The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht VERGULDE DRAECK, Western Australia 1656, Parts i and ii: An historical background and excavation report with an appendix on similar loss of the fluit LASTDRAGER 9781407387499, 9781407388625, 9780904531978, 9781407346458

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The Loss of the Vereni9de Oostindische Compa9nie Jacht

VERGULDE DRAECK, Western Australia I 6 56

An historical background and excavation report with an appendix on similar loss of the fiuit LAS TDRAGER Part i . Jeremy N. Green, Curator, Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Museum with contributions by Lous Zuiderbaan, Robert StCnuit, S. J. Wilson, Mike Owens BAR Supplementary Series 3 6(i) 1 977

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A .. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. Supplementary Series 36 (i), 1977: "The Loss of the VerenigdE:: Oo$tindische Compagrde Jacht Vergulde Draeck, Western Australia, 1656." Part i © Jeremy N. Green, 1977. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407387499 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407388625 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780904531978 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407346458 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531978 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS L i s t o fI lu s t ra t ion s

v i i

E d i to r ' s I n t roduc t ion

x v i i

PART ONE : THE H ISTOR ICAL BACKGROUND

LOUS ZU IDERBAAN

I n t roduc t ion

1 3

C hap te r I

T he R ou te t o t he I nd ie s

5

C hap te rI

T he J ourney o ft he VEREEN IGDE PROV INT IEN ( 1654 -55)

7

C hap ter I I

O r ig in s o ft he VERGULDE DRAECK a nd t he E ven t s P r ior t oh er S a i l ing i n 1 653

2 3

C hapte rI V

T he DRAECK ' s F i r s t J ourney ( 1653 -54 )

2 9

C hap ter V

B ack t o P a tr ia

3 7

C hap te rV I

T he S econd J ourney ( 1655 -56 )

4 3

C hap ter V I I

F ir s t S ea rche s f o rt he W reck

4 8

C hap ter V I I I

S ea rche s f r om t he C ape o fG ood H ope

5 1

C hap te rI X

T he L a s t A t temp t s

5 4

P ART TWO :

THE VERGULDE DRAECK — THE MODERN S EQUEL

J EREMY GREEN

6 1

C hap te rI

T he D i scovery o ft he W r eck S i te

6 3

C hap te rI

T he VERGULDE DRAECK W reck S i te

7 1

C hap te rI I

T he 1 972 E xcava t ion

7 7

C hap te rI V

T he D i s t r ibu t ion o ft he F ind s

8 5

C hap te rV

C a ta logue o fF ind s

9 3

1 .

I n t roduc t ion

9 4

2 .

C eram ic Ma ter ia l

9 5

3 .

1 .S tonewa re B ea rdman j ug s : m a sk sa nd m eda l l ion s 1 .P l a in j ug s 2 . J ug s w i th m a sk o n ly 3 . J ug sw i th m a sk a nd o ne m eda l l ion 4 . J ug sw i th m a sk a nd t h r ee m eda l l ion s 5 . J ug f r agmen t s( neck s ) 6 . J ug f r agmen t s( ba se sa nd m eda l l ion s ) 7 . M i sce l laneou ss t onewa r e s 8 . U nca ta logued s t onewa r ej ug f r agmen t s

9 6 1 05 10 16 1 23 1 33 1 38 1 42 1 46

2 . E a r thenwa re s w i th B rown o rG reen L ead G laze

1 47

3 . T in -G lazed M a ter ia l ( Ma jo l ica a nd D e lf twa re )

1 51

4 . C lay T obacco P i pe s

1 52

5 . B r ick s

1 69

N on F er rou s M a ter ia l 1 .B ronze 1 . Mo r ta r sa nd p e s t le s 2 . B r as s 1 .C ook ing u t en s i l s 2 . B uck le s( b ra s s o rb ronze ) 3 . F i sh -hook s 4 . T ap s 5 . L amp s a nd A cce s sor ie s 6 . M i sce l laneou s

1 73 1 77 1 80 1 8/ 1 83 1 86 1 93

3 . C oppe r 1 .C ook ing u t en s i l s 2 . M i sce l laneou s 4 . L ead 1 .B a l ing s e a l 2 . D eep sea s ound ing l e ad s 3 . A s so r ted w e igh t s 4 . L igh tl e ad sho t 5 . V e s se l s( po s s ib ly p ew te r ) 6 . M i sce l laneou so b jec t s 5 . P ew te r 1 .B o t t le c ap s 2 . S poon s 3 . P l a te s ,p o t sa nd b eaker s

4 .

