The loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie retourschip BATAVIA, Western Australia 1629: An excavation report and catalogue of artefacts 9780860546269, 9781407347776

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The loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie retourschip BATAVIA, Western Australia 1629 An excavation report and catalogue of artefacts

Jeremy N. Green,

Head of Department of Maritime Archaeology and director of the excavation, Western Australian Maritime Museum, Fremantle, Western Australia

BAR International Series 489 1989

B.A.R. 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -3489, 1989: 'The loss of the Yerenigde Oostindische Compagnie retourschip BATAVIA, Western Australia 1629' © J ere:my 1f. Green, 1989 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860546269 paperback ISBN 9781407347776 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546269 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS L IST OF F IGURES PREFACE

i v i i x i

THE EXCAVATION OF THE BATAV IA

1

T he s i te I N TRODUC T ION T HE W RECK s r rE T H EF AC I L IT I E S S TAF F ING B OAT S

1 1 3 7 8 8

T he e xcava t ion T H EF I R ST E XCAVAT ION S EA SON T H ES ECOND E XCAVAT ION S EA SON

1 1 1 2

T HE T H IRD E XCAVAT ION S EA SON T H EF OURTH E XCAVA T ION S EA SON R ecord ing me thod s G ENERAL R ECORD ING U NDERWATER R ECORD ING T IM BER R ECORD ING UNDERWATER P HOTOGRA F . 'H IC R ECORD ING P HOTOGRA PH IC R ECORD ING O NL AND UNDERWATER T IMBER P HOTOMO SA IC S ST EREOP HOTOGRA PH IC R ECORD ING

1 3 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 9 2 0 2 1

E xcava t ion me thods T H ED IV ING E XCAVAT ION T OOL S

2 1 2 1 2 2

THE ARTEFACTS E qu ipmen ta nd ma ter ia ls r e la ted t ou se o n b oard t he B a tav ia

2 5

T he a rmamen t sa nd m i l i tary e qu ipmen t T he l o ca t ion o ft h eg un so nt h es i t e T H EB RONZ EG UN S D i scu s s ion T he c hap le t s C hem ica la na ly s i s T H EC OM PO S IT EG UN S TH EI R ON G UN S P RO JEC T IL E S R ound s o l id s ho t E xpand ing b a rs ho t L ang re ls ho t G renade s

2 5 2 5 2 8 2 8 3 5 3 5 3 7 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 5 9 5 9

2 5

B a rs ho t C an is t e rs ho t C a se s ho t C e ram ic p y ro te chn ic d ev ice M I SCELLANEOU SG UN A CCE S SOR I E SA ND A CCOUTREM ENT S Gunne r 's t a ly s t ick S ho t -gauge P owde rl a d le P owde rm ea su re s C a r t r idge c on ta ine r s T ouch -ho le p r icke r s

6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 2 6 2 6 4 6 6

G unpowde rb ag C annon t amp ion o rw ooden b o re p lug SMALL-AR MS AND A CCOUTREM ENT S B lunde rbu s s Wooden g un -s tock

6 7 6 7 6 8 6 8 7 0

O rd ina ry l e ad s ho t Wi red l e ad s ho t

7 1 7 1

P a r to f ap owde r -ho rn L ead r am rod e nd s P a t ch -boxe s P r icke r MI S C ELLANEOU SA CCOUTREM ENT S P ike f e r ru le s P a r t so f at r umpe t D rum s t ick Swo rd -pomme l T h ree -w ick ,b ra s sg imba lo i l lamp

7 1 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 3 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 5 7 6

G o rge t s N av iga t ion e qu ipmen t

7 8 8 3

S eaman 's a s t ro labe s P a r to f ab rach io lus o rs o -ca l led A rmk en v an B aren t s z G lobe s P ro trac to r D iv ide r s S ound ing lead s S urgeon 's e qu ipmen t Mo r ta r s B a rbe r 's b ow l s E a r thenwa re redwa re b edpan o r u r ina l

8 4 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 5 9 6 9 8

E a r thenwa re redwa re o i n tmen tj a r s Ma jo l ica o rt i n -g lazed e a r thenwa re a l ba re l l i S h ip 's e qu ipmen t B ronze b e l l

9 9 1 00 1 02 1 02

B lock s A ncho r D ome s t ic c eram ic ma ter ia l

1 03 1 04 1 05

PO RC ELA IN F la sk o rb o t t le GR EY -WH 1TE S TONEWARE S J ugs w i th r e eded o rc o rded n eck B ow lo rc hambe rp o t C o rdon j ugs BR OWN S TONEWARE S J ug w i th r e eded o rc o rded n e ck s B icon ic p ane led j ug s Sma l lb i con ic j ug s

1 05 1 05 1 05 1 05 1 06 1 07 11 11 12 13

J ugs w i th af r ieze WE STERWALDT YPE ,B LUE -GREY S TONEWARE B icon ic j ug sw i th c o rdon sa tt h em id -body J ug sw i th m id -body c o rdon a nd m a sk o nn eck J ug sw i th m id -body c o rdon a nd n a r row n eck J ugs w i th c en t ra lf r ieze FR AGM ENT S BA RTM ANN O RB EARDMAN S TONEWARE J UG S B ea rdman w i th i n sc r ibed b and ,a can thu sl e ave sa nd p o r t ra i tm edal ion s G lobu la rj ug w i th s mal ma sk s

13 15 15 18 19 1 21 1 22 1 23 1 23 1 24

S tanda rd b ea rdman j ug s( ma sk a nd t h ree m edal ion s ) J ug sw i th m a sk a nd o ne medal ion Med ium j ug s Sma l lj ug s Ma sk s Medal ions CO OK ING W ARE S —E ARTHENWARE -REDWARE S C ook ing p o t so rt r ipod p ipk in T a l lc ook ing p o t sw i th f oo t r ing S ha l low c ook ing p o t sw i th f oo t r ing S k i l le t sw i th t r ipod f e e t CO NTA INER S —E ARTH ENWARE -REDWARE

1 25 1 29 1 30 1 30 1 31 1 31 1 45 1 45 1 46 1 47 1 47 1 48

C up sw i th h o r izon ta lh and le L id MI S C ELLAN EOU SD OM E ST IC C ERAM IC W AR E S P la te —m a jo l i ca o rt i n -g lazed e a r thenwa re O l ive j a r s T ha is t onewa re s t o rage j a r U n iden t if i ed l a rge s t o rage j a r U n iden t if i ed s t onewa r ej a r U n iden t i f ied b a se o f as t onewa re j a rw i th af o o t r ing S mok ing p i pe PE WTER -WAR E SF OR T HE T A BLE

1 48 1 48 1 49 1 49 1 49 1 50 1 51 1 51 1 52 1 52 1 53

S poon s D r ink ing v e s se l s P la te s S pou t ed o rs o -ca l led c o f f ee p o t sa nd u n spou ted p o t s C hambe rp o t s B ow l DO ME ST IC N ON -F ERROU SW ARE S B ronze t r ipod -po t B r a s sb ow l C oppe rb ow l C oppe rl e g sf r om b ow l B r a s ss k imme rs poon B r a s sc and le s t i ck T ong s B ra s st a p WE I GHT S N ü rnbe rg n e s tw e igh t P an w e igh t s R ing a nd c y l ind r i ca lw e igh t s F la t ,s qua re l e ad w e igh t s WR I T ING A CCE S SOR IE S P en a nd i n k s tand B ra s sw r i t ing p en I nk -we l l S l a te p enc i l H and le s MI S C ELLANEOU SA ND U N ID ENT I F I ED M AT ER IAL B ra s sf i t t ing s L ead f i t t ing s R ing s H inge m echan i sm s C oppe rt a ck s B ook c l a sp Wooden t u rned a nd d eco ra ted o b je c t Wooden b ow l Wooden o b je c to fu nce r ta in p u rpo se Wooden p i n

1 53 1 54 1 55 1 56 1 57 1 58 1 59 1 59 1 60 1 60 1 62 1 62 1 63 1 63 1 63 1 64 1 64 1 65 1 65 1 66 1 66 1 66 1 66 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 68 1 68 1 68 1 68 1 68 1 68 1 69 1 69 1 69 1 69 1 69

S h ip 's s upp l ie s Whe t s tone sa nd s ha rpen ing s t one s S a i lc lo th L ead s i nke r s P ew t e rb o t t le top s C a se b o t t le b a se B o t t le n eck s

P er sona li t em s L a ce b obb in s L a ce i r on D r ink ing b eake r s S ew ing t h imb le s

1 70 1 70 1 71 1 72 1 73 1 73 1 73 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 74

P in s L a ce e nd s B u t ton s P la in b uck le s D eco ra ted b u ck le s S l ide sa nd b e l te nd s S ea l s Medal ion C he s sp i ece C lo th ing

1 74 1 74 1 74 1 75 1 75 1 75 1 76 1 76 1 76 1 77

S upp l ie sf or t he C ompany i nt he I nd ie s

1 79

T he B a tav ia p or t ico T he e xcava t ion o ft h ep o r t i co f a çade P o r t ico d oo rp i n t le s T he h i s to ry o ft h ep o r t ico B r icks

1 79 1 79 1 81 1 82 1 90

T rade i t em s

1 91

UN CE RTA IN T RADE B ronze m an i l la s C LoTH L ead b a le s e a l s MI S C ELLANEOU S B e l l s R umb le b el B ead s C oppe rb un shaped i n go t R ed c o ra lb ead s Ambe rb ead s L ead r o l l s TR ADE S I LVERWARE Ewe ro rs pou t ed d ecan t e r P la te O b jec t so fu n ce r ta in f unc t ion B ed -po s t U n iden t if i ed o b je c t F ragmen t C ande lab ra S a l t -cela r C he rub C law U n iden t if ied o b jec t

1 91 1 91 1 91 1 91 1 93 1 93 1 93 1 93 1 93 1 94 1 94 1 94 1 95 1 97 2 01 2 03 2 04 2 07 2 07 2 08 2 09 2 10 2 10 2 10

ARCHAEOLOGICAL S IGN IF ICANCE OF THE ARTEFACTS

2 11

T he c l a s s i f i ca t ion s cheme T he a r tef ac t si nt h e ir c on tex t E QU I PMENT A ND M AT ER IAL SR ELAT ED T OT H EU SE O NB OARD T im M E P A rmamen ta nd m i l i ta ry e qu ipmen t N av iga t ion e qu ipmen t T he s u rgeon 's e qu ipmen t D ome s t i cc e ram ic m a t e r ia l SH I P 'S E QU I PM ENT B ronze b e l l A ncho r S n ap 's S U P PL I E S W ine s PE R SONAL I T EM S S ea l C e ram ic s SU P P L IE SF OR T HE I N D IE S

2 11 2 14 2 14 2 14 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16

B r ick s TR ADE I T EM S Man i l la s S i lve rwa re TH ES H IP E v idence f o rt h ep o s i t ion o ft h ee nd o ft h ep owde r -a nd b read rooms T he g aley a nd s t ove

CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 18 2 19 2 28

L IST OF F IGURES F igu re 1 .

Map o f We s te rn A u s t ra l ia w i th a ni n se r ts how ing t h eH ou tm an A b ro lho s .

2

F igu re 2 . F igu re 3 .

Map o ft h e Wa l lab iG roup o ft h eH ou tman A b ro lho ss how ing t h eB a tav ia w reck s i te . Map o ft h e Mo rn ing R ee fa r ea o ft h e Wa l lab iG roup ,s how ing t h eB a tav ia w reck s i te ,t h ei n s ide

3

4

F igu re 4 .

B a tav ia 's G raveya rd . B ea con I s land s how ing t h e We s t e rn A u s t ra l ian Mu seum f i e ld s t a t ion i nt h e f o r eg round a nd

r e ef a r ea whe r ew r eckage h a sb een w a shed o ve rt h er e e fa nd B eacon I s land ,f o rme r ly k nown a s

v a r iou sf i she rmen ' sh ou se s , i nt h eb a ckg round i s Mor n ing R ee fa nd t h ew reck s i te .

5

F igu re 5 .

P l an o ft h eB a tav ia w reck s i te s how ing t h ec annon a nd a ncho r se x i s t ing o nt h es i te i n1 971 .

6

F igu re 6 .

Al i f t ing s hee r leg s o nB eacon I s land b e ing u sed t ol i f tt h ec ompo s i te c annon o f ft h ep o r tab le t r oley .

7

F igu r e7 . F igu re 8 .

T he D epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A r chaeo logy w o rk b oa tH en r ie t ta Ap a i ro fp ho tog raph s s how ing t h e e f f ec to f av e ry l a rge a nd u nexpe c t ed I nd ian O cean s wel

8

b reak ing o ve rt h eH en r ie t ta . T he w ave h a sb roken o ve rt h ev e s se l ,t h eA f rame c an j u s tb es e en p ro trud ing f r om t h ew ave .T h i s i n c iden tt o ok p l a ce n ea r ly 1 00 m f u r the ro u tt os ea t h an n o rma lw h i le t h ec r ew w a so b se rv ing t h e

9

F igu r e9 .

s we l lb ehav iou r .T he v e s se lw a sn o ta ta n cho ra nd w a sa b le t oh ead t owa rd st h eb reak ing w ave F igu r e 1 0 .

a nd t h u sa vo id a na lmo s tc e r ta in d i sa s t e r . Ad i ve ri n spec t ing t h ee xpo sed h u l lt imbe r sb e low c annon No .5 .

9 1 0

F igu re 1 .

An a i r l i f tb e ing u sed t or emove s and o ve rbu rden o nt h ew reck s i te ,n o te t h el i f t ing t r ay ( l ef t )a nd t h eh u l lt imbe r s( r igh t ) .

1

F igu re 1 2 . F igu re 1 3 .

R emov ing af r ame f r om t h ew re ck s i te ,p r io rt or a in ing o n to t h ew o rkboa t . C u t t ing t h et imbe r sw i th ap neuma t ic c ha in s aw .•

1 2 1 3

F igu re 1 4 . F igu re 1 5 .

T he l i f t ing t r ay f i l led w i th c o ra lr ubb le a bou tt ob er emoved f r om t h es i te . P lac ing as ma l le xp lo s ive c ha rge o nt h ec annon b al c onc re t ion .T he d i ve ri sp la c ing a ne le c t r ica l d e tona to ri nt h ec o rd tex t r a in , wh ich w i l ls e to f ft h et wo s ma l lc ha rge so nt h er ubbe r ma t .

1 4

F igu re 1 6 .

B r eak ing u pc on c re t ion u s ing ag eo log ica lh amme ra nd as ho r t -hand led s l edge h amme r .

1 6

F igu re 1 7 . F igu re 1 8 . F igu re 1 9 .

T agg ing t h eh u l lt imbe r sp r io rt op ho tog raphy a nd r a i s ing . T imbe r si nt h el i f t ing t r ay o nb oa rd t h ew o rkboa te n rou t et ot h ef i e ld s t a t ion a tB ea con I s land As ca led p ho tog raph o ft h e s hea th ing o r v e rdubb l ing f r om t h e s t er npo s t . No t e t h e w a te r l ine ma rk ing sa nd t h es hea th ing n a i lp a t te rn . R eco rd ing t h es t empo s ts hea th ing o nt r an spa r en td raw ing f i lm ,n o te t h i si sd one a tt h es ame t ime a st h ep ho tog raphy .

1 7 1 8

F igu re 2 0 . F igu re 2 1 . F igu re 2 2 . F igu re 2 3 . F igu re 2 4 .

1 5

1 9 2 0

P ho tog raph ing t h e t r an som o ft h eB a tav ia d u r ing t h ep rog re ss o ft h e d i sman t l ing o ft h e h u l l s t ruc tu re .

2 1

C ompo s i te p ho tomo sa ic o ft h eh u l lt imbe r sa tt h en o r th e nd o ft h es i te . No te t h a tt h eg r id f r ame s h a ve b een c r opped o u to f mo s to ft h ep ho tog raph si no rde rt o make t h e mo sa ic c l ea re r . B reak ing o p en ac annon b a l lc onc re t ion a tt h eb a se c amp . P l an o ft h ew reck s i te made i n1 963 ,s how ing t h ed i spo s i t ion o ft h eg un sr e co rded d u r ing t h ei n i t ia l

2 3 2 4

e xp lo ra t ion o ft h e s i t e , p ub l i shed i nE dwa rd s ( 1966 ) a nd k nown a st h e E dwa rd s P lan . G un s ma rked A t oY ,f i ve b ronze ,t wo ` c oppe r ' o rc ompo s i te a nd e i gh teen i r on .C ompa re w i th F igu re 2 5o ppo s i te , wh i ch s hows t h ea c tua ld i spo s i t ion o ft h eg un s ,t h eg un st h a ta r em i ss ing a nd t h eg un s t h a th ave b een t r an spo sed . F igu re 2 5 .

2 6

P lan o ft h ew reck s i te s how ing t h ep os i t ion o ft h eg un st h a tw e re s u rveyed o nt h es i te a f te rt h e i n i t ia ls u r vey ,t o ge the rw i th t h eh ypo the t ica lp o s i t ion so ft h eg un st h a tw e r er emoved d u r ing t h e 1 963 e xped i t ion ,t a k en f r om t h ep l an o ppo s i te .T he re w a s at o ta lo ft wen ty -e igh tg un so nt h es i t e w hen i tw a sd i scove red ,f i ve b ronze ,t wo c ompo s i t ea nd t wen ty -one i r on Wea r ma rk so n BAT 3 627 c au sed b ys and a b ra s ion o nt h ew reck s i te .

2 7 3 6

F igu re 2 7 .

As e r ie so fp ho tog raph so ft h eg un f r om t h eL i t t le B ahama B ank s i t e( b la ck a nd wh i te c op ie so f c o lou rp r in t sk ind ly s upp l ied b y Mr J . P .P uype o ft h eN ede r land sS cheepvaa r t Mu seum ) .

4 3

F igu re 2 8 .

S aw ing t h ec ompo s i te c annon w i th a na ng le g r inde r moun ted o na na d ju s tab le c u t t ing s t and .

4 4

F igu re 2 9 .

G un N o . 8s how ing t h ep oo rs t a te o fp re se rva t ion o ft h es u r f ace a f te rd e -conc re t ion ,t h eh o le i s t h ough tt ob et h er e su l to ft h ec a scab le b u t ton o fg un N o . 9r e s t ing a ga in s ti ta nd c au s ing s ome f o rm

F igu re 2 6 .

F igu re 3 0 . F igu re 3 1 .

o fe l e c t ro ly t ic a c t ion Ab a rc ha r to ft h el e ng th i n me t r e sa nd t h ea pp rox ima te w e igh to ft h ev a r iou sg un s men t ioned i n

4 4

t h et a b le a bove .

4 6

I lu s t ra t ion o fv a r iou sf indbank e ro ri r on g un sf r om d i f f e ren tc oun tr ie s ,f r om aD an i sh manu sc r ip t f r om S o to jhu sbogen d a ted c i rca 1 770 . Ia m g ra te fu l t o Mr J . P . P uype o f t h e N ede r land s S cheepvaa r t Mu seum , Am s te rdam ,f o rd raw ing my a t ten t ion t ot h i sd ocumen t .

5 3

F igu re 3 2 .

T he c on ten t s o fa ni r on g un N o . 2l a id o u t i no rde ro fr e cove ry f r om t h eb a r re l , s how ing t h e t amp ion , w add ing , s ho t ,p owde rb ag a nd ,u nu sua l ly ,a no the rp i ece o fw add ing ( s ca le 1 : 4 ) .

5 4

F igu re 3 3 .

H i s tog ram o ft h ei r on s ho td i ame te r sf o ra l lt h es ho tr ecove red f r om t h eB a tav ia .

5 5

F igu re 3 4 .

G raph o ft h et h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h ed en s i ty o fi r on s ho ti np on t /du im3a nd t h ew e igh to ft h e s ho ti n Am s te rdam p on tg iven b yW i t sen ( 1671) ,v an I Jk ( 1697 )a nd t h eB a tav ia t a l ly s t ick .

5 6

F igu re 3 5 .

A1 7 th c en tu ry e ng rav ing f r om G a l schu t( c .1692 )s how ing ag unne ra bou tt od i scha rge af i re a r row f r om am a t ch lock .

6 9

v i i

F igu re 3 6 .

F requency h i s tog ram o f as e lec t ion o fo rd ina ry l e ad s ho tf r om t h eB a tav ia .

7 0

F igu r e3 7 .

Ad e ta i lf r om t h eC orpo raa l schap v an K ap i te in R oe lof B ick e rp a in ted b yv an d e rH e i s ti n1 639 s how ing ab ronze p ike f e r ru le ,s ome o ft h eo the rf e r ru le si nt h i sp i c tu re w e r ei r on .

7 3

F igu r e3 8 . F igu re 3 9 .

Two p i ece so ft h ef r on tp a r to ft h ep la in g o rge tc onc r e t ion .N o t et h a tt op g o rge to nt h el e f t -hand s i de i s ad i f f e r en tt ype t ot h a to nt h er i gh t -hand s i de . Ar e con s t ruc t ion o ft h ec on c r e t ion c on ta in ing t h eb a ck p a r to ft h eg o rge t s .N o te t h a tt h e re a r ef ou r

F igu re 4 0 .

g roup so fa tl e a s tt e ng o rge t si ne ach g roup .T he t op r i gh t -hand g roup i st h ed eco ra ted g o rge tt ype An i lu s t ra t ion o ft h es ymbo l so ft h eV e ren igd eO o s t ind i sche C ompagn ie :t h ei n i t ia l sV .O .C .t o p ,

8 1 8 1

t h es h ip i nt h es h ie ld i sa l so aC ompany s ymbo l ,a bove t h es h ie ld t h ew eapon sa nd n av iga t ion i n s t rumen t s .

8 2

F igu re 4 1 . F igu re 4 2 . F igu re 4 3 .

An i lu s tra t ion s how ing t h eu se o ft h es eaman 's a s t ro labe . P ho tog raph o ft h eb rach io lus o rA rmk en v an B aren t s z . One o ft h eb u i ld ing b lock sl y ing o nt h ee dge o ft h ee xpo sed h ul t imbe r sd u r ing t h ee xcava t ion , n o t et h em a son 's m a rk 1 3 6 '

8 3 9 0 1 79

F igu re 4 4 . F igu r e4 5 .

Ad e ta i lo ft h es i te p ho tomo sa ic s how ing t h eb u i ld ing b lo ck a r ea p r io rt oe xcava t ion . E xpe r imen ta lr econ s t ruc t ion w o rk o nt h ec o lumn sp r io rt ot h e ma in r e con s t ruc t ion .

1 80 1 80

F igu r e4 6 .

T he p o r t ico f a çade r e con s t ruc ted i nt h e B a tav ia G a l le ry w i th t h e r e con s t ruc t ion t e am i nt h e f o reg round .

1 82

F igu r e4 7 .

V iew o ft h et own o fB a tav ia f r om P i e te rv an d en B roe cke d rawn i n1 629 a nd p ub l i shed i nh i s j ou rna lo fh i st r ave l si nt h eI nd ie s .

1 83

F igu re 4 8 .

A meda l l ion s t ruck i n1 630 t oc ommemo ra t et h ea s s i s tance o ft h eC h ine se i nt h ec on s t ruc t ion o f t h ed e f en s ive w a l l so fB a tav ia d u r ing t h es i ege o f1 629 ,n o t et h e Wa t e rpoor ti sc omp le t e( de H aan ,

F igu re 4 9 .

1 919 : G 8 ) . V iew o ft h et own o fB a tav ia f r om t h eV i ngboom 's A t la sd a ted f r om t h em id 1630 s ,s how ing t h e Wa te rpoor tw i th t h ec omp le ted p or t ico ,n o te t h a tt h ec r ane h a sb een moved t ot h es eawa rd s i de

1 84

o ft h eC a s t le a nd as ma l lc ana lh a sb een d ug t oe nab le s ma l lv e s se l st ob eu n loaded i nf r on to ft h e g a teway ( A lgemeen R i j l c sa rch ief VELH -619 -32 -G79204 ) .

1 85

F igu r e5 0 . F igu re 5 1 . F igu r e5 2 .

T he n ew Wa terpoo r tb u i l ti nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry t or ep lace t h eo r ig ina l( d eH a an , 1 922 : K 9 ) . Ab a rc ha r ts how ing t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h eb ead d i ame t e r si n mm f o r4 6r ed c o ra lb ead s . A s say ma rk so nt h es i lve ro b jec t ss how ing w he re t h es i lve rs amp le w a st a ken .

1 90 1 94 1 96

F igu re 5 3 .

Two v i ew so ft h ee we r BAT 3 035 s how ing t h ec a r touche sa nd t h ee ng raved d eco ra t ion .T he l e f t h and v i ew s how st h es e r van to f f e r ing t h es ea ted g en t leman ac ove red b ow l .I nt h er i gh t -hand v iew

F igu re 5 4 .

t h es e rvan tc a r r ie s ae we r . Ad e ta i lo ft h ee ng rav ing s how ing t h ec a r touche a nd t h ef l o ra la nd r i bbon d eco ra t ion s

1 96 1 99

F igu re 5 5 . F igu r e5 6 .

D e ta i lo ft h es e rvan tw i th t h ee we ro nt h eb a s in E ng raved d e co ra t ion sa bove t h ec a r touche .

1 99 2 00

F igu re 5 7 .

T he c a r touche s how ing t h ec ove red b ow l .

2 00

F igu r e5 8 .

P la te BAT 3 432 s how ing t h eb ea rh un tc a r touche .

2 02

F igu re 5 9 . F igu re 6 0 . F igu r e6 1 . F igu re 6 2 .

P la te BAT 3 432 s how ing t h ed ee rh un tc a r touche . P la te BAT 3 432 s how ing t h ed e co ra ted s c ro l lw o rk a nd f l o ra ld eco ra t ion . C he rub o nt h ef r ieze o ft h e ' Cande lab ra ' BAT 3 643 . D a te s t amp o nt h e ' Cande lab ra ' BAT 3 643 .

2 02 2 02 2 07 2 07

F igu re 6 3 .

' Cande lab ra ' BAT 3 643 a f t e rr e s to ra t ion .

2 08

F igu re 6 4 . F igu r e6 5 .

At r iangu la rs a l tc e l la r . S i lve r -g i l tC h e rub .

2 09 2 10

V I !

PREFACE T h i sb ook h a sb een m any y ea r si nt h em ak ing .T he e xcava t ion w h ich Id i rec ted f r om 1 971-1975 w a sf o l lowed b y al o ng p e r iod o fr e sea rch a nd d o cumen ta t ion . I n 1 987 , Id ec ided n o t t od e lay p ub l i sh ing t h e e xcava t ion r epo r t a nd c a ta logue o fa r te f ac t sa ny l o nge r ,b u tt oc omb ine t h e se s e c t ion s t oge the rw i th t h e i ra r chaeo log ica li n t e rp re ta t ion i na b ook ,l e av ing t h es h ip 's s t ruc tu re r e po r tu n t i l al a t e rp ub l ica t ion .T he d e c i s ion t op ub l i sh t h eB a tav ia r epo r ti nt wo p a r t s w a si nf luenced b yt h ef a c tt h a tt h er e con s t ruc t ion o ft h eB a tav ia w a su n l ike ly t ob ef i n ished b e fo re1989 .A st h es e c t ion d ea l ing w i th t h es h ip 's s t ruc tu re c ou ld n o tb ef i na l ized u n t i lt h ec omp le t ion o ft h is p ro jec t ,i ts e emed e xped ien tt op re s s a head w i th t h a tp a r to ft h e w o rk w h ich w a sr e ady f o rp ub l ica t ion , t op roduce t h is b ook . A f t e rt h e c omp le t ion o ft h e r e con s t ruc t ion a nd r e sea rch o nt h eh u l ls t ruc tu re , af u r the rv o lume w i l li n c lude ar epo r to nt h i sa sw e l la st h ec o inage , t h eh uman s ke le ta l ma te r ia la nd t h el a nd -ba sed a r chaeo logy ,t o ge the rw i th ah i s to r ica lr e v iew o ft h es h ipw reck ,a nd o t he r s ma l lm a t te r st h a tm ay h ave b een m is sed i nt h ef i r s tv o lume . T he p re sen tb ook i sd i v ided i n to t h ree p a r t s : t h e e xcava t ion , t h ea r te fa c t s a nd t h e i n te rp re ta t ion . T he f i r s tp a r ti s s t ra igh t fo rwa rd ,b e ing a na ccoun to ft h ee xcava t ion a nd t h et e chn ique su sed f o rd ocumen t ing a nd r e co rd ing . S ome o f t h i sw o rk h a sb een r epo r ted e l sewhe re ( G reen ( 1 974 , 1 975 a nd 1 980 i i ) ,G reen a nd B ake r( 1 976 ) ,G reen a nd P ea r son ( 1975 )a nd I ng leman -Sundbe rg ( 1 977 ) ) ,b u tt h es e c t ion h e re d e sc r ibe st h ee xcava t ion i nd e ta i l . T he a r te f ac tc a ta logue i s amo re c omp lex p rob lem . F o rt h ep u rpo se s o fc l a s s if i ca t ion , Ih ave a t temp ted t og roup a r te f ac t st o ge the rw h ich w ou ld h ave h ad an a tu ra la s soc ia t ion o nb oa rd t h es h ip .T he m e r i t sa nd t h ed rawba ck so ft h i s a pp roa ch a r e d i scu s sed f u l ly i nt h e f i na l s e c t ion ' A rchaeo log ica l s i gn if icance o ft h e a r te fac t s ' . Is hou ld p o in t o u t , h oweve r ,t h a tw he re a ni t em may h ave an umbe ro fd i f f e ren tf unc t ion so rp u rpo se so nb oa rd t h es h ip ,a nd t h u sb e long t os eve ra ld i f f e ren tg roup s , Ih ave t r i ed t op l ace i ti nt h e mo s to bv iou s o rr e levan tg roup . R eade r s a r er e f e r red t ot h e ' Con ten t s 'p ages f o r ad e ta i led l i s t ing o ft h eg roup sa nd t h ep l a c ing o fa r tef a c t sw i th in t h em a nd t ot h e' A r chaeo log ica l s i gn if icance o ft h ea r tef a c t s ' c hap t e rf o ra ne xp lana t ion o ft h ese p l ac ing s . I n mo s tc a se st h eo b jec t sr e co rded i nt h ec a ta logue a r ei lu s t ra ted e i the rb y al i ne d raw ing o rb y ap ho tog raph .A l lt h e d raw ings a r ea t as ca le o f1 : 2u n le s so t he rw i se s t a t ed .T he r eg i s t ra t ion n umbe r sp ref ixed w i th t h el e t te r s' BAT 'r e f e rt o t h e o b jec t 's r eg i s t ra t ion n umbe r r e co rded o n t h e o b jec t a nd o n t h e m a s t e r r eg i s te r i nt h e D epa r tmen t o f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy a tt h e We s te rn A u s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Mu seum . Af ew g roup so f ma te r ia lh ave n o tb een i lu s t ra ted b e cau se t h ey a r eu n su i tab le o ri n app rop r ia te a si lu s t ra t ion s ,t h eb r ick s , f o re xamp le ; i no t he rc a se s( t he b ea rdman m a sk sa nd m eda l l ions )t h ec omp le te c o l lec t ion h a sb een i lu s t ra ted t os how t h er a nge a nd d i ve r s i ty . T he c hap te r' A rchaeo log ica ls i gn i f icance o ft h ea r te f ac t s ' d i scu s se st h ec omp lex i ty o fc l a s s i fy ing m a t e r ia lf r om a w re ck s i te t h a th a s al a rge h i s to r ica ld ocumen ta t ion .A na ccoun ti sg i ven o ft h el i s t st h a tw e re u sed b yt h ea dm in i s t ra t i on o f t h e V .O .C . t o s pe c i fy t h e ma te r ia ls l o aded o n b oa rd t h e i r s h ip s , e xam in ing t h e i r r e levance t o ma r i t ime a r chaeo log ica le xcava t ion w o rk .T he i t em st h a th ave s pec ia ls i gn if icance t ot h ed ocumen ta ry e v idence a r ed i scu ssed a nd , f i na l ly ,s ome c onc lu s ion sa r ed rawn a bou tt h er e sea rch i ng ene ra l . Ih ave f ound H en r ie t ta D rake -Brockman 's b ook V oyage t oD i sas t er ( D rake -Brockman , 1 966 )e x t reme ly u sefu li n t h ec ou r se o ft h i sw o rk ,e spe c ialy t h et r an s la t ion so fP e l sae r t 's J our na lb yE .D .D rok ,w h ich a ppea ri ni t .H oweve r ,a l t h et r an s la t ion sh ave b een e xam ined a nd c ompa red a ga in s ta no r ig ina lc opy o ft h em anu sc r ip to fP e l sae r t 's J ou rna l . Ih ave t ype se tt h i sb ook my se l fu s ing aMac in to sh S Ec ompu t e ra nd aL a se r Wr i te rP lu s .T he o r ig ina lt e x tw a st y ped u s ing M ic ro sof t Wo rd 1 . 03 a nd t h en t ype se t u s ing P age Make r 3 .S ta t i s t ica l w o rk u t i l ized S ta t s V iew 5 12+ Tm a nd M ic ro sof tE xce la nd c ha r t sf r om t h e se a pp l ica t ion sw e re p a s ted ,v ia t h ec l ipboa rd ,d i re c t ly i n to t h et y pe se tt e x t . T he v i ews a nd o p in ion sa r et h o se o ft h ea u tho r ,e xcep tw he re o t he r sa r ec i ted . I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy ,O xfo rd Ma r ch 1 989

i x

THE EXCAVATION OF THE BATAVIA T he s i te I n troduc t ion I nt h ee a r ly h ou r so ft h em o rn ing o ft h ef o u r th o fJ une 1 629 ,t h eV .O .C .r e tou r s ch ip B a tav ia ,f o unde red o n ar e e f o ft h et r ea che rou sH ou tman A b ro lho s ,a bou t6 5k mo f ft h e c oa s to f We s te rn A u s t ra l ia .A l though n ol i ve sw e re l o s ti n t h e w re ckage i t se l f , t h e s h ipw re ck w a s ap r e lude t oa n e x t rao rd ina ry t r agedy .S ho r t ly a f te rt h ed i sa s te r ,t h ec om m ande r , F ranc i sco P e l sae r t , m ad e ac r i t i ca l d e c i s ion . A bandon ing t h e7 0p eop le w ho s t il r ema ined o nt h ev e s se l — b yt h i st i me b r eak ing u pi nt h und e rou ss u r f —P e l sa e r t t o ok t h es h ip 's l o ngboa ta nd d epa r ted ,o s ten s ib ly i ns e a r ch o fw a t e r . H e w a sa c compan ied b ya l t h e s e n io rr a nk ing o f f i ce r s ,s ome c r ew a nd p a s senge r s — ap a r ty o f4 8i na l l . L e f tb eh ind w e re 1 98 s u rv ivo r s w ho 'd s t rugg led t ot wo w a t e r le s si s land sc l o se b y ,a sw el a st h eu nf o r tuna te ss t i l l o nboa rd .P e l sae r t ' sg r oup m ade af r u i t le s ss e a r ch f o rw a t e r a s t h ey s a i led n o r th a l ong t h e m a in land c oa s t , f i na l ly m ak ing t h e i rw ay t oB a tav ia ,t oo b ta in h e lp .T he i rv oyage l a s ted 3 d ay s . O n a r r iva l , t h e h i gh b oa t swa in w a s e xe c u ted ,o nP e l sae r t 's i n d ic tmen t ,f o ro u t rageou sb ehav iou r p r io rt ot h el o s so ft h es h ip .T he s k ipp e r ,A d r ien J a cob sz w a s a r r e s ted , a ga in o n P e l sa e r t 's w o rd , f o r n eg l igence . S even d ay sa f te rh e 'd r e ached B a tav ia ,P e l sa e r tw a sd i s p a t ched i nt h ej a ch tS ardam ,b yG ove rno rG ene ra lC oen , t oe f f e c t ar e scue .T hey m e tw i th e x t r ao rd ina ry b ad l u ck , a nd i tt o ok 6 3 d ay s t or e tu rn t ot h e w reck s i te , a lmo s t d oub le t h e p e r iod o f t h e v oyage b y t h e s h ip 's b oa t t o B a tav ia .A r r iv ing b a ck a tt h ei s land sh e 'd d e se r ted ,P e l sae r t d i scove red t h a tm u t iny a nd at e r r ib le m a s sa c re h ad t a ken p l a ce .L ed b yt h eu nde rme r chan t ,J e ron imu sC o rne l i sz ,a g roup o fm u t ine e r sh ad m a s sa c red 1 25 m en ,w omen a nd c h i ld ren .A f te ra r re s t ing t h er i ng l eade r s ,P e l sa e r ts e tu pa c ou r t o n t h ei s land s w he re t h em u t ine e r s w e re t r i ed a nd s ome o f t h em e xe cu t ed . Wh i l s t t h e l e ng thy t r i a l s w e re t a k ing p l ace ,P e l sae r td i l igen t ly s e ta bou tr e cove r ing t h e c he s t so fs pec ie a nd o t he rv a luab le i t em sf r om t h ew reck , u s ing d i ve r sf r om G u ja ra t . When t h eS a rdam f i na l ly r e tu rned t oB a tav ia ,s ome o f t h eo t he ro f f ende r s ,w ho a l ready f o rt h e i rd eed sh ad b een f l ogged ,k ee lhau led a nd d ropped f r om t h ey a rd -a rm ,w e re t h en e xe cu t ed .O f3 16 p eop le w ho h ad s a i led f r om Am s t e r d am a boa rd t h eB a tav ia ,o n ly 16 s u rv ived . F o r t h e V .O .C . , t h e s h ipw r eck o f t h e B a tav ia o n ly c ompounded w ha th ad a l ready p roven t ob e af i nanc ia l ly d i sa s t rou sy ea r .T he c a rgo w a sv a lued a tf l .2 59888 .11 .4 , o fw h ich f l .4 0000 —4 5000 w a sl o s t . H oweve r ,t h i sn ew r e tour s ch ip w a s t h e t h i rd l o s s o f t h e 1 628 f l ee t . T he ' sG rav enhage h ad b een d i sab led j u s t a f te r l e av ing t h e N e the r land s a nd w a s f o r ced t ou n load f o rr e pa i r s a nd a m a jo rr e f i t .T he Wap en v an E nckhu i s en b l ew u po f fS i e r ra L eone w i th o n ly 5 7s u rv ivo r s .T hey w e re p i cked u pb yt h e L e id en ,w h ich i t se l fl o s to ve r1 70 t h rough s i ckne s so nt h e o u twa rd v oyage .I nt h i sc l oud o fm i s fo r tune ,t h ew reck o f t h eB a tav ia t h u ss oon p a s sed i n to o b scu r i ty .T a sman w a s i n s t ruc ted i n1 644 t ol o ca t et h ew r e ck s i te a nd r e cove rt h e b ronze c annon ,b u th ed i dn o tr e a ch t h eA b ro lho s . I n1 647 ,a n a c coun to ft h ed i sa s t e rw a sp ub l i shed b y J an J an sz ,e n t i t led O nge luck ige V oyag i ev an ' tS ch ip B a ta -

v i a .T h i sr a nt o an umbe ro fr e p r in t sa sw e l la st op i r a ted e d i t ion s . E ven i n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry , t h e e ven t s o f t h e B a tav ia i n c id en tw e re n o tc omp le te ly f o rgo t t en :v an D am ( i n1 70 1 )r e coun t st h es t o ry ,a sd oe sV a len t i jn i n1 724 -26 . T he re w a se ven a nE ngl i sh a c coun to ft h el o s s ,a l be i tt h e a u tho rw a s s omewha tc on fu sed a nd p u tt h ew re ck i nt h e B raz i l ian A b ro lho s . I n 1 840 , L ieu tenan t L o r t S t oke s a nd C ommande r J .W ickham v i s i ted t h eA b ro lho si nH .M .S .B eag l e ,a sp a r t o fa ne a r ly s u rvey o ft h e We s te rn A u s t ra l ian c oa s t .D u r ing t h ee xp ed i t ion ,t h ey i d en t if i ed ,c o r re c t ly ,t h es i t eo ft h el o s s o f t h e V .O .C . s h ip Z eew t j k w h ich w a s w r eck ed i nt h e S ou the rn A b ro lho s i n1 727 . H oweve r , t h ey e r roneou s ly i d en t if ied t h ev e ry s ou the rn e nd o ft h eA b ro lho s ,a st h es i t e w he re t h eB a tav ia w a sl o s t .I nt h ee a r ly 1 960 s ,H en r ie t ta D rake -B ro ckman , aWe s t e rn A u s t ra l ian h i s to r ian , w ho h ad s t ud ied at r an s la t ion o fP e l sae r t 's J ou rna l ,s ugge s ted t h a tt h ew re ck s i te l a yf u r the rt ot h en o r th ,i nt h e Wa l lab i G roup o ft h eA b ro lho s .I n1 963 ,t h ew r eck s i te w a sl o ca t ed o n Mo rn ing R ee f ,i nt h e Wa l lab iG roup . S i nce t h e d i scove ry o ft h e w reck s i t e , an umbe r o f e xped i t ion sh ave b een m ade t ot h eB a tav ia . I n1 963 ,t h e f i r s t m a jo r e xped i t ion r e cove red t h r ee b ronze a nd o ne c ompo s i te c annon , t wo a s t ro labe s , s ome c o in s a nd c e r am ic m a t e r ia l . I n 1 964 , t h e S t a te G over nmen t e na c ted l e g i s la t ion t op ro t ec tt h i sa nd o t he rh i s to r ic w r e ck so nt h e c oa s t .T h i sl e g i s la t ion w a sa mended t w ice ,i t sf i na lf o rm b e ing t h e Mar i t ime A rchaeo logy A c t , 1 973 . I n1 972 ,t h e A u s t ra l ian N e the r land s A g reemen t o n O ld D u t ch S h ip w re ck s w a s s i gned , w he r eby t h e N e the r land s G ove rn m en t ,a ss u cce s so r st ot h eV .O .C . ,t r an s f e r red a ny r i gh t s t h a tt h ey m igh tc l a im ,t ot h eA u s t ra l ian G ove rnmen t .T he We s te rn A u s t ra l ian Mu seum w a sr e cogn ized i nt h eA c t s , a st h eb ody r e spon s ib le f o rt h ea r cha eo log i ca le x cava t ion a nd s t udy o ft h e se s i te s .T he f i r s tm a jo rB a tav ia e x cava t ion m oun t ed b yt h e Mu seum ,c ommen ced i n1 972 .F rom t h a t b eg inn ing ,t h eB a tav ia p rog ramme h a sd eve loped i n to o ne o ft h el a rge s ta nd mo s ta mb i t iou sm a r i t ime a r chaeo log ica l p ro jec t su nde r taken b yt h e We s te rn A u s t ra l ian Mu seum . I nf o u rs e a son so ff i e ld -wo rk ,t h es t em s e c t ion o ft h es h ip w a sc omp le t e ly e xcava ted ,l e av ing as ma l ls e c t ion o ft h e b ow a r ea o ft h es i te u nexcava t ed ,f o rs t udy a ts ome p o in t i nt h ef u tu re . T h i sr e po r td e sc r ibe st h ee xcava t ion a nd t h em e thod s u sed .I ts hou ld b ee mpha s ized t h a tt h i sw a so ne o ft h ef i r s t e xcava t ion s u nde r taken b y t h e D epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A r chaeo logy a nd m any o ft h et e chn ique su sed w e r ep i o n ee red o nt h i ss i t e .A dd i t iona l ly ,i ts hou ld b en o t ed t h a tt h e s i t ei sf a rf r om i d ea lf o rc a r ry ing o u td e ta i led a nd e xa c t ing a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd ing . I ti se x t reme ly e xpo sed a nd o f t en d ange rou st ow o rk .T he w ea the ra nd s e ac ond i t ion s a r ei mpo s s ib le t op red ic tw i th c e r ta in ty .T he re fo r e ,t h e r e w a s n eve r a ny g ua ran t ee t h a t o n t h e f o l low ing d ay o n e w ou ld b ea b le t ow o rk o n t h e s i te . T he r a t io o fd ay so ne c ou ld d i ve t od ay sw hen i tw a si mpo s s ib le t od i ve w a sq u i t e l ow ( 1 :3 ) . Ac on s ide rab le a moun t o f a r cha eo logy w a s a ch ieved i ns p i te o ft h e se d i f f i cu l t ie s . 1

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T he w reck s i te T he B a tav ia w re ck s i te i sl o ca t ed o n Mo rn ing R ee fi n t h e Wa l lab i G roup o ft h e Hou tman Ab ro lho s ( F ig . 1 ) , a s e r ie so fi s le t sa nd r e ef sl y ing b e tween l a t i tude s2 8 °14 'S a nd 2 9 ° 0 0 ' Sa nd l ong i tude s 13° 3 5 ' Ea nd 14° 0 4 ' E , a bou t 6 5 km f r om t h e ma in land o f We s te rn A u s t ra l ia . T he re a r e f ou r g roup s o f i s land s w i th in t h e A b ro lho s : ( s ta r t ing f r om t h e n o r th ) No r th I s land , Wa l lab i G roup , E a s te r G roup a nd P e l sae r t G roup . T hey r ep re sen t t h e s ou the rn -mo s t , w e l l -deve loped c o ra l r e ef i n t h e I nd ian O cean .T he i s land sw e re f o rmed o nr e ef ,c o ra ls h ing le o r l a goona ll ime s tone sl a id d own i nt h es ea leve lh i gh so ft h e P le i s to cene I n te r -g la c ia l ( Bea rd a nd B u rn s , 1 976 ) . T he A b ro lho s w e re f i r s t s i gh ted b y F rede r ik d e H ou tman ( whose n ame t h ey b ea r ) i n 1 619 i nt h e s h ip D ord rech t : ' . .a tn i gh ta bou tt h ree h ou r sb e fo re d ay -b reak ,w e a ga in u nexpe c ted ly c ame u pon al ow ly ing c oa s t , al e ve lb roken c oun t ry w i th r ee f s a l la r ound i t . We s aw n oh i gh l a nd o r m a in land , s o t h a tt h i s s hoa li st ob ec a re fu l ly a vo ided a s v e ry d ange rou st os h ip st h a tw i sh t ot o uch t h i sc oa s t .I ti s f u l ly t e nm i j len i nl e ng th ,l y ing i n2 8 °4 6 'l a t i tude '( Hee re s , 1 899 ) . A sm en t ioned p rev ious ly , t h eH ou tman A b ro lho s w a se x tens ive ly s u rveyed b yL ieu tenan tL o r tS toke sa nd

T he re i s as y s tema t ic ,a nnua lw ea the rp a t te rn . I ns um m e r , t h ep redom inan tw ind i ss ou the r ly , w i th a4 0% f r e q uency o fB eaufo r tF o rce 5 -6 . Win te ri sc ha ra c t e r ized b y v a r iab le w ind sw i th as ma l ln umbe r( 2% )o fB eaufo r tF o rce 8 12 g a le s . S p r ing i sa l so v a r iab le w i th m i ld w ind s , s e e A us tra l ian P i lo tV o l . 5( Hyd rog raphe ro ft h eN avy ,1 972 ) . T he t i da l r ange i n t h e A b ro lho s i sa bou t 0 . 8 m , a nd i s s t rong ly a f f ec ted b yw ind a nd b a rome t r ic p re s su re .T hu s ,a 3 4m i l l iba ra tmo sphe r ic p re ssu re c hange c an c au se ad i f f e r e nce i nt h e s ea leve l o fa bou t0 . 3 m( Au s t ra l ian G ove rn m en tP ub l i sh ing S e rv ice , 1 976 ) . C yc lone sa r ec ommon ly e xpec ted i nt h i s a r ea b e tween J anua ry a nd Ma rch . T h ree c yc lone sw e re e xpe r ienced d u r ing t h ef ou rs ea son so fw o rk o nt h es i te ,n one o fw h ich c au sed s e r ious d amage ,t h eo n ly d i f f icu l ty w a s t os e cu re amoo r ing f o rt h ew o rkboa t . T he g rea te s tp rob lem p o sed b yw o rk ing o nt h eB a tav ia s i te o r , f o rt h a t ma t te r ,a ny w re ck o n t h ee xpo sed r e e f so f We s te rn A us t ra l ia , i st h a to ft h es we l l .T he d om inan ta nd c on s i s ten ts ea sona l movemen to fs we l li sf r om t h es ou th w e s t .T he se s we l l sa r eg ene ra ted f a ro u ti nt h eI nd ian O cean b yt h e movemen to ff r on ta lt r ough s ,a nd b yh i gh p re s su re

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F i gu re 3 .

Map o ft h e Mo rn ing R ee fa r ea o ft h e Wa l lab iG roup ,s how ing t h eB a tav ia w reck s i te ,t h ei n s id er e ef a r ea w he re w reckage h a sb een w a shed o ve rt h er e e fa nd B eacon I s land ,f o rme r ly k nown a sB a tav ia 's G raveya rd .

4

F igu re 4 .

B eacon I s land s how ing t h e We s ter nA u s t ra l ian Mu seum f i e ld s t a t ion i nt h ef o reg round a nd v a r iou sf i she rmen 's h ou se s , i nt h eb ackg round i s Mo rn ing R eef a nd t h ew reck s i te .

B eyond t h em a in s i te ,i nt h el a goon s ha l lows o nt h e i n s ide o ft h er e e f ,i sa na r ea a bou t5 00 m l o ng b y a bou t 2 00 m w ide w he re m a te r ia l f r om t h e w r eck h a s b een d r iven b ys t o rms .F o rt h ep u rpo se so ft h is t e x t ,t h i sa r ea w i l lb er e f e r red t oa st h e ' i n s ide r ee fs i te ' . D ep th sh e re r a nge f r om 0 . 5 t o 2m a nd a r te f ac t s c on s i s t o f l a rge n umbe r so ff r agmen t so fs t onewa re ,b r ick s ,s ome r emnan t s o fc ha in p l a te sa nd o cca s iona lc o ins . T he ma in s i te ,o u t s ide t h er e ef ,i sa bou t5 0 ml o ng a nd 1 5 mw ide .A tt h en o r th e nd o ft h es i te ,c l o se s tt ot h er e e f , a r e t h ree l a rge a ncho r s , a nd af ou r th l i e s 7 8 mf u r the r n o r th i nt h es ha l lows o nt o po ft h er e ef . A long t h ew e s te rn s i de o ft h es i te , t wen ty -one i r on , f i ve b ronze a nd t wo c ompo s i te c annon s w e re l o ca ted w hen t h e s i te w a s f i r s td i scove red i n1 963 .P r io rt ot h e s t a r to ft h e Mu seum 's f i r s te xcava t ion s ea son ,t h ree i r on , o ne c ompo s i te a nd a l lf i ve o ft h eb ronze c annon h ad b e en r a i sed . Ag roup o ff ou ra ncho r s w e re l o ca ted a bou tt h e m id -po in t ,o nt h ee a s ts i de o ft h ew reck s i te . S l igh t ly t o t h es ou th o ft h e se a ncho r s ,a c ro s st h es i te ,w a s ap i le o f d i s t inc t ive ly s haped b u i ld ing b lock s . T he s i te l i e si n as ha l low d ep re ss ion i nt h er e e f ,a tt h e s ou th e nd o fw h ich t h e re w a s an o t iceab le d rop ,s ome 1 2m f r om t h es e abed leve l . A tt h en o r th e nd ,t h e re i sn o n o t iceab le d ep re s s ion .O nt h ei n i t ia ls i te i n spe c t ion ,a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e f i r s ts ea son , t h e re w e re n o s ma l l a r te f a c t sa pa r tf r om af ew b r ick s .T he o n ly o bv iou ss i gn so f w re ck w e re t h ec annon ,a ncho r sa nd b u i ld ing b l ock s .

( c . 1 2 m ) , b u t a s t h ey a pp roa ch t h e r i s ing s e abed , t h e a mp l i tude i n c rea se su n t i l ,i ns ha l low w a te r ,t h ec r e s ts t a r t s t ob reak .I tt e nd st ob u i ld u po ve r an umbe ro fd ay s ,f r om f l a tc a lm a nd a lmo s ti mpe r cep t ib le s we l l ,t os we l l s mo re t h an 1 0 mi nh e igh t w i th b reak ing c r e s t s . A s t h e s we l l b u i ld su p ,t h eb reak ing o ft h ew ave o ccu r sp rog re s s ive ly f u r the r a way f r om t h e r e e f . T hu s , t h e d ange r f o r t h e w o rkboa t o fb e ing s wamped o n i t s moo r ing , g r adua l ly i n c rea se s .T he re ,a l so ,a ppea r st ob e as ho r t te rm p e r iod ic i n c rea se i nw ave a mp l i tude .T hu s ,i n af ew h ou r s , ag roup o f t h ree o r f ou r ' l a rge r t h an n o rma l ' w ave s a r e o f ten e xpe r ienced .T he u se o ft wo moo r ing p o in t s ,5 0 ma nd 7 5 mf r om t h es i te ,e nab led t h e wo rkboa tt oo pe ra te o nt h es i te i nb o th r ough a nd c a lm c ond i t ion s .I ft h es we l lw a sg rea te r t h an 6m in h e igh to ri fi tw a sb reak ing c l o se t ot h ev e s se l , d i v ing o pe ra t ions w e re t e rm ina ted .C u r iou s ly ,t h e re w a s l i t t le d ange rt ot h ed ive r so nt h es eabed ,e ven w hen t h es ea w a sb reak ing o ve rhead .A ta l lt ime s ,t h ed i ve r 's a i rs upp ly h o se s a c ted a s as a f e ty l i ne . E ven i nt h e e ven to f af r ee d i ve rb e ing d r iven o n to t h er e e f , t h ed ep th o ve rt h er e e f w a ss u ch t h a to ne c ou ld s w im i n to c a lme rw a te ro nt o po f t h er e e f ,w he re t h ew ave sw ou ld h ave d i s s ipa ted . T he w reck s i te l i e sa bou t8 00 m e a s tf r om t h es ou th w e s tc o rne ro f Mo rn ing R eef ,s ome 1 00 m f r om t h et op o f t h er e e f .A cce s st ot h es i te f r om B eacon I s land w a se i the r b yt h ew o rkboa t ,t h rough G o s sP a ssage ,o ri ns ma l lb oa t s a c ro s st h ei n s ide r e ef ,l a goon a r ea a nd t h rough t h eb reak i nt h er e e ft ot h ee a s to ft h es i te ( F ig . 3 ) . 5

F igu re 5 .

P lan o ft h eB a tav ia w reck s i te s how ing t h ec annon a nd a ncho r se x i s t ing o nt h es i te i n1 971 . 6

F igu re 6 .

Al i f t ing s hee r legs o nB eacon I s land b e ing u sed t ol i f tt h ec ompo s i te c annon o f ft h e p or tab le t r o l ley .

T he f a c i l i t ies B eacon I s land w a st ob et h eb a se f o rt h ee xcava t ion , a nd h e re as ma l lh ou se w a sc on s truc ted t oa ccommoda te s i x p eop le , w i th aw o rk shop , s t o rage s hed a nd as ma l l d a rk room b u i l tn ea rby . A 1 . 5 kw d i e se l g ene ra to r w a s u sed t op rov ide l i gh t ing ,a nd t oo pe ra te p owe rt oo l s ,a n a r c w e lde r a nd a f r e eze r . A s t and -by 0 . 75 k w p e t ro l g ene ra to rw a sa va i lab le i nc a se o fb reakdown o ft h em a in u n i t .A st h e re w a sn of r e sh w a te ra va i lab le o nt h ei s land , t h ree l a rge c a tchmen t t a nk s w i th a t o ta l c apac i ty o f 1 0 ,000 l i t re sw e re u sed t oc olec tr a inwa te rf r om t h er oo f s o f t h e b u i ld ing s i nt h e w in te r r a iny s ea son . S ince t h e e xcava t ion s e a son s t ook p l ace i nt h e r a in le s s s umme r ,

Aj e t ty w a sb u i l tf r om t h en o r th -ea s te nd o ft h ei s land , n ex tt ot h ef i e ld s t a t ion ,o u tt o ad eep -wa te rp a ssage .T h i s a l lowed t h e l a rge w o rkboa t t ou n load d i re c t ly o n to t h e i s land , a nd e nab led t h e i s land s upp ly b oa ta nd o the rb ig v e sse l st oc ome a l ong s ide t ob el o aded w i th h eavy ma te r i a l .T ot h is e nd , ad av i tw i th al i f t ing c apa c i ty o fa bou t0 . 5 t o nne w a sc on s t ruc ted o n t h ee nd o ft h ej e t ty f o rl o ad ing a nd u n load ing f r om t h e b oa t s . R ad io c ommun ica t ion s w e re e s tab l i shed w i th t h e ma in land c oa s ta lr ad io s t a t ion s , a nd m e ssage sc ou ld b es en te i the ra st e leg rams o nt h es ma l l s h ip s 'f r equenc ie so rv i a ar ad io t e lephone f r equency l i nk w i th P e r th .

w a te rr e st r ic t ion sw e re n e ce s sa ry . 7

F igu re 7 .

T he D epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy w o rkboa tH en r ie t ta .

S taff ing P e rhap so ne o ft h e mo s tu nde r ra ted a spe c t so fe xcava t i on w o rk i se n su r ing t h ew e l l -be ing o fp e r sonne l .T h i sw a s p a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan to nt h eBa tav ia e xcava t ion d ue t ot h e r emo t ene s so ft h es i te ,a nd t h el o ng p e r iod so ff i e ld -wo rk . I fs t a f fa r ee xpec t ed t ow o rk e ff i c ien t ly f o ru pt o1 50 d ay s i nt h ef i e ld , i ti se s sen t ia l t oe n su re t h a tg ood l i v ing a nd w o rk f a c i l i t ie s a r e p rov ided , i nc onv iv ia l s u r round ing s . T he s i ze o f t h e t e am u sualy n umbe red a bou t s e ven , c omp r i sed m a in ly o fs t a f ff r om t h eD epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy ,w i th o ne o rt wo v o lun tee r s .T h i sw a sa n i d ea ln umbe r ,b o th f r om t h ep o in to fv i ew o fc a r ry ing o u t t h ee xcava t ion w o rk a nd t h ea b i l i ty o ft h eg r oup t of u nc t ion a s at e am .D u r ing d i v ing o p e ra t ion s ,3 4p e r son sw o rked o nt h es i te ,w i th 1 2t e nd ing o nt h ew o rkboa t ,a nd o ne p e r s on l o ok ing a f t e rt h ec amp .S i nce t h en a tu re o ft h ee x cava t i on w o rk o n t h i s s i te w a s p e r iod ic , w i th a f ew d ay s i n ten s ive d i v ing f olowed b y ap e r iod o fn on -d iv ing d ue t o b ad w ea the r ,t h e re w a sn o tt h eu sua lc umu la t ive e xhau s t ion o f t en a s so c ia ted w i th l o ng d i v ing p e r iod s .D u r ing t h eb ad w ea the rp e r iod s ,i tw a sp o s s ib le t ow o rk o nt h em a t e r ia l t h a th ad b een r a i sed ,p ho tog raph ing ,c a ta logu ing a nd r e c o rd ing , a nd t h e re w a s t i me a l so t om a in ta in e qu ipmen t a nd t or e lax . D u r ing t h ep e r iod f r om A ugu s tt oF eb r ua ry ,t h eA b ro l h o sa r eu n inhab i ted ,a nd d u r ing t h e se t i me s ,f r e sh f r u i ta nd v ege tab le sw e re f l own o u tb ys e a -p lane o nce af o r tn igh t , t o ge the r w i th m a i l a nd n ew spape r s . T he a i r c ra f t a l so s e rved t oc hange -ove rs t a f f ,a nd w a sa va i lab le f o re me r g enc ie s .T he p e r iod f r om F eb rua ry t oA ugu s ti st h eA b ro l h o s c r ay f i sh ing s e a son , a tw h ich t i me s e ve ra l h und red f i she rmen ,w i th t h e i rf am i l ie s ,l i ve i nh u t so nt h ei s land s . As upp ly b oa tv i s i ted B eacon I s land e ve ry t wo d ay sd u r ing t h i sp e r iod ,b r ing ing p rov i s ion sf o ro u rt e am a nd t h ef o u r f am i l ie st h e re w ho w e re i n vo lved i nf i sh ing . Af r ee ze rw a s u sed t os t o re m ea t ,b r ead a nd m i lk , a nd aw e l l -ba lanced d i e tw a se n su red a ta l lt i me s .

B oa ts T he m a in e xcava t ion w o rk w a sc a r r ied o u tf r om H en r i e t ta , as t ee lw o rkboa t , 1 ml o ng ,4 . 5 mb eam a nd 1 . 2m d r augh t .T h i sv e s se lw a ss p ec ia l ly d e s igned t ot h es p ec if i c a t ion so ft h e D epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A r chaeo logy f o r t h is t y pe o fw o rk .T he v e s se lh ad at o ps peed o fa bou t 1 6 km /h p rov ided b yt w in t u rbo -cha rged d i e se le ng ine s . Tw in e ng ine sw e re c ho sen f o rm anoeuv r ab i l i ty a nd s a f e ty .S hou ld o ne e ng ine b r eak d own ,t h e re w a sa lway st h ep o s s ib il i ty o f s t eam ing t op o r tw i thou ta s s i s tance .T he d ropp ing t r an som p rov ided a c ce s so n to af l a t ,r e info r ced s t e rn d eck 7m l o ng . Ah yd raul i c' A 'f r ame e nab led l o ad st ob es wung i n -boa rd o n to t h ed eck .L i f t ing w a sp rov ided b ya 4t o nne h yd raul i c w in ch ,o p e ra ted f r om t h ew hee l -hou se a nd h ou sed b e low i nt h ee ng ine r oom .T he w hee l -hou se w a so pen t ot h es t e rn , w i th ah a t ch l e ad ing t ot h ef o re -peak w h ich h ad s l eep ing a c commoda t ion f o rf ou rp eop le , as ma l lg a l ley ,r e f r ige ra t o ra nd t h es h ip 's r a d io . Ah a t ch i nt h er oof o ft h ef o re -peak p rov ided at h rough d r a f t . Two h ookah u n i t sw e r e moun t ed o nt h eb ow ,f e ed ing l ow p r e s su r e( 8k Pa )a i rt ot h ea i r supp ly l i ne s .F o rc onven i e nce ,t h e se l i ne sw e re w ound o nr e e l s moun ted o nt h er oo f o ft h ec ab in .T he h ookah sc on s i s t ed o f as mal 2k w( 2 .7 h p ) p e t ro le ng ine d r iv ing o nt h el ow -p re s su re a i rc omp re s so r . T h i ss y s t em p rov id ed a i ra t ar a t eo f2 50 l i m in .A sd i v ing o nt h es i te t o ok p l a ce i nd ep th so fl e s st h an 6m ,t h i ss y s tem w a s p r e f e rab le t os c uba . A t t i me s , 2 7 d i ve r -hou r s w e r e a ch ieved i n as i ng le d ay . T he g r ea t a dvan t age o f t h e h ookah s y s tem w a st h a ta i rw a sa va i lab le f r om as imp le , c heap u n i t ,a nd w a sa dequa te t os upp ly t h ree d i ve r sw o rk i n gh a rd .T he a i rw a sp u r i f ied w i th a5 0 µf i l t e r ,o i l t r ap a nd a c t iva ted c ha r coa lf i l te r .T he h o se s ,w h ich w e re a t tached t ot h ed i ve r 's w e igh tb e l t ,a c ted a s as a f e ty l i ne a nd r e se rve a i r -supp ly .S hou ld t h eh ookah u n i tf a i l ,t h e r ew a se nough a i r i nt h eh o se s t og i ve t h ed i ve r sa tl e a s t 3m inu te s a i r s upp ly . 8

F igu r e8 .

F igu r e9 .

Ap a i ro fp ho tog raph ss how ing t h ee f fe c to f av e ry l a rge a nd u nexpec ted s we l lb reak ing o ve rt h e Henr ie t ta .

T he w ave h a sb rok en o ve rt h ev e s se l , t h eA -f rame c an j u s tb es e en p rot rud ing f r om t h ew ave .T h i si n c iden tt o ok p la ce n ea r ly 1 00 m f u r the ro u tt os ea t h an n o rma lw h i le o b se rv ing t h es we l lb ehav iou r .T he v e s se lw a sn o ta ta ncho ra nd w a s a b le t oh ead t owa rd st h eb r eak ing w ave a nd t hu sa vo id a na lmo s tc e r ta in d i sa s te r .

9

F igu r e 1 0 . Ad ive ri n spec t ing t h ee xposed h u l lt imbe r sb e low c annon N o .5 .

