustee of Hamilton College, which 1892. conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1905 and president of its Washington alumni association. He is a member of the Fort Schuyler f 'lub, Arcanum Club, and Chamber of Commerce of Utica, of the Sadaquada and Yahnandasis Golf clubs, the Elks and Royal Arcanum, the Oneida Historical Society, the Union League, Republican and Transportation clubs of New York city, and the Columbia and Chevy Chase Golf clubs and the Metropolitan Club of Washington. He was married on Jan. 26, 1881, at East Orange, N. J., to Carrie, daughter of Lewis H. Babcock of Utica, and has three sons: Sherrill, a manufacturer, Richard U., president of the Utica Water Works Co., and Thomas M. Sherman, He is generally vice-president of the Utica Ice Co. known by the nickname of "Sunny Jim," from his He loves genial nature and happy disposition.

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA.

408 and

cultivates flowers tonniere.

KNOX,

and always wears a bou-

Philander Chase, lawyer and secretary

of state, was born at Brownsville, Fayette co., Pa., May 6, 1853, son of David S. and Rebekah (Page) Knox. He was named after the noted Episcopal bishop, Philander Chase, of whose energy, intrepidity and high character his father was an ardent admirer. At the age of fifteen he entered Mount College, Alliance, O., where he was graduated Soon after graduation he entered the 1872. office of H. B. Swope as a law student, in which he received a thorough

Union in

practical

training.

He

was admitted to the bar in 1875 and the next year was appointed by Pres. Grant to be assistant U. S. attorney for the western district of Pennsylvania. relishing this narrow field of labor, and observing

Not

an enormous expansion in coal, glass, iron, steel and transportation business going on around him, he resigned in 1877and formed a partnership with James H. Reed under the style of Knox & Reed, and before long he had acquired the

most important and lucrative law practice in western Pennsylvania entirely general in its character and not confined to any single For some time his personal interest or corporation retainers amounted to more than $75,000 a year and the firm income to $150,000 a year. In 1897 Pres. McKinley invited Mr. Knox to accept the portfolio of attorney-general in his cabinet, but he declined because he did not wish to make so great a pecuniary sacrifice. One of the peculiarities of his reputation in Pittsburg is that as a lawyer he When a party of is never seriously mistaken. .

Pennsylvania capitalists bought the Indianapolis railway system, rival interests appeared with the claim that the franchise under which the The lines were operated were about to expire. Pennsylvauians had retained ex-Pres. Benjamin Harrison and Judge John B. Dillon, both of whom agreed that the claim of the rival interest was correct. They then submitted the case to Mr.

street

Knox. He examined it in his usual careful manner and decided that Messrs. Harrison and Dillon were wrong and that the life of the iranchise extended several years into the future. This opinion was submitted to Mr. Harrison who finally concluded that he and Dillon were wrong and Mr.

Knox was right. When the case came to trial the other attorneys occupied four and eight hours respectively and Mr. Knox only forty-five minutes in addressing the court. The suit was decided on the points presented by Mr. Knox, who received a fee of $110,000 for his services. In April, 1901, Pres. McKinley renewed the tender of attorneygeneral to succeed J. W. Griggs, which Mr. Knox accepted and he was invited to continue in the cabinet when Theodore Roosevelt became president. The office of attorney-general had become one of great importance. The cry of the people against the beef and other so-called trusts and against railway freight discriminations and mergers was heard in every direction. Simultaneously with his assumption of duty, James J. Hill (q.v.) and others organized the Northern Securities Co. As soon as he could examine the matter he advised the president that he believed the proposed merger was in contravention of the Sherman anti-trust

act of July 1, 1890, and on March 10, 1902, he began suit in the U. S. circuit court at St. Paul against the Northern Securities Co., the Great Northern Railway Co. and the Northern Pacific Railway Co. While this and a similar suit against the so-called beef trust (which was begun on the same

date) and fourteen injunction petitions against railways for granting rebates and making illegal discriminations were pending, the judiciary committee of the U. S. senate called upon Atty.-Gen. Knox for a statement of the status of the federal suits that had been begun under the Sherman anti-trust law and an opinion as to what further legislation was needed to render more certain the His success of the government prosecutions. reply (Sen. Doc. 73, 57th Cong. 2d Sess.) which describes the manner of forming trust combinations and gives the reasons for their formation as well as the results of their operations, is regarded as the

and most informing official document extant on that subject. He recommended that the transportation across state lines of goods produced by concerns which were violating the law be declared illegal, making punishment for granting rebates apply to both giver and receiver; extending authority to courts to enjoin carriers from making discriminatory rates; inflicting penalties for granting less than the published rates for transportation even though there were but one shipper and hence no discrimination in such deviation from the published rate; permitting the federal courts to give precedence to government cases of great importance to the people and " to get at all the creating adequate machinery facts bearing upon the organization and practices of concerns engaged in interstate and foreign commerce essential to a full understanding thereof and to compel observance of the law." Congress crystallized the essential portions of these recommendations into law; the courts made permanent injunctions which prohibited the railways from granting rebates and indulging in illegal discriminations in transportation rates; the suit to dissolve the Northern Securities Co. was successful and the constituent members of the beef trust were convicted and prohibited by a permanent rule from continuing their illegal combinations and practices. A good test of Mr. Knox's capabilities arose in

clearest

the "insular tariff cases," which to many were a Chinese puzzle. They involved the collection of duties on goods from the United States by the military authorities occupying Porto Rico before the treaty of peace had been signed; the collection of duties on such goods after the treaty had been signed but before the Foraker act providing civil government for Porto Rico had become law, and the collection of duties on goods imported from Porto Rico into the United States under the circumstances stated, and also after the Foraker act had taken effect. The U. S. supreme court divided on practically all of these cases, but held that the military authority was supreme prior to the establishment of civil government and that congress

While these numerous thereafter. were pending Mr. Knox attempted frequently to enlighten the masses of the people concerning the character of trusts, their methods of formation and management, the results of their operations, the necessity for their control and the instrumen-

was supreme suits

required to hold them in equitable subOn Oct. 2, 1902 he delivered a profoundly learned address before the Pittsburg chamber of commerce on "The Commerce Clause of the ('(institution and the Trusts," in which he declared: "The conspicuous noxious features of trusts, existent and possible, are these: over-capitalization, lack of publicity of operation, discrimination talities

jection.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. insufficient prices to destroy competition, personal responsiblity of officers and directors for corporate management, tendency to monoply and lack of appreciation in their management of their relations to the people, for whose benefit Over-capitalthey are permitted to exist. ization is the chief of these and the source from which the minor ones flow. The over-capitalized securities enter into the general budget of the country, are bought and sold, rise and fall, and they fluctuate between wider ranges and are more sensitive in proportion as they are further removed from intrinsic values, and, in short, are liable to be storm-centers of financial disturbances of farreaching consequences. They also, in the same proportion, increase the temptations to mis-

in

.

.

.

and manipulation by corporate He then proceeded to show that administrators." congress had by no means exhausted its power to curb and regulate and punish offending corporations. "My whole purpose," he said, "is to challenge the proposition that we are hopelessly helpless to deal with serious problems which confront us in respect to our greatest interests. Since the radical questions of human rights and human governments have been settled the production, preservation, and distribution of wealth receive the chief attention of civilized peoples." In the midst of these struggles with gigantic interests and vital problems the Spooner law was enacted by congress, directing the president to acquire such lands, concessions, and property as would enable the United States to construct the Panama canal, provided the price asked for the property should be found reasonable and the title good. While the kind of an expert commission that would ascertain who possessed the

management

whether such title was complete and perfect, and whether the possessor of it was authorized to convey, was under discussion, Mr. Knpx quietly proceeded to Paris, and, in a brief period and at very small expense, learned that an organization styled The New Panama Canal Co. was seized of good title and possessed ample power to convey. Other complicated duties that were thrust upon title,

him as attorney-general concerned Hawaii, Cuba and the numerous possessions which were acquired after the Spanish-American war. Every department of the government, including the president, required written opinions from the attorney"It became necessary," he said, "to general. deal with the affairs of people speaking foreign tongues, to interpret foreign laws and to adjust to our system a multitude of affairs in strange and In his last formal report Mr. distant lands." Knox stated that there were pending in the department of justice 3,650 civil suits to which the United States was a party and 11,043 criminal suits. During the year, 16,034 criminal prosecutions were terminated, 4,146 being convictions under the The fines and penalinternal revenue laws alone. ties for the year amounted to $641,098 and other judgments in favor of the United States to .$917, 693. He completed the prosecutions which broke up the lottery business in the United States and promoted many advances in asserting the regulative and punitory powers of the federal government. On June 10, 1904, Mr. Knox was appointed by Gov. Pennypacker to be U. S. senator to succeed Matthew S. Quay deceased, and began his services at the December session ot that year. He was made chairman of the committee on coast defences and member of the committees on interoceanic canals, Indian affairs, and organization, conduct, and expenses of the executive departments. In January, 1905, he was elected to the full term of six In the 59th congress he was chairman of years.

409

the committee on coast defenses, and a member of the committees on judiciary, patents and organization, conduct and expenses of the executive departments. His principal debates during the first session were in favor of the Lake Erie & Ohio River ship canal, (a project intended to bring great lakes on the pure food bills, shipping to Pittsburg) Panama canal and railroad rate regulation. In the latter he favored prohibiting the issuance and use of railway passes and upheld the right of the federal courts to review the decisions of the interstate commerce commission, making express provision for so doing in a bill to regulate railway He drafted several freights which he presented. reports, all conspicuous for brevity and clearness, the most important of which was in favor of so amending the act creating the Spanish treaty claims commission that the decision of that commission on individual claims growing out of the destruction of the battleship Maine, could not be reviewed by the U. S. supreme court or any other, the purpose being to prevent reopening the question of how the Maine was destroyed and again ruffling the feelings of Spain, with whom the United States was now amicably at peace. He sustained in the senate the decision of the administration to make the Panama a lock instead of a sea-level canal and in discussing the bill to charter the Lake Erie & Ohio River Canal Co. he held that congress could regulate all of the affairs of one of its own corporations. Upon the resignation of Senator Spooner, Mr. Knox was made chairman of the committee on rules, popularly styled the "steering committee," and essentially the most important body in the senate the senatorial board of strategy. In 1907 and again in 1908 the state of Pennsylvania indorsed Mr. Knox as a candidate for the presidency and he. received a scattering vote in the Republican national convention at Chicago. He was the first person selected for a position in Pres. Taft's cabinet, that of secretary of state. While his home and voting residence are in Pittsburg, Mr. Knox has a fine summer retreat and farm at historic Valley Forge, Pa., and has been active in improving Valley Forge Park. He was president of the Allegheny Bar Association in 1897; is a trustee of Mount Union College and a member of the Lawyers' Club and the Union League of New York and American and Duquesne Clubs of Pittsburg. He was married Feb. 29, 1876, to Lillie, daughter ;

of

Andrew D. Smith

of Pitts-

burg, and has one daughter, Eleanor, wife of J. R. Tindle, and three sons, Reed Knox, S. Knox, and Philander Knox, Jr. Mr. Knox is essentially a student and a very

Hugh

C.

persistentand thorough worker. He puts off nothing, not even private correspondence, till to-

morrow. He cares little for what is popularly termed "society" and his habits of life are moderate, cautious and clean.

Mac VEAGH,

Franklin,

merchant and secretary of the treasury, was born on a farm near Phoenixville, Chester co., Pa., Nov. 22, 1837, son of

Major

John

and

Margaret

Mac Veagh. TheMacVeaghs (spelled also McVey, McVay, McVeigh and McVa) constitute an ancient and rugged Scottish family. Franklin Mac Veagh was prepared (Lincoln)

for college partly

by private tutors and partly

in

410

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

what was then Freeland Seminary, now Ursinus

becoming Whitaker, Harmon

Statistical Association, the American Red Cross Association, National Geographical Society, National Municipal League, the Illinois Humane Society, the Legal Aid Society of Chicago, the Civil Service Reform Association of Chicago, the Cliff Dwellers, the Caxton Club, the Twentieth Century and the University clubs of Chicago, and the University Club of New York. In some important lines Mr. MacVeagh is more accomplished than any other member of the Taft administration, and, though speaking only upon rare occasions, is one of the most scholarly orators of the day. Lord John Seymour Coleridge, Lord Chief Justice of England, stated that the speech made by Mr. MacVeagh at the Coleridge banquet which was given in Chicago was the most eloquent he had heard in America; and an address delivered by him before the Commercial Club of Boston received

was destroyed by the

similar

In college he was a College, at Collegeville, Pa. refined and quiet student rather than a robust or boisterous athlete, the transition from the outdoor life of the farm to the close and inactive duties of the student seeming to affect him unfavorably. He was graduated in 1862, the orator of his class, and then entered the Columbia Law School, New York city, where he was graduated in 1864. He began the practice of his profession in the office of his brother Wayne MacVeagh (q.v.) in Philadelphia, but at the end of a year found that the continued delicate state of his health required a change and he migrated to Chicago, 111., then a city of about 200,000 inhabitants. There he entered the wholesale grocery house of Whitaker & Harmon, and in 1866 became a member of the firm, the name

& Co. The business great conflagration of 1871. In this disaster the first necessity was that of feeding the hungry and in this Mr. MacVeagh was a leader He served on the relief committee for some time. which in November reported that 60,000 persons were still wholly dependent upon the public bounty. With other business men of the city he reestablished himself as soon as the moderate sums derived from insurance companies would allow, the house afterward becoming Franklin MacVeagh Co. (Franklin MacVeagh, Rollin A. Keyes, Walter T. Chandler and Eames MacVeagh). It is one of the largest wholesale grocery establishments Mr. MacVeagh was a director of the in America. Commercial National Bank for twenty-eight years, resigning the position on becoming secretary of the treasury. In municipal affairs he was a leader in the formation of the Citizens' committee of 1874, for the elimination of widespread and notorious "graft" from the local government and he was While always acting with the elected president. Republican party in city matters, he supported Cleveland for the presidency in 1884, 1888 and 1892. In 1894 he was nominated by the Democratic state convention of Illinois for U. S. senator to succeed Shelby M. Cullom and made an active canvass of the state, but was defeated. In 1896 the freesilver feature of the Democratic national platform weaned him from all affiliation with that party, and since then he has acted with the Republicans. In January, 1909, he was selected by Pres.-elect Taft to be secretary of the treasury, i nd was sworn &.

March following. One of his first important was to issue a letter to the heads of all of the bureaus of the treasury department requiring them to make a special study of "economies in public expenditure," as an attempt was about to be inaugurated to bring and keep government payments within the limits of the government income. He is a member of the committee of thirty-six employers of the nation who form one branch of the National Civic Federation, an association of which he was in in

acts

one of the original promoters.

Its

object

is

to

"organize the best brains of the nation in solving some of the great problems related to social and industrial progress." He was one of the founders and for years president of the Municipal Art League of Chicago, which gives active attention to the movement to furnish beautiful and artistic designs for all public improvements and utilities, giving prizes for the best ideas for bridges, drives, parks, lake and water front utilities and decorations, statuary and public buildings. He is an active member of the Chicago Historical Society, the American Economic Association, the American Historical Association, the American Institute of Sacred Literature, the American Forestry Association, the American Free Art League, the American Political Science Association, the Ameri-

can

commendation from newspapers and scholars.

He was Henry of the

F.

married in 1868 to Emily, daughter of Eames, founder and for years president

Commercial Bank of Chicago. They had one son of whom, Eames MacVeagh,

five children,

survives.

DICKINSON,

Jacob McGavock, lawyer and

secretary of war, was born at Columbus, Lowndes CO., Miss., Jan. 30, 1851, son of Henry and Anna (McGavock) Dickinson, and a descendant of Henry Dickinson, who came from England to Virginia in 1654. His father was an eminent lawyer of the Mississippi bar, a chancellor for many years, presidential elector, and one of the commissioners sent by his state to Delaware on the question of

He married a daughter of Jacob McGavock, whose mother was a daughter of Felix Grundy of Tennessee. The son passed his early youth in Columbus, Miss., and at the early age of fourteen volunteered and served under Gen. Ruggles in the operations about Columbus. After the war he removed to Nashville, Term., where he attended the public schools, the Montgomery Bell Academy and the University of Nashville, being graduated at the last in 1871. While taking a post-graduate secession.

course, he served as assistant professor of Latin at the university, and received the degree of A.M. in 1872. He then studied law at the Columbia law school. In

the following year he entered the University of Leipzig, Germany, for the purpose of studying German, and took a course in

Roman

economy.

law and

He

also

political

attended

lectures at the Sorbonne and at the Ecole du Droit in Paris. Returning to the United States, he was admitted to the bar and in Nashville in 1874, entered upon the practice of his profession. By special appointment in 1890 he served for several different periods on the Tennessee supreme bench. Judge Dickinson for many years took an active part in politics, being especially prominent during the bitter contest in Tennessee growing out of the state debt, and in 1882 was chairman of the state credit wing of the Democratic party. He was twice chairman of the committee of fifty of the Reform Association of Nashville, which in two bitterly fought contests completely overthrew the political bosses. In February, 1895, he was commissioned assistant attorney-general of the United States and served to the end of Pres. Cleveland's term. - He was then made district attorney for the "Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. for Tennessee and northern (

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. also became a professor in the law school of Vanderbilt University. Having transferred his law practice to Chicago, 111., although retaining his residence in Nashville, in 189!) Judge Dickinson became general solicitor of the Illinois Central Railroad Co., and two years later was made its general counsel. He defended the Illinois Central road in the litigation growing out of the employers' liability act, the trial of which was held before Judge William H. Tuft in the sixth circuit, upon whom he made a strong impression

Alabama, and

his legal attainments and methods of managing Probably his most notable professional service was as counsel for the United States in the

by

the case.

before the arbitration tribunal in London in 1903, his associates being David T. Watson, Hannis Taylor and Charles I". Anderson. Judge Dickinson closed the argument, occupying five days, October 2-8. The masterful manner in which he used the maps, exhibits, and testimony submitted by Great Britain to upset the British (or more accurately the Canadian) contentions was admired by all, and was frankly acknowledged by Great Britain. It was generally admitted that his argument was one of the effective instrumentalities which brought over Lord Chief Justice Alverstone, who presided at the tribunal, and won the case for the United States. In 1909 he was invited to enter Pres. Taft's cabinet as secretary of war, an appointment that aroused considerable discussion in view of the fact that he was a life-long Democrat. Upon accepting the appointment Judge Dickinson announced that he had not changed his politics, but was still, as he " Having known always had been, a Democrat. he said in a me for a long time and intimately," " speech at the Iroquois Club, and having conferred with southern men whose opinions he valued, he the conclusion that my (Pres. Taft) came to qualifications and my relations to the southern people were such as to justify putting me in his cabinet. Having accepted the position, I shall bring to the discharge of the duties of the office my best efforts, and shall, of course, carry out his I cannot conceive that any duty can policies. arise in connection with that office that will be incompatible with any views I have hitherto entertained. Certainly if such an occasion should arise, I would not embarrass the president by retaining a position the duties of which I could not He was president of the heartily discharge." American Bar Association in 1907-08, and is vicepresident of the Society for the Promotion of International Arbitration organized in Chicago in 1904, a member of the Chicago, Onwentsia, Iroquois, Wayfarers. Cliff Dwellers and the Saddle and Cycle His summer home is the famous clubs, of Chicago. Belle Meade stock farm, formerly owned by Gen. William Hicks Jackson. Judge Dickinson was married, April 20, 1876, to Martha, daughter of John

Alaska

case

boundary

Maxwell Overton John three sons;

McGavock

of

Nashville,

Overton, Dickinson, Jr.

WI CKERSH AM

Term.,

and has

Henry, and Jacob

George Woodward, attorneygeneral of the United States, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., Sept. 19, 1858, son of Samuel Morris and Elizabeth Cox (Woodward) Wickersham. .