5 .

6 .

1 98 2 07 s2 08 2 09 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 13 2 15 2 17 2 20

M i sce l laneou s Ma ter ia l 1 .G la s s l .M i sce l laneou s 2 . B o t t le s

2 23 2 24

2 . S tone M a ter ia l 1 .S l a tes a nd p enc i l s 2 . S ch i s tw he t s tone s 3 . G r ind s tone s 4 . M i scelaneou s

2 28 2 28 2 30 2 33

O rgan ic Ma ter ia l 1 . Wood 1 .M i scelaneou ss ma l l a r tef ac t s 2 . H and le s( a l so b one ) 3 . C ombs a nd f a n ( a l so b one )

2 34 2 38 2 40

2 . B one 1 .E lephan t t u sk s 2 . A n ima l a nd f i sh 3 . B ead s

2 41 2 43 2 47

3 . M i sce l laneou s : P i tch a nd R e s in

2 47

4 . F ibre s : R ope a nd M a t t ing

2 48

5 . S eed sa nd S t raw

2 49

6 . T imbe r 1 .G ene ra l 2 . B a rk ,s i l v e rb i rch ,p o s s ib le d unnage

2 49 2 50

7 . L ea the r : S hoe s

2 53

T oo l B ox - I r on T oo l s a nd Wooden H and le s 1 .P rec i s ion T oo l s 1 .R ound -ended c en t re p unche s 2 . F la t , t a pe r -ended p unche s 3 . S qua re -ended p unche s 4 . F la red c h i se l s 5 . P a ra l le l s ided c h i se l s 6 . L ong tanged , f l a t tape red t oo l s 7 . L ong tanged , o c tagona l tape red t oo l s 8 . H amme r s

2 57 2 59 2 60 2 60 2 61 2 61 2 62 2 62

2 . F i le s 1 .S qua re 2 . R ound 3 . B lank s( po s s ib ly )

2 63 2 63 2 63

3 . S c rewd r ive rB l ade so rC h i se l s

2 64

4 .M i sce l laneou sT oo ls 1 .A s so r ted 2 . Mu ske t -ba l l mou ld s

7 .

C hap ter V I

2 64 2 65

5 . U n iden t if ied O b jec t s

2 66

6 . Wooden H and le s

2 66

7 . M i sce l laneou s

2 67

F er rou s Ma ter ia l 1 .A rmamen t 1 .I r on c annon 2 . I r on c annon -ba l l s

2 71 2 73

2 . M i sce l laneou s 1 .N a i l s 2 . B a r re lh oop s

2 87 2 89

8 . 1

C ong lomera te s

2 91

8 .2

R ep l ica s

2 92

9 .

C o inage

R equ i s i t ion L i s t a nd W reck Ma ter ia l

he L o s s o ft he F lu i t LASTDRAGER APPEND IX 1 T ta l lu rg ica l R epo r to n aS ec t ion f r om a APPEND IX 2 Me C or roded B ra s s C and le s t ick R ecove red f r om t he VERGULDE DRAECK APPEND IX 3 F ur the r No te so n t he Me rcu ry T rade

S . J .W i l son

2 93

J eremy G reen

3 41

R ober t S tenu i t

4 03

M ike Owens

4 69

J ere my Green

4 81

CONCLUS IONS

4 86

A cknow ledgemen t s

4 87

Manu scr ip t R ef erence s

4 88

R ef e rence s

4 89

L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS ( 1)

T he sailing routes

f rom Holland t o t he I ndies a fter t he

i ntroduction of Brouwer 's r oute i n 1 611. ( 2)

The Cape of Good Hope.