D u r ing d i v ing o pe ra t ions o n t h ew r eck s i te , t h ew o rk b oa tw a sm ade f a s tt o as pe c ia l ly c on s truc ted moo r ing . Two 00 k gs t ocked a ncho r sw e re a t tached i n aV c onf igu ra t ion o pe ra te a i r l if t sa nd a i r -powe red t o o ls . Two d i f f e ren tu n i t s 2 w e re u sed d u r ing t h ev a r iou ss ea son s ; as ma l l2 5001 /m in t o1 00 m o fh eavy l ink c ha in ;2 50 m o fh igh ten s i le c ha in u n i t a nd al a rge r o ne , 4 000 1 /m in . T he s ma l l u n i t w a s a w a sr un f r om t h em id -po in to ft h eh eavy c ha in b ack t ot h e V o lk swagen e ng ine ,i nw h ich t h et wo l e f t -hand c y l inde r s w reck s i te . A5 0k ga ncho rw a sl a id s l igh t ly t oo ne s i de o f o ft h eh o r izon ta l ly o ppo sed e ng ine h ad b een c onve r ted t o t h em idd le o ft h ew re ck s i te . Two c ha in r i se r s ,c onnec ted t o ac omp re s so r .T h i sp rov ided av e ry c ompac tu n i to ccupy - t h eh igh ten s i le c ha in a t5 0 ma nd 7 5 mf r om t h ew r eck s i te , i n g as ma l ld eck s pace .T he l a rge ru n i tw a s aR o ta -Vane w e re a t tached t od an b uoy ss ot h a tt h ee nd sc ou ld b ep i cked c omp re s so r d r iven b y ad i e se l e ng ine . T h i s o ccup ied a u p f r om t h e b oa t . T hu s , o n f i ne d ay s , t h e w o rkboa t w a s red o nt h e5 0 mr i se ra nd ,s hou ld t h ev e s se ln eed t ol i f t l a rge a r ea o nt h ed eck a nd p roved t ob eu n su i tab le f o rf r ee - moo h e a v y o b j e c t s , i t c o u l d b e l e t b a c k o v e r t h e s i t e o n a n f l ow r unn ing ,s i nce i tw a sd i f f icu l tt og e tt h ea dequa te b a ck p re s su re t ha tr o ta ry c omp re s so r sr equ i re . T he a i r -supp ly a dd i t iona lh aw se r .I nt h er a re c a se sw he r et h ew ind w a sn o t b l ow i n g i n t h e s a m e d i r e c t i o n a s t h e p r e v a i l i n g s w e l l , a h o se sf o rt h e se u n i t sw e re moun ted o nt h ec ab in r oof . Two s mal 5 m a l um in ium d i ngh ie s w e re u sed f o r s t e rn r ope a t tached t ot h e w reck s i te a ncho r w a s u sed t o r unn ing a round t h ei s land sa nd w o rk ing o nt h ei n s ide r e ef . d raw t h ev e sse li n to ab ow s -on c onf igu ra t ion t ot h es we l l . nh eavy s we l l c ond i t ions , t h e v e s se l w a s moo red o n t h e F o rs a f e ty ,t h em a in 1 8k w( 2 5 HP )o u tboa rd e ng ine sw e re I u t e r moo r ing .I na l lc a se s ,t h eg rea te s td ange rw a sa lway s s upp lemen ted w i th s t and -by 7 k w ( 9 .5 HP ) o u tboa rd s . o e la ted t ot h ew o rkboa t ,n ece s s i ta t ing t h a t ,a ta l lt ime s ,t h e Eme rgency e qu ipmen tw a s h ou sed i n aw a te r t igh tc on - r e sse l b e s e cu re ly c ha ined t o t h e moo r ing . D iv ing w a s t a ine r , p rov id ing t h eb a s ic t o o l s t or epa i r t h e e ng ine s , a v n va r iab ly t e rm ina ted n o t b ecau se o f a ny d ange r t ot h e s u rv iva l k i t t o l a s t s eve ra l d ays , a nd a l s t anda rd b oa t i i ve r s ,b u tr a the rt h ed ange rp o sed t ot h ew o rkboa td ue t o e me rgency r equ i remen t s( f la re s , f i re e x t ingu i she r ,t o rch , d Al a rge -capac i ty , r oad -d r i l l c omp re s so r w a s u sed t o

f i r s t -a id k i te t c . ) .

i n c rea s ing s wel .

1 0

F igu re 1 . An a i r l i f tb e ing u sed t or emove s and o ve rbu rden o nt h ew re ck s i te ,n o te t h e l i f t ing t r ay ( l e f t )a nd t h eh u l lt imb e r s( r igh t )

T he e xcava t ion r emoved a nd at e s th o le d ug a tc o -o rd ina te 1 30100 t oa T he f i r s te xcava t ion s e a son T he e xcava t ion n e eded t ob ec a re fu l ly p l anned ,t ot a ke d ep th o f1 . 2 m , t h e re w a s s t i l ln o s i gn o fs t ruc tu re t ob e i n to a c coun tt h ep r eva i l ing d i r e c t ion o ft h es wel a nd s u rge f ound .A l so ,t h ec oncep to fd i gg ing at r ench o nt h i ss i te w a s w h i ch w a sa l ong t h ea x is o ft h es i te ,n o r th t owa rd st h er e e f . s hown b ye xpe r ience t ob eo u to ft h eq ue s t ion ,s i n ce a ny r e semb lance t ot r ench w al sw e re r a p id ly s c ou red o u t . I t I tw a s i nt h i s d i r ec t ion t h a t l o o se m a te r ia l t e nded t ob e w a s , h oweve r , q u i te f e a s ib le t oc l ea r a n a r ea s y s tema t i d r iven .T he s i te ,i ni t su nd i s tu rbed s t a te ,b e f o re t h ee x ca c a l ly ,g r adua l ly l owe r ing t h el e ve lb yr emov ing t h ec o ra l v a t ion s t a r ted ,a pp ea red t ob ei n as t ab le s t a te .T he s u r f a ce l ump sa nd b u i ld ing b lo ck si nt h ea r ea .D u r ing t h i si n i t ia l o ft h e s i t e w a s l o o se ly c on c r e ted t o ge the rw i th c o ra l ine p ha se o ft h ee xcava t ion ,t h e re w a sa ne x t reme p au c i ty o f a l ga e t of o rm ac r u s t . O n ce t h i s c r u s t w a s b roken t h e re w ou ld b e at e ndency f o r t h e l o o se m a t e r ia l b e low t ob e a r te f a c t s . A s t h e c l ean ing o pe ra t ion s p rog re s sed w e s t w a rd s a c ro s s t h e s i te , t h ea r te f ac t s i n c rea sed i nn umbe r , s c ou red o u td u r ing s t o rm s .T he s t e rn a r ea w a ss e le c t ed a s t h e s t a r t ing p o in tf o rt h e e xcava t ion , b ecau se i tw a s t h e a nd s e ve ra l c omp le te s t onewa re j ug sw e re f o und a r ound c annon 5 . Wo rk t h en s t a r ted o nc l ean ing a r ound c annon 7 e a s ie s ta r ea t ow o rk ;t h eb ow a r ea w a sm o re t u rbu len ta nd a nd 8i np r epa ra t ion t ot h e i rr emova lf r om t h es i te .F o l low l e s so f t en s u i tab le f o rd i v ing .T he c omp lex o fa ncho r sa nd n g ap ro longed b ad w ea the rp e r iod ,t i mbe r sw e re f o und t o c annon 1 0 , 1a nd 1 2 ,i nt h em idd le o ft h es i te ,f o rmed a i b a r r ie rt os c ou r ing ,s oi tw a sd ec ided t h a tt h i sw ou ld b et h e h ave b een e xpo sed b yt h es cou r ing a c t ion o ccu r r ing a r ound c annon 5 .T h ree f r ame sr unn ing e a s t -we s ta c ro s st h es i te n o r the rn -mo s tl im i to fe xcava t ion .T he i n i t ia le xcava t ion w e r er e s t ing o nw ha ta ppea red t ob eo u te rp l ank ing r u n o b je c t ive w a st or un at r ench a c ro s st h es i te ,i no rde rt og e t n i ng n o r th sou th .E xp lo ra to ry e xcava t ion s howed t h a tt h i s s ome i d ea o ft h es t ra t ig raphy a nd t od e te rm ine i ft h e re w a s r e p re sen ted t h en o r ther ne x t rem i ty o f as e c t ion o ft h es i de a ny s u rv iv ing h u l l s t ruc tu re . T he b u i ld ing b l ock s a r ea o ft h es h ip ,t h re em e t re sw ide ,l y ing b e twe en t h ee a s t ing s s e emed t ob e t h e m o s t o bv iou s p l a ce t os t a r t , a si tw a s 1 05 a nd 1 08 o ft h ec o -o rd ina te s y s tem .H ow f a rb ack t h i s t h ough tt h a ta ny s u rv iv ing s h ip 's s t ruc tu re w ou ld a lmo s t s t ru c tu re e x t ended w a sn o tc l ea r ,b u ti ts e emed u n l ik e ly t o c e r ta in ly h ave b een t r app ed u nde rt h ew e igh to ft h eb l ock s . H oweve r , a f t e r m o s t o f t h e b u i ld ing b l o ck s h ad b e en e x tend b eyond 10 o rf u r the rw e s tt h an e a s t ing 0 99 . 1

F igu re 1 2 . R emov ing af r ame f r om t h ew re ck s i te ,p r io rt or a i s ing o n to t h ew o rkboa t .

T he f r ame sw e r el o o se ly a t ta ched t ot h es t r ak e s ,a nd ,a s at empo ra ry m ea su r e ,t h ey w e re h e ld i np l a ce w i th b ag so f c o ra l .E xcava t ion p rog re s sed a f t ,e xpo s ing mo r er i b s ,a nd e a s t ,t ot r ya nd f i nd t h ek ee l son .T he l a t t e rw a sn o tf o und , t h e s t ruc tu re t e rm ina t ing q u i te a b rup t ly a l ong t h el i ne o f t h es t rake s .A st h ee x cava t ion p rog r e s sed a f t ,t h en umbe r a nd q ua l i ty o f t h e a r t ef a c t s i n c rea sed . C annon 5 w a s r emoved ,f r om o nt o po ft h et i mbe r ,w h i ch t h en s howed t h e s t ru c tu re s l oped d ownh i l lq u i te n o t iceab ly t owa rd st h ea f t a r ea o ft h ew reck s i te . A tt h i sp o in t ,i tw a sd ec ided t od i sman t le t h es t ru c tu re a nd r a i se i t ,b ecau se o ft h ed ange ro fs t o rm sd e s t roy ing t h e u ncove r ed t i mbe r s .T h i r ty r i b sw e re r emoved a nd r a i sed i n t h el i f t ing t r ay , a f te r t h ey h ad b een t a gged a nd r e co rded ( s ee r e co rd ing t e chn ique s ) .T he s t rake sw e re t h en t a gged a nd p ho tog raphed . Sma l l s t r ake s , t h a t h ad s c a r fj o in t s c l o se t ot h e n o r the rn e x t rem i ty o f t h e t i mbe r , w e r e r e m oved . S t r ake s w h ich w e re t o o l o ng t oh and le w i th t h e e x i s t ing f a c i l i t ie s w e re c u t i n to t wo s e c t ion s , 2 . 5 mi n l e ng th , w i th t h e c ha in saw . I tw a s f ound t h a t t h e o u t e r p l ank ing c on s i s ted o ft wo l a ye r so fs t rak e s ,w i th af u r the r o u t e rl a ye ro ft h in ,p i ne s hea th ing . T owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h e f i r s t s e a son , t h e a r ea a r ound c annon 1a nd 2w a s c l ea red o fc o ra l , a nd c annon 3w a s r a i sed . A tt h i sp o in t ,5 . 5 mo ft i mbe rh ad b een r e cove red a nd e xcava t ion o ft h i sh ad r e ached n o r th ing 0 70 .T he r e s t o ft h et i mbe rw a sc ove red w i th p l a s t ic s h ee t ing a nd s e ve ra l h und red b ag so fc o ra l ,a nd t h ee x cava t ion w a sw ound u p f o rt h ew in t e r .

T he s e cond e xcava t ion s e a son T he f i r s tp ha se o ft h i ss e a son w a st oc l ea rt h ec on c r e t i on o ve r ly ing t h et i mbe r sa f to fn o r th ing 0 70 .T h i sp r oved t ob ee x t r eme ly d i ff i cu l tb ecau se t h ec on c r e t ion c on ta ined al a rge n umbe r o f i r on c annon b a l l s a nd , a s t h ey w e re c l ea red f u r the ra f t ,t h ec on c r e t ion b ecame t h i cke r .I tq u i ck ly b e came o bv iou st h a tt h eh amme r -and -p ick t e chn ique w a s u n sa t i s f a c to ry . As e r ie s o fe xpe r imen t s s howed t h a tt h e u se o fs ma l l e xp lo s ive c ha rge s ( c i rca 1 0g r am s )w a st h e m o s ts a t i sf a c to ry t e chn ique f o rp roce ed ing i nt h i sa r ea ( f o r m o re d e ta i l ss e et e chn ique s ) .F o l low ing e a ch c ha rge ,t h e l o o se c annon b a l l sw e re e xcava t ed a nd t h eb roken c onc re t i on s po i l w a s a i r l i f ted o f ft h e s i t e . Many d e l ica t e , i r on a r te f ac t sw e re r e cove r ed f r om t h i sc on c r e t ion , i n c lud ing b a r sho ta nd i r on s poon s . A1 . 5 ms e c t ion o ft i mb e rw a s c l ea r ed . T he c e i l ing p l ank ing w a s s awn t h rough , a nd r a i sed .T he r i b sw e re t h en r emoved ,a nd f i na l ly t h eo u te r s t rake sw e re c u tt h rough w i th t h ec ha in -saw a nd r a i sed . T he e xcava t ion t h en p roceeded f u r the ra f t ,a nd c annon 1a nd 2 w e re r a i sed . O nce t h e se w e r e c l ea r , f i ve l a rge l o dg ing k nee sw e re u n cove red ,r unn ing a tas l igh ta ng le t o t h e s t rake s . T he c annon b a l l c on c re t ion l a y o ve r a nd i n b e twe en t h e se k nee s ,w h ich m ade e x t r a c t ion d i ff i cu l t .T he w e s t er n -mo s tk nee a nd t h u st h eh i ghe s to nt h es i de o ft h e s h ip ,l a yd i rec t ly u nde rc annon 2 .T he c annon b a l lc on c re t i on s t a r ted e a s to ft h en ex tk nee ,a nd w a sa s sumed t h a tt h i s w a s p a r t o f s ome s o r t o f s t e rn s ho t l o cke r . C omp lex d e ck ing i nt h i sa r ea w a sn o ted ,p r e sumab ly t h ef l oo ro ft h e g un d e ck .T he c annon b a l l sh ad ,t h e re f o re ,s p i l led a c ro s s t h es i de o ft h es h ip w hen i tr o l led o ve ro ni t sp o r ts i de .T he d e ck a c ted a s ab a r r ie r ,p r ev en t ing t h ec annon b a l l sr o l l ing f u r the rw e s t . 1 2

F igu r e 1 3 . C u t t ing t h et imbe r sw i th ap neuma t ic c ha in saw .

P ho tog raph ic r e co rd ing w a s b e ing c a r r ied o u t a ta l l s t age so ft h ee x cava t ion ,a nd c o ra lw a sb e ing c l ea red f r om a r ound t h et imbe r . S t il ,n os i gn o f ak ee l son w a sf ound , e ven t h ough t h ew id th o ft h et i mb e rw a sn ow a lmo s t 6m . A f te r t h e c annon h ad b een c l ea red , i ta ppea r ed t h a t t h e e x ten t o ft h e s t ruc tu re a f to ft h el a s ts aw c u to ft h e f i r s t s e a son w a sa bou t 4m . P rog re s sd u r ing t h i ss e a son w a sv e ry s l ow ,m a in ly d ue t ot h ee no rmou sq uan t i ty o fc o ra la nd c onc re t ion t h a th ad t ob ec l ea red i nt h es t e rn s e c t ion . Mu ch o ft h ew o rk w a si n p r epa r a t ion f o r t h e t h i rd s e a son w hen i tw a s h oped t o r e cove rt h er ema in ing t i mbe r . As y s t ema t ic p rog ramme o f c o l lec t ing p o t te ry a nd b r ick s o n t h e i n s ide r e e fs i te w a s s t a r t ed a nd q u i te al a rge c o l lec t ion o f ma in ly s t onewa re w a sm ade f r om t h i sa r ea .T h i sw o rk w a sc a r r ied o u td u r ing t i me sw hen i tw a sn o tp o s s ib le t od i ve o nt h em a in s i t e . T he t h i rd s e a son A f t e r r emov ing t h e p ro t ec t ive c ove r f r om t h e s t e rn t i mbe ra r ea a tt h e s t a r to ft h e s e a son , t h er ema in s o ft h e s t e rn -po s tw a sd i scove red .T he p o s t , w h ich w a sc a r e fu l ly r e co rded a nd r a i sed ,h ad w a te r l ine m a rk ing s . Wo rk c on t i nued o n r emova l o f t h e t r an som l o dg ing k nee s . T h i s a spe c tc on t inued t og i ve r i se t op rob l em sa st h ec annon b a l l c onc re t ion e x tended d own t h e n a r row g ap sb e tween t h e k ne e s ,f i rm ly w edg ing t h ek nee si np l a ce . Wo rk p roceeded s l ow ly a st h i sc onc re t ion w a sc a r e f u l ly c h ipped o u t ,f o l l ow ing t h e u se o f s ma l l e xp lo s ive c ha rge s . T he c e i l ing p l ank ing o nt h es i de o ft h es h ip w a sr e co rded a nd r emoved a st h el o dg ing k nee sw e re r a i sed ,t h u se xpo s ing t h ef r ame s .

F ina l ly ,w hen a l lt h ek nee sw e re f r eed a nd r a i sed ,i tw a s p o s s ib le t or a i se a l t h e r ema in ing c e i l ing p l ank ing a nd r i b s .A st h eo u te rp l ank ing r an b eh ind t h ef a sh ion -p ie ce ,i t w a s n e ce s sa ry f i r s t t o r emove t h e w ing t ran som , a nd t r an som b eam sb e f o re r emov ing t h ef a sh ion -p ie ce . A f te r r emov ing t h et r an som b eams ,t h ed i agona lt r an som p l ank i n go nt h es t e rn w a se xpo sed .T he f a sh ion -p ie ce w a sf r eed a nd r a i sed .T h i sw a st h el a rge s ts i ng le t i mbe ri t em r e cov e r ed ,m e a su r i ng mo re t h an 4m f r om e nd t oe nd ,a nd w i th a ne s t ima ted w e igh to fa bou to ne t o nne .A f t e rr emova lo f t h e f a sh ion -p ie ce , t h e o u te r p l ank ing w a s f o und t ob e a r ranged a r ound t h et r an som i n ac u r iou sw ay .T he i n ne r l a ye ro ft h es t r ake sw a sb u t ted u pa ga in s tt h ei n ne rt r an som p l ank ing , u nde r t h e f a sh ion -p iece . H oweve r , t h e o u t e r p l ank ing w a s b en t a r ound t h e t r an som i n ac on t inuou s s t r ake . T he se w e re r emoved a nd t h e e x cava t ion o f t h e s h ip 's s t ru c tu re w a sf i na l ly c omp le ted . T he e x cava t ion w o rk t h en moved i n to t h ea r ea t ot h e n o r th o ft h eo l db u i ld ing b l ock a r ea ,b e twe en n o r th ing s1 50 a nd 2 00 , b ound ed t ot h e e a s t b y t h e g roup o f a ncho r s ( c a s t ing 1 00 )a nd t ot h ew e s tb yc annon 1 0( c a s t ing 1 09 ) . I nt h ep roce s so fc l ea r ing c o ra li nt h i sa r ea ,l a rge n umbe r s o fc o in sw e re f ound ,p a r t icu la r ly t ot h ew e s ts i de i na nd a r ound t h e c annon c omp lex . T he e xcava t ion p ro ceeded f o rwa rd t oa bou tn o r th ing 2 30 ,c oncen t ra t ing i nt h eg u l ly r u nn ing a l ong e a s t ing 1 08 . Al a rge c onc r e t ion c on ta in ing i r on a nd c o in sw a sr a i sed f r om g r id r e f e rence 1 60 107 .T h i s w a sb rough tt ot h e f i e ld s t a t ion , a tB eacon I s land , t ob e e xam ined .O nb r eak ing i tu pa tt h ef i e ld s t a t ion ,a na s t ro l a be w a sd i scove red i n af i ne s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion . 1 3

F igu re 1 4 . T he l i f t ing t r ay f i l led w i th c o ra lr ubb le a bou tt ob er emoved f r om t h es i te .

R ecord ing Me thod s T he e xcava t ion p roceeded a r ound al ump i nt h ec en t re o ft h es i te a bou t 1m h i gh c en t red a bou t2 80105 .T he l ump e x tended a bou t 5m n o r th -sou th a nd 3m e a s t -we s t . T he o u te rl a ye r sw e re c omp r i sed o fc o ra l ine a l gae ,a bou t2 50 mm t h ick ;b e low t h i sw a s ah a rde rl a ye ro fc onc re ted c o ra l f r agmen t s .T he s ou the rn e x t rem i ty o ft h el ump c on s is ted m a in ly o fc annon b a l l s , b r ick s a nd s ome a n ima lb one s . F u r the rt ot h en o r th ,c o in sa nd m i sce l laneou sf i nd s w e re n o ted ,t oge the rw i th al a rge n umbe ro fb r ick s .B efo re t h i s a r ea c ou ld b ec l ea red ,t h ee xcava t ion h ad t ob et e rm ina ted f o rt h ey ea r . T he f our th s eason T h i ss e a son w a ss t a r ted i nS ep tembe ra nd p roved t ob e av e ry b ad p e r iod f o rw ea the r .D u r ing t h es ea son ,o n ly 1 0 d ay sw o rk w a sp o ss ib le o nt h em a in s i te w hen e xcava t ion w a sc on t inued a round t h ec en t ra ll ump . Mo re c annon b a l l s a nd s ome o t he rm i sce l laneou sa r te f ac t sw e re r a i sed .D ue t o t h eb ad w ea the r ,a bou t2 00 d i v ing h ou r sw e re s pen to nt h e i n s ide r e ef c o l le c t ing p o t te ry a nd s e a rch ing f o rn ew a r ea s o fw reck ma te r ia l .

G enera lr e co rd ing T he r e co rd o f t h e p rog re s s o f t h e e xcava t ion , w ind , w ea the r ,s e as t a te ,d i v ing log a nd o t he ra s soc ia ted m a t te r s w e re r e co rded i n ad a i ly d i a ry .T h i sg ave a ne xce l len tr e co rd o ft h ed ay to -day e ven t sd u r ing t h ee xcava t ion s ea son s ,a nd w a s m ade b yo ne p e r son i n af oo l scap l ogbook . A r chaeo l o g ica ln o te sw e re k ep to nt h ep age o ppo s i te t h er e co rd o ft h e d ay , t o ge the rw i th p ho tog raph ic d a ta , s u rvey i n fo rma t ion a nd t e chn i ca ln o te s . T he a r te f a c t sw e re r e co rded i nf i nd sb ook s .B ecau se o f t h e d ive r s i ty a nd c omp lex i ty o f t h e f i nd s , t h ey w e re r e c o rded c h rono log ica l ly w i th a na r b i t ra ry p ref ix n umbe rt o i d en t ify m a te r ia lt ype s ,t hu s : 1 .S tone ;2 .C e ram ic ;3 . Non f e r rou s ; 4 .M i sce l laneou s ; 5 .C o in ; 6 .T imbe r ; 8 .F e r rou s . A tt h ee nd o fe a ch d ay ,t h es ma l la r te f ac t sw e re r eg i s te red w i th an umbe r ,t h ep ref ix o rf i r s tf i gu re i d en t i fy ing m a te r ia l t y pe ,f o l lowed b yt h et h ree o rf ou rf i gu re so ft h ec a ta logue n umbe r . T he n a tu re o ft h e a r te fa c tw a s e n te red a ga in s ti t s r eg i s t ra t ion n umbe r si nt h er e levan tm a te r ia ll i s t .T he l o ca t i on o ft h ef i nd a nd t h ed a te o fr e cove ry ,t oge the rw i th a ny o the rr e levan ti n fo rma t ion w a sa l so r e co rded . Ad ymo t a g w i th t h e r e g i s t ra t ion n umbe r w a s a t ta ched t oo r i n c luded w i th t h ea r te f ac t .T h i st a gr ema ined w i th t h ea r tef ac tt h rough t h e c on se rva t ion p roce s s . F o l low ing c on se rva t ion , t h e n umbe rw a si n ked o n to t h eo b jec t .T he s y s tem p roved t ob e v e ry p ra c t ica l .I ti si n ev i tab le t h a ta tt ime sp a r t icu la ro b jec t s n eed t o b e t r aced t o f i nd t h e i r r eg i s t ra t ion n umbe r s . A r andom l i s to ft e ns o ft hou sand so fa r te fa c t s , make t h i st ype o fs ea rch w el -n igh i mpo s s ib le ,w he rea si ft h em a te r ia lt ype i sk nown , t h e s ea rch i sa l ready much s imp l if ied . A l so , i n s t o rage ,a r te f a c t sa r ek ep tt oge the ri n ma te r ia lt ype s ,s ot h a t t h es t o rage s y s tem t e nd st ob ec ompa t ib le w i th t h er e co rd i ng t e chn ique . 1 4

F igu re 1 5 . P lac ing as ma l le xp lo s ive c ha rge o nt h ec annon b a l lc onc r e t ion .T he d i ve ri sp lac ing a ne l ec t r ica ld e tona to ri nt h ec o rd tex t r a in , wh ich w i l ls e to f ft h et wo s ma l lc ha rge so nt h er ubbe r ma t .

O nt h em a in s i te ,d i ve r sw ho w e r ee xcava t ing p l a ced t h e i rs ma l lf i nd si n ab ag .O nr e tu rn t ot h ew o rkboa ta tt h e e nd o ft h ed ay ,e a ch b ag o fa r te f a c t sw a sk ep ti n tac t .S ince e a ch d i ve rw o rked i no ne p a r t icu la ra r ea ( r a re ly m o re t h an 2m s qua re ) ,i tw a sp o s s ib le t oi d en t i fy t h el o ca t ion o ft h e a r te f a c t so n al a rge s ca le p l an o ft h es i t et ow i th in 0 . 5t o1 . 0 m .B a ck a tt h ef i e ld s t a t ion ,a tt h ee nd o ft h ew o rk -day ,e a ch p e r son s o r ted t h e i rf i nd so u ta nd i n d ica ted t h e i rl o ca t ion o n al a rge s ca le p l an o ft h es i te .T h i sp l an w a sg r idda li n to o ne m e t re s qua re s ;t h eg r id l i ne sr unn ing n o r th sou th a nd e a s t w e s ta nd n umbe red s y s t ema t ica l ly . T he l o ca t ion o f af i nd w a st h en r e co rded i nt h es ame w ay a s am ap r e f e rence ,w i th as i x f igu re n umbe r .T he f i r s t t h ree f i gu re sr e f e r red t ot h en o r th ing a nd t h el a s tt h ree t h e e a s t ing . S pa ce w a s p rov ided i nt h e r e g i s t e r s f o r f u r the r i n fo rma t ion , s u ch a sp ho tog raph n umbe r s , w e igh t s , d i m en s ion se t c .T he e xac tl o ca t ion o fl o o se f i nd sf r om t h e i n s ide r e e fs i t e w a s n o tr e co rded , s i nce t h em a te r ia l h ad t r ave led m o r e t h an 1km f r om t h e m a in s i te , a nd w a s d i s t r ibu ted i n ar a ndom f a sh ion o ve ra na r ea 1 00 m l o ng b y 5 0mw ide . Whe reve rp o s s ib le ,i d en t i f iab le o b je c t sw e re p ho tog r aphed ( s ee p ho tog raph ic r e co rd ) a nd d r awn o n p l a s t i cd r a f t ing f i lm w i th I nd ian i n ka t a1 : 1 s c a le ( whe re p ra c t icab le ) .I na sf a ra sc i r cum s tan ce sa l lowed ,a r t e f a c t s w e r es t ud ied a tt h ef i e ld s t a t ion . T h i sc l o se e xam ina t ion o fm a t e r ia l w h i le i nt h ef i e ld w a sf o und t ob e mo s tr ewa rd ing ,p a r t i cu la r ly w i th c e r am ic m a t e r ia l ,w he re i tw a ss t i l lp o s s ib le t or e tu rn t ot h ef i nd s po t t os e a r ch f o rm i s s ing p i ece s .

U nderwa ter r e cord ing V a r iou st y pe so fs i t er e co rd ing w e re c a r r ied o u tf r om t i me t ot i me a st h en e ed a r o se .T he o r ig ina ls u rvey o ft h e s i t e w a s c a r r ied o u t i n 1 971 b y aMu seum e xped i t ion . H oweve r ,t h e re a ppea red t ob es ome m ino rd i sc repanc ie s i nt h ep l an w hen i tw a sc ompa red w i th t h es i te .T r i la te ra t i on w a su sed t op l o tt h ep o s i t ion o fm a jo ra r te f ac t sd u r ing t h ef i r s ts u r vey ,b u tb ecau se o ft h eu ndu la t ing n a tu re o ft h e s i t e , i ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e se d i sc repanc ie s a r e d ue t ov a r i a t ion si nt h ev e r t ica lc omponen t .O nt h eBa tav ia s i te ,i tw a s d i ff i cu l tt om ake a ccu ra t e m ea su remen t s w i th t a pe s b e c au se o ft h es t rong s u rge .T h i st e chn ique w a sa bandoned b e cau se o ft h e se p rob lem s .I n s t ead , as imp le ra nd c r ude r s y s t em w a sa dop ted t oo b ta in ar e a sonab ly a c cu ra te s u rvey i n as ho r tp e r iod o ft i me .Th i s s y s tem c on s i s ted o f at a u t w i re b a se l ine r un o u to ve rt h el o ng a x i s o ft h es i te f r om p o s i t ion 0 00108 t o4 60108 . As l id ing r i gh t -ang le f r ame w a sc on s t ruc ted t or un t h rough t h eb a se l ine .O b jec t sw e re c o -o rd ina t ed b ys i gh t ing a l ong t h ea rm o ft h ef r ame a tr i gh t a ng le st ot h ew i re .B ya d ju s t ing t h ep o s i t ion o ft h ef r ame o nt h ew i re ,i tw a sp o s s ib le t og e ta ne xa c ts i gh t ing o na n o b jec t ,s ot h a tt h eo b je c tl a yi nl i ne w i th t h er i gh t -ang le a rm o ft h ef r ame .T hu s ,b y m ea su r ing t h ed i s tance a l ong t h e w i re a nd t h ed i s tance f r om t h ew i re a l ong t h er i gh t -ang le a rm t ot h eo b je c t ,i tw a sp o s s ib le t od e te rm ine i t sp o s i t ion . N oa t t emp tw a sm ade t oc o r rec tf o rt h eh e igh to ft h eo b je c t , r e la t ive t ot h eb a se l ine w i re .O b jec t so ne i the rs i de o ft h e b a se l ine c ou ld b er e co rded b ys imp ly r o ta t ing t h ef r ame t o t h ea pp rop r ia te s i de o ft h ew i re .S ome c a re w a sr e qu i red t o e n su re t h a tt h eb a se l ine w i re w a sn o td i sp laced b yp u sh ing o rp u l l ing o nt h er i gh t -ang le f r ame . 1 5

T imber r e cord ing E ach i n d iv idua lp i ece o ft h es h ip 's s t ruc t u re w a st a gged i ns i tu . T he t a gg ing s y s tem u sed ac oded n umbe r ,w i th a p r e f ix l e t te rt oi d en t i fy t h et y pe o fc omponen t( i . e .f r ame , s t rake ,e t c . ) Ar a the rc r ude s y s t em w h ich w a su sed d u r ing t h ei n i t ia ls t age so ft h er e cove ry w o rk w a sr a t iona l ized ,a s t h es t ruc tu r eb ecame mo re c omp lex ,i n to ac oded s y s t em b a sed o n t h el a ye r w i th in t h e s t ruc tu re . S i x b a s ic l a ye r s w e r ed i s t ing u i shed i nt h es i de o ft h es h ip a nd t h e se w e re c oded a l phabe t ica l ly f r om t h et o pt ob o t tom ,c o r r e spond i n gt ot h ei n s ide ( t op )t ot h eo u t s ide ( b o t tom ) .T he n umbe r s d i f f e ren t ia t ed t i mbe r s ,i np a r t icu la rl a ye r s .T hu s : A . K ne e s ,d e ck ing ,d e ck b eam sa nd e ve ry th ing o nt o p o ft h ec e i l ing B1. T h in s k in o nt o po fB B . C e i l ing C . F rame s D1. T h in s k in o nt o po fD D . I n ne rl a ye ro fs t rake s E . S econd l a ye r o f s t r ake s , l y ing b e low o r o n t h e o u t s ide o fD F . S he a th ing T . S t er ns t ruc tu re A st h ew o rk p rog r e s sed t owa rd st h es t e rn ,t h es i ze a nd c omp lex i ty o ft h e s t ruc tu re i n c rea sed ,r e su l t ing i ns ome p rob lems i ni d en t if i ca t ion .F o re xamp le ,t h ed eck ing w a s n o ti mmed ia t e ly r e cogn ized a nd w a s s imp ly g i ven a n A p ref ix .T h i so c cu r red w i th s e ve ra lo t he rc omponen t sa tt h e s t er n ,r e su l t ing i nt h e An umbe r sb e ing r a the r m udd l ed . e il ing w a sd i scove r ed t owa rd s t h es t er na nd w a s n um F igu re 1 6 . B reak ing u pc onc re t ion u s ing ag eo log ica lh amme r C a nd as hor t -hand led s l edge h amme r . b e red BO t oB 11 .T he f r ame sw h ich w e re e ncoun t e red a t t h en o r th e nd o fs t ruc tu re w e re n umb e red c on secu t ive ly f r om C l t oC 46 w h ich w a sn ex tt ot h ef a sh ion -p ie ce .T he A dd i t iona l ly , ac on tou r m ap o ft h e w re ck s i te w a s b u t tock so ft h ef r ame sw e r en o ts c a r f ed t o ge the rs ot h a t ,i n s ome c a se s , f r ame s h ad t h ree s e pa ra t e b u t tock s . T he se m ade b yr unn ing as e r ie so fs even p a ra l le ll i ne s 3m a pa r t , a l ong t h el o ng a x i so ft h es i te .D ep th m ea su remen t sw e re w e r ed eno ted b yC -Ea s t ,C ,a nd C -we s t . T he f i r s tl a ye ro fs t r ake se ncoun t e r ed w a s g i ven aD m ade a t 1m i n te rva l sa l ong e a ch l i ne w i th aB ou rdon type c ode ,a nd t h i sa ppl ied t oa ls t rake sa t ta ched t of r ame s .A t d ep th g auge .T he r e su l t sw e r et r an s f e r r ed t ot h ep l an o ft h e w re ck s i te ,f r om w h ich c on tou r sa t 1m i n t e rva l sw e re c on t h en o r th e nd o ft h es i t e ,t h es t r ake sw e re n umbe r ed D Ot o D 6 .A st h ee xcava t ion p r og r e s sed t owa rd st h es t er n ,s t r ake s s t ru c ted . D u r ing t h er e co rd ing o ft h es h ip 's s t ruc tu r e ,u nd erwa f u r the rt ot h ee a s ta nd w e s tw e re e ncoun te r ed . S t r ake st o t h ee a s tw e re g i ven n ega t ive n umbe r s ;a tt h ew ide s tp o in t t e rp ro f i le sa c ro s st h et i mbe r sw e r em ade .T he se w e re u sed t h es t r ake sr a nged f r om D -8 t h rough D Ot oD 12 . t oc he ck t h e a ccu ra cy o f , a nd f o r c ompa r i son p u rpo se s T he s e cond l a ye r o f s t rake s w h i ch s t a r ted d i re c t ly w i th , t h e p rof i le r e co rd ing r e su l t s p rodu ced f r om t h e u nd e rD 5r a nt ot h eE . p ro f i le s o f t h e c u rva tu re o f t h e r i b s ( s ee b e low ) . T he U nde r ly ing t h e Da nd El a ye r sw a s at h in l a ye ro fp i ne u nde rwa te rs y s tem c on s i s t ed o fd r iv ing t wo m e ta ls t ake s s h ea th ing w h ich w a s c od ed F .I tw a s n o tc l ea rh ow t h e i n to t h es e abed o ne i the rs i de o ft h et i mbe r s .T he s t r ake s h ea th ing w a sm ade u p ,a si tw a si nq u i te p oo rc ond i t ion . w e r e a r ranged s o t h a t aw i re s t r e t ched b e tween t h em a t s We u s ed t a g so fw h i t e , 2mm th ick PVC s he e t1 00 x5 0 r i gh ta ng le st ot h el i ne o ft h es t rak e s .T he w i re w a sl e ve l led mm s qua r e . C ode n umbe r s w e re w r i t t en o n t h em w i th a u s ing ac a rpen t e r 's s p i r i tl e ve l .T he v e r t ica ld i s tance f r om b l ack ,w a te r -p roo fi n k ,f e l t t ipped m a rke r .T he t a g sw e r e t h e w i re t ot h ej o in tb e twe en t wo s t rake s w a s m ea su red a ta ched t ot h et imbe r sw i th g a lvan ized r oo f ing n a i l s . u s ing ac a rpen te r 's l e ve lt oo b ta in t h ev e r t i ca l .H o r izon ta l A se a ch l a ye ro ft i mb e rw a su n cove red ,i tw a st a gged a nd v e r t ica ld i s tance sw e re r e co rded ,a nd t h er e su l t sp l o t t e dt og i ve t h ec u rva tu re o ft h eh u l l . T h i st e chn ique w a s a c co rd ing t ot h ea bove s y s t em ,p ho tog raph i ca l ly r e co rded ( s ee b e low ) ,r a i sed a nd r e tu rned t ot h eb a se c amp .T he re , e x t reme ly d i ff i cu l tt ou s eu nde rwa t e rb e cau se o ft h es u rge . e a ch i n d iv idua lp i ece o ft i mbe rw a sg i ven ar eg i s t ra t ion T he r e su l t sw e re n o ta sa c cu ra te a st h ep ro f i le st a ken f r om t h ec u rva tu re o ft h er i b s ,w h ich w e re r e co rded o nl a nd . n umbe r , i d en t if ied a nd t h en s t o r ed i ns e a -wa te r h o ld ing

1 6

F igu re 1 7 . T agg ing t h eh ul t imbe r sp r io rt op ho tog raphy a nd r a i s ing .

t a nk s . Du r ing b ad w ea the r p e r iod s , t h e t imbe r s w e re r emoved f r om t h et a nk s ,d rawn ,p ho tog raphed a ga in ( s ee b e low ) ,a nd t h en w rapped i np o ly thene t u b ing f o rs t o rage . T he d raw ing so ft h et imbe r sw e re m ade b yt r a c ing t h e s u r f a ce s hape a nd f e a tu re sd i re c t ly o n to t h in -gauge ,p o ly t h ene s hee t ing .T he re w e re s eve ra lm a jo rd rawback st ot h i s s y s tem .D ue t ot h eo paquene s so ft h es hee t ing ,i tw a sh a rd t ot r ace s u r f ace f e a tu re s . A s w e l l , i regu la r i t ie s s uch a s c oncre t ion c aused d i s to r t ion s i nt h e t r ac ing . T he t r a c ing h ad t ob ed one o u t s ide a nd ,a s ar e su l t ,w ind a l so c au sed p rob lems .T he re w a s ad ange rt h a tt h et r a c ing s hee tc ou ld s l ip o n t h e t imbe r w i thou t b e ing n o t iced , t h us c au s ing e r ro r s .O f ten t h eh ea to ft h es un c au sed c onden sa t ion o nt h e i n s ide o ft h e s hee t ing , o b scu r ing t h e u nde r ly ing t imbe r . W i th c a re a nd p a t ience , mo s to ft h ese p rob lem sc ou ld b e o ve rcome , b u t t h e b u lk o f t h e se d raw ing s n eeded t ob e s upp lemen t ed b yp ho tog r aph s . I tw ou ld h ave b een mo re u sefu lt ot r ace o nc l ea rr egu la rf i lm ,b u tt h ec o s ti n vo lved w a sp roh ib i t ive .T he s peed w i th w h i ch t h et imbe r sc ou ld b er e co rded w a s am a jo rf a c to r i nf a vou ro ft h e s y s tem . F u r the rmo re , t h e n eed h e re f o r r e co rd ing i n fo rma t ion i mmed ia te ly a f te rr a i s ing c anno tb eo ve re mpha s ized .N o t o n ly wa s t h e re ad ange r t h a t t h e t i mb e r m igh t w a rp o r c r ack , b u t a l so t h e re w a s ar i sk o fu navo idab le d amage d u r ing t h el e ng thy h and l ing p roce s so ft h e i r5 00 km t r ip t o t h eC onse rva t ion L abo ra to ry .

Underwa ter p ho tograph ic r ecord ing A l lu nde rwa te rr e co rd p ho tog raph sw e re t a ken w i th a s t anda rd 3 5 mm N ikonos c ame ra ,f i t ted w i th e i the rt h e2 8 mm o r1 5 mm N ikono sw a te r -co r re c ted l e nse s. T h i sc ame ra s y s tem i sp e r f ec t ly s u i t ed f o r w o rk s uch a s t h i s , a s i ti s c ompa c t , r ugged , a nd p roduce s e xce l len t d i s to r t ion -f ree r e su l t s .I n i t ia l ly , d u r ing t h ef i r s tt wo s ea son s ,t h e2 8 mm l e n se s w e re u sed , b u t s ub sequen t ly t h e se w e re r ep la ced w i th t h es upe r io r1 5 mm l e n s .T he e f f ec t ive f oca ll e ng th s o ft h el e n se s ,i nw a te r ,a r e3 7 .5 mm f o rt h e2 8 mm l e n sa nd 2 0 mm f o rt h e 1 5 mm l e n s ,g i v ing a ngu la rv i ew so f5 10x 3 50 a nd 8 4° x 6 2 ° r e spe c t ive ly . T he 2 8 mm l e n s n eed s a lmo s tt w ice t h ec ame ra -sub jec td i s tance t oc ove rt h es ame a r ea a st h e 1 5 mm l e n s , a nd a s ar e su l t , t h e q ua l i ty a nd s ha rpne s s o f p ho tog raphs t a ken w i th t h e 2 8 mm l e n s t e nded t ob ep oo rw hen c ompa red w i th p ho tog raph st a ken o ft h es ame s ub je c tw i th t h e 1 5 mm l e n s . A l lu nde rwa te r r e co rd p ho tog raphs w e re t a k en o nI l f o rd F P4 f i lm r a ted a t 1 25ASA a nd d eve loped i nt h e n o rma l w ay w i th af i ne g ra in d eve lope r .T he n o rma le xpo su re r ange f o rt h ew re ck s i te w a s F /4 t oF /8 a t1 / 125 s ec . T h ree t y pe s o fp ho to g r aph ic r e co rd ing w e re c a r r ied o u to nt h i ss i te :s i te p ho to mo sa ic ,t imbe rp ho tomo sa ic ,a nd s t e reo reco rd ing . Ap ho tomo sa ic o ft h ew ho le w re ck s i te w a sm ade a tt h e s t a r t o ft h ef i r s ts ea son , t os upp lemen tt h e s i te p l an . T he g round c on t ro l c on s i s t ed o fs even t a u tp a ra l le l l i ne s 1m a pa r ta nd 4 6 ml o ng ,l a id a l ong t h el o ng a x is o ft h ew re ck 1 7

F igu re 1 8 . T imbe r s i nt h e l i f t ing t r ay o nb oa rd t h e w o rkboa te n -rou te t ot he f i e ld s t a t ion a tB eacon I s land .

p r in ted i na n e n la rge r a t1 : 10 s c a le . T he p ro ce s s ing o f p r in t sw a sg r ea t ly f a c i l i ta ted b y a nI l f o rd p roce s sp r in te r w h i ch p rodu ce s s em i -d ry a nd p a r t ia l ly f i xed p r in t s i na m a t te ro fs e cond s .T he p r in t sw e re b a t ch f i xed ,w a shed i n s e a -wa t e r ,a nd t h en g i ven t wo f r e shwa te rr i n se s . D u r ing t h e p r in t ing p ro ce s s i nt h e e n la rge r , i tw a s p o s s ib le t or e c t i fy t h ep ho tog raph sn o to n ly f o rd i f f e rence s i nf l y ing h e igh tb u ta l so f o rc ame ra t i l t .T h i sc an b ec a r r ied o u tm anua l ly b yt r i a l ,u s ing at i l t ing ,p r in t ing p ape re a se l , o rt h eo r e t ica l ly ,b yc a lcu la t ing t h et i l ta ng le sa nd s ub se q uen t ly s e t t ing t h em o nt h ee a se l .T h i st e chn ique h a sb e en d e sc r ibed b yt h i sa u tho re l sewhe re ( G reen , 1 980 ) . T he r e c t i f ied p r in t s w e re l a id u p i nr un s , e a ch r u n c o r re spond ing t ot h es e r ie so fp ho tog r aph sa l ong o ne g r id l i ne . Ab a se -boa rd w a sp r epa red o nw h ich g r id l i ne sw e r e d r awn t os c a le ,c o r re spond ing t ot h eg r id l i ne so nt h es i t e . T he c en t re p r in t o f t h e c en t ra l l i ne w a s s e le c t ed , a nd t r immed o fa ny w h i te b o rde r s . An a r row s t r ip a r ound t h e p r in tw a sr emoved u s ing t h ef e a the r -edge t e chn ique .T he p r in t , h av ing b een f e a the r -edged o n a l l f o u r s i de s , w a s s t uck d own i nt h ec en t re o ft h eb a se -boa rd ,t h ec en t r a ll i ne

s i te .T he l i ne sw e re m ade o fp l a i ted ,l ow s t r e t ch ,p o lye s t e r r ope , 5mm i nd i ame t e r ;t h e se w e re t a ped w i th b l a ck PVC t a pe a t1 / 2 mi n te rva l st og i ve as c a le .T he l o ng a x i so ft h e c ame ra f o rma tw a ss e ta tr i gh ta ng le st ot h ec on t ro ll i ne s , w i th a n e xpo su re h e igh t o f2 . 5 m , a nd t h e c ame ra h e ld v e r t i ca l ly a bove ag r id l i ne ,g ave al a t e ra lf i e ld o fv i ew o f 2 . 38 m a nd i n c luded t h et wo c on t ro ll i ne so ne i the rs i de o f t h eg r id l i ne .T he f o rwa rd f i e ld o fv i ew ( 1 .59 m ) ,i n c luded a tl e a s tt h re e1 / 2 mm a rk s .T he c ame ra o pe ra to rj udged t h e f l y ing h e igh t a nd l e ve l led t h e c ame ra b y e ye , u s ing t h e f r am ing a t t a chmen ta s ag u ide .P ho tog raph sw e r et a ken a t 1m i n te r va l sa l ong e a ch o ft h el i ne s . As e cond d i ve rp l aced a2m r od ,g r adua ted i n1 / 2mi n te rva l s ,a tr i gh ta ng le st o t h e t h ree l i ne s a t a 1m ma rk o n t h e c en t r e l i ne . T h i s i n d ica t ed w he re t h ec en t re o ft h ep ho tog r aph s hou ld b e . A f te ro r ien t a t ing t h ec ame ra a nd t a k ing t h ep ho tog raph s , t h e r od -ope ra to r m oved 1m a l ong a nd r e po s i t ioned t h e r od .T h i ss y s tem w a se s sen t ia la st h ec ame ra o pe ra to r ,w ho w ou ld b ef u l ly e ngaged w i th t h ec ame ra w o rk a nd w o rk ing i n as u rge ,c ou ld e a s i ly m i sp la ce t h ep o s i t ion o nt h el i ne s . A f te rd eve lopmen to ft h ef i lm ,t h ep ho tog r aph sw e re 1 8

s t uck d own i nt h ec en t re o ft h eb a se -boa rd ,t h ec en t ra ll i ne o n t h e p ho tog raph b e ing a r ranged t oc o r re spond t ot h e c en t ra ll i ne o nt h eb a se -boa rd . Aw a te r -so lub le PVA g l ue w a sf ound s u i tab le a sa na dhe s ive . T he n ex t p r in t i n t h e s e r ie s w a s t h en s e lec ted a nd f e a the r -edged i n as im i la r m anne r , b u t t r immed s o t h a t w he re t h e p r in t o ve r lapped t h e p rev ious o ne , a pp rox i m a te ly h a lf i t ' so ve r lap w a sd i sca rded .T he p r in tw a sl a id d own w i th t h ei mage o ft h eg r id l i ne o nt h eb a se -boa rd l i ne a nd i t s p o s i t ion a r ranged t og i ve t h eb e s tc o inc idence o f i mage so nt h et wo p ho tog raph sa l ong t h ec ommon e dge . T he p roce s s w a s r epea ted a l ong t h e w ho le s t r ip i nb o th d i rec t ion s ,u n t i lt h er un w a sc omp le ted . T he c en t re p r in to fa na d jacen tr un w a st h en s e lec ted , a nd t r immed s ot h a th a l ft h es i de -ove r lap w a st r immed t o m e rge w i th t h ec en t re p r in to ft h ep rev ious r un .T h i sw a s t h en l a id d own ,w i th t h e i mage o ft h e c en t ra l l i ne i nt h e p ho tog raph c o r re spond ing t o i t s g r id l i ne o n t h e b a se b oa rd . S ub sequen tp r in t sw e re t h en l a id d own , ma tch ing i mage s b o th f o rwa rd o n t h e r un , a nd l a te ra l ly o n t h e a d ja cen t r un w h i l s t m a in ta in ing c o r re spondence o f t h e g r id l i ne . P ho tograph ic r ecord ing o n l and A f te rt h et imbe r sh ad b een r a i sed a nd t a ken t ot h eb a se c amp o n B ea con I s land , t h ey w e re s t o red i n s e a -wa te r t a nk s . D u r ing t h e b ad w ea the r p e r iod s , e a ch i n d iv idua l t imbe r w a s b rough t o u t o f t h e t a nk s f o r d raw ing a nd p ho tog raphy .I tw a sf ound t h a ti nd i re c tl i gh tw a st h e mo s t e f f ec t ive f o rp ho tog raph ic r e co rd ing o fs u r f ace d e ta i l so f t h ea lmo s t -b la ck t imbe r .C a refu la d ju s tmen to fc ame ra a nd s ub jec t w a s r equ i red s o t h a t a ccu ra te p l ans c ou ld b e o b ta ined f r om t h ep ho tog raph s . A no pen -ended s hed w a sc on s t ruc ted w h ich p rov ided s hade f r om d i rec t s un l igh t . I nt h e r oof o ft h e s hed , 2m a bove t h eg round , aN ikon Fr ef l ex c ame ra w a s moun ted a nd l e ve l led w i th as p i r i tl e ve l .T he t imbe r sw e re w hee led i n at r o l ley a nd p o s i t ioned d i rec t ly b e low t h ec ame ra .F la t t imbe r s w e re t h en l e ve l led , a l so u s ing ab u i lde r 's s p i r i t l e ve ls ot h a ti tl a yi nt h es ame p l ane a st h ec ame ra .I nt h i s w ay , t h e s ca le o ve rt h ep l ane o ft h e t imbe rw a s u n ifo rm o ve rt h ew ho le o b jec t . W i th l a rge o rl o ng t imbe r s ,t h ef i e ld o fv i ew o ft h e5 5 mm M ic ro -N ikko r Pl e n sd id n o tc ove rt h ew ho le o b jec t . I nt h e se c a se s , as e r ie s o fo ve r lapp ing p ho tog raph s w a s t a ken b y mov ing t h e t r o l ley u nde r t h e c ame ra . At h in , w h i te t h read w a s s t re tched a l ong t h e t imbe r t o a i d t h e a l ignmen to fp r in t sw hen m ak ing u pt h ec ompo s i te p ho to g raph o ft h e o b je c t . Ab la ckboa rd w a s i n c luded i ne ach p ho tog raph ,g i v ing t h er e g i s t ra t ion n umbe ro ft h eo b jec t , i t si d en t if i ca t ion a nd t h ick ne s s .T h i sw a sf ound l a t e rt ob e i n va luab le , i n s o r t ing o u t t housand s o f p ho tog raph s o f d i f f e ren tp i ece so ft imbe r . I ft h et imbe rw a sl a rge a nd c omp le te ly f l a t , a2 4 mm N ikko r Nl e n sw a su sed . Wi th t h i sl e n s ,i tw a sp o s s ib le t o p ho tog raph t h e t imbe r i no ne f r ame . G rea t c a re w a s r e q u i red , h oweve r , t oe n su re t h a t t h e t imbe r a nd c ame ra p l ane s w e re l e ve l led , a st i l t w i th s uch aw ide -ang le l e n s w ou ld c au se s eve re s ca le d i s to r t ion s . I na l l c a se s , a 1m s ca le g radua ted i n2 0 mm s qua re si n ac he cked p a t te rn w a s u sed . T he s ca le w a sa r ranged s ot h a ti tl a y i ne xa c t ly t h e

F igu r e 1 9 . As ca led p ho tog raph o ft h es h ea th ing o rv e rdubb l ing f r om t h es t er n -po s t . No te t h ew a te r l in e ma rk ing sa nd t h es hea th ing n a i lp a t t er n .

1 9

s ame p l ane a st h ef l a ts u r f a ce o ft h et imbe r .

F igu re 2 0 . R ecord ing t h es t er n -pos ts hea th ing o nt r an spa ren td raw ing f i lm ,n o t e t h i s i sd one a tt h es ame t ime a st h ep ho tog raphy .

T he s u r fa ce l a ye ro ft imbe rw a st h en r emoved a nd t h e u nde r ly ing l a ye r w a s r e tagged w he re n ece ssa ry a nd a s e cond mo sa ic w a s made . T h is p roce s s o fp ho tog raphy ( r emova l o f al a ye r , r e tagg ing a nd p ho tog raphy ) w a s r epea ted u n t i l a l l t h e t imbe r i nt h a t p a r t icu la r a r ea w a s c l ea red . T he e xcava t ion t h en p rog r e s sed t o an ew a r ea a d ja cen ta nd t h ep roce s sw a sr epea ted .I nt h i sw ay , as e r ie s o fp ho tomosa ics o fe ach l a ye r o f t h e s t ruc tu re w a s o b t a ined ,a nd t h e se c ou ld b ef i t ted t oge the rt og ive a no ve ra l l mo sa ic o fe ach l a ye ro ve rt h ew ho le a r ea . T he p r in t sw e re r e c t if ied ,a sd e scr ibed i nG reen ( 1980 ) . I n t h i s c a se , t h e r e c t if ica t ion w a s q u i t e s t ra igh t fo rwa rd , d ue t ot h eu se o f ar egu la rm e t re s qua re .H oweve r ,o w ing t ot h ef a c tt h a tt h e s t ruc tu re w a sc u rved i no ne p l ane ,a nd a lmo s t s t ra igh t i n t h e o t he r , t h e mo sa ic , a l though n o t s u f f e r ing f r om s e r iou s m a tch ing e r ro r s , r ep re sen ted t h e s u r f a ce o ft h et imbe r ,f l a t tened i n to t wo d imens ions . L a te r ,w hen t h e1 5 mm l e ns w a sa va i lab le ,i tw a sf ound t h a t ,i ng ood c ond i t ion s ,i tw a sp o s s ib le t op ho tog raph t h e

A l though I l fo p r in tp ape rw a sg ene ra l ly u sed f o rp r in t i n g ,i th a sb e en f ound t h a tt h en ew I l fo s peed p ape ri sb e t te r f o r t h is t y pe o fw o rk . T he l a t te r h a s b e t te r d imen s iona l s t ab i l i ty ,a nd a ppea r st os uf f e rl e s sf r om s h r inkage t h an t h e I l fo p r in tm a te r ia l . Underwa ter t imber p ho tomo sa ics A s e ach a r ea o ft h e s h ip 's s t ruc tu re w a s u ncove red , p ho tomo sa ics w e re m ade t op rov ide ar e co rd o ft h es t ruc t u re .A f te ra l li nd iv idua lt imbe r sh ad b een l a be l led , as e r ie s o fp ho tog raphs w e re made o ft h ea r ea . I n c luded i ne ach p ho tog raph w a s a1m s qua re o r a1x2m r e c tangu la rg r id f r ame , g radua ted i n0 . 1 mi n ter va l s . T he g r id f r ame w a s l a id f l a to nt h es u r f ace o ft h et imbe ra nd ah and -he ld ,s em i v e r t ica lp ho tog raph w a st a ken a t ah e igh to f2 . 5m ,u s ing t h e2 8 mm l e n s ,o ra t ah e igh to f1 . 4m ,u s ing t h e 1 5 mm l e ns .T he g r id f r ame w a st h en t u rned o ve ro no ne e dge s o t h a tt h en ex tm e t re s qua re o ft imbe rw a sc ove red w i th t h e g r id f r ame . T h i sw a s t h en p ho tog raphed a nd t h ep roce s s

t imbe r i n o ne s i ng le ( o r s t e reo p a i r ) p ho tog raph . T hu s p ho tomo s iac sw e re a bandoned a su nnece s sa ry a nd v e r t i c a lo rs em i -ve r t ica ls o fs t ruc tu re w e re t a ken u s ing a1x2 mg r id f r ame , i ne i the r s t e reo o r mono , w i th t h e 1 5 mm w ide -ang le l e n s .

r epea ted .B ys t a r t ing a to ne e dge o ft h et imbe r , as t r ip , 1m w ide , w a sp ho tog raphed f r om o ne s i de t ot h eo t he r . T he g r id w a s t h en r o ta ted l a te ra l ly o nce a nd t h e p roce s s r e p ea t ed b a ck a c ro s st h es t ruc tu re ,t og i ve as t r ip o ft h en ex t a d ja cen tm e t re . T h i s p roce s s w a s c on t inued u n t i l a l l t h e e xpo sed a r ea w a sp ho tog raphed . 2 0

F igu r e2 1 . P ho tog raph ing t h et r an som o ft h eB a tav ia d u r ing t h ep rog re s so ft h ed i sman tl ing o ft h eh u l ls t ruc tu re .

S tereo -pho tograph ic r ecord ing W i th t h e g row ing c omp lex i ty o ft h e s i te i nt h e s t er n a r ea o ft h es i te ,s ome d i f f icu l ty w a se xpe r ienced i ni n te r p re t ing t h ep ho tog raph s o ft h e s t ru c tu re . I tw a sd ec ided , t h e re fo re , t o o b ta in s t e reo -pho tog raph s t o h e lp i n t h is w o rk .I n i t ia l ly ,t h es t e reo -pho tog raph sw e re m ade p u re ly f o r v i sua l r e co rd p u rpo se s . L a t e r , h oweve r , g r id f r ames w e r ea lway s i n c luded s o t h a ts ome d imen s ion s c ou ld b e d e te rm ined . Two N ikono sc ame ra sw i th 2 8 mm l e n se sw e r e moun ted 0 . 6 ma pa r to n ab a rw i th t h e i rc ame ra a xe sa pp rox ima t e ly p a ra l le l .T he c ame ra sw e re f i r ed s imu l taneou s ly b yh and . An umbe ro fp rob lems w e re e ncoun te red w i th t h i ss y s t em ,

E xcava t ion me thod s T he d iv ing Du r ing t h ef ou rs ea sons o fw o rk o nt h eB a tav ia , at o ta l o f4 47 d ay sw e re s pen ti nt h ef i e ld .D ue t ob ad w ea the r ,i t w a sp o s s ib le t od i ve o nt h em a in s i t eo n1 73 o ft h e se d ay s , d u r ing w h ich t ime at o ta lo f1 916 d i v ing -hou r sw a sl ogged . A na dd i t iona l5 00 h ou r sw a sl o gged w o rk ing o nt h ei n s ide r e ef s i te .T hu s ,1d i v ing -hou r sp e rd i v ing -day w e re s pen t o nt h e ma in s i te ,a nd t h i so ccu r red o na na ve r age o fo ne d ay i nt h ree . T he b reakdown o ft h e f ou r s ea sons o fw o rk i s g i ven i nt h et a b le b e low : S ea son

p a r t icu la r ly w he re c l o se -up p ho tog raphs w e re r equ i red . T he p re s su re o fe xcava t ion w o rk d id n o te nab le t h ed eve l o pmen to f ac omp rehen s ive s t e r eo -pho tog ramme t r ic s y s t em ,a nd w ew e re l im i ted t os imp le r e co rd ing .W i th t h ei n -

1 s t .

N o .d ay s i nt h ef i e ld 1 48 N o . d i v ing d ay so n ma in s i te 5 9 T o ta ld i v ing h ou r s 5 43 Ma in s i te d i v ing h ou r s 4 77 R a t io o fd i v ing t ot o ta ld ays 1 : 2 .5 A ve rage d i v ing h ou r sp e rd ay 8 . 08

t r oduc t ion o f t h e 1 5 mm l e n s , s t e reo -pa i r s w e re t a ken s imp ly b yt a k ing o ne p ho tog raph a nd t h en q u ick ly mov ing t h ec ame ra l a te ra l ly a bou t0 . 2t o0 . 3 ma nd t a k ing a no the r . T h i ss imp le s y s t em p roduced e x ce l len tr e co rd s t e reo p ho t og raph s a nd t h e c omp lex s t e r eo -ba r s y s tem w a s a ban -

2 nd .

3 rd .

4 t h .

1 08 1 50 4 5 5 9 4 49 6 41 3 60 5 28 1 : 2 .4 1 : 2 .5 8 . 00 8 . 95

4 1 1 0 2 83 8 6 1 : 4 .1 8 . 60

T h i s s hows t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fd i v ing -hou r s e a ch d ay f o rt h ef ou rs e a son s .I tmay b en o ted t h a tt h ed ay sw hen i t w a sp o s s ib le t od i ve o nt h em a in s i te ,o ccu r red i n ag roup p e r iod ica l ly ,c o r re spond ing t op e r iod so fg ood w ea the r .I n

d oned . T he p r in t s w e re p roces sed i n t h e n o rma l w ay a nd v i ewed u nde r aT opcon m i r ro rs t e reo scope .T he a dd i t iona l d imen s ion e l ic i t ed b yt h i s m ean s , a dded c on s ide rab ly t o i n te rp re t ive w o rk .F o re xamp le ,a na ppa ren t ly f e a tu re le s s

g ene ra l ,d i v ing o ccu r red f o ra bou tt h r ee o rf ou rd ay sw i th as ub sequen tb reak o fa bou t1 0d ay s .T he mon th ly d i v ing d ay r a t io w a sa sf olow s :S ep tembe r , 1 : 3 .4 ;O c tobe r1 : 6 .2 ; D ecembe r 1 : 3 .0 ; J anua ry 1 : 3 .3 ; F ebrua ry 1 : 3 .4 ; Ma r ch 1 : 2 .1 ; A p r i l 1 : 1 .8 ; May 1 : 2 .5 .

a r ea o fs eaweed a nd c onc re t ion ,w hen v i ewed i ns t e reo s c opy ,i mmed ia t e ly e nab led i d en t i f ica t ion o ft h ep o s i t ion o f c annon b als u nde r c onc re t ion a nd o the r t h ree -d imen s i ona lf e a tu re s . 2 1

E xcava t ion t o o l s An umbe ro fq u i t es imp le ,b u ti n gen iou st o o l so ra i d s w e r eu sed t oa s s i s ti nt h ee xcava t ion .R emova l f r om t h e s i t e o fl a rge q uan t i t ie s o f c o ra l w a s o ne o f t h e b i gge s t p rob lems .T he w ho le s i te w a sc ove red w i th at h ick l a ye ro f d ead c o ra l ,o f t en u pt o 2m d e ep .T he c o ra lw a sg ene ra l ly t o o l a rge t ob e a i r l i f ted ; t h e l a rge s t l ump s w e re p l a t e s a bou t 1m i nd i ame t e r , a nd 0 . 5 mt h ick , r a ng ing i ns i ze d own t os ma l ln odu le s 1 00 mm i nd i ame t e r .T he s u r f a ce l a ye r so fc o r a lw e re l i gh t ly c onc re ted t o ge the rw i th c o ra l i ne a l gae w h ich c ou ld b ee a s i ly b roken w i th ac r owba r . W i th m o re s t ubbo rn c onc r e t ion , ag eo log ica lh amme rw a s u s ed a s ah and -he ld c h i se la nd t h i sw a ss t ruck w i th as ho r t h and led s l edge -hamme r . T he " hamme r a nd p i ck" t e ch n i que w a s f o und t ob e t h em o s te f f ic ien tw ay o fd ea l ing w i th c onc re t ion ,a pa r tf r om t h es p e c ia lc a se o ft h eu se o f e xp lo s ive s . V a r iou sm e thod sw e re u s ed t or emove t h ec o ra ll ump s t h a th ad b een b roken f r ee f r om t h eb i nd ing c onc r e t ion ,a nd t h el o o se ly p a cked c o ra lb e low t h i s .D u r ing r o ugh w ea the r , w hen t h ew o rkboa tc ou ld n o tb ep o s i t ioned o ve rt h es i te , t h ec o ra lw a sb agged a nd m an -hand led o f ft h es i t e .T he f u l l s a ck sw e ighed a bou t5 0k g( i nw a te r ) ,a nd w e re p i led , 1 0 ma way t oe i the rs i de a nd w e l lc l e a ro ft h es i te . I ng ood w ea the r ,t h e se s a ck sw e re r a i sed w i th t h ew o rkboa tw inch u s ing a n' o c topu s 's y s tem :t wen ty o rt h i r ty l i gh tl i ne sw e re a t ta ched t ot h es ha ck le o nt h ee nd o ft h ew i re .T h i sw a st h en d ropped o n to t h es i te ,a nd t h es a ck sa t ta ched t ot h el i ne s w i th q u ick r e lea se k no t s .T he w ho le w a st h en r a i sed b e h i nd t h eb oa t ,a nd t h ev e s se lm anoeuv red ,u nde rp owe rb u t s t i l la t ta ched t ot h e moo r ing ,s ot h a tt h ev e s se lw a so f ft h e s i t e .T he q u ick r e lea se k no t sw e re t h en p u l led a nd t h es a ck s d umped .F o rl a rge c o ra ll ump s , as t ee l -me sh l i f t ing t r ay 3 x1 . 2 x0 . 8 mw a sc on s t ruc ted ( F ig .1 4 ) .T h i sw a sl e f to nt h e s i t et ob ef i l led b yt h ed i ve r s ;t h eb oa tw a st h en b rough ti n a nd t h e t r ay l i f t ed b y af ou r -po in t s t rop a tached t ot h e c o rne r so ft h et r ay . As im i la rs t rop ,a t ta ched t ot h el owe r p a r to ft h et r ay ,w a st i ed t ot h eb oa t ,a f te rt h et r ay w a sl i f ted . T he v e s se l w a s t h en s t ee red o f f t h e s i te a nd t h e t r ay l owe red ,p u t t ing t h es t ra in o nt h el owe rs t rop .A s ar e su l t t h et r ay t i pped u p s ide d own ,d ump ing i t sl o ad . Wi th t h i s s y s tem ,i tw a sp o s s ib le t od ump 1 . 5 t o nne sp e rl o ad ,t h e w ho le o pe r a t ion t a k ing af ew m inu t e s .U s ing t h e se m e th o d s ,a bou t1 50 c ub i cm e t re so fc o ra lw a sr emoved f r om t h e s i t ed u r ing t h ef ou rs e a son s . T he s o f ts and s tone b u i ld ing b l ock sw e re r a i sed u s ing r ope s t rop s a nd t h e b oa t w inch , u s ing t h e h yd rau l ic A f r ame t os w ing t h eb l ock so n -boa rd .T h i st y pe o fo pe ra t ion c ou ld b e c a r r ied o u t o n ly i n r e la t ive ly g ood w ea the r c ond i t ion s , a st h eb oa th ad t ob ed ropped b ack f r om t h e m oo r ing s ot h a ti tw a so ve rt h es i te a nd t h ev e s se ln eeded t ob er e a sonab ly s t ab le t op r even tt h eb l ock sb e ing d am a ged w hen l i f ted o n -boa rd . Am ax imum o f a bou t 1 . 5 t o nne so fb l ock sc ou ld b el o aded o n to t h ev e s se la to ne t i me f o rt r an spo r tt ot h eB ea con I s land f i e ld s t a t ion .I n i t ia l ly ,t h e u n load ing f r om t h e v e s se l o n to t h e j e t ty c r ea ted s ome p rob lems .T he se w e re p a r t ia l ly r e so lved b yt h ec on s t ruc t i on o f ad av i to nt h ee nd o ft h ej e t ty .T hen , ah a l f tonne c apa c i ty t r o l ley w a sm ad et or un t h eb l ock sa s ho re a l ong t h ec a t -wa lk ,a nd ap o r tab le s hee r leg s( F ig .6 )w a su sed t o u n load t h em f r om t h e t r o l ley . A t o ta l o f 1 28 b l o ck s

w e igh ing 2 7 t o nne s w e r e r e cove red , t r an spo r t ed t ot h e i s land ,a nd u n loaded i nt we lve d ay s . E igh tc annon w e re r e cove red f r om t h e s i t e . I n i t ia l ly , c annon w e re r a i sed w i th 2 00 k g -capa c i ty l i f t ing b a l loon s . T he se b a l loon sw e re t i ed t ot h ec annon ,f i l led w i th a i ru n t i l t h ec annon f l oa ted a nd t h en t owed b a ck t ot h ei s land .L a t e r w hen t h el i f t ing c apa c i ty o ft h eb oa tw inch w a si n c r ea sed , t h e c annon w e re r a i sed b eh ind t h e b oa t ( i n s ome c a se s l o aded o n -boa rd ) a nd t h en m o to r ed b ack t ot h e i s l and . G rea tc a re w a sr equ i red i nh and l ing t h ei r on c annon s oa s n o tt od amage t h ep r o te c t ive c onc re t ion c ove r ing t h eg un . I ft h i sw e r eb roken ,t h es o f tg r aph i t ized s u r f a ce o ft h eg un w a se xpo sed ,a nd t h em a rk ing s a nd mou ld ing s c ou ld b e e a s i ly a nd i repa rab ly d amaged .T he b e s ts y s t em d ev i sed t op r o te c tt h i sc onc re t ion d u r ing l i f t ing w a st ou s e 1 00 m d i ame t e rh aw se r s ,r a cked a nd s e ized i n to af i gu re -o f -e igh t s t rop . T he c annon w a s s uppo r ted b y t wo o ft h e se s t rop s w h ich w e r ec ha ined t o ge the r ,a bove t h eg un ,a nd o n to t h e l i f t ing w i r e ,t h u sp rov id ing as o f ts uppo r tf o rt h eg un . L a rge c onc re t ion s w e re r a i sed i n ac a rgo n e t a nd b rough t b a ck t o t h e f i e ld s t a t ion f o r e xam ina t ion a nd e x t ra c t ion o fa r t e f ac t s . D u r ing t h et i mbe r ra i s ing o pe ra t ion s ,f l a tp l ank sw e re l o aded i n to t h et r ay u sed f o rr a i s ing c o ra l . When t h i sw a s f u l l ,t h ew ho le w a sl a shed d own a nd t h et r ay r a i sed o n to t h e w o rkbo a t ,f o rt h eb r ief t r ip b ack t oB ea con I s land .L a rge , c u rved r i b s t h a t w ou ld n o t f i ti n to t h e l i f t ing t r ay , w e re s t ropped u s ing f l a tm a t e r ia l s t rap s t op r even tc ha f ing o r s c o r ing o f t h e s o f t t i mbe r s u r f a ce . T he t i mbe r s w e re u sua l ly h au led o n to t h ew o rkboa tb yh and . T or emove s a nd ,g r ave la nd s ma l lc o ra ls po i l ,t wo t y pe s o fa i r l i f t sw e r eu sed .O ne w a s ac on t inuou s1 0 ml e ng th o f H el i f lex r e inf o r ced p l a s t ic t u b ing ,1 20 mm i nd i ame t e r .A s e cu r ing p o in t w a s l o ca t ed a bou t 3m f r om t h ew o rk ing e nd ,a nd t h i sw a sa t ta ched t o as ma l lc onc r e te s i nke ra bou t 2 0k gi nw e igh t .T he d i scha rge e nd w a st i ed o f fs ot h a tt h e s po i lw a sd epo s i ted a bou th a lfway u pt h es i t et owa rd st h e r e e f .I tw a sf ound t h a tt h i ss po i lw a st h en d r iven o f ft h es i t e a nd o ve rt h er e e fb yt h es u rge .A i rw a sf e dt ot h ea i r l if tv i a a3 0 mm s upp ly p i pe w h i ch w a sr un u pt h ew o rk ing e nd o f t h ea i r l i f ta nd s e cu re ly a t tached t oi t .T he o t he ra i r l if tw a s ar i g id P .V .C .p i pe , 5m l o ng a nd 1 50 mm i nd i ame t e r ,w i th af u r the r 4m o fH e l i f lex t u b ing a tached t ot h ew o rk ing e nd . T he a i r l i f t w a s a ncho red a tt h ej unc t ion o ft h e t wo p i pe s ,a nd t h ea i rs upp ly a nd d i s cha rg ew e re a r ranged i n t h e s ame w ay a st h e f l ex ib le a i r l i f t . T he a i r s upp ly w a s e mu l s i f ied t oi mp rove e f f ic iency ,a nd u nde rn o rma lo pe r a t ing c ond i t ion s ,w i th a2 500 l i t re sp e rm inu te a i rs upp ly , i tw a sp o s s ib le t or un b o th u n i t sa nd r emove m a t e r ia lu pt o s l igh t ly l e s st h an t h ed i ame t e ro ft h ea i r l if tt u be . P rob l em s w e re e xpe r ien ced w i th s po i l b l o ck ing t h e a i r l i f tp i pe a ts ome d i s tan ce u pt h ep i pe .T h i sw a so f t en a r e su l to fa no pe ra to ra l low ing al a rge o b je c tt oe n te rt h e a i r l i f t , w h ich , t u rn ing i nt h e p i pe , t h en j ammed i t .T o p r even tt h i s , ar e s t r i c t ion w a s m ad e i nt h e m ou th o ft h e a i r l i f t .T he a i r l i f t sw e r ef ound t ob er e a sonab ly m anage a b le , e ven i ns t rong s u rge c ond i t ion s a nd ,p rov ided t h a t t h ey w e r e s e cu r e ly a ncho red , t h ey c ou ld b e l e f t o n t h e w r e ck s i t et h roughou tt h es e a son .A tt h ee nd o ft h ew o rk ing d ay ,t h ea i rs upp ly p i pe sw e re d i s connec ted a nd b rough t o n -boa rd t h ew o rkboa t . 2 2

F igu r e2 2 . C ompo s i te p ho tomo sa i co ft h eh ul t imbe r sa tt h en o r th e nd o ft h es i te .N o te t h a tt h eg r id f r ame sh ave b een c r opped o u t o f mo s to ft h ep ho tog r aph si no rde rt om ake t h em osa ic c l ea re r .