The

first Wickersham in America, Thomas, emigrating from England, settled in Chester county, Pa., Another Thomas, the attorney-general's in 1700. grandfather, was the founder and first president of the Philadelphia Board of Trade. The Wickershams generally have espoused careers of active but business and have been very successful; Samuel M., the attorney-general's father, took an

interest

also

in military affairs,

and was

lieut.-

411

colonel of the 169th and colonel of the 22d regiment of Pa. volunteers in the civil war. His mother, daughter of J. J. Woodward, the Philadelphia publisher, died at the time of his birth, and he never knew the value and help of a mother's love. He was educated at the Western University of

Pennsylvania, Nazareth Hall, Xazareth, Pa., and Lehigh University, taking the civil engineering course at the last. He was graduated LL.B. at the law department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1880, and began practice in Philadelphia with Judge Charles B. McMichael, at the same time serving as one of the at

editors

of

"The Weekly

Notes of Cases," a publication covering the proceedings of the state supreme and other PennIn vs J sylvania courts. he went to New York and entered the office of Chamberlain, Carter a special mission by the department of He resigned his commission in the spring of state. 1896, and leaving the legation in Japan traveled through Siberia, China, Annam, Cochin China, Siam, Borneo and Java. Returning to New York he went to Cuba in January, 1897, as special commissioner Five months later, for the New York "Herald." after having traveled extensively through the island, he wrote "The Real Condition of Cuba To-day," in which the barbarous methods of Spanish warfare were graphically described. An attempt having been made by several Spanish organs to discredit the statement of facts contained in this

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. volume, eight of the nine United States consular officers, resident in Cuba, wrote over their own signatures to the publishers that so far from being exaggerated, Mr. Bonsai's book was a moderate anil the terrible conditions then Pres. McKinley's demand for a better existing. treatment of the non-combatants, or pacificos, was based upon the evidence given before the senate by Mr. Bonsai, and this evidence was ordered printed as a senate document. He acted as special correspondent for the New York "Herald during the Spanish-American war in 1898, during the China

sober description

of

1

relief

expedition

in

!!)()(),

and

al

'

Samar, Katangas

in 1901. He was also in Venezuela at the time of the Matas revolution and blockade by the powers in 1908. Upon the out-

and Mindanao,

P.

I.,

break of the Russo-Japanese war in 1!K)4 he traveled He for the New York "Herald" in the Balkans. has contributed many political articles and short stories to the "Fortnightly Review," "Review of

Reviews," "Century," "Harper's," etc., and is the author of "The Fight for Santiago" (1899) and "The Golden Horse Shoe" (1900), in addition to the above-mentioned books. He is a member of the Century and Knickerbocker clubs of New York, and Mr. Bonsai the Metropolitan Club of Washington. was twice married, first in 1891, at New York, to Daisy Maude, daughter of Charles Hayden, of NewYork, and again in March, 1900, to Henrietta Fairfax

421

dean of the diplomatic corps at Monrovia at this time he was able to take a conspicuous part, under instructions from the American secretary of state, in

preventing the dismemberment of Liberia. He was married in Is'.Ci. at Wilmington, Del., to Clara F. Bachus, who died in Monrovia in 1909, leaving five children.

DURYEA,

Jesse Townsend, physician and president of the Colwell Lead Co., was born at Manhasset, L. I., Nov. 11, 1865, son of San ford B. and Ellen A. (Leeder) Duryea, and a descendant of Joost Durie (Hi5U-1727) a French Huguenot of

Neuheim, Germany, who came to this country in 1075 and

Island. His of the oldtime photographers whose career commenced in the days After of the daguerreotype. attending the public schools M'ltled on

father

Long was one

and a business college, young Duryea went into business In 1886 at the age of sixteen. he entered Bellevue Medical

and after graduatCollege, ing there in 1889, he was an interne at Kings County hospital, Brooklyn, until 1890, when he was made assistant

He was medi-

Morris.

superintendent.

Ernest, clergyman and diplomat, was born in Belize, British Honduras, Oct. 22, 1860, son of Emmanuel and Ann F. (Bending) Lyon, of negro While a child he was taken to New Ordescent. leans, La., where he had private instruction, afterwarxls spending three years in Gilbert Industrial School at La Teche, La. He then took courses in the Straight University at New Orleans, New Orleans University and Union Theological Seminary He received the degrees of A.B. and of New York. A.M. from the New Orleans University and D.D from Wiley University at Marshall, Tex. In 1882 he became a member of the Louisiana conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and the following year received his first regular charge as pastor at La Teche. Thereafter he was pastor of Mallalieu, Thompson and Simpson churches in New Orleans; St. Mark's Church in New York and John Wesley Church in Baltimore. In 1894 he was appointed general Sunday-school agent for his conference and in 1895 was made agent for the Freedmen's Aid anil Southern Educational Society. He was appointed to be auxiliary member of the national Republican committee in 1896, and in 1900 a member of the advisory board of the committee, to whom all matters relating to the colored vote of the East were He also took an active part in public referred. speaking, in which he made considerable reputation. After finishing his Baltimore assignment he founded, or. lands acquired by himself, the Maryland Industrial and Agricultural Institute, near Laurel, Md., for the education of colored youths, which is in In 1903 he was appointed by successful operation. Pres. Roosevelt minister resident and consul-general to Liberia. In that position he "made numerous reports on the aboriginal people and indigenous products of the country traveled over the disputed boundary on the hinterland of Liberia; was instrumental in preventing the abolishment of the Liberian department of agriculture, and in 1909 made arrangements for caring for, and expediting the labors of, the United States commission to Liberia that was sent by Pres. Taft. At this time, he made a complete historical exhibit of the internal conditions in Liberia and of the relations between Great Britain and Liberia, and France and Liberia, which brought about the national crisis of February, 1909. As

cal superintendent of the hos pilal for two years (1892-9-1)

LYON,

;

and then became superintendent of the contagious diseases department. At the close of the year 1894 he was appointed expert on contagious diseases for the city of Brooklyn, a position he held until 1896, when he returned to ihc Kings County Hospital, and became the general superintendent of all the charitable institutions of Kings and Queens counties. In this capacity he had full power to improve conditions of the I\ini;s county institutions, and during an incumbency of six years he inaugurated a number of improvements, such as the establishment of training schools for nurses, kindergartens in the children's departments, and schools for the feeble-minded. He also originated and founded the National Association of Hospital Superintendents, serving as its first president. He was frequently called up as an expert in all matters of hospital construction and organizaHe is one of the charter members of the Phi tion. Alpha Sigma fraternity, also a charter member of Troop C, and was its first surgeon with the rank of He is still a member of the Kings liuetenant. County Medical Society, the New York State Medical Society, and the State Charities Aid Association. Dr. Duryea numbered among his friends those who controlled the Colwell Lead Co., and recognizing his business and executive ability and powers of organization, they invited him to become the vicepresident and general manager of the company in 1902. The company was founded in 1850 as the New York Lead Co. by Lewis Colwell, W. A. Shaw and Gardner Willard, the original members of the firm. In 1866 it became known as the Colwell, Shaw & Willard Manufacturing Co., Incorporated. The present officers of the company are Jesse T. Duryea, president; S. R. Bush, vice-president; C. F. Duryea, treasurer, and B. O. Tiki en, secretary. The New York office is at Lafayette and Walker streets, with a branch at Worcester, Mass., and manufacturing plants at Elizabeth, N. J. Or. Duryea is fond of all out-door sports, especially motoring, and while not a clubman is a member of the Barnard Club, Hardware Club, the Riding and Driving Club, and the Automobile Club of America. Dr. Duryea was married in 1891, to Martha

M

,

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

422

S. R. Bush of Easton, Pa., and has two daughters, Dorothy and Helen Royce Duryea.

daughter of

KELLY, Hugh,

merchant, was born

in

Chicago,

Sept. 24, 1858, son of James and Sarah Belle (O'Brien) Kelly, both natives of Sligo county, Ireland. They came to the United States and after residing in Chicago, 111., two years, removed to New York city, where the son, the subject of this sketch, He finished received a public school education. his studies at the College of the City of New York, in 1871, and in that year began his business career 111.,

in the employ of Gomez & Monjo, commission merchants. Subsequently he was in the of

service

Gomez, Rionda

&

Co. and Rionda, Benjamin & Co. in the same line of busi-

and in 1883 he formed a partnership with Manuel Rionda, his former employer, engaging in the West Indian This partnership lasted trade. but one year, when he became associated with Franklin Farrel of Ansonia, Conn., as a special partner, and then established the house of Hugh Kelly, well known throughout the cane-sugar producing ness,

Through exclusive minute study of Mr. Kelly became

countries. travel and details,

an expert and an authority

in all matters perHe designed and taining to the sugar business. erected, or reconstructed, sugar factories at Azua, Santo Domingo, in 1894, with a capacity of 50,000 bags of sugar (320 Ibs. each) per annum; at San Pedro de Macoris, Santo Domingo, with a capacity of 60,000 bags per annum at Manzanillo, Cuba, which has since doubled its output to 100,000 bags annually at Bannes, Cuba, in 1899, for the United Fruit Co., with a capacity of 400,000 bags per annum at Guanica, Porto Rico, in 1900, with a capacity of 350,000 bags; at Central Tatibonico, Cuba, with a capacity of 150,000 bags, and at Preston, Cuba, in 1902, also controlled by the United Fruit Co., which turns out nearly 375,000 bags per annum. All of these factories are so economical and successful that the results obtained are without doubt the best in the West Indies. Mr. ;

;

;

Kelly's constant study and aim was towards perHe was fection in sugar manufacture and control. indefatigable in his application to the study and research of sugar-cane culture and modern sugar-

house engineering and was considered one of the foremost scientific engineers in that industry. The firm of Hugh Kelly was incorporated as Hugh Kelly

Fruit Co., the Seventh National Bank, the Third National Bank, the North American Trust Co., the City Trust Co., the Robert Appleton Co., and the Oriental Bank. When this bank was suspended during the financial depression of 1908 the clearing house requested Mr. Kelly to assume the presidency, which he did in his endeavors to save the institution.

Attorney-General Jackson had receivers appointed, but through Mr. Kelly's efforts they were removed by order of the court. Every depositor was paid dollar for dollar through an arrangement made by him with the Metropolitan Trust Co. which took over the Oriental Bank's assets. He refused to accept one cent of salary, his sole desire being to keep the bank going and the funds of the de psitors safe, but the strain and worry under which he labored preyed upon him greatly, his success was achieved by the exhaustion of a naturally great vitality and a few months after he was stricken with an acute nervous malady which finally reHe was a trustee of the Emisulted in his death. grants' Industrial Savings Bank, St. Patrick's Cathedral, the New York Catholic Protectory and He was the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum. president of the Parvenir, Central Teresa and CenAnsonia sugar companies, located in the tral West Indies. He was a member of the United Trust Co. of Boston, member and for two years president of the Xavier Alumna? Sodality, the Catholic Club of New York, the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, the Catholic Historical Society, the Catholic Benevolent Legion, the Educational Alliance and the Lebanon Hospital AssociaHe was an honorary member of the Marine tion. Society of New York, and a life member of the CathHe received the olic Summer School of New York. degrees of A.M. in 1901 and that of LL.D. in 1902 Mr. Kelly was married from Fordham College. in New York city, Jan. 9, 1883, to Mary E., daughter of Thomas McCabe, and had three sons and four daughters:

Anna

D.,

Hugh,

Jr.,

James

E.,

Thomas

W., Mary E., Gertrude M., and Marguerite Kelly. He was a great financier, an energetic business man, a wise counselor, a thorough gentleman, and a true friend, but above all these he was a loyal husband " and an affectionate father. The New Y'ork Post" said of him: "Hugh Kelly was one of nature's noblemen, a typical example of the successful business man, not only unspoiled but bettered by success, a type which illustrates the opportunity given in the United States, and more and more in other commercial countries, for the fittest to rise to position and power in the world of commerce and What endeared him most to those who trade.

knew him was his

appreciation of the work of others.

His personality was charming his great intelligence, his strong humor, his love of justice, and his sympathy endeared him to his friends, and made his life full ;

&

of blessing

and control

man of great affairs and of many engagements." He died in New York city, Oct. 30, 1908.

Co. in 1903, the company obtaining supervision of the enterprises which were under the direction of the old firm. At Havana, Cuba, a branch office was opened at Calle Virtudes No. 2 to take partial care of many mercantile, industrial, and During these engineering problems on the island. frequent visits not only the mercantile but also the social and political condition of Cuba became thoroughly known to Mr. Kelly and led to his being frequently consulted on affairs of state and government before and during the Spanish-American war. Mr. Kelly was also prominent in commercial and financial circles in New York city, being school commissioner and trustee of city and normal colleges during 1895-98; president of the Maritime Exchange during 1896-98, state commerce commissioner during 1898-1900, and a member of the board of managers of the Central Islip State Hospital 1905-08. He was also a director of the United

and a joyousness that was

delightful in a

CORBIN, John, author, was born in Chicago, May 2, 1870, son of Calvin Rich and Caroline Elizabeth (Fairfield) Corbin. He was educated at 111.,

the public and high schools nf 'hicago, ami was graduated at Harvard University with honors in the degree of M.A. in English in 1902, receiving " 1893. His honor thesis, The Elizabethan Hamlet,"
;!. he joined the 115th regiment, Ky., U.S. A., and served until the end of the struggle. The son's boy hood was spent in Bowling Green, Ky., and Kansas City, Mo., and he began his professional the career at age of

twenty years by singing songs and playing the While thus enbanjo. gaged, he met a man

named Ilogan with whom

'.

fjp"

he performed under the name of Ilogan Brothers, a professional name he adopted permanently. In 1887 he went to California and secured employment at the Bell

San

Union

Francisco,

theatre, for two

years (1891-93). During this time he wrote several negro songs that attracted attention in the West, and in 1893 he wrote his first " In Old play entitled

.Tennessee." Hogan took the principal role, that of an old negro, and he was supported by a white cast and a negro chorus. It was for this play that he wrote the " La Pas Mala." which made first "rag-time" song a decided hit and was the forerunner of that popular syncopated music, so characteristically negro. He resided in Butte, Mont., for a time, and, in 1895, removed to Chicago, where he wrote " All Coons Look alike to Me," one of the most popular songs In 1897 he came East and joined of the day. " Black Patti's Troubadours" as leading comedian and stage manager for two seasons. During the summer of 1897 Tie met Mr. Will Marion Cook, a negro composer, who had a manuscript of a negro musical playlet, with lyric by Paul Lawrence Dunbar. Mr. Hogan staged it at the Casino Roof Garden, New York city, where it remained twelve weeks. In the latter part of 1898 beheaded a minstrel company that went to Australia, and upon his return to New York in 1900 he applied to the manager of the New York Theatre for an engagement. He was laughed at, but finally secured a trial of a week, thisbeing the first time that a negro ever played in a regular Broadway theatre. So clever was his work that he remained forty-four weeks, and at the end was one of the highest priced artists on an 'all-star bill. Between the engagements at the New York Theatre, he produced one of his own compositions, " Uncle Eph's Christmas," set to music by Cook, at the Music Hall in Boston. In 1901 he headed a company for a twelve weeks' engagement in Honolulu, and after returning to New York city, formed a partnership with "Billy" McClain, which starred in the Smart Set Company, during 1901-02. In 1906 he starred in " Rufus Rastus," and in 1907-08, in the successful musical comedy, " The Oyster Man" under the managementof Hentig and Seamon. During 1900-7 he also appeared in vaudeville, his salary exceeding the amount earned by any single negro act on the vaudeville stage. Among his most popular songs are: "That's What's the Matter with Hannah"; "Two Little Eyes of Blue"; " Keep clem Golden Gates Wide Open" (first version); "What You Goin' to Tell Massa Peter when You Meet Him at the Gate"; "Chip of

the Old Block";

"Set Down, "Missionary to

"Queen

of the Cannibal Isles "; on, Mr. Moon";

Brophy"; "Roll

Man"; "Moana"; "No Disgrace Run when You're Seared"; Congregation,

" Keep your Seat, This Bird am Mine Everybody Happy" (collaboration); " "Just one \\cird cf( onsolation (collaboration) Dixey Anna Lou"; "Let me Dream that Dream Once " More"; Story of the Monkey and the Bear"; "Honey, you've made a Hit with me"; "Just around the Corner"; "If Peter was a Colored Man"; and "On Abraham Lincoln's Day.'' Iul901 he was married to Mathie Wilkes, a negro actress. He died in New York city. May 20, 1909. CUTLER, Condict Walker, physician, was

Please

;

"Is

''

;

born

in

Morristown, N.

Feb. 27, 1859, sou of

J.,

Augustus William and Julia Rebecca (Walker) His first American ancestor on the paternal Cutler. side was James Cutler, a native of England, who came to the colonies in 1634 and settled at WaterFrom him and his wife, Anna, the town, Mass. through their son James, their son John, who married Lydia Wright married Hannah Snow their son Uriah, who martheir son Abijah. who ried Rachel D. Caufield their son Joseph, who married married Dinah Lee Elizabeth P. Cook, and who was the grandfather On his mother's side of the subject of this sketch. he is a direct descendant of Peregus White, one " of the Pilgrim Fathers who landed from the May" llower. Several of his ancestors had military careers, in the King Philip's and Revolutionary wars and his father (1ST'J-'J7) was state senator and served in the national congress. Dr. Cutler waseducated in the Morristown private and public schools and at Rutgers College, being graduated at the latter in 1879. Having determined to follow the medical profession, he took a course at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city, graduating M. D. with the highest honors, in 1882, and in that year also received the degree of M.S. from Rutgers. After two years as interne in Bellevue Hospital he began private practice in New York city. During"l888-1902 he was phyline of descent is traced

who

;

;

;

;

sician-in-chief

of

the

New York

Dispensary

;

During 1889-93 instructor in dermatology at the N. Y. Post Graduate Medical School and was prof issi >r of dermatology at the University of Vermont, i

*93-1895. In 1898 he was made visiting physician of the New York city hospitals on Randall's Island. Dr. Cutler is the author of the following books: "Differential 1

"

Medical Diagnosis (1886) " Differential Diagnoses of :

the

Diseases of the Skin" " Essentials of Phy-

(1890); sics

and Chemistry

"

(1885)

:

" Lectures on Dermatology (1894); besides many contributions to the medical journals.

Although interested in dermatology Dr. Cutler has never f.

made a ferring general

specialty of

it.

pre-

continue

in

tin-

to

of medicine as a general

practice and to be known Dr. Cutler is a practitioner. York fellow of the New Academy of Medicine and a member of the New York County Medical Society, the New York Dermatological Society, of which he was president in 1895, the American Dermatologies! Society, the Hospital Graduates Club, ami the medical boards of the New York Dispensary, and Free Industrial School

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. Children of New Turk. He was married in New York city, Jan. 30, 1884, to Guru, of of Warsaw, Ind., daughter Westley Carpenter and has one son, Condict Walker Cutler, Jr. for Crippled

WATERS, Nacy

McGee, clergyman. w as born W. Va., Nov. IsiiCi; son of William and Mary (McGee) Waters. His first Aiaeriean ancestor was Edward Waters, who came to Jamestown in the good ship Patience in 1008. From the beginning of the eighteenth at Independi'iice. Preston county,

'>,

4G7

Pentecost, D.D., pastor for eight years, and the Kev. Robert R. Meredith. D.D., whose skill in bible teaching has given him a world-wide fame, who was pastor of the church for fifteen years, and wlio was Dr. Waters' predecessor. The church and its branch owns property to the value of S500.0HO. The great home church has the argest auditorium of any Protestant church in the

century the family seat was in Montgomery Its county. Mil., around and near Clarkshuru members have been prominent in Marx land history, and were strong patriots in the revolution. About 1800 Dr. Waters' great-grandfather emigrated to western Virginia. The McGces also served in he revolution. They were New Jersey Presbyterians until after the revolution, when Thomas McGee received for his services a large land grant in western Virginia, and settled there. Dr. Waters grew up on a farm, prepared for college under private teachers, and graduated at the University of West Virginia, with honors, in 188(1. 1

.