4

D etail of a Dutch e ngraving f rom

the s econd half of t he s eventeenth c entury. ( 3)

An a rtist's

1 7

i mpression of the VERGULDE DRAECK,

t aken f rom

a c ontemporary i llustration of the s traets -v aerder the V ERGULDE DOLPHIJN by R einier Nooms 1 664 ( 4)

( see Nooms

( alias

Z eeman )

2 2

The Zuyderzee and t he V ile,

t he r oads where t he

l ying at anchor in t he summer of 1 653 before t he I ndies;

t he roads a re e ast of t he

Engraving by A elbert H aije, ( 5)

1 623-

1 970). f leet was

l eaving f or

i sland of Vlielandt.

1 585.

2 5

Table Bay and Saldanha Bay with R obben and Dassen I slands. Engraving f rom

O ud e n N ieuw O ost I ndien

( Valentijn 1 724-

2 6). ( 6)

The Castle o f Batavia with t he n ew stone bridge. f rom

( 7)

3 1

' Oud e n N ieuw O ost -I ndien'

Cape

I t was

t he

f rom

B egin e nde V oortgangh

Engraving

4 2 Engraving f rom

4 2

D etail of a c hart by S amuel Volkersen, ( 1658)

t he l eft).

A lgemeen R ijksarchief,

D raecken h ooft 1 658.

s pot where

( second d escription f rom

' s-Gravenhage.

s kipper of t he EMELOORT,

( third f rom t he r ight). A lgemeen R ijksarchief,

5 6

named t wo places

D raecken R iff ( far r ight )

a fter the VERGULDE DRAECK:

( 11)

s kipper of t he WACKENDE

s howing t he i sland R ottnest and t he

Aucke P ietersz Jonck,

Jonck,

' Oud e n N ieuw O ost-

( Valentijn 1 724-26).

" many s ign of the Draeck were f ound"

( 10b)

B egin e nde V oort-

f rom

( Commelin 1 646).

I ndien'

a nd

D etail of a c hart by

' s-Gravenhage.

5 6

Map s howing Western Australia and part of I ndonesia a nd t he l ocations of t he wreck s ites of t he TRIAL,

ZUYTDORP,

BATAVIA,

Z EEWIJK and VERGULDE DRAECK. ( 12)

3 6

f irst possible meeting place after t he

Overall view of Batavia.

BOEY

( Commelin 1 646).

Helena i n t he s outhern half of the A tlantic

f or homebound s hips.

g angh

( 10a )

( detail)

T he i sland of St. O cean.

( 9)

3 5

P epper c limbing up a long high r eeds on t he i sle of Banda. Engraving

( 8)

Engraving

( Valentijn 1 724-26).

6 2

Map of the coast of Western Australia f rom Fremantle t o L edge Point s howing t he wreck s ite and the c oin hoard was

f ound.

s ite where

t he Edward's 6 9

v ii

( 13)

Underwater v iew of outer r eef l ooking t owards s ite,

( 14) ( 15)

V iew l ooking t hrough c omplex c ave P lan o f the wreck s ite, t ion of c annon, man a nd W .

( 17)

C owan,

G .

7 0

f eatures.

Brenzi,

R .

S onner7 3

1 966.

v iew l ooking t owards wreck s ite,

a irlift d ischarge pipe

7 0

s howing t he r eference grid a nd l oca-

Anderson i n

D inghy with hookah, d istance.

s ystem on t he wreck s ite.

anchors and major t opographical

From t he original survey by J .

( 16)

t he wreck

s howing g ulleys and extensive weed c overage of r eef.

i n background,

r idgid

and c oast l ine i n 7 5

Photograph t aken on v ery c alm day.

View taken f rom workboat s howing r oad d rill c ompressor i n f oreground,

a irlift supply p ipe l eading t o wreck s ite.

D inghy with hookah, background.

a nd a irlift d ischarge may b e n oted i n

T he r eef l ies under white water on l eft of

p icture.

7 5

( 18)

D iver working under Arch 1 with f lexible a irlift.

7 6

( 19)

Area of u ncleared bricks

7 6

( 20)

Bones and bricks

( 21)

L ifting bags of bricks.

7 8

( 22)

Towing cannon No.