2 3

F igu re 2 3 . B reak ing o pen ac annon b a l lc onc re t ion a tt h eb a se c amp .

T he a i r s upp ly w a s a l so u sed t op owe r ap neuma t ic c ha in -saw . T h i s w a s u sed t oc u t t h e l o ng s t rake s o ft h e s h ip 's t imbe r si n to m anageab le l e ng th s .T h i ss y s tem w a s t h eo n ly p rac t ica lw ay o fc u t t ing t h ev e ry h a rd t imbe r s .I t p roved t ob eq u ick a nd h igh ly e ff ic ien t .

Ap neuma t ic j a ck -hamme r w a s u sed o n af ew o cca s i on s t ot r y a nd b reak u p c onc re t ion , b u ti tp roved t ob e v e ry d i f f icu l tt oo pe ra t ea nd c au sed t o o much d amage t ob e p rac t icab le .

2 4

THE ARTEFACTS Equ ipmen ta nd ma ter ia ls r e la ted t ou se o nb oard t he Ba tav ia The a rma men ts a nd m i l i tary e qu ip men t T he l o ca t ion o ft he g uns o n t he s i te T he o r ig ina l d i spo s i t ion o ft h eg un so n t h es i te a tt h e t ime o fd i scove ry , i n1 963 ,i sk nown o n ly f r om as u rvey c a r r ied o u tb yL ieu tenan tC ommande rH .D onohue ,R .A .N .

6 )a nd b ronze g un W h ad b een t r an spo sed w i th i r on g un V

As ke t ch p l an o ft h i s s u rvey w a s p ub l i shed b y E dwa rd s ( 1966 ) , ( s ee F ig . 2 4 ) a nd i sr e f e r red t o b e low a s t h e

m ade i tp o s s ib le t os ke tch t h el o ca t ions o ft h ef i ve b ronze g un s( No s2 4 ,2 5 ,2 6 ,2 7a nd 2 8 ) ,o ne i r on ( No .2 3 )a nd o ne c ompo s i te ( No .2 2 )w h ich h ad a l lb een r a i sed o rr emoved i n1 963 .T h is g i ve s t h ef i na lp l an s hown i nF ig . 2 5 . I den t i f ica t ion o f t h e c o r re spond ing s i te l o ca t ion f o r e a ch b ronze g un w a s mo re d i f f icu l t , s i nce n o r e co rd s

E dwa rds P lan . O ve r ap e r iod o fy ea r s , an umbe ro fg uns h ave b een r a ised f r om t h e s i te ,a nd t h e re h a sb e en s ome c onfu s ion a st ow he re t h eg un sc ame f r om .T he E dwa rd s P lan , u sed i nc on junc t ion w i th i n fo rma t ion g a ined f r om s ub sequen ts u rveys o ft h es i te ,h a sm ade i tp o s s ib le t or e l o ca te a l lt h eg uns ,a nd i d en t ify t h o se t h a th ave b een r a i sed , s ome o ft h em c onc lu s ive ly a nd ,o t he r s ,a tl e a s t ,t e n ta t ive ly . E xam ina t ion o f t h e E dwa rd s P lan ( F ig . 2 4 ) a nd t h e p re sen td ay p l an ( F ig .2 5 )r e vea l s ,f i r s t ly ,o bv iou sd i sc rep a nc ie s i nt h en umbe ro fg uns , a nd t h e i rd i spo s i t ion . T he E dwa rd sP lan s how s at o ta lo f2 5g un s( At oY )w he rea st h e l a te rp l an s how st h ep o s i t ion o f2 8g un s( 1t o2 8 ) ,i n c lud ing t h es even g un sk nown t oh ave b een r a ised i n1 963 . T he d i sc repancy i nn umbe rc an b ee xp la ined b ecau se t h ei n i t ia ls u rvey m i s sed t h re eg un s .T h i si sn o ts u rp r i s ing , s i nce t h el a s tg un t ob ed i scove red ( No .2 1 )w a sf ound i n 1 977 , f ou r y ea r s a f te r t h e s t a r t o f t h e m a in e xcava t ion w o rk . D u r ing t h i se xcava t ion ( 1973 — 1 977 ) ,2 0i r on a nd o ne c ompo s i te g un w e re p l o t ted s t i l lr ema in ing o nt h es i te . I ti sc l ea rt h a tt h ei n i t ia ls u rvey i n1 963 h ad m is sed t h ei r on g un s No s9 ,1 a nd 2 1 ,w h ich w e re d eep ly b u r ied i nt h e c o ra l ,a nd d i f f icu l tt oi d en t i fy a sg un s . A l though t h e se g un s w h ich w e re m i s s ing f r om t h e i n i t ia lE dwa rd ss ur vey ,a ccoun ted f o rt h en umbe r s ,t h e re w e re s t i l lo bv iou sa noma l ie si nt h ed i spo s i t ion o fs ome o f t h eb ronze a nd i r on g un s .I np a r t icu la r ,s ome i r on g uns o n t h e s i te w e r e s hown o nt h e E dwa rd s P lan a sb ronze a nd s ome b ronze g un s w e re r e co rded o n t h e p l an a s i r on . I n spe c t ion o ft h et wo p l ans s howed t h a tt h e re mu s th ave b een at r an spo s i t ion o fs ome o ft h eb ronze a nd i r on g un s . T hus o nt h eE dwa rd sP lan ,b ronze g un H h ad b een t r an s p o sed w i th i r on g un G ( s ince b ronze Hw a sc l ea r ly i r on No .

( s ince b ronze W w a sc l ea r ly i r on No . 1 9 ) .I ft h e se c o r r ec t i ons w e re m ade t ot h eE dwa rd sP lan a nd t h ed i spo s i t ion o f t h e r e cen t ly d i scove red i r on g uns a dded t oi t ,t h e r e su l t

i d en t ify ing t h eg un sw e re m ade a tt h et ime o ft h e i rr e cov e r yi n1 963 .B yd educ t ion ,i ti sp o s s ib le t oi d en t i fy s ome o f t h eg un sf r om t h en o tes o nt h eE dwa rd sP lan .F i r s t ly ,g un No .2 8( ma rked Won t h eE dwa rd sP lan )i sn o ted ' B ronze t a i l ing g un ' .I ti sa s sumed t ob et h el o ng b ronze g un BAT 3 637 ( t he o t he rf ou rb e ing s ho r te ra nd o f as im i la rs i ze ) . No . 2 4 ( ma rked F o n t h e E dwa rd s P lan ) h a s n o ted a ga ins ti t' d ropped i n1 964 ' .T he d a te i sc l ea r ly am i sp r in t s i nce t h ee xped i t ion w a si n1 963 .A tt h a tt ime ,t h el a s tg un t ob er a ised w a sa cc iden ta l ly d ropped a nd n o tr e cove red . I tw a s r e t r ieved b y aMu seum d i v ing t e am ( G . K imp ton a nd C .P owe l l )i n1 970 a nd c an b ec e r ta in ly i d en t if ied a s t h eR o t te rdam A dm i ra l ty g un BAT 3 640 No . 2 5 ( on t h e E dwa rd sP lan m is taken ly G i r on ) . T he o t he r b ronze g un i nt h is g ene ra l a r ea ( H o n t h e • E dwa rd s P lan ) h a s t h e n o te ' c ap s ized ' , i n d ica t ing t h a ti t w a sf ound u p s ide -down .T h is a r ea o ft h es i te i sn o ted f o r t h eh eavy s and a b ra s ion w h ich c an b es e en ,f o re xamp le , o ng un No .2 4 , BAT 3 640 .T he o n ly o t he ra b raded g un w a s BAT 3 627 a nd ,t h e re fo re ,i tw ou ld b er e a sonab le t oa s sume t h a tt h e se t wo b ad ly -ab raded g un sc ame f r om w i th in t h e s ame v i c in i ty ,a nd t h a tt h et h ree r e la t ive ly u nab raded g un s c ame f r om t h e b ow s e c t ion o f t h e s h ip . T hus o ne m ay r e a sonab ly a t t r ibu te BAT 3 627 a s g un N o . 2 5 . C onse q uen t ly ,t h el o ca t ion o fa lt h eb ronze g un sc an b ei d en t i f i ed e xcep tf o rN o s2 6a nd 2 7o r Wand X ,w h ich a r ee i the r BAT 3 638 o r BAT 3 639 .I ti sh e lp fu l ,h oweve r ,t ok now t h a tt h ey w e re ama tched p a i r .

THE BRONZE GUNS T he f i ve b ronze g un sd e sc r ibed h e re a r ea sf o l lows : BAT 3 637 L eng th 3 . 525 m .B o re 1 20 mm .D a t ed 1 603 (5? ) .A dm i ra l ty o fR o t t e rdam .G un f ounde rC on rae tA n ton isz .P r e sen t l o ca t ion : We s te rn A u s t ra l ia n Ma r i t ime Mu seum ,F reman t le . BAT 3 627 L eng th 3 . 20 m .B o re 1 50 mm .D a ted 1 616 .A dm i ra l ty o fR o t te rdam .G un f ounde rA ren tv an d e rP u t .P re sen tl o ca t ion : o u t s ide C oun t ry Women 's A s soc ia t ion B u i ld ing ,G e ra ld ton . BAT 3 640 L eng th 3 . 20 m .B o re 1 50 mm .D a ted 1 616 .A dm i ra l ty o fR o t te rdam .G un f ounde rA ren tv an d e rP u t .P re sen tl o ca t ion : G e r a ld ton Ma r i t ime Mu seum . BAT 3 638 L eng th 3 . 30 m .B o re 1 50 mm .D a t ed 1 615 .A dm i ra l ty o f Ams te rdam .G un f ounde rH en r icu s Meu r s .P re sen tl o ca t ion : G e r a ld ton C iv ic C en t re . BAT 3 639 L eng th 3 . 30 m .B o re 1 50 mm .D a t ed 1 615 .A dm i ra l ty o f Am s te rdam .G un f ounde rH en r icu s Meu r s .P re sen tl o ca t ion : H .M .A .S .S t ir l ing ,G a rden I s land , We s te rn A u s t ra l ia . T he g uns a ppea ro nt h es i te p l an ( F ig . 2 5 )n umbe red 2 4 ,2 5 ,2 6 ,27 a nd 2 8 . 2 5

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F igu re 2 4 . P lan o ft h ew reck s i te made i n1 963 ,s how ing t h ed i spo s i t ion o ft h eg un sr e co rded d u r ing t h ei n i t ia le xp lo ra t ion o ft h es i te ,p ub l i sh ed i nE dwa rd s( 1 966 )a nd k nown a st h eE dwa rd sP lan .G un s ma rked A t oY ,f i ve b ronze ,t wo ' c oppe r 'o rc ompos i te a nd e i gh teen i r on .C ompa re w i th F i gu r e2 5o ppo s i te , wh ich s how st h ea c tua ld i spo s i t ion o ft h eg un s ,t h eg un st h a ta r em i s s ing a nd t h eg un st h a th ave b een t r an spo sed .

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A pp rox ima te p os i t ion o fs h ip 's s t e rn _ s t ruc tu re

A pp rox ima te p os i t ion o fg un p o r to n p o r t s i de

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F igu r e2 5 . P l an o ft h ew re ck s i te s how ing t h ep o s i t ion o ft h eg un st h a tw e re s u rveyed o nt h es i te a f te rt h ei n i t ia ls u rvey ,t o ge the rw i th t h eh ypo the t ica lp o s i t ion so ft h eg un st h a tw e re r emoved d u r ing t h e1 963 e xped i t ion ,t a ken f r om t h ep l an o ppo s i te .T he re w a s at o ta lo ft wen ty -e igh tg un so nt h es i te w hen i tw a sd i scove red ,f i ve b ronze ,t wo c ompo s i te a nd t wen ty -one i r on .

2 7

BAT 3 637 No .2 4 . T h i sg un h a sp a tche so fa b ra s ion o nt h e muzz le ,t r un -

ARENT VANDER PUT MEFEC IT ROTTERDA M A . 1 616

n ion sa nd b a se r i ng .I ng ene ra l ,t h ea b ra s ion i sc onf ined t o t h el owe rs u r f ace .C a s t ing f l aw sa r ee v iden to nt h ec ha se

R ema in s o ft h e w e igh t4 450 A s t amped o n t h e r i ng i n d ica te t h e g un w a s m ea su red i n Ams t e rdam (? ) p on t s ( 2 197 k g ) .

a nd a r ound t h e muzz le .T he re i san a r row f r ieze b eh ind t h e muzz le f i l le t sa nd a s t raga l .T he re i s ad eco ra t ive f i e ld i n f r on to ft h es e cond r e info rce r i ng a nd o gee w h ich c on s i s t s o fa no rna te v a se w i th s c ro l led v ege ta lt e nd r i l s . Ap a i ro f d o lph ins a r es e to nt h es e cond r e info r ce .T he f i r s tr e info rce

BAT 3 638 a nd BAT 3 639 T he se t wo g uns a r e t h eb e s t -p re se rved o ft h eb ronze g un s , BAT 3 638 b e ing a lmo s t t o ta l ly u ndamaged . T he g un sh ave amuzz le f r ieze e nc lo sed b y ap a i ro fa s t raga l s a nd f i l le t s .T he f r ieze c on s i s t so fs c rol ss uppo r t ing f l o ra l o rv ege ta lp endan t s . A no the r f r ieze i ss e t i nf r on to ft h e s e cond r e info r ce .T h i sc on s i s t so f ab i rd ( p o ss ib ly a ne ag le ) f l anked b yf l o ra la nd v ege ta lw rea th sa nd r i bbons .O nt h e o gee o ft h es e cond r e info r ce i sas qua re h o le l o ca ted o nt h e t op s u r f ace . T he p u rpo se o ft h i sh o le i so b scu re ; w h i le i t m ay b ef o ra na dd i t iona lc hap le t ,t h eh o le d oe sn o tp ene t r a te t h eb o re . I ti sa s sumed t h a tt h e h o le w a s o r ig ina l ly f i l led w i th i r on ,w h ich h a sd i sappea r ed d ue t ot h ee l ec t ro l y t ic c o r ro s ion e f fec t si ns ea -wa te r ,o ft h ed i s s im i la rm e t a l s . T h is w i l lb ed i scu s sed b e low . Ap a i ro fd o lph in sa r e moun ted o nt h es e cond r e info rce . Am edal ion o nt h ef i r s t r e info rce c on s i s t so fc ro s sed a ncho r sw i th t r i ton s uppo r t e r s .B e low ,i nt wo f r ieze s made u po ft h ree s e t so fa s t raga l s a nd f i l le t si st h ei n sc r ip t ion :

h a s al a rge meda l l ion wh ich c on s i s t s o f t h e l i on o f t h e Un i ted P rov ince s ,r ampan t ,h o ld ing as wo rd a nd ab und le o f a r rows , a nd s u r rounded b y aw rea th s e t a ga in s t t h e f r amewo rk o f ap a i ro fc ro s sed a ncho r s .T h i si st h eb adge o ft h e Adm i ra l ty o fR o t te rdam .B e lowe i st h ed a te 1 603 o r 1 605— i ti sn o tc l ea ri ft h en umbe ri sa3o r a5 .B enea th t h e d a te i s ap l aque w i th t h ei n sc r ip t ion : ADMERAL ITE IT . RESEDER . ENDE . TOT . ROI -T ERDAM . I nt h ea r ea o ft h ep l aque a r et h eh o le sw h ich w e re o nce t h ec hap le t s ( t he c hap le t s w i l l b e d i scu s sed b e low ) . B e h i nd ,i st h ev en tf i e ld ,w i th as qua re v en ta nd t wo u p r igh t v en t -cap l ug s .O nt h eb a se r ing i st h ei n sc r ip t ion : CONRAET ANTON ISZ . ME .F EC IT .

AD M IRAL ITE IT . RES IDERENDE . T . AMSTELREDAM

T he re i sn oe v idence o f aVOC s t amp o rt h ew e igh t , a l though t h el a t te rm ay h ave b een w o rn a way .

• Ac hap le th o le l i e sd i re c t ly o ve rt h es e cond r ow o ft h e i n sc r ip t ion . T h i s i so ne o ff ou r h o le s , b u t , i n te re s t ing ly , o n ly t wo a r ev i s ib le . T he o t he rt wo s how u pa ss we l l ing s o nt h eo u te rs u r fa ce ,b u tc an b ec on f i rmed b yp rob ing t h e s u r f ace , t h eh o le l y ing j u s t af ew m i ll ime t res b e low . A n i n c i sed AVOC ma rk l i e ss l igh t ly t ot h er i gh to ft h ec en t r e l i ne b e low t h e i n sc r ip t ion . I n t h e v en t f i e ld i s as imp le r ound t o uch -ho le ,w i th ap a i ro fl u g sf o rl o ca t ing t h ev en t p a tch .O nt h eb a se -r ing i st h ei n sc r ip t ion :

BAT 3 627 a nd BAT 3 640 T he se t wo R o t te rdam A dm i ra l ty g uns a r eb o th b ad ly a b raded : o ne i sm i s s ing b o th i t sd o lph ins a nd mo s to ft h e d e co ra t ion ; t h e o t he r i sm i s s ing o ne d o lph in . T he g un s h ave as imp le d eco ra t ive f r ieze a round t h e muzz le a s t ra g a l s .T he d eco ra t ive f r ieze i nf r on to ft h es e cond r e info rce h a sa n a x ia ld eco ra t ion r e semb l ing af l eu rd el i sf l anked o ne i the rs i de b yt r i ton sb rand i sh ing ay a taghan a nd b uck l e r .I n te re s t ing ly ,t h e mons te ri sn o t at r ue t r i ton o rm e rman ( ha lf man ,h a lf f i sh )a si th a st h ef r on tl e g so f ah o r se .T he f r ieze a ppea r st ob ep a r to f al o nge rd e s ign ,s i nce p a r to ft h e

HENR ICUS MEURS ME F EC IT 1 616 T he re i sn oe v idence f o rt h ew e igh ti n sc r ip t ion w h ich i su sua l ly f ound o nt h eb a se r ing .

b uck le r o f a no the r T r i ton a ppea r s o n t h e o t he r s i de o f A ph rod i te who i sa r i s ing f r om h e rs he l l .T he s c ene i st a ken f r om t h e c l a s s ic B o t t ice ll ip a in t ing o fA ph rod i te a r i s ing f r om t h es ea . Two w e l l -fo rmed d o lph in sa r e moun ted o n t h es e cond r e in fo rce .T he b adge o re mb lem o ft h eA dm i r a l ty o f R o t te rdam l i e s a bove t h e p laque b ea r ing t h e f o l low ing :

D i scus s ion As im i la rg un t o BAT 3 627 a nd 3 640 , made b yv an d e r P u t ,i sl o ca ted i nt h eN ede r land sS cheepvaa r t Mu seum i n Am s te rdam .T h is g un h a sa no ve ra l ll e ng th o f3 . 84 m a nd ab o re o f1 25 mm a nd i st h u s al i gh te ra nd l o nge rg un , mo re o nt h es t y le o f BAT 3 637 .T he g un i si lus t ra ted i nP uype ( 1976 ) ,F ig .2 .C a lcu la t ion o ft h eb o re o ft h e se g uns i nd u im

AD M IRAL ITE IT . RES IDERENDE . TOT . ROTTERDA M .A . 1 616 .

g i ve sv a lue so f5 . 8 a nd 4 . 9 Am s te rdam d u im f o rt h e 1 50 a nd 1 25 mm b o re s . W i t sen ( 1671 :501 ) g ive s at a b le o f w e igh to fs ho ta ga in s tr ad ius o fb o re i nd u im x 1 00 .T h i s

T he f ou rc hap le th o le sa ppea ro f f -cen t r e :w he rea so n t h e Meu r sg uns ,o ne o ft h eh o les a ppea red o nt h ec en t re l i ne ,t h ese o ne sa ppea rt ob er o ta ted b y4 5° .T he t o uch -ho le o nt h ev en tf i e ld i ss qua re ,w i th t h et y p ica lp a i ro fl o ca t ing l u gs .T he t o uch -ho le h a sb een c u to u tl e av ing ac ub ic s pace a sa vo id .T h i s mu s to r ig ;w a l ly h ave b een f i l led w i th a ni r on

i n d ica t e st h a tt h eg un sw e re p robab ly 2 4a nd 1 4p on tg un s . T he e xa c tf i gu re sa r e2 5p ond en f o r1 50 mm a nd 1 4p ond en f o r 1 25 mm ( 12 .5 p ond en f o r 1 20 mm ) . A s s uch , t h e se r ep re sen tt h eh eav ie s tc l a s so fg un o n t h eB a tav ia .

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T he c hap le t s A l lt h re et y pe so fb ronze g un sh ave d i f f e ren tm e thod s o fc on s t ru c t ion o ft h ec hap le to rc r own p i e ce .T he f u nc t ion o ft h ec hap le ti st os uppo r tt h eb o r ep l ug o rk e rne li nt h e m ou ld b e fo r e a nd d u r ing t h e c a s t ing o f t h e g un . T he c omp lex p roce s s o fm ak ing amou ld f o r ag un r e qu i red , f i r s t ,t h a t am ode lo ft h eg un b em ade .A round t h i sw a sc a s t am ou ld a nd t h e o r ig ina l mode l w a s t h en d e s t royed a nd r emoved , l e av ing t h e m ou ld i n to w h ich w a s p ou red t h e m o l t en b ron ze .I nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ,g un sw e re c a s tw i th a p l ug r unn ing d own t h ec en t re o ft h em ou ld t of o rm t h eb o re o ft h eg un .L a te r ,i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ,f o rv a r iou sr e a son s , i tw a sf o und e a s ie rt oc a s tg un ss ol id ,a nd t h en d r i l lo u tt h e b o re .T os uppo r tt h eb o r ep l ug , ac hap le tw a su s ed a tt h e b o t tom ( v en t )e nd o ft h eb o re .T h i su sualy c on s i s ted o fa r ound i r on r i ng w h ich h e ld t h e c y l ind r ica l b o re p l ug . P ro jec t ing f r om t h er i ng w e re t h re e o rm o re p i n s w h ich w e r ea t ta ched t ot h ew a l lo ft h e mou ld .T hu s ,w hen t h eg un w a sc a s t ,t h eb ronze f i l led u pt h ec av i ty a nd s u r rounded t h e c hap le t ; t h ep l ug w ou ld t h en b eb rok en -up a nd r emoved l e av ing t h ec y l ind r i ca lb o re w i th t h ei r on c hap le tc a s ti n to t h eb ronze . T he re i sa n e xcelen ts e r i e s o fe ng rav ing s i n D ide ro t( 1 763 ) : F ig .7 9o fP la t e 1 4s how st h ec omp le ted m ou ld ( s ee a l so G i ll i sp ie , 1 959 ) ; F ig . 8 0s how st h eb o re p l ug w i th t h ec ap t ion : L en o yau d el 'a n te d es p ieces ,a i ns iq ue l 'o nl e sf ondo i tt o u tes p e rcd es ä a nc ienne m an ie re , a b rogde p a r l 'o rdonnance r appo r td ec i -de ssus .L en oyau d t o i tc ompo se d 'u ne b a r re d e f e rc y l ind r ique , e n tou rd ed ef i ld ef e r , &r eve tu d et e r re & p o tee ' ;F ig .8 2s how st h ec hap le tw i th c ap t ion :` Chape l e tq u i s e rvo i t äs ou ten i r l en oyau l o rsque l 'o nf ondo i t l e sp ieces c r eu s es .

N o r ton ( 1628 )a l so d e scr ibe st h ec hap le t ,a l though h e d oe s n o t m en t ion i tb y n ame : ' The r e m u s t a l so b e e a s moo th a nd e qua l lC i l l inde r ,w ho se D yame t r em u s tb ej u s t t h eh e igh to ft h eB o re ,a nd m ade o ft h es ame e a r th m ou lded u pon as t rong I r on s qua re B a r re ,a nd u pon ac o rd w ou lded a bou tt h e s ame , t h e rew i th t om ake t h e s ou le o rc oncave h o l low C i l l inde ro ft h eP e ece ,b yp l a c ing i t( b yh e lpe o ft h e B a se a nd Muzz le r ing )e xa c t ly i nt h em id s to ft h ev a cu i ty o f t h e o u te rmo s t C o lume , w h ich w hen t h e P a t t e rne o r Mode l ls h a l lb e et a ken o u t ,w i l lr ema ine h o l low t or e ce ive t h em e ta l 't h a tm u s tm ake t h eb ody o ft h eP eece . 'W igna l l ( 1 973 )d i scu s se sc hap le t sa nd s ugge s t st h a tE ng l i sh g un f ounde r sd i dn o tu se c hap le t s . E a ch t y pe o fb ronze g un f o und o nt h eB a tav ia s how s m ino r d i f f e rence s i nt h e moun t ing o ft h e c hap le t s . E v i d ence f r om t h e v an d e r P u t g un s ( BAT 3 627 & 3 640 ) s ugge s t st h a tt h ec hap le t so ft h e se g un sd i dn o tp i e r ce t h e w a l l o ft h e m ou ld , b ecau se t wo o ft h e f ou r a rm s o ft h e c hap le td o n o tp ene t ra te t h e o u t e rb ronze s u r f a ce o ft h e g un .A tt h e se p o in t s ,t h e re i sat h in l a ye ro fb r onze ( 1 -3 mm ) b e twe en t h eo u te rs u r f a ce o ft h eg un a nd t h eh o l low e nd o f w ha t w a s o nce t h e e nd o f t h e i r on c hap le t a rm . T h i s s ugge s t st h a tt h ea rms o ft h ec hap le tr e s t ed l o o se ly i nt h e m ou ld ,i n ev i tab ly t o uch ing t h ew a l l so ft h em ou ld i no n ly t wo p l ace s ( t he p o in t s a tw h i ch t h e c hap le t a ppea r s t o p i e rce t h e mou ld ) .I ti s ,t h u s ,p o s s ib le t od educe h ow t h e

m ou ld w a sa r ranged . F i r s t ly ,i ft h ec hap le tw a sm oun ted l o o se ly i nt h e m ou ld , i tc ou ld o n ly b e s e ti np l a ce i ft h e c a scabe le nd o ft h e mou ld w a so pen .I tw ou ld b ei mpo s s i b le t oi n se r tt h ec hap le tt h rough t h e m uzz le e nd o ft h e m ou ld ,a st h ed i ame te ro ft h em uzz le a tt h a tp o in tw ou ld b e t o o s ma l l t oa l low t h e e n t ry o ft h ec hap le tw h ich w ou ld h ave ad i ame t e re qua lt ot h eb ree ch .T hu s ,t h eb o re p l ug o r k e rne lb a rw a sp u ti np l a ce a nd t h ec hap le ts l ipped o ve rt h e e nd t ol o ca te t h ep l ug i np l ace .T he c a scabe lo ft h em ou ld w a st h en s e ti np l a ce o nt h e mou ld a nd t h em uzz le e nd o f t h eb o re p l ug f i xed i ns ome w ay .P r e sumab ly ,t h eu ppe r a t ta chmen t sf o rt h ep l ug w ou ld h ave b een s e ti nt h eh ead o ft h em ou ld ( t he p a r tt ob er emoved a f t e rc a s t ing )w h ich w ou ld e xp la in w hy t h ey d on o ts u rv ive . T he p a i ro fg un sm ade b y Meu r s( BAT 3 638 a nd 3 639 ) w e r e m ade u s ing a d i f f e ren t c on s t ruc t ion . T he c hap le t a ppea r st op ene t ra t et h em ou ld ;t h e r ei sac l ea ri n d ica t ion o ff o u rh o le s ,a nd t h ee dge so ft h e se h o le sa r es h a rp a nd p ronounced .I nt h i sc a se ,i ti sn o tc l ea rh ow t h ec hap le tw a s s e ti np l a ce ,a l though t h i sm ay h ave b een d one a tt h et i me o fm ak ing t h eo r ig ina lp o s i t ive a nd ,s ub sequen t ly ,i n co r p o ra ted i nt h em ou ld . T he p u rpo se o ft h eu nu sua ls qua re h o le j u s tf o rwa rd o f t h ed o lph in so nt h eH en r i cu s Meu r sg un si sn o tc l ea r .I ti s u n l ike ly t h a ti ti sac hap le to rh a sa ny f u nc t ion r e la ted t ot h e s uppo r to ft h ek e rne l .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a ti ti saf i t t ing f o ra s i gh t ing o rl e ve l ing i n s t rumen t . N o r ton ( 1 628 ) :94 i l u s t r a te s ag unne r 's l e ve lw h ich c ou ld s i to nt o po ft h eg un .I t i sf e a s ib le t h a ts u ch a ni n s t rumen tc ou ld b el o ca ted u s ing a ni r on a t ta chmen tl u g ,c a s ti n to t h eb ody o ft h eg un .O the r k nown Meu r sg un sa l so h ave t h i sf e a tu re . C hem ica la na ly s i s C hem i ca la na ly s i sw a sc a r r ied o u to nt h ef i ve b r onze g un st od e t e rm ine t h ec ompo s i t ion o ft h et r ace e l emen t s . T he a na ly s i s w a s c a r r ied o u tb y D r I a n McLeod , o ft h e L abo ra to ry f o r Ma te r ia l sC on se rva t ion a nd R e s to ra t ion ,a t t h e We s te rn A u s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Mu seum . T he r e su l t s ( Tab le 1 )s how t h a t t h e m a t e r ia l i s ab r onze w i th l i t t le o bv iou sv a r ia t ion i nt h et r a ce e l emen t s . BAT 3 637 h a sa m uch l owe rt i nc on ten tt h an t h eo t he rf o u rg un s ,a nd w h i le t h e re m ay b eg ood c o r r e la t ion b e tween t h et h re ed i f f e ren t t y pe s o f g un s i n t h e t i n c on ten t , t h e re i sn o o bv iou s c o r re la t ion w i th t h eo t he re l emen t s .S ome w o rk h a sb een c a r r ied o u ti nE u rope o nt h ea na ly s i so ft r a ce e l emen t si n b ronze o rdnance ,i np a r t icu la rR iede re r( 1 977 )h a se xam i n ed t h e c ompo s i t ion o f2 54 g un s i nv a r iou s m u seum s , m a in ly i nA u s t r ia , G e rmany , I t a ly a nd F rance . R ied e r e r g r oup st h ev a r iou sg un si nF ig . 8b yp l o t t ing t h ep e r cen tage l e ad a ga in s tp e r cen tage s i lve r ; t h eo n ly t wo e xamp le so f g un sf r om t h eN e the r land si nt h i sa na ly s i sa r eb o th f r om t h eH ague , m ade b yJ . Ma r i tz i n1 773 a nd 1 785 r e spec t i ve ly . T he i r c ompo s i t ion i su n l ike t h e B a tav ia g un s , p a r t icu la r ly i nt h el e ad / s i lve rr a t io s( Ma r i t z0 . 30% /0 .11% ) . O bv iou s ly ,t h et i ny s amp le a na ly sed b yR iede r e ri sh a rd ly r e p re sen ta t ive o fa lN e the r land sg un s ,a nd m o r ea na ly se s a r er e qu i red .

3 5

F igu re 2 6 . Wea r ma rk s o n BAT 3 627 c au sed b ys and a b ra s ion o nt h ew reck s i te .

TABLE 1 .C hem ica lA na ly s is o ft h eb ronze g un s REG . NO .

C u

S n

BAT3637 BAT3627 BAT3640 BAT3638 BAT3639

9 1 .85

2 . 19

9 0 .34 8 9 .24 8 7 .20 8 9 .35

5 . 84 5 . 91 6 . 00 6 . 23

Z n

F e

A g

N i

B i

S b

A s

1 . 76

1 . 25

0 . 56 0 . 43 0 . 89 2 . 19

0 . 23 0 . 82 0 . 67 0 . 23

1 . 51 1 . 79 1 . 61 3 . 43 0 . 73

0 . 091 0 . 100 0 . 075 0 . 098 0 . 073

0 . 110 0 . 160 0 . 080 0 . 050 0 . 097

0 . 078 0 . 049 0 . 081 0 . 060 0 . 300

0 . 22 0 . 49 0 . 29 0 . 20 0 . 43

0 . 060 0 . 056 0 . 045 0 . 027 0 . 033

P b

3 6

THE CO MPOSITE GUNS T he t wo c ompo s i te g un s , No . 7BAT 3 642 ,r a i sed b y t h e We s te rn A u s t ra l ian Mu seum i n1 973 ,a nd g un N o .2 2 BAT 3 641 ,r e cove red i n1 963 ,a r eo fp a r t icu la ri n te r e s t . T he g uns s e em t ob ei d en t ica la nd a r er ema rkab le i n t h e i re x te rna la ppea rance ,b e ing 2 . 284 m l o ng w i th ab o re o f0 . 147 m ,a nd as i ng le r e info rce . Wha tm ake st h e se g un s u nu sua l ,i st h ef a c tt h a tt h ey a ppea red ,a tf i r s t ,t ob em ade o fr o l led c oppe rs hee t ,w i th t h eb r eech ,c ha se -g i rd le ,a nd muzz le m ade o fc opp e r mou ld ing s .T he t r unn ion sa r ea l so c oppe r a nd w e re a t tached t o t h e c ha se -g i rd le . T h ree a s t raga l so n t h ec ha se -g i rd le a nd s i ng le a s t raga ls o nt h e b reech a nd muzz le ,m ake u pt h es imp le mou ld ing s .T he AVOC monog ram i si n sc r ibed o nt h ef i r s tr e info r ce ,t o g e the rw i th t h ef i gu re s 1 715A ( i t sw e igh ti n Ams te rdam p ound s ) o n t h e b a se -r ing o f BAT 3 6 42 a nd 1 830A o n BAT 3 641 . Two b ronze , p omme l -shaped o b jec t s w e re f ound o n t h e w re ck s i te n ea r t h e se g un s . T he se w e re c l ea r ly p a r to ft h ec a scabe l ,t h ei r on a t tachmen t sh av ing c o r roded a way ,c aus ing t h em t od rop o f f .T he c a scabe lh a s at o uch -ho le , w h ich e xp la ined i t s a b sence o n t h e v en t f i e ld . BAT 3 642 h ad ah o le t o rn i nt h e c oppe r s hee t ing , r evea l ing l e ad s hee t ing u nde rnea th a nd ,b enea th t h is ,i r on b and s . T he i r on b and s a ppea red t ob e s paced w i th l e ad w a she r sa nd mo re l e ad s hee t ing c ou ld b es e en u nd er nea th . A s i tw a s f a r f r om c l ea r e xa c t ly h ow t h e g un w a s c on s t ruc ted ,a ni nve s t iga t ion o ft h i sw a s made . I n i t ia l ly , ar ad ioac t ive c oba l t s ou rce w a s u sed t o p roduce r ad iog raph so ft h eg un .T he se s howed t h es t ruc t u re t ob ee xceed ing ly c omp lex a nd d i f f icu l tt oi n te rp re t . I tw a s f i na l ly d ec ided t o s e c t ion t h e g un a s t h e mo s t e f f ec t ive m eans o fd i scove r ing h ow t h ep i ece w a s c on s t ruc ted a nd o fd e te rm in ing t h e e x t en to ft h ec o r ro s ion u nd e r t h e c oppe r s hee t ing a nd , t h u s , t h e c on se rva t ion r equ i remen t s .T he o t he ro p t ion w ou ld h ave b een t od i s m an t le t h e g un b y r emov ing t h e c oppe r s hee t ing , a nd w o rk ing t h rough t h eg un ,l a ye rb yl a ye r ,b u ti tw a st h ough t t h is m igh t c ause i r repa rab le d amage . T he s e c t ion ing a pp roa ch s eemed mo re f l ex ib le ,f o ro ne c ou ld s t udy t h e s e c t ion a nd t h en d i sp lay i to rr ep lace i t ,w i th ar epa i rt ot h e g un . A cco rd ing ly , aw edge shaped s l ice , i n c lud ing t h e d amaged s e c t ion o ft h ec ha se ,w a sc u tou t .I tt o ok 8 0h ou r s w i th a n a ng le -g r inde r t o c u t t h rough a nd r emove t h e w edge .T he s e c t ions w e re t h en g round s moo th a nd p o l i s hed ( F ig .2 8 ) . E xam ina t ion o ft h ew a l l so ft h ec u ts e c t ion s howed t h e e x t reme ly u nusua lc on s t ruc t ion q u i t ec l ea r ly .B enea th t h e c oppe ro u te rs k in w e re as e r ie so f3 0i r on b and so rh oop s s h runk o n to as e r ies o ff l a ts t ave s . T he g un i s ,i nf a c t , a w rough t i r on g un e nc lo sed i n ac oppe r c a se w i th t h e s pa ce sf i l led in b yp ou r ing mo l t en s o lde r . T he g un w a s c hambe red ;t h ec hambe rb e ing a bou t4 00 mm l o ng w i th ac omp lex c on s t ruc t ion . C o r ro s ion h ad o ccu r red i nt h e c hambe r , s o t h a t i t s e xac t s t ruc tu re w a s n o t c l ea r ly d e f i ned . T he c a scabe l w a s o r ig ina l ly a t tached t oa n i r on s c rew ,i ts e em sl i ke ly t h a tt h i sc ou ld b es c rewed o u to ft h e g un b yi n se r t ing ab a ri n to t h eh o le i nt h ec a scabe l . T he c a scabe lw a sc a s to n to t h ei r on s c rew ,a nd ah o le d r i l led d own t h ec en t re t of o rm t h et ouch -ho le c hanne l . Av e r t ica l h o le r a nf r om t h et o uch -ho le p an o nt h et o po ft h ec a scabe l t ot h i sh o r izon ta lh o le . As ma l l s c rew t h r ead a tt h ev e ry

e nd o ft h ec a scabe la l lowed t h ee nd t ob es ea led o f f . B yc hance ,t h ec u t t ing r evea led t h a tw ha ta ppea red t o b ea ni r on t ube w a s ,i nf a c t ,s p l i t .C ompa r i son w i th t h ex r a yp ho tog raph si n d ica ted t h a tt h i sw a sp a r to f as e r ie so f s i xi r on b a r so rs t ave s ,f o rm ing at u be .C lo se re xam ina t ion o ft h e mou ld ing a round t h et r unn ion s ,s howed t h a tt h ef ou r c i r c le so nt h ex ray c o r re sponded t of ou rc oppe rp a tche s , e a ch c ove r ing ah o le .T he se w e re r epea ted o nb o th s i de so f t h e mou ld ing a nd m ay r ep re sen ts ome m e thod o fp i nn ing . Ac hem ica la na ly s i so ft h en on -f e r rou sm e ta ls howed t h a tc oppe rs hee t ing w a s9 8 .85% C u .T he l e ad w a s ,i nf a c t , s o lde r ,w i th 6 9 .8% P ba nd 2 8 .0% S n .T he c a scabe lw a sa b ronze 7 1 .9% C u ,2 4 .3% P b ,3 . 05% S n . I ts e ems ,t h e refo re ,t h a tt h eg un w a sc on s t ruc t ed i nt h e f olow ing manne r . Ac oppe rs hee tf o rm ing t h eb o re w a s s e to n to amand re l . On to t h i sw e re moun ted s i xf l a t ,i r on s t ave s ,h e ld i np l ace w i th t h ew rough t i ron b and so rh oop s w h ich w e re p robab ly h ea t -sh runk i np l ace .T he c hambe r w a sf i t ted i n to t h ee nd o ft h ep i ece ,a nd t h e s t ave s h am m e red o ve rt ol o ck i ti n to p lace .I r on p i ns w e re moun ted a r ound t h et r unn ion s ,a nd t h et r unn ion sf i t ted o ni na n( a t p re sen t ) u nknown w ay . T he o u te rc oppe r s hea th ing w a s mou lded a round t h e g un , u s ing t h e p in s t o l o ca te a nd c en t re t h ei r onwo rk .P re sumab ly ,t h ew ho le w a sc ove red i nc l ay , u p -ended ( b ree ch u p ) a nd h ea ted . T he mo l ten s o lde rw a st h en p ou red i n to t h et o pu n t i lt h ei n te r io rw a s f i l led u p .T he c a scabe l -d i sk w a st h en s o lde red i n to p l a ce , a nd t h ec l ay a nd mand re lr emoved . T he se g un s h ave ac a l ib re c apab le o ff i r ing 2 4p on t b a l l s , ( i f , i ndeed , t h ey e ve r f i red s o l id s ho t ) . T h is i sa n e no rmou s c al ib re f o r t h e w e igh t o f t h e p i ece ( 1 715 Am s te rdam p on t ) . V an D am ( 1701) r e co rd st h a to nt h e2 2A ugu s t 1 630 , t h e VOC s pe c if ied t wo m ignons a sp a r to ft h ea rmamen t o f ar e tour sch ip ( S tap le , 1 927 :507 ) ,s oi ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e se t wo c ompo s i te g un s w e re m ignons . T hey d o n o t , h oweve r , c o r re spond t o t h e s pec if i ca t ion f o r m ignons g i ven b y 1 7 th -cen tu ry w r i te r s o n a r t i l le ry . I np a r t icu la r , No r ton ( 1628 ) d e sc r ibe s am ignon w e igh ing 1 200 l b s , w i th ab o re o f3 . 25 ( 8 3 mm ) i n che sa nd f i r ing a3 . 75 l b ( 1 .70 k g ) s ho t . S tap le ( 1927 ) , s ugge s t s t h a tt h em ignons m en t ioned b y v an D am a r e t h e s ma l le s t t ype o f s h ip s ' c annon .T he c ompo s i te g uns f r om t h eBa tav ia h ave ab o re e qua lt ot h ef ou rl a rge b ronze g un sf r om t h es i t ea l though t h ey a r ea lmo s th a lf t h ew e igh t . S ince t h e c ompo s i te g uns h ad ac hambe r , t h ey may p o s s ib ly h ave b een at y pe o fper ior .T he p er ior ( p er r ier o r p i er r ier )w a so r ig ina l ly ab ree ch loade r ,f i r ing s t one s ho t ; l a te r , t h ey b e came mu zz le loade r s a nd e ven tua l ly t h ey f i red i r on s ho t . I n t h e l a te r p e r iod s , t h ey s e em t o b e c ha ra c te r ized b yt h ec hambe ra tt h eb reech ,w h ich w a sr e q u i red t oi n c rea se t h e s t reng th o f t h e g un s i nce i tw a s u sua l ly l i gh t ly -me ta l led . No r ton , o ne o f t h e f ew 1 7 th c en tu ry E ng l ish w r i te r st od esc r ibe p er ior i nt h is p e r iod , s t a te s :' mo s tf o re ign C annon P e r io r sa r ec hambe red ,b e ing e y the r t a pe r o r b e lbo red i n t h e i r c hambe r s ' . S i nce t h e c hambe r so ft h eB a tav ia g uns w e re t a pe red i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h ey w e re p er ior sf i r ing m ur ther ing ( No r ton )s ho t ,n o s t one s ho t h av ing b een f ound o n t h e w reck s i te . T h i s w ou ld a l so e xp la in t h e i rl i gh tw e igh ti nc ompa r i son w i th o rdnance o f as im i la rc a l ib re . No r ton ( 1628 )s t a t e st h a t' f o r 3 7

a r t i l le ry . T he u se o f t h e se g uns w a s s a id t oh ave b een d i scon t inued b yt h e 1 630 s( S teven son & C a ldwe l l , 1 977 ; L ewendon , 1 984 ; &N euv i l le , 1 984 ) . O n ly t wo o t he re xamp le so fs im i la rg un s a r ek nown , a l though i ti s , a t p re sen t , n o t c e r ta in i ft h e g un s a r e

t h e C annon P e r io r , 8 0p ound o f Me t ta l lf o re ve ry p ound w e igh to ft h e i rS tone s ho t ' . It h ink h e re ,N o r ton m ay h ave b een c onfu sed ,s i nce t h es t one s ho tc o r re spond ing t oa n1 8 l bi r on s ho ti s 5l b ,g iv ing at o ta lw e igh to f4 00 l b sf o rt h e p i ece .H em ay h ave m ean t8 0l b so fm e ta lf o re ve ry p ound o f i r on s ho t g i v ing 1 440 l b s , w h ich w ou ld s e em mo re

c on s t ruc ted i np r ec ise ly t h e s ame m anne r . T he f i r s t e x a mp le i si nt h e Mu seum o f A r t i l le ry i nt h e R o tunda a t Woo lw ich ( Kae s t l in , 1 963 :No .209 ) , a nd i sd e sc r ibed a s : ' Ab r a ss g un ,a t t r ibu ted i n af o rme rc a ta logue t ot h et i me o fC ha r le sI ,b u tw h ich i sr a the rO r ien ta lt h an E ng l i sh .I t

r e a l i s t ic . T he c u r iou sm e thod o fc ons t ruc t ion o ft h e se g un sm ay b es im i la rt og uns d e scr ibed i n ap a ten ti s sued i n Am s te r d am i n1 627 t oJ an d eR ycke ra nd a l so i n1 633 t oB a r t le t C o rne l i s Sm id t .T he l a t te rp a ten td e sc r ibe st h ef ound ing o f ag un , ` . .made o fv a r iou sm e ta ls ,o fw h ich t h ec ha se a nd t h e c hambe r ( wh ich i sm ade i nt h e manne r o f as t een s t ucken ( p er ior ) ) i sm ade o f i r on w e lded t o ge the r b y h ea t ing a nd h amme r ing ( f o rg ing )a nd t h u su n i ted i n to o ne p i ece o fi r on ,a nd s ub sequen t ly c ove red w i th c oppe ra nd

a ppea r st oc on s i s to fa ni n ne rc y l inde ro fc oppe rc a sed i n i r on , a nd t h e w ho le e nve loped i n at h in s hee to fc oppe r , o ve r w h ich h a s b e en s ub sequen t ly p l aced ac y l inde r o f s ome v e ry s o f ta l loy a tt h e muzz le ,t r unn ion s ,a nd b r ee ch . I th a sn o d a te o ri n sc r ip t ion ,b u tt h e re i s ac yphe ro n t h e u nde r s ide GVE .T he d o lph in sh ave b een b roken o f f .L eng th , 4f t . 9i n . (1 .45 m ) ;c a l ib re ,3 . 25 i n( 83 mm ) ' . T h i sg un w a s

o t he rm e ta l sa nd o rna ted a nd t h ec ha se i s( l ike c a s tg un s )

m ea su red a nd d rawn b yt h ea u tho ra nd i ss hown b e low .I t i so bv ious t h a tt h eg un i so fs im i la rc on s truc t ion ,a l though s ma l le r , a nd w i th an umbe r o f d i f f e ren t d e ta i l s s u ch a s d o lph in s , as t anda rd t o uch -ho le , d eco r a t ion s , e t c . T he c yphe ri sv e ry u nu sua l ,a nd w a so r ig ina l ly t h ough tt ob et h e c yphe r f o r t h e GWC , t h e G eoc t royee rde We s t ind i sche C ompagn ie . H oweve r , a f te r i n spec t ion , t h i s s e em s u n l i ke ly a st h el e t te r sa r ec l ea r ly G V a nd E a nd t h e se h ave b e en p u to nt h eu nde r s ide o ft h eg un .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a ti t m ay b et h ec yphe ro rh ouse -ma rk o ft h em ake r . T he o t he rp a rale l c ome s f r om ar epo r tt ot h eN ede r l a nd sS cheepvaa r t Mu seum f r om E xped i t ion sU nl im i t ed , o f äg un f ound o f ft h eL i t t le B ahama B ank ,a bou t2 0m i le s n or th o f We s tE nd ,G rand B ahama . Unfo r tuna te ly ,o n ly a f ew mea su remen t sa nd s even p ho tog raph s( f ive a ppea ri n F ig . 2 7 ) a r ea va i lab le . F rom t h i s i n fo rma t ion , ad raw ing h a s b een m ade o ft h e g un ( s ee b e low ) , b u ti ts hou ld b e

b o red s moo th ,s oi tc an e a s i ly b eh and led b o th a boa rd a nd a sho re ,b u ti ss t i l lp owe r fu la nd r e s i s tan ta nd c an b eu sed w i th s ha rp p ro jec t i le sw i thou ta ny d ange ro fe xp lod ing o r f r ay ing ,a l though t h e se g un sa r eo n ly a bou th a l ft h ew e igh t o fo rd ina ry g un s a nd h ence w e re manoeuv rab le ' ( Doo r m an , 1 940 : G3 48 :192 ) . H oweve r , t h ep i ece i nq ue s t ion w a s o n ly f ou rf e e tl o ng , w e igh ing 2 30 l b s a nd , u nfo r tu n a te ly ,t h e re i sn o men t ion o ft h ec a l ib re . T he p a ten ta l so s pec if ie st h a t Sm id tw ou ld h ave t om ake t wo mo re g un s f i r ing as i x -pound i r on s ho t ,a nd t wo o ft h ree -pound i r on s ho t , b e fo re h ew ou ld b ea lowed t h ep a ten t . T he re w a s a l so t h ee a r l ie rp a ten ti n1 627 f o r ag un made o fv a r ious u nspec i f ied m e ta ls .T h is p a ten tm en t ions t h a tg un so f6 ,12 a nd 2 4 l b si r on s ho tw e re t ob em ade . V an D i l len ( 1974 ) a l so men t ion s an umbe ro fr e f e rence st ot h i st y pe o fg un , i nt h en o ta r ia lr e co rd so ft h eC i ty o f Ams te rdam r e la t ing t o ac ompany m ak ing w rough t i ron g uns o fv a r iou s m e ta ls ( g es laegen g e schu tv an v er schyed en m e ta len ) .T he se r e c o rd s ,i n1 633 a nd 1 634 ,d e sc r ibe v a r iou sc on t ra c t sm ade b y t h e c ompany , w h ich o pe ra ted t h e o r ig ina l p a ten t o f d e R ycke r ,a nd a ff i rm t h a tt h eg uns w e re e spec ia l ly d e s igned f o rs h ipboa rd u se o n me r chan ts h ip s .T he re i s men t ion o f t h ec ompany s upp ly ing g uns t ot h eE a s tI nd ia C ompany w ha r f a nd a l so t o t h e We s t I nd ia C ompany . T he g un s m en t ioned i n c lude at we lve -pounde rt h a tw a st ow e igh n o mo re t h an 2 200 p on t ,b u tw hen p roduced ,i tw e ighed 2 600 p on t .A l so ,t h e re i sm en t ion o f ac ha l lenge t ot h ep a ten ta nd t h a tt h eg uns w e re m ade w i th b o th i r on a nd c oppe rb a r re l s . T he se c ompo s i te g un s , t h e refo re , a r e e x t reme ly u n u sua l ,a ppea r ing t ob ep er ior s ,c on s t ruc ted p a r t ia l ly i nt h e m anne ro ft h eo ld 1 6 th -cen tu ry w rough t i ron g un ,b u tc a s t i n to al e ad -so lde r ma t r ix w i th ac oppe rs hea th .T hey m ay b ea rs ome r e la t ion t ot h el e a the rg uns w h ich o r ig ina ted a t a bou tt h es ame t ime .T he l e a the rg un w a sp roduced a sa r e su l to ft h ee f fo r t so fK ing G u s tavu sA do lphu so f Sweden w ho w a ss e ek ing t op rov ide h i sa rm ie sw i th l i gh t , mob i le

t r ea ted w i th s ome c au t ion . T he g un i ss t amped GWCA ( t he Am s te rdam C hambe ro ft h eG eoc t royee rde We s t in d i sche C ompagn ie ) , t h ew e igh t 5 98 , a nd i ti sg ene raly v e ry s im i la rt ot h eR o tunda g un ,w i th d o lph in sa nd i d en t i c a l i mp re s sed f r ieze s a round t h e r e info r ce s . I th a s b een s ugge s ted b yR obe r t Ma rx t h a ti tc ame f r om aw re ck S i n te Dom ingo ( s ic ) , s uppo sed ly aD u t ch s h ip o f 1 668 . ( Ia m g ra te fu lt oM rJ . P . P uype o ft h eN ede r land sS cheepvaa r t Mu seum f o rt h i si n fo rma t ion . )I ti sa lmo s tc e r ta in t h a tt h e L i t t le B ahama B ank g un a nd t h eR o tunda g un w e r em ade b yt h es ame g un founde r ,t h eo n ly r e a ld i f f e rence b e ing t h e l e ng th s . Howeve r ,i ti sn o tc e r ta in t h a tt h eB a tav ia c ompo s i t e g un s w e r e m ade b y t h i s g unfounde r . T he r e a son s f o r t h is a r et h a tt h eB a tav ia g un sh ave t h e t o uch -ho le i nt h e c a scabe l ,t h ey h ave n e i the rd o lph ins n o rs t amped d eco ra t i ons a nd t h e g uns a r e much h eav ie r . H oweve r , t h e i r g ene ra la ppea rance i ss im i la rt ot h et wo s ma l le re xamp le s , i np a r t icu la r , t h e a s t raga l s a round t h er e info rce s a nd t h e t r ea tmen to ft h ec a scabe l a r et h es ame .

3 8

• / -•

.

BAT 3 642 BAT 3 641 ( SCALE 1 : 10 DETA IL 1 : 5 ) C ompo s i te g un f r om t h eB a tav ia s how ing d e ta i lo ft h eb r ee ch 3 9

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G un f r om t h e Mu seum o fA r t i l le ry , R o tunda , Woo lw ich N o . 2 09

4 1

6 00

8 00

1 000

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2 00

4 00

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6 00

G un f r om t h eL i t t le B ahama B ank s i te

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F igu re 2 7 . As e r ie s o fp ho tog raph s o ft h e g un f r om t h eL i t t le Ba hama Ba nk s i te ( b lack a nd wh i te c op ie s o f c o lou rp r in t sk ind ly s upp l ied b y Mr J . P .P uype o ft h eN ede r land s Sc heepv a r t Mu seum ) .

4 3

F igu re 2 8 . S aw ing t h ec ompo s i te c annon w i th a na ng le g r inde r moun ted o na na d ju s tab le c u t t ing s t and .

F igu re 2 9 . G un N o . 8s how ing t h ep oo rs t a te o fp r e se rva t ion o ft h es u r fa ce a f te rd econc re t ion ,t h eh o le i st h ough tt ob et h er e su l to f t h ec a scabe lb u t ton o fg un N o . 9r e s t ing a ga in s ti ta nd c au s ing s ome f o rm o fe l ec t ro ly t ic a c t ion .