I

won

the prize oration in the inter-society conalso the lleiishaw medal lor oratory and was the editor of the university daily. Upon graduation he was elected superintendent of city schools at Morgantown, W. Va. This position li'e resigned at the end of two years, and at the age of twenty-one went to Boston for post-graduate work. In 1891 he received from Boston University the degree S. T. B., having in addition done special work in philosophy, and tilled the pulpit of West church, Taunton. At the age of twentyfour he became the pastor of St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal church, in Dubuque, la., the oldest and largest church in the state. Here he saw lie

test,

and

:

built, under his leadership, a new church, costing After refusing a call to Minneapolis. 8150.000. at the end of four years, he became the pastor of

Emmanuel

This was a church, Evanston, 111. fashionable church in a university town. During the four years he was there he attracted much at tent ion as a preacher and lecturer, and received invitations in

many

directions to important Methodist pulpits. But his life in

New

him a

England had given for

partiality

the

democratic polity of ConSo, when gregationalism. fall of 1899 he received a call to the First Congregational church of Binghamton, N. Y., the largest of its denomination in the state outside of New

in the

York

he accepted. the beginning his work here was slL.r.;;! suceessful and during his incumbency the co. grega-

From

city

1

;.-

was greatly ii. creased. its communicants being a large number of tiou

among

leading business the call

close of 1903 he to the Tompkins

received

Avenue

men and

Near unanimous

men.

professional

a

Congregational

church of Brooklyn, N. Y. This is 'the largest Congregational church in the world, and the It largest Protestant church in New York city. stands on the corner of Ton>;>kins Avenue and

McDonough

Street.

It

was organized

in

1875.

and since that time has had tour pastors. Those who were best known were the Rev. George F.

ToMPKJN5'A'ENl/ CONGREGATION AL-CHVfLOl-E>R.OOK1_YN -'N-^is equipped with all the modern conveniences, and is one of the most imposing buildings of Brooklyn. The membership at the beginning of Dr. Waters' pastorate was 2.200. At the end of his fifth year, the net membership of the church was increased to within a fraction of three thousand, and he had received more persons into its membership during those five years than during any other five years of its history. The church has in its bible schools an enrollment of three thousand children, and the parish consists of ten thousand souls. Its collections during the last ten years, have averaged SliO.ooo a year, more than half of which has gone to benevolences. Dr. Waters is a born leader of men. Pie has the gifts of a great executive, and it is a matter of common remark that his congregations are made up largely of men. Of" his preaching Dr. Newell He has unusual skill in Dwight Hillis says: illustrating great subjects, and in making them clear and fascinating. He is the only preacher I know who can pack a great auditorium for weeks on week nights with lectures on Shakespeare and the poets." With all his grace of utterance and genius for word-portraiture, the seat of his power is in his simplicity. His words are those of everyday use, whose beauty and significance are usually obscured by their commonness, but, put to the high uses for which he wields them, they come info their own again. As a lyceum lecturer he is well known and popular. His special fields are American history and literature. Among his themes the best known are Worshipper at New England Shrines." "The Virginians," "The Iliad of 'the War." "Daniel Webster," " The Lost

country,

"A

Democrat," " Hamlet." "Faust,"

"The Ring and

the Book." His lecture on Webster is counted one of the great orations of the American platform. His published volumes are: " The Religious Life"

"The

il'.M); Ili-roes

He

is

a

Young Man's

member

"

(1905); Religion Life" (1907). of the Sons of the Revolution, the

and Heroism

in

Common

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

|f,.s

Union League Club of Brooklyn, and a corporate of the American Board of Foreign Missions. Dr. Waters received the degree of D.D. f nun Syracuse University in 1901. He was married, Aug. 24, 1892, to Katherine Brown, daughter of ('apt. Henry II. Pierce, U. S. A., author of textbooks on mathematics, and translations of Horace and Virgil. They have one son, William Pierce

member

Waters.

VEIT, Richard,

New York

Charles,

Nov.

capitalist,

was born

1855, son of Charles A. and Ernestine (Merse) Veil, of German descent. He received his early education in the public schools of Brooklyn, N. Y., graduating in 1869. He entered the employ of Messrs. in

city,

17,

Rockfeller,

Andrews

and

Flagler at the age of fourThis was teen as office boy. the beginning of a period of

hard work which earned him On a steady advancement. the incorporation of the Stan-

dard Oil Co. in 1H70, he was appointed warehouse and p shipping manager, and in 1875 all the vessels and shipping equipment of the Standard )il Co. were consolidated under one department under Mr. Veil's management. Besides being a stockholder of the Standard Oil Co., Mr. Veil is interested in a number of other prosperous He has for corporations. many years been connected with the management of tlie ,7. Hood Wright Memorial Hospital, is a member of the Museum of Natural History, Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Geographical Society, New York Zoological Society, St. Mark's He is also a Hospital, and the German Society. (

'

member of the New York Yacht," Atlantic Yacht and Lotos clubs of New York city. Mr. Veil was married Dee. 3. l*Su, to .Mary K.. daughter of Alexander Stobo of Weehawken, N. J.,"and has Ihree sons, Russell Charles, Arthur Stobo and Kenneth Alilen Veil. J. C. Julius, lawyer, soldier, and author, was born at Tauber-Bischofsheim, Germany, Sept. 22, 1845, son of Leonard Langbein, proprietor of the royal inn at Tauber-Bischofsheim and Louise (Cook) Langbein. He came to the United States with his parents when two years of age. and attended the public schools until the age of fourteen, when the civil war broke out. Enlisting as a drummer boy in the 9th New York volunteers. (Hawkins Zouaves), he served during the entire term of service of that famous fighting regiment. He was a great favorite among the officers and men, and was by them called "Jennie" on account of his diminutive si/e and He participated in all the girlish appearance. battles in which the regiment was engaged, such as Big Bethel, Hatteras, Roanoke Island, Camden, Winton, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg and the siege of Suffolk. For personal bravery at the battle of Camden or South Mills in North Carolina, fought April 19, 1861, he was mentioned in general orders and granted a furlough of thirty days, taking home to his mother letters from his officers speaking of his bravery and attention to duty on the field of battle. In this battle he distinguished himself by saving the life of Thomas L. Bartholomew, the second lieutenant of his company, and for this conspicuous act of

LANGBEIN.

1

bravery and distinguished gallantry was awarded a medal of honor by congress. At the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862, while the regiment was charging across the now famous Buruside bridge, he had a horse killed under him, and so terrific was this engagement that the regiment lost 65 Wr hen the term of per cent, of its command. service of the regimenl expired, he entered a collegiate and military institute at Poughkeepsie, N. YT ., and, on completing his course tl ere, took up the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1868 and began practice with his brother, ExSenator George F. Langbein. He was soon appointed guardian of infants' estates, referee, In receiver, and given other important trusts. 1872 the brothers wrote "The Law and Practice of the District Courts of the City of New Y'ork," which has since reached its sixth edition, known " as Laugbein's Municipal Court Practice." This work is a standard one, is used in the courts, and widely and favorably known. He served seven years in the First Infantry, N. G. S., N. Y".. rising from private to captain, and had command of his company in the July riots of 1874. He is a member of Oliver Tilden Post No. 96, Department of New York. Grand Army of the Republic, in which he held various offices of honor such as delegate to the memorial committee' and patriotic instructor. He was commander of Sedgwick and Ellsworth Posts, and at one time adjutant-general of the state of New York, in that organization. Judge Langbein is the author" of the history and origin of "The American Flag (1876), "The 'olors of the T Ninth New Y ork Volunteers" (Hawkins' Zouaves) " Drums and Drummers " (1906). In (1899), and 1877, and again in 1879 he was elected to the legislature, serving both times on the judiciary committee, and in 1879 as chairman of the miliIn 1879 he was elected justice of tary committee. the seventh judicial district court to fill an unexMr. Langbein's record pired term of two years. on the bench for untiring energy and legal acu(

men was

so well

known

on by the court and

is

that

be

wanting

of duty if mend the

professional

favor

would

a

in

I failed

was commented

_^

Hepburn vs. Hepburn, (54 Howard Reports, page 477) as follows: "While making this disposition of the motion in of the defendant, I

it

reported in the case of

to

diligence

sense

comand

acumen

of

Mr. Langbein, the defen-

dant's counsel, who in his learned brief presents a fair essay on the subject in all its phases. The aid he has thus extended to

the court presents a glaring contrast to the mass of practitioners appearing

who, either to indifference the cause of their clients, ignorance of the prinbefore

it,

through

ciples involved, or on the assumption that the 'judge knows all the law, 'cast upon him a burden of elaborate research, not only upon mooted and contested questions, but upon such as rest upon the gravest complications arising as well upon the facts as upon the harmonizing of conflicting decisions." Mr. Langbein served as school inspector and trustee of the 23rd and 24th

wards

for

many

years.

He

is

vice-president of the

OF AMERICAN BIOGKAPHY. Bar Association of the Borough of the Bronx and a member of various organizations and He was a junior vice, senior vice, societies. and commander of the Medal of Honor Legion Mr. Langbein was marof the United States. ried in New York city, Aug. 15, 1908, to Mary A., daughter of John Dersch.

acclaimed the country's acquisition of such an artist as an event of good fortune. Especially commended was the interesting nature of her

programmes, which are largely made up of less familiar works, and bespeak an unusual knowledge of the literature of song; and her gift of real

NIESSEN-STONE, Matja

von, singer,

was

Moscow, Russia. Dec. 28, 1S70, daughter of Hermann and Mathilde (Bergmann) von Her father was an architect. At the Niessen. age of six she removed with her parents to Germany, and" received her education at the " at Weimer, a private school Sophienstift under the patronage of the Grand Duchess of Weimar. She began her musical training at Dresden in 1886 under Adolf Jensen, a pupil of in

Eugen Gura. After a period spent some time with Mme.

of tnree years she Lilli Lehmann at

Berlin, and subsequently continued her studies with Mme. Souvestre-Paschalis, a pupil of Lamperti; with Etelka Gerster, and later with George Fergusson. Under these various teachers she not only developed the beautiful mezzosoprano voice with which she was gifted by nature, but gained as well a remarkable finish and style, which was to become an important Defactor in her almost immediate success. termining upon a career as a concert singer, she made her initial recital appearance at Dresden in 1890, the concert being attended by the king of Saxony. The musical merits of her art were at once recognized, particularly by such authorities as Ernst von Schuch, the conductor of the Royal Opera at Dresden. This auspicious beginning led to engagements as soloist in symphony concerts in Berlin, Frankfort. Munich, Vienna, Budapest and many other large cities Upon her throughout Germany and Austria. return to Russia she sang with great success in St. Petersburg under Erdmannsdorfer and at Moscow under Safonoff. Engagements in all of the large cities of Russia following in rapid She accepted her first professional succession. appointment in 1896, as teacher of singing at the Imperial School of Music at Odessa, Russia, which was superseded by a similar one at Riga in 1901. In 1905 she made concert appearances in Brussels and in London, where she delighted great audiences with her superior art both at the Crystal Palace and the Monday Popular Concerts, completed her international reputaIn March, 1906, Mme. von Niessen-Stone tion. came to America and made her American debut at Mendelssohn Hall, New York city in a recital of her own, earning the full esteem of critics and public on this occasion. This was subsequently followed by other song recitals, in which branch of her art she achieved, perhaps her most notable success. Beginning her career in this exacting form of entertainment in Germany in 1890, both critics and public at once gave their fullest measure of recognition to her artistic handling of an organ peculiarly suited to the rendition of a wide variety of lyrics, her profound musical intelligence exhibited in the interpretation of compositions of every period from Scarlatti to Hugo Wolf, and the genuine feeling with which she expresses every emotion which the composer seeks to convey. She gave recitals in the principal German cities and was everywhere placed in the front rank of lieder In America, too, singers of the present day. her success in this field was repeated, and she earned the unanimous praise of the critics, who

high

interpretation,

order

born

4C9

of

musical

inter-

aside from her beauty of tone and finish of vocal technique compelled universal admira. tion. Mme. von NiessenStone is an accomplished linguist, using as many as five languages in one program with perfect diction in each, and her large rendered by repertoire, heart, also gives evidence of a remarkable memory. Her voice, while a mezzosoprano in range suggests by its richness of quality a contralto. It has been admirably trained rather to make it obedient to ligence,

the

demands

of poetic

and

emotional expression than merely to subserve the requirements of sensuous beauty. In 1908 she became a member of the Metropolitan Opera Co. of New York, an engagement which gave further opportunity for the exhibition of her dramatic skill which was so frequently praised in her concert work, and a beauty of person which greatly enhances her impersonations. She made her operatic debut in November of that year in " Die Walkure." and subsequently appeared in a number of important roles, among her rep" ertoire being those of Ortrud in Lohengrin," " Der Ring des Fricka, Erda and Waltraute in " Die Meistersinger," Nibelungen." Magdalene in " in Tristau und Isolde," Amneris in Brangaene " " " II Trovatore and MagdaAida," Azucena in lena in " Rigoletto." Besides her opera and concert work von Niessen-Stone devotes considerable time to teaching, being the head of the vocal department of the Institute of Musical Art in New York city. She was married in Berlin, Germany, Aug. 5, 1897, to W. E. Stone of London, England, and has one son, Patrick William. CLARE, Charles Finney, ex-president of the Bradstreet Co., was born at Preble, Cortland co., N. Y., Aug. 30, 1836, son of Rev. Gardiner Kellogg and Lucy (Bement) Clark, and a descendant of Robert Williams who settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1638. He was educated at the academy at Homer, N. Y., and was examined for admission to college, but did not pursue his studies further. Subsequently he studied law in Detroit. Afterwards he published a city directory, there, and became associated with Carl Schurz " in the publication of the Detroit Post". In 1858 he was made superintendent of the Detroit office of the Bradstreet Co. He was transferred to Philadelphia in 1866, and to Boston in 1869, and then became general manager with headquarters in New York City. In 1876 the company was incorporated under its present name and Mr. Clark was made first secretary, and shortly afterward president. He had a genius for organization, an unlimited capacity for work on broad lines, an interest in detail such as

THE NATIONAL, CYCLOPAEDIA

IT"

few men possess, clear perception and wise foresight, so that he impressed his individuality deeply upon the institution which he so long directed,

made

its efficiency

and success independent of the life of one man, and built up in the Braclstreet Co. a monument for himself. He was an incorporator, a trustee, and first vice-president of the

Wash-

ington Trust Co., a director of a number of companies, American the including Cotton Oil, Niagara Falls Power and Cataract Construction; a member of the

Chamber

of

Geneological

Commerce; and

Society

American Geographical Society; the Union League; and Lotos, Metropolitan, other clubs; and the St. New England Societies. Mr. "

Andrew's and Clark was one

of the inof captains to attend the banquet given to Prince Henry of Prussia in New York City in 1902. He was married in Detroit. Mich., in I860, to Sarah Wilder, and (2nd) in Providence, R. I., Oct. 13, 1870, to Ella Marcia, daughter of

invited

dustry,"

He was survived by three Sarah Juliet, wife of Ileury Phipps Ross, Ella Mabel, and Charles Martin Clark, an electrical engineer. He died in New York city Ezra Dodge Fogg.

children

Sept.

3.

:

1904.

ABBOT, Edwin

Hale, lawyer, was born at Beverly, Mass., Jan. 26, 1834, son of Joseph Hale and Frances Ellingwood (Larcom) Abbot. His father (1802-73) a graduate of Bowdoin College, was head of the English department of Phillips Exeter Academy, and during 1830-55 was principal of a school for young ladies in Boston. The first of the family in this country wa:3 George Abbot, who emigrated from Yorkshire, England, in 1640, and was one of the first settlers of Andover, Mass., becoming captain of its block-houses. His wife was Hannah Chandler. Mr. Abbot was educated at the Boston Latin School, where he took a Franklin medal and was graduated at the head of his class in 1851. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1855, and at the Harvard law school, where he received the degree of LL.B.. in 1862. For two years after graduation, he taught with Epes S. Dixwell, whose preparatory school for boys was the leading one in Boston, for many years; and he was a tutor in Harvard College for four After his admission to the liar, in 1S62, years. he practiced first in association with Hon. Peleg W. Chandler and George A. Shattuck, and later with Hon. Leonard A. Jones and Hon. John Lathrop. Having charge of important railroad litigations in the West, Mr. Abbot dissolved his partnership in 1875 and devoted himself to the legal affairs of the Wisconsin Central Railroad Co., whose general counsel he had become in 1873, and three years later he removed to Milwaukee, Wis. His practice in the western courts

and

at

Washington became engrossing.

He was

of counsel in the legal fights in the Federal courts which arose under the Potter law, socalled, and culminated in the arguments and decisions by the United States supreme court in Munn vs. Illinois. In 1878 he succeeded George T. Bigelow as the active trustee in the first mortgage of the Wisconsin Central Rail-

In January, 1879, in sudden emergency, which demanded prompt action to save rights, he took possession, by virtue of the mortgage power, and operated the railroad for nearly twelve years for the benefit of the bonds without appointment by or intervention of any court. When, finally (November, 1SS9), the road was restored to the original company, and the trust road.

was adjusted decree showed

in

the United

States court,

the

that, whereas, in

January, 1879, the entire value of the property did not exceed $2,000,000; when the trustees terminated their possession, the market value of the securities representing the property exceeded $12,000,000 without assessing any bondholder, or increasing its capitalization. The trustees' plan of reorganization was so successful and novel that it attracted much attention from lawyers and financiers. It avoided a foreclosure sale on $9,500,000 bonded debt and $400,000 preferred claims, and enabled the stockholders to save their stock by making safe their expenditure of new money in developing and improving the But it obliged the stockholders to property. give the bondholders meantime full control over the property through the trustees, who received the voting power on $9,500,000 of stock being about four-fifths of the stock issue, and who, on request, allowed each bondholder to vote upon an amount of stock equal to his bonds. The

stockholders were thus secured meantime against foreclosure, and encouraged to develop the property, while at the same time, by this amicable adjustment, the real owners controlled the property at all times, although the contingent values were also preserved, and their speculative owners were encouraged to spend new funds to mak undeveloped values actual an.) Street Railway Co., in August, 1904. \vas married at Wilkcsbarre, Pa.. Aug. 11, 1.S60, to ICli/.abeth Jane, daughter of James K. Drake, of

Mew York

state,

and had two children, Stanley

Woodward and Estells Lincoln Neuer. He was married again on Aug. 17, 1895, to Florence Louise Heath, of Chicago.

BRADY, James philanthropist,

Boyd, clergyman, author and

was born

in

the Province of Ulster,

county

of

Antrim, Ire-

land, Sept.