8 1

( 23)

Progress of t he excavation,

s tarting on 1 3 January

1 972

( 13.1)

1 0 April 1 972

Areas

i n e arly phase of excavation.

i n s itu.

7 8

1 2 o ff wreck s ite with l ifting bags.

and c ontinuing until

worked on particular dates a s

( 10.4).

i ndicated.

8 4

( 24)

D istribution of c eramic material on wreck s ite.

( 25)

D istribution of brick a nd f errous material on wreck

( 26)

D istribution o f non-ferrous and g lass material on wreck s ite.

8 8

( 27)

D istribution o f miscellaneous material on wreck s ite.

8 9

( 28)

Beardman j ugs.

9 5

( 29)

S eal o f Friedrich Fabricus, ( Repro-Film:

( 30) ( 31)

5 1,

Beardman j ugs

N eg.

( GT 8 46)

Pair of medallions

1 .

8 6 s ite.

c ourtesy o f S tadtarchiv Frechen

1 4-20).

1 03

heavily c oncreted into s eabed.

f rom GT 8 35

Beardman j ug

( 33)

Sorting c lay pipes

1 03

s howing s imilar f law on

heart on each. ( 32)

8 7

1 24

( GT 8 11)

l ightly c oncreted t o r eef.

f rom box

( GT 1 028),

l eft.

1 25

c omplete pipes on 1 52

v iii

( 34a )

P rofile of S ir Walter R aleigh P ipe

( GT 9 19).

1 53

( 34h)

Profile of S croll a nd f lower pipe

( GT 1 017).

1 53

( 34c)

Profile of Tudor r ose pipe without s epals

( 34d)

P rofile of plain pipes

( GT 1 018)

1 53

( GT 1 019).

1 53

( GT 1 020).

1 53

( GT 1 021).

1 57

( 34

f leur-de-lis pipes

( 34e)

Profile of

( 34f)

Profile o f C T pipes

( 34g)

Profile o f Tudor r ose pipe with s epals

( 34h )

P rofile of R P P ipes

( 35a )

F leur-de-lis from GT 1 020.

1 59

( 35b)

F leur-de-lis from GT 1 028.

1 59

( 36a)

CT Makers Mark f rom GT 1 021.

1 59

( 36b)

R P Makers Mark f rom G T 1 028.

1 59

( 37a)

R epair work on stem of RP pipe

( 37b)

Mouth piece of RP P ipe

( 38)

Frequency histogram of bore d iameter of 2 14 broken s tems,

( GT 1 022).

1 57

( GT 1 028).

( GT

1 57

( GT 1 028).

1 60

1 028).

1 60

randomly orientated. ( 39)

1 63

Frequency h istogram of bore d iameters of 1 72 measured parallel with axis of bowl,

( 40)

Frequency histogram o f bore diameters of measured at 3 0o

( 41)

R P pipes

0° .

1 63 1 0 R P pi es

angle intervals between 0o

t o 1 80

.

Frequency histogram o f bore d iameters of a s ample of 3 R P pipes, t heir

broken and measured at o 5 Omm intervals a long

s tems,

d iameters taken at 3 0

angle

i ntervals

b etween 0o and 1 80 o . ( 42)

C ross f ig.

( 43)

1 64

s ections of bones of

3 pipes u sed a s example i n

4 3.

Bricks

1 65

f rom wreck s ite i n display in Fremantle Maritime 1 69

Museum. ( 44 )

Brass pot and e lephant's

( 45)

Excavating candle s nuffers

tusk a fter r emoval of c opper bucket. ( GT 8 49)

1 76

D etails o f c onstruction of brass object of unknown purpose

( 47)

1 76

f rom under c annon No.

1 2 with c histle. ( 46)

1 64

1 96

( GT 1 331).

Copper bucket

( GT 8 59)

brass pot and e lephants

i n s itu i n l arge lump on wreck s ite, tusk in l ower r ight. ix

1 96

( 48)

I sometric drawing of c opper s heeting,

possibly part

of t he stern post. ( 49a )

' 2 06

PV mark on s poon GT 6 06.

) )

( 49b)

VW mark on s poon GT 9 63.

)

2 18

) ( 49c)

Mark on spoon

( 50)

Longitudinal h alf of barrel a ssociated with bones.