4 4

THE I RON GUNS T he d e s ign o ft h ei r on g un su nde rl ine st h ec omp lex i ty o ft h es t y le o fe a r ly 1 7 th -cen tu ry g un s .T he re a r ef ew p a r a l le l sf o rt h e se g un s ,e i the ri nt h el i t e r a tu re o ri ne x i s tence , m a in ly b ecau se i r on g un sf r om t h es e ar a re ly s u r v ive ,a nd t h e re i sa lmo s t n o p ub l i shed m a t e r ia l t h a t i su s e fu l f o r i d en t i f i ca t ion p u rpo se s .F o re xamp le ,t h eT owe ro fL on d on h a so ne e xamp le o f al a te 1 6 th -cen tu ry ,E ng l i sh c a s t i r on g un ,b u tn o 1 7 th -cen tu ry i r on g un sa nd o n ly ag r adu a l ly i n c rea s ing n umbe ro fe xamp le sf r om t h e1 8 th c en tu ry ; b yf a rt h eg r ea te s tn umbe ro fg un si nt h eT owe rc o l le c t ion a r eb ronze ( B lackmo re ,1 976 ) .L ikew i se ,t h eR o tunda h a s 8 2 E ng l i sh b ronze g un s a nd 3 4 E ngl i sh c a s t i ron g un s ( Kae s tl in , 1 963 ) . Two o ft h eg un s( No s 5a nd 8 )f o und o nt h es i te a r eo f t h e t y pe c ommon ly c a l led af i ndbanke r ( o rf i nbanke r ) w h i ch w e r ep roduced b yt h eF in spong a nd o t he rS wed i sh g un f ound r ie sf o rt h eD u t ch i nt h e1 7 th c en tu ry .T he i s sue o ft h ei mpo r to fi r on g un si n to t h eN e the r land si nt h ee a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry i s ac omp lex m a t te r .T he N e the r land st r ad i t i ona l ly d i d n o t c a s t i r on g un s o r , a tl e a s t , i nn o g r ea t n umbe r . I nt h ee a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry ,t h eE ng l i sh p roduced i r on g un s i nt h e Wea ld a nd t h ey w e re i mpo r t ed i n to t h e N e the r land si nl a rge n umbe r s . T he m a in i mpo r t e r sw e r e t h e f am i ly o fT r ip . E l ia sT r ip w a st h ep r inc ipa li mpo r te r h av ing ,f o r at ime , av i r tua lm onopo ly o ft h et r ade .I n te r e s t ing ly , h e w a s ab ew indhebb e r o ft h e V .O .C . B y t h e 1 620 s ,d i ff i cu l t ie sw i th t h eE ng l i sh h ad r e duced t h et r ade a nd i tw a sn o tt or e cove ru n t i ll a t e rt h a td ecade .A s ar e su l t , E l ia sa nd P i e t e rT r ip n ego t ia ted a nd s e cu red t h eS wed i sh c r own m onopo ly f o rg un found ing i n1 628 .I ti sn o tc e r ta in , t h e r e fo r e , w he the r t h e m ake o ft h eB a tav ia g un s w ou ld h ave b een E ng l i sh ,S wed i sh ,G e rman ( t he T r ip sh ad f o un d r ie s i n Wa ldek a nd We s tpha l ia ) , F rench o rN e the r lan d i sh . T he F ren ch g un s o f t h i s p e r iod w e r e o f i n f e r io r q ua l i ty ,s i nce o f3 00 t o4 00 g o t e l ingen i mpo r t ed i n to t h e N e the r land s i na bou t 1 626 , 6 3 f a i led p roo f . I n as i ng le p roo f ing o f 1 F rench g un s i n 1 627 , o n ly f o u r p a s sed ( K le in , 1 965 ) . F ig .3 1s how s an umbe ro fi r on g un si n ad r aw ing f r om aD an i sh m anu sc r ip tc a l led t h eS O tO jhu sbogen ( b ook o ft h e N ava lA r sena l ) ,e n t i t led T egn inge ra fS ö -E ta ten sS ky t si A ar e t1 77 1 ( d raw ing so fn ava lg un si nt h ey ea r 1 771 ) . I t h a sb e en s ugge s ted t h a tt h i sb ook w a sm ad eb yt h eT O jm e s t e r ( c h ie fo fn ava lo rdnan ce )a nd w a sp ubl i shed i n1 779 r a the r t h an 1 771 . I ti so bv iou s t h a t t h e se g un s r e semb le 1 7 th c en tu ry g un s .H oweve r ,t h e re i sal o to fc on fu s ion o ve rt h e t e rmf indbanke r ;h e re i ti su sed t od e scr ibe g un st h a tw ou ld n o tc ommon ly b ec on s id e redf indbank e r st o day .T he D an i sh w o rd f i ndbanke r w a s as pe c ia l t y pe o fg un u sed i nt h e D an i sh n avy a nd t h e w o rd w a s f i r s t u sed i n aD an i sh m anu s c r ip ta bou tn ava lg un si n1 722 ;i tw a sp o s s ib ly s o n amed b ecau se o ft h ec onne c t ion w i th t h eS wed i sh t own o f F in spong w he re t h e se i r on g un sw e re m ade ( s ee F ran tzen , 1 988 ,a nd E r ik sen a nd F ran tzen ,1 988 ) .L a te rt h et e rm b e c ame s ynonomou s w i th 1 7 th -cen tu ry , n on -Dan i sh c a s t i r on g un s . O the ri l u s t ra t ion so fi r on g un si nt h eS O tO jhu s b ogen i n d ica t e ac omp lex c l a s s i f i ca t ion , w h ich i n c lude s m any t y pe s o ff i ndbanker sa sw el a sg un s d e s c r ibed a s f l adb lund e ra nd h u lb lund er . Ia mv e ry g r a t e f u lt oM rO le L ou i sF ran t zen o ft h eT o jhu smu se e t ,K ob enhavn ,f o ri n -

f o rma t ion o nf i ndbank e r sa nd t h e S O tO jhu sbogen . I nh i s o p in ion ,a lt h eB a tav ia g un sc ou ld b ec a l ledf indbank e r s , b u tN o s 5a nd 8a r et y p ica lf i ndbank e r s ; a dd i t iona l ly ,h e t e n ta t ive ly c on s ide r s N o s 4a nd 8D u t ch , N o s 5a nd 2 0 E ng l i sh a nd N o s 1 , 2a nd 1 3 Sw e d i sh .T hu si ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e g un s f r om t h eB a tav ia c ame f r om an umbe ro f s ou rce s ,b u tu n t i lm o re i sk nown o ft y pe so fg un sp rodu ced b yf ound r ie s ,t h e i rc oun t ry o fo r ig in w i l lr ema in u nce r ta in . Mo s te x tan te xamp le s o fi r on g un s o ft h i s t y pe d a t e f r om t h em id -17 th c en tu ry ( V ergu ld eD raeck 1 656 ,G reen ( 1 977 ) GT 1 454 No . 1 2a nd GT 1 456 N o . 1 3 ,K enneme r l a nd 1 664 ,P r ice & Mucke l roy ( 1 974 ) ,E n ighed en 1 679 , C h r i s ten sen ( 1 971 ) ) .B oud r io t( 1 968 )i lu s t ra te ss ome i r on g un so ft h ep e r iod 1 680 t o1 690 a nd i st h eo n ly r e a l ly u s e f u l w o rk f o rt h ep e r iod .T he r e cen tp ub l ica t ion b yz u Mond f e ld , B eye r le in a nd K l ingeb runn ( 1 988 )i sr e g re t tab le f o rb o th i t si n a ccu r acy a nd i t su n re f e renced s ou r ce s ,t h u s ,f o re x a mp le , a n i lu s t ra t ion o f t h e c ompo s i te g un f r om t h e B a tav ia h a sb een t a k en u nc i t ed f r om S t anbu ry ( 1 974 )a nd t h ea u tho r sh ave m i s taken t h ew e igh t1 602 s t amp ed o nt h e v en tr i ng f o rt h ed a te ! At o ta lo fn i ne i r on g un sh ave b e en r e cove red f r om t h e s i te ,a nd a l lh ave b e en d r awn .T he m a jo r i ty o ft h ei r on g un s a r ev e ry b ad ly d eg raded .I nm any c a se s ,t h ec a scabe l so r t r unn ion s a r e d amaged o r m i s s ing . Al o t o f t h e or n a te m ou ld ing sa r eo b scu re o rd i ff i cu l tt os e e .I n mo s tc a se s ,t h e g un sa r eh i gh ly g r aph i t ized a nd t h es u r f ace i sq u i te s o f t . Wh i l s te ve ry p r ecau t ion w a s t a ken t op re se rve t h e g un s d u r ing r a i s ing ,t r an spo r ta t ion a nd d econc r e t ion ,t h e i rb a s ic c ond i t ion i sp oo r . T he d r aw ing s a r e , t h e re f o re , i nm any c a se sa ni n te rp r e ta t ion . T od a te ,n od eco ra t ive mou ld ing s ,t r unn ion m a rk so r i n sc r ip t ion sh ave b een n o ted .T he e x i s t ing mou ld ing sh ave b een d e sc r ibed i nt h et a b le s hown i nF ig .3 0a nd t h ef o l low i n ga bb rev ia t ion s h ave b e en a dop ted t os imp l i f y t h ed e s c r ip t ion o f t h e mou ld ing s : ( 0 =o gee ; F=f i l l e t ; A= a s t raga l ; S p =s pa ce ) . A na t t emp tw a sm ade t oe s t ima te t h ew e igh to ft h eg un s i n Am s t e rdam p on t ,u s ing t h ef o rmu la : 1 . W t= i cLpk[ (] R2 )_R2 b Whe re :

4 5

i st h el e ng th o ft h eg un f r om t h e muzz le t ot h eb a se r i ng i st h ed en s i ty o fc a s ti r on ( 7 .03 g / cm 3) i st h ec onve r s ion f a c to r4 93 .73 g= 1Am s te rdam P on t R, i st h er a d iu so ft h eg un a tt h ev en tf i e ld R1 i st h er a d iu sa tt h em uzz le r i ng s Rb i st h er a d iu so ft h eb o re o ft h eg un I ts hou ld b en o t ed t h a tt h ef o rmu la i so n ly a na pp rox i m a t ion a nd t a ke sn oa c coun to ft h em ou ld ing s ,t r unn ion s o rc a s cabe l . T he w e igh t a nd t h e l e ng th o f t h e g un s a r e p l o t t ed i n as c a led f o rma ti nF ig .3 0 .T he Y -ax i si si nm e t re s f o rt h ev a lue o ft h el e ng th a nd i n Am s t e rdam p on t x1 03f o r t h ew e igh to ft h eg un . I nt h et a b le a nd t h ec ha r t ,s ome c l ea rg roup ing so ft h e i r on g un sa r ee v iden t .T he mo s to bv iou sp a i r sa r eN o s2 0 a nd 2 3 w h ich a r es ma l l -bo re , s ho r tg un s . U n fo r tuna te ly , b e cau se t h e mou ld ing s o n N o . 2 3 h ave n o t s u rv ived , i t

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GUN NUMBER F igu re 3 0 . Ab a rc ha r to ft he l eng th i n me t r es a nd t he a pp rox ima te we igh to ft h ev a r iou sg un s men t ioned i nt he t a b le a bove .

i s no tc e r ta in i ft h eg uns e xa c t ly ma tched .T he i rl o ca t ion o n t h ew es te rn s i de o ft h es i te ,s epa ra te f r om t h e ma in c oncen t r a t ion o fg un s ,i nd ica te st h a tt h ey may h ave b een l o ca ted o nt h eu ppe rd e ck o ro nt h ep oop . Gun s No s 3a nd 4a r ea p a i r , h av ing t h e s ame l e ng th a nd i d en t i ca l mou ld ing s . H oweve r , t h e i r s l igh t ly d i f f e ren t w e igh t s i sp o s s ib ly a r ef lec t ion o ft h ep oo rs u r f a ce c ond i t ion o f No .4 ,w he re a s ma l le r ro ri nt h e mea su remen to f ad i ame t e rw ou ld g i ve al a rge c hange i nt h ew e igh ta pp rox ima t ion f o rt h e g un . G un s No s1 ,2 a nd 1 3a l so ma tch ,w i th s ame l e ng th ,w e igh t a nd mou ld ing s . No s 5a nd 8a r ev e ry i n te re s t ing ,s i nce t h ey h ave s im i la r mou ld ing s a nd l e ng th , b u t No . 5i s amuch l i gh te rp i ece t h an No .8 . Add i t iona l ly , t wo g un s r e cove red f r om t h e V ergu ld e D raeckG12 a nd G 13 ,a nd o ne g un f r om t h eK ennemer land

4 6

K 6( P r ice & Mucke l roy , 1 974 )h ave b een i n c luded i nt h e t a b le a nd t h ec ha r t .I ti sk nown t h a tt h eg un No .G 13 ( GT 1 456 ) w a s i n sc r ibed 1 700A a nd t h e g un No . G 12 ( GT 1 454 )w a si n sc r ibed 3 230A .T he c a lcu la ted w e igh to fG 13 ( 1634 Am s te rdam p on t )c o r re spond sr ea sonab ly c l o se ly t o t h es t a ted w e igh to f1 700 Ams te rdam p on t .H oweve r ,t h e g un G 12 i sq u i te d i f f e ren tw i th ac a lcu la ted w e igh to f2 078 Am s t e rdam p on ta nd as t a ted w e igh to f3 230 Ams te rdam p on t . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e i n sc r ip t ion 3 230A h a s b een m i s read . I ti su n l ike ly t h a t e i the r t h e b reech o r muzz le d i ame te rh a sb een i n co r rec t ly m ea su r ed a si tw ou ld r equ i re a n i n c rea se o f d i ame te r o f a bou t 1 00 mm t o g ive t h e i n d ica ted v a lue .I td oe ss eem ,h oweve r ,t h a tt h eV ergu ld e D raeck g un sa r el o nge ra nd l i gh te rt h an t h eB a tav ia g un s . T he K ennemer land g un ( K6 ) ,h oweve r ,s e em st ob es im i l a ri nc l a s st ot h eB a tav ia g uns No s 2a nd 1 3 .

BAT 8 720 N o . 1 T he l e ng th t ot h eb a se r i ng i s2 . 74 m a nd t h eb o re i s 10 mm .T he muz z le h a s aF -A -F -0 a r rangement T he s e cond a nd f i r s tr e in fo rc ing r i ng sh ave s im i la r0 -F -A -F mou ld ing s .T he v en tf i e ld h a sp l a in F -A -F .T he b a se -r ing h a sa no gee a nd t h ec a scabe lh a s mou ld ing s .

o BAT 8 721 N o .2 T h i sg un h a s al e ng th t ot h eb a se r i ng o f2 . 78 m a nd ab o re d i ame t e ro f1 25 mm .I th a s muzz le mou ld ing s , amuzz le F -A -F -0 .T he s e cond a nd f i r s tr e inf o rc ing r i ng sh ave s im i la r0 -F -A -F mou ld ing s .T he v en tf i e ld h a sp l a in F -A -F .T he b a se r ing h a sa no ge ea nd t h ec a scabe lh a s mou ld ing s .S e eF ig .3 2f o rt h ec on ten t so ft h eb o re .

v re s . "

BAT 8 722 N o .3 T h i sg un i sb roken i n to t h ree p a r t s .I nd e s ign ,i ti sv e ry s im i la rt o BAT 8 723 No . 4a nd a lmo s tc e r ta in ly w a so ne o f a ne xac tp a i r .T he mou ld ing sa r et h es ame a sN o . 4a nd d i scu s sed b e low . 4 7

B AT 8 723 No .4 T h is g un h a s al e ng th t ot h eb a se r i ng o f2 . 57 m a nd t h eb o re i su nce r ta in .T he muzz le mou ld ing sa r eo bscu re i nb o th t h i sg un a nd i t st w in .T he muzz le h a sF -A -F -0 mou ld ing s .T he s e cond a nd f i r s tr e info rce sc on s is to ft wo s e t so f mou ld ing s s e pa ra ted b ya bou t4 0 mm . S ta r t ing f r om t h e muzz le e nd ,t h e mou ld ing sa r ea sf o l low s : 0 -F -A -F -Sp -F -A -F .T he v en t f i e ld h a st h es t anda rd a s t raga la nd f i l le t s ,a nd t h ec a scabe lh a s mu l t ip le mou ld ing s .

BAT 8 724 No .5 T h i sg un h a s al e ng th t ot h eb a se r i ng o f2 . 78 m a nd t h eb o re d i ame te ri so b scu re .T he c ond i t ion o ft h eg un i sp oo r , s ot h a ti ti sd i f f icu l tt od e te rm ine t h em ou ld ing a r rangemen t . Wha tc an b es e en i sa sf olow s : muzz le F -F -A -F -F -0 ;s e cond r e in f o rce 0 -F -F -A -F -F -0 -Sp -O -F -F -A -F -0 ; f i r s t r e info rce 0 -F -A -F -0 -Sp -O -F -F -A -F -F . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e se m ou ld ing sa r ei nf a c t : 0 -F -F -A -F -F -0 -Sp -O -F -F -A -F -F -0 a nd d ue t oi t sp oo rc ond i t ion t h is h a sb een m i s in te rp r e ted . T he re a r et h es t anda rd a s t raga la nd f i l le t sa tt h ev en tf i e ld a nd t h ec a scabe lh a s mu l t ip le mou ld ing s .

BAT 8 726 N o .8 T h is g un h a s al e ng th t ot h eb a se r i ng o f2 . 78 m ,b o re d iame te r1 20 mm ( a pp rox ima te ) .T he g un h a so b scu re mou ld i i ik s a r ound t h e mu zz le ,w h ich c on s i s to fF -F -A -F -F .T he s e cond a nd f i r s tr e in fo rce :0 -F -F -A -F -F -Sp -F -F -A -F -F -0 .N o rma l v en tf i e ld a s t raga la nd f i l le t sa nd m u l t ip le c a scabe l mou ld ing s .I ta l so h a sa nu nu sua lh o le o rd en tn ea rt h eb ree ch ,t h o l en t ob ec au sed b yt h ec a scabe lo fg un N o . 9r e s t ing o ni t( F ig . 2 9 ) .

4 9

BAT 8 731 N o . 1 3 T h i sg un h a s ab roken m uzz le b u th a s al e ng th t ot h eb a se r i ng o f2 . 78 m .T he muzz le mou ld ing sa r eo b scu re ,t h ough i th a st h ec ommon muzz le a s t raga la nd f i l le t s .T he s e cond a nd f i r s tr e in fo r ce sh ave 0 -F -A -F ,w i th t h eo gee f a c ing t h e m uzz le . S tanda rd v en tf i e ld a s t raga la nd f i l le t sa nd mu l t ip le mou ld ing si nt h ec a scabe l .

BAT 8 0309 N o .2 0 T h i sand N o .2 3a r et h eo n ly e xamp le st od a te o f as male rc l a s so fg un ,t h el e ng th t ot h eb a se r i ng i s2 . 43 m a nd b o re 9 5 mm .I th a s as imp le muzz le mou ld ing ; t h em uzz le h a st h ea r rangemen tF -A -F -0 w i th t h eo gee f a c ing t owa rd st h e b re ech .T he s e cond a nd f i r s tr e info r ce sh ave 0 -F -A -F -Sp -F -A -F w i th t h eo gee f a c ing t h e muzz le .T he t r unn ion s ,w h ich a r ew el p re se rved ,a r et a pe red a nd t h ec a scabe lb u t ton h a s as i ng le mou ld ing o ni t .

BAT 8 735 N o .2 3 T h i si st h ei r on g un t h a tw a sr a i sed i n1 963 d u r ing t h ef i r s te xped i t ion a nd h a sb een k ep ti nt h es ha l lows a tB eacon I s land e ve rs i nce .T he g un i si nv ery p oo rc ond i t ion a nd t h e mou ld ing sa r ea lmo s ti mpo s s ib le t os ee .H oweve r ,t h el e ng th o ft h eg un f r om t h e muzz le t ot h ee dge o ft h eb re ech r i ng i si d en t ica lt oN o .2 0a sa r em any o ft h eo the rm a jo rd imen s ion s , i n d ica t ing t h a ti ti sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly p a r to f am a t ch ing p a i r . 5 1

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I lu s t ra t ion o fv a r iou sf in t ibanker o ri r on g un s f r om d i f f e ren tc oun t r ie s , f r om aD an i sh manu sc r ip tf r om S o to jhu sbogen d a ted c i r c a1 770 . 1a mg ra te fu lt o Mr J . P .P uype o ft h e N ede r land s S cheepvaa r t Mu seum , Am s te rdam , f o rd raw ing my a t ten t ion t ot h i sd ocu m en t .

F igu re 3 2 . T he c on ten t s o ft h ei r on g un N o . 2l a id o u ti no rde ro fr ecove ry f r om t h eb a r re l , s how ing t h et amp ion ,w add ing ,s ho t , p owde rb ag a nd ,u nu sua l ly , a no the rp i ece o fw add ing ( s ca le 1 : 4 ) .

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1 40

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1 50

160

S ho t d i ame te r i n mm F igu r e3 3 . H i s tog ram o ft h ei r on s ho td i ame te r sf o ra l lt h es ho tr e cove red f r om t h eB a tav ia .

Al a rge c o l le c t ion o fs o l id i r on s ho tw a sf o und a tt h e s t e rn o ft h es h ip ,l y ing u pa ga in s tt h et r an som a nd ,p o s s i b l y ,p a r to ft h es t e rn s ho t locke r .T he s ho tw e re r emoved f r om t h es i te a nd ,f o l low ing r eg i s t ra t ion ,t h ed i ame te ro f e a ch s ho t w a s m ea su red . I n a l l , t h e d i ame te r s o f 1 425 p ro je c t i le sw e re m ea su red ;b yp l o t t ing ah i s tog ram o ft h e d i ame te r s ( F ig . 3 ) , a n i n d ica t ion o ft h em a in s ho ts i ze s w a so b ta ined ,w i th p eak sa t8 2 mm , 1 00 mm , 13 .5 mm a nd 1 43 mm .W i t sen ( 1 671 ) :501 ,g i ve s at a b le ( Tab le I )f o r w e igh to fs ho ti np on t (Am s t e rdam )a ga in s tr a d iu si nd u im x1 00 . B y p l o t t ing t h e w e igh t a ga in s t r a d iu s c ubed , a s t ra igh tl i ne i sp roduced .T he d en s i ty o ft h ei r on o ft h es ho t w a s0 . 239 p on t ldu im3o r6 . 93 g r am s / cm3 ( u s ing t h ec on s t an t s 1Am s te rdam d u im =2 5 .73 mm a nd 1Am s t e rdam p on t =4 93 .73 g rams )a nd w a sd e t e rm ined f r om t h es l ope o ft h el i ne .T h i sv a lue i sr e a sonab ly c l o se t ot h ev a lue f o r g r ey c a s ti r on o f7 . 03 g rm s / cm 3.G iven t h e se v a lue s ,t h e s ho tw ou ld t h e re fo re w e igh 4 . 05 , 7 . 35 , 1 0 .75 a nd 2 1 .04 p on tr e spec t ive ly .T he a c tua lc l a s so fg un w ou ld b er e ck o ned f r om t h eh e igh to ft h eb o re o ft h eg un ,w h ich w ou ld b el a rge rt h an t h ed i ame te ro ft h e s ho t , b y t h ew indage . W i t sen ( 1 671 )g i ve sa no the rt a b le ( Tab le I )f o rt h i s ,w h i ch i n d ica t e st h a tt h es ho tr e p re sen tp ro je c t i le sf o r 5p on tg un s ( bo r ed i ame te r9 0 mm ) , 8p on tg un s ( b o re d i ame te r 1 03 mm ) , 1 2p on tg un s( b o re d i ame t e r 16 mm )a nd 2 4p on t g un s( b o re d i ame t e r1 48 mm ) .I ti si n t e re s t ing t on o te t h a t t h e s ho t d i ame te r h i s tog rams d o n o t s how a ny m a rked

s kew ,t h i sm ay i nd ica te t h a tt h es ho tw e re n o tg auged .I ft h e s ho tw e r eg auged ,i no t he rw o rd sp a s sed t h rough ar i ng t o t e s t i ft h ey w e re a bove ac e r ta in d i ame t e r , o ne w ou ld e xpec t as k ew i n t h e p l o t , a s a l s ho t a bove a c e r ta in d i ame t e rw ou ld b er e je c t ed .T h i sd oe sn o ts e em t ob et h e c a se h e re . Two o t he ri t em sw h ich w i l lb ed i scu s sed b e low , a r eo fr e levance .T he se a r et h et a l ly s t i ck BAT 4 497 a nd t h es ho t -gauge BAT 336 . I tc an b es e en f r om t h eh i s tog ram o ft h es ho tt h a tt h e re i sam ax imum a t8 2 mm c o r re spond ing t o4p on t ,t h eu ppe r l i m i to ft h a tp eak c o r re spond st o 5p on t .T he p eak a t1 00 mm c o r re spond st o as ho to f 7p on tw i th a nu ppe rl i m i tf o r t h a tp eak a ta bou t 1 08 mm f o r as ho to f 9p on t .T he p e ak a t 13 .5 mm c o r re spond st o as ho to f 1p on tw i th a nu ppe r l i m i tf o rt h a tp eak a t 18 mm g i v ing as ho to f1 2p on t .T he 1+ s ho t -gauge h a s ad i ame te ro f 13 mm ,s ot h ep eak i s r e a sonab ly c l o se .F ina l ly ,t h ep eak a t1 42 mm c o r re spond s t oas ho to f2 1p on tw i th a nu ppe rl i m i tf o rt h a tp eak a ta bou t 1 46 mm c o r re spond ing t o as ho to f2 3p on t .I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t a l l t h e se c a lcu la t ion s w e r e m ade u s ing t h e B a tav ia t a l ly s t ick .T h i sc o r re spond sw i th t h ef ou rd i f f e r e n tb o re s i ze sn o t ed o nt h eb ronze a nd i r on g un s ,t h e re fo re w ec an s e et h a tt h et wo s ma l le s t -c la s sg un sw e re i r on ,t h e t h i rd c l a s sw a sb o th b ronze a nd i r on ,a nd t h el a rge s tc l a s s w a sb ronze .V an D am ( 1 70 1 )r e co rd st h a tt h eV .O .C .r e s o lved i n1 604 t h a ts h ip ss hou ld b ea rmed w i th g un sf i r ing 2 4 ,1 8 , 9a nd 3 . 51b b a l l s ,a nd b y1 671 t h eg un sw e re 2 4 ,1 8 , 8a nd 4l b( S tap le , 1 927 ) ,t h u st os ome e x t en tt h eB a tav ia f i nd ing sc on t rad ic tt h e se r e co rd s .

5

T he t a l ly -s t ick f r om t h eB a tav ia ( BAT 4 497 , s ee b e l ow )i sp a r t icu la r ly i n te re s t ing ,s i nce i tg i ve st h er e la t ion s h ip b e twe en d i ame te ri nd u im a nd w e igh t so fi r on ,s t one a nd l e ad s ho t .T he d u im s ca le g i ve st h ea ve rage o f 1d u im =2 5 .0 mm . T h is v a lue d oe s n o t c o r re spond w i th a ny k nown E u ropean d u im ,a nd i tw a so r ig ina l ly t hough tt ob e d ue t os h r inkage o ft h ew ood . H oweve r , w hen t h et a l ly s t ick w a s c hecked a ga in s t t h e g auge , i tw a s f ound t o c o r re spond e xac t ly w i th t h e 1p on tm a rk .S ince t h eg auge i sma rked " +11" ,w ec an r e a sonab ly a s sume t h a tt h et a l ly s t ick h a su nde rgone m in ima ls h r inkage .

I ts hou ld b en o ted ,a l so ,t h a tt h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h ed u im a nd t h ew e igh ts c a le w ou ld r ema in t h es ame ,e ven i ft h ew ood d i ds h r ink a nd ,t h e refo r e ,t h er e la t ion sh ip c ou ld s t i l l b e d e te rm ined . U s ing v a r iou s s ou r ce s , an umbe ro f c a lcu la t ion sw e re made o n ac ompu te r , u s ing as t a t i s t ica l p ackage ,t oc a lcu la te t h ed en s i ty o ft h es ho ti np on t /du im ( k eep ing i nt h eo r ig ina lu n i t si n i t ia l ly t oa vo id c onve r s ion f a c to r s ) .T he d a ta w a se n te red i n to as p read s hee ta nd t h en p l o t ted a sd en s i ty a ga in s tw e igh t( F ig .3 4 )a nd ,i na dd i t ion , t h e mean d en s i ty a nd s t anda rd d ev ia t ion sw e re c a lcu la ted . T he B a tav ia t a l ly s t ick g ive st h ef o l low ing r e su l t s :

AW i tsen 2 *Van I J k

oT a l ly -s t ick 1 3 W i tsen 1 . 2 9 . 2 8 . 2 7 . 2 6 . 2 5 . 2 4 . 2 3

D e n s i t y i n p o n t / d u i m c u b e d

. 2 2 . 2 1 . 2. 1 9 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0 We igh ti np on t

6 0

' 7 0

•

' 8 0

•

' 9 0

1 00

F igu re 3 4 . G raph o ft h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h ed en s i ty o fi r on s ho ti np on tI du im3 a nd t h ew e igh to ft h es ho ti n Am s t e rdam p on t g i ven b y Wi t sen ( 1671 ) ,V an I j k( 1697 )a nd t h eB a tav ia t a l ly -s t ick .

5 6

B a tav ia t a l ly -s t ick Mean : . 24 M in imum :

S td . D ev . : 4 .797E-3 Max imum :

. 227

. 252

S td . E rror : 6 .997E-4 R an e : . 024

V a r iance : 2 .3010E-5 S um : 1.258

C oe f . V ar . : 2 .003 S um S qua red : 2 .698

C oun t : 47 #M iss ing : 0

T he B a tav ia t a l ly -s t ick h a s am ean d ens i ty o f0 .24 ± ( 4 .8 x 1 03) p on t ldu im3 Wi tsen t ab le No . 1 Mean : . 239 M in imum :

S td . D ev . : 6 .550E-4 Max imum :

. 237

. 242

S td . E rror : 7 .3698E-5 R an. e :

V a r iance : 4 .2908E-7 S um :

4 .837E-3

1 8 .877

C oe f . V ar . : . 274 S um S qua red : 4 .511

C oun t : 7 9 #M iss ing : 1

Wi tsen 's t a b le No . 1c ove r s al a rge n umbe ro fd iame te r sa nd g ive s ad ens i ty o f0 .24 ±( 6 .6x104) pon t ldu im 3, t h is f i gu re b e ing e x t reme ly c lose t ot he v a lue o ft h eB a tav ia t a l ly -s t ick . Wi tsen t ab le No . 2 Mean : . 243 M in imum : . 199

S td . D ev . : . 013 Max imum : . 267

S td . E rror : 2 .384E-3 R ange : . 068

V a r iance : 1 .7050E-4 S um : 7 .2 9 3

C oe f . V ar . : 5 .371 S um S qua red : 1. 778

C oun t : 3 0 #M iss ing : 0

T he Wi t sen t a b le No . 2i s mo re v a r ied t h an No . 1 ,e spec ia l ly a tt he s ma l le rw e igh t s ,r e f lec t ing t h ei naccu rac ies o ft h e w e igh ing s ys tems . T he d ens i ty i s0 .243 ± 0 .013 p on t ldu iml Van I Jk t a l ly -s t ick i lus tra t ion Mean :

S td . D ev . :

. 279

6 .017E-3

M in imum : . 267

Max imum : . 287

S td . E rror : 1 .814E-3 R an e : . 02

V a r iance : 3 .6203E-5 S um : 3 .072

C oe f . V ar . : 2 .154 S um S qua red : . 858

C oun t : 1 1 #M iss ing : 0

I ti si n te res t ing t on o te t ha tv an Uk 's d ens i ty i sn o tab ly l a rge r ,a nd may r ef le c tt ha tt he t ype o fp on to rd u im m igh t b ed i f fe ren t ,o rt ha tt h ei lus t ra t ion i sf anc ifu l .I t may b ec onc luded t ha tt h eB a tav ia t a l ly -s t ick w a s manufac tu red u s ing as ys tem a lmos ti den t ica lt ot ha tg i ven i n Wi t sen ( 167 1 ) :501 .I tw a sh oped t ha t ac ompa r ison b e tween t h el e ad a nd i r on s ho tw e igh t s wou ld g ive amo re a ccu ra te a s se ssmen to ft h eu n i t s u sed ,h oweve r , t h er a t ios b e tween t he t wo s ca le sa r e n o tc ons tan ta nd t h e refo re t he re a r eo the rf a c to r st ob ec ons ide red .

5 7

E xpand ing b ar s ho t An umbe ro fe xamp le so fe xpand ing b a rs ho tw e re f ound o nt h es i te ,h oweve r ,i n mo s tc a se st h e se w e re f r agmen ta ry . Two e xamp le ss how t h ec ons t ruc t ion d e ta i l sa nd s i ze s BAT 8 479 a nd BAT 8 480 . BAT 8 479 c on s is t so ft wo c i rcu la rd i sk s ( 3 1 mm t h ick ,9 2 mm d i ame te r ) moun ted o n as qua re s e c t ion r od ( 1 5 mm )w i th ar i ng f o rged i nt h ee nd .T he t wo b a r s s l ide o ne a ch o t he r ,s ot h a tt h eo ve ra l ll e ng th c an e xpand f r om 5 10 mm t o9 30 mm . I ts hou ld b en o ted t h a tt h eb a rs ho t i s made o fw rough t i ron a nd ,a s ar e su l t ,i sr a the rc o r roded ,s ot h a ts ome o ft h em ea su remen t sm ay b e al i t t le s ho r t .T he o t he re xpand ing b a rs ho t , BAT 8 480 i sf r agmen ta ry ,b u tt h eo ve ra l ld imen s ions c an b er e con s t ruc ted .T he o ve ra l ll e ng th i s3 90 mm a nd t h eu n i tw ou ld e xpand t o al e ng th o f6 80 mm . T he d i sk sa r e 10 mm i nd i ame te ra nd 4 0 mm t h ick .

BAT 8 480 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

BAT 8 479 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

5 8

L angr e ls ho t

Embedded i nt h ec onc re t ion i nt h e s t e rn a r ea o ft h e s i t e w e re an umbe ro fl a ng r e l s ho t . T he se c on s i s ted o ft wo h em i sphe re so fc a s ti r on ;o no ne o ft h ef l a tf a ce s ,t h e r ew e re t h ree r a i sed d imp le s ,a nd o nt h ec o r re spond ing h a l f ,t h ree m a t ch ing d ep re s s ion s .T he h em i sphe re sf i t ted t o ge the rt of o rm as phe re ,a nd w e r ea tached t oe a ch o t he rb y aw rough t i r on b a r ,h i nged a tt h ej o in t .I n mo s tc a se st h es ho tw e re i nv e ry p oo rc ond i t ion ,t h eb a ru sua l ly c omp le t e ly c o r rod ed a way a nd t h ec a s ti r on s ho t ,h i gh ly g r aph i t i zed .S ho td i ame t e r sw e re i nt h er a nge 9 5t o1 00 mm ,w i th as i ng le e xamp le o f1 25 mm . BAT 8 934

G renade s A bou t 1 30 g r enad e s w e re f o und i nt h e s t e rn s ho t l o cke r .T hey a l lc ame f r om as i ng le l o ca l ized a r ea i nt h e c onc re t ion , o n t h e u ppe r p a r t a tt h e r e a r . T he a ve rage d i ame t e rw a s8 3 .5 mm ,w i th as t anda rd d ev ia t ion o f 2mm . I nm o s tc a se s , t h e g r enade s w e re s t o red e mp ty a nd u n f u sed ,b u tt h r ee e xamp le sw e re f o und w i th f u se si np l ace .

5 9

B ar s ho t A bou t 2 5 o r s o e xamp le s o f s ho t w e re f ound w i th r e c tangu la rh o le si nt h em ,u sua l ly t wo ,s ome t ime so ne .I t w a s t h ough t t h a t t h e se w e re b a r o r s p ike s ho t . P o s s ib ly s ome o ft h ese s ho tw e re s t o red w i thou t t h eb a ro rs p ike , b e cause a n umbe r w e re f ound d en se ly p acked a t t h e b o t tom o ft h ec onc re t ion w he re i tw ou ld b ei mpo s s ib le t o b ep acked s o c l o se ly w i th t h e s p ike i np l ace . T he a u tho r f ound o ne s ho t w i th t h e h o le r e s t ing a ga in s t t h e c e i l ing p l ank ing ,t hu st h ee v idence f a vou r st h a tt h ey w e re s t o red , i n mo s t c a se s , w i thou t t h e i r s p ike . T he h i s tog ram o f d i ame te r ss how s ab road r a nge ,w i th e xamp le sc en te r ing a r ound 9 5 t o 15 mm . T h i s g roup i n c luded s ho t w i th a s i ngu la rr e c tangu la rh o le ,t wo r e c tangu la rh o le sa nd r ound h o le s ,b u te xc lud ing h o l low s ho tf r om t h el a t te rc l a s s .T he e xamp le s w i th r ound h o le s may , i nf a c t , r ep re sen t s ho t w i th f l aw si nt h ec a s t ing o r as pec ia lc l a s s ,p o s s ib ly at y pe o fc ha in s ho t . U nfo r tuna te ly , b ecau se t h e w rough t i ron h ad i nva r iab ly c o r roded a way , i ti su nce r ta in i ft h i s i sa s pec ia lc l a ss o rn o t .T he t wd r ema in ing g roup sc on s i s to f s ho t w i th as i ng le h o le ,p re sumab ly t h e n o rma lb a r s ho t f o rmed b yj o in ing t wo s ho tw i th as qua re -sec t ion b a ra nd r e semb l ing ad umb -be l l ,t h eo the r ,s ome t ime sc aled c r o s s b a r s ho t a nd d e sc r ibed b y Sm i th ( 1627 ) :67 a s f o l low s : ` C ro sba r -sho ti sa l so ar ound s ho t ,b u th a th a long s p ike o f i r on c a s tw i th i ta si fi td id g oe t ho row t h em idd le o fi t ,t h e e nd s whe reof a r ec ommon ly a rmed f o rf e a ro fb u r s t ing t h e P ee ce ,w h ich i st ob ind al i t t le O kum i n al i t t le C anva s se a t t h ee nd o fe a ch P ike ' .T he h o le s i ze so nt h eB a tav ia r ange f r om 2 0b y2 0 mm t o1 6b y 1 6 mm .R a re ly w e re t h eh o le s i d en t ica l ;u sua l ly o ne h o le w a sa bou t 2t o 5mm l a rge rt h an

C eram ic p yro t echn ic d ev ice BAT 2 406

As t onewa re j a rw a sf ound o nt h es i te .T h i sj a rh a st wo s t rap h and le sa nd i so fo vo id s hape .O n ly o ne s uch j a rw a s f ound a nd s im i la rt y pe sh ave n o tb een f ound c ommon ly o n VOC s h ip s .P uype ( 1976 )F ig .2 4s how s as t ink o rs t ormpo t f ound i nV l i s s ingen i nt h e1 9 th c en tu ry w h ich i sv e ry s im i l a r ,e xcep tt h a ti th a st h r ee h and le s ,n o tt wo . Mo s tc on tem p o ra ry t e x t s r e f e r t op y ro t echn ic d ev ice s . S im ienow icz ( 1676 )r e f e r st o : . . seve ra ls o r t so fF i re -P o t s ,F lask s ,B o t t les ,a ndChes t s . . . .Yo u a r et ot y eon E nd so f Ma tch t ot h eN eck a nd e a r so rH and le s o fy ou rP o t , i fi tb e made o fc l ay . . . .and t h ey may l i kew i se s e rve i nS ea F igh t s ,w i th g rae td i sadvan tage t ot h eE nemy a nd t h e i rs h ip s ; f o r a ss oon a st h e se f a l lu pon aS h ip 's D eck , o r mee tw i th a ny h a rd s ub s tance , t h ey w i l ln eve rf a i lt ob reak

t h eo the r .

a nd f l y i nP ie ce s ;u pon wh ich t he P owder w i l lb es p i l t , a nd

C an i s ter s ho t S ome e xamp le so fc an i s te rs ho tw e re r e cove red .T he se a ppea red t ob e at ype o ft h in ,s hee t -me ta lc an i s te rw i th i r on c onc re t ion i n s ide .

s ca t te red a b road ,a nd t h e ma tch f a l l ing a moungs ti t ,i tc anno t a vo id A ccen s ion ; a nd w i l l a ccord ing ly b reak o u t w i th s o t e r r ib le aF la sh ,a s mu s ts po i la nd d es t roy many o ft h eE nemy , a nd p e rhap sb ur nt h es h ip i t se l f .

C ase s ho t

An umbe ro fe xamp le so fc a se s ho tw e re f ound .T he se c on s is ted o ff ou rw ooden s e c t ion sw h ich w hen f i t ted t o ge the r f o rmed ac y l ind r ica lc a se .T he i n s ide o ft h ec a se w a sh o l lowed o u ta nd f i l led w i th i r on s c rap .T he c a se w a sh e ld t o ge the r w i th t wo me ta ls t rap s ,a bou t1 0 mm w ide ,a te i the re nd o ft h ec a se .T he e xamp le si lu s t ra ted h ad ab o re d i ame t e ro f8 5 mm . 6 0

MISCELLANEOUS GUN ACCESSOR IES AND ACCOUTRE MENTS Gunner 's t a l ly -s t ick f r om Wi t sen ( 1690 ) :311 , w ho m ea su red t h e w e igh to fa BAT 4 497 v o lume o fr a in w a te r c on ta ined i n ac ube w i th s i de s 0 . 5 Am s t e rdam v oe t ;t h i s mea su remen tg ave aw e igh to f5 pon t 2 4 9/ 2 4 w h ich , w hen c onve r ted , g i ve s 1Am s te rdam p on t e qua lt o0 . 49373 k g , a s sum ing t h a t 1Am s t e rdam v oe t= 0 . 283 m a nd 3 2 l o o t = 1p on t . T he a c tua l v a lue o f t h e Am s te rdam p on tv a r ie sa cco rd ing t ov a r iou sa u tho r s ,t h u s S im ienow icz ( 1 729 ) g i ve s 0 . 486 k g w he rea s G a l schu t ( c .1690 ) g ive s0 . 496 k g ( c a lcu la ted f r om t h er a t io o ft h e Am s te rdam p on tt ot h ep ound A vo i rdupo i s ) .I ti so bv iou s t h a t mo re r e sea rch i sr equ i red h e re t o d e te rm ine w ha t v a lue sa r eb e ing u sed a nd w ha te r ro r s ,i fa ny ,w e re i n co r p o ra ted i nt h es ca le .I ti sb eyond t h es cope o ft h is p re sen t w o rk t op u r sue t h es ub jec tf u r the r . S ho t -gauge BAT 3 336 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

Ac oppe r s ho t -gauge w a s r e cove red , c ons i s t ing o fa r ound s hee to fc oppe rw i th ah o le i nt h ec en t re a nd as ma l l h ang ing t a g . O n t h e u ppe r , l e f t -hand e dge i ss t amped 411. T he d i ame te r , 13 mm ,c o r re spond s e xac t ly w i th t h e ' 1 1'ma rk o nt h eg unne r 's t a l ly -s t ick .O bv iou s ly ,t h i s w a su sed t og auge s ho t ,t h o se p a s s ing t h rough w e re t h en l e s st h an 1 p on ti nw e igh t .

T h is w ooden t a l ly s t ick ,f ound d u r ing t h ef i r s te xped i t i on t o t h e B a tav ia s i te , w a s i d en t if ied a nd b r ief ly d e s c r ibed b y McG ra i l ( 1 974 ) . T he d i scu s s ion a bove h a s s hown t h a tt h e s c a le sf o ri r on a r ea lmo s tc e r ta in ly t a ken f r om as im i la rs ou rce t ot h eT ab le 1i nW i t sen ( 1690 :501) . Ap lo t o ft h e d i f f e ren ts ca le s o n t h e s t ick g ive d en s i t ie s ( a ssum ing t h e Ams te rdam p on t i sb e ing u sed ) o f 1 .78 g rms / cm 3,7 . 54 g rm / cm3a nd 2 . 16 g rm / cm 3. I tw ou ld s e em t h a tt h ed en s i t ie sa r er e a sonab le ,i fal i t t le o nt h eh igh s i de . F o re xamp le ,l e ad h a s ad en s i ty o f1 .0 g rm / cm 3. L ikew i se , i r on ,w h ich n o rma l ly w ou ld b eg rey c a s ti r on ,h a s ad en s i ty o f7 . 03 t o7 . 13 g rm s / cm 3.I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e re m ay b ea s y s tema t ic e r ro ri nt h i sa na lys i s ,p o s s ib ly d ue t oa ni n co r r e c tv a lue o ft h ep on t .T he p e rcen tage e r ro ri sa bou t6 . 5% t o ol a rge f o rt h el e ad a nd b e tween 5 . 5a nd 6 . 5% t oo l a rge f o rt h ei r on .T he v a lue o ft h ep on to b ta ined h e re w a st a ken 6 1

P owder l a d le BAT 3 97

Ac omp le te p owde rl a d le ,w i th t h ew ooden b l ock a nd p a r to ft h eh and le s t i l li np l a ce ,w a sf ound o nt h es i te .T he l a d le h a sb een r e con s t ruc t ed w i th ad i ame t e ro f1 60 mm ,t h i sb e ing al a rge rb o r ed i ame te rt h an a ny k nown g un so nt h eB a tav ia a nd a lmo s tc e r ta in ly i s am i s take o nt h ep a r to ft h ep e r son w ho r e con s t r uc t ed i t . P owder m ea sure s BAT 3 005 ( SCALE 1 : 4 )

BAT 5 89 ( SCALE 1 : 4 )

T h i s m ea su re i sm ade o fc opp e r , a nd i sr a the rs qua t , w i th ad i ame te ro f1 90 mm a nd ah e igh to f1 34 mm ,g i v ing av o lume o f3 . 80 L .I ti sn o ta b so lu te ly c e r ta in t h a tt h i si s i n f a c t ap owde r m ea su re ( a s a l so BAT 6 88 ) b u t i ti s a s sumed s ob ecau se o fi t s s im i la r i ty i nc on s t ruc t ion a nd s t y le t ot h eo t he rc oppe rg unne ry a c cou t r emen t s .

T he m e a su re BAT 5 89 h a s t h eR oman n ume ra l sV I I s c ra t ched o n t h e h and le a nd o n t h e f r on t l i p a nd h a s a v o lume o f3 . 85 L .

6 2

BAT 3 306 ( SCALE 1 : 4 )

T h is mea su re h a s av o lume o f4 .01 L . BAT 6 88 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

T h is p owde rm ea su re ( h e igh t2 91 mm a nd d i ame te r 1 76 mm ) i sl o nge ra nd s l igh t ly n a r rowe rt h an BAT 3 005 .T he v o lume i s7 . 1L ,t h us s l igh t ly l e ss t h an t w ice t h ev o lume o f BAT 3 005 .

6 3

C ar tr idge c on ta iner s BAT 3 630 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

BAT 4 16 ( SCALE 1 : 4 )

BAT 4 05 ( SCALE 1 : 4 )

E I

S eve ra lc oppe rc a r t r idge c on ta ine r sw e r ef ound o nt h es i te .T he c on ta ine r sc on s i s to f ar o l led c oppe rs hee tf o rm ing at u be w i th al o ng i tud ina lf o ld -ove rs e am a nd ac i r cu la rb a se . Al i dw a sf i t ted o ve rt h et o po ft h el o ng n a r row c an i ns ome c a se s ,t h el i da nd t h eb a se w e re m ade o f at y pe o fb r a s s . B o th t h ec on ta ine ra nd l i dh ave t wo f i t t ing s ,o nd i ame t r ica l ly o ppo s i te s i de so ft h el i da nd c on ta ine r .T he f i t t ing sc on s i s to f as t r ip o fc oppe rr i ve ted t ot h eb ody a nd f o rmed t om ake at u bu la rh o le s t and ing o u tf r om t h eb ody . T h rough t h is w a s t h readed at h in r ope o rs t r ing , wh ich w a sa t ta ched t ot h e c an i s te rt of o rm as hou lde r leng th l o op .T he s t r ing p a s sed t h rough t h eh o le si nt h el i df i t t ing sa nd w a sk no t ted b e low t h e c an i s te rf i t t ing s .T hus t h ec an is te ro rc on ta ine rc ou ld b ec a r r ied o ve rt h es hou lde r ,w i th t h el i di n -p lace .T h is e nsu r ed t h a t t h el i dc ou ld n o tb el o s ta nd ,i n mo s tc a se s ,w ou ld a u toma t ica l ly d rop i n to p l ace o n t o po ft h ec on ta ine rw hen c a r r ied .

6 4

BAT 5 78 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

BAT 3 324 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

BAT 3 630 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

0

T h i sc an b et a bu la ted a sf o l low s : REG NO . D iam mm L eng th mm BAT 3 630 10 4 54 BAT 4 05 1 23 4 88 BAT 3 324 BAT 4 16 BAT 5 78

1 32 1 42 1 55

S ho ts i ze 1 0 1 6 1 8 2 4 3 2

4 46

V o lume L 4 . 5 5 . 8 7 . 1

I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a tt h ec on ta ine r sa re o fa bou tt h es ame l e ng th .A l lt h e se d i ame te r sw e re c ompa red w i th t h eBa tav ia t a l ly -s t i ck t og i ve t h es ho ts i ze w h ich c o r re spond t ot h ec l a s so fg un s3 2 ,24 ,1 8 ,16 a nd l Opon t .T he l i d sm ay b ee xpec ted t oh ave al a rge rd i ame te r ,b ecau se t h ey h ave t of i to ve rt h ec on ta ine r ,t hough t h i si su n l ike ly t ob e mo re t h an af ew mm . T he se c a r t r idge c on ta ine r sr a i se s ome i n te re s t ing p rob lems .T he s ho td i ame te r si nd ica te t h a tt h ey s hou ld b ed e s igned t o f i tf ou rc l a s se so fg un s :5 ,8 ,1 2a nd 2 4p on t ,h oweve rt h ec a r t r idge c on ta ine r si nd ica te t h a tt h ey f i t ted 1 6 ,18 a nd 3 2p on t g un s .F ina l ly ,t h eb o re d i ame te ro ft h eb ronze g un so f1 50 a nd 1 20 mm ,a l low ing f o r0 . 25 d u im ( 6 mm )w indage ,i nd ica t e g un so f2 4a nd 1 2p on t .I ts eem sl i ke ly t h a ta tl e a s t BAT 5 78 w a sd e s igned f o r ag un t h a t wa sn o to nb oa rd t h eB a tav ia o rp o s s ib ly ,a l though v e ry u n l ike ly ,a ni r on g un n o ty e tr a i sed . Sm i th ( 1627 )d e sc r ibe s t h ec a r t r idge c a se s a s : ' . . .ca se s f o rC a r t rage s m ade o fL a t t in ' ( "La t ten : am ixed me ta l o f y e l low c o lou r , e i the r i d en t ica l w i th o r v e ry l i ke b ra s s ," S ho r t er O xf ord D ic t iona ry , O n ion s ( 1968 ) ) ' t o k eepe t h e C a r t r idge si n ,w h ich i st oh ave n o mo re p owde ri nt h em t h an j u s tt h ec ha rge o fy ou rP eece ,a nd t h ey a r ec l o se ly c ove red i nt h o se c a se so fL a t ten ,t ok eep t h em d ry ,a nd f r om a ny m i schance sb yf i re ,a nd a r ef a r re mo re r e ady a nd s a f e rt h an y ou r L ad le sa nd B udgba r re l s ' .L ikew i se Manway r ing ( 1644 )m en t ion st he se c a se s : ' The re a r ea l so o t he rc a r th rage s ,w h ich a r e made o fL a t t in ;i nw h ich w eu se t op u tt h e se o t he rc a r th rage s ,t ob r ing t h em a moung s tt h es h ip ,s o much t h es a f e r f r om f i re t i l lw ep u tt h em i nt h eP e ece s mou th ,w h ich i s ad a re ,t h a ti nt h ef i gh t ,t h e re c anno tb et oo much d il igence o r o rde ru sed ' .

6 5

T ouch -ho le p r ickers BAT 3 337

BAT 3 616

BAT 3 680

BAT 3 244B

BAT 3 337

S eve ra lb ra s st o uch -ho le p r icke r sw e re r e cove red .T he se c on s i s ted o f as imp le b ra ss r od ,b e tween 3 20 a nd 3 30 mm l o ng a nd a bou t 4mm i nd i ame te r ,t a pe r ing t o at w is ted p o in ta to ne e nd a nd ad i s t inc t ive f i gu re -o f -e igh ta tt h eo the re nd . T he p r i cke r sw e re u sed t op i e rce t h ec a r t r idge si nt h eb ree ch o ft h eg un .T h i sw a sd one b yi n se r t ing t h ep r icke ri n to t h e v en ta nd p ush ing i ti n to t h ec a r t r idge s ob reak ing t h es ea l .G unpowde rw a st h en r un i n to t h ev en ts ot h a t ,o ni g n i t ion ,t h e f i re r an d own t h ev en ta nd s e to f ft h ec a r t r idge .

6 6

Gunpowder b ag BAT 4 573 ( SCALE 1 : 4 )

D u r ing t h ec l ean ing o u to ft h eb a r r e lo ft h ei r on g un No . 2( BAT 8 721 ) ,t h ec on ten t so ft h eb a r re lw e re r e cove r ed . T h is i ss hown i nF ig .3 2 ,a nd c on s is t so ft h ef o l low ing i t em s ,i no rde ro fr e cove ry :w ooden t amp ion o rb a r re lp l ug ,c ove red i n al i nen m a te r ia l( BAT 4 572 ) ;h emp w add ing ;t h es ho t ;w add ing ; al i nen p owde rb ag ( BAT 4 573 ) ;a nd af u r the rp i ece o fw add ing .T he l a t te ri se x t reme ly u nu sua l ,s i nce i tw ou ld h ave c au sed p rob lem si np r im ing t h ec ha rge .F ig .3 2s how s t h ep owde rb ag p r io rt oc on se rva t ion ,t h ei lu s t ra t ion h e re s how st h eb ag a f te rt r ea tmen t .T he t r ea tmen t ,w h ich i n vo lved w a sh ing i n7 . 5% o xa l ic a c id s o lu t ion a nd t h en n eu t ra l iza t ion w i th a5% EDTA s o lu t ion , w a sc a r r ied o u tb yt h eC on se r v a t ion L abo ra to ry ( Ia mg r a t efu lt oR inske C a rf o rt h ei d en t if ica t ion o ft h em a te r ia la nd t h ec onse rva t ion n o te s ) . C annon t amp ion o rw ooden b ore p lug a nd c over ing ma ter ia l BAT 4 572

S CALE 1 0 :1

A n umbe r o f t h e se b o re p l ug s h ave b een f ound d u r ing t h e c l ean ing o f t h e i r on g un s . I n mo s t c a se s , t h e g un s h ave b e en f ound l o aded . S ta r t ing a tt h e muzz le , t h e g un s u sua l ly h ad a p lug ,t h en w add ing ,s ho t , mo re w add ing a nd t h en t h eg un p owde r( F ig .3 2 ) .I no ne c a se t h ep owde r w a sp re se rved i n am a te r ia lb ag ( s ee b e low ) .T he d imen s ion so ft h ep lug ( BAT 4 493 )we re :d i ame t e r1 44 mm ,t h ickne s s3 2 mm a nd i tw a sc ove red i np l a in w eave l i nen BAT 4 572 .

BAT 4 07 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

SMALL -AR MS AND ACCOUTRE MENTS B lunderbu s s T h ree e xamp le s o f a n u nu sua l t y pe o f b lunde rbu s s w e re f ound o nt h es i te , BAT 4 07 , BAT 4 08 a nd BAT 3 261 . T he g uns h ave ap a ra l le lb o re ,m ade -up o fc oppe rs he e t ing r oled i n to at u be 4 4 mm i nd i ame te ra nd 8 30 mm l o ng , w i th at a pe red c hambe r a tt h eb reech m ade o f at y pe o f b ronze . T he b r ee ch h a s as c rew th read t oa l low f o rs ome f o rm o f i r on b lock t ob e a t tached , r a the r s im i la r t ot h e c ompo s i te g un a r rangemen t ( s ee a bove ) . T he r e i sn o e v idence o f at o uch -ho le i nt h eb ree ch ,s oi tw a sp re suma b l yf i red i ns ome w ay t h rough t h eb ree ch b lock s c rew .A s ma l l b ack -s igh t w a s moun t ed a tt h e b reech e nd o f t h e t u be .T he c oppe rs hee t ing w a sb razed i n to at u be w i th al a p j o in to nt h ev en t ra ls u r f ace .T he b reech b lock w a ss o lde red a nd p inned i np la ce . S amp le so fa l lf ou r me ta l sw e re t a ken a nd q ua l i ta t ive ly a na lysed w i th as cann ing e l e c t ron m ic ro scope f i t ted w i th EDAX f a c i l i t ie s .T he t u be w a ss hown t ob e made o fp u re c oppe r ,w i th n oo t he rm e ta l sd e tec tab le ( b e t te rt h an 9 9% p u re C u ) .T he b ronze l ike b reech b lock w a ss hown t ob ea c oppe r -ba sed a l loy w i th h i gh l e ve l s o f l e ad a nd s ma l l a moun t so fa n t imony a nd ,t h u s ,i sn o t at r ue b ronze .D rN e i l No r th , w ho a na ly sed t h e m e ta l s , c ommen ted t h a t t h e c ompo s i t ion w a s q u i te u nu sua l ; t h e o n ly a dvan tage o f u s ing t h is a loy wou ld b et h a ti tw ou ld b ee a sy t om ach ine ; b u ta tt h es ame t ime ,i tw ou ld s u f f e rf r om l ow s t reng th a nd h ave al ow m e l t ing -po in t . T he l e ad s o lde r o r f i l le r w a s s hown t ob e ah igh lead a l loy w i th s mal a nd a pp rox i m a te ly e qua la moun t so fc oppe ra nd n i cke l ,a nd t r ace so f t i n a nd a n t imony .T he b raz ing w a ss hown t ob e at y p ica l s i ng le -pha se b ra s s ,w i th o n ly c oppe ra nd a bou t2 0% z i nc p re sen t .T he a u tho ri sg ra te fu lt oD rN e i l No r th ,t h en H ead o ft h eD epa r tmen to f Ma te r ia l sC on se rva t ion a nd R e s to ra t i on o ft h e We s te rn A u s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Museum ,f o rt h e a na ly s is a nd n o te so n t h em e ta l lu rgy . I ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e se g uns w e re at y pe o f m a t ch lock b lunde rbu s s . As im i la rg un ,i lu s t ra ted i nP uype ( 1976 :16 ) a nd K i s te ta l .( 1974 :No .17 & 1 8 ) ,i sl o ca t ed i nS kok lo s te r C a s t le , S weden , a nd i so fD u t ch o r ig in , d a t ing f r om t h e s e cond q ua r te ro ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry .T he g uns w e re u sed t o f i re p y ro techn ic f i re -ba l ls o rf i re a r row ss uch a ss hown i n F ig . 3 5 , t a ken f r om G a l schu t ( c .1692 ) . T he u se o f f i re a r row s i sd e sc r ibed i nS im ienow icz ( 1676 :400 ) : ' Bu t i f e ve r t h ey [ f i re -a r row s ] c an b e u sed t o a ny v e ry g r ea t p u rpose ; i tmu s tc e r ta in ly b ei nS ea -F igh t s , t os e tF i re t o E nemy 's S a i le sa nd R igg ing ,a nd e spe c ia l ly w hen t h ey a r e h eaded w i th s ha rp i r on . ' Sm i th ( 1627 :54 ) s t a te s : O ry ou may make ab a l lo fw i ld -f i re b u rn i nt h ew a te r

I t

i sg ood e y the rf o rs e rv ice o ns ea t ob u rne t h es a i ls o fs h ipp s , o ro nl a nd f o rd i sorde r ing men i nb a t te l l ray b e ing n ee re ,f o r d i ve r so the rm i l i ta r ie s e rv ice s ,t oh ave c e r ta ine s hor t mu ske t s o fa ni n ch o rv e ry n ee re a ni n ch b o re ,o u to f wh ich y ou may s hoo tey the rc ha ined b u l le t s ,o rh a l f as core p i s to l lb u l le t s ,o r ,

L J

h a lf ad ozen h a rquebuz b u l le t sa to ne s ho t ;o ry ou may s hoo t

BAT 3 261

p eece ,a sy ou s ee i nt h ed raugh t :w h ich b e ing w e l lf i red ,y ou may d i scha rge t h es ame a ty ou rp l ea su re .T he s t r ing made f a s tt ot h ee nd o ft h ef i re -worke ,i st ok eep t h ea r row s t re igh t i nh i sp a s sage ,b e ing s ho te y the rw i th o ra ga in s tt h ew inde .

Mo r r i s( 1984 ) ,i lu s t ra te s as im i la rt y pe o fg un f r om t h eA s soc ia t ion a nd t h eE ag le ,a l though s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e se w e r e 1 5 th -cen tu ry g un s .T he A s soc ia t ion g un h ad ab o re o f3 4 mm a nd al e ng th o f7 20 mm ,a nd w a st hu s s l igh t ly s ma l le r i n s i ze ; b u t t h e t h ickne s s o f m e ta l i s g rea te r , a bou t 6mm t h ick , a nd t h e muzz le h a s af l a re s im i la rt ot h e muzz le o f as ea -se r v ice c annon .B o th g un s h ave as c rew th read a tt h eb ree ch a nd t wo l u g s o n t h e v en t ra ls u r f ace f o ra t tach ing t h eb a r re lt ot h es t ock .T he E ag le g un a ppea r st ob e mo re l i ke t h eB a tav ia g un ,b u t u nfo r tuna te ly s ome d e ta i ls a r e n o tc l ea r —t h eb a r re l i s n o ted a sb e ing t ape red ,2 5 mm a tt h eb ree ch a nd 4 7 mm a tt h e muzz le ,b u tt h ei lu s t ra t ion i nt h ea r t ic le a ppea r st o s how t h eo ppo s i te .P o s s ib ly ,t h eb re ech b lo ck m ay a l so h ave c onfu sed s ome o ft h e mea su remen t s .T he g un h a s at o uch -ho le o n t h e b ody o f t h e g un , n o t t h rough t h e b reech s c rew ,b u th ow t h is c onne c t sw i th t h ec hambe ri s

F igu re 3 5 . A1 7 th c en tury e ng rav ing s how ing ag unne r a bou tt o d i scha rge af i re a r row f r om ama tch lock .

n o tc l ea r .

6 9

Wooden g un -s to ck BAT 4 383 a nd BAT 4 246 ( SCALE 1 : 4 )

t i . •

,

e

1 . . 1

F ragmen t so f ag un s to ck w e re r e cove red f r om t h es i te .U nfo r tuna te ly ,s ome ma te r ia lf a i led d u r ing c onse rva t ion ,a nd w a st h u sl o s t ,s oi ti sd i f f icu l tt op roduce a na ccu ra te r e con s t ruc t ion .T he b a r re lo ft h eg un w a sm i s s ing ,a nd may n o th ave b een f i t ted ,b u tf r om m ea su remen t si ts e em su n l ike ly t h a tt h e s t ock w a s f o rt h eb lunde rbu s s . T he s t ock b a r re l h ad a n a pp rox ima te d i ame t e ro f3 3 mm w he rea st h eb lunde rbu s sh ad ad i ame te ro f5 5 mm . I ti sf a i r ly c l ea rt h a tt h es t ock w a sf o r am a t ch lock ,a st h el o ck -p la te i ss im i la rt ot h a ts hown i nG he i jn ( 1607 )f o rt h e c a l ive ra nd mu ske t( s ee K i s t , 1 971 :N o . 1 2 ) ,a nd as im i la rl o ck -p la te i ss hown i nK is te ta l .( 1974 :12 ) .T he r ema in so f t h er am rod w e re f ound i n at u bu la rc av i ty r unn ing p a ra l le lt ot h eb a r re l .A tp re sen t ,i ti sn o tc l ea ri ft h er amrod h a s al e ad e nd t oi t( s ee b e low ) . As e r ie so fX ray sw e re m ade o ft h eg un s tock i na na t temp tt ol e a rn mo re a bou tt h ec on st ruc t ion o ft h es t ock .T he r e su l t sq u i te c l ea r ly s how t h er am rod ,a nd i n d ica te t h a tt h el e ad f i t t ing o nt h ee nd w a sn o ti n s ide t h e s t ock ,b u t mus th ave b een a tt h eo t he re nd .O the rd e ta i l ss hown b yt h eX ray a r et h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h ef i t t ings f o rt h e m a t ch lock .

1 20

1 00 .

80.

0

60.

40-

20 -

1 20

1 30

1 40

1 50

1 60

D iame ter i n mm F igu re 3 6 . F requency h i s tog ram o f as e lec t ion o fo rd ina ry l e ad s ho tf r om t h eB a tav ia .

7 0

O rd inary l e ad s ho t Al a rge q uan t i ty o fl e ad s ho t( a pp rox ima te ly 1 794 s ho tw e re m ea su r ed )w a sr e cove red f r om t h es i te .T he f r equency h i s tog ram o ft h ed i ame t e r s( F ig .3 6 )s how st wo c l ea rp eak s ,o ne a t1 7 .02 ±0 . 62 mm r ep re sen t ing a bou t 1 083 s ho ta nd t h es male ra t1 3 .98 ± 1 . 05 mm r ep re sen t ing a bou t8 02 s ho t .T he r e gu la t ion so f1 599 a nd 1 639 c once rn ing f i rea rms g i ve t h ef o l low ing i n fo rma t ion : D a te

T ype o fg un

1 599 1 599 1 639 1 639 1 639

Mu ske t C a l ive r P i s to l C a rb ine Mu ske t

N o .r o l l ing b u l le t s i nP on t

d i am i n mm

1 2 2 4 3 2 1 8 1 2

1 9 .0 1 5 .1 1 3 .7 1 6 .6 1 9 .0

K is te ta l .( 1 974 )i lu s t ra te s am a tch lock mu ske tm ade i n Am s te rdam c .1 630 w i th ab o re d i ame te ro f1 7 .7 mm ( wh ich t h el a rge rB a tav ia s ho tw ou ld f i ti n to q u i te t i gh t ly ) ;t h es ma l le rb a l l sc o r re spond w i th af l in t lock p i s to ld a ted c . 1635 w i th ab o re d i ame te ro f1 4 .5 mm a nd af l in t lock g un c .1 640 b o re d i ame te r 1 3 .8 mm . V an D am ( 1701 )s t a te st h a ti n1 659 t h e mu ske t sw e re p roo f ed w i th ar unn ing b a l lo f1 2i n ap on t( 1 9 .0 mm )b u tf i red ab a l lo f1 4i n ap on t( 18 .1 mm )a nd t h a tt h is s hou ld b ec hanged t o ap roo fw i th ar unn ing b a l lo f1 4i n ap on t( 1 8 .1 )b u t f i r ing ab a l lo f1 6o r1 7i n ap on t( 17 .0 t o1 7 .3 mm ) .I ts e ems ,h oweve r ,t h a tt h em a jo r i ty o fo u rb a l l sw e re o ft h es ma l le r c a l ib re a nd t h a tp o s s ib ly t h eB a tav ia w a sa rmed w i th mu ske t sa nd p i s to l s . Wired l e ad s ho t BAT 3 673

Al a rge q uan t i ty o fw i red l e ad s ho tw a sf ound o nt h es i te .I tc ons i s t so ft wo r ound l e ad s ho t ,1 6 mm i nd i ame te r ,j o ined t o ge the rw i th ac o i lo fb ra s sw i re w h ich w hen f u l ly e x tended w ou ld b ea bou t2 10 mm l o ng . P ar to f ap owder -horn BAT 3 132

I ti sn o tc e r ta in w ha tt h is i t em i s .T he d e co ra t ive f r ieze o fh un t ing s c ene w i th aman o nh o r seback p u r su ing ab ea r( ? ) , s ugge s t s af unc t ion r e la ted t ot h eh un t .T he f i t t ing o nt h es i de w h ich p ene t ra te st h ec o l la r -shaped o b jec ts ugge s t st h a ti t w a su sed t oo pe ra te af l ap o fs ome s o r t ,w h ich m ay h ave b een u sed t or egu la te t h ef l ow o fs ome th ing t h rough t h ec o l la r . T he s ma l lh o le o nt h eo ppo s i te s i de t ot h ef i t t ing t e nd st oc on f i rm t h is .

7 1

L ead r a mrod e nds BAT 7 058

P r icker BAT 3 591

C

e . 2 2 2z E

•

T h i s s ma l l b ra s s p r icke r i st hough t t ob e p a r t o ft h e h and -gun e qu ipmen tu sed t oc l ean o u tt h et o uch -ho le . An umbe ro fl e ad r am rod e nd sw e re f ound o nt h es i te . T hese w e re i d en t i f ied b yv i r tue o ft h ew ooden r od h av ing t h es ame d i ame te ra st h er ema in so ft h er am rod sf ound i n t h es t ock s .A sd i scu s sed a bove ,i ts eems t h a tt h el e ad e nd o ft h er am rod w a so n t h e o u te re nd o ft h er am rod w hen s t o red i nt h eg un . BAT 3 113

P a tch -boxe s T h ree p a t ch -boxe sw e re f ound o nt h es i te BAT 3 103 , BAT 3 113 a nd BAT 3 131 .T he b oxe sa r es im i la ra l though d i f f e ren ti ns i ze . BAT 3 131 ,t h e mo s tc omp le te e xamp le , h a s ah i nged l i d d eco ra ted w i th s t amped f l owe r s a nd a s ma l ld eco ra t ion i nt h ef o rm o f ap o in t ing h and ;t h ef i nge r p o in t s t o t h e h ook c a t ch w h ich r e ta in s t h e l i d . O n t h e s e c t ion a l ong w h ich t h el i di sa t tached i s al i ne o fw r i t ing w h ich i si ndec iphe rab le .T he e nd o ft h eb ox i so pen ,w h ich s ugge s t s t h a tt h eb ox w a s a t ta ched p o s s ib ly t o al e a the r s t rap .I n s ide t h eb ox w e re an umbe ro fw oo lt w i l lp a t che s ( BAT 3 131 ) . As im i la rb ox h a sb een f ound a tC o lon ia lW i ll iamsbu rg o n ap l an ta t ion s i te a nd a s soc ia ted w i th as l ipwa re d i sh m a rked 1 631 .T he a u tho ri sg ra tefu lt oD rI vo r Noe lH ume , D i rec to ro ft h e C o lon ia l Wi l l iamsbu rg F ounda t ion , V i r -

BAT 3 103

g i n ia f o rt h i si n fo rma t ion ,h oweve ri ts hou ld b ep o in ted o u t t h a t D r Noe l H ume q ue s t ion s t h a t t h e se b oxe s w e re f o r p a tches f o r mu ske t s .T he a u tho rs ugge s t st h a tt h eb ox w a s p a r to ft h ea ccou t remen t s f o r amu ske to rc a l ive r , a nd i t mu s tb ea s sumed t h a tt h eg un may h ave b een r i f led .S tone ( 1934 :488 F ig . 6 21(5 ) ) i lu s t ra te s ap a tch -box o fs im i la r s hape ,b u tm ade o fs i lve rg i l tf i l ig r ee a nd s e tw i th r ed a nd b l ue s t one s .A tp re sen tt h eb ox c anno tb ed ef in i t e ly i d en t i f ied a s ap a t ch -box ,s i nce t h e re i ss ome d i sag reemen to n

BAT 3 131

t h ea va i lab i l i ty o fr i f led g uns i nt h ee a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry . BAT 3 131 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

7 2

MISCELLANEOUS ACCOUTRE MENTS P ike f e r ru l e s BAT 3 052 BAT 3 133 BAT 3 222 BAT 3 247

BAT 3 322

BAT 3 481

BAT 3 584

BAT 3 612

E igh tb ronze p i ke f e r ru le sw e re r e cove red f r om t h es i t e .T hey a r ea bou t9 0 mm l o ng b ya bou t2 5 mm i nd i ame te r , h o l low o nt h ei n s ide ( i n s ide d i ame te r1 8 mm )w i th ak nob a to ne e nd .T he se o b jec t sw e re i d en t if ied f r om ap i c tu r ep a in ted b y B a r tho lomeu sv an d e rH e l s t( 1 6 13 -70 )e n t i t led C orpo raa l s chap v an K ap i te in R oe lof B ick er ,p a in t ed i n1 639 a nd l o ca ted i nt h e Am s t e rdam R i jk smu seum ( F ig . 3 7 ) .