7, 184,5,

James and (Boyd)Brady,

son

I.-abclla

of

of Irish-

Ow-

Scotch ancestry.

ing partly to the fact that he lost his mother

when seven

years of being east upon the household servants for care, he became one of the most age,

and

adventurous and rampant of his race until his conversion fifteenth year.

to

learning

in

his

Averse

and

re-

ligion, his delight was in the saddle, following

.

i (,

the fox and hounds. After the Great Light

through Christ came into his heart, everything was changed. He was seized with such a yearning for learning and devotion, as absorbed all his

He faculties, and consumed all his time. his literary career under the tutelage his mother's brother, who was a reputable

commenced of

and continued it, in the private schools of the Rev. Dr. Close, and Rev. Mr. Gawn. As his mind developed he became a lover of largest liberty. Impelled by this love he came to the United States in 1X(>7, and entering Drew Theological Seminary, was graduated B.D. in 1869, being the first to secure a diploma from that institution. Subsequently he entered New York University, and won his Ph.D. in 1S91. He had joined the Newark conference of the M. E. Church, and at once began to preach, filling some of the leading pulpits in that conference. The chief characteristics of his ministry were improvement of churches, payment of their debi-, scholar,

advancement of their and enlargement of

.....

ral

md

spiritual efficiency,

membership. It was during his four pastoral terms in Newark and Jersey City that he became kie>\\ n to tin' country at large The sound of his sayings went out in all dived inns, far beyond the limits of his conference and his adopted land. His labors \\ere instrumental in lifting Central Church, Newark, into a great popular and influential institution. The people crowded his churches to catch the light o|' hi- thought and thousands were convened to the ne\\ lite by his their

preaching. The fame of his work reached Boston, and the bishops felt that if any man could fill In l.sn:; he began People's Temple he was the man

what was the largest auditoMethodism, but while it was a spacious, well-located edifice, it had been sadly deficient in

his ministry there, in

rium

in

Dr. Brady made some material immeet the comfort of the people, commenced preach ing and almost immediately leaped

congregations.. provements to

it.

to the front as the great rallying center of inspiration

and instruction for the masses and the classes. In the busy season from 7,000 to 10,000 worshiped in it weekly, and it was estimated that during Dr. Brady's pastorate not less than 1,500,000 worshipers prayed in its precicnts. Often the entire seating capacity was taken half an hour before the main service began, frequently hundreds stood throughout, and other hundreds retired for want of standing room Multitudes were added to the membership of the Temple, besides vast migratory numbers who departed to other places. Contemporaneously with all this Dr. Brady was performing his duties as a member of the American Society of Comparative Religions, and had been treasurer of the society before removing to Boston. He was an active member of the committee of one hundred of the city of Boston, and of the executive committee of the Boston Missionary and Church Extension When by the itinerating law of the Society. Methodist Church he could remain no longer at the Temple, he was transferred to Grace Church, Worcester, where on a proportionate scale the same successes were repeated. The property was renovated, a debt of $25,000 was paid, the membership .

increased and all the interests left in the most prosperous condition of its history. The first works which Dr. Brady published were the "Saengerfest Sermons"; which were delivered in Newark against a local violation of the Sabbath, and made such a stir in New Jersey as had no small influence in swinging the state into the Republican column. In these sermons he demonstrated that the Holy Day is the sacred septenary of time set apart by the Supreme Father for the instruction, inspiration, and elevation of His children and if they secularize it they remain uneducated in essentials, and unre-

generated by spiritualizing forces, but if they set it apart for the cultivation of the graces of the soul, the rest of the body, and the worship of God they gravitate to the highest places on earth and the best His second was "Missionary glories in heaven. Dynamics," which portrayed the powers that make successful workers in mission fields at home and abroad. His third was "People's Keepsakes,"

composed of a series of discourses delivered in People's Temple on the vital topics of the times, and his fourth, "Pioneers and Millionaires," the object of which was to show that in America the old pioneers are the financial fathers of the new and that therefore these millionaire children should take care of their fathers, when in old age they find themselves poor, helpless, and worn out by self-sacrificing labors. This work Dr. Brady mailed gratuitously to the rich men and women of the republic and by its fair, filial, and fundamental principles persuaded many of the rich It has already influenced to do as it suggests. SI 5,000,000 for the deliverance of worn-out pioneers in only one department of self-sacrificing labor. millionaires,

But this was just the beginning. It has turned the attention of owners and managers of vast corporations toward the duty of pensioning their aged and worn-out employees, and at least 189 of these great establishments are either acting or preparing to act upon the humane and equitable principles proclaimed in the book. Thus many millions of dollars arc devoted yearly to the relief of worthy but poor superannuated workmen and workwomen. He believes this filial and systematic benevolence is destined to solve many hard anil harsh problems, and is to prove the illustrious harmonizer of labor and capital throughout the republic because it is the only practical proof that rich capitalists are the faithful friends in time of need of the workers who have helped them to accumulate their wealth. "Pioneers and Millionaires" also found its way into Great Britain, and had its share in leading the

C

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

499

British parliament to adopt the pension plan for It is little faithful worn-out toilers of the empire.

same

of filial humanity like these inspired gratitude in the heart of Dr. Brady, and impelled Him to present in yet more

moving forward under one

wonder that unparalleled evolutions

attractive and elaborate form the seething masses of propulsive thought, along these elevating and humanizing lines that are clamoring for expression through his pen. He clearly sees that the rich man's day of privilege and duty has come, and that this day is to bring the dawn into the poor man's heart and home, ana that if both rich and poor follow the practical principles laid down in his forthcoming works, they will understand, help, trust, and love each other. And the fruit of such amicable relations between capital and labor will be the life of America and the salvation of the other nations of the earth. While rising to the prime of his powers, he was gradually seized with this world-wide view of human affairs and as a result he is producing "The Divine Drama" and "The Human Phronis," after In 1887-88 years of study, meditations and travel. he took a tour of study round the world and penetrated the remotest parts of the leading nations of the earth and in 1897 he visited the weird regions of the midnight sun besides he used many of his summer vacations to see some part of the earth whose conditions he wanted to verify for himself. Dr. Brady has an amazing mind, an endless capacity for toil, and between the two his heroes and heroines go soaring through time and space in a fashion never before heard of. "The Human Phronis" is a special illustration of this: while it reviews the ;

past, and surveys the present, it is more particularly a herald of the future in a manner and to an extent

never before attempted. It strikes stunning blows at the new-time critics and presents the old-time The Drama and religion in a new-time manner. the Phronis are counterparts of each other. They both portray the main line along which Providence is

moving

for the welfare of the American nation in and through her for the whole world in They present the progressive march of the

particular,

feneral. uman race,

and unveil it as a divine procession proceeding under the harmonizing principles of an Almighty mysterious plan. In representing the scenes of this plan he has prodviced remarkable

visions, fascinating dialogues, inspiring allegories, rollicking romances, tremendous contests and heroic contestants, in prose, blank verse, and verse according with the several progressive acts described. These volumes, as in a panorama, portray the claims of the worn-out heroes, and the phases of the supreme processes

heartrending tragedies,

working themselves out through the stalwarts by everincreasingconquests, and finally overcoming the obstacles of man, in man, by man, through the Christ from the Father. The six large octavo volumes of 3,000 pages, when completed, will offer a new standard of vision, by which to survey new processes of the predestined progress going on in the world. Dr. Brady has explored its numerous branches, analyzed its related factors and finally came to the stupendous principle from which all so mysteriously proceed. This immanent principle he perceived is the "supremacy of divine parenthood," working its way out through all involutions and evolutions into man as the creation's chief and the Creator's joy. He saw that all creational and developing efforts focus on man as the object divinely and eternally loved. This set before his mind the intrinsic value and majesty of man it also became the clue to the secret of the marvelous and persistent pursuings of humanity by the supreme Father. These pursuings display themselves through the central method by which the Almighty follows up the pursuit. This method he perceived to be one and only ;

one, though consisting of many parts, moving in the direction through every change and perturbation. Nothing stays its course, everything pays tribute to its purpose. The vast procession thus all-including plan

and

one all-loving purpose presented itself to his mind as "The Divine Drama" on the divine side, and as "The Human Phronis" on the human side, so that both cooperate as a complete system of progressive and final truth. The chief symbolic characters, male and female, go through times, lands, and worlds to find the veiled energies, and having captured them, return proclaiming the fundamental forces they have discovered. They show that every nation, that has been, or is, contributes her own the of the entire group of the quota toward progress world's empires, now verging into a great sisterhood of united states. This they do not only in the light of prophecy, as it exists in literature, and of premonition as it obtains in the human spirit; but also as it prevails in the promissory luster of present mental expansions, through discoveries, inventions, and operations of Christendom. These are entering heathendom and form the framework of the Divine Chariot upon which the universal Father advances to accomplish rapidly his saving purposes in all the earth. There are many startling situations constantly occurring throughout the works; but none so surprising as the realities they represent. The Cherub, who typifies the Genius of History in Phronis, is constantly doing mighty things, while in the drama, Justus, Verus and Angelo produce equally sublime results. Although the whole work is more or less allegorical, yet the illustrations from history, geography, astronomy, philosophy, art, and literature are scientifically correct, so that those who read shall not only have their thought developed in the best direction but may also imbibe the leading elements of an extensive and solid culture. There were sidelights arid issues bearing directly on present creative events, which were not closely enough related to the main drift and design to become a part of the chief work. These will be produced in ,

the last volume as outgrowths evolved the preceding books.

of the

thought which

In these books the

leading characters are the most chivalric champions in their several lines. They possess the daring that soars up and out after Truth wherever she hides herself, and they have the tremendous courage required to fight for her propagation when they find her. They bring from the vast unknown, such vitalizing facts, as human beings need to meet the exalting duties which increasing opportunities are placing before them. They are emphatically the characters for a world like ours, in such rapid transition, that none can tell what is coming next. Many are the works floating from the press, trimming along the border of these high things. But the chief characters of this work dash into the center of the celestial battle, and prove themselves the heroes of the field, fighting valiantly for the reshaping of thi> nature and destiny of human beings. They revel in ttie unseen areas of the Infinite and at times appear beside the invisible battalions of God spying their

purposes,

down with

watching their movements, and

the cheering news to inspire and console the weary hearts of the struggling world. These seer-like souls are constantly seeing the invisible in the visible, and are often seen stretching out to catch the living spirits of the air, that they may seize the secrets of their melodies and convey them to distracted and inharmonious man. These lofty heroes and heroines of course are typical but they are representative of the coming valorous men and women of the near future, when human beings shall have measured up to the stature intended for them by their Creator. In neither the structure nor flying

;

Till:

500 the spirit of the

NATIONAL CYCLOP.*: 1)1 A

work are there any dry or barren

boxing twenty-one rounds at

New

Orleans,

La.

places, no mincing nor waste of words, no loss of The reader is swept along grip of the ma.in issue. as on a rushing river through all kinds of scenery

The purse

in heaven above and earth beneath, till finally he has gained such encyclopedic vision and inspiring impulse as make him mighty in proportion to his

Carson City, Ney., but Fitzsimmons the championship to James J. Mr. Corbett is the acknowledged inventor of modern boxing methods, having inaugurated what is called "foot work," and estab-

Though much in demand for pulpit and platform, Dr. Brady asked and obtained a supernumerary relation in 1906. The motive he had active desire.

retiring from the ministry so early, was, that while in his prime he might give himself most energetically to this great endeavor in literature, which he esteems the crowning effort ol his life, and for in

which world-wide travels, strenuous studies, and experiences under the guidance of the Supreme Spirit have prepared him. The result is a product which in amplitude of range, clarity of vision, and boldness of thought surpasses anything i" its sphere ever attempted. Dr. Brady was married in June, 1877, to Josephine Louise, daughter of the late John and Mary Wood, of New York city. \\ hen their European wedding tour was over, she nobly assisted him in his work in the churches he served. Five children, Florence, James, Bessie, Howard and Paul, were born to them. After nineteen years of useful life, she was seized with a cold in their summer home by the sea, which affected her lungs so severely that in a few months she inspiring

passed peacefully

away and was buried

beside

two

of their children in Green wocd. Since her decease Dr. Brady has tried to bury his grief in his \\i-k and lias been traveling the path of duty alone.

He

ler-ides in

Boston.

for this

match was $45,000, and the

agreement permitted the winner to take all. In 1898 he was defeated by Robert Fitzsimmons in a

match

at

himself

yielded Jeffries in 1901.

lished the superiority of intelligent generalship to the old-time bull strength and brutality. has always considered himself an exponent of boxing as an intricate art, and has gained for it the Since 1899 he has respect of the better classes. been appearing in vaudeville as a monologist, and in the same year founded an association of vaudeville players called the "White Rats of

He

America." Mr. Corbett was married in 1897 to Jessie, daughter of James S. Taylor, of Omaha, Neb.

WALKER, Henry, sol,

Walker. He was educated in the Boston Latin school, where he received the Franklin medal, and after being graduated at Harvard College in 1855, law

in

the office of

Hutchms and Wheeler. was born

in

John,

San Francisco, son

pugilist and actor, Cal., Sept. 1, IsiKi.

Patrick Joseph and (McDonald) Corbett.

of

Kate

His father, a native of Ireland (1835-98), emigrated to the United States in 1849, settling first at New Orleans, La., and in 1852 removing

tci San Francisco, where he accumulated a comfortable property and became promi-

James J. politics. was educated at the Sacred Heart College of San nent

in

Corliett

',,1

Francisco, but at the age of thirteen, accepted a position as messenger in the famous Nevada Hank. Here he steadily

worked

his

way upward,

attaining the office of assistant receiving teller in 1S86, and when the bank established

a fire

and marine

in-

surance company, in Iss7. he was placed in charge of the eastern branch In 1888, he formed a partnership in the commission and brokerage business, with James S. Angus, formerly receiving teller of the Nevada Hank. Inn the firm was soon involved in the financial crash in the West and discontinued. Almost immediately Mr. Corbett became physical director of the Olympic Club of San Francisco, famous for its fine athletes, and while here earned a wide reputation as an amateur boxer. In 1890 he made his first appearance in the professional ring in a battle with Jake Kilrain, whom he readily defeated. He still further increased his reputation in 1891 in a match of sixty-one rounds with Peter Jackson, which resulted in a draw. In 1892 he won the world's championship from John L. Sullivan, after .

i,-r

lawyer, was born in Boston, Mass., Dee. 25, 1832, son of Ezra and Maria (Cox)

studied

CORBETT, James

I

and

enlisted in the civil

He

war as adjutant

of the 4th regiment, Massachusetts volunteer militia, which was the first to leave Massachusetts and the first, to land at Fortress Monroe. In the autumn of 1861 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, and in the following year colonel of the regiment. He served in the department of the Gulf, participating in the campaign up the Teche and at the siege of Port Hudson. After the war he resumed the In Us77 lie was licensed compractice of law. missioner and during 1879-82 served as police commissioner of Boston. During the years 1887-88 he was commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company and at the time of its 250th In 1896 he was again anniversary, June 4, 1888. commissioned captain for the express purpose of commanding the company on its visit to England, to participate in the celebration of the 350th anniversary of the Honorable Artillery Company of

London. It was the first military organization of America to visit the old world, and was said to be the first, if not the only one, from any foreign country, to stand beneath its own flag, arms in hand, in the streets of London. Perhaps the oratorical gifts of Col. \Valker were never better displayed than at a dinner on this occasion, in London, in the presence of the Prince of Wales and of leading members of the English nobility. In the toast proposed to "Her Majesty the Queen," his phrase "Whose womanliness as queen and as woman" immediately became '(ueenliness famous and was considered by the English people one of the most gracious and delicate tributes ever paid Her Majesty. A prominent Englishman recently said that he had heard all the leading orators in the English language from Gladstone to Beaconsfield, but he had never heard anything that in fitness, beauty, finish and eloquence, exceeded Col. Walker's addresses. Col. Walker has traveled extensively and is a man of many and varied accomplishments. In official life he was prompt and fearless in the

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. performance

of duty, and in private life his gracious intellectual gifts have won for

and

personality him a large circle of friends highest esteem.

who

hold him

in

the

New York Club. Mr. FloydJones .was married, June 16, 1903, to Peppina, daughter of Giovanni L. Avezzana, a son of Gen. Giuseppe (Joseph) Avezzana, of Italy. Country Club, and the

SCHULTE, Anthony,

FLOYD-JONES,

William Chauncey, broker, Massapequa, Long Island, Dec. 7, Black1855, son of William and Caroline Amelia His earliest American ancestor well) Floyd-Jones. was Richard Floyd, a native of Brecknockshire, Wales, and a man of intelligence and vigor, who came to America in 1654, and settled on Long Island, where he served as judge of Suffolk county, cokmel of the militia, and the proprietor of large

was born

estates.

at

From him

the line of descent

is

traced

through his son Richard, who married Margaret Nieoll; through their son Richard, who married Elizabeth Hutchinson through their son Richard, who married Arabella Jones. This Arabella Jones was the daughter of Judge David Jones, of Ft. Neck, N. Y., and a sister of Judge Thomas Jones, a The justice of the supreme court of the state. latter died without issue, and in accordance with the terms of his father's will the estate reverted to the male issue of the daughter Arabella upon the condition that they should add his name to their own. Accordingly the son of Richard Floyd and Arabella Jones was known as David Richard FloydJones, a change of name which was confirmed by act of the legislature in 1788. Since that time the senior branch of the family has borne the double patronymic, while the junior branches only have retained the name Floyd. From David Richard Floyd-Jones, who married Sarah, Onderdonk, the descent is continued through their son Gen. Thomas Floyd-Jones, who married Cornelia Haring and their son William, who was Mr. Floyd-Jones' father, a drominent merchant of New York. The son received his education in private schools at Massapequa and at Jamaica, L. I., and began his business career at the age of fifteen in the employ of the banking firm of Jay Cooke & Co. This was one of the leading financial concerns in the United States at that time (see Cooke, Jay) it was so involved in large undertakings that it failed during the financial panic of 1873. Mr. FloydJones then secured an appointment in the New York ;

1

501

in

Detroit, Mich., Jan.

public

school

manufacturer, was born l.s.ls. He received a

12,

education,

and

after a brief business experience he left his home for Key West Ma., and entered the employ of ,

Messrs. Seidenberg & Co., manufacturers of cigars, where, at the early age of nineteen he became superintendent of the firm's It was in the years spent there, supplemented by frequent visits to Cuba, that he acquired a marvelous skill in the com pound ing of smokes suitable to the tastes of the most In 1882 he exacting patrons. entered the retail business by seeuringa cigar store in French's Hotel in New York city. During his first year in business for himself the sales amounte.l to $9,000. When the hotel was razed to make room for the present Pulitzer building, he barThe gained for a store in the new building. success of the business was such that he began to open other stores in various parts of the city, ami in a period of five years found himself the proprietor of six, and the name of Schulte had become synonymous with the best brand of smokers' goo Is to be found in the city. According to a leading tobacco journal, at the time of his death he was acknowledge! to be the largest leading individual dealer in the country. Mr. Schulte was a member of the New York Athletic Club and the Arion Society. He was married in 1888 to Rose

large factory.

;

custom house.

In the follow-

ing year he became identified with the firm of Shurley & Dunham in the stock brokerage business, and three years later, in 1878, he formed partnership with William Robison in the stock brokerage business, and bought a seat on the This linn stock exchange. has continued to the present day, and is one of the well-

known financial institutions of the metropolis. Mr. FloydJones has been very successful,

and during the adminis-

tration of Pres. Cleveland his firm participated in some of the large bond deals of that period. He is interested in all outdoor sports, but is especially fond of He is an expert reinsman, own ng trotting horses. and driving the "champion trotting team of New York, King Chimes and Gov. Holt," to their race record of 1:06} on the New York speedway, and 2: 13| on the Empire City track. He is no less an expert with the gun, being one of the best amateur wing shots, both at tne traps and in the field. He is a member of the Union Club, the Racquet and Tennis Club, the Westminster Kennel Club, the

daughter

of L. Davis, of Thomasville, Ga., and had died in York city, Sept.

four daughters.

He

New

27. 1004.

SCHULTE, David A., merchant and capitalist, was born at Thomasville, Ga., in 1873. After a public school education he began his career in 1892 in the employ of the late Anthony Schulte mentioned above), and upon the lattn-'s death he succeeJeJ to his business. At the time of the death of the founder there were but five stores i.i the Schulte chain, but under the foresight and guiJance of the young manager, the work of development and progress has continue, until now there are i

1

twenty-five situate.1 in the environs of Greater New York. At the time that the Tobacco Trust

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

502

handsome price was offered by the was formed monoply for the Schultc stores, but he refused to The success of the business under Mr. sell out. Schulte's management is one of the romances of :i

American industries. It not only illustrates how the cigar trade has grown within the past twenty years from small insignificant stores into a great business, calling for the very highest mercantile the small cigar-storeman ability and business skill of the past has given way to the cigar merchant,

$1.000,000.

He was married

daughter of

I.

Harris,

in

1905 to Hattie,

and has one

son,

Arthur

Schulte.

MARVIN,

Charles Reynold, manufacturer, was

born at Deep River, Conn., Jan. 20, 1850, son of Whittlesey and Jane Elizabeth (Spencer) Marvin. The founder of his family in America was Rein old Marvin of Ramsey, Essex CO., England, whose) tied first at Hartford, Conn., and later at Lyme. The line of descent is traced through his son, Lieut. Reinold, who married Sarah Clark; through heir son Capt. Reinold, who married I'hebe (De\\ olf) Lee; through their son Dea Reinold, who married his cousin Sarah Marvin through their son Capt. Dan, who marrieJ Mehitable (Dudley) Selden : through their son Dan, who married Hulda Mather; through their son Dea John, who married Lyoia Hall Pratt, and who was the grandfather of the His father (1824-96) was subject of this sketch. an insurance and investment broker, who served in both branches of the general assembly, and was town clerk of Saybrook. The son was educate.! in the public schools, and at Wiliest on Seminary, at Kast Hampton, Mass. He began his business career in 1879 in partnership with F. W. Williams, forming a manufacturing company at Deep River, Conn. In addition to these interests, Mr. Marvin is alsoactive in the insurance and real estate business. Like his father before him, he served twice in the general assembly, in 1885 and 1905. He was twice married, his second wife being Harriet Amelia, daughter of Joseph Benjamin Lord of Deep River, Conn., and the mother of six children: John Kimball Lord. Harry B. Lord, Alice Fleecham Lord, Julia Augusta Lord, Lydia Jane Lord and Reynold Lord Marvin. OBERSTEIN, Abraham, lawyer, was born in New Vork city, June Hi, INT."), son of Harris and Sophia Oberstein. His father was a native of Russia and conducted a prosperous business in one of its

John

I

;

Ife3-Es^i"

^insr

rf^aannSSi 8 y2j|BJtal

ifrin

iii

ill

2m

iii iij

If

13}

pill; r*"T^.