( 51)

P ig Bones, 1 179,

( 52a)

)

( from l eft t o r ight GT 1 165,

1 368,

C ow Bones

GT 8 92.

1 183,

1 179,

1 368,

1 368,

2 44 1 167,

1 368).

( GT 1 452 a bove,

2 44

a nd 1 147)

n ote butchering mark

on knuckle o f GT 1 147.

2 46

( 52b)

D etail of butchering mark on GT 1 147.

2 46

( 52c)

Butchered c ow v ertibrae

2 46

( 53)

Barrel s taves.

( 54)

( GT 1 189).

2 51

Bottom of barrel or bucket i n underhang, base.

note c oins

( 55)

R emains of l eather shoe GT 1 092 below d etail.

( 56)

R emains o f h eel GT 1 113 A

( 57)

Bottom

C

S ide

R emains of heel GT 1 115 A

( 59)

2 51 2 52

T op

B

B ( 58)

i n

This photograph was a hand held t ime exposure.

2 52

S ide Top

2 53

R emains of l eather s hote GT 1 127 s ide below t op d etail o f toe immediately a fter r ecovery.

2 54

Front s ide of t ool box during c ourse of extraction of c orroded tools.

2 56

( 60)

Front s ide

2 56

( 61)

Back s ide of t ool box s howing wooden handles.

2 56

( 62)

R ound File

2 58

( 63)

D etail of mark.

( 64)

D etail of tongs

( 65)

Collection of Armourer2 Tools

( 66)

Frequency histogram of s hot d iameter i n mm.

( 67)

Barrel of nails s ite.

f urther on i n extraction process.

( GT 1 271).

2 58 ( GT 1 271).

( GT 1 471A )

2 58 f rom D ip lerot's Encyclopaedia.

2 69 2 77

after raising from t he wreck 2 88

( 68)

S ection o f unknown o bject G T 0 25.

2 90

( 69)

X -ray of GT 0 25.

2 90

( 70)

G reat S hield.

2 94

( 71)

O rigin o f Arms.

2 95

( 72)

R outes of Treasure F leets.

2 97

( 73)

Typical 8

r eale .

3 03

( 74a )

Map o f Blue Mull S ound s howing l ocal e bb t ide.

c urrent patterns at

Presumably t he d rifting s tern-half of t he

LASTDRAGER was carried out t o s ea by t he c urrent a t t he turn of t he t ide. ( 74b)

Map of C russa N ess t he naked,

( 75a )

4 02 s howing t he a pproximate i tinerary of

wounded survivor,

A c ontemporary model of a c ommon

f iuit .

f luitschip

or Dutch

modified a nd a rmed f or t he

a re known to t he writer. Museum,

I ndies

( Model i n Prins H endrick Maritime

R otterdam ).

4 06

A c ontemporary drawing of a Netherlands c annons by a n a nonymous S cheepvaart Museum,

( 76)

4 02

No pictures o r models o f a l arge V &

s pecially equipped,

( 75b)

Jan Camphuijs.

a rtist.

f luit of 28

( Nederlandsch H istorisch 4 06

Amsterdam ).

T he wreck s ite

i s dry l and;

a t v ery l ow

black i s

r ock exposed

a re underwater heights;

a re excavated a reas,

mainly gullies;

heavy d ots

main c oncentrations of a rtefacts and f ragments. 1 -5 a nd t he main mound of s hot 6 a re d rawn.

i ndicate Guns

The position

o f o ther individual a rtefacts i s g iven i n t he t ext by r eference t o t he grid s quare, overcrowding, ( 77a )

Brass r evolving keg tap.

T o avoid

( indicated by a rrows)

writer.

The maker's marks

Marks

2 ,

3 ,

i s n ot understood by t he

a nd i nitials a re n ot i dentified

4 are f rom t ombstones

Amsterdam and D elft. t ion but are g iven,

4 14

T he purpose of t he narrow perfor-

a tions

1 ,

f or example B -9.

g rid squares are not drawn on t he map.

i n c emetery r ecords o f

A lthough s imilar t hey have n o c onnecwith t he maker's names,

t he better t o

i llustrate t he c omplexity of t he problem o f a ttribution. V an

A lderwereldt means ' of t he whole world', hence t he c hoice ' orbs m undi' symbol.

o f a n ( 77b)

Unmarked,

otherwise identical k eg t ap with piping,

Barentsz c ollection, ( 78)

S poons

a nd/or f orks:

but s ee n ote

3 5.