F igu r e3 7 . Ad e ta i lf r om t h eC o rpo raa l schap v an K ap i te in R oe lof B icke rp a in t ed b yv an d e rH e i s ti n1 639 s how ing ab ronze p ik e f e r ru le , s ome o ft h eo the rf e r ru le si nt h i sp i c tu re w e re i r on .

7 3

P ar t so f at rumpe t BAT 4 19

BAT 3 222 a nd BAT 3 252

BAT 3 765

BAT 4 65 S eve ra lp a r t so fa tl e a s tt wo t r um p e t sw e re f ound o nt h es i t e ,n ame ly t wo mou th -p ie ce s a nd p a r t s o ft h e p i p ing a nd t h e e nd o ft h e t r umpe t . T he t r umpe t e nd , BAT 4 65 , i se n g raved w i th ad eco ra t ive f r ieze w i th t h ei n scr ip t ion CONRAT DROCHL 1 618 MACHT I CH .T he re i sas ma l l s h ie ld b e tween MACHT a nd I CH , p o s s ib ly t h e t own o f A u sbu rg o r , mo re l i ke ly , Nü rnbe rg . Av e ry s im i -

egese e

r

' 4 )

r

4

le

q % •

4 1F 7 I I IM IA

r ge\ eme e i "I

~e le

w ildre '

l a rt r umpe tw a sf ound o nt h e Swed i s hw a r sh ip K ronan w h ich w a sl o s t i n1 676 ( Ka rp , 1 986 ) . T h i st r umpe t w a s made b y M i chae l N age l o f Nü rnbe rg i n 1 654 a nd t h e d e ta i l s s how w he re t h e f i t t ing s BAT 3 765 a nd BAT 4 19 b e long . Nü rnbe rg w a s f amou si nt h e1 7 th c en tu ry a s at r um -

f l I P •

p e t -mak ing c en t re .T he t r umpe tw a s u sed o n -boa rd s h ip s f o r s i gna l l ing

x re v i rrw h i l ; ; ;Z I

a nd c an b e s e en i n many 1 7 th -cen t u r y m a r i n e p a i n t i n g s . I t i s p o s s i b l e A T t h a t i nt h e se p a in t ing s t h e t r umpe t c ou ld b ec on fu sed w i th am egaphone . Am egaphone c an b es e en i nu se i nt h ep a in t ing V i ew o ft h eR oad sa tH oorn i n1 622 b yH end r ick C o rne l i sz V room ( 1 566 1 640 ) .H e re , ac r ew m embe ro f as h ip 's b oa t ,l owe rc en t re r i gh t ,i su s ing i tt oc a l lt ot h el a rge s h ip o nt h er i gh t .H oweve r ,

D iOUL

t h et r umpe tc anno tb em i s taken i ns ome p i c tu re s ; f o re xamp le ,t h eb oa ti nt h eb o t tom l e f t -hand c o rne ro ft h ep a in t ing B a t t le n ear G ibra l ter b yH end r ick v an W ie r ingen ,p a in ted i n1 622 ,s hows ap e r son w i th at r umpe t ,p r e sumab ly s i gna l l ing s i nce i ti si nt h em id s to f ab a t t le .T he t r umpe ti sa l so s e en i np ea ce t ime ,g ene ra l ly u sed o ns ma l lb oa t sc a r ry ing p a s senge r s .

7 4

D rum s t i ck BAT 6 281 T h i sd rum s t i ck i ss im i la ri ns i ze a nd s hape t ot h ed rums t ick f ound o nt h ew re ck o ft h e V e rgu ld e D ra eck GT 143 ( G re en , 1 977 ) . D rums w e re u sed , a s a l so t r umpe t s , f o r s i gna l l ing a nd s ummon ing a ts e a ,a l though d rum ss e em t ob el e s sc ommon i nc on t em p o ra ry i l u s t ra t ion s ;s e e ,f o re xamp le ,o nt h ep oop d eck o ft h eD u t ch s h ip i nt h ep a in t ing E ngagemen tb e tw een aDu tch a nd E ng l i shwa rs h ip ,1 605 b yH end r i ck C o rne l i szV room , p a in t ed i n1 614 . S word -pomme l BAT 4 450

T he r ema in so f as wo rd -hand le m ade o fb ra s sw i re w h ipped o n aw ood en h and le i s o ne o ft h ef ew i t em st h a tc an b ea s soc ia ted w i th c u t t ing w eapon s .T he t h in n a tu re o ft h i s t y pe o fi r on w eapon w ou ld n o te nab le i tt os u rv ive w e l li n am a r ine e nv i ronmen t .

7 5

T hree -w ick ,b ras sg imba lo i l lamp BAT 3 634

BAT 3 628

T h ree e xamp les o ft h ree -w ick g imba lo i l lamp sw e re f ound o nt h es i te .T he se l amp sa r ea s soc ia ted w i th t h ep owde r r oom o ft h es h ip .T hey d i f f e rf r om o ne sf ound o nt h eV ergu lde D raeck GT 8 93 ( G reen , 1 977 )a st h ew ick a r rangemen t o ft h e se u t il ized amu l t ip le y ar n ,l i gh t ly t w ined ,c o t ton w ick ,r a the rt h an t h ew ooden c ap i l la ry w ick so nt h eV ergu ld e D raeck l amp s . BAT 3 079 a nd BAT 3 628 a r es im i la ri ns i ze ( 152 a nd 1 57 mm d i ame t e rr e spec t ive ly )w he rea s BAT 3 634 i ss ma l le r( 130 mm d i ame te r ) .

7 6

BAT 3 079

7 7

Gor g e t s

Al a rge c onc re t ion c on ta in ing an umbe ro fg o rge t sw a sf ound o nt h es i te i n1 970 .T he c onc re t ion w a ss ub sequen t ly b rok en o pen a nd as e r ie so fl e a the rg o rge tp add ing w a sr emoved ( F ig s3 8a nd 3 9 ) .S ince t h ei r on c onc re t ion w a sq u i te f r ag i le ,o n ly t h ei mp re s s ion o ft h eo u te rl a ye r so ft h eg o rge t ss u rv ived .A tt h et ime ,e f fo r t sw e re c oncen t ra ted o nr e cove ry o ft h el e a the ra nd o nm ak ing s i l icon r ubbe ri mp re s s ion so ft h eg o rge t s .U nfo r tuna te ly ,d u r ing t h i sp roce s st h ec onc re t ion w a sb ad ly d amaged .I n1 987 ,t h er ema in ing c onc r e t ion w a sr ea s semb led i na na t temp tt ot r ya nd r e con s t ruc tt h eo r ig ina l . I ts e ems t h a ta tl e a s t8 5 -90% o ft h ec onc r e t ion s u rv ives t o day a nd much o ft h eo r ig ina la r rangemen tc an b ed e te rm ined . T he re w e re f ou rr ow so fg o rge t s ,e ach g o rge tp l aced i n s ide t h en ex t ,a bou tt e np e rr ow ,w i th t h ef r on t sa l lo no ne s i de a nd t h er ea r so nt h eo t he r .T hey w e re a l lr ough ly t h es ame s hape ,b u tt h e re w e re t wo b a s ic t ype s ,o ne h i gh ly d eco ra ted , t h eo the rp la in w i th s ome m ino rv a r ia t ion i nd e s ign .T he re w e re t r ace so fw ood a r ound t h ec onc re t ion ,i nd ica t ing t h a t t h ey w e re o r ig ina l ly p a cked i n ab ox . When t h ec onc re t ion w a sb roken o pen ,t h es hou lde rj o in t sb e tween t h ef r on ta nd r e a ro ft h eg o rge t ,w e re d amaged a nd ,a s ar e su l t ,i ti sd i f f icu l tt or e con s t ruc th ow t h eg o rge tw a sp u to na nd f a s tened .U sua l ly ,g o rge t s a r em ade i no ne p i ece ,w i th a no pen p a r ta to ne s hou lde r .T he n eck o ft h eg o rge to pened s l igh t ly b yu nf a s ten ing t h es hou lde rj o in ts ot h a t i tc ou ld b ep la ced o ve rt h eh ead .I tw a st h en c l o sed a nd f a s tened a tt h es hou lde rw i th af a s ten ing o rc l ip .I ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e se g o rge t sw e re f a s tened i nt h es ame w ay . I tmu s tb er emembe red t h a tt h eo n ly a va i lab le e v idence o ft h ed e s ign o ft h eg o rge t sc ome sf r om t h ei mp re s s ion i n t h ec onc re t ion o ft h eo u te r -mo s tf r on ta nd r e a rp a r t so ft h eg o rge t s ,t o ge the rw i th t h es ma l ls e c t ion so ft h el owe rp a r t s o ft h es ucce ss ive g o rge t st h a tw e re s t a cked o ne i n s ide t h eo t he r .T he re i se v idence f o ra tl e a s tf i ve d eco ra ted g o rge t s ,t h e r e s tb e ing p la in w i th v a ry ing s t y le so fo rnamen ta t ion .T he s t ud sw e re u sed t oa t tach t h el e a the rt ot h er im o ft h eg o rge t . An a r row s t r ip o fl e a the rw a sf i r s ta pp l ied a l ong t h ei n s ide e dge s .T he s t ud sw e re d r iven t h rough f r om t h eo u t s ide a nd u sed t oa t tach t h el e a the rs t r ip st ot h eg o rge t , as ma l l ,s qua re w a she rw a sa ppl ied o ve rt h ee nd o ft h es t em o ft h es t ud a nd t h en r i ve ted t oh o ld t h el e a the rf i rm ly i np l ace .T he l e a the ri n s ide c ove rw a st h en s ewn t ot h eo u te re dge so ft h el e a the r s t r ip s .

7 8

7 9

8 0

F igu re 3 8 . Two p i ece so ft h ef r on tp a r to ft h ep la in g o rge tc onc re t ion .N o te t h a tt op g o rge to nt h el e f t -hand s i de i s ad i f f e ren tt y pe t ot h a to nt h er i gh t -hand s i de .

F igu r e3 9 . Ar econ s tr uc t ion o ft h ec onc re t ion c on ta in ing t h eb a ck p a r to ft h eg o rge t s .N o te t h a tt h e r ea r ef ou rg roup so fa tl e a s tt e n g o rge t si ne a ch g roup .T h et o pr i gh t -hand g roup i st h ed eco ra t ed g o rge tt ype .

8 1

F igu re 4 0 . An i lu s t ra t ion o f t h e s ymbo l s o f t h e V eren igde Oos t ind ischeCompagn ie :t h ei n i t ia l sV .O .C .t op ,t h e s h ip i nt h es h ie ld i sa l so aC ompany s ymbo l , a bove t h es h ie ld t h ew eapon s a nd n av iga t ion i n s t rumen t s .

8 2

N av iga t ion e qu ipmen t O ne o ft h em o s te a s i ly i d en t if iab le g r oup so fm a t e r ia l f r om t h eB a tav ia w a st h en av iga t ion m a te r ia l .F ou ra s t ro l a be s w e re f ound o n t h e s i t e , t wo d u r ing t h e 1 972 -76 s e a son s . O ne w a sf ound i nt h es t er no ft h es i te ,t h eo t he r w a sa s so c ia ted w i th am a s s ive c onc re t ion o fs i lve rc o in s . T he a s t ro labe sa r eo fg r ea ti n te re s tb e cau se w ek now t h a t s ome f o rm o fl a t i tude m ea su r ing d ev i ce m u s th ave s u r v i ved t h ew r eck ,b ecau se P e l sae r tw a sa b le t od e t e rm ine h i s l a t i tude d u r ing t h e v oyage f r om t h e w re ck s i t e t o B a tav ia . T he re a r ef i ve l i s t so fs t e e r sman 's r e qu i remen t si nt h e R e so lu t ion so ft h eH er en XV I I 1 6A p r i l 1 655 ( Reso lu t ie s g enom en o pd eo rd inar i se ne x t raord ina r i sv e rgad e r in g en v an d e H eer en XV I I KA 187 2 3 S ep tembe r 1 654 -2 2 A ugu s t1 660 ) .T h i si st h ee a r l ie s tl i s to fn av iga t ion e qu ip m en tk nown f o rt h e VOC .T he R e so lu t ion sl i s ti n s t rumen t s a nd m ap sf o rt h es k ippe r s ,u ppe r s te e r smen ,f o rt h ec ab in w h i ch t h e u ppe r s t ee r smen w e re r e spon s ib le , f o r u nd e r s t e e r smen a nd f o rt h et h i rd w a t ch . T he i n s t rumen tl i s ti sa sf o l low s : V oor d e rs ch ipper 2 "20 1C a tho l icum 1 3 "00 1K oope r eA s t ro labum 7 "00 1V i er can t ep e i j l compa s 4 "00 1V i e r can t ec ompa sm e tp a rae ln a e ld en 4 "00 4V as t er o os en e n 5 " 10 1S chu z j v end e 1G la sen a6s t u i jv er 2k oope r ep ennen a1s t u i jv er 3 " 13 1d oo s a5s t u z j ve r s 2 "02 1h a l ve r on t j e " 18 3c ae r tp a s s er s 1G rae tboogh m e t en K oope re v i s i er e nh ou te h o r i son t 2 " 11 1H oeckboogh 3 " 10 1K oope r ec ompa sr e ch t er 1 0 "00 V oor d eh u to pper s tu i jr sman t e rv eran tw oorden 2g e lood en 2d oo sen t o td e s e l ve s 1C a th o l icum 1V i e rcan t ec ompa sm e tp a rae ln ae ld en 4V a s te e n 1s ch i jv er ed er oose 1G la s en a6s t u i jv er i n en d ood m ee t 2k oope re p ennen a1s t u i j v e rb i j en 1h a l ve r on t j e 1g roo t ee n en d i :Me w inck e lhaeck 2K oop er el i n ia len 6G i s s ingh l i j n t j en s 2G i s s ingh g l ae s j ens 1K ooper ec ompa sr e ch t er

F igu re 4 1 . A n i lu s t ra t ion s how ing t h e u se o f t h e s e aman 's a s t ro labe .

V oor d eo nder s tu i jrman 1a s t ro labum v an k oope re 1V i er can t ep e z j l compa s 3C ae r tpas s e r s 1G rae tboogh m e t en K oope re v i s ie re nh ou t eh or i son t 1H oeckboogh V oor d ed erdewach t 3C ae r tpas s e r s 1G rae tboogh m e t en K oope re v i s i e re nh ou t eh or i son t 1H oeckboogh T h i sl i s ti sv e ry s im i la rt ot h ep ubl i shed l i s to fc ha r t s a nd s t e e r sman 's r e qu i remen t sf o rt h es h ip T erna t ew h i ch w a sp ub l i shed i n1 673 ( KA 4 393 ) .T he T e rna t el i s ts e em s t o b e ap r in ted v e r s ion o f t h e r e so lu t ion s ( w i th s ome v a r ia t ion s ) o n to w h i ch w a s e n t e r ed , i nh andw r i t ing , t h e n ame o ft h es h ip ,t h es k ippe r ,t h eC hambe ri tw a ss a i l ing f o r a nd t h ed a t eo fd epa r tu re .T he se l i s t sw ou ld b es i gned t o c on f i rm t h er e ce ip to ft h eg ood s . F rom t h eH er en XV I Il i s tw ec an s e e ,f o re xamp le ,t h a t as h ip w ou ld c a r ry t h ree r ound a s t ro labe s , t wo s em i c i r cu la r a s t ro labe s , t wo a s t ro lab ium c a tho l icum , t we lve p a i r so fc ompa s se s ,f o u rg rae tboogh o rJ a cob 's S t a f f ,f o u r H oeckboogh o rD av ie s 's Q uad ran t ,t o ge the rw i th al a rge a s so r tmen to fc ha r t sa nd m anua l s .

V oo rd eo pper s tu ij rman 1a s t ro labum v an k oope re 1V i er can t ep e z j l compas 3C ae r tpa s s e r s 1G rae tboogh m e t en K oope re v i s i e re nh ou t eh or i son t 1H oeckboogh 8 3

S eaman 's a s tro labes BAT 3 720

U nfo r tuna te ly t h i si st h eo n ly a s t ro labe t h a ts u rv ived i ng ood c ond i t ion .I tw a sf ound i mb edded i n av e ry l a rge i r on c onc re t ion w h i ch a lmo s tc e r ta in ly w a st h er e a son f o ri t sg ood s t a t eo fp r e se rva t ion .O n ly t h ea s t ro labe a nd g imba ls uppo r t s u rv ive a nd t h e re w a sn ot r a ce f ound o ft h ea l idade o rl o ck ing n u t .T he a s t ro labe w a ss l igh t ly b en t ,i n d ica t ing t h a ti tm u s t h ave r e ce ived ac on s ide rab le b l ow a tt h et i me o ft h ew reck ,t ob end s u ch t h ick b ronze . T he a s t ro labe i so ft h et y pe w i th t h ec oun te r -we igh ta tt h et o p( Na t iona l Ma r i t ime Mu seum T ype l b ,S t im son ,1 988 ) . T he re i sad i amond shaped p a t te rn o ff ou rf l eu r -de l i sa nd t h ed a te 1 628 a bove .T he s c a le i sm a rked 009 0 000 a nd 9 0 ° 0 ° -90 ' in o ne d eg ree i n te rva l s .T he u pp e rr e ve r se s i de i ss t amp ed t w ice w i th t h e AVOC m a rk a nd w i th a ni n sc r ibed ' X ' o fu nce r ta in m ean ing .I ti ss im i la rt ot h eS kok lo s t e rC a s t le a s t ro labe sN o s 2a nd 3( And e r son ,1 972 ;S ven s son ,1 942 ;a nd Wa t e r s , 1 966 ) ,a l though t h es c a le s ,t h ei n sc r ip t ion sa nd t h eg imba lm ou ld ing a r ed i f f e ren t . I ti sl i k e ly t h a tt h i s ,t o ge the rw i th BAT 3 94 ,S ko ldo s t e rN o s 1 , 2a nd 3 ,t h eV ergu ld eD raeck a nd t h eI s le o fW igh t a s t ro labe s( S t im son ,1 988 )a r ea l lD u t ch :t h ey h ave t h es ame b a s ic s h ape ;t h ey h ave t h es ame d i ame te ro f2 50 —2 53 mm ; a nd a l h ave D u t ch a s so c ia t ion s .T he re w e re 2 5 .7 mm i na n Am s te rdam d u im ,s oi ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h e se a s t ro labe sw e re s t anda rd ized b yt h eD u t ch ,o rp o s s ib ly t h eV .O .C . ,w i th at e n Am s te rdam d u im i nd i ame te r . 8 4

BAT 3 720 ( Rever se )

8 5

BAT 3 94

T h i sa s t ro labe i sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly o ne o f ap a i rw i th BAT 3 720 .I th a st h ef ou rf l eu r -de l i s ,t h er emnan t so ft h e VOC s t amp a nd t h es ame i n sc r ibed c i rc le sa nd g radua t ion so nt h ec i r cumf e rence .I ta l so h a st h er ema in so ft h ea l idade a nd l o ck n u t .

8 6

BAT 3 94 ( Reverse )

8 7

BAT 4 55

T h i si sas em i -c i r cu la ra s t ro labe ( Na t iona l Ma r i t ime Mu seum t y pe I b( S t imson ,1 988 ) )a nd i si nv e ry p oo rc ond i t ion . I ti su n l ike t h eo the ra s t ro labe sf r om t h is s i te a si ti so fv e ry l a rge s i ze ,a nd i ss im i la rt ot h eH e ls inge a s t ro labe i nt h e H ande l s -o gS Of a r t smu see tp äK ronbo rg ,H e l s inge ( Mö r ze rB ruyns a nd S ch i lde r , 1 974 ) ,a l though t h ec oun te r -we igh t i sb e low t h ea x is .T he H e l s ing e a s t ro labe h a sf ou rf l eu r -de l i ss t amped o nt h ef a ce w h ich may i n d ica t e as im i la rm ake r t ot h eS kok lo s te r No . 1a nd BAT 3 720 a nd BAT 3 94 a s t ro labe s . Unfo r tuna te ly ,t h e re a r en or ema ins o fi n sc r ip t ion so r g radua t ion so nt h is a s t ro labe f r om t h eB a tav ia .

8 8

BAT 3 400

T h i sa s t ro labe i si np oo rc ond i t ion , i th a s t h ec oun t e r -we igh ta tt h eb o t tom ( Na t iona l Ma r i t ime Mu seum t y p eI a ( S t imson , 1 988 ) )a nd i sm uch s male ra nd c on s ide rab ly t h i cke rt h an t h eo t he r s .I ti sv e ry s im i la ri ns i ze a nd s h ape t oa n umbe ro fa s t ro labe so fI b e r ian p rovenance a ss ugge s ted b yS t imson ( 1 988 ) . BAT 3 635

T h i s i s af r agmen to ft h ea l idade f r om a n a s t ro labe , p o s s ib ly , b e cau se o fi t s s ma l l s i ze , d e r iv ing f r om BAT 3 400 .

8 9

P ar to f ab rach io lus o rs o -ca l led A rmken v an B ar en t sz BAT 3 083

-

T h is w a sp a r to fa na s tro labumca tho l icum o ru n ive r sa la s tro labe ( s ee F ig .4 2 ) . Two o t he r e xamp le s a r e k nown , o ne f r om Nova Z emb la , w h ich h a s t h eb rach io lus a nd w ooden s l ide ( C rone , 1 916 a nd 1 966 )a nd t h eo t he rf r om t h eV .O .C .f ha j tL äs td rager ( 1653 ) w h ich c on s is t s o n ly o f t h e b ra s s b rach io lus ( St hu i t , 1 974 ) . T he B a tav ia b rach io lus i sa bou t 1 . 5 t ime s l a rge r t h an t h e L as td rager f i nd . T he a s tro labum c a th o l icum w a su sed f o rs o lv ing p rob lems o fs phe r i ca lg eome t ry —as imp le a nd c heap mod if ica t ion f o rs e amen ,o ft h e mo re c omp lex u n ive r sa la s t ro labe s .

F i gu r e4 2 . P ho tog raph o ft h eb r a ch io lu so rA rmk en v an B a r en t s z . 9 0

G lobe s BAT 3 646

I B laeu made an umbe ro fb o th t e r re s t r ia la nd c e le s t ia lg l obe so f3 40 a nd 3 53 mm a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h eB a tav ia g l obe r ing c ou ld h ave b een f o re i the rt y pe .N av iga t iona li t ems f ound o nt h eB a tav ia ,b u tn o ti n c luded i nt h eR e so lu t ions o f1 655 ,i n c lude ab ra s sg l obe -r i ng a nd ab ra s sp ro t ra c to r .T he g l obe -r ing i s3 55 mm i nd iame te r .I ti si n te re s t ing t on o t e t h a tt h e VOC s h ip so ft h i st ime m ay h ave b een u s ing g l obe sf o rn av iga t iona lp u rpo se s .C e r ta in ly C oen ,o nh i sv oyage to t h eI nd ies i n1 627 ,n o ted t h a tE end ra ch t s land w a s i n co r rec t ly p l aced o nt h et e r re s t r ia lg lobe . 9 1

BAT 3 071

BAT 3 718 T h is u nu sua l b ronze o b jec t o f u nce r ta in f unc t ion i sp o s s ib ly p a r t o f as t and f o r ag l obe . T h i s i sf a r f r om c e r ta in , s i nce mo s t 1 7 th -cen t u ry g lobe s h ave s t and s m ade o f w ood . H oweve r , t h e g ene ra l s i ze a nd s hape i ss im i la r .

A s soc ia ted w i th t h eg l obe -r ing BAT 3 646 ,w a s as ma l l g radua ted b ra s ss t r ip w i th ac l amp o nt h ee nd .T he g r adu a t ions a r ed eg ree sa nd e xac t ly m a tch t h es i ze o ft h ed eg ree s o nt h eg lobe -r ing . As im i la ra r rangemen to n ag lobe c an b e s een o nt h ef r on t isp iece o fT he L igh to fN av iga t ion ( 1612 ) a nd o nt h ec e le s t ia lg lobe o fW i l lem J anzoon B laeu ( Keun ing a nd D onke r s loo t -de V r i j , 1 973 : F ig . 8 ) .

P ro trac tor BAT 4 22

T he re i sn op rev iou sk nown p a ra l le lt ot h eb ra s sp ro t ra c to r ,n o ri si tmen t ioned i nt h eR e so lu t ion s .T he l i nea ru n i t s o nt h eb a se a nd moveab le a rm o rp o in t e ra r e3 0 .5 mm a nd d on o tc o r re spond t oa ny c ommon ly k nown i n ch o rd u im .T he g radua t ions

0

—9 0 ° —0 °o ft h es em i -c i r c le a r ei nh a l f -deg ree s .

9 2

D iv ider s BAT 3 320

BAT 3 388

BAT 3 171

O ft h ef i ve p a i r so fd iv ide r sr e cove red ,t wo a r es im i la r( BAT 3 171 a nd BAT 3 320 ) .B o th p a i r sa r ed eco ra ted w i th ac i rc le o nt h es i de ,a nd t h el a t te rp a i rh a st h eA rm so ft h eC i ty o f Ams te rdam s t amped i nt h em idd le .B o th h ave as l o t a tt h el owe re nd o ft h ea rms whe re o r ig ina l ly t h ei r on p o in t sw e re a t tached .T he h inge m echan i sm c on s i s t so ft h ree l e ave s b e long ing t oo ne a rm a nd t wo l e ave sb e long ing t ot h eo t he r .N ume rou ss im i la rd i v ide r sh ave b een f ound o no t he rs i te s . S t6nu i t( 1 974 )f ound an umbe ro fs im i la rd i v ide r so nt h eL as td rager ( 1653 )s i te ,t h e se o ne ss t amped w i th af l eu r -de l i s a nd d eco ra t ed w i th c i r c le s . BAT 3 046

BAT 3 053

T he p a i r o fd iv ide r s ( BAT 388 ) w i th a n i r on t i pi ss l igh t ly d i f f e ren tf r om t h et wo a bove , h av ing a r ound o pen ing i n t h e b ody o f t h e i n s t rumen t ,p re sumab ly t oa s s i s ti ns e pa ra t ing t h e l e g s . T he o n ly p a ra l le l s a r e f r om t h e F irebrand ( 1707 ) , b u t t h i s i sn o t a b so lu te ly

T he t wo p u re b ra ss d i v ide r s ( BAT 3 053 a nd BAT 3 046 )b o th h ave s ma l lw hee l l ike s t amp so n t h e i rs hou lde r s .

c e r ta in ,p a r t icu la r ly a so ne o ft h eo t he rd iv ide r s , s a id t oc ome f r om C o los sus , l o ok s d i s t inc t ly l i ke a d i v ide r f r om t h e L as td rager ( Mo r r i s , 1 984 ) . 9 3

S ound ing leads At o ta lo fe i gh ts ound ing lead sw e re r e cove red f r om t h es i te .T he se a r e a sf o l low s : R eg . No . BAT 3 79 BAT 3 80 BAT 3 81 BAT 4 30 BAT 3 273 BAT 3 437 BAT 3 539 BAT 3 540

We igh tK g

BAT 3 540

BAT 3 539

N o t e s

2 . 55 6 . 88 6 . 93 7 . 2 5 . 6 2 . 6 2 . 7 4 . 09

O c tagona l O c tagona lm a rked X I I I I

R ound R ound

I ts e em st h a tt h ef i gu re f ou r teen r e f e r st ot h ew e igh ti n Ams te rdam p on t , s i nce t h i s w ou ld e qua l 6 . 9 K g , v e ry c l o se t ot h e v a lue o f BAT 3 80 . T he s ma l le rs ound ing l e ad sw e re ,p o s s ib ly , 6p on t . BAT 4 30 m ay h ave b een a s i x t een p on ts ound ing lead .

BAT 3 273

BAT 3 80

BAT 4 30

BAT 3 79

9 4

BAT 3 437

S urgeon ' se qu ipmen t T h i sg roup o f ma te r ia li n c lude s an umbe ro fi t em st h a tm ay h ave b e longed t ot h es u rgeon ,o rc ou ld h ave h ad o t he r p u rpo se so rf unc t ion so nb oa rd t h es h ip Mor ta rs BAT 4 57

reg

BAT 5 6 T he l a rge r mo r ta r ( BAT 4 57 ) h ad t h e i n sc r ip t ion AMOR V INC IT OMN IA ANNO 1 625 ; t h e o the r , BAT 5 62 ,w a sb roken a nd a l though t h ei n sc r ip t ion w a st h es ame a st h eo the r ,t h ed a te c ou ld n o tb ei d en t if ied .T h i ss t y le a nd t y pe o f mo r ta ri sc ommon ly f ound o n VOC s h ip s ,t wo w e re f ound o n t h e V ergu ld eD raeck ( GT 6a nd GT 7 4 ) , b o th w e re s im i la ri ns i ze t ot h et wo B a tav ia mo r ta r s ,p o s s ib ly i n d i ca t ing t h a tt h ey w e re s t anda rd s i ze s . T he l a rge r o ft h e V ergu ld eD raeck mo r ta r sw a sd a ted 1 654 a nd h ad AVOC ( Am s te rdam C hambe ro ft h e VOC ) c a s ti n to t h ed e co ra t i on , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e mo r ta r w a s e spec ia l ly m ade f o r t h a tC hambe ro ft h eC ompany .T he ma in d imen s ions o ft h e mo r ta r sd i scu s sed a bove a r eg i ven b e low .

9 5

R eg .N o

H e igh t mm

B a se mm

N eck mm

GT6 BAT 5 62 GT74 BAT 4 57

18 9 9 1 46 1 42

9 4 7 0 10 13

1 48 1 24 1 78 1 75

T he t wo b ow l sb o th h ad h ang ing r i ng sa nd w e re a bou tt h es ame s i ze a nd s hape .T hey w e re p o ss ib ly d e s igned t of i t o ne i n s ide t h eo t he r .I ti sa s sumed t h a tt h e se b ow l sc ou ld h ave b een f o rs hav ing o rf o rb l eed ing a nd h ad t h et yp ica lc u t o u tf o rt h en eck ,f o rs hav ing ,o rf o rt h ec r ook o ft h ee l bow f o rb l eed ing . Two s im i la rb r a s sb a rbe r 's b ow l sa r ei lu s t ra ted i nG en t le a nd F ie ld ( 1975 )a nd p o r ce la in b ow l sw e re a l so c ommon . 9 6

BAT 5 16B

9 7

E ar thenware -redware b edpan o ru r ina l BAT 5 04

T h i si s av e ry u nu sua li t em c on s i s t ing o f ar ound -bo t tomed p an ,a lmo s tc e r ta in ly w i thou t af oo t r ing ,w i th ah o l low h and le .T he u ppe rs u r f ace o ft h ep an i sf l a tw i th a round h o le 1 31 mm i nd i ame te ri nt h ec en t re .T he h and le h a sa ne ve r ted o pen ing a tt h ee nd ,w i th ad i ame te ro f3 0 mm a tt h ee nd ,t a pe r ing t o1 8 mm .T he p an i sm ade o f af i ne r ed e a r thenwa re , w i th ag reen g l aze i n s ide a nd o u t . I ti st h ough tt ob e ac omb ina t ion b edpan a nd u r ina l ,a nd m ay b ea s soc ia ted w i th t h es u rgeon 's c he s t . T he s i ze s ug g e s t st h a ti tmay h ave b een i n tended f o r ac h i ld . 9 8

E ar thenware -redware o i n tmen tj ar s BAT 2 300 -

BAT 2 324

• . L bL S1 • , .E 2 ,

BAT 2 422

BAT 2 436

BAT 2 319

BAT 2 360

BAT 2 322

-

T he se j a r sa r ek nown i nt h eN e the r land sa sz a lf po t ten a nd b e long t ot h eg roup w h ich i n c lude s m a jo l ica a l bare l l i ,e xamp le so fw h ich a r ei lu s t ra ted b e low .T hey h ave ar ed b ody , s im i la rt ot h e d omes t ic r edwa re sa bove ,a nd ab rown l e ad -g laze o nt h ei n s ide . S im i la ri t ems w e re f ound i nt h e Ams te rdam c i ty e xcava t ion s ( Baa r t , 1 977 ) ,a nd t h ey a r et r ad i t iona l ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h ea po the c a ry .O nt h eB a tav ia s i te ,t h ej a r sw e re f ound i na s soc ia t ion w i th an umbe ro fm a jo l ica a l bare l l ia nd a r et hough tt ob ep a r to ft h es u rgeon 's c he s t .

9 9

BAT 2 544

n . , , . , 1

; ,

Ma jo l ica o rt i n -g lazed e ar thenware a lbar e l l i T he se i t ems a l lc ome f r om t h es ame a r ea o nt h es i te ,c l o se t ow he re t h ee a r thenwa re o in tmen tj a r sw e re f ound ,a nd t h ey a r ea lmo s tc e r ta in ly f r om t h es u rgeon 's c he s t .A na ly s i so ft h em a te r ia li no ne o ft h ea l bar e l lo r e vea led t h a ti tw a s r ed m e r cu r ic o x ide , ac hem ica l c ommon ly a s soc ia ted w i th 1 7 th -cen tu ry m ed ic ine a nd u sed a s at o p ica l a n t i sep t ic , p a r t icu la r ly f o ru l ce r s( Wooda l l ,1 617 ) .T he b ody o ft h ea l bare l l ii sy e l low i sh -buf f ,a nd t h ed eco ra t ion ,i nb lue ,o range , y e l low a nd g reen ,i sp a in ted o ve r aw h i te t i n -g laze .T h i s ma te r ia li st y p ica lo fN e the r land s ma jo l ica o ft h ee a r ly p a r to f t h e 1 7 th c en tury .

BAT 2 326

BAT 2 331

• 1 1

I l i hp I ll i IHI If lau 1 1 11 i 1 1 1 11 J 1 '

OHM 1 : ;,N I ;

Iu .1 1111

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1N R 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1e i g g iolo ;

I I I I •

BLUE YELLO W ORANGE GREEN 1 00

r 1 ~

I

91 1 1 1

IB M

.•

RB e l «

BAT 2 305

BAT 2 318

BAT 2 670

MOR IN » i MM IN IM P IA a mm assh b eep

BAT 2 337

BAT 2 669

i r i r i i i l ii l in nii. iii ,ii . . . «

. f ,

Ili

• •••4 1. 1 :••9 1. 1 .. E.Pur , ISI

MI N I

f lk a p

I I U I I I I I I I I I ,I l,

b li gi

f li

f l ig e

m i f loom e . . . . . . . . .. .. , zona ra so. i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1»

mr

v a i reme st 4 . .

1 01

BAT 2 668

S h ip 's e qu ipmen t T h i s l i s t ing i n c lude s a l l i t ems t h a t a r e t h ough t t ob e d i rec t ly r e la ted t ot h e o u t f i t t ing o ft h e s h ip f o r t h e v oyage . N a tu ra l ly ,i t em sc ou ld h ave b een a dd i t iona ls upp l ie sf o rt h es h ip o rr equ i s i t ions f o rt h eC ompany i nt h eI nd ie s . B ronze b e l l BAT 3 404 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

BAT 3 201

As ma l le rb e l l ,i np oo rc ond i t ion .P o s s ib ly f o rd ome s t i cp u rpo se s .

T h is i so ne o ft wo l a rge b e l l s f ound o n t h e s i te , t h i s p a r t icu la rb e l lw a sf ound n ea rt h es t em o ft h es h ip a nd m ay h ave b een t h ew a tch b e l lt h a tw a sl o ca ted o nt h ep oop .

1 02

B lock s O n ly t h ree b lock sw e re f ound o nt h es i t e .N a tu ra l ly t h e i ro r ig ina lp u rpo se c anno tb ed e te rm ined .I ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h ey may h ave b een f r om g un t a ck le o rs t o re s ,s i nce i ti su n l ike ly t h a tb lock sf r om t h eu ppe rw o rk sw ou ld h ave s u rv ived . BAT 4 361

BAT 4 088

1 03

BAT 4 089

A nchor BAT 8 0311 ( S ca le 1 : 20 )

O n ly o ne a ncho rh a sb een r e cove red f r om t h es i te ;t h i sc ame f r om t h en e s to ft h ree a ncho r si nt h em idd le p a r to ft h e s i t e .A lmo s tc e r ta in ly ,t h e se a ncho r sw e r eo r ig ina l ly s t o red i nt h eh o ld ,p robab ly l a shed u p r igh tt ot h ea f tp a r to ft h em a in h a t ch ,j u s ti nf r on to ft h em a inma s t .T he a n cho ri si n ap oo rs t a te o fp r e se rva t ion ,i tw ou ld h ave o r ig ina l ly h ad a ni r on r i ng a nd p robab ly f l ange st ol o ca t e aw ooden s t ock . 1 04

Dome s t ic c era m ic ma ter ia l PORCELA IN F la sk o rb o t t le BAT 2 555 T he r ema ins o f as i ng le p o rce la in o b jec t w a s f ound o n t h e s i te . T he f r agmen t s i n d ica te t h a t t h e o b jec tw a sp robab ly af l a sk o rp ea r -shaped b o t t le , a bou t2 50 mm h i gh . T he re w a s a l so as ma l l f r ag m en to ft h es ame ma te r ia lw h ich s ugge s ted t h a tt h e o b jec th ad as pou to fs ome s o r t ,a l though t h e re w a s n o e v idence o n t h e b ody o f t h e v e s se l , f o r i t s p o s i t ion .T he b ody w a sl u t ed t oge the ra tt wo p o in t s , t h e m id -body a nd t h e n e ck . T he b lue a nd w h i te d eco ra t ion i sap a le -b lue ( Mun se l l1 0P B 5 / 10 )o u t l i ne a nd w a sh o ff l owe r so nr ock sw i th at y pe o fk ey f r e tf r ieze a r ound t h el owe rn e ck . As im i la rt ype o f f l a sk i si lu s t ra ted i n P i j l -Ke te l ( 1 982 :134 -137 ) , f r om t h e VOC s h ip W i t te L eeuw ( 1613 ) .

GREY - WH ITE S TONE WARES T h i st y pe o fw a re i sd i s t ingu i shed b y aw h i te o rg r ey -wh i te b ody ( Munse l l1 0P B7 /2 ) ,u n ifo rm a nd f i ne -g ra ined .T he s u r f a ce i so f ten d e co ra ted w i th s p la she so ro u t l ines o fc oba l t -b lue ( Mun se l l1 0P B3 / 10 t o5 / 10 ) .G laze i sv a r iab le ,r ang ing f r om af i ne ,g l a s s l ike g l aze t h rough t o ap oo r ly -fu sed ,f l ak ing a nd d eg raded g l a ze .I nt h el a t t e rc a se ,i ta ppea r st h a tt h e b ody i sn o tp rope r ly v i t r i f ied ,p o s s ib ly i n d ica t ing t h a tt h eo b je c tc ame f r om ap a r to ft h ek i ln t h a td id n o tr e ach ah i gh e nough t empe ra tu re t oa ch ieve at r ue s t onewa re .I ts hou ld a l so b en o ted t h a tt h es ea -wa te re nv i ronmen th a s at e ndency t od eg rade g l aze s ,g i v ing ac a lc ina ted a ppea rance a nd f e e l ,w h ich may a dd t ot h i se f f ec t .

J ug sw i th r eeded o rc orded n eck Sma l lj ug s( 2 50 mm h i gh )w i th r e ed ing o nt h en eck a nd m eda l l ion so nt h eb ody .N oc omp le te e xamp le sw e re f ound o nt h es i t e ,a l though as im i la rc omp le te e xamp le w a sf ound o nt h eV ergu ld eD raeck 1 656 ( G reen ,1 983 :F ig . 3GT2 109 ) . T he se j ug sa r ei lu s t ra ted i nv on B ock ( 1971 :N o s3 66 ,3 78 ,

BAT 2 118 -20443

4 44 a nd 3 67 ( b rown g l aze ) ) a nd a t t r ibu ted v a r iou s ly t o R a ren , We s te rwa ld a nd We s te rwa ld -G renzau .T he j ug s t and s o n ap ronounced f oo tw i th mou lded c o rdon b and b e tween t h ef oo ta nd t h eb ody ,t h ec en t ra lb and c on s i s t ing o f al i ne o f c oba l t -b lue . T he b ody o ft h ej ug i so vo id , t a pe r ing a tt h e n e ck ,a nd f r om t h es hou lde rd eco ra ted w i th mou lded r e ed i ng ,b anded i np l ace sw i th c oba l t -b lue .T h ree m eda l l ions o n t h ec en t ra lb ody o ft h ej ug a r ep l aced s ymme t r ica l ly w i th t h e h and le . T he m eda l l ion s a r e g ene ra l ly o u t l ined i n c oba l t b lue . B a se d i ame t e r sa r e6 8 mm ,6 4 mm a nd 6 1 mm .

P a r to f ama sk o fe i the rh uman o rl e on ine f a ce .T h i s w a sp o s s ib ly f l anked b yt wo h e ra ld ic m eda l l ion s . 1 05

BAT 2 223 -2012

BAT 7 04

P a r to f am eda l l ion w i th a nu nknown A rm s ,p a r ted p e r f e ss , t h re e h ea r t s i n t h e c h ief , t h e l e t te r ' W ' o r WV ' ( po s s ib ly amake r 's ma rk ) u ppe rl e f t ,c r owned h e lm a nd f l o ra ls p rays .T h i si si d en t ica lt ot h e meda l l ion i lu s t ra ted i nv on K ohnemann ( 1982 :15 )o fu nknown s i gn i f icance . P a r t o ft h e A rms o ft h e C i ty o f Ams t e rdam , d a te o r make r 's ma rk a tt h et op ,b u tw i thou tl i on s uppo r te r s .

B ow lo rc hamber p o t BAT 2 580 -20234 -2128

F ragmen t so ft h i sb ow li n d ica te an eck d i ame te ro f1 60 mm .T h i si sa nu nu sua lt ype o fs t onewa re o b jec t .T he n eck h a s ad oub le c oba l t -b lue c o rdon b and f l ank ing aw ide b and w h ich h a s as e r ie so fs p la she so rb lob so fc oba l t -b lue .T he b ody o ft h eb ow lh a s a tl e a s to ne meda l l ion w h ich c l o se ly r e semb le st h ec o rdon j ug meda l l ion s( s ee b e low ) . T he m eda l l ions c on s i s to f as ma l l ,c en t ra l ,c i rcu la r ,f l o ra lm eda l l ion w i th s i xd o t s ,s u r r ounded b y s i xs im i la rm eda l l ion s . Unfo r tuna te ly ,n e i the rt h eb a se n o re v idence o fa h and le h a sb een f ound .

1 06

C ordon j ug s T h i sg roup c on s i s t so f an umbe ro fl a rge ,s phe ro id j ug sw i th ac o rdon n eck .T he j ug sh ave a no rna te , mou lded h and le a nd n of oo t r im .I ng ene ra l ,t h en eck c on s i s t so fa nu neve r t ed mou th w i th as i ng le i n c i sed g roove a bove t h ec o rdon s .T he c o rdon s ,u sua l ly s i ng le b u ts ome t ime sd oub le ,a r ef l anked b yo ne o r mo re c oba l t -b lue b and s .O nt h es hou lde ro ft h ej ug i sa no the ri n c i sed g roove ,a bove w h ich i sg ene ra l ly af r ieze o fi n c ised o rs t amped f l o ra l mo t if s .O nt h em a in b ody o ft h e j ug a r e as e r ie so fs p r igged m eda l l ion s .T he j ug sa r er e la t ive ly t h in -wa l led a nd f i ne ly -po t ted . I n t e re s t ing ly , n o e xac tp a ra l le l h a sb e en f ound f o rt h e se c o rdon j ug s . Mo s ta u tho r s a t t r ibu te t h i s t y pe o fw a re t o We s te rwa ld ( a na r ea n o r th -ea s to fK ob lenz ) .S im i la rj ug sa r ei lu s t ra t ed i nv on B ock ( 1966 : No . 1 86 ) ;v on B ock ( 1 971 : S ec t ion 9 :S t e inzeug a us d em Wes t erwa ld ,( 7 ) .G ros se K uge lbauchk r i ige ) ;a nd Hu r s t ,N ea la nd B eun ingen ( 1 986 :F ig . 9 0 .270 ) .S eve ra l meda l l ion si nt h eT r ich te rha l sk rug ( von B ock , 1 971 : No s3 94 a nd 3 95 )f r om We s te rwa ld r e semb le t h e f l o ra lm eda l l ion s .

BAT 2 023

F ragmen t so fa tl e a s tt h ree s p r igged m eda l l ion ss how ing t h er ep re sen ta t ion o fH ope ,b ea r i n gh e rs ymbo l ,t h ea ncho r .T he m eda l l ion i so rna te a nd a lmo s ti d en t ica lt ot h e meda l l ion o n t h eP u l le i nv on B ock ( 1 971 : No .182 ) ,f r om S e igbu rg ,d a ted t oa bou t1 566 .I tw ou ld b eu nu sua l t of i nd t h ree m eda l l ion so ft h i st y pe o no ne j ug ,s op o s s ib ly t h ey c ome f r om t h ree s epa ra te j ug s . T he i n c i sed l i ne a nd s t amped b and o fd e co ra t ion a bove t h em eda l l ion i nd ica te t h a tt h ej ug i s o ft h ec o rdon t y pe ,r a the rt h an t h es l igh t ly d i f f e ren tf o rm s hown i nv on B ock ,w h ich l a ck st h e c omp lex c o rdon a nd c oba l t -b lue o nt h en eck .T he s hape i ss im i la rt ot h eg lobu la rj ug s( kuge l b auchkanne )f r om We s t e rwa ld ( von B ock , 1 971 : No . 5 67 ) .

1 07

BAT 2 304

T h is j ug h a so ne o rp o s s ib ly t h ree f l o ra l ,s p r igged meda l l ion s .T he d e s ign c on s i s t s o f ac en t ra lf l owe r( r o se? )s u r rounded s ymme t r ica l ly w i th s i xf l owe r sa nd v ege ta lt e n d r i l s .T he c en t ra lf l owe ri sr i nged w i th ar ope l ike s u r round .T he l e f t -hand f l owe r( a t 9o 'c lock )h a st h eu n iden t i f ied m ake r 's i n i t ia l s ' PR ' .

1 08

BAT 3 26 T h is i so ne o ft h e mo re i n te re s t ing c e ram ic o b je c t si n t h ec o l lec t ion .T he j ug h a st h ree s p r igged m eda l l ion s : t h e c en tra lm eda l l ion i sag ro te sque f a ce ,f l ank ed b yl i on sp a s s an t .T he l i on sa r es u rp r is ing ly c r ude ly e xecu ted i nc om p a r i son w i th t h er e s to ft h es p r igg ing .T ot h el e f to ft h ec en t r a lm eda l l ion ( when v i ewed f r om t h ef r on t )i sam eda l l ion b ea r ing t h en ame I AN ALLERS o n ar i bbon ,b e low w h ich i s ar ampan tu n ico rn s uppo r t ing as h ie ld c ha rged w i th a b ug le h o rn .T h i si st h ee mb lem o ft h eC i ty o fH oor na nd a na lmo s ti d en t ica li lu s t ra t ion i sf ound o nt h ec ove ro f W i l lem Y sb ran t sz .B on tekoe 's Memorab le D es cr ip t i on o ft h eE as tI nd ian V oyage 1 6 18 -25 p r in ted a t H oo rn b yI s aac Wi l lem sz .f o rJ an J an sz .D en te l , B ook se l le ri nt h eE a s tS t ree ti nB ie s tk in s ,i n 1 646 .T he w ho le i lu s t ra t ion o ft h eu n ico rn a nd t h eh o rn m ay b e ap un o nt h en ame o f t h ec i ty . T he c onnec t ion w i th J an ( I an ) A l le r s i so b scu re . J an A l le r s w a s a s k ippe ra nd m e rchan tf r om t h et own o f N i jmegen , e xpor t ing R a ren p o t t e ry ( Ra ren i sas ma l lt own i nB e lg ium n ea r A achen f amou s f o r p o t te ry ) ( L inon , 1 963 ;v an L oo ,1 984 ) . As im i la rm eda l l i on i si lu s t ra ted i n L inon ( 1963 :25 ) , w ho s t a te s t h a t t h e A rm s h a s n o k nown c onne c t ion w i th N i jmegen . R ecen t ly , v an L oo ( 1984 )h a si lus t ra ted an umbe ro fi d en t i ca l m eda l l ion s o n b ea rdman j ug s . T he se i n c l ude b ea rdman sf r om t h e Mu seum o fL ondon ,e x c ava ted Moo rga te S t ree t 1 912 , F ig . 1 5 a nd f r om T hame s S t ree t1 923 ,F ig . 1 6 .A no the rs im i la rm eda l l ion i si lu s t ra ted ( F ig . 1 7 )f r om t h e We s t f r ie s Mu seum ,H oo rn .O the rm e d a l l ions w i th t h es ame mo t if i n c lude ab roken j ug f r om t h e Mu sed C ommuna ld e sB eaux A r te s ,F ig . 1 3a nd as henk l can f r om t h e We s t f r ie s Museum ,H oo rn ,F ig . 1 4 .L inon ( 1963 ) ,v an L oo ( 1984 )a nd H e l leb rand t( 1 977 )i lu s t ra te t h eA rm s o fJ an A l le r s , wh ich d on o tr e semb le t h e meda l l ion o n BAT 3 26 .A no the re xamp le ( von B ock ,1 971 : No .3 67 )o n ab rown j ug w i th ar e eded n eck f r om R a ren h a s au n ico rn s uppo r t ing ag lobe .A l le r si sd i scu s sed b yv on F a lke ( 1908 ) ,v an L oo ( 1984 )a nd G öbe ls ( 1971 ) .

T he r i gh t -hand m eda l l ion s how st h ei mpa led A rm so fS eba s t ian v on H a tzf ie ld a nd h i sw if eL uc ia v on S i ck ingen .T hey w e re t h ep a ren t so fF ie ld Ma r sha l Me lch io ro ft h eT h i r ty Y ea r s Wa rf ame . I nt h eu ppe rp a r to ft h i s meda l l ion ,a bove t h ec r own ,a r et h en umbe r s ' 9 5 ' ,r ep re sen t ing t h ed a te 1 595 .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h ej ug w a s a n h e i r loom o n t h eB a tav ia , b u t t h ep re sence o fa tl e a s t f i ve o t he r H a tzf ie ld -S i ck ingen m eda l l ion f r agmen t ss ugge s t st h a tt h i si su n l ike ly .F u r the r ,t h e re i sn oe v idence o fw ea ro nt h eb a se , wh ich w ou ld s ugge s t al o ng w o rk ing l i f e .T he mo re r e a sonab le e xp lana t ion i st h a tt h ed a te d oe s n o tr e f lec tt h e y ea ro f manuf ac tu re a nd t h e s p r ig mou ld sw e re o ld . 1 09

BAT 2 571 T he m eda l l ion c l o se ly r e semb le st h ef l o ra lm eda l l ion o ft h ec o rdon j ug ( BAT 2 304 ) ,b u tt h ef l owe ri sr ep laced b y ab a l l mo t if ,s im i la rt ot h ec en t ra lm eda l l ion o ft h eb ow l( BAT 2 580 -20234 -2128 ) .T he c en t re o ft h em eda l l ion i s af l owe r l i ke d e s ign ,c on s i s t ing o f as i ng le b a l le nc i rc led b ys i xb a l l s .T h i si ss u r rounded b y ad oub le c oncen t r ic r i ng w i th s ma l ld o t si n -be tween .S u r round ing t h i s ,i sa n o t he rs e r ie so fs i xf l owe r l ike d e s igns a r ranged s ymme t r ica l ly . Wh i l s tt h ee xa c t t y pe o fj ug t h a tt h i sm eda l l ion b e long st oc anno tb ei d en t i f ied ,i ti sa s sumed t h a t i ti s ac o rdon t y pe .

BAT 6 97 T h is j ug f r agmen tw i th p a r to fa m eda ll ion s how st h eA rms o fP h i l ip o f S pa in . U nfo r tuna te ly , i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t oi d en t if y t h e e xac tr u le r . T he meda l l ion h a s a n u n iden t if i ed m ake r 's ma rk i n t h e t op l e f t -hand c o rne ra nd t h ef i gu re s' 2 3 'i nt h et o p r i gh t -hand c o rne ri n d ica t ing t h ed a te 1 623 .

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T he j ug h a sn os p r igged meda l l ion s ,b u ti th a si n s tead as ymme t r ica lp a t te rn o fs t amped f l owe r so nt h em a in b ody b e low t h ef r ieze a nd i n c i sed g roove .T he s t amp ing i sr a the rc r ude a nd b ad ly -f in ished .I ns ome c a se s ,t h es t amp ing h a s d en ted t h eb ody o ft h ej ug . 10

BRO WN S TONE WARES J ugs w i th r eeded o rc o rded n eck s T he se j ug sb e long t ot h es ame g roup a st h eg r ey -wh i te ,r eeded o rc o rded n eck j ug s ( p . 1 05 a bove ) .T hey p o s s ib ly o r ig ina te f r om R a ren a nd c l o se ly r e semb le v on B ock ( 1971 : No . 3 67 ) a nd H e l leb rand t( 1977 :F ig s4 5 a nd 4 9 ) . BAT 4 28

T he f r agmen th a sp a r io ft h eA rm so fE ng land w i th t h e i n s ign ia o ft h e Mo s t Nob le O rde ro ft h eG a r te r :H on is o i t q u im a l yp ense , (—QU I . MAL .Y .P — ) t o ge the rw i th t h e l i ons p a s san ta nd f l eu r -de -l i s .T h is i sp robab ly t h eR oya l S tanda rd o fE l izabe th I ,t h el a s to ft h eT udo rS ove re igns , f o rt h eR oya lA rm sc hanged ,o nh e rd ea th i n1 603 ,t ot h e

BAT 2 682 -602A

Two f r agmen t sw i th d i amond -shaped meda l l ion w i th a f l owe ra nd s h rub ,p o s s ib ly am a r igo ld .

H ou se o fS t ewa r t .

11

B icon ic p ane led j ug s T he se j ug sh ave as e r ie so fv e r t ica ls e c t ion so nt h eu ppe ra nd l owe rb ody ,f o rm ing p ane l s ,w i th o rw i thou ti mp re ssed d eco ra t ion .T he re a r e mu l t ip le c o rdons a r ound t h em idd le a nd t h en e ck sa r er e eded .T he i rp rovenance i sg ene ra l ly a t t r ibu ted t oR a ren ;b u ti ts hou ld b en o ted t h a tt h i sg roup i sv e ry s im i la ri nf o rm t ot h e We s te rwa lde rwa re m a te r ia l ( s ee b e low )f r om t h i ss i te . BAT 5 40

T he j ug h a s ac en t ra lc o rdon s epa r a t ing a nu ppe ra nd l owe rv e r t i ca l -se c t ioned b ody .T he u ppe rs e c t ion h a s as e r ie s o fi mp re s sed d e co ra t ion s ,a l te rna t ing w i th s e c t ions o fi mp re s sed b a ske t -wo rk p a t te rn w h ich l ook s al i t t le l i ke w oven ma t e r ia l .T he n e ck h a s af r ieze o fi mp re ssed f l owe r so rl e af p a t te rn w i th ap l a in ,p a ra l le l -s ided ,r e eded n eck .T he p ane ls o n t h es e c t ion so ft h el owe rb ody a r eu ndeco ra ted .

BAT 2 513 As im i la rf r agmen tt o BAT 5 40 w i th as l igh t ly d i f f e ren tc o rdon t r ea tmen t .

12

Sma l lb i con ic j ug s BAT 2 114

BAT 2 002

T h i ss ma l lj ug f r agmen th a st h eh and le m i s s ing .T he u ppe ra nd l owe r b ody i sd i v ided b y as e r ie s o f v e r t ica l g roove s i n to s i x p ane l s .I th a si mp re s sed f l o ra ld eco ra t ion i nu ppe rp ane l sa nd n o d e co ra t ion i nl owe rp ane l s .T he re a r e as e r ie so fc o rdon sa r ound t h e w a i s t a nd a bove t h e f oo t . T he n e ck i sr e eded . I tc l o se ly r e semb le sH u r s t ,N ea la nd B eun ingen ( 1 986 :F ig .9 9 .317 ) ,f r om R a renBorn .

F ragmen t so f as ma l lj ug s im i la r t o BAT 2 114 .T he n eck i sr e eded o r p o s s ib ly mu l t ip le -co rdoned .T he u p p e r a nd l owe r b ody i sd iv ided i n to v e r t ica lp ane l sw i th i mp re s sed f l o ra l d eco ra t ion .

J ug sw i th af r ieze T he se j ug sh ave ac en t ra lb and o rf r ieze ,c omp r i s ing ad eco ra ted m o t i fc on ta ined w i th in a na r cade ,f o rmed b yc a ry a t id ss uppo r t ing a r che s .T he f r ieze i sp a ra l le l s ided a nd e nc lo sed b e tween c o rdons .T he u ppe ra nd l owe rs e c t ion sa r ed i v ided v e r t ica l ly t of o rm p ane l s ,d eco ra ted o nt h eu ppe rb ody o n ly w i th i mp re ssed d eco ra t ion s . BAT 5 40 T he j ug f e a tu re s as e r ie so fC oa t so fA rms ,e ach s epa ra ted i n as ma l l , a r ched p ane l w i th c a rya t id s s uppo r t ing t h e a r che s . B enea th t h is i s af r ieze o f w r it ing : `—EI RATI :H — ' .T he f r ieze i si lu s t ra ted i nv on K ohnemann ( 1 982 :227 ) ,r e ad ing :D erBeche r u nd d i eK ann ' h a tm ich g emach tz u e i nem a rm en Mann ;w ie i c hn i ch t sm ehr h abe ,s o muß i c hl a s s en a b .H oweve r ,t h es i gn i f icance o ft h eA rm si sn o te x p l a ined .V on B ock ( 1971 :No s4 29 a nd 4 30 ) ,i lus t r a te s as im i la ri t em f r om We s te rwa ld .

13

BAT 2 136

G EPEr

g o vmv .5 % oA NsEN :BLASE N:S0g0E128VREN:ALS. W E REN:SE IgRASE Ig ER /2 1 . /E SP R I C H 7-.5.

T h i si st h ef amou s' Fa rme r sD ance '( Bauern tan z )j ug .F ragmen t so ft h i sj ug g ive t h em a in p a r to ft h ef r ieze w i th t h e i n sc r ip t ion : ` GERET :DV MVS :DANSEN :BLASEN: SO: DE I BVREN :ALS :WEREN :S E I: RASE I :ER I : VESPR ICHT : B— ' .T he f r ieze i st h es ame a so ne i lu s t ra ted i nv on K ohnemann ( 1982 :195 ( l owe r ) ) .T he m i s s ing w o rd s a tt h ee nd o ft h ef r ieze ,a cco rd ing t ov on K ohnemann ,w ou ld b e BASTOR I CH: ' f o l lowed b yt h ed a te .T he se t wo f r ieze sa r eu nu sua la st h ef ou r th w o rd i sn o rma l ly ` DAPER ' .S im i la rf r ieze sa r es hown i nH e l leb rand t( 1977 ) ,p a r t icu l a r ly No .5 0 .T he a u tho rw a sg i ven a na lmo s ti d en t ica le xamp le b y Mr v an B eun ingen f r om aw a s te rs i te a tR a ren ( BAT S pec ia l No .F 1538 ) .T h i sf r ieze h a st h ei n sc r ip t ion : ? : DV :MVS :DA ?ER :?AS :ALS :WEREN BASEN :F RS :VERSP ?CHT :BAS IO :CH :VERDANS??KP ' . T h i s ma te r ia li sc ha ra c te r ized b y ag ene ra l ly s t rong ,u n ifo rm ly b lue -g rey s t onewa re ,d eco ra ted w i th i mp re s sed a nd s p r igged w o rk .T he b ody i sg rey ( Mun se l l 1 0PB 7 / 2 )w i th at i nge o fb l ue ,c au sed b yt h ev o la t i l iza t ion i nt h ek i ln ,o ft h e c oba l tu sed i nt h ed e co ra t ion .U sua l ly t h es p r igg ing i sp i cked o u ti nc oba l t -b lue (Mun se l l1 0PB 3 / 10 ) .I ns ome c a se s ,t h e s t onewa re i sd eg raded ,a ga in i n d ica t ing t h a tt h eo b je c th a sb een i n comp le te ly f i red .I ns uch i n s tance s ,t h es a l tg l aze i s f l aked a nd c r azed .I ns ome e xamp le s ,t h eg l aze h a sp udd led t og i ve a n ' o range p ee l 'e f f e c t ,w he rea si no the rc a se st h e g l aze h a sf u sed t o ta l ly w i th t h eb ody . An umbe ro ft h eb a se ss how e v idence o ft h es qua re o fr e f ec to ry c l ay t h a tt h ep o t w a sp l aced o nd u r ing f i r ing .E v idence i nd ica te st h a tt h ey m ay h ave b een s t a cked i nt h ek i ln b a se to -neck ,w i th t h ec l ay s qua re s epa ra t ing t h em .H and le sh ave s ome t ime so ne o r mo re p in p r ick sa tt h et op n ea rt h ej unc t ion w i th t h en eck .T h is may b et of a c i l i ta te t h ef i t t ing o f ah i nged p ew t e rl i d ,o ri tmay b e at e chn ique t op reven tc r ack ing o rb u r s t ing o ft h eb ody a tt h ej o in b e tween t h eh and le a nd t h eb ody ,d u r ing t h ef i r ing p roce s s .

14

WESTER WALD TYPE , BLUE -GREY S TONE WARE B icon ic j ug sw i th c ordon s a tt he m id -body T he se r ep resen tt h em a in g roup i nt h i ss e c t ion . Many o ft h ed e s ign sa r es im i la rt ot h eb rownwa re sb u ti n mo s tc a se s t h et r ea tmen to ft h el owe rb ody i sd i f f e ren t . BAT 2 303

T h i si s aw e l l -made ,b lue a nd g r ey ,b i con ica lj ug w i th ap ew te rl i d .T he j ug h a s ap ronounced f oo t ,n a r row -pane led d eco ra t ion o nl owe rb ody ,a l te rna t ing p la in ,c oba l t -b lue a nd r ou le t ted h ea r t -whee ld eco ra t ion .T he u ppe rb ody h a so rna te p ane l ing w i th s t amped d eco ra t ion s b locked o u t i nc oba l t -b lue . N eck f r ieze w i th f l owe r a nd m a sk s , s im i la r t ov on Kohnemann ( 1982 :260 ) .C o rdon sa tm id -body .P ew te rl i dw i th o rna te ly d e co ra ted t op .T he l i da t tachmen th a sa long t a ng r unn ing a l ong t h eh and le , ap ew te re r ' st o uch -ma rk w i th c rown o ve rt h el e t t e r s' BH '. S im i la rt ov on B ock ( 1971 :N o .4 86 ) . BAT 2 303 ( Sca le 1 0 :1 ) P ew terer 's t ouch -mark

15

BAT 2 358

BAT 2 358 ( SCALE 1 0 :1 ) P ew terer 's t ouch -mark

A ni n t e re s t ing c omp le te ,b lue a nd g rey ,b i con ica lj ug w i th p ew te rl i da nd r e pa ired p ew te rh and le .T he j ug ,s im i l a rt o BAT 2 303 ,h a s ar ou le t ted h ea r ta nd w he e ld eco ra t i on o ns ome o ft h el owe rv e r t ica lp ane l s ,t oge the rw i th t wo h o r izon ta lb and sb e low t h em id -co rdon a nd ab and o nt h e s hou lde r o f t h e c o rdon . T he m id -body c o rdon i s mo re w edge shaped i np rof i le t h an BAT 2 303 , r e semb l ing t h e mo re o rna te s t y le o fj ug , n o tab ly v on B ock ( 1 971 : N o . 4 79 ) . T he n eck h a s as p r igged f r ieze o ff a ce sa l te rna t ing w i th f ou r leaf ed c l ove r , s im i la r t o v on K ohnemann ( 1982 :267 ( l owe r l e f t ) ) . T he l i d i s ap l a in d ome w i th n o d eco ra t ive k nob , a nd i sa t tached t o ar epa i red p ew te r h and le .O bv iou s ly a ts ome p o in ti nt h el i f eo ft h ej ug ,t h e c e ram i c h and le w a s b roken a nd i tw a s r e pa i red w i th a p ew te ro ne ,i nd ica t ing t h a tt h ej ug w a sv a luab le e nough t o e f f ec t ar e pa i r .T he p ew te re r 's t o uch -ma rk i st h eA rms o f t h eC i ty o f Ams te rdam f l anked w i th a' V ' o ne i the rs i de . A no the rp ew te ra dd i t ion i s as ma l l ,b ead l ike s po to nt h e s i de o ft h en eck w h ich p a s se st h rough t h eb ody o ft h en eck o ft h ej ug .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h i si se i the r ar epa i ro f af l aw i nt h e n e ck o f t h e j ug , o r av o lume m a rk . T he v o lume c apac i ty t ot h el owe rp o in to n t h e ma rk i s6 75 m l ,t ot h e u ppe rp o in t6 93 m l ,a nd t h et o ta lc apa c i ty t ot h eb r im 7 39 m l .T h is i ss l igh t ly l a rge rt h an t h eN e the r land sp in tw h ich e qua l led 0 . 6l i t re ( S tap le , 1 927 ) . 16

BAT 2 056

r 4 // i

/« / , e

e

T he l owe rb ody o ft h i sf r agmen ta ry j ug h a sv e r t ica lp ane l ing ,w i th a na l te rna t ing p a t te rn o fc oba l t b l ue ,z i g -zag a nd f i ve p l a in s t r ipe s .T he l a rge c oba l t -b lue p ane l sh ave a ni mp re ssed d e co ra t ive mo t i f . T he c o rdon sa tt h em id -body h ave h ea r t -whee l ,b ead ing a nd z i g -zag p a t t e rn sa sw e l la st h ec oba l t b l ue s t r ipe .T he u ppe rb ody ( no ts hown )i sc oba l t -b lue w i th as aw too th p a t te rn o fs t amped l o zenge s hape sw i th f l owe r s .T he re a r ec o rdon sa tb a se o fn e ck a nd m id -neck a nd a na pp l ied n e ck f r ieze .