It !

it very forcibly demonstrates the shrewdness, foresight and business acumen of the man at the head of the company. Like the original proprietor,

but

Mr. David A. Schulte is a keen, constant student of the trend and development of New York city. No real estate speculator or rapid transit developer keeps a closer eye upon the city than he does, ever ready to establish another branch store in some new artery of the metropolis. The trade journal "Tobacco" recently said: "To have accomplished what lie ha> in the field of retail effort would have been a brilliant and admira-

by those in power, he was forced to flee the country and come to the United extent

that

mend

The son was educated

accomplishment

for

H ..

to America in 1642,

and

settled at

New

Bedford, Mass. Mr. Pope received his education in the public schools and began his business career in 1896 in the employ of L. D. Alexander, a stock In 1904 he starte in broker, of New York city.

and

the William Lloyd Garrison Association, besides several charitable organizations. She is " The Circle" (New York), and corvocal editor of respondent to several notable music journals, both

this country and in Germany. Besides her residence in New York, she has a summer home at Brookfield Center, Conn., where she conducts normal summer courses for singers and vocal teachShe was married June 29, 1888, to Johannes ers. G. Ziegler of Berlin, Germany, and has two sons, in

William and Frederick Ziegler.

KUNDTZ,

I

business as a specialist in inactive bonds and stocks on his own account, and has met with uniform success from the beginning. In December, 1908, he formed a partnership with Howard H. Buck and Rudolph P. Graham, under the name of J. Hathaway Pope & Co. Mr. Pope is a member of the Crescent Athletic Club of Brooklyn, N.Y. He was married Oct. 27, 1903, to.\melia Hubbard, daughter ot H.A.Stewart of Brooklyn, N.Y. .and they have one son, James

Hathaway Pope,

Jr.

ZIEGLER, Anna

cian,

was born

in

Elizabeth iKoelling), musi-

Hamburg, Germany, Aug.

28, 1867,

daughter of John and Alwine (Chretien) Koelling. She inherits her musical talents from both parents, her father having been a fine musician with a

and her mother was a talented

beautiful voice,

She began her musical education at the pianist. early age of six years under her uncle, Carl KoellAfter her father's ing, a composer and pianist. death, her mother remarried, and her stepfather brought his family to America. He was a member of the orchestra of Theodore Thomas for thirtyseven years, and was one of the organizers of the

New York Philharmonic Society and the AschenMine. Ziegler began her professional broedel Club. career in 1887 as concert pianist and piano instructor in New York city. Meanwhile she had studied sinning with Prof. Rusack of the Royal Hochschule of Berlin and others, and as her vocal powers developed she gradually lost interest in piano playing, devoting most of her time to voice culture and voice trainIn 1891 she and her husing. sjv, band opened the Berlin Con"':''

'J-^'

servatory of Music in New York city, and they successfully con-

55 jgji

diluted it for ten years. Her forte in vocal culture is to utili/e ihe natural singing voice. i.< n inlei l'iu her pupils in the science of

rff^f __u

v,

I

HjE5|f.

-^

_

v

'

,

ic.-.s .

'^.y

,

i

I

breathing, tone-attack, phonaenunciation and protion, Thus her pupils nunciation. :lre taught to sing not only from natural endowment but by a scientific habit which 'comes a second nature. In 11)06 she formed the National Association of Teachers of -Singing, for the purpose of improving conditions for teaching singing, for protecting the I

i

public against evils inflicted by incompetent and inefficient teachers, and for ultimately obtaining government support in the accomplishment of these aims. Within the first two years of its existence, the society has received the applications of 1,000 teachers of singing throughout the United States, and numbers the best of them among its members. Mine. Ziegler is a member of the League for Political Education, The New York Peace Society the Woman's Peace Circle

503

manufacturer, was

Thepdor,

I'nter Metzenseifen. Hungary, July KesselJosef and There-da

;it

1,

born

1852, son of

i

baur) Kundtz. His

was

fat her

a cabinetmaker and the son, after attending the Gymnasium, started in as his apprentice at the age of fourteen In 1873 he emigrate.! to the .

United

States,

settling

in

Cleveland, O., where for two years he worked at his trade. In 1875 he went in partner-

Edward Genee and George Gebhard, under the ship with

name of the Cleveland Cabinet Co., manufacturing sewing-machine cabinets and employing about twenty-five men. In 1878 the partnership was dissolved and since then Mr. Kundtz has conducted the

^-^.

business under his own name with about 100 employes. At the present time about 1,500 men men are employed and in addition to sewing-machine cabinets, all kinds of lumber and veneer, and automobile bodies, are manufactured. All the special machine-, use in the various factories are the invention ot Mr. Kundtz. He wasmarrie.l in 1884, to Mary, daughter of Matheus Ballasch of Cleveland, and has six children: Theodor. Mary. Willie, Eward, Josef and Erina Kundtz. i

COMFORT, Walter Rockefeller, merchant, was born at Montgomery, Orange co., N. Y., Seot. 13, 1858, son of Daniel H. and Ellen (Rockefeller) Comfort, and a descendant of John W. Comfort, who came to America in the year 1728. His father was a farmer in Orange county, and his mother was a cousin of John D. Rockefeller, president of the Standard Oil Co. Walter R. Comfort received his ed nation in the public schools of at the

Montgomery Academy.

Montgomery and

He began

his busi-

ness career in 1877 as the proprietor of a creamery. Subsequently he removed to Brooklyn, N. Y.. and established the Belle View Vernon Dairy, which was very successful, and in 18 brought out the Reid Ice Cream Co., and later the Delavan Condensed Milk Co. of Chicago, the Union Dairy Co., of Brooklyn, the Boston Ice Cream Co., and the New Jersey Ice Cream Co. He is president, manager, and director of the Robert Reid Co., which is the largest of its kind in the world. It employs 2,000 men, has an interest in over 4,000 stores, sells 29,000 gallons of cream per day, and uses SO, 000 tons of ice per year. Mr. Comfort is also president and director of the Cloftlin Chemical Co. and the North Riverside Drive treasurer and director of the Improvement Co. Dairymen's Manufacturing Co. of New York, and a director of the Aetna National Bank, the Consolidated Milk Exchange, the Delevan Consolidate Milk Co., and the New York Milk Exchange. Mr. Comfort's favorite recreations are fishing and huntHe was married in 1886, to Elmira, daughter ing. ;

of

William Ladue of Brooklyn, N. Y., and they have

aftj

.\ATIo.\AL CYCLUP.ED1A

501 one daughter, Irene, and two and Harold Comfort.

sons,

Walter

]{.,

Jr.,

I

age of seventy-seven, left his family well provided for. His mother was the daughter of 1

Camp

and

Fanny

iDake) Camp, wiio were early Michigan pioneers. She was the first white child born in Ann Arbor, Mich., the date of her birth being June 14, She was educated at 1828. S Albion (Mich.) Seminary, and "

became an authority in the art and science of was the author of cooking

later in life

;

"The White House Cook Book" (1887). and "Mrs. Gillette's Cook Book" (1897), which has had tion

of

being

the distinc-

published

in

and has had a sale of upwards of When young Gillette was four three million copies. years old his parents moved to Chicago, and he five lc i guages,

received his education in the public schools of that His first business experience was immediately city. after the Chicago fire, when he was employed by Messrs. Sceberger & Breakey, then located at 38 and 40 Lake street, in the wholesale hardware business after two years with this firm he secure a position ;

1

same line with a New York firm. He finally became a traveling salesman, his business taking him to England, where he established a branch in the

office.

Returning to the United States

I

in 1889,

he

now the largest nit tie-stopper manufacturing company in the world,

became connected with what

is

the Crown Cork and Seal Co. of Baltimore; and for ten years or more he was identified with the growth and development of their business, both at home and abroad. Meanwhile the creative or inventive faculty which he had inherited from both sides of his family asserted itself, and he began developing the idea of a safety razor, an ingenious improvement on the old-style razor. A company based on Mr. Gillette's patents, known as the Gillette Safety Razor Co., with a capital of .$650,000, was organized in Boston, and is now recognized as one of the leadof that city. The ing manufacturing industries r est First, Colton and company's factory at Granite streets, in South Boston, and its machine shop on Atlantic avenue, and box factory on Congress street, combine a floor space of upwards of 200,000 square feet, and employ over 2,000 hands; in addition to the above, they now have factories in England, France, Germany and Canada. During the year 1908 the output was at the rate of 3,000 sets of razors and 8,000 packages of extra blades per day, a total of 150,000 sharpened edges per day all accomplished by specially designed and patented automatic machinery dispensing entirely with individual skill in the production of razor e;tges, all of which illustrates the success of the Gillette idea. Before Mr. Gillette conceived the idea of the razor, he had taken out numerous patents individually and in conjunction with his brothers Mott and George, who are also well-known inventors. While Mr. Gillette has a world-wide reputation as an inventor and is enjoying the rewards of his genius and exceptionally clever business ability, it is as a sociologist that Mr. Gillette will probably be longest

W

1889 he has taken a deep and has devoted considerable time and much thought to the betterment of mankind. In 1894 he published a pamphlet Since

interest in the industrial problems

GILLETTE, King Camp, inventor, manufacturer and .sociologist, was bom at loud du Lac, \\ is,. Jan. 5, 1855, son of George Woleott and anny Lcrnira (Camp) Gillette. His father was a successful business man and inventor, and when he died, at

Samuel

remembered.

entitled "The Human Drift," which embodied his first ideas of what he calls world corporation. Mr. Gillette has reasoned that the present industrial

of competition between individuals is the cause of most of the ills suffered by humanity. The he set himself to solve, as he deproblem which " scribes it, is: First, to discover a practical, businesslike method, whereby the people might gradually absorb and eventually come into complete possession of the world and its wealth. Second, to so organize society under the new system, that equity, and freedom would be guaranteed to each justice and every individual." His world corporation, as is to be proposed, organized for the purpose of absorbing the wea 1th and assets of industry throughout the whole world. The capitalization will be progressive and unlimited, being represented at all times by actual dollars paid into the corporation in which respect it will differ from every other corporation. Every individual, without regard to nationality, race or sex, will be equally privileged

system

to become owners of shares. It will consist of three great legislative and executive bodies: world corporation congress, world corporation national

boards of finance, and world corporation banking system. Shares will not be issued in the form of certificates, but will be represented by the number of dollars deposited with the corporation, anil all such deposits remaining over a definite period shall be entitled to a dividend pro rata share in the profits of the corporation. While recognizing, with the many advocates of socialism, the difficulties, problems and shortcomings of our social and industrial system, Mr. Gillette has proposed a solution, bold in its conception, that will awaken a new train of thought and create a profound impression among the students of sociological science. In Mr. Gillci te'a own words: "The means of transition from our present state to one of order, where freedom and happiness would reign, is so simple that it seems almost inconceivable that others have not thought of it before. It is not a scheme it is not a theory it is merely the adaptation of business principles that are recognized by all the world. The only difference is that the people form a world corporation for the purpose of absorbing the wealth of the world, instead of permitting the wealth of the world to be absorbed by individual corporations. Instead of the working masses putting their savings in banks, where they get small interest, and allowing the controllers of banks and trusts to use the accumulated deposits to purchase approved securities, these same people form a world corporation and use their

accumulated savings to purchase these same

se-

In other words, it is a mere curities themselves. question of conversion of wealth from individual It is firm control to the control of the people. conviction that a few years would suffice to place in of the the railroads of the United control people

my

States, the more valuable mining properties, all the steamship companies, and numbers of the most essential industrial corporations throughout the world." In 1897 Mr. Gillette published a book in conjunction with Melvin "L. Severy, on indtistial and Gillette's Social Redempsocial questions called

tion," and in 1908 a book on the same subject, appeared from his pen, which embodies Mr. Gillette's ideas of means titled "Gillette's Remedy Mr. Gillette was married in

of

reform.

It

is

en-

World Corporation." Xew York city, July 2,

1S90, to Alanta E., daughter of Alanson Gaines of Willoughby, O., and has one sou, King George Gillette.

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. BLAIR, Chauncey Buckley,

l>:mkiT,

was born

in his

methods,

505 in

times of financial peril Mr. Blair

Blandfonl, Mass., June IS, 1810, son of Samuel and Hannah (Frary) Blair, of Scotch descent. His first American ancestor was Robert Blair, who came to the United States in 1718 and settled near to His son Robert remove, Worcester, .Mass. llampden county, and purchased a large tract at Blamlford. His son Rufus was the father of Samuel anil grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Young Chauncey Blair remained in his native village until 1831, when he joined his parents, who had settled at Cortland, N. Y. After some time spent in Wisconsin, northern Indiana and Illinois, buying lands from the Indians and surveying it, in 1835 he removed to Michigan City, Ind., where he engaged in a general merchandising business with his In-other Lyman Blair. The firm thus established was one which became widely known among the pioneer business houses of the Northwest. Mainly through Mr. Blair's efforts Michigan City became a He inaugurate;! there a recognized wheat market. storage system and commission business, and built extensive grain warehouses and the first bridge pier in the state. He also built a plank road thirty miles long, which proved of great value until the

showed high courage and fortitude. His entire business career was conducted along the line of He strict integrity, justice and equity to all. was married June 11, 1844, to Caroline O., of Amos T. De Groff of Michigan City, daughter Ind., and had five sons, Chauncey J., George G., William S., Henry A. and Watson F. Blair, and one daughter, Harriet Hivia, wife of John Jay Bor-

Michigan Southern railway was opened. For this purpose the I'nion Plank Road Co. was organized, anil when its charter was prepared a provision was made for banking privileges. A banking business was 'immediately started, of which Mr. Blair was the head, and that was the beginning of his banking operations. Subsequently he became interested

and.,he

:it

I

the State Bank of Indiana, and when it was rechartered under the name of the Bank of the Stall' of Indiana he purchased a controlling intcn--t in the La Porte branch, of which he was president, lie \\as a member of the state board of managers, until the action of congress taxed the state banks mil of existence. In 1861 he removed to Chicago, where he organized a private bank. This became the Merchants' National Bank in 1865, of which he was the head and ruling spirit until his decease. in

The principle upon which this bank was conducted by Mr. Blair attracted the attention of distinguished financiers all over the country. According to its reports the cash reserves of the bank wenlarger than those of any other bank in the United Stales, with the possible exception of the Chemical Natioi.al Bank of New York, in proportion to its liabilities, and at the time of his death the bank's surplus was $2,000,000, three times the amount of its capital stock. Mr. Blair conducted its affairs so carefully that its resources were equal to any emergency. Immediately after the great fire of 1871, before the condition of the contents of the bank vaults was known, a meeting of Chicago bankers considered what percentage should be offered to depositors, but Mr. Blair firmly announced his intention of paying in full, and thereby deferred an announcement of the offer until the bankers were sufficiently reassured to follow his example. When the panic of 1873 swept the country a strong pressure was brought to bear on Chicago bank- in

payments and to issue money, but Mr. Blair insisted upon immediate and full payment to all depositors on demand. The scene at the midnight meeting of bankers convened after the announcement of the suspension of payments by every bank in New York city was dramatic. Many said it would be fohy to try to go on paying after Wall street had given up. Finally, after all had expressed their views Mr. Blair calmly said: "Gentlemen, I do not know u ha others may do and I do not care, but this I do know, the Merchants' National Bank will pay cash on demand," and thus was ended all consideration virtually suspend

specie

certificates in lieu of

I

of

suspending payments.

Ordinarily conservative

(

land.

Mr- Blair die

BORLAND,

1

in

Chicago,

111.,

Jan.

30",

1891.

merchant, was born at North Evans, Erie co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1S37, son of John and Katherine (Tappan) Borland. His father was a native of Manchester. Yt., and his mother was closely related to the famous Green family of that state. He was educated in the public schools at Springfield, X. Y., and at the Bryant & Stratton Business College in Chicago, When eighteen years of age his father re111. moved to Wisconsin to engage in the lumber business. The son was associated with his father, and after mastering all the intricacies of the lumber trade purchased his father's interest in the business, the firm remaining as before, Borland & Dean. In 1S5S a Chicago office was opened,

John Jay,

went there to look after the business intermaking that his permanent residence. At the outbreak of the civil war he volunteered in the ests,

14th Wisconsin infantry and served under Gen. He was promoted to be captain Frederick Steele. for bravery on the field of battle, and was seriously wounded in the battle of Helena in the fall of ls(i:i, which incapacitated him for further service. After the war he sold his lumber interests in Wisconsin and devoted his entire attention to the Chicago branch, which was conducted under the name of Blanchard & Borland. \Vhen the Ford River Lumber Co. was established at Ford river, Mich., in 1869, Mr. Borland became its treasurer, and he held this position until his death. Owing to his untiring industry and thorough knowledge of the business, it grew to be one of the largest of the kind in the United States. Mr. Borland was twice married: first, Feb. 22, 1865, to Sophia L., daughter of James Ingersoll, of North Evans, N. Y. She died in 1876, leaving one son, John Ingersoll Borland, and he was again married, Aug. 29, 1877, to Harriet, daughter of Chauncey B. Blair, who survived him with two sons, Chauncey Blair and Bruce Borland. Of his character and abilities it was said that "with a forte for financiering he possessed a clear head and a reputation for integrity which it was his pride to maintain unspotted. None doubted his

word when once given, as it was known that he was above prevarication or trickery of any kind, and while a man of the most positive character, his integrity

was unassailable.

Enterprising and patriotic, he was a good citizen in all that marks that quality in a man." He died in C'hicago, 111., Oct. 11, 1SS1.

STALLO, Edmund

Kit-

tredge, lawyer, was born at Wiesbaden, Germany, Feb. 11, 1864, son of John Bernard and Helena (Zimmerman) His father (q.v.), also a native of German}', Stallo. came to the United States in 1839 and became-a pro-

minent

citizen of this country.

He was professor

of

mathematics, physics and chemistry at St. John's College, Fordham. for four years, anil subsequently removed to Cincinnati, O., where he became eminent

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

506

and during Iss.'i ,X!l was I'nited States Edmund K. Stallo was educated minister tci Italy. at the public schools of his native town, the private school of Bliss t Babin. and was graduated at His business the Cincinnati University in ISX.'V career as attorney-at-law lie-ran with the firm of n 'incinnati. Stallo A- Kittreilge Removing to New York he became counsel for a number of enterin politics,

j

(

He is general controlled by his family. counsel for the Mobile, Jackson it Kansas City railroad, and is president of the Kingston Lumber Co. During 1890-99 Mr. Stallo was a trustee of Cincinnati I'nivcrsity and at persent is a member of the Queen City Club of Cincinnati and the LawHe was yers' and Athletic clubs of New York. married in Cincinnati, Feb. 28, 1889, to Laura, prises

Alexander MacDonald, and had two daughter daughters: Laura McDonald and Helen McDonald .Stallo. His wife uicd Feb. L>4, 1895, and he was of

married again Apr. 27, 1903, to

May

Harrington

Hanna.

REA, Robert Laughlin, physician, was born Rockbridge county, Virginia, July 1 1827, son Robert and Patsy (Adams) Kea, and grandson

in of of

Daniel Rea, who was a great natural physician and surgeon and medical man who, though not a college graduate, practiced successfully for years. His mother was a daughter of John Adams of Dr. Kea was brought Rockbridge county, Va. up on his father's farm, and received what educational advantages the district school of the time afforded. At the age of seventeen years he went to Indiana and for six years was employed on a farm, at the same time teaching school and embracing every opportunity to further his education. In. 1851 he opened his professional office in Oxford, O., but feeling the need of a broader professional training, entered the Medical College of Ohio at Cincinnati, where he was graduated with distinction

in

1S.3.3.