R ijksmuseum, 1 .

R otterdam;

2 .

P ewter s poon,

C ommon on Dutch wreck s ites, c rew

( Van Dam,

4 17

mark unidentified

Hypothetical r econstruction a fter a

c omplete s poon with s ame unidentified mark, Museum,

i n t he

Amsterda i i i.

C opper s poon,

1 927),

I :

x i

i n t he H istorial

one of 1 2

f ound,

unmarked,

probably t he type i ssued t o t he

6 48-52);

3 -5.

4 17

Fragments of s ilver

spoons.

Type 4 i s c ommon on 1 7th c entury Dutch

s poons,

symbolizing

c harity; ( 79)

6 .

( 80)

F or d oubtful bullet-shaped object 4 20

B rachiolus of a Dutch mariner's universal or catholic in brass.

4 24

B rachiolus shown in the detail of a portraite of D irecteur G eneraal Gerard Pietersz Hulft by Govert F linck

( 82)

4 18

L inked s hot was f ound i n l arge quantity.

a strolabe, ( 81)

Fragments of s ilver s poons or f orks.

Small arms ammunition. s ee a bove.

s ilver

m oederliefde, i .e. mother-love or

( 1654)

i n R ijksmuseum,

Amsterdam.

The s o-called Armken van Barentsz, with its wooden cursor,

a s imilar

one of t he objects

b rachiolus

a bandoned i n

B ehouden H uijs in 1 597 by Willem Barentsz'

t he f amous party.

4 24

At t he t ime of d iscovery,

n o other f ragment or

c omplete i nstrument existed. ( 83)

4 25

A cardboard model of the i nstrument, culated small arm and t he cursor,

s howing t he a rti-

f rom a manuscript

written i n 1 647 by Jan Nanninghsoon, s urveyor. ( 84)

a Dutch l and

( Noord Holland Archiefsdienst).

4 25

A G erman pocket sun-watch and t he ivory box i t s hared with i ts c ompass.

Note t he brass p ivot and c hapelle

of missing r ose of c ompass.

Photographed against Father

Fournier's description of a mariner's c ompass, s imilar c ompass pivot and c hapelle i n ( 85)

I dentical

( 87)

l eft i s

s till

s tuck i n a c oncretion block.

4 28

Sounding l ead.

4 30

Brass navigational d ividers.

N os.

were probably i n u se on board; 7 2 s imilar pairs pairs

f ound,

1 t o 8 ,

n os.

9 t o

the t otal

1 1,

f ound

examples o f

were obviously c argo.

T he

f our

l ying horizontally f eature modern plastic c asts of

t he missing wrought i ron points. ( 88)

D ivider,

4 31

with imprint of part of i ts d isintegrated point

l eft i n protection c oncretion. s ame block,

Note other imprints,

one a bove and t hree beneath,

packaging of i nstruments.

i n

indicating t ight

Maker's mark not i dentified

( see text f or parallels). ( 89)

Ornament on d ividers.

s tamped c oncentric c ircles. without t he

4 32

The wide-open

by a I on each s ide a lways

L ead ingot.

f leur -d e -l is f lanked

c orresponds with t wo s ets o f T he c ompact

f leur -d e -l is

I Is a lways c orresponds with three s ets,

an i ndentation beneath t he c ircles ( 90)

4 28

s un-watches with r emains of t heir c opper boxes.

Note t hat the brass pivot of t he d isc on the

( 86)

s howing

H ydrographie, 1 643.

Unmarked.

( see t ext ).

plus 4 32 4 35

x ii

( 91 )

Nine tobacco pipes,

( 92)

P iles o f s ilver

d imensions

i n mm.

4 35

a rend s chellingen ( Dutch small c hange)

f ound c emented together by t he c opper s alts

f rom metal

in t he a lloy a nd other a gents. ( 93)

4 39

D ecorated f ragments of Bellarmine on t he upper r ight f ragment i s

( 94)

f lagons.