17

J ugs w i th m id -body c ordon a nd mask o nn eck BAT 3 29 -405

T h is i s af r agmen ta ry j ug w i th p ou r ing l i p ,m a sk a nd p ew te rl i d .I th a st h en o rma lp ronounced f oo t ,w i th l owe rb ody p ane led w i th a l te rna t ing c oba l t -b lue . T he m id -co rdon i sw ide a nd w edge -shaped . T he u ppe r b ody c on s i s t s o ft wo i n t r ica te ly d eco ra ted p ane l s , w i th t wo f l o ra l , s t amped d eco ra t ion s s u r rounded w i th c oba l t -b lue . Two r ough ly s em i c i rcu la rp ane ls a r ed iv ided b y mou ld ing l i ne s ;o ne i sd eco ra ted w i th s c a l lop ing ,t h eo t he ri sp l a in .A bove a tt h eb a se o f t h en eck i sa no the rs e r ie so fc o rdons w i th ac en t ra l ,n a tu ra l is t ic m a sk a nd ad i s t inc t ive p ou r ing l i p . Ap ew t e rl i dh a sa k nob d eco ra t ion c omp r i sed o f as e r ie so fd i sk s .T he l i de x tend so u twa rd st oc ove rt h ej ug l i pa nd i sa t tached t ot h eh and le . A ga in ,t h e re a r en oe xac tp a ra l le ls ,b u tv on B ock ( 1971 : N o s4 77 a nd 4 80 )i lu s t ra te s as e r ie so fE nga l sannw i tm a sk s .

18

J ugs w i th m id -body c ordon a nd n arrow n eck BAT 6 07

/ 110/1 11 1 mr , ,, ,ir • ;, $

;

• ;AS

T he j ug i ss im i la rt o BAT 3 29 -405 , b u t w i thou t a ny e v idence o f ama sk . T h i s may b e b ecau se t h e a pp rop r ia te f r agmen t sa r em i s s ing .T he c o rdon a bove t h ef oo th a s ac oba l t -b lue s t r ipe a nd aw rea th l ike c o rdon .T he l owe rb ody v e r t i ca lp ane l ing a l te rna te sp l a in a nd r ope l ike d iv i s ion s .T he m id -body c o rdon h a s an a r row i mp re ssed f r ieze ,b ead ing , w rea th l ike c o rdon a nd c oba l t -b lue s t r ipe .T he u ppe rb ody i sf r agmen ta ry ,e xh ib i t ing v e r t ica lp ane l so fc oba l t -b lue w i th i mp re s sed d eco ra t ion ,a nd b a ske to rl a t t i ce -wo rk i mp re s s ion .T he l owe rn eck h a s ac omp lex s e r ie so fc o rdon s .

19

BAT 3 28

y'94 6 _ ,t t i

; wee

, "

re ,

r a w

,

: . , •

T h is j ug a l so h a sn oe v idence o f ama sk .I th a s ap ede s ta lf oo tw i th c o rdon sa bove .L owe rb ody a l ter na t ing p l a in c oba l t b lue a nd r ou le t t ing o fc r ude h ea r t sa nd w he e l s .M id -body c o rdon h a sh ea r t sa nd w hee l s ,b ead ing ,r ope l ike ,z i g -zag a nd p l a in c oba l t -b lue .T he u ppe rb ody h a si mp re s sed d e co ra t ion o n ac oba l t -b lue b ackg round .T he d eco ra t ion c on s i s t so fa s e r ie so fl i nked o va l s ,w i th a l ter na t ing d e co ra t ion .T he re i sn on eck c o rdon , a nd t h ep l a in n a r row n eck h a s af r ieze o f i mp re s sed f l owe r sa r ound t h em idd le

1 20

J ug sw i th c en tra lf r ieze Wh i l s tt h e se j ugs a r ew ide ly i l u s t r a ted i nV on B ock ( 1971) ,o n ly t wo e xamp le sw e re f ound o nt h es i te . BAT 5 46 -2988 -2906

L owe rb ody h a ss imp le ,s t amped r e ed ing a nd ac rude ly -execu ted ,r ou le t te x lz i g -zag b e low t h ef r ieze .T he f r agmen t so ft h ep ane ls how c a rya t id s ,t h en umbe r' 16 'p a r to f t h ed a te ,b u tu nfo r tuna te ly t h em a in s ub je c to ft h ef r ieze i sm is s ing .T race si nd ica te t h a t t h es ub jec tm ay b eC oa t so fA rms .T he re a r ec o rdon so ne i the rs i de o ft h ef r ieze .T he u ppe rb ody h a s ac r ude ,s t amped d eco ra t ion . BAT 2 533 -20015

M id -body f r agmen ts how ing av a r ia t ion t ot h en o rma lf r ieze . I nt h is c a se ,t h ef r ieze i san a r row ,i mp re s sed d e co r a t ion c ons is t ing o fa l te rna t i n gh ea r t sa nd c i rc le sh i gh l igh ted i nc oba l t -b lue .T he l owe rb ody c on s i s t s o fv e r t ica l p ane l s a l te rna t ing : c oba l t -b lue b a ckg round w i th i mp re s sed f l o ra l d e co ra t ion ; b ead ing ; p l a in n a r row p ane l s ; r e ed ing ; a nd p o ss ib ly o t he rf o rms .T he re a r en op ronounced c o rdons b e tween t h el owe rb ody a nd m id -f r ieze ,a nd i tm ay b et h a tt h i ss hou ld b ec on s ide red a s at y pe o f b i con ica lj ug .

1 21

FRAG MENTS

BAT 2 0020

B a se f r agmen t o fj ug w i th ap ronounced f oo t , a nd v e r t ica l b and s o fa l te rna t ing c oba l t -b lue ,p l a in a nd ar ou le t t ing o fh ea r t sa nd w hee l s .P o s s ib ly an a r row -necked t ype . BAT 2 799 -2697

BAT 5 39

F ragmen to fu ppe rb ody o fb i con i ca lj ug w i th l a t t ice w o rk a nd i mp re ssed f l o ra ld eco ra t ion .T he m id -body c o r d on i sp ronounced .

P a r to fu ppe rb ody o f ab i con ica lj ug .I mp re ssed f l o ra l s p ray s u r rounded b y ab and o fb ead ing .

BAT 2 964 U nusua ln e ck f r agmen t .T h i sf r agmen t may b e long i nt h es e c t ion a bove r e la ted t o t h eb lue a nd w h i te c o rdon a nd r e eded n eck j ug s .T he f r agmen th a s ama sk s im i la rt o BAT 2 118 -20443 a nd t h en eck h a sa no vo id s hape w i th f r agmen to fc oba l t -b lue c o rdon s a tt h eb a se .

1 22

BART MANN OR BEARD MAN J UGS B eardman w i th i n scr ibed b and ,a can thus l e ave sa nd p or tra i t meda l l ions BAT 2 165

T h i si s av e ry f r agmen ta ry j ug made -up o fp ie ce sc o l le c t ed o ve r an umbe ro fy ea r s .H ow e ve r ,e nough f r agmen t se x i s tt or e cons t ruc ta l lb u tt h er im .T he j ug i st h ough tt oh ave f ou rp a ir s o fa can thu sl e ave ss e to ne i the rs i de o ft h ei n sc r ip t ion .B e tween t h e se w ou ld b et h ree p a i r so f p o r t ra i tm eda l l ion s ,s e ts ot h a tt h ef r on tp a i ri su nde rt h e ma sk a nd t hu st h ef ou r th p a i rc ou ld n o tb ep u to nt h ej ug b e cau se o ft h eh and le .T he p o r t ra i tm eda l l ions s how am an w i th aw inged h e lm ,p o s s ib ly Me rcu ry .T he i n sc r ibed b and r e ad s` •SY •AL M •D IE •E IM •D IE" w h ich s ugge s t st h a ti ti s ar epea ted g roup o fw o rd s .T he m a sk i sv e ry n a tu ra l i s t ic .T he j ug i s w e l l -made a nd t h ea pp l ied d eco ra t ion i so f ah i gh q ua l i ty .

1 23

BAT 5 46

F ragmen t so ft h eb a se o fa n i n sc r ip t ion b and b ea rdman . A can thus l e ave sa nd p o r t ra i tm eda ll ion so nt h el owe rp a r to ft h eb ody .T he i n sc r ip t i on i sc r ude w i th t h el e t te r' S ' i n ve r ted a nd t h e VE l i ga tu red .T hu s : -N IT : VER : 'i nve r t ed h ea r t' :E S -D :E ST: GD ' .The j ug i sc rude ly -made . '

-

G lobu lar j ug w i th s ma l l mask s BAT 2 809 -20455

Ag lobu la rj ug w i th aw ide ,p a ra l le l s ided n eck ,c o rdon sa bove f oo t a nd b e low n eck .T h ree s ma l lm a sk sa r ea pp l ied s ymme t r ica l ly a bou tt h e n e ck .I ns hape i ti ss im i la rt oH u r s t ,N ea la nd v an B eun ingen ( 1 986 :F ig . 1 06 .332 ) .

1 24

S tandard b eardman j ug s T he re a r e al a rge n umbe ro fs ha rd so fb ea rdman j ug sf ound o nt h eB a tav ia s i te : mo s to ft h em a te r ia lh a sc ome f r om t h ei n s ide r e ef a r ea .T he re a r e at o ta lo f8 .01 K go fs ha rd s ,r e p re sen t ing a bou t 17 c omp le te j ug s( b a sed o n av e ry r ough a ve rage o f7 50 g rms p e rj ug ) . BAT 2 397

1 25

BAT 2 372

A rm s s im i la rt ot h eA rms o ft h eD uchy o fJ ü l ichC leve a nd Ma rk ( o cca s iona l ly R aven sbu rg i s i n c luded i nt h eA rms ) .T he j ug h a s av e ry w ide b a se ,t h ree m eda l l ions a nd t h eh and le i sm i ss ing . BAT 2 147

A nu n iden t if ied A rms ,w i th f ou rf l eu r s -de l i si n aq ua r te red s h ie ld .T he j ug h a s aw ide b a se ,t h ree m eda l l ion sa nd t h eh and le i sm i s s ing . 1 26

BAT 3 27

T h i sj ug a nd BAT 2 240 a r ea lmo s ti d en t ica l ,t h e meda ll ion sa nd m a sk so fb o th j ug sw e re p robab ly m ade f r om t h es ame s p r ig s .T he j ug se a ch h ave t h ree m eda l l ion s ,w i th t h eb ox -c ro s s c o rn ro se t y pe ,t h eh and le sa r et w i s ted a nd t h e ma sk sa r et h es ame .T he f oo ti sn a r rowe rt h an t h ee xamp le sa bove . BAT 2 240

BAT 2 373 F ragmen t o f aj ug w i th t h ree m eda l l ions .

BAT 2 259 F ragmen t so f aj ug w i th e i the rn om eda l l ions o rp o s s i b ly o ne .

1 28

J ugs w i th mask a nd o ne meda l l ion BAT 2 150

T h i sj ug h a s ab roken n eck a nd h and le .T he s i ng le m eda l l ion i st h eA rm so ft h eP rov ince o fG e lde r land .

BAT N o Number

T he se f r agmen t sf o rm aj ug w i th a ro se t r iang le ro se t y pe meda l l ion ,p o s s ib ly t h ej ug 's o n ly m eda l l ion . 1 29

P la in med ium j ugs BAT 2 579

P la in sma l lj ug s BAT 2 667

P la in j ug f r agmen t s . BAT 4 45

BAT 5 05

P la in j ug c omp le te . 1 30

Ma sks T he re a r e al a rge v a r ie ty o f m a sk s b e long ing t ot h e c ommon b ea rdman j ug .T he g r ea te s ts t y l i s t ic v a r ia t ion o f t h e se g ro te sque v i sage si si nt h ee xe cu t ion o ft h e mou th . T he m a sk sh ave ,t h e re fo re ,b een c l a s s if i ed a cco rd ing t ot h e s hape o ft h e mou th a l though t h e r ea r eo t he rv a r iab le s . I n t h e a u tho r 's p rev ious r epo r to n b ea rdman j ug s f r om t h e V ergu lde D raeck ( Green , 1 977 ) , f ou r teen t y pe so f ma sk w e r en o ted .T he B a tav ia m a te r ia li se ven m o re c omp lex , w i th many mo re d i f f e ren t t ype s o f ma sk s a nd g rea te r v a r ia t ion w i th in t h e g roup s . T he v a r iou s f o rm s w i l l b e d e sc r ibed h e re a nd t h ee xamp le si lu s t ra ted i nt h ef o l low i n gp age s( t he r e f e rence st oe xamp le sg i ven i np a ren the s i s b e low h ave t h ei lu s t ra t ion n umbe rp r e f ixed w i th ' No . 'a nd r e f e rt ot h ei lus t ra t ions o nt h ef o l low ing p age s ;t h er eg i s -

l a she s ,w i l lb eg i ven f i r s t , a nd t h ef e a tu re a bove t h i s ,t h e s t y l ized e yeb row s , w i l l b e g iven s e cond . T he t ype s a r e g i ven w i th a s i ng le e xamp le i np a ren the s i s a nd a r e a s f o l low s : n o th ing a bove ( No . 6 BAT 5 38D ) ; l a dde r a nd t e a r -d rop ( No .4 3 BAT 2 138-2141 ) ;l a dde ra nd d og too th ( No . 7 BAT 2 530 ) ; l a dde r a nd t h ree i n ve r ted c r e scen t s ( No .4 7 BAT 2 1581 ) ;l a dde ra c ro s sb o th e ye sn o th ing ( No . 2 BAT 2 182 ) ; t e a r -d rop a nd d og too th ( No . 4 6 BAT 5 38C ) ;d og too th a nd d og too th ( No .6 8 BAT 2 110 ) ;d og t o o th a nd l i ne ( No . 7 0 BAT 2 997-2956 ) ; d og too th a nd n o th ing ( No . 8 BAT 5 38-2271 ) ; d og too th a c ro s s b o th e ye s( No . 5BAT 2 0472 ) ;d o t sa c ro s sb o th e ye sa nd n o th ing ( No .1 9 BAT 6 03B ) ;c u r ly n a tu ra l is t ic a nd n o th ing ( No .1 BAT 2 1523 ) ; s em i -c i rcu la r l o zenge s a nd t h ree i n ve r ted

t r a t ion n umbe ri sp re f ixed w i th ' BAT ' ) . T he e xe cu t ion o ft h e mou th , t o ge the r w i th t h e v a r i a t ions o ft h e mou s tache ,f o rm t h eb a s i so ft h ec l a s s i f ica t ion s cheme .T he se f o rm si n c lude :h o r izon ta ll a dde r( Nos 1 -4 ) ; h o r i zon ta l d o t s ( No . 5 ) ;c urved l a dde r ( No s 6 12 ) ; s eg -

c r e scen t s ( No .4 0 BAT 2 1573 ) . T he se ma sk so f f e rs ome i n te re s t ing c ompa r i son sw i th t h e m a sk s r e cove red f r om t h e V ergu lde D raeck . T he B a tav ia a nd t h eV ergu ld eD raeck s i te sh ave p roduced o ne o f t h e l a rge s t , a ccu ra te ly d a tab le c o l lec t ions o f 1 7 th -

m en t shaped ( No s 1 3-23 ) ; s egmen t -shaped w i th f a ng s ( No . 2 4 ) ;h ou r -g la s s ( No s2 5-33 ) ; o pen h ou r -g la s s ( No s 3 4-41 ) ;t wo p l a in p ad sw i th p o in ti nc en t re ( No s4 2-45 ) ;

c en tu ry b ea rdman j ugs a nd ,f o rt h is r e a son ,t h em a jo r i ty o f t h eB a tav ia ma sk sh ave b een i lu s t ra ted .

t wo p l a in p ad s w i th f a ng s ( No s 4 6-47 ) ; t wo d o t ted o r f l owe rp ad s( No s4 8-61 ) ;t wo s mal p ad s w i th t e e th a nd

Meda l l ions T he B a tav ia meda l l ion s a r e a l so mo re c omp lex a nd v a r ied t h an t h e V ergu ld e D raeck ma te r ia l , a nd m ay b e d i v ided i n to t h e f olow ing g roup s : A rms o f t h e C i ty o f Am s t e rdam w i th l i on s uppo r te r s( No s 1 -21 ) ;A rm so ft h e

c ro s si nc i rc le ( No .6 2 ) ;t h ree p ad sp l a in ( No s6 3-68 ) ;t h ree p ad s s ma l l U -shaped ( No . 6 9 ) ; ' sm i l ing ' o r f i sh -mou th ( Nos 7 0-71 ) . T he b ea rd h a ss i xf o rm s( as i ng le e xamp le i sg i ven i n p a ren the s i s ) : p a lme t te s ,c omp r i s ing an umbe ro fv e r t ica l p a lme t te so rl e af -shaped b lade su sua l ly w i th ac en t ra ll i ne r unn ing d own t h em idd le r e semb l ing av e in ( No . 3BAT 2 214 ) ; p a lme t te s a nd l i ne s , a s a bove b u t w i th a l i ne b e twe en e ach p a lme t te ( No . 2 9 BAT 2 568 ) ; l i nea r ,c on s i s t ing o f as e r ie so fv e r t ica ll i ne sc u rved o u twa rd o ne i the r s i de o f t h e c en t re l i ne ( No . 3 6 BAT 2 1575 ) ; c u r ly a nd n a tu ra l i s t ic , c omp r i s ing a s e r ie s o f c u r ly s egmen t s a nd u sua l ly b e long ing t ot h e l a rge r a nd b e t te re xecu ted j ugs ( No . 6 BAT 5 38D ) ; c u r ly a nd f o rked , s im i la r t o t h e p rev iou s t y pe b u tl e s so rna te a nd l e s s c u r ly w i th amo re i nwa rd f o rked a ppea rance ( No . 1 7 BAT 2 527 ) ;t h r ee -pa r t , c ons i s t ing o f ac en t ra lw edge -shaped s e c t ion o fh o r izon ta l l i ne s ,f l anked b yc u r ly s e c t ion so ne a ch s i de ( No .5 5 BAT 2 0081) . T he f o rm o ft h ee ye i sg ene raly ad o tf l anked l a te ra l ly b yc r e scen t sr ep re sen t ing a ni r i s( ? )a nd e nc lo sed l o ng i tu d i na l ly b yt wo c r e scen t sr ep re sen t ing t h ee ye l id s .T h i si s t h eb a s i cf o rm o ft h ee ye w h ich c an b ec l a s s i f ied u nde r1 3 s ub type sd epend ing o no t he rf e a tu re so ft h ee ye .F o rt h e s ake o fc onven ience i nt h e d e sc r ip t ion , t h e f i r s t f e a tu re a bove t h e e ye l id , w h ich c ou ld b e d e sc r ibed a s t h e e ye -

C i ty o f Am s te rdam w i thou tl i on s uppo r te r s( No s2 2-30 ) ; A rms o ft h eP rov ince o fG e lde r land ( No s3 1-33 ) ;A rms o f t h eP rov ince o fH oland ( No s3 4-35 ) ;t h eD uchy o fJ ü l ichC leve -Be rg w i th v a r ia t ion s( No s3 7-63 ) ;A rm so ft h eC i ty o f Kö ln ( No s 6 6-68 ) ; t h e H o ly R oman Emp i re ( No s 6 9-71 ) ; A rms o ft h eH ou se o fT udo r( No .7 2 ) ; u nknown h e ra ld ic ( Nos 7 3-80 ) ; ab end c ha rged w i th t h ree r o se s ( Nos 8 1-83 ) ; p a le b endy ( No s 8 . 4-85 ) ; b ox -c ro s s -co rn r o se ( No s 8 6-89 ) ; o t he r b ox -c ro s s t ype s ( No s 9 0-92 ) ; r o se t r iang le ro se ( No s 9 3-96 ) ; r o se t te 5 -odd-5 ( No s 9 7104 ) ;r o se t te 4 -odd-4 w i th ac ro ss ( No . 1 05 ) ;r o se t te 5 -even-5 ( No s 1 06112 ) ; r o se t te 5 -even-10 ( No . 13 ) ; r o se t te 5 -1010 ( No s 14-120 ) ;r o se t te 5 101010 ( No s 1 21-125 ) ; m isce l laneou s( No s 1 26132 ) . T he re w e re s eve ra l d i f f e rence s b e tween t h eB a tav ia a nd V ergu lde D raeck m a te r ia l . I n p a r t icu la r , t h e r o se-c rown-hea r ta nd s eve ra l t y pe o fr o se t te meda l l ion s w h ich w e re c ommon o n t h e V ergu lde D raeck , w e re n o t f ound o n t h e B a tav ia . C onve r se ly , t h e l a rge v a r ie ty o f h e ra ld ic m eda ll ions f ound o nt h eB a tav ia w e re n o tf ound o nt h eV ergu ld eD raeck .I ts e ems t h a ts ome o ft h eB a tav ia m eda l l ion sw e re b e t te re xecu ted t h an t h eV ergu ld eD raeck m eda l l ion s ,a l though t h em a jo r i ty w e re o fa bou tt h es ame q ua l i ty .

1 31

1BAT 2 502 Hor izon ta ll adder

6BAT538D Curved l adder

2BAT2182 Hor izon ta ll adder

3BAT2214 4BAT21523 Hor izon ta ll adder Hor izon ta ll adder

7BAT2530

8BAT2234

9BAT2968

1 0 BAT21576

Curved l adder

Curved l adder

Curved l adder

Curved l adder

1 4 BAT603B S egmen t mou th

S egmen t mou th

1 1 BAT21523

1 2 BAT2773

1 3 BAT538B

Curved l adder

Curved l adder

S egmen t mou th

5BAT20472 Hor izon ta ld o ts

1 5 BAT538C

1 6 BAT538A

1 7 BAT2527

1 8 BAT2968 /2065

1 9 BAT603B

2 0 BAT2272

S egmen t mou th

S egmen t mou th

S egmen t mou th

S egmen t mou th

S egmen t mou th

1 32

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2 4 BAT20157

2 5 BAT2181

S egmen t mou th

S egmen t mou th

S eg . mou th &fang s Hourg lass mou th

2 6 BAT538F

2 7 BAT21572

2 8 BAT2140

2 9 BAT2568

3 0 BAT538H

Hourg lass mou th

Hourg lass mou th

Hourg las s mou th

Hourg lass mou th

Hourg lass mou th

3 1 BAT538G

3 2 BAT538E

3 3 BAT2291

3 4 BAT603

Hourg las s mou th

Hourg las s mou th

Hourg lass mou th

Open h ourg lass

3 5 BAT2568 Open h ourg lass

3 6 BAT21575

3 7 BAT2106 /2568

3 8 BAT20209

Open h ourg lass

Open h ourg lass

Open h ourg las s

3 9 BAT21574 Open h ourg lass

4 0 BAT21573 Open h ourg lass

1 33

4 1 BAT5381

4 2 BAT2060e ta l

4 3 BAT2138 /2141

4 4 BAT2181

4 5 BAT2161

Open h our l a ss

2p ad p o int

2p ad p o in t

2n ad n o int

2D ad D int . .O

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4 6 BAT 5 38C

4 7 BAT21581

4 8 BAT538

4 9 BAT538B

2p ad f angs

2p ad f angs

F lower p ads

F lower p ads

5 0 BAT538 F lower p ads

5 1 BAT2713 /2226

5 2 BAT21580

5 3 BAT21579

5 4 BAT2112

5 5 BAT20081

F lower p ads

F lower p ads

F lower p ads

F lower p ads

F lower p ads

5 6 BAT2885

5 7 BAT20468 F lower p ads

5 8 BAT601

5 9 BAT203 7/ 27 24 F lower p ads

6 0 BAT2167 F lower p ads?

F lower p ads

F lower p ads 1 34

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6 1 BAT21582

6 2 BAT2104

6 3 BAT477

F lower p ads

F angs

3p ads

6 4 BAT2481 /2222 3p ads

6 5 BAT2166 3p ads

6 6 BAT20281

6 7 BAT2684

6 8 BAT2110

6 9 BAT21577

7 0 BAT299 7/ 29 56

3p ads

3p ads

3p ads

U -shaped

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7 1 BAT2794 /2391

7 2 BAT2055

F i sh -mou th

Rope -mou th

7 3 BAT540 Misce l laneous

1 35

7 4 BAT21578

7 5 BAT2103 /2794

Misce l laneous

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1BAT539 /2079 2BAT 6 02 A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )Arms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )Arms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )

5BAT 2 0171 6BAT 2 590 /22004 7BAT 2 1923 8BAT 5 39 A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions ) A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )Arms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ion s )

9BAT 2 121

1 0 BAT 2 0339

1 1 BAT 2 1587

1 2 BAT 2 517 e ta !

A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions ) A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )Arms o f Am s terdam ( l ions )Arms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )

1 3 BAT 6 02 1 4 BAT 2 529 1 5 BAT 2 1588 1 6 BAT 2 023 A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )Arms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )Arms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )Arms o f Ams terdam ( l ions ) 1 36

1 7 BAT21589

1 8 BAT 2 0456 /20484

1 9 BAT 2 918

2 0 BAT2031

A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )Arm so f Ams terdam ( l ions )Arms o f Ams terdam ( l ions ) A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions )

2 1 BAT 2 0461 2 2 BAT 2 529 A rms o f Ams terdam ( l ions ) A rms o f Ams terdam

2 3 BAT 2 570 A rms o f Ams terdam

2 4 BAT539

2 5 BAT 2 1584

2 6 BAT 2 158

2 7 BAT 5 39 /21583

2 8 BAT 2 0256

A rms o f Ams terdam

A rms o f Ams terdam

A rms o f Ams terdam

A rms o f Ams terdam

2 9 BAT2517 e ta l

3 0 BAT 2 824

3 1 BAT 2 813

3 2 BAT 2 0463 e ta t

A rms o f Ams terdam

A rms o f Ams terdam

A rms o fG e lder land

A rms o fG e lder land

1 37

A rms o f Ams terdam

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3 3 BAT2124 /602 A rms o fG e lder land

3 8 BAT2364 J ü l ichC leve -Berg

4 2 BAT 6 97 J ü l ichC leve -Berg

3 4 BAT 2 766 A rms o f Ho l land

3 5 BAT 2 766

3 7 BAT 2 040 e ta t

A rms o f Ho l land

J ü l ich C leve -Berg

3 9 BAT 5 39 /602 J ü l ich C leve -Berg

4 0 BAT 2 0251 /2168

4 1 BAT 6 02 /2123

J ü l ichC leve -Berg

J ü l ichC leve -Berg

4 3 BAT 2 0006 /20082 J ü l ichC leve -Berg

4 4 BAT 6 02 /20337 J ü l ichC leve -Berg

4 5 BAT 5 39 J ü l ichC leve -Berg

4 6 BAT539

4 7 BAT 2 0209

4 8 BAT20089

J ü l ichC leve -Berg

J ü l ichC leve -Berg

J ü l ich C leve -Berg ( Var .1 ) 1 38

4 9 BAT2703 -2242

5 0 BAT 2 361 -539

5 1 BAT224

5 2 BAT21600 -20263 -602

J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .1 ) J ü l ich C leve -Berg ( Var .1 ) J ü l ich -C leve -Berg(Var .1 ) J ü l ich -C leve -Ber _ a r .1

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2045 5 4 BAT216O 5 5 BAT2558 -20096 5 6 BAT2558 -602 J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .1 ) J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .1 ) J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .1 ) J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .1 ) ,

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5 7 BAT2864 -20447

5 8 BAT2044

5 9 BAT20061

6 0 BAT2519 -2998 -20082

J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .1 ) J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .1 )J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .1 ) J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .1 )

6 1 BAT602 -477 -2517

6 2 BAT2076 -2717

6 3 BAT602 -477 -2517

J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .2 ) J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .2 )J ü l ichC leve -Berg ( Var .2 ) 1 39

6 5 BAT2191 -2764 A rm s o ft he C i ty o f Kö ln

6 6 BAT539 -2014 6 7 BAT2189 A rms o ft he C i ty o f Kö ln A rms o ft he C i ty o f Kö ln

7 1 BAT2023 -2456 -2224

6 8 BAT539 -2463 A rms o ft he C i ty o f Kö ln

6 9 BAT20359

7 0 BAT2029

The Ho ly Roman Emp ire

The Ho ly R oman Emp ire The Ho ly Roman Emp ire

The House o f Tudor

7 3 BAT21607 -2790 -20364

7 4 BAT2558 -2570 -21523

7 5 BAT2125

7 6 BAT539B

V ar ious u nknown

V ar ious u nknown

Var ious u nknown

V ar ious u nknown

7 7 BAT2187

7 8 BAT21598 -2072

7 9 BAT2558

8 0 BAT539A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

1 40

7 2 BAT21530A

8 1 BAT2276 -2274 -2819

8 2 BAT602

8 3 BAT2994

8 4 BAT20408

B end c harged w i th 3r o ses B end c harged w i th 3r o ses B end c harged w i th 3r o ses P a le b endy

8 5 BAT602 -21593

8 6 BAT2007

P a le b endy s i n is ter

B ox -cros s -corn -ro se

8 9 BAT2207 B ox -cro ss -corn -rose

8 7 BAT2718 -2472 -2465 B ox -cros s -corn -rose

8 8 BAT2570 -2611 -2075 B ox -cro s s -corn -ro se

9 0 BAT602

9 1 BAT2073

B ox -cros s -corn -checky

B ox -cro ss -do ts

9 2 BAT2049 -21594 B ox -cross -do t s

9 3 BAT2971

9 4 BAT2719

9 5 BAT539

9 6 BAT267

Rose tr iang le -rose

R o se tr iang le -rose

R ose tr iang le -rose

R ose tr iang le -rose

1 41

9 7 BAT2067

9 8 BAT2961 -539

Rose t te ( 5o5 )

Rose t te ( 5o5 )

9 9 BAT2414 Ro se t te ( 5o5 )

1 00 BAT21595 Rose t te ( 5o5 )

1 01 BAT20484 -2967

1 02 BAT527

1 03 BAT2117 -365

1 04 BAT2153B

Rose t te ( 5o5 )

Ro se t te ( 5o5 )

Ro se t te ( 5o5 )

Ro se t te ( 5o5 )

1 05 BAT20458 Rose t te ( 4o4 c ros s )

1 06 BAT539

1 07 BAT2685 -20182

1 08 BAT2517

Ro se t te ( 5 e5 )

Ro se t te ( 5 e5 )

Rose t te ( 5e5 )

1 09 BAT2068

1 10 BAT2585

1 11 BAT20503

1 12 BAT2797 -539

Rose t te ( 5 e5 )

Ro se t te ( 5 e5 )

R ose t te ( 5 e5 )

Rose t te ( 5e5 )

1 42

13 BAT2024 R o se t te ( 5 e10 )

1 14 BAT2185 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 )

1 17 BAT2418 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 )

1 18 BAT20424 -21597 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 )

1 22 BAT2989 -2126 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 -10 )

R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 -10 )

1 15 BAT221 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 )

1 19 BAT2989 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 )

1 23 BAT602 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 -10 )

1 25 BAT2714 -2740 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 -10 ) 1 43

16 BAT21596 R ose t te ( 5 -10 -10 )

1 20 BAT2570 -2786 -2009 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 )

1 24 BAT20238 R o se t te ( 5 -10 -10 -10 )

4 0L 1 26 BAT2036 -2078

1 27 BAT539 -2558

1 28 BAT2186 -483

1 29 BAT2534 -602 -2032

F ace

Two p er sons

C aesar meda l l ion

C ae sar meda l l ion

1 30 BAT20404

1 31 BAT2532 -539 -21605

1 32 BAT2520

Caesar meda l l ion

C ae sar meda l l ion

J an A l ter s meda l l ion

1 44

COOK ING WARES —EARTHEN WARE -RED WARES Av a r ie ty o fr edwa re s w e re f ound o nt h es i te .P o s s ib ly much o ft h i sm a te r ia lw a sa s soc ia ted w i th t h eo f f ice r s ' a nd p a s senge r s 'a r ea o ft h es h ip .T he r e so lu t ions o ft h em idd le o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry d on o ts pec if ica l ly m en t ion e a r thenwa re s a nd m o s to ft h ei t ems a r er a the rs ma l lf o rt h en eed so ft h ec ookhou se w h ich w ou ld h ave t oh and le o ve r3 00 m ea l s . T he i t em su ndoub ted ly o r ig ina te f r om k i ln si nt h eL ow C oun t r ie sa nd s im i la rf o rm s may b es e en i nH u r s te ta l .( 1 986 ) a nd B aa r te ta l .( 1977 ) .T he f a b r ic i s af i ne ,s a ndy red c o lou r ,w i th g l aze sv a ry ing f r om ar i ch h oney -b rown t og reen .I t i sn o tewo r thy t h a tt h e re a r e al a rge n umbe ro fv e s se l sw i th f oo t r ing sr a the rt h an t h e mo re c ommon ly e ncoun te red t r ipod l e g .A l so ,i ts hou ld b er e co rded t h a tf oo t r ing sd on o to ccu ri nt h ec ook ing p o t so rt h ep ipk in si lu s t ra ted i nH u r s te ta l . ( 1986 ) ,n o ri nB aa r te ta l .( 1977 ) .A dd i t iona l ly ,t h e re a ppea r st ob ea nu nu sua lt ype n o ti lu s t ra t ed i nt h ea bove -men t ioned r e f e rence s , w h ich h a s t h e f o rm o f ad eep b ow l w i th af oo t r ing . I ti sp o s s ib le , a tt h is t ime , t h a t t h e C ompany w a s c omm i s s ion ing s pec ia l ized f o rm sf r om t h ep o t te r ie s ,a l though t h is w ou ld s e em d oub t fu l . Mo re t h an l i ke ly ,t h e se f o rms w e re o fp a r t icu la ru se o nb oa rd t h es h ip ,a l though l e s sc ommon ly e ncoun te red o nl a nd .

C ook ing p o t so rt r ipod p ipk in U nfo r tuna te ly ,n oc omp le te e xamp le so ft h i st y pe w e re f ound .A s ar e su l t ,i ti su nce r ta in i ft h ey a r ec ook ing p o t s , w h ich w ou ld h ave h ad t wo h and le s ,o rp i pk in sw h ich w ou ld h ave h ad o ne h and le a nd as pou t .I ti sn o tc e r ta in e i the r ,i f t h e se i t ems h ad af oo t r ing o r at r ipod .

BAT 3 49

BAT 2 290

1 45

T a l lc ook ing p o t sw i th f oo tr ing T he t h ree e xamp le so ft h i st y pe o fp o t ,a r ea l lg l azed o nt h ei n s ide .A st h ey d on ' ta l lh ave ac omp le te b a se ,i ti sn o t a b so lu t e ly c e r ta in i fe a ch o ft h em h ad f o o t r ing s ,b u tt h e i rs h ape i sv e ry s im i la r . BAT 2 315

BAT2336

F ragmen tw i thou t ab a se .

BAT 2 335

F r agmen tw i thou t ab a se .

1 46

S ha l low c ook ing p o t sw i th f oo tr ing BAT 2 339

T h i st ype h a sa lmo s te xac t ly t h es ame f o rm a st h et a l lc ook ing p o t s a bove ,a nd a ga in i sn o tc ommon ly i lu s t ra t ed .

S k ile t sw i th t r ipod f e e t BAT 2 333

1 47

CONTA INERS —EARTHEN WARE -RED WARE C ups w i th h or izon ta lh and le BAT 2 334

BAT2344

BAT 5 03

L id BAT 2 267

T h is l i dh a st h es ame d i ame te ra st h ec up ,a nd p o s s ib ly w a su sed a s ac ove rf o rt h i so ro t he rt y pe s o fc on ta ine r s .

1 48

MISCELLANEOUS DO MEST IC CERA M IC WARES P la te —ma jo l ica o rt i n -g lazed e ar thenware F ragmen t so fh eav i ly e r oded m a jo l ica p l a te s . BAT N oN umber

BAT No Number

O l ive j ar s Two f r agmen t so f as i ng le o l ive j a rh ave b een f ound o nt h es i te .I ti ss im i la rt ot h ee l onga ted f o rm o ft h e1 7 th c en tu ry . I ti sn o tc e r ta in o ft h ee xac tp rovenance o ft h e se o l ive j a r s ,w h ich w e re f o rme r ly t hough tt oo r ig ina te f r om S ev ile ,b u t h ave n ow b een i d en t i f ied a sc om ing f r om e l sewhe re i nt h eI b e r ian p en in su la r . BAT 3 30

BAT 6 18

1 49

T ha is t oneware s t orage j ar An umbe ro fh igh -f i red ,T ha is t onewa re ,s t o rage j a r sh ave b een f ound o ns i te ss uch a st h eB a tav ia .T he se w a re sa r e n o t w e l l k nown i n E u rope , b u t t h e d i s t inc t ive b ody a nd t h e s hape a nd t r ea tmen t o f t h e n e ck a nd s hou lde r s , i s u nm is takab le .I tw a sf i r s tt hough tt h a tt h e se w a re sc ame f r om t h ek i ln si nt h ea r ea n ea rt h ec i ty o fS awankha lok ,i nn o r th c en t ra lT ha i land ,a nd t h u st h ey w e re c a l led S awankha lok w a re s .R ecen tw o rk h a si d en t if ied t h ek i ln s mo re c o r re c t ly a t S i sa tchana la i , an ea rby t own ,b u th a sc a s td oub to nt h es ugge s t ion t h a tt h e se a nd o the rs t o rage j a r so f as im i la rt y pe w e re , i nf a c t ,p roduced t h e re .F o r af ul d i scu s s ion o ft h i s ,s e eG re en a nd H a rpe r( 1987 )

BAT 5 45

N eck f r agmen t ,w i th ar o l led n eck r im s t and ing o nt h es hou lde ro ft h ej a r .T he re i sas ma l l mou lded r i dge b e low t h e n eck r im ,w h ich i sad i s t inc t ive f e a tu re o ft h e se w a res .B e low t h i si su sua l ly as e r ie so ff i ve t of i f teen g roove so n to w h ich i sa pp l ied f ou r ma s s ive l u gh and le s( s ee b e low ) .

BAT 6 08 & 5 00

Wa l lf r agmen t ,s how ing t h ed i s t inc t ive i n c i sed r i dge so nt h es hou lde r s .O nt h er i gh ti sp a r to ft h e mou ld ing f o rt h e l u gh and le s . As im i la re xamp le i si lu s t ra ted f r om t h eV ergu ld eD raeck i nG reen ( 1977 ) . 1 50

U n iden t if ied l a rge s t orage j ar T h i sj a r mu s th ave s t ood o ve r5 00 mm h i gh w i th ab ody d i ame te ro fa bou t5 00 mm . No e xa c tp a ra l le l sh ave b een f ound ,b u ti ti ss im i la rt oj a r st h a th ad am ou lded l o op -shaped h and le a pp l ied t ot h es i de o ft h ej a r ,o f ten w i th ac a r touche c on ta in ing aE u ropean h ou se -ma rk e nc lo sed b e low ,s ugge s t ing aE u ropean o r ig in f o rt h ek i lns .T h is p a r t icu la rt y pe o f j a ri sd i scu s sed b yA shdown ( 1972 )w ho s ugge s t sa nI be r ian o rn o r th I t a l ian o r ig in .T he b ody i s af i ne r edd i sh -b rown , a nd i sq u i te s o f t ,s ugge s t ing e a r thenwa re o rp ro to s tonewa re .T he f r agmen t sa r ev e ry e roded a nd n og l aze i se v iden t .

BAT 2 416 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

Un iden t if ied s t oneware j ar T h i si sp o s s ib ly t h ef r agmen to f ab a se o f as t o rage j a rf r om ak i ln -s i te s omewhe re i nC h ina ,p robab ly i nt h es ou th . T h i st ype o fj a rh ad s ma l lh o r izon ta ls t rap h and le sa round t h en eck .T he b ody o ft h is p a r t i cu la re xamp le i saf i ne w h i te b u f f ,h igh -f i red s t onewa re . BAT 2 562

1 51

Un iden t if ied b ase o f as t oneware j ar w i th af oo tr ing T h i si sp o ss ib ly av a r ia t ion o f aG e rman s a l tg lazed ,s t onewa re j a ro rj ug .T he f oo t r ing i ss im i la rt oo t he re xamp le s . BAT 3 31

Smok ing p ipe As i ng le e xamp le o f ac l ay s mok ing p ipe w a sf ound o nt h es i te .I ti s av e ry s ma l lf r agmen to fp a r to ft h eb ow la nd t h e s t em . Unfo r tuna te ly , t h e f r agmen t i sv e ry d eg raded a nd t h e h ee l -ma rk , i fi tw a sp re sen t , h a s b een l o s t . T he re i s e v idence o fr ou le t t ing a r ound t h e mou th o ft h eb ow l .T h i si sav e ry e a r ly e xamp le o f ac l ay p ipe f r om t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . BAT 2 672

1 52

PE WTER - WARES FOR THE TABLE S poons An umbe ro ft h e se s poons h ave t h e s ame make r 's ma rk BD W a nd BH , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h ey w e re s upp l ied t ot h e C ompany f o ru se o nb oa rd .I ti sk nown f r om t h el i s t so fs upp l ies f o rt h ec ab in t h a ts poons w e re r equ i red ,t o ge the rw i th o t he rp ew te rw a re . S ome o ft h es poons h ave g raf f i t is ugges t ing t h a tt h ey w e re ma rked b yt he i r owne r s . BAT 3 073A

BAT 3 081

BAT 3 073

BAT 3 080

BAT 3 200

A 2K .

BAT 7 094

1 53

BAT 3 687 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 3 111

P ew terer 's t ouch -mark ( SCALE 5 : 1 )

No te t h ep ew te re r 's u nusua ld oub le t ouch -ma rk w i th t h ed a te 1 627 . P ew terer 's t ouch -mark ( SCALE 5 :1 )

BAT 5 67

D r ink ing v es se l s BAT 3 220

BAT 5 29

BAT 3 376

BAT 3 318

BAT 3 73

1 54

P ew ter p la te s BAT 4 42

BAT

5 60

* 4)

.

• •" . • .•

• •'•

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T h is p l a te i si n te re s t ing b ecau se i th a st h ec rowned r o se m a rk o nt h er im o ft h ep l a te a nd t h ea nge lf i ne p ew te rm a rk o nt h eb a se o ft h ep la te . BAT 3 279

T h is p l a te h a s ac r owned r o se o nt h er im ,b u tt h em ake r 's ma rk i si nde c iphe rab le . Two o t he rp l a te s( BAT 4 41 a nd BAT 3 208 )a nd s ome p l a te f r agmen t sw e re a l so f ound o nt h es i te . 1 55

S pou ted o rs o -ca l led c of f ee p o ts a nd u nspou ted p o ts BAT 4 30

BAT 4 37

BAT 4 37 ( SCALE 4 :1 ) P ewe terer 's mark

T h is p o ti sa n u nusua l s ma l l v e sse l w i thou t as pou t . T he l i d h ad a d eco ra t ive k nob wh ich i sn ow m i ss ing . 1 56

BAT 3 004

T h i sp o ta lmo s te xa c t ly m a t che s BAT 4 30 ; t h ed e ta i l s a nd d eco ra t i on sa r ei d en t ica le xcep tt h a t BAT 3 004 h a st h e s pou tm is s ing . T he se p o t sw e re mo re l i ke ly t ob eu sed a sw ine d ecan te r st h an c of fe ep o t sw h ich t h ey a r eo f ten e r roneou s ly c a l led . Chamber p o t s BAT 7 112

1 57

BAT 3 031

P o s s ib ly p a r to ft h es u rgeon 's e qu ipmen tb u ta l so r e co rded a sp a r to ft h ep ew te rf o r t h ec ab in .I ts eems l i ke ly t h a tt h ey h ad ah i nged l i da s BAT 7 112 h a st h er emnan t so ft h e h i nge m e chan i sm . BAT 3 031 i si n av e ry d e te r io ra ted c ond i t ion a nd i ti su nce r ta in i fi t h ad ah and le o rl i d . B ow l BAT 3 886

• •• - •:

•• ' : • • • • • • • .' •

•••• • • •• • ; " •• : . • : : •• • . '• • •

••

.. •• • •

•

• • : ; • • • • • ! ; • • •• • :

. ' • .'' '• ' . . ; . -:: • : . :: : : • . : . : : : . ;: . ; ' ,

• •;. ' .:. . .r .: . . . : * • •. : * •

— •• : • . . % * . . . % . * : • " ' • : ' — . . . ... . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . % . : . . : :• :: . : : :" :: : 1: •'

. : .: . ' . . . : : : • ; ; ; • . • • : • • • • : : ; • : , % : ; : r ; • • :. . z. •: :4. . .y . . , , ,n ,,tZ s •

:• : f : -• . 7 .: • _ • . • _ .

1 58

'

DO MESTIC NON -FERROUS W ARES B ronze t r ipod -po t BAT 3 254

1 59

BAT 3 136 T he l a rge r p o t , BAT 3 254 , h a s t wo r ound a ngu la r h and le s , t h e s ma l le r i sw i thou t h and le s . I ti sn o tc e r ta in w ha tt h e se p o t sw e re i n tended f o r ,p o s s ib ly c ook ing o rf o r amo re r obu s tp u rpo se s uch a sf o rm e l t ing m e ta l s .

B ra s sb ow l BAT 3 215

.. •

B ra s sb ow lw i th 3h o le sa r ound r im ,p o ss ib ly s ome f o rm o fh ang ing p an o r ap an f r om as t e e lya rd . C opper b ow l BAT 3 280

C oppe rb ow lw i th 3h o le sa r ound r im ,s l igh t ly d eepe rt h an BAT 3 215 a nd p o s s ib ly w i th as im i la rp u rpo se .

1 60

BAT 3 604

B ra ss b ow lw i th 3h o le sa r ound r im ,p o s s ib ly s ome f o rm o fh ang ing p an o r ap an f r om as t ee lya rd . T he re i s av e ry i n te re s t ing t r iangu la r -shap ed r epa i ri nt h ec en t re .T he r e pa i rh a sb een m ade b yc u t t ing as e r ie so fd ove ta i l so u to ft h e b ody o ft h eb ow la nd t h en c u t t ing ap a tch w i th t h ec o r re spond ing s hape . 1 61

C opper l e g sf rom b ow l BAT 6 54

BAT 6 44

B ra s ss k immer s poon BAT 3 816

B ad ly -co r roded s k imme r s poon b ow l w i th t h e o r ig ina l a t tachmen t r i ve t sf o ra ni r on h and le ,n ow m i ss ing .

1 62

B ra s s c and les t ick BAT 3 068

T ong s BAT 3 087

L i w ax

BAT 4 24

T h i sc and les t ick h a s as o l id b a se a nd i su n l ike t h e mo re d e l ica te c and le s t ick sf r om t h eV ergu ld eD raeck ,i ti sp o s s i b le t h a tt h i st ype w a so f mo re u se o nb oa rd as h ip b ecau se o fi t s s t ab i l i ty . T ra ce s o fw ax w e re n o ted i nt h e c and le h o lde r . B ra s st ong su sed f o rb r ing ing c oa ls t ol i gh t ap ipe ,b u t a l so u sed t or a i se t h ew ick o fa n o i l lamp a nd o t he rf i r e r e la ted t a sk s .

B ras st ap BAT 3 260

BAT493

-

T he t a pi st y p ica lo ft h e1 7 th c en tu ry .U nfo r tuna te ly ,t h e re i sn o ma rk o nt h et a ph and le .S im i la rt ot a p sf ound o nt h e V ergu ld eD raeck a nd e i the rf o rt h eb o t t l er sk i s to ra l t e rna t ive ly r equ is i t ion sf o rt h eI nd ie s . 1 63

WE IGHTS N ürnberg n e s tw e igh t BAT 3 219

N e s to fw e igh t sc on s i s t ing o fe i gh tw e igh t sf i t t ing i n s ide e a ch o t he ra nd t h en s e ti n f u r the rc up w i th al i d . Mea su remen t si n d i ca te t h a tt h ew e igh t sm ake u pa nA vo i rdupo i s p ound .T he s i x th n e s ted w e igh tw a s2 8 .29 g nn sw h i ch i so ne o unce A vo i rdupo i s( t he e xa c tv a lue i s2 8 .3495 g rm s ) . T he n e s tm ak e su p at o ta lo f 1p ound : t h et wo s ma l le s t w e igh t sw h ich a r ea bou te qua lw e igh 1 . 6g r am s( a bou t 1d r am A vo i rdupo i s ) ; t h ef i r s t f i ve w e igh t st h u sm ake a no unce ( 1+1+2+4+8=16 )a st h e re a r e 1 6d r am si na nA vo i r d upo i so unce ;t h er ema in ing f o u rw e igh t sm ake 1 5o unce s( 1+2+4+8 )w h ich ,t o ge the r w i th t h ef i r s tf i ve w e igh t s ,m ake at o ta lo f1 6o un ce so r 1p ound . Af l eu r -de l i si ss t amped i nt h eb a se o ft h ec up o fe a ch w e igh ta nd a l so o nt h et o po ft h es ma l le s tw e igh ta nd o n t h el i do ft h eb ox .T he b ox h ad ac omp l ica t ed l o ck ing o rc a t ch m e chan i sm w h ich h e ld t h el i di np l a ce ;i nt h i sc a se ,t h ec o r ro s ion o ft h em e ta lm ake si td i f f i cu l tt od e t e rm ine h ow ,e xa c t ly ,t h i sw o rked .N e s t ed w e igh t ss u ch a st h e se a r ek nown t oh ave b een m ade i nN ü rnbe rg a nd a r eo f ten r e f e r red to a sN ü rnbe rg w e igh t s . 1 64

P an w e igh t s BAT 6 28

1E 1

BAT 6 84

BAT 3 308 A round w e igh to fa bou t0 . 5o unce A vo i rdupo i s .

BAT 3 295

L. ) T h i si sas ma l l ,s qua re p an w e igh t w i th t h e f i gu re 1/ 2 s t amped i n t h e c en t re .I ti sn o tc e r ta in w ha tu n i tt h e h a lf r e f e r st os i nce i ti st o oh eavy t o b e ah a lf o unce o fe i the rt h eT roy o r A vo i rdupo i s .

BAT 3 296 A s qua re p an w e igh t w i th t h e f i gu re I Is t amped i nt h ec en t re .

I N EM I

R ing a nd c y l indr ica lw e igh ts BAT 5 69

T h i s t y pe o fl e ad o b je c t i so f ten m i s iden t i f ied a s a s t amp ,t h ea s sump t ion b e ing t h a tt h er od -shaped p a r ti sa h and le a nd t h ed i sk -shaped p a r ti st h es t amp .I ti s ,i nf a c t , t h el e ad c o re t oa ni r on ,r i ng topped w e igh t ,t h ei r on h av ing c omp le te ly c o r roded a way ,l e av ing j u s tt h el e ad p a r t .T h i s c an b es e en w he re t h ec u rved h o le i nt h el e ad d i sk wou ld h ave t a ken t h ei r on r i ng .T he ' + 'i nt h ec en t re i sp re sumab ly t h eR oman n ume ra l' X 'r e f e r r ing t ot e np on t .T he f l eu r -de l i s s t amp s a r e c ommon ly f ound o n w e igh t s a nd m ay b e e i the r ap roof ma rk t h a tt h ew e igh ti sa ccu ra te o r am a rk i n d i ca t ing t h a tt h ew e igh ti sA vo i rdupo i s .

A s BAT 5 69 , w i th o u tt h er od shaped p a r t , b u tw i th t h er i ng i mp re s s i on a nd t h ef l eu r -de l i s . T he f i gu re ' H IP p re s umab ly r e f e r s t o af ou r p on tw e igh t .

A s BAT 3 308 ,b u ti np oo r c ond i t ion .

BAT 5 57

BAT 3 272

Ar ound l e ad w e igh t w i th n os i gn o f ar i ng i m p re s s ion .P o s s ib ly t h ef i g u re ' I ' s t amped o n t h e t o p . 1 65

As ma l l ,round l e ad w e igh t w i th s t amped f l eu r -de l i sa nd t h ef i gu re ' I ' .

F la t ,s quare l e ad w e igh t s BAT 3 327 BAT 7 066

BAT3159

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7

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WR IT ING ACCESSOR IES P en a nd i nk s tand BAT 5 66

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T h is o b long s t and i sm ade o u to fl e ad a nd i so rnamen ted w i th s t amped d e co ra t ion o f ar a the rc r ude f o rm .T he s t and i so b long i ns hape ,w i th as qua re i n k -we l li nt h er i gh t -hand c o rne ra nd ar ound e nc lo su re i nt h el e f t -hand c o rne r ,p o s s ib ly t oh o ld ab o t t le .T he f r on tp a r th a s al o ng n a r row e nc lo su re ,p re sumab ly t oh o ld t h ep ens . B ras sw r i t ing p en BAT3590 T he p en i sm ade o u to fs hee tb ra s s ,r o l led i n to a

or e .

t u be .T he n ib i ss p l i ta nd t h e re a r es imp le ,e ng raved d e co ra t ions a r ound t h ep a r tw he re t h ep en w ou ld b e h e ld .

1 66

BAT 4 159

I nk -we l l BAT 7 065 T h is i s aw el -made , s ma l l i nk -wel ,w i th t r aces o f as c rew

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ea i , 1 3

t h read i nt h et o pi nd ica t ing t h a t i to r ig ina l ly h ad ac ap o fs ome s o r t .

-

-

1 -

- -._ -:

-, -.

BAT 4 048 _— S la te p enc i l BAT 4 205

BAT 4 202 T he se

4 1

s l a te

p enc i ls

w e re u sed f o rw r i t ing n o te s a nd c a lcu la t ions o n to a

BAT 4 028

p iece o fs l a te . S uch w r i t i ng w a s n on -pe rmanen t a nd c ou ld b ee a s i ly w iped o f ft h es l a te .

BAT 4 069

i at e l l e r

Hand les BAT 3 379

—

BAT 4 472 : _ = BAT 4 426

BAT 4 085

BAT 4 243

1 67

_

-W + , . .i

l , d e-

e g 3

MISCELLANEOUS AND UN IDENTIF IED MATERIAL R ings

B ras sf i t t ings BAT 3 717

BAT 3 224

BAT 3 618

L i z BAT 3 716

BAT 3 712

H inge mechan i sms BAT 3 134

T hese t wo i t ems c ou ld b ep a r to f as c rew lock s im i la r t ot h a ts hown i nP i t t -R ive r s ( 1883 :F ig . 8 2C -83C ) . BAT 3 580 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 3 104

i

i, ,n

/

b rass,

BAT 3 362

!

BAT 3 595 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 3 480

L ead f i t t ing s BAT 3 041

BAT 6 68

BAT 3 598

a

N Z

C opper t a cks BAT 3 484

L i 1 68

•I af t

BAT 3 465

B ook c l asp

Wooden o b jec to fu ncer ta in p urpo se

BAT 3 631 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 4 401

Wooden t urned a nd d ecora ted o b jec t BAT No n umber

Wooden p in BAT 4 211

Wooden b ow l BAT 6 445

1 69

S h ip ' ss upp l ies Whe t s tones a nd s harpen ing s t ones BAT 4 086

P o ss ib ly a rg i l l i te s em i -c i rcu la rs haped .E ng raved ma rk ing s . BAT 4 98A

BAT 4 061

BAT 4 98B

BAT 4 191

BAT 4 029

1 70

BAT 4 094A

BAT 4 175

BAT 4 030

.. .. .. . . . .

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S a i lc lo th BAT 4 515 ( SCALE 3 . 5 :1 a pprox . )

.

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BAT 4 460A ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

F ragmen to fj u te s a i lc lo th i np l a in w eave . T he a u tho ri sg ra tefu lt oR inske C a rf o rt h ei d en t i f ica -

F ragmen to fj u te s a i lc lo th i np l a in w eave .

t i on o ft h i sm a te r ia l .

1 71

L ead s i nkers BAT 3 692

BAT 3 038

BAT 3 721

BAT 7 108

BAT No n umber

BAT 6 07A

BAT 3 483

BAT 4 15A

A

BAT 6 07

BAT 5 28

BAT 6 14

P ew ter b o t t le tops BAT 3 344

BAT 3 421

BAT 3 255

C ase b o t t le b ase BAT 3 56

BAT 3 445

BAT 3 285

BAT 3 466

BAT 3 314

BAT 3 466

BAT 3 319

BAT 3 286

B o t t le n ecks BAT 4 092

BAT 3 172

BAT 3 299

BAT 3 374

BAT 4 004

r•

1 73

P er sona li t ems L ace b obb in s ( s ee a l so l a ce u nder c l o th ing p .1 77 ) BAT 6 351 BAT 6 352

S ew ing t h imb le s BAT 3 183

BAT 3 238

_

CD P ins BAT 3 377

• •••

BAT 3 632 L ace i r on BAT 6 57 L ace e nds BAT 3 074

( 3

"

T he se b ra ss f i t t ing s ,o rn es te l s ,w e re u sed t of i n i sh t h e e nd so fl a cewo rk .T hey c an b es een i nm any c on tempo ra ry p a in t ing so fp eop le 's d re s s . B u t tons BAT 5 65A

D r ink ing b eaker s BAT 4 497 a nd BAT 4 498

BAT 4 148

BAT 4 581

1

BAT 4 488

T he se b eake r sa r e s im i la rt ot h eb eake r s d e sc r ibed b y T a i t ( 1 967 ) f r om t h e S ou th N e the r land s . T he b eake r BAT 4 148 h a s t h e s ame c heque r -pa t te rn a nd t h e d i s t inc t ive ` k ick -up 'a nd am i l led e dge t ot h eb a se .T he p a t te rn o f BAT 4 488 i sl e s sr e gu la rt h an s ome o ft h ee xamp les g iven b yT a i t .I tmay a l so b et h a tt h es ma l lg l a s sp n in ti nt h ef o rm o fa l i on 's h ead ( ? )s u r rounded b yd o t s BAT 4 078 b e long st ot h e se b eake r s .

BAT 4 078 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

P la in b uck le s BAT 5 61

BAT 3 346

BAT 3 566

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I

BAT 3 199

BAT 4 95

D /

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.

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,

D ecora ted b uck le s BAT 5 61A

BAT 3 39

. . , . , 1I

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.

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. . , . „ , . .

BAT 3 447

„ . e . . ‘ , . › . . , . , : . •

BAT 3 511

.

I .

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• : • . •.

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S l ides a nd b e l te nds BAT 3 50 BAT 5 61

BAT 6 94

BAT 3 511A

BAT 3 504A

G 01 BAT 3 594

T h i ss i lve rb e l te nd i ss im i la rt oo ne i lus t ra ted i nt h ep a in t ing o fJ an P ie t e rz .C oen i nt h e We s t f r ie s Museum , H oo rn .I nt h ep a in t ing t h es i lve rb e l te nd i sa t ta ched t o ab a ld r ic o rs hou lde rs t rap h e lp ing t os uppo r tt h es wo rd a nd s cabba rd . 1 75

S ea l s BAT 3 42 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

Meda l l ion BAT 3 429

B ra s s s e a l w i th t h e i n sc r ip t ion TANGER - MUNDE a nd t h er ep re sen ta t ion o fa na nge l .I ti sq ue s t ionab le i ft h i s i s ,i nf a c t , as ea la ta l l ,a st h el e t te r sa r en o ti nr eve r se .T he s hape a nd s t y le i ss im i la rt o as e a l .T he m ean ing o fT ange r Munde i so b scu re .

B ra s s b adge , p o s s ib ly a h a tb adge f r om o ne o ft h es o l d i e r su n ifo rm s ,w i th C oa to f A rms o fP r ince Mau r ice N a s s au o f t h eH ou se o fO range .

BAT 3 274 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 4 239 C hes sp i ece BAT 4 452 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

T h is s ea l i sp o s s ib ly o ne b e long ing t ot h ep r ed ikan t , G i jsbe r tB a s t iaen s ,o nb oa rd t h eB a tav ia .T he i n sc r ip t ion GOB i si nr eve r se a nd t h e re i sa ne nc i r c led c r o s sb e tween t h e l e t te r s . T he i v o ry , o r b one , h and le ( BAT 4 239 ) i s p robab ly as e a lh o lde rf o rt h i s ,o rf o r as im i la rs ea l .T he s ea l w ou ld h ave b een a t tached t ot h el owe re nd o ft h eh o lde r , t h es c rew -f i t t ing k nob a tt h et o pm ay h ave h e ld w ax o rp ig m en tt h a tw a su sed i nc on junc t ion w i th t h es e a l .( No te t h a t t h es ca le so ft h et wo i lu s t ra t ion sa r ed i f f e ren t . )

1 76

Wooden , t u rned o b j e c t ,p o s s ib ly ac he s sp i ece o r s ome o the rg am ing p i ece .

C lo th ing T he a u tho ri sg ra tefu lt oR inske C a rf o rt h ei d en t i f ica t ion o ft h ec l o th ing ma te r ia l . BAT 4 492 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

L ace f r agmen t sf ound i ni r on c onc re t ion .T he l a ce h a s b een i d en t if ied a s I t al ian b obb in l a ce m ade f r om l i nen f i b re .T he l a ce w a sf i r s tf ound p ro t rud ing f r om ap i ece o f c onc re t ion , l o ca ted i n s ide t h e b a rbe r 's b ow l s . T he l a ce w a sf r eed f r om t h ec onc re t ion b yc a refu l mechan ica le x c ava t ion .I tw a sh eav i ly s t a ined w i th d i r ta nd o t he rc o r ro s i on p roduc t s .I tw a sc l eaned b yh and u nde r am ic ro scope u s ing a f i ne p robe , e n tomo log ica l p ins a nd d e ion ized w a te rt or emove t h ep a r t ic le sa nd t h en s oaked i n 7% d i lu t e o xa l ic a c id s o lu t ion a nd f i na l ly n eu t ra l ized w i th d e ion i z ed w a te r . BAT ( BI )5 5( SCALE 2 :1 )

C lo th ing f r agmen to fn avy -co lou red w oo l t w i l l f r om l a nd s i te o n B eacon I s land . T h i s f r agmen ti si d en t ica lt o BAT 3 131 f r om t h ep a t ch b ox . 1 77

BAT 4 460 ( SCALE 3 :1 )

F ragmen to fl awn af i ne l i nen r e semb l ing c amb r ic ) .P la in w eave ,u n iden t i f i ab le f i b re .

BAT 4 447 ( SCALE 3 :1 )

F ragmen t s o fs i lk k n i t t ing w i th f r agmen t so fp u r lp a t te rn .F ragmen t ( r igh t ) i sp os s ib ly as t ock ing s how i ng t h es eam n ex tt ot h eh ee l .

1 78

S upp l ie sf or t he C ompany i nt he I nd ies T he B a tav ia p or t ico

F igu re 4 3 . One o ft h eb u i ld ing b lock s l y ing o n t h ee dge o ft h e e xpo sed h u l l t imbe r s , n o te t h e ma son 's ma rk ` B 6 ' .

T he e xcava t ion o ft he p or t ico f a çade When t h eB a tav ia s i te w a sf i r s td i scove red i n1 963 ,o ne o f t h e f i r s t g roup s o f i t ems o b se rved o n t h e s i te w a s a n umbe ro fs haped s t one b u i ld ing b l ock s .I tw a ss ugge s ted , a tt h et ime ,t h a tt h eb lock sw e re a' f açade f o ra ni mpo r tan t b u i ld ing i nt h eE a s tI nd ie sa nd t h ey w e re s h ipp ing i to u tt o J ava a sb a l la s ta boa rd t h eB a tav ia ' ( Edwa rd s , 1 966 ) .T h is o b se rva t ion w a sr ema rkab ly a s tu t e ,a sl a te rw o rk s howed t h a t t h e se b lock s d id , i n deed , m ake u p af a çade f o r a n i mpo r tan tb u i ld ing i nB a tav ia . D ur ing t h e1 972 -76 e xcava t ion ,1 37 s haped s and s tone b u i ld ing b lock sw e re r e cove red f r om t h es i te .E ach b lock w a sr a i sed b yw inch f r om t h ew reck s i te ,o n to t h ee xped i t i on w o rkboa t . T he b lock s w e re t h en t r an spo r ted t ot h e Museum 's b a se c amp o n an ea rby i s land ,w he re t h ey w e re u n loaded f o rs t o rage u n t i lt h ee nd o ft h ee xcava t ion .I na l l , 3 7t onne so fb lock sw e re r a i sed .I ts oon b e came a ppa ren t t h a tt h eb lock sf o rmed p a r to f ap o r t ico f a çade . Ma tch ing b a se sa nd c ap i ta l sa nd h a lf d rums f o rt h ec o lumns s howed ac l a ss ic T uscan o rde r . P a r t s o ft h ep ed imen t w e re a l so i d en t if ied .B ecau se t h ei n d iv idua lb l ock sw e re s oh eavy , i n i t ia la t temp t so nt h ei s land st om a t ch t h eb lock sa nd make at h eo re t ica lr e con s t ruc t ion w e re d i sappo in t ing .H oweve r , w hen t h eb lock sw e re b rough tt ot h e Ma r i t ime A rchaeo l o gy D epa r tmen ta tF reman t le , af o rk l if tt r uck w a su sed t o h and le t h eb lock s .W i th t h i s ,i tw a sp o ss ib le t oe r ec ts ma l l s e c t ion s o ft h e f a cade ( F ig . 4 5 ) , a nd t r y o u t v a r iou s a p p roa che s ,t od e te rm ine h ow t h ep o r t ico w a sc ons t ruc ted . Ma son s ' ma rk s ( B2 t oB 8 ) o n t h e d rums i nd ica ted t h e s equence f o rt h ec o lumns ,a nd i tb ecame o bv iou st h a tt h e c o lumn sc on s is ted o fa l te rna t ing l a ye r so fh a lf -d rums w i th t wo f l ank ing b lock sa nd q ua r te r -b lock sw i th t h ef l ank ing

t h es em i -c i rcu la ra r ch b e tween t h ec o lumn s .A sw o rk p ro g re s sed ,i tb ecame o bv iou st h a t af u l lr e cons t ruc t ion w a s p o s s ib le . S ix s t range ,b ronze o b jec t s w e re f ound o n t h ew reck s i te .T he se a r et h ough tt ob ed oo rp in t le st h a tw ou ld h ave b een s e tb e tween t h el a ye r so ft h ep o r t ico ,a tt h et op ,i nt h e m idd le a nd a tt h eb o t tom ,t oa c ta sh inge sf o rt h e ma s s ive w ooden d oo r s . A sn o ma tch ing g imba l sw e re f ound ,i ti s l i ke ly t h a ts ocke t sw ou ld h ave b e en c u ti n to t h ew ood o ft h e d oo r st h em se lve s . A tt h e t ime t h a t wo rk w a s p rog re s s ing o n t h er e con s t ruc t ion o ft h ep o r t ico , an ew Ma r i t ime Mu seum w a s i n t h ep l ann ing s t age .T he o ld ,h i s to r ic C omm i s sa r ia tB u i ld i n gi nF reman t le ,d a t ing f r om 1 851 , w a sb e ing r e nova ted t oh ou se ar e con s truc t ion o ft h eB a tav ia t imbe r sa nd t oa c t a s amu seum ,i na s soc ia t ion w i th o f f ice sf o rt h e Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy D epa r tmen ta nd C onse rva t ion L abo ra to ry .I t w a s ,t h e re fo re ,d ec ided t or ebu i ld t h ep o r t ico f a çade o nt h e i n s ide w a l lo ft h eg a l le ry w h ich w a st oh ou se t h eB a tav ia . H e re , o n t h e s ou th w a l l , t h e p ropo r t ions o f t h e f a çade w ou ld m a tch t h ew a l lo ft h eb u i ld ing a nd p l ea san t ly f r ame a ne x i s t ing d oo rway ( F ig .4 6 ) . T he re w a s ,h oweve r , as t ruc tu ra lp rob lem . T he re w a s c once rn t h a tt h eb l ock s may n o ts t and u pt ob ea r ing w e igh t , p a r t icu la r ly a st h es and s tone w a sr a the rs of t .I tw a sd e c ided t h a te a ch b lock s hou ld b ei n d iv idua l ly s uppo r t ed . Ac om p l ex , s t ee l , s uppo r t ing f r amewo rk w a s c on s t ruc ted , w i th t wo d oub le p i l la r ss uppo r t ing t h ew ho le p o r t ico .E ach h a l f c o lumn d rum w a s moun ted o n as t ee lp la te ,w h ich ,i nt u rn , w a sw e lded t ot h ec o lumns .T he a r ch u nde rt h ep ed imen t w a s s uppo r ted i n as im i la r manne r . I n mo s t c a se s , t h e b lock st h a tw e r es e cu re w e re s imp ly p l aced i nt h es uppo r t i n gf r amewo rk ,b u tb lock st h a tw e re l oo se o ri n se cu re w e re p inned t ot h es t ee ls uppo r tf o ra dd i t iona ls e cu r i ty .T hu s ,n o b lock w a s w e igh t -bea r ing , t h e l o ad o f t h e b lock a bove b e ing t a ken b yt h es t e e lp l a te s .

b lock sa t tached .T hu s ,t h el a ye r so ft h ec o lumn sa l te rna ted b e tween o ne w i th av e r t ica l s p l i td own t h ec en t re o ft h e d rum a nd o ne w i thou t as p l i t .T he p ed imen t ,h oweve r , wa s u nma rked a nd h ad t ob ef i t ted b yt r i a la nd e r ro r .O nce t h e s i ze o ft h ep ed imen tw a sd e te rm ined ,i tw a sp o ss ib le t of i t 1 79

F igu re 4 4 . Ad e ta i lo ft h e s i te p ho tomosa ic s how ing t h eb u i ld ing b lock a r ea p r io rt oe xcava t ion .