He was made demonstrator

of

alma mater and also became Commercial hospital resident physician of the of Cincinnati. After a year he resumed his practice at Oxford and while there delivered a course of lectures on anatomy and physiology, before the Western Female Seminary, of which he was a trustee. Dr. Rea was an ardent abolitionist and his support of the cause was

anatomy

in

his

not without much influence. Many southern slaves were educated in the North at his expense. His professional fame grew, and in 1859 he removed to Chicago, 111., to accept the of anatomy at Rush Medical College. For sixteen years he remained in the college without the loss of a single

chair

These lectures have since been published. He afterward became a lecturer in the lecture.

Chicago Medical College and in 1882 became one of the founders of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in whose faculty he was As an instructor he had professor of surgery. few if any superiors and his position at the head of his special chosen w-ork has never been questioned. His character, welded at life's anvil, proved so formidable that none ever disputed his integrity of purpose or his efforts to do the greatest good to all with whom he came in contact. He possessed a wonderful memory and never forgot a kindness or those who had known him in his early life, which was fraught with hardships and

As a listener, few men have acquired he possessed it, and all who came to him were sent away with the feeling that every possiHe was ble courtesy had been acceded them. surgeon-in-chief to the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. and during the civil war was an army surgeon in Camp Douglas. He had charge of the boats going to Pittsburg Landing and Fort Donelson, and it was here that the Rev. Robert Collyer acted as a nurse under Dr. Rea. In his will he bequeathed over $100,000 to the Illinois Humane Society, the Glenwood School for Boys, and the Illinois Training School for Nurses and the Home for Sell-Supporting Women, showing his great struggles. the art as

interest in charitable organiza-

Dr. Rea was married 2, 1874 at Indianapolis, toPermelia Mellie da lighInd., ter of Absolom Manlove, for whom he worked in Fayette county, Ind., when he first left home in 1844. His wife was tions.

July

his greatest inspiration in his work, by his side lending en-

couragement when needed and

sympathy when called Dr. Rea died at Chicago, July

for. 111.,

10, 1899.

MANLOVE, Gilbert Beebe,

lawyer, scientist and inventor, in Fayette county. Ind., Dec. 7, 1850, son of Absalom and Mary F. (Rea) The first of the Manlove.

was born

family in America was Mark Manlove, a native of England who came to America in KHi.j, with his wife and twelve children and The line of descent is traced settled in Maryland. through his son William, his son Mark who married Margaret Hart (or Hunt); their son William, who married Elizabeth Brown; their son William, who their son George, married Hannah Robinson; w-ho married Rachel Dunning; their son William, who married Prudence Cook, and who was the unin Ifather of the subject of this sketch. He received a country school c.lucatio.i an at nineteen years of age entered Butler University, Indianapolis, After practicing with his taking the law course. brother, William Robert Manlove at Indianapolis for three years, in 1877 he formed a partnership with James Buchanan, a leader in the Greenback party and inventor of the pneumatic stacks for In lss:> Mr. Manlove left threshing machines. the firm and removed to Panal, Ariz., but four years later settled in Chicago, 111., where for eight years he was one of the city's most expert abstract examiners. During 18D.V99 he gave up active business life, and devoted himself to the closing years of his sister's husband, Dr. Robert Laughlin Mr. Manlove was of an Rea, who died iu IS'.i'.i. inventive mind and being interested with his brother in the Manlove (late Co., he purchased his interest and then made later improvements and inventions in the gate, which made it an instantaneous success, and it is now known throughout the world as the New Manlove Automatic gate. At the time of his death he had nearly complete an invention for an automatic switeh for railroads, which as a labor-saving device was complete in detail. He was given to scientific researches and was considered an authority on ornithology, entomology and natural science. He possessed 1

1

unbounded enthusiasm and as a boy tried to enlist drummer-boy in the civil war, although in a. district of the strongest sympathy for secession. Of a quiet, unostentatious nature he was charitably inclined, and never so happy as when promoting

as a

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. the welfare

deserving young

of

men

or

giving

comfort to the aged and infirm. His ability to make friends who were legion numbered among others the personal friendships of James Whitcomb Walter Q. Gresham. Thomas A. Hendrieks, Riley, Benjamin F. Harrison and Prof. Harvey Wiley. the home of his sister, He died. I-'cb. llKI'.l. at Mrs. Mellie Manlove Rea, in Chicago, 111. HALL, Clinton Mudge, financier, was born at New Orleans La., Mar. 3, 1877, son of Harry .">.

Hinckley and Mary Port (Adams) Hall. His first \iiicrican ancestor was Nathaniel Hall, a native of Coventry, England, who came to America in 1030, Charlestown, Mass. His wife was Mary Hall, and from them the line of descent is traced through their son, John Hall, who married Elizabeth Green. Mr. Hall also traces direct descent from Thomas Lynch, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, anil from Esther Ball, a sister of Washington's mother, Mary His father was a capiBall. settling at

507

regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers during the civil war, and fought at Antietam, Fredericksburg

and

He was

Chancellorsville.

elected senior vice

commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic at Pittsburgh in 1894, and is a member of the Duquesne, Union and Country clubs. He was married at Alleghany City, Oct. 12, 1865, to Sarah .1.. daughter of Matthew McWhinney of Pittsburgh. She died in 1896, and he was remarried on Jan. 19, 1899, to Ivy O., daughter of Peter Friesell of PittsEmma M. burgh. There are seven children: Henrietta, Albert H., Sue A., William H., Mary P., and Wilson Burchfield.

REINHARDT,

J. Thomas, broker, was born Baltimore, Md., in 1872, son of H. Jerome and Elizabeth C. (Remick) Rcinhardt. His father was in

He was educated a capitalist and manufacturer. in public schools and high school of Baltimore, Md., and began his business career at nineteen years of age in the fertilizer business, in the service of the Farmers Fertilizer Co. of Baltimore. One year

Paul's

later he organized a fertilizer company of his own called the Manufacturers' Fertilizer Co., which continued successfully until 1890. In that year he sold out to the trust, and went into the stock and bond business in Baltimore. His business grew until he realized that the field in that city was too He limited, and in 1904 he moved to New York. began with five clerks and one telegraph operator and after a period of five years he now has 165He probclerks and twenty telegraph operators.

City, L. I., and Sheffield Scientific School, Yale, He began his beinf graduated Ph.B. in 1899. business career as engineer with the Midvale Steel Co. at Nicetown, Pa., where he remained until 1902,

ably does more curb business than any other broker in New York, his transactions running as high as 400,000 shares in one day. Mr. Reinhardt was married in 1893, to Lucy A., daughter of James Clarke, and has one daughter, Gladys Reinhardt.

a railroad director and a New Orleans, La., and his mother was a daughter talist,

lawyer of

Benjamin Chinn Adams of Kentucky. Mr. Hall received of

his

education

School,

in

St.

Garden

to New York and entered banking In 1907 he bought a seat on the stock

when he removed business.

exchange and formed a partnership with William C. Lajigley under the name of W. C. Langley & Co., brokers. The company is engaged in an invest in 'in :nnl sinck exchange business and also do a large banking and underwriting business. Mr. Hall's favorite recreations are golf and motoring. He is a member of the Garden City Golf Club and tinMidland Golf Club of Garden City, and the Yale Club of New York city. He was married May 23, !!()."), to Lida, daughter of William Bookwalter of Springfield, rleans the firm of Aspegren rg;m its operations on February 3, and inaugurat" ing what is known as a comer," succeeded in forcing .in unprecedented advance in prices. Dealing in May options, Mr. Sully began buying at 8.81 cents per pound by May l(i, the price was forced to 11.15 ;

ccnis, and the firm controlled approximately 1,250,000 bales of cotton. They continued buying and in accordance with Mr. Sully's predictions the price advanced to fourteen cents per pound before the end of the year. During this period he withstood attack after attack in what was called the " fiercest bear siege in the history of the New York Cotton Exchange." Mr. Sully endeavored to improve the wasteful method of cotton cultivation

by impressing southern farmers that they could increase the value of the product by improving and He advocated governmental selecting the seed. support of the farmers in their efforts to procure

511

name

of Macy Bros., and opened a brokerage office. year later Robert S. C'roker became a member of the firm, and the name was changed to Macy Bros. & Co. Mr. Macy is a member of the Morris County Golf Club, of which he was secretary during 1907-09, the Morristown Club, the Racquet and Tennis Club of New York city and the Whippany River Club of Morristown, N. J.

A

MACY, Josiah, broker, was born at Babylon, Long Island, Aug. 19, 1884; son of William H. and Caroline E. (Foster) Macy, and a brother of Alfred Macy (above). He received his education in schools at Nice at St.

and Paris, France, and Bartholomew's School

and the Morristown School

of

Morristown, N. J. In 1901 he entered the New York offices of the Illinois Central railroad,

where he remained until 1905, when he embarked in the broker-

New York

age business in

city.

In the following year he formed a partnership with his brother Alfred under the name of Macy Bros., and in 1908 Robert S C'rockerwas admitted as a member, and the firm name \\as changed to Macy Bros. & Co. The firm has done a general brokerage business in stocks,

seed. The boom caused by his operations enabled farmers for the first time in many years to earn a profit on their crops. After a successful business period, D. J. Sully & Co. bought a seat in the New York Stock Exchange, engaged in the coffee trade and became a member of the Chicago Board of Trade, the New Orleans Cotton Exchange, bonds and miscellaneous securithe Liverpool Cotton Association, and other finan- ties since its inception and has cial organizations. By the year 1904 the price of acquired a high degree of prominence among cotton had advanced to eighteen cents per pound. the financial houses of the metropolis for one His firm continued to buy, in spite of the decrease so short a time in the business. Mr. Macy is fond which followed, and they soon had in their posesssion of golf, tennis and all other out-door sports, 210,000 bales, representing an average loss of $10.30 and is a member of the Racquet and Tennis per bale. Being unable to withstand these immense Club of New York and the Morris County Golf Club. He was married May 22, 1909, to Elizalosses, the firm failed Mar. 18, 1904, with liabilities amounting to $4,000,000. After the failure of his beth Wyatt, daughter of Capt. Frederick May Wise of the United States navy. firm, Mr. Sully, never discouraged, continued a steady upward' path, and to a large extent reIn 1906, Buchan's gained his former influence. PARK, Thomas, clergyman, was bom in Soaps Corporation was incorporated, with a capital Hawick, Roxburghshire, Scotland, Apr. 16, 1S45. of $1,200,000, and Mr. Sully was elected its presi- son of Andrew and Sophia (Milligan) Park. His dent, with Frank Tilford as vice-president. He father for many years was a foreman in a large was married in 18S5, to Emma Frances, daughter woolen mill in Scotland, and brought his family to of Col. David M. Thompson. the United States in 1857. The son was educated in the public schools of Delaware county, N. Y and MACY, Alfred, broker, was born in New York in 1868 removed to Cedar Rapid*, la., where he was He was graduated city Apr. 13, 1883, son of William H. and Caroline engaged in agricultural pursuits. E. (Foster) Macy, and a descend- at Monmouth College, Illinois, in 1876, and at the T ant of Thomas Macy, a, native Newburgh (N. Y .) Theological Seminary two years of Chilmark parish, England, who later. He was ordained a minister of the gospel by came to America in 1635, and set- the presbytery of Delaware in 1^7S. His firs't tled in Xantucket, Mass., his wife pastorate was at DeLancey, N. Y., where he prewas Sarah Hopcott, and from them sided for fouiteeii years, in 1S92 lie was called to the line of descent is traced through the United Presbyterian Church in Walton, X. Y., their son John, who- married De- and from there he went to the Fourth United borah Gardner. His father 1854- Presbyterian Church of Pittsburg in 1900. Dr. 91) was an oil refiner of the firm Park has been successful in upbuilding the churches of Josiah Macy Sons, of New over which he resided. He is popular with his York City, and his mother was parishioners, and is an effective pulpit orator with a daughter of William Foster of a line command of language and a forceful manner Providence, R. I. Alfred Macy re- oi address that rivets the attention of his hearers. ceived his education in Nice' and So successful is he as an orator that he is frequently Paris. France, in St. Bartholo- called upon to deliver addresses at public functions mew's School of Morristown, N. J., and other state occasions. His church at Pittsburg and tlte Morristown school. He is one of the largestand most act ive in the city. Dr. /t.j jft (AIM, /rioMbegan his business career in 1901 Park is an honest worker who has won a high place as a clerk in the employ of the in the annals of his church by his sincere devotion to brokerage firm of Post Letter," a monthly magazine, was published liv Bishop Sabin, ami by the church since the la tier \\as organized. Bishop Sabin was married at Elgin, III., .Ian. ISli-J, to .Mary Cordelia, daughter of William Krving Bent, and has two sons and one 'X .V.I. who was a He was no small fac- native of London, England, and arrived at Boston years. tor in the builuing of the in 11130, and after living at Watertown. became one 1

i

.

.

i

(

I

L anbury & Norwalk railroad, and a life-long director of tli.it company. In 1875 he was largely instrumental in organising the

1

I

':'.

irlield

(

'oun-

'v Savings Bank and was its pre-iilent at the time of his

Mr. .lames had no taste for political honors, the

death.

only

office of

any importance

by him being that of water commissioner for the borough of Norwalk at the time the water system was held

established.

lime he was ant at St.

During

his life-

attendPaul's Episcopal a regular

Church..-mil he gave liberally and substance for its material advancement, and in his will he provided a fund -which, with its accretions, will be used to build a stone church ediliie for the use of the church; he also added to the endowment of St. Matthew's Church Wilton by a legacy of $5,000. In politics Mr. James was a life-long Democrat, except in 18(iO, when he supported Lincoln. Somewhat late in life he married Miss Maria Hiilips Selleck of Norwalk, who still resides in the semi-colonial house built by him upon land comprised in his Kellogg ancestry grant. By his business ability and old-fashioned ntegrity Mr. James acquired an influential and of his adxice

of the original proprietors of Hartford, whence he removed to \\ethei-sfield. His wife was Elizabeth Hunt, and from them the line of descent is traced

through their son John, who married Eliza Bourne; their son Robert, who married Elizabeth Goourich; their son Gideon, who married Hannah h ester; their son Salomon, who marrie Sarah Welles; their son Roger, who married Jemima Kellogg; I

1

their son Roger,

who

marrie.

1

Electa Stanley,

who

was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. His father was a manufacturer of hardware in \e\\ington. and his mother was a daughter of Unni Robbins, a farmer of Newington. Charles Edwin Welle- \\as educated in the Willistou Seminary of East Ilani]iton. Mass. He began his business career in 1880 as a clerk in the employ of S. F. Johnson & Co., who were engaged in the banking and stock brokerage business in New Y'ork city, where he remained three years. In 1883 he became associated with Jesup & Lament, and seven years later formed a partnership with Theodore \\ilson under the name of Wilson & Welles, to engage in the In 189G the name was stock brokerage business. changed to Welles, Herrick A: Hicks, with E. Hicks Herrick anil F. C. Hicks as partners; in 1904 to Welles, Auchincloss & West, with Edgar S. Auchincloss and J. Terry West as members, and finally, in 190b, to C. E. Welles

&

Co.

Mr. Welles

is

a

member

of the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of Colonial Wars, the England Society and the Union League Club of York. He was twice

New New

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. first to Mary Ames de Steiguer, daughter of .ludge Rudolph de Steiguer of Athens, O., who died in 1892; and second, July 31, 1900, to Mary Alice, daughter of R. W. Roberts of Bennington,

married:

He

Vt.

has one son, Charles Edwin Welles,

Jr.

HENNESEY, James cotton

merchant, was born county nf Limerick, Ireland, Oct. 25, 1845, son of John and Mary Hennesey. He came to the I'niiel State.- \\iili his parents in 1864, and immi'diatcly supplemented what education he had in

tin-

received al

liomr with a course in the American

one of them being the Boston high school. He began his business career at the age of nineteen, receiving the appointment of foreman in the employ of llennesey it Bishop, cotton which manufacturers, in firm his brother was senior In 18G5 he bemember. came associated with William S. Fogg & Co., wholeschools,

sale manufacturers of upholsteries in New York city, but three years later re-

of

Hennesey & Casey.

turned to Boston and organized the firm of Hennesey & Geary, dealers in woolen In 1S70 Mr. Hennegoods. sey established a retail furniture business in Paterson, N. J., under the firm name Two years later he sold this

business to his partner and removed to New York In 1872 he married Ellen, the daughter of John city. Mahoney, a large produce merchant in Murray and

Greenwich streets, and one year later engaged in the paper stock and woolen business. He left it to accept the position of treasurer of theT. J. Cagney Bindery Company, New York. In 1893 he became the treasurerand general manager of the Bronx las and Electric Company, leaving the company in 1890 to reembark in the woolen business in City Hall Place In 1904 he opened offices in the New York Cotton Exchange and is still active in the buying and He is the owner of a number of selling of cotton. valuable business buildings in New York city. Mr. Hennesey has a number of children all studying the professions, one son being a graduate physician. There are five boys, James, Robert J., George, Walter and Charles ('., anil six girls, May, Elizabeth, Eleanor, Florence, Theresa and Ruth. (

banker, was born son of Frank Griswold and Gertrude (Benchley) Tefft, anil a descendant of John Tefft, who came to America in 1655

in

TEFFT, Erastus Theodore, New York city, Nov. 11, 1877,

and settled in Rhode Island. The line from this John Tefft is traced through Samuel, Peter. Peter, William, Israel, William, Erastus Tucker and Frank Griswold Tefft, the subject's father. Erastus T. Tefft, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was the founder of the dry-goods house of E. T. Tefft Co.,

&

Co., which was later to Tefft,

and

to changed r

Griswold & His son, Frank r

Tefft,

W eller & Co.

Griswold Tefft, succeeded him in Tefft,

and during

his

management

W eller & Co.,

the firm was incorpor-

ated as the Tefft, Weller Co., which still exists. Erastus Theodore Tefft was educated in .Horace Taft's School in Watertown, Conn., and at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, where he was graduated in 1898 with the degree of Ph.B. He then went to Porto Principe, Cuba, and engaged in the cattle business, importing cattle from Texas. In 1900 he returned to New York, and decided to go

521

into the dry-goods business under Deering, Milliken Co; one year later he entered the Phoenix Horse Shoe Co., of which he became secretary and treasurer. In 1902 Mr. Tefft bought a seat on the stock exchange, and organized the firm of Tefft, Parmelee & Nash, which later became Tefft, Wallace it Co., ami finally, in 1909, Tefft & Co. Mr. Tefft is a He is fond trustee of the Manhattan Savings Bank.

&

motoring, sailing and outdoor sports, and is a of the Calumet Club, the Atlantic Yacht Club, the Yale Club, the Stock Exchange Luncheon He was (.'lull, and the Society of Colonial Wars. married Dec. 12, 1901, to Ethel, daughter of Frank G. Stiles of New York, anil has two daughters, Ethel Griswold and Helen .Stockton Tefft. of

member

HOPPER, John

Jacob, civil engineer and conwas born in New York, Nov. 9, 1853, son of Abram Isaac and Mary (Tone) Hopper, and grandson of Isaac A. Hopper, who was one of the bestknown builders ol upper Manhattan and a city councilman in 1856-57. His paternal ancestors came from Holland about 1700 and settled in New Jersey, while the Tones are of pure Irish descent and have He attended lived in Harlem for four generations. the public schools and was graduated at Dartmouth traetur,

After taking a post-graduate College in 1877. course at the Thayer School of Civil Engineering at Dartmouth, he began his business career as assistant engineer in planning the street and sewer

systems of the Bronx, New York city. Among the notable contracts which Mr. Hopper has completed since then are the excavation and the erection

heavy masonry for Columbia Universiiy, the building" of the foundations of the elevate.! New of

York Central & Hudson River Railroad tracks from One Hundred and Fifteenth street to the Harlem river, and the building of the Lenox avenue section of the New York subway from Broadway and One Hundred and Third street to Lenox avenue and One Hundred and Thirty-fifth street. This last undertaking was particularly creditable, his section probably being the most difficult one of the entire

many intricate in engineering. The

route, involving

problems

tunnel was far beneath the surface, and included several curves, and its successful completion called out much admiration and favorable comment

by expert engineers. The work started from both ends, and when they were finally united the two halves were brought together without the variation of a single inch. In polities Mr. Hopper is an independent

Democrat. single

He

taxer

Henry George

is

a prominent

and for

supported

mayor

in

the campaign of 1886, anil In 1905 he again in 1897. became a member of the Municipal Ownership League, afterwards the Independence League, and managed the Harlem campaign for William R. Hearst in 1905; and he has been a leader of the Harlem Independence League since that He is a member of the American Geographical year. Society, American Society of Civil Engineers, Municipal Art Society, Engineers', Dartmouth. Reform and Single Tax clubs; director of the Colonial Bank, and president of the Thayer Society of Civil Engineers. Mr. Hopper's achievements are a lasting monument to his genius and constructive ability, while his personal traits including sincerity, modesty and unflinching devotion to his responsibilities

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

522 in

business and social

life,

have endeared him to a

He was

married Apr. 9, to Charlotte A., daughter of Charles C. Martin 7 ul Brooklyn, N. Y (chief engineer and superintendent of the Brooklyn Bridge from its inception tn his death), and has two daughters: Ruth and

wide IV MI.

circle

of friends.

