The Muslim World: A Historical Survey. Part I: The Age of the Caliphs

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PROPERTY

OF

THE CINCINNATI BIBLE SEMINARY LIBRARY

THE

AGE

OF THE

CALIPHS

Dedicated in deep gratitude to my revered teacher

Geheimrat Prof. Dr. Carl Brockelmann (1868-1956)

THE MUSLIM

WORLD

A HISTORICAL

SURVEY

PART I

THE AGE OF THE CALIPHS by

BERTOLD

TRANSLATED

.

SPULER

FROM

THE

GERMAN

BY F.C.

BAGLEY

PHOTOMECHANICAL

REPRINT

LEIDEN oi uy BRILL 1960

-

PROPERTY

OF

HE CINCINNATI BIBLE SEMINARY LIBRARY

G56 S7I7TA

V,/

Copyright 1960 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher

First impression 1960

Second impression 1968

19o% PRINTED

IN THE

NETHERLANDS

CONTENTS TRANSLATOR’S

16

PREFACE

MAM ete

....

ae

VII

ee

as se cnet ee ees cen

Rome and Persia, 1— The Pre-Islamic Beduin, 2 — The religious position, 3 — Christians and Jews in Arabia, 4 — The youth of Muhammad, 5 — Islam, 6 - Muhammad at Madinah, 8 — Attitude towards Christians and Jews, 9 — Badr, 11 — Believers and “Hypocrites”, 11 — Uhud, 12 - Muhammad in old age, 12 —- Hudaybiyah, 13 — The

conquest of Makkah, 14 — Completion of Islam: death of the Prophet, 15 — The life of the Prophet, 16 — The duties of Islam, 17

II. Peete PTT CTEED) CALIPHS 6.006 sisiein: x beepers acomeh og Wal wands Abia Bakr: rival Prophets, 18 — Campaigns of conquest, 19 — ‘Umar, 20 — Persia, 20 — Egypt, 22 — The fall of the Sasanids, 22 — “Peoples of the Book”, 23 — Taxation, 24 — Status of vassals, 25 — Sabians, 27 — Zoroastrians, 27 — The Dihq4ns in Iran, 29 ‘Uthman, 29 — Editing of the Qur'an, 31 — ‘Ali, 31 — Siffin, 32 — Shi‘ites and Khirijites, 33

III.

RRR

RE

res

oes

Gan,Co ns ene

so woes CG aed 5.05

18

ee,

Mu‘awiyah and the Arab aristocracy, 35 — Tribal feuds, 35 — Provincial administration, 36 — Syrians and Copts, 37 — Poets, 37 — Military operations, 38 — Karbala’, 39 — The clients, 39 — Civil wars, 40 — Administrative and monetary reforms, 41 — The second wave of Arab conquest, 42 — The later Umayyads, 44 — Persian discontent, 44 — Mur-

jites, 46 — The tax legislation of ‘Umar II, 46 IV.

ee

BOO ASUS. for. (perr ae AOr Ae

see. Oa AERIS

LS

ee

‘Abbasid propaganda, 48 — Abii Muslim, 48 — The ‘Abbasids and Islam, 49 — Administrative changes, 50 — Economic prosperity, 52 — Urban life, 53 — Persian influences, 54 — The Shu‘ibiyah, 55 — Sunnite theology, 55 — The profane sciences, 56 — Foreign policy, 57 — Internal conditions, 57 — Al-Ma’min, 58 — The religious situation in Persia, 59 — The Tahirids, 59 — The Saffarids, 60 — Decline of the Caliphate, 61 — Social regroupings: the Turks, 61 — The rebellion of the Zutt (Jat), 63 —- The Zanj rebellion, 63 — Theological controversies: the Mu‘tazilites, 64 — Separatist tendencies

in the provincies, 65 — Shi‘ite activities, 65 — Zaydite states, 66 — The IsmA‘ilites, 67 — The Carmathians, 68 — Egypt and the Tilinids, 68 — North Africa: the Aghlabids,

69 — The Fatimids, 70 —- The Fatimids in Egypt, 71 — The geopolitical situation of Syria, 72 — The internal situation in Mesopotamia, 72 — Theological problems, 73 — The Biyids, 74 - The Hamdanids, 75 — Byzantine encroachments, 75 — The Samanids, 76 — The civilization of the Samanid realm, 77 - Samanids and Qara-Khanids, 78 — The Ghaznavids, 79 — The conquest of north western India, 81 — The rise of the Saljiiqs,

81 — Administration

and culture in the Saljiiq period, 82 — Foreign policy: the

conquest of Asia Minor, 83 — Egypt under the Fatimids, 84 — Al-Hakim and the

Druzes, 85 — The later Fatimids, 86 — Isma‘ilites and Assassins, 86 — Saljiigs and Atabegs, 87 — The Crusades, 88 — The significance of the Crusades for the East, 88 — Byzantium and the Crusades, 89 — The position of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 90 — The rise of the Ayyibids, 91 — Saladin, 92 — The later Ayyiibids, 94 — The Saljiiqs in Anatolia, 95 — Developments in Asia Minor, 95 — Qara-Khitai and Khwarizm-Shahs, 96 — Khwarizm-Shahs

the Caliphate, 99

and Ghirids, 97 — The Caliph al-Nasir, 98 - The downfall of

48

VI

Vie

CONTENTS

SBAUN sian pier aversuelo apeleves oletst ere alckerlaite ioe’ lnie)lopeMerele ts lolelleration solos oreMehetelelte

The significance of Spanish Islam, 101 — Spain after the Muslim conquest,

101 —

Muslims and Christians, 102 — Intellectual and economic life, 103 — Theology, 104 — Cultural relations with the Occident, 105 — ‘Abd al-Rahman I, 105 — The later

Umayyads, 106 — ‘Abd al-Rahmaan III and the fall of the dynasty, 106 — Petty states, 108 — The Almoravides in North Africa, 108 — The Almoravides in Spain, 109 — The

Almohades,

110 — The rise of Arab and Jewish philosophy,

111 — Voyagers and

historians, 112 — The end of Moorish rule, 112 DY NAS TICSRABLES

Maysietete avs fe cholate overstcns ate shelcla: aifehelets ahostiteheltatts: alticoneNan sulemts

BIBLIOGRAPHY, wdexsiste, abe a)enti Gass bets: ais) ricanlone aoe sous och 6)hiek