F i gu r e4 5 . E xp e r imen ta lr e con s t ruc t ion w o rk o nt h ec o lumn s p r ior t ot h em a in r e con s t ruc t ion . 1 80

P or t ico d oor p i n t les T he f o l low ing s how t wo o ft h es i xs e t so fb ronze p i n t le sf r om t h es i te ,t h ough tt ob ef o rt h ed oo r sf o rt h ep o r t ico . BAT 3 861 ( SCALE 1 : 4 )

BAT 3 860 ( SCALE 1 : 4 )

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F igu re 4 6 . T he p o r t ico f a çade r e con s t ruc ted i n t h e B a tav ia G ale ry w i th t h e r e con s t ruc t ion t e am i n t h e f o re g round .

T he h i s tory o ft he p or t ico A rch iva lr e sea rch w as c a r r ied o u tt od e te rm ine w ha t t h e f a çade w a s i n tended f o r i n t h e I nd ie s . T he mo s t i mpo r tan td ocumen tw h ich p rov ide st h i si n fo rma t ion i st h e j ou rna lo ft h ev oyage so fP ie te rv an d en B roecke i nA s ia ( Coo lhaa s , 1 963 ) .V an d en B roecke a r r ived i nB a tav ia o n t h e 1 9J une 1 629 ,a nd ,o nt h e 7J u ly ,r e co rd st h ea r r iva lo f P e l sae r t i n t h e s h ip 's b oa t . Wh i le P e l sae r t w a s a way e f f ec t ing t h er e scue o ft h es u rv ivo r so ft h eB a tav ia ‚ t h ec i ty o fB a tav ia w a sa t tacked b ya na rmy f r om Ma t ram . A dd i t i ona l ly ,o nt h e2 0S ep tembe r , t h e Governo rG ene ra lJ an P ie te r sz .C oen d i ed . When P e l sae r ta nd t h es u rv ivo r so ft h e B a tav ia f i na l ly a r r ived b ack a tB a tav ia o n 5D e cembe r , 1 629 ,t h ew a rw a so ve r .A l lt h e se e ven t sw e re r e co rded b y P ie te rv an d en B roecke i nh i sj our na l ,a nd h ed epa r ted f o r t h eN e the r land so nt h e1 8D ecemb e r .F o l low ing h i sr e tu rn t ot h eN e the r land s ,v an d en B roecke p ub l i shed ,i n1 634 ,a j ou rna lo fh i sv oyage s .T h is f e a tu red an umbe ro fi lu s t ra t i on s e ng raved b y A . Ma tham , f r om v an d en B roecke 's o r ig ina ls ke tche s .O ne o ft h e se d ep ic t s ab i rd 's -eye v i ew o f t h ec a s t le a nd t own o fB a tav ia i nl a te 1 629 , s how ing t h e Wa terpoor to rs ea -ga te i n comp le te ,w i th s ca f fo ld ing a nd a l a dde ri np l ace ( F ig .4 7 ) .T h is i se x t reme ly e n l igh ten ing , s i nce t h e s c ene s hows t h e c i ty a tt h e t ime o ft h e s i ege .

T he c a s t le h a s a n i n te re s t ing h i s to ry a nd t h e re a r e a n umbe ro fp l ans t h a ts how t h ed eve lopmen to ft h ec i ty a s w e l l a s t h e c a s t le . I n O c tobe r , 1 618 , C oen d ec ided t o r e loca te t h e C ompany 's h eadqua r te r s f r om B an tam t o J aca t ra w he re i ta l ready h ad a s t one p ackhou se n amed N a s sau . H e re , an ew , mo re s o l id c on s t ruc t ion w a sb u i l t , n amed Mau r i t iu s . F o l low ing p rob lem sw i th t h eE ng l i sh , w ho h ad a ne s tab l i shmen to nt h ew e s ts i de o ft h er i ve r ,a nd t h e Ma t ramese ,C oen p ropo sed t ot h eH ee ren XV I It h a ta n ew c a s t le s hou ld b eb u i l t .H i sp lan ,d a t ed 1 619 ,s u rv ive s ( A lgemeen R i jk sa rch ie f VEL -1176 -G79204 a nd V e ren ig i n g K o lon iaa l I n s t i tuu t , 1 919 : N o .1 ) a nd g i ve s t h e p ro p o sed n ew e x t en s ion s . A no the rm ap ,d a t ing f r om a r ound 1 623 ,s how st h en ew c a s t le w i th t h el a nd -ga te f a c ing s ou th t owa rd s t h e ma in p a r to ft h e n ew w a l led c i ty . I ti sc l ea r f r om t h em ap t h a tt h en o r th ,s eawa rd w a l l so ft h ec a s t le a r e u nf in i shed ( Un ive r s i te i t sb ib l io the ek L e iden , C o l lec t ie B ode lN i jenhu i s ,1 -10 -34 a nd V e ren ig ing K o lon iaa lI n s t i t u u t , 1 919 :N o .2 ) .B y 1 627 ,t h ec i ty h ad e xpanded s ou th w a rd s ,a sc an b es een i nt h eh eav i ly r e s to red p l an o ft h ec i ty

C lea r ly ,n oo ne w ou ld h ave a nu nf in i shed g a teway w i thou t ar e a son ,a nd i ts ugge s t st h a tt h ep o r t ico c ou ld h ave b een

i nt h e We s t f r ie s Mu seum a tH oo rn .T he o l dc a s t le o rf o r t o f 1 616 c an b es een a t tached t ot h ew e s ts i de o ft h en ew c a s t le .T he f ou rb a s t ion sS aph ie r( NE ) ,R ob i jn ( SE ) ,D ia m an t ( SW ) a nd P aa r l ( NW ) a r ej o ined b y e a r th c u r ta in w a l l s ,w i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h en o r th s i de ,b e tween P aa r l

d e s t ined f o rt h i sg a teway .

a nd S aph ie r ,w he re t h e re i sn oo bv iou sw a l l ,b u t ap a l i sade . 1 82

F igu r e4 7 . V iew o ft h et own o fB a tav ia f r om P ie t e rv an d en B roecke d rawn i n1 629 a nd p ub l i shed i nh i sj ou rna l .

I tw a s i n t ended t h a t as ub s tan t ia l s t one b u i ld ing w ou ld c onnec tt h eb a s t ion sS aph ie ra nd P a a r ! .T he l a nd b a s t ion s w e r eb u i l to fc o ra ll i me s tone a nd i ti sc l ea rt h a tt h ec a s t le w a si n i t ia l ly d e s igned f o rd e f en se f r om l a nd a t ta ck .T he s e awa rd b a s t ion sw e re s t reng thened j u s tp r io rt ot h ew a r w i th t h e Ma t rame se ,a nd aw ooden f e nce o rl i gh tp a l i sade w a se r e c t ed i nt h es e ar unn ing f r om t h er i ve r mou th t ot h e NE c o rne r o ft h e c a s t le . T he s i tua t ion d u r ing t h e w a ri s s hown i n an umbe ro fm ap s :F lo r i sB e rk e roode 3Ma r ch , 1 629 ( A lgeme en R i jk sa r ch ie f VEL -1178 -G79204 , V e r e n ig ing K o lon iaa lI n s t i tuu t , 1 9 19 : N o . 4 ) ,J a cob C uyck , 1 629 ( t wo m ap s , A lgemeen R i jk sa r ch ie f VEL 1179a G 7920 4 ,V e ren ig ing K o lon iaa lI n s t i tuu t ,1 919 :N o .5 ) ,v an d en B roecke ,1 629 ( Coo lhaa s ,1 963 )a nd G .V enan t ,1 629 ( Ve r een ig ing K o lon iaa l I n s t i tuu t , 1 9 19 : N o . 9 ) . A s i n t i m a t ed a bove ,t h e re i ss t rong e v iden ce t os ugge s tt h a tt h e f a çade w a s d e s t ined f o r t h e Wa t erpoor t o ft h e c a s t le o f B a tav ia . Ag o ld p endan t( F ig .4 8 ) ,m ade t oc ommemo ra te t h e C h ine se c on t r ibu t ion t o t h e d e f ea t o f t h e a rmy o f Ma t ram , c l ea r ly s how s t h e c omp le ted Wa t e rpoor t ( d e H aan , 1 9 19 : G 8 ) . T he p endan tw a sd a t ed 2 5 N ovembe r 1 632 w h i ch g i ve sa ni n d i ca t ion o ft h ed a te f o rt h ec omp le -

t i on o ft h e Wa t erpoor t .V a len t i jn ( 1 724 -6 :242 )d e sc r ibe s t h ec a s t le i ng r ea td e ta i la nd ,i n t e re s t ing ly ,s t a te st h a tt h e Wa t erpoor tw a s i n s c r ibed o n t h ei n s ide o ft h e g a te w i th ANNO MDCXXX ,i n d i ca t ing t h a ti tw a sc omp le t ed w i th in ay ea ro ft h el o s so ft h eB a tav ia .T he L andpoor to rl a nd g _ a te w a sd a t ed ANNO MDCXXX I .I ti so bv iou st h a t an ew p o r t ico c ou ld n o th ave b een o rde r ed i nB a tav ia a nd d e l iv e r ed w i th in t h i r t een mon th s ; P e l sae r t d i d n o t r e tu rn t o B a tav ia u n t i l D ecembe r . I ti sp o ss ib le , t h ough u n l ike ly , t h a t t h e G ove rno r G ene ra l m igh t h ave g ue s sed t h a t t h e p o r t ico w a sl o s tw hen P e l sae r tf i r s tb rough tt h en ew so ft h e l o s s i nJ u ly . A mo re r e a sonab le e xp lana t ion i st h a tt wo p o r t ico sw e re s en tt ot h eI nd ie s ,o ne f o rt h e Wa t erpoor ta nd o ne ,o na no the rs h ip ,f o rt h eL andpoor t .F rom V a len t i jn 's d a te s ,i ts e ems t h a tt h e Wa t erpoor tw a st h ef i r s tt ob eb u i l t a nd ,i tm ay b ec on je c tu red ,t h a ta no the rw a sr e -o rde red f o r t h e L andpoor t , w h ich a cco rd ing t oV a len t i jn w a s c om p l e t ed i n1 631 .T hu st h ep o r t ico o nt h eB a tav ia c ou ld h ave b een f o rt h eL andpoor to rt h e Wa t erpoor t .T he m a rk ing s ' B 'o nt h ec o lumn s ,a l so s ugge s tt h a tt h e re m ay h ave b e en t wo p o r t ico s ,a nd t h a tt h eo t he rw ou ld h ave h ad t h ep r ef ix ' A ' .

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F igu re 4 8 . A meda l l ion s t ruck i n1 630 t oc o mmemora te t h ea s s i s tance o ft h eC h ine se i n t h ec on s truc t ion o ft h ed ef en s ive w a l l s o fB a tav ia d u r ing t h es i ege o f1 629 , n o te t h e Wa te rpoor ti sc omp le te ( d eH aan , 1 919 : G 8 ) .

T he re a r e ,a dd i t iona l ly , an umbe ro fb lock st h a td on o t f i t i n to t h e r e con s t ruc t ion . I n p a r t icu la r , t h e re a r e e i gh t s ma l l b lock s t h a t f o rm t wo a nnu l i . T he se a r e p o s s ib ly w indow sf o rt h ee n t rance .T he re i sa ne xce l len ti lu s t ra t ion o ft h en o r th f a ce o ft h ec a s t le o fB a tav ia i nt h eV ingboom s A t la s( F ig .4 9 ) ,o fu nce r ta in d a te b u tp o s s ib ly 1 630 -1640 , s how ing t h e Wa t erpoor t w i th p o r t ico f a çade o f a lmo s t i d en t ica l d e s ign t o t h e f a çade f r om t h e w reck o f t h e B a tav ia ( A lgemeen R i jk sa rch ie f VELH -619 -32 -G79204 ) . O n t h ee x te r io re a s ts i de o ft h e Wa t erpoor tm ay b e s e en f ou rw indow s ,t wo t oe ach f l oo r ,i nd ica t ing t h a tt h e re w a s ar oom ,p o s s ib ly ag ua rd -hou se , f l ank ing t h e t u nne lt h a t w ou ld h ave f o rmed t h e e n t rance . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e se a nnu l iw e re f o ra no b se rva t ion w indow o r ag unpo r t . I n l a te r y ea r s , t h e Wa t erpoor t b ecame t h e m a in e n t r ance t o t h e c a s t le a nd t h e c i ty o f B a tav ia , p o s s ib ly b e cau se t h ea cce s st ot h eL andpoor tv i at h er i ve rb ecame mo re d i f f icu l ta st h e s ea sho re s i l ted u p . I n 1 629 , t h e s ea

r e ached t h e n o r th w a l l o ft h e c a s t le . B y 1 780 , t h e r i ve r mou th w a sn ea r ly ak i lome t re a way .T he V ingbooms A t la s ( F ig .4 9 )c l ea r ly s how st h a tt h ec r ane h ad b een moved f r om t h es ou th s i de o ft h ec a s t le t ot h en o r th a nd t h a t ac ana lh ad b een d ug t h rough f r om t h er i ve rt op rov ide a cce ss t ot h e Wa t erpoor t . T he o ld L andpoor t w a s e ven tua l ly d emo l i s hed ,t o ge the rw i th t h es ou th w a l l o ft h ec a s t le s i nce t h e c i ty w a l l sa nd f o r t if ica t ion sm ade t h ed e f ence so nt h es ou th s i de o ft h ec a s t le r edundan t .T he Wa terpoor tw a sr ebu i l ti n 1 756 i n amo re m agn if icen ts t y le a si lu s t ra ted i n F ig .5 0 ( d eH aan , 1 922 :K 9 )a nd t h ec a s t le w a l ls w e re f i na l ly d i s m an t led i n1 809 ,s ot h a tt o day n o th ing r ema ins o ft h ec a s t le o r Wa terpoor t . T he V .O .C . b u i l t many c a s t le s a nd f o r t s t h roughou t t h e I nd ie s . O ne o ft h e mo s t f amous w a s t h e C a s t le N ieuwe V ic to r ia a t Ambon , w he re aWa t erpoor t s t i l ls u rv ive st o day .T he d e s ign o ft h e Ambon Wa t erpoor t i sv e ry s im i la rt ot h eL andpoor ta tB a tav ia ,d e sc r ibed b y V a len t i jn ( 1 724 -6 ) a sh av ing t h e A rm s o fB a tav ia a tt h e

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F igu re 4 9 . V iew o ft h et own o fB a tav ia f r om t h eV ingboom 's A t la sd a ted f r om t h em id -1630 s ,s how ing t h e Wa te rpoo r tw i th t h e c omp le ted p o r t ico ,n o t et h a tt h ec r ane h a sb een moved t ot h es eawa rd s i de o ft h ec a s t le a nd as ma l lc ana lh a sb e en d ug t oe nab le s ma l lv e s se l st ob eu n loaded i nf r on to ft h eg a teway (Mgemeen R i jk sa rch ie f VELH -619 -32 -G79204 ) .

O n t h e f o l low ing p age s , as e le c t ion o f t h e c o lumn b lock sa r ei lu s t ra ted ,s how ing t h ev a r iou sm a son 's m a rk s t h a ti n d ica te t h er e spe c t ive l e ve l so nt h ec o lumn .I nm any c a se s , t h e re a r e s cou r m a rk s o n t h e b lock s w h ich w e re a lmo s t c e r ta in ly c au sed b y s and a b ra s ion o n t h e w reck s i te .T he c on s tan t movemen to fs a nd b ackwa rd sa nd f o r w a rd s a c ro s s t h e s u r f ace o ft h eb lock s c au sed , i ns ome c a se s ,d eep g ouge s . I ti so bv iou s ly b eyond t h e s cope o f t h is w o rk t oi lu s t ra te e ach b lock i nd iv idua l ly .

c en t re a nd s u r rounded b yt h eA rm so ft h eC hambe r so ft h e V .O .C .( De lf t ,R o t te rdam , Ams te rdam ,M idd lebu rg ,H oo rn a nd E nkhu isen ) . Mo re t h an t e n t h ou sand n ew a r r iva l s f r om t h eh ome l a nd a r e s a id t oh ave d i semba rk ed i nf r on to ft h e Wa ter p oo r ta tB a tav ia a nd m a r ched t h rough i t ,i n to t h ec a s t le .F o r m any ,i tw a st h eg a teway t o am i se rab le e x i s t ence ,b u tf o r s ome t o ag l o r iou s f u tu re . F o r o f f ic ia l s a nd C ompany s e rvan t s r e tu rn ing h ome , i tw a s at i me f o r c e leb ra t ion s , f e s t iv i t ie s ,t o a s t s ,a nd c annon s a lu t e s .I th a sb een s a id t h a t t h e Wa t erpoor t s aw t h e a r r iva l o f m any t h ou sand s o f ' g re en ' r e c ru i t s , a nd t h e d epa r tu re o f c on s ide rab ly l e ss ' v e te ran s ' , many w i th e x t reme ly f l o r id c omp lex ions .

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BAT 1 047 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 1 050 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 114 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 1 058 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

1 86

BAT 1 039 ( SCALE 1 : 5 )

BAT 1 037 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 1 057 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 1 035 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

18 7

BAT 1 052 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 1 020 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 1 000 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 1 066 ( SCALE 1 : 5 )

BAT 113 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

1 88

BAT 1 043 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 1 079 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

BAT 1 069 ( SCALE 1 :5 )

1 89

F igu r e5 0 . T he n ew Wa t e rpoo r tb u i l ti nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry t or ep la ce t h eo r ig ina l( de H aan , 1 922 :K 9 ) .

B r icks A bou t8 , 000 s ma l lb u i ld ing b r i ck sw e re r e cove r ed f r om t h ew re ck s i te a nd t h ei n s ide r e e fa r ea .T he b r ick sv a r ied i nc o lou r ,r a ng ing i nt h ree b a s ic t y pe s : ap a le y e l low , ap i nk -b rown a nd ag r ey .W i th in t h e t h ree g r oup s t h e re w a s c on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion i nt h ec o lou rr a nge a nd i ns ome c a se st h eb ody o ft h eb r ick sh ad am ix tu re o ft h et h ree c o lou r s , a si ft h ec l ay h ad n o tb een p rope r ly m ixed .T he s i ze o ft h eb r i ck sa ve raged 1 82 ±5mm l o ng b y8 4 ±3mm w ide b y 3 7± 1mm t h ick .T he se m ea su remen t sa r es l igh t ly l a rge rt h an t h eb r i ck sr e cove r ed f r om t h eV ergu ld eD raeck w re ck s i t ew he re t h es ame d imen s ion sw e re 1 76 mm b y7 6 mm b y3 4 mm .T he V e rgu ld eD raeck b r ick sw e re a l lo ft h ey e l low b od ied t y pe a nd w e re t e n ta t ive ly i d en t i f ied a sU se l s t een o rG oud s e s teen .L a rge q uan t i t ie so fb r ick sw e r es e n te a ch y e a r t ot h eI nd ie s .I n1 653 ,3 00 ,000 b r ick sw e re r eque s ted a nd t h e se o rde r si n c luded V r i es c l i jnk er t ,g rauw el e i j t sm oppen , l e i j t sc l i j ne g rauwe c l ünk er ta nd G ou t se c l i jnke r t .T he b r ick sm ade a ne xce l len tp ay ing b a l la s ta nd w ou ld ,n od oub t , h ave b e en u sed i nt h ev a r iou sb u i ld ing p rog ramme st a k ing p l a ce i nB a tav ia d u r ing t h i sp e r iod .

1 90

T rade i t em s UNCERTA IN TRADE B ronze man i l las BAT 3 583

BAT 3 257

BAT 3 259

u < 2 5 z )

BAT 3 399

e lv ien meg lie

T he se o b jec t sa r et h ough tt ob e man i l la s ,o r ig ina l ly as l ave t oken o ru n i to f money .T hey a r ek nown t oh ave b een u sed a st oken si nt h el a te 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th c en tu r ie si n We s tA f r ica . T he i rp re sence o nt h eB a tav ia c anno tb ee xp la ined .T hey d or e semb le e xamp le so fm an i l la s ,a l though t h e We s tA f r ican e xamp le sh ave ad i f f e ren tt r ea tmen to ft h ee nd s ,h av ing at r umpe t -shaped e nd s ,w i thou to rnamen ta t ion a nd t h ey a r ea l so l a rge r .I ns ome c a se s ,t h ey w e re l a rge e nough t ow ea r . I ti sd i f f icu l tt oe xp la in w ha t aV .O .C . s h ip o ft h ee a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry w ou ld b ed o ing w i th We s tA f r ican s l ave t oken s ; V .O .C .s h ip sd id v i s i tt h e We s tA f r ican c oa s t ,a nd t h e re i sm en t ion t h a tt h eB a tav ia v i s i ted S i e r ra L eone ( a l though i ti s n o tc e r ta in t h a tt h es h ip s t opped t h e re ) .T he n umbe r sf ound o nt h es i te s ugge s tt h a tt h ey w e re n o tm e re ly c u r io sc o l le c t ed b y t h e c r ew . O n t h e o the r h and , t h ey a r e n o t r e co rded o n o t he r V .O .C . s h ipw reck s , n o r a r e t h ey men t ioned i nt h e r equ i s i t ion l i s t so ft h et ime .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h ey a r en o ts l ave t okens a ta l l ,b u th ave s ome o t he rp u rpo se .T he o rna te a nd i n t r ica te t r ea tmen to ft h ee nd s ugge s t s ad eco ra t ive f unc t ion , s i nce i tr e semb le sa na n ima l 's f oo t .

L ead b a le s ea l s L ead b a le s ea l sw e re w ide ly u sed t os e a lb a le so fc l o th t og i ve a na pp rova lo rq ua l i ty ma rk t ot h eg ood s .T hey c on s i s ted o ft wo d i sk st h a tc ou ld b ec l ipped t h rough t h ec l o th a nd f a s tened t o ge the ra nd t h en s t amped o nb o th s i de s .T he m anuf ac tu re o ff a b r ics i n vo lved an umbe ro fd i f f e ren tp roce sse sf r om t h ew eav ing t ot h ef i na lw a sh ing .E a ch s t age w a s s ub jec tt ot h es upe rv i s ion o fi n spec to r so ft h ec l o th g u i ld . When a pp roved ,t h e se s ma l lb a le s ea l sw e re a t ta ched t ot h e c l o th ,a nd c ou ld d eno t eq ua l i ty ,l e ng th ,t own o fo r ig in o rt h es h ippe r( i nt h i sc a se t h eV .O .C . )T he l e ng th o ft h er o l lw a s o cca s iona l ly s t amped o nt h es e a l ;t h e re a r et wo e xamp le so f` 4L ' ( BAT 3 335 a nd BAT 7 042 )w h ich w ou ld s how t h a t

How t he s ea li su sed

BAT 7 055 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 7 042 ( SCALE 1 :1 )

BAT 3 335 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

1 91

BAT 3 037 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 3 216 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 3 313 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 3 305 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 7 096 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 3 037A ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 3 824 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 7 003 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 7 056 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

BAT 3 237

t h e l e ng th w a s f ou r e l ls . BAT 7 055 h a s i n sc r ibed l i ne s s ugge s t ing t h e n umbe r 2 3 ( made u p o f l i nes r ep re sen t ing 1 0+10+1+1+1 ) . BAT 7 056 h a st h et r ace so ft h ew o rd s' LONDON S TALL 'a round t h ee dge o ft h es i de w i th t h en umbe r ' 1 'a nd am adde rb ag i nt h ec en t re .T he ' s ta l l 'o rs t ae l m a rk w a st h ef i na lG u i ld ma rk a f f ixed t ot h ec l o th i na ica t ing i t ' s d eg ree o rr ank ;t h e ' 1 ' m ean tt h a ti th ad b een w a shed o nce i nw oad , ap a le b lue d ye . T he f i gu re s ' PM T (? )W ' w e re p o s s ib ly ap e r son 's i n i t ia l s , t h e d ye rp e rhap s . BAT 7 096 a nd BAT 3 037A h ave t h e f i gu re s ' 5D ' s t amped o n t h em i n d ica t ing t h ed un o rf i nene s so rt h ickne s so ft h em a te r ia l .T he re a r et wo e xamp le s , BAT 3 313 a nd BAT 3 305 ,s t amped w i th AVOC ,i nd ica t ing t h a tt h eq ua l i ty w a ss e t ,o rt h em a te r ia lw a so wned ,b yt h e Ams te rdam C hambe ro ft h eV .O .C . T he re a r ea l so t wo e xamp le s , BAT 3 824 a nd BAT 7 003 , w h ich ,i ti ss ugge s ted ,h ave b een s t amped w i th aw hee l ,t h e ma rk o ft h eG u i ld o fC lo th D ye r so fS t Ma r t in 's ,L ondon . H oweve r ,t h is c ou ld a l so b e as un ,a nd t h u st h em a rk o ft h e l i nnenb leker so rl i nen b l eache r s . 1 92

MISCELLANEOUS B e l ls BAT 3 258

BAT 3 448

BAT 3 575

BAT 3 297

R umb le b e l l BAT 3 264 B e l l sh ave b een i n c luded w i th t r ade g ood sb e cau se i ti s k nown t h a ts u ch i t ems w e re u sed f o rb a r te rp u rpo se sa tt h e C ape o fG ood H op et ot r ade w i th t h el o ca li n hab i tan t sf o r c a t t le .H oweve r ,t h ei t em sm ay a l so h ave h ad o t he r ,a sy e t u nknown ,p u rpo se s .

C opper b un shaped i n go t BAT 3 225

B eads BAT 6 81

BAT 6 55

C oppe rp l a te w a sw ide ly u sed f o rb a r t e rp u rpo se sa tt h e C ape o fG ood H ope ;i tw a sr e po r ted b yC oen i n1 627 ,t h a t t h ick c oppe rp l a t ew a sp r ef e r red f o rb a r t e r . A ga in ,t h e se b un -shaped i n go t s m ay w e l l h ave h ad o t he ru s e so n t h e B a tav ia ,i np a r t icu la rt h ey m ay h ave b een u sed a s as ou r ce o fc oppe rf o ro ne o ft h et r ade smen o nt h es h ip ,s u ch a st h e s m i th .

1 93

R ed c ora lb eads At o ta lo f4 6r ed c o ra lb ead sw e re r e cove red f r om t h es i te .T he se i t em sw e re ac ommon t r ade i t em i nt h e1 7 th c en tu ry ; f o re xamp le ,i nt h eE ysch f o r1 653 ,4 000pon to fr ed c o ra lw a so rde red f o rt h eI nd ie s( G reen , 1 977 ) .H oweve r ,t h eb ead s h ave v a r ious d i ame te r sw h ich w hen a r ranged i no rde r ,m ake q u i te ar e a sonab ly p ropo r t ioned n eck la ce ( F ig . 5 1 ) .R ed c o ra ln eck la ce sw e re u sed a s at al i sman t op ro tec tt h ew ea re ra ga in s te v i la nd ,p a r t icu la r ly ,t ow a rd o f ft h ei n cu r s ion o f d emon ic f o r ce s( Schama , 1 987 ) . 2 2 20. 18. 1614.

B e a d i a m e t r i n m

12. 10.

6

0 1I11IIIIlil

I d 1 ! i I I l I 1

8.

2 0

2 5 3 0 B ead n umber

3 5

4 0

4 5

I I 5 0

F igu re 5 1 . Ab a rc ha r ts how ing t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h eb ead d i ame te ri n mm f o r4 6r ed c o ra lb ead s .

Amber b eads A bou ts even teen a mbe rb ead sw e re r e cove red , i nv a ry ing s i ze s , s hape s a nd c o lou r s . A l l b ead s w e re o b se rved t o a ccumu la te e l ec t ro s ta t ic c ha rge a nd t h ey h ave b een i d en t i f ied a sa mbe r .L ike c o ra l ,a mbe rw a si mpo r ted t ot h eI nd ie s i nl a rge q uan t i t ie s .B e tween 1 634 a nd 1 664 , amax imum o f1 0 ,000 p on t( 1657 a nd 1 658 ) a nd am in imum o f8 00 p on t ( 1643 )w a so rde red . L ead r o l l s L ead w a sr equ i s i t ioned f o rt h eI nd ie si nv e ry l a rge q uan t i t ie s( s ee G re en , 1 977 ) . I n1 640 ,f o re xamp le , 1 0 ,000 ,000 P on to fl e ad w a so rde red a nd a nnua lo rde r so f ten e xceeded o ne m i l l ion p on t .T h ree l e ad r o l ls w e re r e cove red f r om t h e s i t e . T he r o l l sw e ighed a pp rox ima te ly 2 00 k ge ach a nd w e re 8 65 mm o ra bou t 3v oe tl o ng .

1 94

TRADE S ILVER WARE D u r ing t h e e xcava t ion o ft h eB a tav ia , ar ema rkab le c o l lec t ion o fu nu sua ls i lve ro b jec t sw a sr e cove r ed .T he re s e ems l i t t le d oub tt h a tt h i sm a te r ia lw a sp a r to ft h es p e cu l a t ive t r ade t h a tP e l sae r th ad a dvoca t ed i nh i sR emons t ran t i eo rR epo r tw h ich h ep r e sen t ed t ot h eH er en XV I Ii n1 627 ( Mo re land ,1 925 ) .P e l sae r t ,w h i le u pp e r -me r chan to rf a c t o ra tA g ra ,h ad w r i t ten t h eR emon s t ran t ie w i th t h ei n ten t i on o fa dv i s ing t h eC ompany o nI n d ia a nd t h et r ade p ro s p e c t st h e re .H ea dvo ca ted t h ed eve lopmen to f an umbe ro f n ew t y pe so ft r ade ;o fp a r t i cu la rr e levance h e re i sh i sn o te t h a t : Many o ft h eg rea t men e xp re s ss up r i se t h a tw ed on o th ave g o ld a nd s i lve r( c o ined a nd u nco in ed ) , wh ich w ei mpo r ti n

A f te r P e l sa e r t 's r e tu rn t oB a tav ia , v an D iemen , t h e G ove rno rG ene ra l ,r e co rded i nD e cembe r1 629 t h a t : t e nc he s t so fc a sh ,a moung s tt h em t h ec he s t No .3 3w i th n ine s a ck so fd uca t s .I t em ,t h ec a sh w i th t h ej ewe l st ot h ev a lue o f f .5 8000 a nd s ome w rough t s i lve rwo rk , t h ree b a r r e l s o f c och inea la nd o the rb aggage . . .

w e r er e cove red f r om t h es i te a nd r e tur ned i nt h eS ar d am t oB a tav ia . Al e t t e rd a ted A p r i l1 629 w r i t ten b yt h eH er en XVI Ii n Am s t e rdam t ot h eG ove rno rG ene ra l ,J . PC oen ,c on ta ined t h ef olow ing i n f o rma t ion ( Coen w a sd ead b yt h et i me t h e l e t t e ra r r ived i nB a tav ia ) : H e rew i th g oe s ac a se n umbe red a sN o .4 ,i n wh ich a r ef ou r p o s t sf o r ab ed , ac hambe rp o t , ae we r ,a nd ab ig d i sh ,a l l made f r om p u re g o ld , wh ich w a s made t oo rde ra nd o nt h ea dv ice

l a rge q uan t i t ie s , manu f ac tu red b yu si n to a r t ic le st h a ta r ei n c ommon u se I tw ou ld b ew e l lt h e r e fo re ,f o rt h ef i r s tt r ia l ,

o ft h e me rchan tF ranc i sco P e l sae r t ,t ob es en tt oS u ra t te a nd f r om t h e re t ot h el a nd o ft h eG rea t Magor t ob es o ld t ot h a t

t o manuf ac tu re s uch g ood s a st h ef o l low ing t ot h ev a lue o f 8 000 t o1 0000 r e a l s -of -e igh t ,a nd t ot h es ame a moun ti ng o ld : F ee tf o rk a te l s ,o rb ed s tead s ,h o l low ,a nd a sl i gh ta sp os s ib le , b u ta r t i s t ica l ly w rough t . Af tabas ,o re we r su sed b ' y Mo s lem sf o rw a sh ing t h e i rh and s . B e te lb oxe s F an h and le s H and le sf o rf l y sw i t ch e s . D i she s a nd c up sw i th c ove r s . I fn ece s sa ry , t h e s t y le o rf a sh ion o ft h e se i t em s s hou ld b e e xp la ined .

I ti sb e l ieved t h a ta f t e rh i sr e tu rn t ot h eN e the r land si n J une 1 628 , P e l sae r t w a s g i ven p e rm i s s ion b y t h eH er en XV I It op u r sue t h e se i d ea sa nd h ew a sa l lowed t oc omm i s s i on i t ems t h a tw ou ld b et a ken t ot h eI nd ie si nt h eB a tav ia f o rt h is t r ade . When P e l sae r tr e tu rned f r om B a tav ia t ot h ew re ck s i t e i nt h e S ardam t or e scue t h e s u rv ivo r s , h e w a s a b le t o r e cove rm u ch o ft h eb ul ion a nd g ood sf r om t h es h ip u s ing t h ed i ve r sf r om G u ja ra t .P e l sae r tr e co rd s : T hey f i shed u pt h eB ox [ Gas se ] w i th t h eT in se l ,a sw el a s 4s i lve r Moo r i sh f r u i t -d i she s ,w i th ad i t to h and -ba s in [ l am p e t s cho te l ] , w e igh ing a l lt o ge th e r ,b yg ue s s ing S i lve r Ma rk s .

p e r son o rt ot h em igh ty men o ft h es ame r e a lm .

T hu s i tw ou ld s e em t h a tt h es i lve rwa re f o und o nt h e w re ck s i t ew a sp a r to f ac on s ignmen tw h ich P e l sae r tw a s t ou se t oe xp lo re t h en ew t r ade p o s s ib i l i t ie s . O bv iou s ly , m uch o ft h es i lve rwa re w a sr e cove red ,b u tw ha tr ema in o n t h es i te i so fg r ea ti n te re s t . I ti sd i f f icu l tt od e t e rm ine i ft h eB a tav ia s i lve rwa re i s t h ew o rk o fo ne s i lve r sm i th s i nce o n ly o ne m ake r 's m a rk , t o ge the rw i th t h ey ea rm a rk , s u rv ive so nt h ep l a t e ( BAT 3 432 ) .I tb ea r st h et own m a rk o f Am s t e rdam ,t h ed a t el e t t e r ' S ' r e p re sen t ing t h ey ea r 1 628 ,a nd t h em ake r 's m a rk o f A b raham v an d e r P l ae t sen ( C i t roen , 1 975 :14 ) . A no the r o b jec t ,t h es o -ca l led c ande lab ra ( BAT 3 643 ) ,h a st h es ame d a te m a rk , u nfo r tuna te ly t h e o t he r m a rk s a r e o b s cu re . Mo s to ft h e s i lve rwa re i se xecu t ed i n as im i la r f a sh ion , w i th f i ne ly c r a f ted e ng rav ing s ,o n ly t h ec ande lab ra i sd i f f e ren t , h av ing a pp l ied c a s t mou ld ing s . S eve ra l o f t h e o b jec t sh ave m a rk ing ss how ing w he re t h es i lve rh ad b een a s sayed ( F ig . 5 2 ) . T h i s p roce s s i n vo lved t a k ing as ma l l s c r ap ing o fs i lve rw h ich w a st e s ted f o rp u r i ty .I ft h i sp a s sed a s say ,t h eo b jec tw ou ld t h en b es t amped .

1 95

F igu re 5 2 . A s say ma rk so nt h es i lve ro b je c t ss how ing whe re t h es i lve rs amp le w a st a ken .

F igu re 5 3 . Two v i ew so ft h ee we r BAT 3 035 s how ing t h ec a r touche sa nd t h ee ng raved d eco ra t ion .T he l e f t -hand v i ew s how st h e s e r van to f f e r ing t h es ea ted g en t leman ac ove red b ow l .I nt h er i gh t -hand v i ew ,t h es e rvan tc a r r ie s ae we r .

1 96

Ew er o rs pou ted d ecan t er BAT 3 035

BAT 3 069

T h i si s af i ne ly -made ,t e a r -d rop shaped e we ro rd e can te r ,w i th t h es pou tm i s s ing ,s t and ing o n aw e l l -p ropo r t ioned b a se ( F ig .5 3 ) .T he b ody i sd e co ra t ed w i th ab and o ff i ne ly -execu ted e ng rav ing ,i n c lud ing f ou ro va l shaped c a r touche s ( F ig .5 4 )w h ich d ep ic tn a tu ral i s t i cs c ene s ,s u r rounded b ya symme t r ica lb and o ff o l iage ,f r u i ta nd c he rub s( F ig .5 6 ) .T he re i sah o le o nt h em id -body w he re t h em i s s ing s pou tw ou ld h ave f i t ted . As pou t BAT 3 069 w a sf o und o nt h es i te ,n ea rw he r e t h ee we rw a sf ound ,a nd t h i sm ay b e long t oi t . O ne o ft h em o s ti n te re s t ing f e a tu r e so ft h ee we ra r et h ec a r touche s ,o ne o fw h ich s how s aMoo r i sh f i gu re ,p o s s ib ly as e rvan t ,b ea r ing as im i la re we ro n ab a s in ( F ig . 5) .S ea ted i nf r on to fh im i samo re e l egan t ly -d re s sed f i gu re h o ld ing at owe lo rc l o th ,a nd t h i ss c ene p o s s ib ly d ep ic t st h ew a sh ing o fh and sp r io rt oe a t ing .T he e ng rav ing i st h u se xa c t ly a s P e l sae r th ad r e commended . I ti sn o tc l ea ri ft h es c ene si nt h eo t he rc a r touche sa r er e p r e sen ta t ive o ft h eo t he ro b jec t s b e long ing t ot h i ss i lve rs e t ;f o re xamp le ,o ne c a r touche ( F ig .5 7 )s how s as im i la rs c ene ,w i th t h es e r van tt h i st i me b ea r ing ab ow lw i th ac ove r ed l i d ,w h ich m igh tw e l lb ef o rf o od .T he w ho le g r oup o fi l u s t ra t ion ss ugge s t st h eh and -wa sh ing c e r emony ,o rl u s t r a t ion ,c a r r ied o u tb y Mu s l im sp r io rt oe a t ing .T he re w e re f r agmen t so fo t he re we r sf o und o nt h es i t e , an e ck f r agmen t( BAT 3 245 )a nd as pou t( BAT 3 059 ) ,n o ti l u s t ra ted .

1 97

BAT 3 035 E ngrav ing s

1 98

F igu r e5 4 . Ad e ta i lo ft h ee ng rav ing s how ing t h ec a r touche a nd t h ef l o ra la nd r i bbon d eco ra t ion s .

F igu re 5 5 . D e ta i lo ft h es e r van tw i th t h ee we ro nt h eb a s in . 1 99

F igu re 5 6 . E ng raved d eco ra t ion s a bove t h ec a r touche .

F igu re 5 7 . T he c a r touche s how ing t h ec ove red b ow l .

2 00

P la te BAT 3 432

" r nm e am e

T h i ss i lve rp l a te i se ng raved a r ound t h er im i n as im i la rs t y le t ot h ee we r ,t h ec a r touche si nt h i sc a se d ep i c t ing h un t ing s c ene s .T he t h ree e ng raved c a r touch e st h a ts u rv ive ( t he re w e re o r ig ina l ly f ou r )d ep ic t ab ea rh un t( F ig .5 8 ) , as t ag h un t ( F ig .5 9 )a nd af i sh ing s c ene . Ac i ty c an b es e en i nt h eb ackg round o ft h es t ag h un t ,a nd t h ee ng rave rh a sa t temp t ed t o i mpa r ta nE a s t e rn f l avou rt ot h eb u i ld ing s .T he d ome shaped b u i ld ing o nt h el e f tm ay b ea na t temp tt od ep ic t am o sque a l though t h er e su l ti sm o re r em in i s cen to f aB uddh i s ts t upa o rc h ed i .T he h un te r sa r ea l so s t range ly a t t i red ;p o s s ib ly t h e w ho le s c ene w a si n t ended t oi n t e re s tt h e Mogu l Empe ro rJ ahang i rw ho w a s ak een h un te ra nd f o rw hom t h e se i t em sw e re i n tended . T he p l a te i sa l so e ng raved w i th f l o ra l s p r ay s ( F ig . 6 0 ) s im i la r t ot h o se o f t h e e we r . T he t o u ch -ma rk o r s i lve r sm i th 's m a rk c on s i s t so ft h eA rm so ft h eC i ty o f Ams te rdam ,w i th t h ed a te l e t te r' S '( 1 628 ) a nd s t amp o ft h ei n i t ia l s ' PA 'o ft h em ake r ,A b raham v an d e rP l ae t sen . 2 01

F igu re 5 8 . P la t e BAT 3 432 s how ing t h eb ea rh un tc a r touche .

F igu re 5 9 . P la te BAT 3 432 s how ing t h ed e e rh un tc a r touche .

F igu re 6 0 . P la te BAT 3 432 s how ing t h ed e co ra ted s c ro l l -wo rk a nd f l o ra ld ecora t ion .

2 02

O b jec t so fu ncer ta in f unc t ion BAT 3 009

T h i si sp o s s ib ly ac ha l ice o r ae we r .T he re i sac en t ra lc o rdon a r ound t h em idd le o ft h eo b je c t .T he u ppe rp a r ti sm i s s ing ,h av ing b e en c o r roded o rd amaged o nt h es i te .T he d eco ra t ion i sv e r ys im i la rt ot h ep l a te BAT 3 432 ,w i th f ou rc a r touche s ,o ne b e ing t h es ame s t ag h un ta so nt h ep l a te . A no the rc a r touche h a s af o x h un t , a nd wa sp o s s ib ly t h e t h eme o ft h e m i s s ing s c ene o ft h e p l a te . T he e ng raved s u r round ing d eco ra t ion h a s w ha tl o ok sl i ke s ac h ime r ica lb ea s t ,p o s s ib ly aw yver no r ac ocka t r ice t o g e the rw i th v ege ta ls c ro l led f o l iage .

2 03

B ed -po s t BAT 3 823

T he se a r ev e ry u nu sua lo b jec t s .I n i t ia l ly ,w hen t h ey w e re f ound w eh ad n oi d ea w ha tt h ey w e re .I tw a so n ly t h rough r e ad ing P e l sae r t ' sJ ou rna l sa nd D rake -Brockman ( 1 966 )t h a ti tb e came c l ea rt h a tt h e se w e re t h eb ed -po s t s m en t ioned b yP e l sae r ti nh i sR emons t ran t ie .T he c a r touche so nt h e se i t em sa l ld ep ic t aMoo r i sh ,A rab ian o rI nd ian p e r son i n aM idd le E a s te rn o rI nd ian s cene ,c e r ta in ly n o t aC h ine se o rO r ien ta ls c ene .T he p e r son i si nva r iab ly r e c l in ing o na bed w i th p i l la r s a nd d rape si nt h eb ackg round .I no ne s c ene , ae we ra nd b a s in c an b es e en i nt h ef o r eg round .T he e ng raved s c ro l l -wo rk i sa ga in s im i la rt ot h eo the rs i lve rwa re . BAT 3 177

2 04

BAT 3 032

BAT 3 245

E ach b ed -po s th a st wo r e c tangu la rb oxe ss e ti nt h em id b ody a t a9 00 a ng le .T he se b oxe sa r ea l lt h es ame s i ze ( 36 mm b y3 2 mm )a nd w e re p re sumab ly f o r aw ooden r a il ing t h a tw en ta round t h e t o p o ft h e b ed , a s sum ing t h a tt h e se o b jec t sw e re i nf a c t as o r to ff i n ia lo nt h ec o rne r -po s t so f a bed .T he re i sas epa ra te ,d eco ra ted ,f e r ru le l ike r i ng a tt h e b a se o ft h eo b jec tw h ich w ou ld f i t ar ound p o le o f4 8 mm d i ame te r . I ti so bv ious t h a t t h e se a r e n o t t h e f e e t t o b ed s tead sa ss ugge s ted i nt h eR emons tran t ie .

2 05

Ob jec tp o s s ib ly r e la ted t o t he b ed -po s t BAT 3 563

T h i so b je c ts eems t ob e long t ot h eb ed -po s ta si th a s as im i la rs c ene a nd e ng rav ing s .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h is i s af oo t t ot h eb ed -po s t ,s i nce t h ed eco ra t ion ,a l though d i f f icu l tt oi n te rp re tb e cau se o ft h ep oo rc ond i t ion o ft h eo b je c t ,s ugge s t s t h a ti ts hou ld b ev i ewed w i th t h ew ide d i ame te ro pen ing d ownwa rd s ,a si lu s t ra ted .T he t op so ft h ec o lumns i nt h el e f t h and c a r touche ,a r es im i la rt ot ho se i n BAT 3 245 ,i nd ica t ing t h a tt h ey w e re p a r to f ag roup o fo b je c t sb e long ing t o ab ed . T he o pen ing d i ame te ra tt h et op i st h es ame a st h eb ed p o s t -head s( 4 8 mm ) ,a no the rc l ue t h a tt h e se o b jec t sa r ea l lo ft h e s ame g roup . 2 06

U n iden t i f ied o b jec t BAT U nnumbered

F ragmen t BAT 3 626

As ma l l f r agmen t o fe ng raved s i lve rwa re , p o s s ib ly p a r to ft h er im o f ap l a t e .

T h i si sa ne ng raved o b jec to ft h es ame t y p ea st h ei t em s a bove .A l though i ti so fc omp lex s t ruc tu re ,i t sf u nc t iona l p u rpo s ei su nce r ta in .I tc on s i s t so f ab roken t u be 5 2 mm i n d i ame t e r .A to ne e nd ,t h e re i saf l ange w i th as em i -c i r cu la r b ow l i n t h e c en t re f o rm ing a s o r t o f d i sh . T ra ce s o f e ng rav ing w e r en o ted a r ound t h er im o ft h ed i sh .

F igu r e6 1 . C he rub o nt h ef r ieze o ft h e' Cande lab ra ' BAT 3 643 .

F igu re 6 2 . D a te s t amp o nt h e ' Cande lab ra ' BAT 3 643 .

2 07

BAT 3 643 ( SCALE 1 :4 )

C ande labra

F igu r e6 3 . ' Cande lab ra ' BAT 3 643 a f te rr e s to ra t ion .

T h is o b je c tw a sb ad ly -co r roded w hen f i r s tr e cove red a nd i th a sb een v e ry d i f f icu l tt oi n te rp re ti t sf unc t ion .I n i t ia l ly , i tw a st h ough tt ob ep a r to ft h eb ed -po s tg roup b ecau se o ft h es im i la r -s ized r e c tangu la rh o le s .H oweve r ,c a refu ls t udy h a ss hown t h a ti td i f f e r sb o th f unc t iona l ly a nd s t y l i s t i ca l ly f r om t h eb ed -po s tg roup ,a l though i t sp u rpo se h a ss t i l ln o tb een d e f ined . I ti s ap i l la r shaped o b je c t s t and ing o n an a r row , t r iangu la r f oo t ( F ig . 6 3 ) . T he t o p i ss phe r ica l w i th f ou r r e c tangu la rh o le ss e ts ymme t r ica l ly a r ound t h ec en t ra lw a i s t .B e low t h es phe re ,a tt h et o po ft h ec o lumn ,i sac o l la rw i th t h ree mou lded ,a pp l iqué c he rub s( F ig .6 1 ) .T he t r i angu la rf oo th a st h ree s ma l l ,o va ld ep re ss ion si nt h em idd le o ft h ef a ce . E ach o va l ,i ti st h ough t ,h ad as i lve r sm i th 's m a rk .T he 1 628 d a te m a rk ' S 's u rv ive so no ne o ft h eo va l s( F ig 6 2 ) ,p o s s ib ly t h ec i ty m a rk a nd m ake r 's i n i t ia l sw ou ld h ave b e en o nt h eo t he rt wo . T he w ho le s t y le o ft h i so b je c ti sq u i te d i f f e ren tf r om t h eo t he rs i lve rwa re .T he d eco ra t ion i sn o te ng raved ,b u tc a s t a nd mou lded o n to t h eo b je c t .I ti sa l so c ons t ruc ted i n as t range manne r .S ty l i s t ica l ly ,f o re xamp le ,i tw ou ld s eem u nu sua l t oh ave at h ree -po in ted s ymme t ry i nt h el owe rp a r to ft h eo b jec ta nd af ou r -po in ted s ymme t ry i nt h es phe re a bove .T he p ropo r t ion sa r ea l so p e cu l ia r ,f o ru n le ss t h eb a se w a sh eav i ly -ba l la s ted ,t h eo b je c tw ou ld b ev e ry u ns tab le .I tw a st hough t f o r at i me t h a ti tw a st wo s epa ra te o b jec t s ,b u tc a re fu li n spe c t ion d oe sn o tb ea rt h i so u t .T he f ou rs qua re h o le s ,t h e re fo re , m ay h ave b een t h e s ocke t s f o r t h e b ranche s o f ac ande lab rum , b u t i t mu s t b e e mpha s ized t h a t t h is i sn o t c e r ta in , p a r t icu la r ly a st h ea dd i t ion o ft h ea rm sw ou ld m ake t h eo b jec te ven mo re u n s tab le .

2 08

S a l t -ce l lar BAT 3 644

T h i so b jec th a sb een i d en t if ied b y My ra S t anbu ry a s as a l t -cela r .S im i la re xamp le sh ave b een n o ted i n1 7 th -cen tu ry N e the r land i sh s t i l l l if e p a in t ing s . I td oe s n o t s e em t ob e long t ot h e b ed -po s t -ewe r g roup , n o r t h e ' c ande lab ra ' . I ti s p o s s ib ly ap e r sona li t em .

F igure 6 4 . At r iangu la rs a l t -ce l la r .

2 09

C herub T he se t wo i t ems w ou ld h ave b een moun ted o na no b jec to fg i l to ro f am ix tu re o fg i l ta nd s i lve r .T hey a r es im i la rt o t h ec he rub so nt h e' c ande lab ra ' a nd m ay b e long t o ag roup o fs im i la rs o r to f ma te r ia l . No te t h a tt h ea t tachmen tm e thod a nd t h ec onf i rma t ion t h a tt h e se o b je c t sw e re a t tached t o al a rge ro b je c tc an b es e en b yt h er i ve ti n BAT 3 568 . BAT 3 603 ( SCALE 1 :1 )

As i lve r -g i l tc he rub p l ay ing af l u te o rs ma l lh o rn .

BAT 3 568 ( SCALE 1 : 1 )

As i lve r -g i l tc herub p l ay ing af l u te ( ? )i nt h er i gh th and a nd h o ld ing ah or ni nt h el e f t . C law BAT 3 599

T h i si sa b i rd 's c l aw g ra sp i ng ab a l l .I tw ou ld h ave b een p a r to ft h eb a se o fs ome or na m en ta lo b jec t .

F i gu r e6 5 . S i lve r -g i l tc h e r ub BAT 3 603 .

Un iden t if i ed o b jec t BAT 3 744 T h i s i s ap a r t icu la r ly b ad ly -co r r oded o b je c t . I ts eems t h a t i to r ig i n a l ly h ad af l owe r l ike b a se w i th t wo s ymme t r ica l a rms ( one n ow m i s s i n g ) t h a t f r amed a n o va l o b jec t o f s ome s o r t . S im i la r s o r t s o f s t and s w e r e u sed t o moun tP ea r ly N au t i l i s s he l l s( N .p omp i l ius ) .

2 10

ARCHAEOLOGICAL S IGNIF ICANCE OF THE ARTEFACTS The c l a s s if ica t ion s cheme T he a r te fac t s f r om t h e B a tav ia h ave a c omp l ica ted s i gn i f icance . T hey r ef lec t t h e l i f e a nd t ime s o fa n e a r ly 1 7 th -cen tu ry Du t ch E a s t I nd ia C ompany s h ip , a nd , a s s uch ,t h ey s e rve a s as o c ia lr e co rd o ft h es h ipboa rd s oc ie ty a nd i t sf unc t ions .A s awho le ,t h ea r t e f ac t sm ay b eu sed t o

b ec omp le te ly f am i l ia rw i th t h i sa r ch iva li n fo rma t ion . An umbe ro fd i f f e ren ta pp roache sh ave b een a dop ted b y a u tho r s c l a s s i fy ing m a te r ia l f r om t h e e xcava t ion o f V .O .C .s h ip s( s ee f o re xamp le :G aw ron sk i( 1987 ) ,G aw ron s k i a nd K i s t ( 1984 ) , G reen ( 1977 a nd 1 986 ) , I ng leman S undbe rg ( 1977 ) ,L am ( 1 985 ) , Ma r sden ( 1974 a nd 1 978 ) , Ma r t in ( 1972 a nd 1 977 ) , P i j l -Ke te l ( 1982 ) , a nd S t bu i t ( 1974 ) ) . I n a n e a r l ie r p ub l ica t ion d ea l ing w i th t h e V er g u ld eD raeck m a te r ia l , t h ea u tho rc l a ss i f ied t h ea r te f ac t s a cco rd ing t o m a te r ia l c ompo s i t ion ( G reen , 1 977 ) . T he c l a s s if ica t ion h ead ing sw e re d i v ided i n to c e ram ic ,f e r rou s , n on -f e r rou s , o rgan ic , e t c . O the r a u tho r s h ave c l a s s i f ied m a t e r ia l f r om V .O .C . w reck s i te s a cco rd ing t ov a r iou s f unc t ion so nt h es h ip .T he f o rme ra pp roach h a s an umbe r

f u r the r o u r k now ledge o f t h e t r ade p a t te rns a nd o f t h e e qu ipage o f t h e s h ip s t h a t c a r r ied o u t t h i s t r ade . T he a r tef ac t s ,a si nd iv idua lo b jec t s ,a r ei mbued w i th t h et e ch n o log ica la nd s c ien t if ic d eve lopmen t st h a tw en ti n to t h e i r c ons t ruc t ion .T hey m ay a l so b es e en i nt h eb roade rc on tex t o ft h ee vo lv ing p a t t e rn so ft r ade t h roughou tt h ew o r ld ,a nd , i np a r t icu la r ,i nt h ea ge o fE u ropean e xpan s ion .A dd i t ion a l ly ,t h e i rp re sence o nt h es i te h o ld st h em eans t oi nve s t i g a te t h ee ven t st h a to ccu r red a st h es h ip b roke u pa f te rt h e w re ck ,a nd t h es ub sequen th i s to ry o ft h es i te t ot h ep re sen t

o f a dvan tage s : t h e c l a s s if ica t ion p roce s s i ss imp le a nd s t ra igh t forwa rd , a nd c an b ea pp l ied f r om t h e momen to f r e cove ry , m ak ing i tav e ry p rac t ica l s y s tem f o rt h em an -

d ay . T he f i r s tp rob lem i s ,t h e refo re ,t oi d en t i fy t h e se o b je c t s a nd i n te rp re tt h e i rs i gn if icance .A l though t h ea r chaeo log i c a le xcava t ion o f am a r i t ime s i te i st e chno log ica l ly d i f f i c u l t , t h e a r chaeo log ica l i n te rp re ta t ion o f t h i s ma te r ia l , t h rough i t si d en t i f ica t ion a nd c l a s s if ica t ion ,i so ne o ft h e mo s td i f f icu l tp rob lem sf a c ing h i s to r i ca lm a r i t ime a r chae o logy .T he p rob lem e x i s t sa t an umbe ro fd i f f e ren tl e ve l s a nd i sp a r t icu la r ly w e l l i l lus t ra ted w i th t h ee xamp le o ft h e V .O .C . s h ip s . Ow ing t o t h e e x t reme ly r i ch s ou rce o f d ocumen ta ry e v idence a va i lab le i nt h e a r ch ive s , t h e a r c haeo log i s ti sf a ced w i th ac omp le te ly d i f f e ren ts i tua t ion t h an i sn o rma l ly e xpe r ienced i no t he rf o rm so fa r chaeo l o gy ,b o th a bove a nd b e low t h ew a te r .T he v e ry d i ve r s i ty a nd e x ten t o f t h e h i s to r ica l i n fo rma t ion c ompound s t h e p rob lem ;t h i s may s e em ac on t rad ic t ion ,s i nce o ne w ou ld n o rma l ly e xpe c tt h a tt h ea r ch iva li n f o rma t ion w ou ld s im p l ify t h ea r chaeo log i s t 's w o rk .H oweve r ,i ti st h ec omp lex i t yo ft h ea r ch iva l ma te r ia lt h a tc r ea te st h ep rob lem .I tg ive s c e r ta in t y pe so fi n fo rma t ion a ta nu nu sua l ly d e ta i led l e ve l , r equ i r ing af a r mo re t ho rough a na ly s i st h an w ou ld o t he r w ise b ee xpec ted . Wi thou th i s to r ica ld ocumen ta t ion , t h e o b jec t sy i e lded b y as h ipw re ck s i te m ay b ei d en t if ied o n ly a t as imp le d e sc r ip t ive l e ve l , ' ah amme r ' , f o r e xamp le . Whe re d e ta i led h i s to r ica lr e co rd se x i s t ,a si nt h ec a se o ft h e V .O .C .w reck s i te s ,i ti sp o s s ib le t of i nd o u t ag rea td ea l mo re a bou tt h ei d en t if ied o b jec t s .U s ing t h ee xamp le o ft h e h amme r ,t h eh i s to r ica lr e co rd sm ay e nab le i tt ob ei d en t i f i ed a s ac oope r 's h amme r .T he r e co rd sm ay a l so i nd ica te t h a ts uch h amme r sh ad an umbe ro ff unc t ion so rp u rpo se s o nb oa rd t h es h ip i . e .b e long ing t ot h ea s s i s tan tc oope ra nd u sed f o rd r iv ing h oop so n to b a r re l s ;i tmay e ven h ave h ad as pe c ia l ized n ame . O n t h eo the rh and ,t h ed ive r se f unc t i ons o ft h eo b je c tm ay b ek nown ,b u tt h eo wne rc anno tb e i d en t if ied ; t hu s , ap e s t le a nd mo r ta r c ou ld b e long t o a n umbe ro fp eop le :t h es u rgeon ,t h ec on s tab le ,t h eg unne r , t h ec ook ,o ri tc ou ld b ep a r to ft h es upp l ie sf o rt h eC ompany i nt h eI nd ie s . H e re , t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd m ay h e lp , s i nce i ft h e mo r ta r w a s f ound i na s soc ia t ion w i th o the r a r tefa c t s , t h is m ay h e lp t od e t e rm ine i t s p u rpo se o n t h e s h ip . A st h ea r chaeo log is t 's o b je c t ive i st oi n te rp re tt h e se s o r t so fa r tefa c t sf r om a ne xcava t ion ,o ne m u s t ,t h e re fo re ,

a gemen to f ac o l lec t ion .T he a pp roach a l so s uf f e r sf r om a n umbe r o f d i sadvan tage s . I n p a r t icu la r , t h e s y s tem i s c omp le te ly a r b i t ra ry , s o t h a t a r te fa c t s h av ing t h e s ame f unc t ion a r ed i s soc ia t ed .F o re xamp le ,p a r t so ft h eg unne ry e qu ipmen tc ou ld b es epa ra ted i n to i r on f o rt h eg un ,o rgan ic f o rt h ec a r r iage ,n on -f e r rou sf o rt h eg unne r 's e qu ipmen t , a nd e ven s t one f o rt h ef l in tf r om af l in t lock .T he re w ou ld a l so b e ac l a s s if ica t ion p rob lem w he re a na r te fac ti sc om p r i sed o f an umbe ro fm a te r ia ls ,f o re xamp le ,t h ec ompo s i t eg un . I na pp ly ing t h ef unc t iona la pp roa ch ,t h e re i st h ep rob l em o fd i sag reemen tb e tween a u tho r sa bou tt h ec l a s s if ica t i on o ft h ef unc t ion s .T hu s ,i tmay b ea rgued t h a tg unne ry i sp a r to ft h es h ip a s aw ho le , w he rea sa no the ra r gumen t w ou ld h o ld t h a ti ti sas epa ra te g roup i ni t s own r i gh t .T h i s i s av e ry c omp lex i s sue , a nd r equ i re s ad e ta i led u nde r s t and ing o ft h e s y s tem u sed b y t h eC ompany , aw o rk ing k now ledge o f t h e d i spo s i t ion o f t h e s ou rce m a t e r ia l i n A lgemeen R i jk sa rch ie fa nd t h ea b i l i ty t or ead t h en ece s s a ry m anu sc r ip t s . T he a pp roach t a ken i nt h i sp ub l ica t ion h a sb e en t ot r y t ou se t h e a r ch iva l s ou rce m a te r ia l t oh e lp i d en t ify t h e a r te f ac t s .T he ma te r ia lh a sb e en d iv ided a cco rd ing t ot h e f o l low ing c a tego r ie s : e qu ipmen ta nd m a te r ia l sr e la ted t o t h eu se o nb oa rd t h es h ip ;s h ip 's s upp l ies a nd p rov i s ion s ; p e r sona li t ems ;s upp l ie sf o rt h eI nd ie s ;t r ade i t em s .B e fo re a ny C ompany s h ip d epa r ted f o rt h eI nd ie s , ac omp le te l i s t w a s made o ft h em a te r ia lt h a tw a st a ken o nb oa rd t h es h ip . O nt h es h ip 's r e tu rn f r om t h eI nd ie s ,t h e re w a s ar e conc i l i a t ion w i th t h ee qu ipage l i s t .E ve ry i t em t h a th ad b een p u t o nb oa rd p r io rt od epa r tu re ,h ad t ob ea ccoun t ed f o r .O r ig i n a l ly , t h e se l i s t s w e re h and -w r i t ten , b u t l a te r , a s t h e C ompany b ecame i n c rea s ing ly s t anda rd ized ,t h el i s t sw e re p r in t ed a nd t h en umbe r so fi t ems f i led i nb yh and a nd t h en s i gned f o r .T he e qu ipage l i s t s ,t h e re fo re ,a r ei t em ized a c c oun t so fe ve ry th ing t h a tw ou ld b er equ i red b yt h ed i f f e r e n ts pec ia l i s tg roup so fp eop le w i th in t h es h ip w ho w e re b a s ica l ly r e spon s ib le f o r g e t t ing t h e s h ip t ot h e I nd ie s . T hu s , t h e s t ee r sman w ou ld b e s upp l ied w i th c ha r t s a nd n av iga t ion e qu ipmen t t h a t w ou ld e nab le h im t os e t t h e