.

Dorothy Hopper

NORDICA,

Lillian, singer,

was born at Farm-

ington, Me., Dec. 12, 18f>!l, daughter of Edwin and Amanda (Allen) Norton of New England descent. She is a descendant of John Tilley, whose first wife was a daughter of Gov. Carver, and also of John Rowland, a more distinguished man of his period. Another distinguished ancestor was Gov. Thomas Mayhew (q.v.) the first English missionary to

who was

America,

a pioneer settler of Martha's Vineyard. Both her father and

mother were noted

for their

vocal accomplishments, and the daughter developed a soprano voice of great purity at an early age. At the age of fifteen she entered the New England Conservatory of Music, and shortly afterward obtained a position as soprano in the choir of the First Church in Boston. She continued her studies in

made

her

New York

city,

and

appearance at Madison Square Garden there with Gilmore's band, then in the zenith of its.success. Subfirst

made a tour with that band and accompanied it to England, where she sang sequently she

c\ pZ

/^-etx-C-, son of

daughter N.

.1..

of

and has one

John and Mary (Livingston) Kenny. He was educated in

Sarah M. and Marion M. McKenna. broker, was born at Rhine-

the public schools of his na-

1874, son of \\ 'illiaiu Bergh and Sarah Ann Spies) Kip, and a descendant "f llendrick Kip, a native cpf Holland, who came to America in liiS.~> and settled at New Amsterdam. He was prominent in the early life of the .settlement under ( Jovs. Kieft and Stuyvesant. His wife was Margaret de Marveil. Jacob Kip, grandson of the immigrant, was one of the patentee^ of the manor of Kipsburgh, which is now the town

to enter mercantile life, removed to Boston, Mass., at the age of fifteen, and became clerk in the office of Clark itBrown, in the livery and real estate business. Subsequently he purchased the interest of the senior partner. During the latter years of his life hi

daiigliters,

KIP, Henry Spies, beck-on-Hiuison,

>.

.lune

V.,

29,

i

of

Rhinebeck.

The Indian deed

of the

property

the possession of the Kip family, who have occupied the same estate at Rhinebeck since 1686.

is still in

Henry St.

S.

Kip was educated

John's

at

School,

Sing Sing, X. Y.. and at Yale University, he where was graduated in 1890 with the degree of A.B. After he spent a year grai luation He traveling around the world. joined troop 3, squadron A, N. G. N. Y., Nov. 1, 1897, was made corporal May 20, 1901, and 2d lieutenant of company A, 12th regiment, Dec. 20, 1904. During the Spanish war he served as first

lieutenant

and

battalion

jutant of the9th regiment, New York volunteers, from May 24, IS'JS, toXov. 15. 1.S9S. After the war Mr. Kip returned to New \ ork city, took a course at the New York Law School, receiving the degree of LL.B.in 1901, and after being admitted to the bar In 1906 he practice.! his profession until 190(i. became associated with the stock exchange house of Ilerrick. Hicks it Colby; three years later he bought a seat on the stock exchange and was made Mr. Kip a partner and board member of the firm. ai

an honorary member of Squadron A and a member of the Naval and Military Order of the SpanishAmerican war. He is also a member of the Union, Kacquet and Tennis, University, Y'ale, and Rockaway Hunt clubs and the Country Club of WestMr. Kip was married Oct. 25, 1902, chester county. to Frances Coster, daughter of Mrs. Louis Q. Jones, and they have one son, William Bergh Kip. DRYSDALE, Robert Alfred, broker, was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, Sept. 5, 1876, son of Robert Stobie and Jessie (Ireland) Drysdale. His father was a linen manufacturer who came to America with hisf amily in 1878. The son was educated in the public schools of New York and at the College of the City of New York. He began his busniess career in the employ of the firm of Welling & Malcom, stock brokers, as a clerk in 1891. and later became connected with William C. Sheldon it He then allied Co., remaining there four years. himself with the stock exchange house of James is

McGovern

it

Co.,

and

in

18

was admitted

to

tive city, but

having

decicle.l

time was mainly occupied with the management of real estate, and the development of property in Marblehead. Aside from his business interests Col. Kenny was widely known for his association with

*^-*^~^..

military affairs. He was in the military service of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and was a member of the staffs of both Govs. Greenhalge and Wolcott, the former of whom was one of his most intimate friends. He also served on the staff of Major George S. Merrill, former insurance commissioner of Massachusetts, in the First Battalion Light Artillery, holding rank as first lieutenant, later as quartermaster, and finally being ap-

pointed colonel, with which rank he retired. Col. Kenny was a member of the Boston Athletic AssoHis interest ciation and theCorinthian Yacht Club. covered all forms of athletic sport, and he was a devoted lover of animals. He was married Mar. 23, 1882, to Helen Prichard, daughter of Chase Langmaid, of Boston, and had four children: Winsor

Langmaid, Norman Wiuthrop, Helen Langmaid and Royal Greenhalge Kenny. He died in Boston, Mass..

May

28, 1909.

BUNNELL,

John A., merchant, was born at Brantford, Ontario, Canada, Apr. 21, 1864. son of Enos and Cornelia (Kennedy) Bunnell, and grandson of Enos Bunnell, one of the pioneer settlers of His father Brantford. (1818-75) was a grain of Brantford. dealer Young Bunnell's early

education was acquired in the public schools, and he later took a course in the Collegiate institute of his

He began native town. his business career as a clerk in the office of Alfred Watts &

Co., general merchants at Brantford, and remained in that position for two years, when he re-

moved

to Chicago, 111. In 1885 he secured a position as collector for the wholesale hardware firm of Charles H. Besly, and by strict attention to busi-

..

THE NATIONAL CYCLOP.EDIA

550

ness and honest work soon became general manager. In 1890 Mr. Bunnell entered the employ of Hateley Bros., exporters of provisions, as manager, and joined the Chicago board of trade, and in 1893 became the junior partner of the firm. He has held many positions of honor on the Chicago board of trade, being appointed director in 1S97, elect el

second vice-president

in 1907, first vice-president in 1908, and president in 1909. Mr. Bunnell has shown for years his great interest in religious matters, and is at the present time vestryman of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church of Chicago, the success of which is due in a great measure to his personal efforts. He is a member of the Union League,

Homewood

Golf and Church clubs, and is presi.ient the last-mentioned organization. He was inarrie. in 1896, to Kate, daughter of Andrew Baird. of Paris, Ontario, and has one daughter, Margarette Bunnell. TOBIN, John William, lawyer and banker, was born in Austin, Tex., Sept. 27, 1873, son of William Henry and Benedetto (Moore) Tobin, and a descendant of Daniel Tobin, a native of England, who came to America in 1760 and settled in Georgia. His father was a well-known physician of Austin, Tex., and his mother, a daughter of Leonard Moore of Mobile, Ala., was president of the Daughters of the Confederacy of Texas, and the organizer of the Texas chapter of the Society of Colonial Dames. When Texas declined to appropriate money for representation at the Chicago exposition of 1893, she raised the money by subscription and erected and maintained the Texas building on the fair grounds. The son received his education in the public schools of Austin, Tex., and at the University of Texas, being graduated at the latter in 1897, with the degree of L.B. He immediately began the practice of law in Austin, and soon built up a In 1899 he was made large and lucrative business. assistant city attorney, serving for one year. In 1900 he relinquished his practice and removed to New York city, where he became a partner in the banking firm of A. H. Bickmore & Co., which was organized in 1903. The firm largely deals in public securities and is the organizer of the National Light, Heat & Power Co., supplying some twenty odd cities or

I

with

electric

light,

gas,

and

-team heat.

Mr. Tobin is also secretary of the Union Securities Co.. and a director of the Alfred Light & Power Co., the City Gas & Electric Co. of Paris, 111., the Hoosick Falls Illuminating Co., the Jerseyville Illuminating Co., the Central Indiana Lighting Co., and the Taylorville Gas & Electric Co. He is president of the Tobin Whichway Signal Co., which was organized to introduce an

attachment

Club

of

New

for

automobile

lamps, invented by Mr. Tobin, that indicate by colored slides the direction the machine will take at night. Mr. Tobin is a member of the St. Nicholas York city, and the Cumberland Club of

Portland, Me.

He was married Nov. 25, 1905, to Thomas Lewis of Hamilton, Ont.,

Flora, daughter of

Canada.

DICKINSON,

Charles Henry,

banker

and

broker, was born in Richmond, Va., Jan. 7, 1866, son of Robert L. and Mary Anne (Beers) Dickinson. His father was a tobacco planter of Caroline county,.

Tobacco Merchant in Richmond; and his mother was a daughter of William Beers, also a merchant of Richmond, Va. He was educated in MIL

I

the public and high schools of Richmond. Ya., and

began his business career in 1885 as a clerk in the tobacco warehouse of John A. Hutcheson. In 1887 he removed to Ne.v Y rk .i y and purchased a seat on the Consolidated Stock Exchange, which he sold in 1890. and became a--i>ci:ited with the firm of his uncle, John W. Beers & Co., bankers and brokers. In 1895 the name of the firm was changed to Beers & Owens, William F. Owens becoming a partner, and three years later Mr. Dickinson was admitted as a member. Mr. Owens .

in 1902. but the firm retained the name of Beers & Owens as originally formed. Mr. Dickinson served four years in the Richmond Howitzers. He is a member of the West Side Tennis Club and the Golf Club. He is unmarried. Mahopac CRANE, John, merchant, was born in Perry county, ()., Feb. 10, 1840, son of Thomas and Sarah Duffy) Crane. He received a good public school

died

i

education, and upon the outbreak of the civil war, in isill. he raised a company which, being joined to the 6th Wisconsin afterwards volunteers, formed a part of the "Iron After one year's Brigade." service he joined the 17th Wisconsin regiment, in which he was appointed adjutant, and there saw three years' service, taking part in the battles of Corinth and Shiloh, the siege of Vicksburg, and many other encounters. He also participated in the battle of Atlanta,

dp'

'M

-Jja f^l

under Gen. Sherman, and

was with him march to the

his

in

sea.

famous

He was

a personal friend of Gen. Sherman, as well as Gen. Grant and President Roosevelt. After the war he engaged in a mercantile business, later removing to New York city," which thereafter became his permanent home. He formed a. partnership with W. A. MacMahon, under the name of Crane & MacMahon, and engaged in the carriage material business at 10 Bridge The firm enjoyed a long and Street, New York. prosperous career, and Mr. Crane became known as line of the leading merchants of the city. He

was

also a trustee and director of the Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank for many years. Possessing a warm heart and generous disposition, he was a liberal contributor to worthy charities, especially those identified with the Catholic Church. He was a member of the St. Vincent de Paul Society and one of its Particular Council. He was also

a member of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick and the Catholic Club of New York. He was also interested in the Irish Emigrant Society, and served as its president for a number of years. He was married in January, 1866, to Mary A. MacMahon, sister of his business partner, W. G. MacMahon. Mr. Crane died in New York city, April 8, 1908.

WALTON, James

McLean, broker, was born Rideewood, N. .}.. May IS. 1877, son of Edward Atwood and Carolina tTodd) Walton, and grandson of John T. Walton, who came to this country from Suffolk county, England, in 1828, and settled in New York city. His wife was Margaret Whitney of Norwalk, Conn. James McLean Walton received at

his education in the Callisen School of

New York

city and at Yale University, where he was graduated in 1899, receiving the degree of Ph.B. from the Sheffield Scientific School. He began his business career as junior clerk in the employ of the Knicker-

bocker Trust Co.

in

New York

city,

becoming

,

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY assistant secretary in 1903, which position he held foi rive years, when, in January, 1909, he formed a partnership with George C. Hollister and Cecil Lyon under the name of Hollister, Lyon & Walton. The firm is engaged in a general commission and brokerage business, and is destined to occupy a position among the financial instituSir. Walton is also a tions of the metropolis. He trustee of the Manhattan Savings Institution.

commanding is

a

member

of the Yale, University, St.

Anthony,

IVlham and West Side Tennis clubs and the Delta

He

Psi fraternity.

is

unmarried.

551

education at Everson's School, the New York School of Languages (now the Dwight School) and the Lawrenceville (N. J.) School, and finished his

He &

Columbia University, class of 1896. his business career in the employ of Moore York, where he remained Schley, bankers of about five years and mastered the details of the banking business. He then formed the firm of Allen studies at

began

New

& Wood, which later was changed to Allen, Wood it the McGraw, and finally to Allen, McGraw & Co., T present

Racquet,

He "is a member of the L nion, Anthony, Stock Exchange Luncheon York Athletic clubs and the Delti Psi

title.

St.

and New John, educator, was born at Augusta, fraternity. He is also a life member of the Veteran He is unmarried. Ga., June 2, 1868, son of James and Mary France.-, Association of the 7th regiment. He attended the public schools of Butts) Hope. YOUNG, Robert Brown, architect, was burn in Augusta and was graduated at the Worcester acadson of Alexander and Mary emy, Worcester, Mass., in 1890. He then entered Canada, Apr. 1, 1855, Brown University where he received the degree of (Dowler) Young, of Scot -h He was pro- and Irish descent. He was B.A. in 1894, and was class orator. fessor of natural science at Roger Williams Unibrought up on his father's the district versity, Nashville, Tenn., during 1894-98, and in the farm, attending latter year accepted the chair of Latin and Greek schools until the age of sixWhen teen, and he was then apin Atlanta Baptist College, Atlanta, Ga. in 1906, Dr. George Sale, then prenticed to a builder and president of the college, be- architect. Afterseven years' came superintendent of edu- apprenticeship he remove.! to cation for all the schools oper- Denver, Col., in 1876 and ated by the American Baptist opened an office as builder Home Mission Society, Prof. and architect. A year later Hope was made acting presi- he removed to California, lodent and in the following year cating first in San Francisco he was regularly elected presi- and subsequently in Los Andent of the institution. The geles. This rapidly growing honorary degree of A.M. was city proved a fertile field for conferred upon him by his alma his abilities, and making it Under his permanent residence he muter in June. 1907. Pres. Hope the remarkable de- soon acquired a large and velopment that characterized lucrative practice, being now Atlanta Baptist College in the one of the largest property holders and most popular arlatter years of the administration of his predecessor has con- chitects in Los Angel is. Among the prominent

HOPE,

i

,

.

It is the represent atinned. live school of the Baptists in Georgia for the education of

.

fy-Pfi^ /

s

negro young

men alongthe lines

of Christian culture, many of its graduates betomIt numbers 240 pupils ing ministers or teachers. In addition to his coland eighteen instructors. lege duties Prof. Hope is interested in the welfare He is one of the two or three of the negro race.

buildings that he designed are the tlollenbeck Hotel, the Wilson Block, the Braun Buil ling, the Westminster Building, the Lankershim Block, including the large fire-proof hotel, built of brick, stone and steel, and containing 400 rooms, the Rosland Hotel, the Pacific Hospital, the State Reform school, and the Broadway Hotel. He was married in 1879 to Mary C., daughter of the la'te

must commanding figures in the colored population and no important movement affecting his people is undertaken without his having some He is a man of keen wit, deep scholarpart in it. His ship, wide sympathies, and great deliberation. He opinion is highly valued by all who know him. was married, Dec. 29, 1.S97, to Lugenia Burns, of 111., and has one son, Edward Swain Hope. Chic.'ig In all his undertakings he has the ready assistance of the city,

i,

of his wife,

who

borhood work munity.

ALLEN,

in

is

especially interested

in

neigh-

the vicinity of the college com-

Robert Holbrook,

broker,

was born

Hunt city, in 1874, son of Elisha Allen, grandson of Elisha Hunt Allen, and great[.v.) who was apgrandson of Samuel C. Allen. pointed chief justice and chancellor of the Hawaiian Islands in 1856, and as such was one of the in

New York

leading influences in establishing the civil rights and liberties of the people there. Appointed a - minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to the United States, Mr. Allen brought to a successful issue the negotiation with the United States of the Hawaiian reciprocity treaty, which passeil the house in

August, 1876, and was immediately signed by

Gen. Grant.

Robert Holbrook Allen received

his

of Denver, Col., and has one daughand one son living. The latter, Frank Wilson Young, H a partner in his father's business, the firm

Henry Wilson ter

being R. B. Young & Son. PRENTICE, Bernon Sheldon,

name

banker,

was

born in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 12, 1883, son of William S. P. and Ella (Sheldon) Prentice. His father is a member of the banking firm of William

THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA

552

Boston in 1876 and has continued in general up to the present time. Mr. Laitu served as being irrac mated at the latter in 1905 with the attorney for the Women's Educational and Indusrial Union for a number of years without compensadegree of A.B. While in Harvard he was a member tion in its attempt to collect the claims, and defend of the "Dickie." the Hasty Pudding Club, the the rights, of working women who were unable to Delta 1'lii fraternity, the Institute of 1770 and \l|.li:i He began his business career employ a lawyer. He was a member of the Boston the Iroquois Club. common council, 1886-87; a member of the lower in 1905 as a clerk in the employ of Harvey Fisk & Sons, he New York bankers, and three years later house of the state legislature in 1890-91, serving as became associated with the firm of Dominick & member and chairman of the finance committee, Dominick. Mr. Prentice is a member of the as well as house chairman of the state house Racquet and Tennis Club, the Union Club, and the committee. He has been three times abroad, goHarvard Club of New York city. He was married ing in 1889 as far East as Varna on the Black Sea. Dec. 29. 1908, to Clare, daughter of James W. He is a charter member of the Boston Athletic AssoEllsworth of New York, and has one daughter. ciation, member of the Bostoniana Club, of which he was president in 1898; Boston Art Club Hale Club; LADD, Nathaniel Watson, lawyer, was born in National Geographic Society and the New England Derry, N. H.. Jan. 184S, son of Daniel and Lucy Grenfall Association Boston Mycological Club and Ann (Dustin) Ladd. His first the American Bar Association. Mr. Ladd has also American ancestor was Daniel been for many years a member of the advisory board of the Women's Charity Club Hospital, and is a proLai Id, who emigrated from England in the ship Mary prietor of the Social Law Library of Boston, a life and John in 1634 and settled member of the Bostonian Society, and the D. K. E. He sub- Club of New York city. He has taken great interest in Ipswich, Mass. sequently was one of the in athletics and holds the record for bicycle road ridfounders of Haverhill. From ing in the Boston Athletic Association, for covering him the line of descent is in one year 9107 miles. He is an expert in singletraced through his son, Na- shell rowing. Equipping a canoe with outriggers thaniel, who married Eliza- anil a sliding seat, he rowed from Boston to Portsbeih Oilman; through their mouth. N. H., and rowed back in a day and a half, anchoring in Magnolia harbor during the night, and son, Nathaniel, who married Catharine Oilman and built on another occasion. he remained in his canoe for six the oldest house in Exeter, days and six nights on the Massachusetts Bay with('

srl

Sheldon

.....

1.

A:

Co.

Coiicorii. N.

