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English Pages [156] Year 1968
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PROPERTY
OF
THE CINCINNATI BIBLE SEMINARY LIBRARY
THE
AGE
OF THE
CALIPHS
Dedicated in deep gratitude to my revered teacher
Geheimrat Prof. Dr. Carl Brockelmann (1868-1956)
THE MUSLIM
WORLD
A HISTORICAL
SURVEY
PART I
THE AGE OF THE CALIPHS by
BERTOLD
TRANSLATED
.
SPULER
FROM
THE
GERMAN
BY F.C.
BAGLEY
PHOTOMECHANICAL
REPRINT
LEIDEN oi uy BRILL 1960
-
PROPERTY
OF
HE CINCINNATI BIBLE SEMINARY LIBRARY
G56 S7I7TA
V,/
Copyright 1960 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher
First impression 1960
Second impression 1968
19o% PRINTED
IN THE
NETHERLANDS
CONTENTS TRANSLATOR’S
16
PREFACE
MAM ete
....
ae
VII
ee
as se cnet ee ees cen
Rome and Persia, 1— The Pre-Islamic Beduin, 2 — The religious position, 3 — Christians and Jews in Arabia, 4 — The youth of Muhammad, 5 — Islam, 6 - Muhammad at Madinah, 8 — Attitude towards Christians and Jews, 9 — Badr, 11 — Believers and “Hypocrites”, 11 — Uhud, 12 - Muhammad in old age, 12 —- Hudaybiyah, 13 — The
conquest of Makkah, 14 — Completion of Islam: death of the Prophet, 15 — The life of the Prophet, 16 — The duties of Islam, 17
II. Peete PTT CTEED) CALIPHS 6.006 sisiein: x beepers acomeh og Wal wands Abia Bakr: rival Prophets, 18 — Campaigns of conquest, 19 — ‘Umar, 20 — Persia, 20 — Egypt, 22 — The fall of the Sasanids, 22 — “Peoples of the Book”, 23 — Taxation, 24 — Status of vassals, 25 — Sabians, 27 — Zoroastrians, 27 — The Dihq4ns in Iran, 29 ‘Uthman, 29 — Editing of the Qur'an, 31 — ‘Ali, 31 — Siffin, 32 — Shi‘ites and Khirijites, 33
III.
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RE
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oes
Gan,Co ns ene
so woes CG aed 5.05
18
ee,
Mu‘awiyah and the Arab aristocracy, 35 — Tribal feuds, 35 — Provincial administration, 36 — Syrians and Copts, 37 — Poets, 37 — Military operations, 38 — Karbala’, 39 — The clients, 39 — Civil wars, 40 — Administrative and monetary reforms, 41 — The second wave of Arab conquest, 42 — The later Umayyads, 44 — Persian discontent, 44 — Mur-
jites, 46 — The tax legislation of ‘Umar II, 46 IV.
ee
BOO ASUS. for. (perr ae AOr Ae
see. Oa AERIS
LS
ee
‘Abbasid propaganda, 48 — Abii Muslim, 48 — The ‘Abbasids and Islam, 49 — Administrative changes, 50 — Economic prosperity, 52 — Urban life, 53 — Persian influences, 54 — The Shu‘ibiyah, 55 — Sunnite theology, 55 — The profane sciences, 56 — Foreign policy, 57 — Internal conditions, 57 — Al-Ma’min, 58 — The religious situation in Persia, 59 — The Tahirids, 59 — The Saffarids, 60 — Decline of the Caliphate, 61 — Social regroupings: the Turks, 61 — The rebellion of the Zutt (Jat), 63 —- The Zanj rebellion, 63 — Theological controversies: the Mu‘tazilites, 64 — Separatist tendencies
in the provincies, 65 — Shi‘ite activities, 65 — Zaydite states, 66 — The IsmA‘ilites, 67 — The Carmathians, 68 — Egypt and the Tilinids, 68 — North Africa: the Aghlabids,
69 — The Fatimids, 70 —- The Fatimids in Egypt, 71 — The geopolitical situation of Syria, 72 — The internal situation in Mesopotamia, 72 — Theological problems, 73 — The Biyids, 74 - The Hamdanids, 75 — Byzantine encroachments, 75 — The Samanids, 76 — The civilization of the Samanid realm, 77 - Samanids and Qara-Khanids, 78 — The Ghaznavids, 79 — The conquest of north western India, 81 — The rise of the Saljiiqs,
81 — Administration
and culture in the Saljiiq period, 82 — Foreign policy: the
conquest of Asia Minor, 83 — Egypt under the Fatimids, 84 — Al-Hakim and the
Druzes, 85 — The later Fatimids, 86 — Isma‘ilites and Assassins, 86 — Saljiigs and Atabegs, 87 — The Crusades, 88 — The significance of the Crusades for the East, 88 — Byzantium and the Crusades, 89 — The position of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 90 — The rise of the Ayyibids, 91 — Saladin, 92 — The later Ayyiibids, 94 — The Saljiiqs in Anatolia, 95 — Developments in Asia Minor, 95 — Qara-Khitai and Khwarizm-Shahs, 96 — Khwarizm-Shahs
the Caliphate, 99
and Ghirids, 97 — The Caliph al-Nasir, 98 - The downfall of
48
VI
Vie
CONTENTS
SBAUN sian pier aversuelo apeleves oletst ere alckerlaite ioe’ lnie)lopeMerele ts lolelleration solos oreMehetelelte
The significance of Spanish Islam, 101 — Spain after the Muslim conquest,
101 —
Muslims and Christians, 102 — Intellectual and economic life, 103 — Theology, 104 — Cultural relations with the Occident, 105 — ‘Abd al-Rahman I, 105 — The later
Umayyads, 106 — ‘Abd al-Rahmaan III and the fall of the dynasty, 106 — Petty states, 108 — The Almoravides in North Africa, 108 — The Almoravides in Spain, 109 — The
Almohades,
110 — The rise of Arab and Jewish philosophy,
111 — Voyagers and
historians, 112 — The end of Moorish rule, 112 DY NAS TICSRABLES
Maysietete avs fe cholate overstcns ate shelcla: aifehelets ahostiteheltatts: alticoneNan sulemts
BIBLIOGRAPHY, wdexsiste, abe a)enti Gass bets: ais) ricanlone aoe sous och 6)hiek