2 11

c ou r se .T he c ook w ou ld b ea l lo t ted t h er equ i s i te u t en s i ls a nd e qu ipmen tt oc a te rf o rt h ec r ew ,p a s senge r s a nd s o l d i e r sf o rt h ev oyage .T he c on s tab le w ou ld b er e spon s ib le f o rt h ea rms a nd a mmun i t ion n ece s sa ry f o rt h ed ef ence o f t h es h ip .T he se l i s t sa r e ,t h e re fo re ,a ni mpo r tan ts ou rce o f i n forma t ion a bou tt h em a te r ia lt h a tw a st a ken o nb oa rd a s h ip f o rt h ev oyage t ot h eI nd ie s . A tt h e s ame t ime , t h ey f o rm ar e co rd o ft h ec omp lex s oc ie ty o ft r ade sa nd s k i l ls t h a tw e re i nvo lved . A dd i t iona l ly ,t h e re w e re t h ep rov i s ion sw i th w h ich t h e s h ip w a s s upp l ied f o r t h e v oyage . U sua l ly , t h e se w e re c a lcu la ted f o r ac r ew o f 1 00 p e r son s f o r ap e r iod o f 1 5 mon th s . T he s upp ly o f p rov i s ion s w a s s t ipu la ted b y a r e so lu t ion o ft h eH er en XV I Ia nd b ecame s t anda rd ized i n t h em id -17 th c en tu ry . H oweve r ,t h is w a so n ly ap a r to ft h et o ta l .T he re w a s , o fc ou r se , t h ec a rgo t h a tt h e s h ip c a r r ied , w h ich may b e d iv ided i n to t wo p a r t s :t h es upp l ie sf o rt h eC ompany a tt h e C ape o fG ood H ope a nd i nt h eI nd ie s ; a nd t h eg ood sf o r t r ade i nt h e I nd ie s . N one o ft h i s i se a sy t oq uan t i fy . T he a r ch iva l s ou rce sd o n o t h ave r e gu la r c a rgo l i s t s o ft h e se i t ems .E ven t h ough o n ly af ew e qu ipage l i s t ss u rv ive ,w e m ay a s sume t h a tt h ee qu ipage w a sv i r tua l ly t h es ame f o r e ach s h ip o f ap a r t icu la rs i ze ,s i nce t h eC ompany r e so lved t h a t t h i s w ou ld b e s t anda rd e a ch y ea r . H oweve r , t h e s uppl ie sf o rt h eI nd ie sa nd t h et r ade g ood sv a r ied c on s id e r ab ly f r om y ea rt oy ea r .T he ma in s ou rce o fi n fo rma t ion c ome s f r om t h eE z j sch ( o rr equ i s i t ion s ) f r om t h e I nd ie s . E ach y ea r , t h e G ove rno r G ene ra l a nd t h e C ounc i l a t B a tav ia s en tt ot h eC ompany i nt h eN e the r land s al i s to f r equ is i t ions f o r t h e f o l low ing y ea r . T he se r equ i s i t ion s i n c luded s upp l ie sf o rt h eC ompany i nt h eI nd ie s t o ge the r w i th r eque s t sf o r money t oc onduc tt r ade ,a nd t r ade i t ems t h a t w e re d eemed t ob ep rof i tab le f o r t r ade a tt h a t t ime . Unfo r tuna te ly ,o n ly af ew o ft h e se r equ i s i t ion l i s t ss u rv ive , b u tt h ey a r eu se fu lf o rt h is s t udy a st h ey r e la te t ot h ep e r iod o f t h e m id -17 th c en tu ry . T he r equ i s i t ion l i s t s , h oweve r , w e re f r equen t ly d i s rega rded b yt h eC ompany a th ome a nd t h e re a r en ume rou si n s tance so fl e t te r sf r om t h eG ove rno r G ene ra la tB a tav ia c omp la in ing t h a tt h er equ i s i t ion s a nd r eque s t s h ad b een i g no red . T hu s t h e l i s t s o n ly g i ve a n i nd ica t ion o ft h et y pe so fg ood st h a tw e re r equ i red i nt h e I nd ies . T he re i sa no the rg roup o fd ocumen t s f r om t h e s ame p e r iod t h a tr e co rd st h es upp l ie st h a ta r r ived i nB a tav ia o n p a r t icu la rs h ip s .T he se a r ev e ry h e lpf u li ni nd ica t ing d i spo s i t ion o fc a rgoe sa mong t h es h ip so ft h ef l e e t s .F ina l ly ,i n t h eR eso lu t ion so ft h eH eren XV I I ,t h e re a r es ome l i s t so f r equ is i t ions f r om t h eI nd ie sa nd l i s t so fg ood ss h ipped o n t h ev a r iou sf l ee t s ,b u tt h e se t e nd t od ea lo n ly w i th m a jo r i t ems . T he re i sy e t a no the r c omponen t i nt h e i n ven to ry o f i t em s t ob e f ound o n aC ompany s h ip , p e rhap s t h e mo s t

i n c lude f ood , as ma l l a moun t o f money a nd s ome t r ade g ood s .T he re m ay w e l lh ave b een amuch l a rge rq uan t i ty o fs mugg led g ood s a nd c e r ta in ly t h e C ompany b e came v e ry c oncer ned a bou tt h i si l ega lt r ade .H oweve r ,a sf a ra s w ea r ec oncer n ed ,t h eq uan t i ty o ft r ade g ood so ft h i sn a tu re w ou ld h ave b een s mal i nc ompa r i son w i th t h e o ve ra l l c a rgo . F ina l ly ,t h e re i st h es h ip i t se lf ,w i th i t sm a s t s ,r i gg ing , s a i l s ,a ncho r s ,g uns e t c .S u rp r is ing ly l i t t le i sk nown a bou t t h eb u i ld ing a nd c on s t ruc t ion o fs h ip s f o r t h eC ompany . T he R eso lu t ion so ft h eH eren XV I Ic on ta in s pe c if i ca t ions f o rb u i ld ing ap a r t icu la rs h ip a nd d ef in ing i t sc l a s s ; f r om t ime t o t i me , t h e s pec if i ca t ions f o r t h e v a r iou s c l a s se s w ou ld c hange . T h i s a spec t w i l l b e d i scu s sed i n af u tu re p ub l ica t ion o nt h eB a tav ia h u l ls t ruc tu re . T hu s i tc an b e s een t h a t t h e re i s ac omp lex g roup o f d ocumen t sa va i lab le t os t udy t h a tm ay h e lp t oi d en t if yt h e t y pe o fi t ems f ound o n as h ipw reck .T he e qu ipage l i s t sa r e o bv iou s ly t h e mo s th e lpfu la st h ey r ema ined c on s tan tf o r m any y ea r s ; t h e r equ i s i t ion l i s t s a r e l e ss u se fu l . F o r t h e B a tav ia , t h ep rob lem i sm o re d i f f icu l ts i nce t h ea r ch ive s h ave l e s si n fo rma t ion f o rt h i sp e r iod t h an i sa va i lab le f o r l a te ry ea r s .B y1 628 ,t h eC ompany w a so n ly j u s tb eg inn ing t os t anda rd ize t h es h ip sa nd t h e i re qu ipage ,a nd t h en a tu re o ft r ade w a sc hang ing a st h eC ompany e xp lo red t h et r ad ing p o s s ib i l i t ie si nt h eE a s t . T he B a tav ia ,t h e refo re ,r ep re sen t s ac omp lex r e la t ion s h ip b e twe en t h ea r ch iva lr e sou rce a nd t h ea r chaeo log ica l d a ta .B o th s ou r ce sa r el im i ted .T he a r chaeo log ica lr e co rd i sc onf ined t ow ha tw a sd i scove red o nt h ew reck s i te . Much o f t h e m a te r ia l f r om t h e s h ip , w e k now f r om P e l sae r t 's J our na l ,w a sw a shed o ve rt h er e ef .T he re a r ea ccoun t so f av a r ie ty o fm a te r ia l b e ing w a shed a sho re o n B a tav ia 's G raveya rd ( moder nB ea con I s land ) .T he p e r i shab le m a te r i a lw ou ld n o th ave s u rv ived a nd t h i si s ,o fc ou r se ,t r ue f o r n ea r ly a l lw re ck s i te s .F o re xamp le ,w ec an a s sume f r om t h e b a le s e a l s f ound o n t h e s i te , t h a t t h e re w a s c l o th m a te r ia lo nb oa rd t h es h ip .T h i si sc o r robo ra ted b yt h el i s t s o f r equ i s i t ion s , s i nce v a r ious E u ropean c l o ths w e re a c ommon t r ade i t em r eque s ted f o rt h eI nd ie s .F u r the rmo re , w ek now t h a tw hen t h e mu t inee r sw e re c ap tu red b yP e l sa e r t , t h ey w e re d r e s sed i nr ed l a ken e mb ro ide red w i th p a s se m en te r ie . T hu s , f r om b o th a r ch iva l a nd a r chaeo log ica l s ou r ce s ,w ek now t h a tc l o th w a sc a r r ied o nb oa rd t h es h ip , a l though i nw ha tq uan t i ty i su nce r ta in . A tt h ea r chaeo log ica ll e ve l , t h ei n fo rma t ion r e co rded

d i f f icu l tt oe s t ima te ,a nd t h a ti st h ep r iva te p o s se s s ion st h a t t h ec r ew ,s o ld ie r sa nd p a s senge r sb rough to nb oa rd .I nd i v idua l s g o ing t ot h e I nd ie s w e re a l lowed b y t h e H eren

f r om t h ew reck s i te i si mpo r tan ti ni n t e rp re t ing t h es h ip 's s t ruc tu re a nd t h e a r rangemen to ft h e s h ip 's c on ten t s a nd v a r iou s p e r sona l p o s se s s ion s o n b oa rd . I nt h e f o l low ing s e c t ion , an umbe ro fi mpo r tan tf i nd ing st h a th ave r e su l ted f r om t h e a r chaeo logy o ft h eB a tav ia a r e d i scu ssed . I ti s i n te re s t ing t on o te t h a tt h ed i spo s i t ion o ft h e ma jo ra r te f a c t so nt h es i te r ef le c tt h e i ro r ig ina ll o ca t ion o nt h es h ip , a nd t h e s ub sequen te ven t s t h a to ccu r red a f te r t h e w reck . T hu s ,t h el i ne o fg uns o nt h ew e s ts i de o ft h es i te i n d ica te s t h a tt h es h ip h ee led o ve ro n to i t sp o r ts i de a nd ,a s ar e su l t ,

XV I It ot a ke w i th t h em ap re scr ibed a moun to fg ood s .T he v o lume o f t h ing s w a s l im i ted t o ac he s t o f d imens ion s

t h e g uns o n t h e s t a rboa rd s i de f e l l a c ro ss t h e d eck a nd e nded i n ap i le o nt op o ft h eo nes o nt h ep o r ts i de ,c r ea t ing

s pec if ied b y t h eA r tycke lB r ief o ft h e V .O .C . , a nd c ou ld

as i ng le r ow o fg un s . T h i s i sc o r robo ra t ed b y P e l sae r t 's

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J ou rna lo nt h e mo rn ing o ft h el o s s : T he re fo re w e d ec ided t op u t o ve rboa rd t h e ma inma s t , i n o rde rt h a ti tw ou ld n o ti mmed ia te ly p u sh i n to t h eg round .B u t when i tw a sc u td own ,w ef ound t h a ti tc au sed much d amage , f o rw ec ou ld n o tg e ti tf r om a boa rd ,s ot h a tw ec ou ld n o tg e t t h eb oa t a boa rd t h rough t h eb ig s u r f B u tG od , t h e L o rd , c ha s t i sed u sw i th many r od s f o ri ns p i te o fa l lt h ed evo i rw e made t oc an t t he s h ip t ol e ewa rd o r t ol a nd , i tt u rned o u t e xac t ly t h eo ppos i te b ecau se o ft h eu neven r ock su pon wh ich t h es h ip w a ss e t , wh ich s oc au sed i tt h a tt h ep eop le c ou ld o n ly c ome o u to ft h es h ip v e ry s l ow ly .

T h i s c l ea r ly s t a te s t h a t t h e s h ip c an t ed t owa rd s t h e p reva i l ing s ea , t h e SW , i no the r w o rd s , t ot h e p o r t . T he s e c t ion o ft h e s u rv iv ing h u l l s t ruc tu re w a s t h e s t e rn p o r t s i de o ft h es h ip w h ich c onf i rms t h i sf i nd ing . T hu st h eg roup o ff ou ri r on a ncho r ss l igh t ly a f to ft h e m idd le p a r to ft h es h ip w ou ld h ave b een a ncho r ss t o r ed i n t h eh o ld ;p o ss ib ly t h ey w ou ld h ave b een s t o red u p r igh to n t h ea f ts i de o ft h em a in h a t ch a ga in s tt h e ma inma s t .T he i r p re sence o n t h e e a s t s i de , t o ge the r w i th t h e b u i ld ing b lock s , s ugges t s t h a t t h ey w e re s t o red l ow d own i nt h e s h ip . When t h e v e s se l c an ted o ve r o n i t s p o r t s i de , t h e h eavy c a rgo i nt h eh o ld w ou ld h ave b e en d epo s i ted o nt h e e a s ts i de o ft h es i te . O ne i n t r igu ing o b se rva t ion i st h a tt h es i te l i e si n ah o le i nt h er e ef w h ich ,t h e re c an b el i t t le d oub t ,w a sc au sed b y t h es h ip r a the rt h an b e ing an a tu ra lp henomenon . When t h e e xcava t ion o ft h es i te w a sf i n ished ,t h eb o t tom o ft h es i te a tt h es t e rn w a sa bou tf i ve m e t re sb e low t h et o po ft h er e e f . P e l sae r tr e co rd st h a ta f te r t h es h ip s t ruck t h er e ef ,i tw a s a lmos t i mpo s s ib le t ow a lk o n t h e d eck b e cau se o f t h e b ump ing o ft h es h ip o nt h er e ef .I nv i ew o ft h ef a c tt h a tt h e B a tav ia w a s o f a bou t 6 00 t o nne s d i sp lacemen t , t h e re w ou ld h ave b een ac on s ide rab le f o r ce s t r ik ing t h er e ef .T he r e ef i nt h is a r ea c on s i s t so fc o ra lf r agmen t sc on so l ida ted w i th c o ra l ine a l gae .A l though i ti sh a rd o nt h es u r f ace ,o nce t h ec ru s th a sb een b roken ,t h er e e fm a t r ix b e low i sl o o se ly p a cked a nd c an e a s i ly b ee xcava ted . I ti st h ough tt h a tt h e s h ip c r ea ted t h ed ep re ss ion i nt h er e ef d u r ing t h e p e r iod w hen i tw a sb reak ing u p . A b ra s ion ma rk sc an b es een o n t h e p o r t s i de o ft h e t r ansom o ft h er e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e B a tav ia ,e v idence o ft h ec on s ide rab le f o r ce st ow h ich t h e s h ip w a ss ub jec t ed a f te rt h ew re ck . T he se f i nd ings s ugge s tt h a tm o s to ft h eh eavy o b jec t s h ave r ema ined i ns i tu o nt h es i t ei n ap o s i t ion c o r re spond i n g t ot h e i r l o ca t ion o n b oa rd a st h e s h ip b roke u p . T he e xp lana t ion f o rt wo g un sf ound t ot h ew e s to ft h es i te a nd t h ea ncho ro nt op o ft h er e ef c ou ld b et h a tt h i sm a te r ia lw a s w a shed o f ft h ew reck ,s t i l la t tached t os t ruc tu ra lt imbe r s ,

a nd d r iven b y t h e f o r ce o f t h e s ea t o t h e se o u t ly ing p o s i t ions . P e l sae r tm en t ions i nh i s J ou rna l t h a tt h e f o re p a r to ft h es h ip a nd t h es t a rboa rd s i de o ft h ep oop h ad b e en w a shed o n to t h er e e f . T he c u r ious m eans b y w h ich s ome o f t h e l i gh te r a r te f ac t sw e re d i spe r sed f r om t h es i te r a i se ss ome i n te re s t i n gq ue s t ion s .T he i n s ide r e ef a r ea ,w he re al a rge n umbe r o f b r ick s , s t onewa re j ug f r agmen t s a nd c e ram ic s ha rd s w e re f ound ,s t a r t sa ta bou t4 50 m f r om t h ef o re -pa r to ft h e m a in w re ck s i te a nd e x tend s af u r the r 2 00 m f o rm ing a r e c tang le 1 00 m w ide . T h is a r ea i sa bou t 2— 3m d e ep , c ompa red w i th t h e 4 00 m a r ea o n t h e r e e f top w he re , d epend ing o nt h et i de a nd t h es ea c ond i t ion s ,i tc an b ed ry o r ,a t mo s t , 1m d eep .T he p re sence o fb r ick sa nd s ha rd sa t t h es t a r to ft h ei n s ide r e e fa r ea c ou ld b ee xp la ined a sb e ing m a t e r ia lw a shed o ve rt h es ha l low r ee fb yt h eh i gh s peed o f t h ew a te r ,b u tf i nd so ft h es ame m a t e r ia l2 00 m f u r the ro n i nt h ed eepe ra nd c a lme rw a t e rc ou ld n o tb ee xp la ined .I n 1 985 , as e r ie so fe xpe r imen t sw a sc a r r ied o u tt oi n ve s t iga te t h e movemen to fa r t ef a c t s . Av a r ie ty o f ma rked m a t e r ia l w h ich i n c luded moder nb r ick s ,p la te s a nd r e p l ica b ea rd m an j ug sw a sp la ced o nt h ew re ck s i te a nd t h e movemen t o ve r t h e r e ef w a s mon i to red . A n a dd i t iona l g roup o f m a t e r ia lw a sp l aced a tt h e s t a r to ft h ei n s ide r e e fa r ea t o r e co rd t h e movemen tt h e re .W i th in aw eek ,d u r ing w h ich p e r iod t h e re w a s as eve re s t o rm , mo s to ft h em a te r ia lt h a t h ad b een p l aced o nt h e ma in w reck s i te h ad b e en w a shed o n to t h e t op o ft h e r e e fa nd i tw a s mon i to red t r ave l l ing a c ro s si t .S ince t h eb eg inn ing o ft h ee xper imen t ,t h e re h a s b e en v i r tua l ly n o movemen to fm a te r ia lo nt h ei n s ide r e ef a r ea .T h i ss ugge s t st h a tw h i le t h et r an spo r to fl i gh tm a te r i a l ,b r ick sa nd c e ram ic si np a r t icu la r ,o ve rt h er e e fa nd i n to t h ec a lm w a te r so ft h ei n s ide r e e fa r ea i sq u i te p l au s ib le ,t h e m echan i sm f o rt h et r an spor ta nd d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h is m a te r i a lo ve rm any h und red so fm e t res b eyond t h ee nd o ft h e r e ef top i s mo re d i f f icu l t t oe xp la in . P o s s ib ly , i tw a s t h e r e su l to fP e l sae r t 's s a lvage a c t iv i t ie s ;t h es t udy o ft h i ss t i l l c on t inue s . A no the ri n te re s t ing f i nd ing i st h a tB ea con I s land w a s af o r tu i tou sc ho ice b yt h es u rv ivo r sf o rt h e i r ma in e ncamp m en t . T he s u rv ivo r s n o ted t h a t a t d i f f e ren t t ime s f i ve l e gger so fw a te r ,o ne l e gger o fF r ench w ine ,f ou ra nd ah a lf l e gge r so fS pan ish w ine a nd o ne l e gge ro fv i nega rf l oa t ed a sho re f r om t h es i te .O no ne o cca s ion d u r ing o u re xcava t i on o ft h es i te , aw r i t ing s l a te t h a th ad b een l o s to nt h es i te s ome mon ths b efo re , w a s f ound w a shed u p o n s ho re , c onf i rm ing t h ev i ew t h a tB eacon I s land w a si n ad i rec tl i ne f o rm a te r ia lt h a tf l oa ted o f ft h es i te .

2 13

T he a r tefac t si nt he ir c on tex t EQU IP MENT AND MATER IALS RELATED TO THE U SE ON BOARD THE SH IP A rmamen ta nd m i l i tary e qu ipmen t Ag roup o f ma te r ia lt h a th a so ne o ft h e mo s ti n te re s t ing a s soc ia t ion si st h eg unne ry m a te r ia l . We k now a l ready o f t h ec omp lex s t ruc tu re o ft h ec ompo s i te g un s ,a nd t h eo t he r b ronze a nd i r on g un s . H oweve r , w ha t h a s n o tb een d i s c u ssed u n t i l n ow i st h e q ue s t ion o f t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e v a r iou sc l a s se so fg un o nb oa rd t h es h ip .F rom t h ep o s i t ion o ft h e g un so n t h ew reck s i te , t o ge the rw i th i n fo rma t ion g i ven i nP e l sae r t 's J ou rna l ,i ti sp o ss ib le t og e t ar e a sonab le i d ea o ft h eo r ig ina ld i spo s i t ion o ft h eg un so nt h eB a tav ia . T he s i te p lan i nd ica te st h a tt h e re w e re 3 0g un so nt h e s h ip ,t wo l o ng ,b ronze g un si nt h ev e ry f r on tp a r to ft h es h ip ( one r emoved b yP e l sae r t ) ,t wo s ho r t e rb ronze i nt h ef o re p a r t a nd t wo i nt h e a f t ( bu t n o t a tt h e v e ry s t e rn ) , t wo c ompo s i te g un sa nd t h er ema in ing o ne sm ade o fi r on ( one o fw h ich w a sr emoved b yP e l sae r t ) .T he t wo g uns r emoved b y P e l sae r t , i ti su nde r s tood ,w e re i nt h e f o re -pa r to ft h e s h ip o ri nt h eb ak . We m ay a s sume t h i sf r om h i sJ ou rna l :

5O c tobe r : T he refo re w en tt ot h e Wreck o ft h e f o re sh ip i n o rde rt og e t ab ra ss p i ece o fc annon a nd o ne o fi r on , wh ich w e re h ang ing o n t h e Wre ck , a nd t owa rd s n igh t w e g o tt h e b ra s sc annon l o ose a nd h ave b rough ti tt ot h eI s land . On 6d o .t h e Wind S ou the r ly ; i nt h e morn ing Ih ave s en tt h e f o re -men t ioned p i ece o fc annon o nb oa rd ;a nd h ave n o tb een a b le t ow o rk a tt h e p oop o f t h e Wreck o n a ccoun t o f t h e h o l low b reake r s ,b u th ave s en tt h el i t t le y aw lt oa ni s land i n o rde rt os ee i ft h e re w a s a ny th ing t os a lvage . On 9d o . t h e Wind a sb e fore .B u t al i t t le q u ie te r ,t h e re fo re I h ave s en tt h eb oa tt ot h e Wreck t og e tt h eo the ri r on p i ece o f c annon , wh ich t h ey h ave b rough tt owa rd se ven ing .

o rg rea te rs i ze t h a th ad d r if ted a pa r tt ov a r iou sp l aces ,s ot h a t t h e re d id n o tl ook t ob e much h ope o fs a lvag ing much o ft h e

We c an t h e refo re s umma r ize t h a tt h e re w a s o ne i r on a nd o ne b ronze g un r emoved f r om t h ef o re -pa r to ft h es h ip . R e f e r r ing t ot h eg un n umbe r si nF ig .2 5( guns 1t o2 8 )a nd t h e d e ta i l s f r om t h e t a b le s a nd r e co rds o ft h e g un s , t h e h ypo the t i ca ld i spo s i t ion i sg iven i nt h et a b le b e low . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h ei r on g un r emoved b yP e l sae r tw a s t h ep a i rt oN o . 1 9 ,s i nce b o th t h ei r on a nd b ronze g un sh e r e cove red w e re o nt o po ft h er ee fa nd t h u si nt h ev e ry f o re p a r to ft h es h ip . C e r ta in ly g un No .2 8 w a st h ep a i rt ot h e b ronze g un . T h is s ugge s t s t h a t No s 1 9 a nd 2 8 , t o ge the r w i th t h e m a t ch ing g un s t h a t P e l sae r t r e cove red , w e re l o ca ted i nt h eb ak ;i ti sc l ea rf r om w ha tP e l sae r tw ro te t h a t t h e se t wo g un s c ame f r om t h e s ame g ene ra l a r ea o n t h e s h ip .I ti sa s sumed t h a tw i th t h el i gh te rc ons t ruc t ion o ft h e b ak ,i ti sm o re l i ke ly t h a tt h eg un sc ou ld b ed ragged f r om t h es i te w h i le s t i l la t tached t om a jo rt imbe r so ft h eb ak . T he e v idence f o rt h el o ca t ion o fg un s No s2 0 &2 3 i s g l eaned f r om P e lsae r tw hen h es t a te st h a t as e c t ion o ft h e

money o rt h eg ood s

s t a rboa rd s i de o f t h e s h ip n ea r t h e g unne r 's r oom w a s

1 8 S ep tembe r :T owa rd se ven ing w ew en tt ot h e Wreck ,a nd f ound t h a tt h es h ip w a sl y ing i n many p ie ce s ,t h a t ap i ece o f t h ek ee l , w i th t h ef l a to ft h eh o ld , a l l a bove w a te rh ad b een w a shed a way e xcep t as ma l lp iece o ft h eb u lwa rk wh ich w a s a bove w a te r , i tw a s a lmos te xac t ly i nt h es ame p lace whe re t h es h ip h ad f i r s ts t ruck , -ap iece o ft h ef r on to ft h es h ip w a s b roken o f fa nd t h rown h a lf o nt h es ha l low , t h e re a l so w e re l y ing 2P iece so fC annon ,o ne o fb ra ss a nd o ne o fi r on ,f a l len f r om t h e moun t s [ r ampaa rden ] ,-B yt h ef o re sh ip w a sl y ing a l so o ne s i de o ft h ep oop ,b roken o f fa tt h es t a rboa rd p a r to f t h eg unne r 's r oom .T hen t h e re w e re s eve ra lp i ece so f al e sse r

B ronze g uns No .2 8 No s2 6 &2 7 No s2 4 &2 5 C ompo s i te g un s No s 7& 2 2 l i on g uns No s No s No s No s

1& 2 3& 4 5& 8 2 0 &2 3

H en r icu s Meu r sm ed ium g un

L oca ted i nt h eb ak ? E i the r i s to r2 nd f r om b ow ( s ee b e low ) P os s ib ly 2 nd f r om s t e rn

C ompo s i te g un s

A bove t h em a in g unde ck

A ma tched p a i r( s ee d eco ra t ion s )

S t e rn g unpo r t i s tg unpo r tf r om s t e rn 3 rd g unpo r tf r om s t er n P o s s ib ly a f to fc ompo s i te sa bove

C on rae tA n ton isz l o ng g un A ren tv an d e rP u tm ed ium g un

A ma t ched p a i r( s ee d e co ra t ion s ) A ma tched p a i r( s ee d eco ra t ion s ) A ma tched p a i r( s ee d eco ra t ion s )

2 14

T h i sw ou ld t h en g i ve t h ef o l low ing p a t te rn : G unpo r tN o .

P o r t -uppe r

P o r t -ma in

S t a rboa rd -ma in

S t a rboa rd -uppe r

S t er n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 B ow

2 3 7 1 9( b ak ) 2 8( b ak )

1 3 2 4 8 9 1 0 1 N IL 1 4 1 5 1 7 2 6 -

2 4 2 5 5 6 2 1 1 2 N IL 1 3 1 6 1 8 2 7 -

2 0 2 2 P e l sae r t( b ak ) P e l sae r t( b ak )

b r ok en o f f .P o s s ib ly t h i sc a r r ied t h eg un sw i th i t .N o te t h a t t h er e la t ive p o s i t ion so ft h eg un so nt h eu ppe rd e ck m ay b e w rong a nd t h ey m ay b ec l o se rt ot h ew a i s t . A s sum ing t h a tt h e re w e re e l even g unpo r t so ne a ch s i de o ft h es h ip o nt h eg unde ck ,i n c lud ing t h ep a i rf o rt h eg a l ley , a nd t h a tt h eB a tav ia w a s4 5 mb e tween t h es t em sa nd t h e re w a s4 . 5 mt ot h ef i r s ta f tg unpo r ta nd ,s a y , ab i tl e s sf o rt h e f i r s tf o re g unpo r t ,t h a tw ou ld l e ave 3 7 mf o r1g unpo r t s , g i v ing as e pa ra t ion o f3 . 7 mf o r t h e g un s , w h ich s e ems r e a sonab le .A l t er na t ive ly ,i fw ea s sume t h a tt h e re w e re n o g un si nt h eB ak ,t h en t h e re w ou ld h ave b e en 1 3g unpo r t s g i v ing as e pa ra t ion o f a pp rox ima t e ly 3 . 1 m . H oweve r , t h e re i sn o te nough a r chaeo log ica le v idence a va i lab le a t p r e sen tt or e so lve t h i sq ue s t ion . O ne o t he ri n te r e s t ing f i nd ing w a st h a tt h ed i ame te r so f t h e s ma l le s t c l a s s o f s ho t ( 8 5 mm s e e F ig . 3) d o n o t c o r r e spond t oa ny o ft h eb o re so ft h eg un sr e cove red t od a te ( Tab le a bove F ig . 3 0 ) . U n t i l a l l t h e g un s a r e r e cove red f r om t h es i t ea nd t h e i rb o r e sm ea su r ed ,i tw il n o tb ec e r ta in w he the rt h es ho tw e re i n t ended t om a t ch t h eg un so nt h e B a tav ia .S ome o ft h es ho to ft h i sc l a s sw e re g r enade s ,b u t c e r ta in ly t h em a jo r i ty w e re s o l id .T he s ho tm ay h ave b e en s upp l ie sf o rt h eI nd ie s ,b u to ne w ou ld h ave e xp ec ted t h e se t ob ec a r r ied i nt h eh o ld .I tw a sn o t ed a l so t h a tt h e re w a sa s e cond s ho tl o cke ri nt h ef o rwa rd p a r to ft h es h ip n ea rt h e p o s i t ion w he re t h eg a l ley w a st h ough tt ob e . N av iga t ion e qu ipmen t T he p r e sence o ft h es ma l la s t ro lab e BAT 3 400 i nt h e s t e rn p a r to ft h es h ip ( g r id r e f e r ence 1 00 108 ) ,c l o se t ot h e s h ip 's b e l l BAT 3 404 ,i n d ica te st h a ti th ad b e en l e f ti nt h e c ab in o fo ne o ft h e s e n io r o f f ice r s . T he o t he r a s t ro labe BAT 3 720 r e cove red d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion w a s f o und n ea r t h e l a rge c o in c on c re t ion ( g r id r e f e ren ce 1 80108 ) , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h i sh ad b een moved i n to t h ew a i s to ft h e s h ip w i th t h ec he s t so f money .T h i sw a sd one a tt h et i me o f t h ew re ck i np r epa ra t ion f o rt h ea bandonmen to ft h es h ip .

T he s urgeon 's e qu ipmen t D u r ing t h ee xcava t ion o ft h es t e rn s e c t ion o ft h es h ip , p a r t i cu la r ly b e tween g r id r e f e r ence s0 60 105 a nd 0 80 108 , al a rge q uan t i ty o ft i n -g la zed a l be re ll io rd r ug j a r s w e re f ound . T h i s m a t e r ia l , w h ich i n c lude s s ma l l l e ad -g lazed e a r thenwa re s ,i st h ough tt ob et h et y p ica lc on t en t so ft h e s u rgeon 's o r a po theca ry 's c he s t . A l though m o s t o f t h e l a rge rd r ug j a r sw e re f o und t ob ee mp ty ,o ne i np a r t icu la r w a sf ound t oc on ta in ab r igh t ,o r ange red s ub s tance .T he c on ten t s ,o nc hem i ca la na ly s i s ,w a sf o und t ob em e r cu r ic o x ide , aw e l l -known c hem i ca lu s ed i nt h et r ea tmen to fs k in a i lmen t s . Wh i le i tc anno tb ec e r ta in t h a t t h e se j a r s w e re f r om s u ch ac he s t ,t h ef a c tt h a tm any o ft h em w e re f ound w i th in t h es ame a r ea s ugge s t st h a tt h ey w e re a s soc ia ted . D ome s t ic c eram ic ma ter ia l T he re i sal a rge q uan t i ty o fc e ram ic m a te r ia l ,i n c lud ing t h e b ea rdman j ug s t h a td on o t s e em t of i ti n to a ny c l ea r g roup .

SH IP 'S EQU IP MENT B ronze b e l l T h i sb e l lw a sf o und i nt h es t er np a r to ft h es h ip ( g r id r e f e rence 1 00108 )a nd w a sm en t ioned a bove i nr e la t ion t o t h e a s t ro labe . T he b e l l w ou ld h ave b een , i ti sa s sumed , p l a ced o n t h e q ua r te r -de ck a nd u s ed f o r s i gna l l ing t h e w a t che s . A nchor T he p r e sence o fn i ne a n cho r so nt h es i te s e ems a tf i r s t t ob eu nu sua l . A sd i scu s sed a bove ,w ek now t h a tf ou ro f t h em w ou ld h ave b e en s t o red i nt h eh o ld a nd w e re p robab ly e i the r a dd i t iona l a ncho r s o rs upp l ie s f o rt h e I n d ie s . V an D am ( 1 701 ) s t a te s ' M e t en s c h ip v an 1 60 v oe tw erd en m ed egeven 9a nck er s ,w eg en a l sv o lg t :3 600 ,3 500 ,3 400 , 3 300 ,3 200 ,3 100 ,9 00 ,8 50 ,a nd 1 80 p on t 's ugge s t ing t h a t a l lt h ea ncho r sc ou ld ,i nf a c t ,h ave b e longed t ot h eBa tav ia .

2 15

S UPPL IES FOR THE I NDIES

SHIP 'S SUPPL IES Wines T he re a ppea r st ob e as u rp r i s ing l a ck o fw ine b o t t le so n t h es i te ,o n ly af ew f r agmen t so fg l a s sb o t t le sh av ing b een f ound a nd af ew b o t t le top s .C ompa red w i th t h em a te r ia l f r om t h e V ergu ld eD raeck , t h e c o l lec t ion i sq u i te s ma l l . T h i s may b ed ue t ot h ef a c tt h a tt h ec ond i t ions o nt h et wo

B r icks S ee b e low f o r b r ick s a nd t h e o u twa rd t r an spo r t o f b r ick st ot h eI nd ie s . TRADE I TE MS Man i l la s A sd i scu s sed i nt h ec a ta logue ,t h e se i t ems a r es omewha t o f amy s te ry .I ti sh oped t h a tf u r the rr e sea r ch m ay b ed one , p a r t icu la r ly o nt h es i gn if icance o ft h ef l ee t so ft h i sp e r iod c a l l ing i na tS i e r ra L eone a si tm ay p rov ide ac l ue t ot h e p re sence o f man i l la s .

s i te s w e re d i f f e ren t . T he V ergu ld e D raeck w re ck s i te , a l though e xpo sed o n ar e ef ,h ad a na r ea a tt h eb a se o ft h e r e ef w h ich g ave p ro tec t ion t oq u i te f r ag i le m a te r ia l .T hu s i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h eg l a ss s u rv ived mo re r e ad i ly o n t h e V ergu ld eD raeck s i te .T h i sd oe sn o te xp la in w hy t h e re w a s s of ew o ft h er obu s tp ew te rb o t t le top s ,h oweve r ;t h e i rl a ck o fs u rv iva lo nt h eB a tav ia s i te m ay b et h a tt h is ma te r ia lh a s b een w a shed o ve rt h er e ef o r , mo r el i ke ly ,t h a ti tw a so n ly c a r r ied i ns ma l lq uan t i t ie so nt h es h ip . PERSONAL I TE MS A cco rd ing t ot h eA r tyck le B r ief ,t h eV .O .C .a l lowed a c e r ta in a moun to fp e r sona lp o s se s s ion st h a tc ou ld b et a ken t ot h eI nd ie si n as ea -che s tm ea su r ing 5v oe tl ong ,b y 2v oe t w ide a nd h i gh .S en io ro f f ice r sw e re a l lowed as e cond s ea c he s ta sw el a sa dd i t iona l p rov i s ion s a nd f l esk e ld er s ( a k e ld er o r/ Teske /d er w a s as mal , wooden c a se c on ta in ing 1 5 c a se -bo t t le s o f w ine ) . F o r f u r the r d e ta i l s , s ee G reen ( 1977 ) . S ea l T he s ea l BAT 3 274 i st h eo n ly o b jec tf r om t h ee xcava t i on t h a tc an b ea s soc ia ted ,b y t h e i n i t ia ls , w i th ap e r son k nown t oh ave b een o nb oa rd t h eB a tav ia .O f af am i ly o f n i ne ,G i jsbe r tB a s t iaen sz ,t h eP red ikan t ,a nd h i sd augh t e r , J ud i th ,w e re t h eo n ly s u rv ivo r so ft h em a s sac re so nB a ta v i a 's G raveya rd . C eram ics T he g rea t n umbe r a nd q uan t i ty o f f i ne s t onewa re s f ound o n t h es i te r a i se s t h e q ue s t ion t h a tt h ey m ay h ave b een p e r sonaly o wned .I tw ou ld b es u rp r i s ing t of i nd s uch h i gh -qua l i ty w a re d e s t ined a st r ade i t ems ,e spec ia l ly t h e f i ne We s te rwa lde rwa re j ug w i th t h er epa i red p ew te rh and le BAT 2 358 . Mo s to ft h e c omp le te s t onewa re i t ems w e re f ound i nt h es t e rn s e c t ion o ft h es h ip a nd i ti sp o ss ib le t h a t t h ey w e re b e ing u sed f o rd ome s t ic p u rpo se si nt h ec ab ins o ft h eo f f ice r sa nd i mpo r tan tp a s senge r s . I ti s ,o fc ou r se , u n l ike ly t h a tt h ep e r sona lo wne r sh ip q ue s t ion w i l le ve rb e r e so lved ,b u ti ti si n t e re s t ing t os pe cu la te .

S i lverware T h i s g roup o f ma te r ia l i so ne o ft h e m o s ti n t e re s t ing p a r t so ft h ec o l lec t ion ,s i nce i ti sc l ea r ly a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e r e commenda t ions t h a tP e lsae r tm ade t ot h e C ompany i n h i sR emons t ran t ie .T he r e la t ionsh ip o ft h es i lve rwa re w i th t h eG rea tC ameo o fC a sba rB oudaen a nd t h eR uben sV a se i so fp a r t icu la ri n te re s ta si tr ef lec t so n s uch i s sue sa st h e s pec ia l ized n a tu re o ft h et r ade i nt h eI nd ie sa nd t h eq ue s t ion o f i l ega l t r ade . D rake -Brockman ( 1 966 ) d i scu s se s t h e C ameo a nd t h eV a se .T he C ompany w a se xp lo r ing m e thod s o f f a c i l i ta t ing t r ade i n t h e I nd ian s ub -con t inen t a nd P e l sae r t 's e xpe r ience a sf a c to ri nA g ra p romp ted h im t o w r i te t h e R emons t ran t ie i n w h ich h e r e commended s pec ia l i zed i t ems o ft r ade t h a tw ou ld b ep rof i tab le f o rt h e C ompany . THE SH IP E v idence f o rt he p o s i t ion o ft he e nd o ft he p owder a nd b read -rooms I tm ay b e n o ted t h a tt h e b u i ld ing b l ock s f o rm al i ne a c ro s st h es i te .O nt h es i te p lan w h ich h a st h eg r id ( F ig .5 ) , t h i sl i ne i sa bou t 9m e t re sf r om t h es t e rn o ft h es h ip a tt h e i n s ide p o in to ft h eg unpo r t .T he e v idence o ft i np l a te o nt h e l owe rp a r to ft h ec e i l ing p l ank ing b e low t h ek oebrug ( o r o r lop d e ck )s ugge s t st h a tt h eb read room e ncompa s sed t h e p owde r room o nt h ree s i de s ,b o th r ooms h av ing ac ommon b ounda ry a tt h eb u lwa rk t ot h em a in h o ld . A cce s s t ot h e p owde r room w ou ld h ave b een t h rough ah a t ch i nt h ef l oo r o ft h ek oeb rug i n to t h eb read room .P o s s ib ly , t h eb read r oom e x tended d own e i the r s i de o f t h e s h ip , w i th t h e p owde r room i n -be tween .T he re fo re ,i ti sp o ss ib le t h a tt h e b read -a nd p owde r rooms e nded a t ad i s tance o f 9o r1 0 m e t re sf r om t h et op o ft h es t e rn -po s t .T h i sm a t te rw i l lb e d i scu s sed f u r the r i n t h e f o r thcom ing B a tav ia h ul c on s t ruc t ion p ubl ica t ion i nt h i ss e r ie s .

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T he g a l ley a nd s t ove T he l o ca t ion o fl a rge n umbe r so fb r ick s o n t h em a in w re ck s i t e c oncen t ra t ed a r ound g r id l o ca t ion 2 70105 , a r ound g un N o . 1 4( s ee E dwa rd sP l an F ig . 2 4 ) ,s ugge s t s t h a tt h ey m ay h ave f o rmed p a r to f ag aley a r ea .T h i sc on c l u s ion i ss uppo r t ed b yt h ef a c tt h a tt h ed i spo s i t ion o ft h e g un so nt h ew re ck s i te i n d ica t e st h a tt h e re w a s ad i s con t i n u i ty i nt h el i ne o fg un sb e twe en N o .1 3a nd N o . 1 4 .T hu s , i tm ay b ea s sumed t h a tt h e re w a s as p a ce i nt h eg unde ck t o a l low f o rt h eg a l ley a nd b o t t le r 's r o om a nd ,a tt h i sp a i ro f g unpo r t s ,t h eg un sw e re n o t moun ted .I ti ss ugge s ted t h a t s ome o ft h eb r ick s ,a tl e a s t ,f o rmed p a r to ft h es h ip 's g aley

a nd w e re n o t i n tended a ss uppl ie s f o rt h e I nd ie s a sw a s c ommon i nt h em id -17 th c en tu ry . T he V ergu ld eD raeck w a sc a r ry ing b r ick sa tt h et i me s h ew a sw re cked a nd t h e se w e r ec l ea r ly t h es upp l ie st h a tw e r er e que s t ed i nt h eE i j s ch f o r 1 656 . O n h e r f i r s tv oyage t ot h e I nd ie s i n1 653 , t h e V ergu ld eD raeck u n loaded 2 6000 V r i es c l i jnk e r t ,t h i sw a s o u to f at o ta lo f4 00000 c l t jnk e r tr eque s ted i nt h eE i j s ch f o r 1 653 . I ti sn o t c l ea r a tw ha t p o in t t h e V .O .C . s t a r t ed e xpo r t ing b r ick st ot h eI nd ie s .T he i n ten se b u i ld ing a c t iv i t yi nB a tav ia a st h ec i ty w a se xpand ing d u r ing t h e 1 620 s m ay h ave s t imu la ted t h e t r an spo r ta t ion o f b r ick s a s a ' p ay ing 'b a l la s t .

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CONCLUSIONS T he e xcava t ion o f t h e B a tav ia h a s p roved t ob e a n e x t rao rd ina r i ly c ha l leng ing p ro jec t . I tw a s t h e s e cond m a jo re xcava t ion n o to n ly f o rt h ea u tho r ,b u ta l so f o rt h e D epa r tmen t o f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy o f t h e We s te rn A u s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Mu seum .I th a sb een o ne o ft h e mo s t a mb i t iou sp ro je c t su nde r taken b yt h eD epa r tmen ta nd w a s an a tu ra l p rog re s s ion f r om t h e e a r l ie r e xcava t ion o ft h e V ergu ld eD raeck ( G reen , 1 977 ) . T he e xpe r ience g a ined t h rough t h is w o rk h a sl e dt o as e r ie so fo t he re xcava t ions o np o s t -se t t lemen ts h ipw reck s i te s i n We s ter nA u s t ra l ia . I n 1 980 , ao ne -yea r , p o s t -g radua te d i p loma c ou r se i n m a r i t ime a r chaeo logy w a sr un f o rt wo c on secu t ive y ea r s ( a nd a ga in i n1 985 )b yt h e We s te rn A u s t ra l ian I n s t i tu te o f T echno logy ( now C u r t in U n ive r s i ty ) .G radua te sf r om t h i s c ou r se h ave o b ta ined p o s i t ions i n an umbe ro fi n s t i tu t ions t h roughou t A u s t ral ia a nd , a s ar e su l t , ma r i t ime a r chaeo l o g ica l p rog ramme s h ave n ow b een i n i t ia ted i n e ach A u s t ra l ian S t a te . T os ome e x ten t ,t h e r efo re ,t h eBa tav ia p ro jec th a sb een t h eg ene s i so f ma r i t ime a r chaeo logy w i th in A u s t ra l ia .T he a u tho ri sn o ta dvoca t ing ,h oweve r ,t h a tt h i sa r chaeo logy b e u sed a s amode lf o rc on tempo ra ry ma r i t ime a r chaeo logy . R a the r ,i ts hou ld b ec on s ide red a s as t a r t ing -po in tf o rt h e d eve lopmen t o f ma r i t ime a r chaeo log ica l t e chn ique s r e l a ted t ot h ei nve s t iga t ion o fp o s t -med ieva ls h ipw re ck s i t e s . I nm any w ay s ,t h ei n v id ious s i te c ond i t ion so nt h eB a tav ia w o rked t oo u ra dvan tage .B yl im i t ing t h ea moun to ft ime t h a t c ou ld b e s pen t u nde rwa te r , t h ey c r ea ted a n i d ea l w o rk ing e nv i ronmen t . T he re w a s al a rge p e r iod o ft ime

o f t h e B a tav ia w a s , i n t h e a u tho r 's o p in ion , f a r mo re e f f ec t ive t h an i mp lemen t ing p reconce ived i d ea s .P rov ided t h a t t h e h i ghe s t p o s s ib le a r chaeo log ica l s t anda rd s a r e m a in ta ined ,t h en t e chn ique sc an b ed eve loped ,o ns i te ,t o c ope w i th t h ec ond i t ion s . I ts hou ld a l so b e a pp re c ia ted t h a t t h e w o rk o n t h e B a tav ia s t a r ted a t at ime o fr e la t ive e conom ic p ro spe r i ty . A s ar e su l t , i tw a s p o ss ib le t o c a r ry o u t l e ng thy f i e ld e xcava t ion s .T he f a c tt h a tt h e We s te rn A u s t ra l ian Mu seum i n i t ia t ed am a r i t ime a r chaeo log ica lp rog ramme i nt h el a te 1 960s a nd s ubsequen t ly e s tab l ished ac onserva t ion l a bo ra t o ry d ed ica ted , l a rge ly , t ot h e t r ea tmen t o fm a r i t ime a r c haeo log ica l ma te r ia l , i n d ica te s af a r -s igh ted a pp roach t ot h es ub jec t .T he se i n i t ia t ive sh ad b een p re ceded b yt h e e nac tmen to ft h eS ta te l e g i s la t ion ( The Ma r i t ime A rchae o l ogy A c t )i n1 964 b yw h ich t h e We s t er nA u s t ra l ian S t a te G ove rnmen tp ro te c ted a l ls i te so fm a r i t ime a r chaeo log ica l s i gn if i cance .T oday ,t h i sA c ti ss t i l lr e ga rded a s ap ionee r i n gp ie ce o fl e g i s la t ion a nd c l ea r ly ,i nt h ea u tho r 's v i ew , t h ef ounda t ion o fa ny f o rm o fl o ng te rm ma r i t ime a r chaeo l o g ica lp rog ramme . F ina l ly , t h is f i r s t m a jo r a r chaeo log ica l r e po r t o n t h e B a tav ia p ro jec th a st a ken a long t ime t op roduce .I ti si nt h e n a tu re o fa r chaeo log ica lr e sea rch ;e ach i nd iv idua la r t ef a c t h a s t ob e t h o rough ly s t ud ied a nd , i n many c a se s , t h i s i s d i f f icu l t b ecau se ma te r ia l i s a l so u nde rgo ing l e ng thy c onse rva t ion p rocedu re s .A l though t h e ma in p ha se o ft h e e xcava t ion w a sc omp le ted i n1 976 ,t h er e sea r ch i sf a rf r om f i n ished .T he h u l ls t ruc tu re i si nt h ep roce s so fr e con s t ruc t i on a tt h e We s ter nA u s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Mu seum i nF re m an t le a nd s hou ld b e c omp le ted i n 1 990 , t wen ty y ea r s a f te rt h es t a r to ft h ee xcava t ion p rog r amme .T he re i ss t i l l o n -go ing r e sea rch r e la ted t o many o ft h eg roup so fm a te r ia l f r om t h eB a tav ia a nd o nt h es i te i t se l f .N ew q ue s t ion sa r e a r i s ing a l lt h et ime a nd ,i nt h en a tu re o fs c ien t i f ic r e sea rch , a st h e se q ue s t ion a r ea dd re s sed a nd i np a r ta nswe red ,n ew q ue s t ion sw i l le me rge . I ti sp e rhap sn o tewo r thy t h a tt h eB a tav ia p ro jec ti sa n e xamp le o f ar e sea rch p rog ramme w h ich h a s h ad n o p re conce ived n o t ion sa bou tt h ed i rec t ion t h a tt h er e sea rch

t h a t w a s f r ee t ob e d ed ica ted t ot h e a dm in is t ra t ion a nd s t udy o ft h ec o l lec t ion .T h is a spe c to ft h ea r chaeo logy o f u nde rwa te rs i te si so f ten u nde r -e s t ima ted .A rchaeo log i s t s w o rk ing i nt h eu sua ls i tua t ion o fs h ipw reck a r chaeo logy , r a re ly h ave t h el e i su re t os t udy t h e ma te r ia li nt h e f i e ld . Mo s t ly ,t h ey h ave t or e ly o nd raw ing s ,r e co rd sa nd f i e ld n o tes , s ome t ime s many y ea r s l a te r . O n t h eB a tav ia s i te , t h i sw a sn o tt h ec a se .D u r ing t h ep e r iod so fb ad w ea the r , w hen i tw a sn o tp os s ib le t od ive ,s t a f fw e re i n vo lved i nt h e d e ta i led r e co rd ing a nd a na ly s i so ft h em a te r ia l ,a t at ime w hen i tw a sf r e sh i nt h e i rm ind s .T h i sh a sr e su l ted i n av e ry t h o rough k now ledge o ft h em a te r ia la nd t h ei n te rp re ta t ion t h a tc an b ep l aced o ni t . O nt h en ega t ive s i de ,t h ea r chaeo log ica lm e thodo logy t h a tw a su sed o nt h e s i te w a sf a rf r om s a t i sf ac to ry . A r te f a c t sw e re u nab le t ob ea ccu ra te ly c o -o rd ina t ed o nt h es i te a nd t h ee xcava t ion c ou ld n o tb ec ondu c ted i n am e thod ica l m anne r . A ga in , t h e s e a c ond i t ion s w e re am a jo r f a c to r , o f ten m ak ing i td i ff i cu l tt ow o rk a nd ,a tt ime s ,i mpo s s ib le t oa ch ieve o u ro b jec t ive s .T he e x igenc ie so fe xcava t ing i n t h e se s o r to fc ond i t ion sh ave a l ready b een d i scu s sed ,a nd i ti ss t i l ln o tc l ea r ,g iven t h es ame s i te t oday ,h ow o ne c ou ld i mp rove o n t h e m e thodo logy , w i th t h e t e chn ique s c u r r en t ly a va i lab le f o rr e co rd ing .T he re w e re ,o fc ou r se ,s ome o bv iou s l e s sons t ob e l e a rned a nd t h ey w e re ma s t e red q u ick ly a st h ey a ro se d u r ing t h ec ou r se o ft h ew o rk . I ti s

s hou ld t a ke . T he s i te h a s b een s t ud ied u s ing t h e b a s ic s c ien t if ic p rem i se t h a tt h ew reck i sap henomenon a nd ,a s s uch , s hou ld b e s t ud ied c a re fu l ly a nd t ho rough ly t ob e u nde r s tood . N a tu ra l ly , t h e p rog r e ss o f t h is s t udy i sa d e s t ruc t ive p roce ss o f t h e s i te i t se lf a nd , t h e ref o re , t h e e xcava t ion h a st ob ec onduc ted i n ac a re fu la nd c on t ro l led m anne r . M i s take s w i l l o ccu r , h oweve r , f o r i ti so n ly t h rough t h e p roce s s o f e xcava t ion t h a t i ti sp o s s ib le t o d e te rm ine t h ec o r r ec ta r chaeo log ica lm e thod .A st h ee xca v a t ion w o rk i st h em e thod w he reby t h ea r chaeo log ica ld a ta i so b ta ined , s o t h e a na ly s is o f t h is a r chaeo log ica l d a ta a l lows f o r t h e e s sen t ia l i n te rp re ta t ion , a nd f r om t h a t , f u r the rq ue s t ion s a nd r e sea r ch a r eg ene ra ted . T h i s i st h e s c ien t if ic m e thod .I ti sh oped t h a tt h i sf i r s tp ub l ica t ion h a s h e lped t os how t h ea dvan tage so ft h i sa pp roach .

w o r th n o t ing t h a t ap ragma t ic a pp roa ch t ot h ee xcava t ion

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S o theby , ( 1972 ) C a ta logue o fc o in sa nd o ther a r tef ac t sf rom t h eH o l land ia .A uc t ion c a ta logue 1 8A pr i l1 972 ,L ondon . S o theby , L ondon . S o theby , ( 1973 ) C a ta logue o ft r easure r ecove red o ft h eS he t land I s l es .A uc t ion L ondon 8November 1 973 . S o theby , L ondon . S t anbu ry ,M . , ( 1973 ) V e rgu lde D raeck c a ta logue . D epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy S pec ia lP ub l ica t ion N o . 1 , We s t er nA u s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Mu seum , F r eman t le . S t anbu ry ,M . , ( 1974 ) T he B a tav ia c a ta logue . D epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy S pe c ia lP ub l ica t ion N o . 2 , We s t e rn A u s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Mu seum , F r eman t le . S t anbu ry ,M . , ( 1979 ) C a ta logue o f Du tch r e l ics . D epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy S pe c ia lP ub l ica t ion N o .3 , We s ter n Au s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Mu seum , F r eman t le . S tanbu ry ,M . , ( 1982 ) ANCODS c a ta logue 1 982 . D epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy S pe c ia lP ub l ica t ion N o .4 , We s t er n Au s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Mu seum ,F r eman t le . S t anbu ry ,M . , ( 1983 ) ANCODS c a ta logue 1 983 . D epa r tmen to f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy S pec ia lP ub l ica t ion N o .5 , We s t e rn Au s tra l ian Ma r i t ime Mu seum , F r eman t le . S t ap le , F .W . , ( 1927 ) P ie ter v an Dam B e sch ryv inge v an d eO o s t ind is che C ompagn ie .E er s te b oek , d ee 1 ,1 . R i jk sG e sch iedkund ige P ubl i ca t ien 6 3 , Ma r t inu sN i jhof f , ' s -G ravenhage . S t even son , D . a nd C a ldwe l l ,D .H . , ( 1 977 ) L ea th e rg un s a nd o the rl i gh ta r t i l le ry i nm id -17 th -cen tu ry S co t land . P roceed ings S oc ie ty A n t iqua r ies S co t land , 1 08 :300317 . S t enu i t , R . , ( 1974 ) E a r ly r e l ic so ft h e VOC t r ade f r om S he t land .T he w reck o ft h ef l u te L as td rage rl o s to f fY el , 1 653 . I n te rna t iona lJ ou rna lo fNau t ica lA rchaeo logy ,3 (2 ) :213-256 . S t enu i t ,R . , ( 1975 ) T rea su re o fP or to S an to . Na t iona lG eograph ic ,148 (2 ) :261-275 . S t enu i t , R . , ( 1977 ) D eW i t te L eeuw . D es ch ipb reuk v an en s ch ip v an d e VOC i n1 613 e nh e to nde rwa te ronde r zoek n aa rh e tw rak 1 976 . B u l le t in R i jk smuseum ,25 (4 ) :165178 . S t enu i t ,R . , ( 1977 ) L af l u te e ng lo t ie . P lon , F ran ce . S t enu i t ,R . , ( 1978 ) S unken t r ea su re o fS t .H e lena . Na t iona lG eograph ic ,154 (4 ) :562-576 . S t im son ,A . , ( 1988 ) T he ma r ine r 's a s t ro labe . As urvey o fk nown s u rv iv ing s ea a s t ro labes . HES P ub l i she r s , U tr ech t . S tow ,R . , ( 1972 ) Two l e t te r so f1 629 o nt h eB a tav ia d i sa s te r . Wes ter ly ,1 (Ap r i l ) :711 . S ven sson ,S . ,( 1942 ) S venska f l o t tan sh i s tor ia . S tockho lm . T a i t , H . ,( 1967 ) G la s sw i th c heque r ed s p i ra l t ra i ld eco ra t ion : ag roup made i nt h eS ou the rn N e the r land si nt h e 1 6 th a nd 1 7 th c en tu r ie s . J ou rna lo fG las sS tud ies ,9 :94112 . T hom ,H .B . , ( 1952 ) J ourna lo fJ an v an R iebeeck ( Vo l . 1— 3 ) . T he v an R iebeeck S oc ie ty ,C ape T own . T hom son ,T . ,( 1830 ) T he h i s to ry o fC hem is t ry . H . C o lbou rn a nd R .B en t ley ,L ondon . T y le r ,P .a nd R os s ,K . , ( 1977 ) Ab raham L eeman -ca s taway . Wes te r l y ,1 (Ma rch ) :35-64 . T y le r ,P . , ( 1970 ) T he w reck o ft h eB a tav ia . Wes te r ly ,2 ( Ju ly ) :49-62 .

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T y le r , P . , ( 1970 ) T he B a tav ia mu t inee r s . Wes te r l y , (Decembe r ) :33-45 . Un ive r s i ty o fA s ton S ub -Aqua C lub ,( 1974 ) T he w reck o ft h eK enneme r land ,e xp lo ra t ion a nd d i scovery b yA s ton U n iver s i ty S ub -Aqua C lub . A s ton Un ive r s i ty . V e ren ig ing K o lon iaa lI n s t i tuu t , ( 1 919 ) C a ta logus v an d et e n toons te l l ing t e rh e rd enk ing v a th e t3 00 fa ng b e s taan v an B a tav ia . K o lon iaa lI n s t i tuu t , Am s t e rdam . V o lke r ,T . , ( 1971 ) P o r ce la in a nd t h e Du tch E a s tI nd ia C ompany a sr eco rded i nt h e Dagh -Reg i s te rs o fB a tav ia C as t le 1 602-82 . B r il ,L ied en . Wa te r s ,D .W . , ( 1966 ) T he s ea —o r ma r ine r 's a s t ro labe . A g rupamen to d eE s tudo sd eC a r tog ra f ia A n t iga , S eccao d eC o imb ra . Wa t e r s ,D .W . , ( 1970 ) T he n av iga t ion a nd i n t rumen ts o ft h eB a tav ia , Du tch Ea s tI nd iaman ,1 629 . I n :M . Mola t , S oc i6 t 6 se tC ompagn ie sd eC omme r ce e nO r ien te td an sl 'Oc6an I nd ien . Wigna l l , S . , ( 1973 ) T he c rown p iece a nd i t sr e la t ion sh ip t ot h ed e ve lopmen to f1 6 th -18 th c en tury c as tb ron ze o rdnance . I n :N .F l emm ing ( ed . )S c ience D iv ing I n te rna t iona l .P ro ceed ings o f3 rd S c ien t i f ic S ympos ium o f CMAS ,B SAC ,H an t s . Wi l son , S . , ( 1985 ) C o in sf r om t h eZ uy tdo rp . J ou rna l Num i sma t ic A s soc ia t ion o fA us t ra l ia ,1 :24-30 . Wi t sen ,N . , ( 1690 ) A rch i tec tura n a va l is e tr eg imen N au t icum o f t ea a loud ee nh ed endaagsche s cheeps -bouw e nb es t ier . Am s t e rdam . Wooda l l ,J . ,( 1617 ) T he s urg ions ma te . L ondon .

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ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS L i te ra l ly h und red s o f i n d iv idua ls h ave h e lped w i th t h e e xcava t ion , c on se rva t ion , a dm in is t ra t ion , r e sea rch a nd r e cons t ruc t ion o ft h eB a tav ia .T he a u tho rw ou ld l i ke t oa cknow ledge t h eh e lp a nd a s s i s tance o fa l lt h e se p eop le a nd r eg re t s t h a ts pa ce p re c lude sl i s t ing e ve ry i nd iv idua l .H oweve r , Iw ou ld l i ke t op ay t r ibu te t oa l lt h e membe r so f my s t a f fo ft h e D epa r tmen t o f Ma r i t ime A rchaeo logy o f t h e We s ter n A u s t ra l ian Ma r i t ime Museum w ho w e re i nvo lved w i th t h e e xcava t ion o ft h eB a tav ia a nd w ho h ave h e lped w i th t h ea s so c ia ted w o rk a nd t h ep roduc t ion o ft h i sb ook . I np a r t icu la r , Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank P a t r ick B ake rf o rh i st i r e le s sh e lp i np roduc ing t h ep ho tog r aph ic p r in t sf o rt h i sp ub l ica t ion a nd My ra S tanbu ry f o rh e rs uppo r tw i th a spec t so ft h er e sea r ch a nd t h ed raw ing s . Ig r ea t ly a pp re c ia te R o sema ry H a rpe r 's h e lp w i th t h ea dm in is t ra t ion o ft h ec o l lec t ion a nd B r ian R icha rd s 'w o rk o nt h ep ho tog raph ic c a ta logue .S ta f fw ho a s s is ted w i th t h e e xcava t ion ,i na dd i t ion t ot ho se m en t ioned a bove ,i n c luded G eof fK imp ton ,G raeme H ende r son , Wa r ren R ob in son ,C ol in P owe l l ,M ike McCa r thy ,C a ta r ina I ng leman -Sundbe rg ,L ou sd eV r ie s -Zu ide rbaan ,B ob R icha rd s ,S co t tS l edge ,B obby B evacqua ,G uy W i lk in son a nd J immy S t ewa r t .F a i r l ie S awday a nd P au l H und ley h ave l e n ti nva luab le h e lp w i th t h e c o l lec t ion a nd S usan C ox h a sg iven g ene rou s ly o fh e rt ime i nm any w ay s ,i n c lud ing t y p ing much o ft h em anu sc r ip t .I a mg ra te fu lt oa l ls t a f fo ft h eC on se rva t ion L abo ra to ry f o rt h e i rw o rk o nt h eB a tav ia m a te r ia la nd t h e i ra dv ice a nd h e lp w i th t h ea r te f a c t sa nd Ie spec ia l ly w an tt ot h ank N e i lN o r th ,I a n McL eod ,N ancy M i l l s -Re id ,R inske C a ra nd E r ic C a r . A nn O u sey a nd s t a f fo ft h e Mu seum P ubl i ca t ion sD epa r tmen th ave b een mo s te f f ic ien ti nd eal ing w i th t h ep ho tog raph ic w o rk f o rt h is p ub l ica t ion .A l so ,t h eh e lp a nd a s s i s tance o fo the rm embe r so ft h e We s te rn Au s t ra l ian Mu seum ,p a r t icu la r ly C lem B u rns a nd K ev in Y oung ,i sg ra t efu l ly a cknow ledged .V a r iou sv o lun te e r sh e lped w i th t h ee xcava t ion a nd Iw ou ld l i ke t oe xp re ss my a pp rec ia t ion f o rt h ev o lun tee r sf r om t h e Ma r i t ime A r chaeo log ica lA s soc ia t ion o f We s te rn A u s t ra l ia w ho a s s i s ted w i th t h ew o rk .A dd i t iona l ly , Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank m embe r so ft h ef i sh ing c ommun i ty i nt h eA b ro lho sI s land s f o rt h e i ru nend ing s uppo r t ,p a r t i cu la r ly B i l la nd Mave D ran sf ie ld ,J ohnny G l iddon a nd D ave a nd P e t ra J ohn son o fB eacon I s land a nd Mau r ie G laz ie ro fP o s tO f f ice I s land . T he B a tav ia p ro jec tc ou ld n eve rh ave b een c a r r ied o u tw i thou tt h ei n s t i tu t iona lb a ck ing o ft h e We s t ern A u s t ra l ian Mu seum w h ich ,i nt u rn , i ss uppo r ted b y t h e S t a te G ove rnmen to f We s te rn A u s t ra l ia . S uch a n u nde r tak ing w a so n ly p o s s ib le b ecause o ft h e f a r s igh ted a c t ion o ft h e S t a te G over nmen t i n 1 963 , w hen t h e f i r s t o f as e r ie s o fA c t s w a s i n t roduced t op ro tec tt h eh i s to r ic s h ipw reck so f We s t er nA u s t ra l ia f o rp o s t e r i ty .T h i s a c t ion ,t oge the rw i th t h ea c t ive s uppo r to ft h eg ove rnmen ta nd i t sm in i s te r sr e spon s ib le f o rt h e Mu seum ,e nab led p rope rs uppo r tf a c i l i t ie sa nd s t a f ft o b e b rough t t o ge the rb y t h e Mu seum t of o rm t h e D epa r tmen t o f Ma r i t ime A r chaeo logy . T he S ta te G ove rnmen th a s g ene rou s ly f unded t h eD epa r tmen ta nd t h eBa tav ia p ro jec t .T he A u s t ra l ian F ede ra lG over nmen th a ss uppo r ted t h ep ro je c t t h rough as e r ies o fg ran t sp rov ided u nde rt h eA u s t ra l ian R e sea rch G ran t sS cheme a nd ,s i nce t h ei mp lemen ta t ion o ft h e H is tor ic S h ipwreck sA c t1 976 ,t h rough a nnua lg ran t si na i df r om t h er e levan tF ede ra lM in i s t r ie s . Iw ou ld p a r t icu la r ly l i ke t ot h ank t h eT ru s tee so ft h e We s te rn A u s t ral ian Mu seum ,t h eD i re c to r ,J ohn B ann i s te r ,a nd t h eH ead o fD iv i s ion ,I a n C rawfo rd ,f o rt h e i rs uppo r to ve rt h ey ea r s . Ih ave b enef i t ted b y at r emendou s a moun to fh e lp , a dv ice a nd d i scu ss ion f r om s cho la r s o fm any c oun t r ie s . I ti s p o s s ib le t on ame b u t af ew h e re , a mong t h em B a sK i s t ,o ft h e Am s te rdam R i jk smu seum , a nd J an -P ie tP uype , o ft h e N ede r land sS che epvaa r t Mu seum . A dd i t iona l ly , d u r ing ar e cen ts t udy leave t oE u rope s uppo r ted b y t h eN e the r land s M in i s t ry o fC u l tu re , Iw a sp r iv i leged t os pend amo s ti n te re s t ing p e r iod o fs t udy a tt h eS t ich t ing N ede r land B ouw tV .O .C . R e tou r sch ip ,L e ly s tad . Iwo rked t h e re i nc on junc t ion w i th R obe r tP a r the s iu sa s s i s t ing i n ap ro jec t ,u nde rt h ed i re c t ion o f Wi l lem V o s ,t or e con s truc t a1 7 th -cen tu ry r e tour sch ip o f at y pe s im i la rt ot h eB a tav ia .I w ou ld l i ke ,a dd i t iona l ly ,t o t h ank J aap B ru i jn o fL e iden U n ive r s i ty ,G e r r i tv ande rH e ide a nd v a r iou sp eop le w i th in t h eA lgeme ,en R i jk sa rch ie fw ho h ave h e lped w i th a r ch iva l ma te r ia l . Mo s to ft h et y pe se t t ing a nd e d i to r ia lw o rk f o rt h i sb ook w a sc omp le ted i nO xfo rd , a nd Ia mg ra tefu lt ot h eC omm i t tee f o rA rchaeo logy o fO xfo rd U n ive r s i ty f o ro f f e r ing m e aR e sea rch A s soc ia te sh ip a t t h eI n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy ,a nd t oP ro f e s so rS ean McG ra i lf o rh i sh e lp w i th t h i s .I nA u s t ra l ia , Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank H ugh E dwa rd s ,J ohn P en ro se ,o fC u r t in U n ive r s i ty ,a nd F rank B roeze ,o ft h eU n ive r s i ty o f We s ter nA u s t ral ia ,f o rt h e i rh e lp . F ina l ly , Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank my w if e ,S u san G reen ,f o rh e rh e lp w i th t h ep roduc t ion a nd e d i t ing o ft h i sb ook .

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