He was educated in St. Paul's H ana at H;irvai\i l'niver>ii>, ,

l;i\\

in

practice t

I

;

,

,

;

N. H.,

Society

now of

occupied by the the Cincinnati;

their son, Daniel, ried Alice -

son

'

Nathaniel,

who mar;

their

who married

their son, NaSmith; their son,

Mary Ames;

who 11,1.1 ned Dolly who married Mrs. Mary Gordon Folof the subject som, and who was the grandfather On the maternal side he is diof this sketch. Dustin (q.v.), the corectly descended from Hannah lonial heroine, iliroiisth her eldest son, Thomas, who married Mary Ingalls through their son, Caleb, who thaniel,

Nathaniel,

:

married Phebe Marble; through their son, Caleb, who married Susanna Aver; through their son, Rev. Caleb, who married Eliza Kelly, and through their Mr. Ladd daughter, who was Mr. Ladd's mother. was educated in the public schools of Epping, Derry, At the age of ten years he and Tilton, N. H. learned the shoemaker's trade, worked at it steadily for about two years, and could make a complete shoe even to the fitting of the stock, and after being ento his gaged in other pursuits a short time, returned home and prepared for college at Pinkerton Acad-

entered Dartmouth in 1869' and was emy. and subsegraduated in 1873, taking high honors While at colquently receiving the degree of A.M. to teach after lege he taught school, and continued of the entering the law school, becoming principal evening high school at Hyde Park, Mass. He was engaged in the Simlh and West to introduce schoolbooks with the firm of Messrs. Ginn & Co., school-

He

book publishers of Boston for little more than one Abyear and then entered the law firm of Messrs. He completed his law bott, Jones & McFarlane. studies at Boston University School of Law, and was bar in graduated LL.B. in 1875. Admitted to the that year he at once entered the employ of H. O. Houghton & Co., publishers, in work which required his admission to the bar, with whom he remained r for about eight months, traveling through the W est and South. In three years after leaving college he had traveled quite extensively in thirty-two of the then thirty-eight states. He began the practice of

out making land.

BARNESBY, Norman,

physician and banker, Derby, England, April 18, 1875, son of Walter H. and Emily (Stretton) Barnesby. His father was a sea captain in the British merchant marine, and came to the United States with his family in 1880. - Norman Barnesby was educated in private aim public schools

was born

in

at Chicago, 111., ai.d stui ie medicine at the University oi I

Chicago, where he received the degree of M.D. in 1898. He served two years as

medical

officer

in

Uniieu

Slates army and was interne of the Chicago Marine HosHe began pital in 1898-99. the practice of his profession

New York

city in 1902 and up a large and lucrative practice, making a specialty in

built

In 1908 he ceof surgery. cided to relinquish the practice of medicine, and entered the banking house of Potter, Choate & Prentice in the cahere only six pacity of bond broker. He remained months when he formed a partnership with A. H. Johnson under the name of A. H. Johnson & Co., Dr. to engage in the bond brokerage business. violin. He Barnesby is a skillful performer on the is a member of the Army and Navy Union League He was married in 1900 to Mae, daughter Club, of

Rev. John

W. Campbell

of

New York

city.

The H. B. Nov. 1S35, son of Dexter Clark and Joanna Bussy nun s his family moved In Newell Korre Baltimore to New York city where his father became the founder of a foundry works and boiler and machine shop, and he received his education at the

FORCE, Dexter Newell,

Claflin

Company, was born

treasurer of

in Baltimore, Md.,

.->

i

I

I

I

I

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

553

Grammar Sclmol, :it lhat time kept George V. Quackenbos. lie began his business career in the employ of Walworth, .\ason & Guild, manufacturers of steam and gas apparatus on John street, afterwards going in his father's Later on he went with the firm of Cochran, factory. Harding & Co. (afterwards Jesse L. Cochran), dealers in straw millinery goods, and after Mr. Cochran's death he became associated with the house of George W. & Jehial Read in the same line He was with that firm until the outof business. break of the civil war, which ruined their business, as they were exclusively a Southern business house. In 18b'l he was offered a position with the dry goods house of Claflin, Mellen & Co., established by Horace B. Claflin, who came from Worcester to New York in 1843. Beginning as a clerk he steadily rose until in 1873 he was admitted as a member of the firm. When Mr. William H. Mellen retired from the business in 1864, the firm name was changed to H. B. Clafiin & Co., and after Mr. Claflin's death in 1885 the business was conducted

the mineral wealth of West Virginia is equal to, if not greater than, its arboreal wealth, and the development of the coal mines there early engaged him. He was president of the Bethel Coal Co., operating in Mercer county, and the projector of the Dry Forks railroad built by his son Robert, which opened to the market a vast tract of forest overlying valuable coal deposits. While living at Sunbury Mr. Whitmer aided in organizing the Trust and Safe Deposit Co. of that town and in giving it In 1893 he formed the house a firm foundation. Whitmer & Sons, Incorporated, of of William Philadelphia, Pa., and of this he was president until his death, Philadelphia having become his place of His success in business was the residence in 1894.

his son, John Claflin, until 1890, when the present corporation (The H. B. Claflin Co.) was

Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 20, 1896.

Henry

Street

1'rof.

by

by

formed with John Claflin, president, and Dexter N. Force, treasurer. The present business of the is one of the largest in the world, its sales extending not only throughout the United States and South and Central America, The Indies and the East, but in fact throughout the whole civilized world. Mr. Force was married in February, 1873, to Marion S., daughter of James Forsyth of Toledo, O., and a sister of Major General James W. Forsyth, U. S. A., and had six children: Dexter N., Jr., R. Duncan, Agnes J., Marion F., Joanna N. and Malcolm W. He resided in Orange, N. J., where for many years he was vestryman of Grace Church. In 1888 he moved to Montclair, N. J., and has been warden of St. Luke's Church there ever since. He enlisted for a short term during the civil war, and saw some service in Pennsylvania as lieutenant of Company G, 37th New York (1862). Mr. Force is a member of the Montclair Club, Montclair Golf Commonwealth Club, Upper Montclair Club,

company

Country Club, the Washington Association of New Jersey, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New England Society, Sons American Revolution, and a number of civic and charitable organizations.

of sound methods, progressive ideas, straightforward dealing and conscientious devotion His very name was a synonym for moral to work. Mr. Whitmer was a member of the principle.

product

Tabernacle Presbyterian Church. He was married July 19, 1859, to Katharine A. Forster, by whom he had two daughters and a son. He died in

WHITMER, Robert Forster, manufacturer, was born at Hartleton, Union county, Pa., Jan. 25, 1864, son of William and Katherine C. (Forster) Whitmer. His father was one of the most prominent business men of Pennsylvania, his chief interest being that of the manufacture and sale of lumber. His

mother was a descendant Scotch-Irish

emigrants,

of

who

about 1700 settled in Northumberland and Union counties. Her father's father, Robert

was a colonel in the revolutionary army and one of his uncles fought with the British troops in the French and Indian wars. Robert Forster Whitmer was educated in the Forster,

public schools of Union county of Northumberland coun y the family having removed to Sunbury in 1872. Having the aptitude of a born scholar, he was qualified to enter the Pennsylvania State College at an early but left it at the end of two years to go to

and

t

,

age,

WHITMER, William, lumber merchant, was born at McAllisterville, Union co., Pa., Dec. 11, 1835, son of Peter Whitmer, of Ger-

man ancestry. He was brought up on

his

father's

farm and

received a common school eduHe became a cation only. clerk in a general store at Hartleton, Union county, and finally owner of the business, which he conducted with considerable profit until 1872, ulien he removed to Sunbury,

Northumberland county. Here he formed the firm

/ ,

Whitmer & Trexler. The operations of this firm and of other corporations retired,

Linden were

Whitmer

Co.,

allied

1

of

lumber dealers, which subsequently became Whitmer & Foster, and after Mr. Foster it

with Hill

it,

including the

Lumber

Co.,

the mountain regions of the state as well as in the vicinity of Sunbury, arid also in the virgin forests of West Virginia, the interest there being conducted by the Condon Lane Lumber Co. Mr. Whitmer was strongly impressed by the fact that in

Lafayette College. Graduating in 1885, he immedin the office iately entered business life at Sunbury of Whitmer & Co., taking the position of manager. To his mind, well trained by the discipline of the college, the mastery of the details of the lumber business was not difficult, and soon he became a most efficient assistant to his father, taking upon his own shoulders much of the firm's responsibilities.

vice-president of William Whitmer & Sons, Incorporated, in 1895, having removed toPhiladelphia city in 1889. On the death of his father in October, 1896, be became president of that corporation and of the others his father had founded. He was fully equal to the strain imposed by these

He was made

conducting the diversified responsibilities interests he controlled with a certain conservatism that did not, however, hinder him from adopting new methods where they seemed desirable, nor from opening boldly new avenues of business when his foresight showed him that the financial results would more than compensate for the outlay is Sons, Inc., president of William Whitmer

added

He

&

Parsons Pulp & Lumber Co., Philadelphia, and William Whitmer & Sons Co. of Sunbury, and the Dry Fork railroad, a road projected and built by him through a productive mining and lumbering section of West Virginia. Mr. Whitmer is a member of the Union League and Philadelphia

THE NATIONAL CYCLOP.ED1

554

Country and Racquet clnhs of Philadelphia, ami tin- IVima. Scotch-Irish and St. Andrew's Societies. He was married at Snnbnrv, Pa., April 23, 1891, to Mary, daughter of John Packer, of an old family of Gen nan origin. They have one son and four daughters,

TOPAKYAN, Hayozoun

Hohannes, merchant

and consul-general, was horn at Sazaria, Turkey, Nov. 5, 1804", son of Hohannes and Dirhi Topakyan, and a descendant of one of the oldest Armenian He was educated in the aristocratic families. public schools at Sazaria, and later attended the American college in Bardizak to learn English. When eighteen years of age he engaged in the dry goods business with his father. Several years later he removed to Constantinople and started in business for himself as a commission merchant ilry goods, his sales being mostly in the interior of Turkey. At the end of three years he came to the United St a es on a business trip, and while here deterin

!

mined to make it his He permanent home. out his business Constantinople, and in 1887 started in New York in the importation of Turkish, Persian and business began in a modest close

I

in

Indian

rugs.

This

way, has steadily grown under his careful and astute management, until to-day Mr. Topakyan is recognizsj as probably the most prominent importer of high-class rugs in this country. In 1892 .he was appointed by the Persian government Imperial commissioner and director-general of their exhibits at the World's Fair at ChicaAt his own expense he built the Persian go.

and Ottoman pavilion, and received forty-eight diplomas and forty-eight medals for the magnificent and interesting exhibits he gathered from both countries, including the personal thanks and a diploma from Pres. Cleveland in recognition of

\

Three gifts which autograph photographs from Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft and J. Pierpont Morgan. He is a generous dono;- to charities, especially for his own countrymen, besides fully decorated

Mr."

Topakyan

and furnished.

prizes highly are

In 1909 the taking care of twenty-eight orphans. Persian government appointed him consul-general to New York, a position he is eminently title to occupy. Not only is he a distinguished consular official and diplomat, but also a ready, forceful He is one of the leaders of the Armenian speaker. colony in this country, and one of the foremost workers in behalf of his fellow countrymen, always I

ready to lend his labors and influence to promote their welfare, both here and in their native land. He ever takes a deep interest in American politics, and has rendered valuable service to the Republican parly by his activities among his native countrymen in this country during various national campaigns, especially since the time of the World's Fair in 1902. Probably no foreign consular official is more highly thought of by the American government than is Mr. Topakyan, for they appreciate both his loyalty to his adopted country and his deep interest and In 1909 Mr. Topakyan loVe for his native land. was made a life member of the Armory Burgesses Corps, and also made honorary colonel and inspector of the staff of the corps. Among others so honored may be mentioned Nelson A. Miles, King Edward the Seventh, President Diaz of Mexico, Sir Thomas Lipton, J. Pierpont Morgan, Theodore Roosevelt, August Belmont, John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Mr. Topakyan is generous to a fault and 'arnegie. entertains wilh a lavish hand, being especially noted for his unlimited hospitality exercised in his beautiful home "Persian Court," Morris Plains, (

N.

J.

He

is

very democratic and broad

in

his

views, of the highest character, with an enviable reputation in the business world above reproach. In his own country he is looked upon as a statesman of great ability, and particularly in the Orient;,! colonies in America is considered a man of high He is considered an art connoisseur and ability.

world-renowned expert on Persian rugs and tapesMr. Topakyan is the owner of two turquoise mines, one in Silver City, and the other near Santa

tries.

He is a member of numerous Fe, New Mexico. clubs and social organizations and his social standing is one of the highest.

labors in the interests of the fair. BROWN, Charles Lincoln, was born in PhilaIn 1S96 he was decorated by the Venezuelan, delphia, Penn., July li, 18114. He was educated in Persian and Turkish governments, the last two the public schools of the city, conferring distinguished honors upon him; the attending the Hancock GramImperial Order of the "Lion and the Rising Sun" mar School until he was sixby the Persian government, the "Magidiya" by teen years of age, when Inthe Turkish government, and the "Buste" del entered the employ of a clothSub In ing firm as errand" boy. Lisuetor" by the Venezuelan government. 1907 he presented to the United States, to be hung sequently he entered lie service of James McCaiilcy, the proin the White House, a $50, 000 Persian Rug, probably the finest specimen ever brought to this country. prietor of an Episcopal book studIt measures six and a half feet in length and four store, and while there he The texture is of imperial silk ied at night and prepared for feet in width. marvelously woven and set with a multitude of college. He entered the LePres. high University for civil enrubies, pearls, turquoises and other gems. Roosevelt accepted the handsome gift in behalf of gineering course, but was f orced this the government and complimented Mr. Topakyan to abandon purpose, not only on his generosity, but on his skill in through illness. Later he enPennof The rug was hung in a beautiful tered the University designing. A second rug was presented to sylvania for the three-year mahogany frame the government by him in 1910, during Pres. course in law, and was graduHe was admitTaft's administration and he gave a valuable ated in 1891. of law in antique carpet to the Field Columbian Museum of ted to the practice "Persian Court." his summer home at all the courts of the state and in the United States Chicago. months prior to graduating, Morristown, N. J., is one of the most beautiful and court. In 1891, a few It is a he was elected to a seat in the common councils, interesting places in surburban New York. ward in which he was born, on an indetypical Oriental mansion of white marble, beauti- from the

his magnificent

t

fc#-^

OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. pendent ticket, and was re-elected on the Republican ticket in 1X92. In 1X111 received the Republican nomination for select councils and was elected against a Democratic and an independent candiIn Novemoer, 189(3, he was elected on an date. independent ticket to the senate of Pennsylvania against the Republican and Democratic canc.ii ates.

555

Kmma

to M., daughter of Marquard Forster, a large manufacturer and brewer of St. Louis, and nas four children: Adolph Jr., Marquard F., Robert Henry and Ida Hermina Braun. Unassuming in

manner, tender Mr. Braun is one

in heart, of the best

manly and vigorous, examples of the German

and voted in the session of 1897 for the election of Hon. Boies Penrose, the youngest United States senator ever elected from Pennsylvania, and again voted in the memorable session of 1899 for the reelection of Hon. M. S. Quay, to the I". S. senate session without electing a senator, when the governor appointed Senator Quay to succeed himself until t:.e next session of the legis-

until the close of the

lature.

BRAUN,

Adolf Phillip Carl, manufacturer, was Ortenberg, Oberhessen. Germany, .May :>1, sun of Carl Theodore and Klise (Stoepler) is.")."), Braiin. His father was a distiller. His college life was passed in Germany, where he attended the Hersfeld University and gymnasium, pursuing the study of pharmacy. Coining to America in 1S7H, he engaged in the drug business in St. Louis in the employjof Charles Habicht & Co. After clerking for this concern for seven years, during which he gained much valuable knowledge and experience, he entered upon an independent business career and opened his own drug store, the successful management of which he conducted until 1897, a In February, 1X1(7, he period of seventeen years. became one of the organizers and stockholders of the Dodson-Braun Manufacturing Co., which, at that time, succeeded to the business of the Dodson AIlils .Manufacturing Co., organized in 1882. Mr. J. W. Dodson became president of the new concern, Mr. Braun secretary and treasurer, and C. M. Former, Marquard Forster, and C. August Forster directors; while the capital stock was increased to $125,000. Between 500 and 1,000 experienced hands are employed; contracts are made for the yield of thousands of acres of fruits and vegetables, and the principal factory covers half a, city block and is equipped with the most approved machinery born

in

and modern appliances.

The

outfit includes many varieties of pickles, sauces, mustards,

pieserves,

jellies,

flavoring ex-

tracts, spices, salad dressing, fruit butters, syrups and juices,

baking powder and and a separate factory

besides olives, -

is

'

of

devoted to the preparation vinegar.

The market

ex-

Mids to almost every country of the civilized world, while t

tracks of the Terminal Railroad Association are in direct connection with the company's shipping department, thus securing unsurpassed fathe

cilities

for

incoming and out-

Mr. Braun going supplies. is thoroughly conversant with the methods of operation, and in conjunction with Mr. Dodson, the president maintains a general supervision of the business; and utilizes when necessary, Mr. Braun is promhis expert chemical knowledge. inent among the German element of his adopted city: he is a member of the Liederkranz.Turn-Verein, Missouri Athletic Club, St. Louis Manufacturers Association, Business Men's League, St. Louis Union Club, and Merchant Exchange National He is an ardent Association of Manufacturers. patron of music and lends hearty cooperation to any good cause. He was married, May 16, 1883, ,

element of the middle west.

He

is

stanch in his

and a lover of domestic happiness. he combines the experience of years with a native shrewdness that are component parts of the elements of success and the pledging of his word is equivalent to his bond. friendships In business

HICKS,

Benjamin

Doughty,

banker

and

philanthropist, was .born in Mew York city, Feb. 24, is:i, son of Benjamin D. and Elizabeth T. His first American ancestor was (Hicks) Hicks. Robert Hicks, who emigrated from England in 1621 in the ship Fortune, and settled at Plymouth, Mass. From this Robert Hicks the line of descent is traced through his son John, one of the patentees to whom Gov. Kieft granted the township of Flushing, L. I., in 1645, who married Horod Long; through their son Thomas, who mariied Mary Washburn; their son Jacob, who married Hannah Carpenter; their son Benjamin, who married Phoebe Titus; their son Samuel, who married Phoebe Seaman, and their son Isaac,

who married Sarah Doughty, and who was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Isaac Hicks, the grandfather, was a noted shipowner of New York. Benjamin D. Hicks' mother, Elizabeth T. Hicks, was a distant relative of his father, being descended from Judge Thomas Hicks and the daughter of Whitehead Hicks. Mr. Hicks' father died a young man, and throughout the life of his mother, his devotion to her, and solicitude He infor her welfare were most pronounced. herited a competent fortune, ami instead of engaging in mercantile pursuits, devoted himself to He public- affairs and charitable undertakings. made

his

home

in

New York

city until 1870,

when

he removed to West bury. L. I. Throughout his whole life he was one of the most diligent and He took an public-spirited members of society. active part in the formation of the Republican party, and served as secretary of the first Republican Club which was organized in New York city. For ten years he was a member of the Republican state committee of the first congressional district, and was closely associated with the leaders of that party in his state. He was a life-long friend of George William Curtis, and actively supported Curtis in his campaign for civil service reform. He joined with Henry Bergh in organizing the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and he was vice-president of that society. He was also a vice-president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and was one of the organizers of the Queens County Branch of the He was president State Charities Aid Association. of the Roslyn Savings Bank, the Nassau County Bank and the Bank of Hemsptead Harbor. He first

T1IK

556 was

:i

member

uf tin- Xi'\v

NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

York Chamber

of

Com-

merce, a director of the Title Guarantee and Trust Co., the Kond and Mortgage Co., and other finanHe was also a member of the cial institutions. Sorieiy of Colonial Wars and the New York Mr. Hicks Jcnealogiral anil Biographical Society. \vas twice married: first, June 21, 1859, to Maria Louisa, daughter of Elias Hicks Herrick, who died in IMil, anil, second, Apr. 28. 1883, to Alice, daughter of Thomas \\". Albert son of Mineola, N. Y. Having no children by either marriage, Mr. Hicks adopted a relative. Frederick Hicks Cocks, who He died at his home assume.! the name of Hicks.