The f lower

s imilar t o the ornament

on t he f lagon f ound on t he

I sle of F etlar

possibly plundered i n 1 653

f rom t he LASTDRAGER wreckage.

Bottleneck r einforcements

( fig.

2 2), 4 39

a nd matching pewter s crew c aps,

f rom s quare-based g reen g lass bottles.

Contents unknown,

but quicksilver a possibility. ( 95)

The F etlar B ellarmine F lagon. Antiquities,

( 96a)

4 40 ( National Museum of

Edinburgh ).

T he s ignet r ing

( no.

I )

4 45 has

l eft a perfect positive imprint

in t he protective c oncretion i n which i t was embedded. ( 96b)

S imilar merchant's marks,

4 49

i n u se at t he same period belonged

to: I

)

1 :

Hans van Hanswijck,

1 639

( O.K.

7 5

f o.

2 1 18 & O .K.

7 6 f o. . 84).

I I

)

2 :

Unidentified

1 :

Unidentified

( Homeyer,

Unidentified

pl.

V ).

( Wedding r egister of Oortmarsum

( Staatsarchief, 2 :

1 24,

Zwolle).

( On a g rave i n Steenwijck,

Groote

K erk). 3 :

Unidentified

( On a grave i n R otterdam 's Groote

K erk). 4 :

Unidentified

( On a grave i n Oude K erk c emetery,

Amsterdam ). 5 :

Thomas Janszoon,

1 640.

( On a t ombstone i n d e

Oude Kerk c emetery of Amsterdam 6 :

Anthony Verbruggen

7 :

Jacob Willemsen,

( as a bove,

( Grafboek O .K.

7 5).

n ote t hat monogram

i s a lmost c omplete). Amsterdam, 8 :

P ieter Ruijs

9 :

R oolof d e Vrij,

1 0:

1 32,

1 666,

( Nieuwe K erk c emetery

4 8).

z ijn k inderen,

Unidentified, ( Homeyer,

Blauwen Holm

G rafboek N .K.

c .

1 700

i n u se i n Norwich pl.

( England)

V ).

( 97)

The van Waveren s ignet r ing,

( 98a)

S eal o f Alderman Anthony O etgens van Waveren, document dated 2 6 November,

( 98b)

Mayoral s eal of his

s on,

4 57

4 52

J oan O etgens van Waveren,

on a

dated 2 3 April,

( Historisch-topographische a tlas, Gemeentelijke Archie -

d ienst, ( 99a)

on an official

1 614.

document o f t he Municipality of Amsterdam, 1 643

( as above).

( as a bove).

Amsterdam,

n os.

1 102 and 1 219).

Part of a brass wimble f or s kull-bone surgery.

4 53

( 99h)

A French

1 6th c entury c omplete

with a more e laborate

i nstrument,

s imilar but

s ystem of t repan f ixation

( see t ext ),

L a M ethode c urative d es P layes e t F ract ures d e l a t este h umaine, pl. CLXXXVI, Paris. f rom Pare,

( 100)

1 .

A .

1 561,

Brass pins of s piral wound-head t ype,

3 s izes

4 53

( 45

r ecovered). 2 .

G lass beads, blue,

3 . 4 -7. 8 .

t op t o bottom:

blue-black,

yellow,

blue

green.

Brass pegs. Brass buttons

( 19 r ecovered).

Fixing arrangement of buttons,

a llowing u se with t hick

c loth. 9 .

Gold button,

bottom of cup i s e namelled i n white.

Typically Dutch, ornament

often s een in p ictures,

worn a s an

( 12 r ecovered ).

1 0.

Gold buckle,

1 1.

Brass buckle.

u se u nknown.

1 2.

Possibly a g old e arring.

1 3.

Brass webbing or belt holder

1 4.

P lain s ilver r ing d ecorated with black thread.

1 5.

Exquisite l ady's gold wedding r ing i n t he

s hape of

plaited hair. ( 101)

1 -3. 4 .

4 55

Probably s ailor's

f ishing l eads.

Carefully c ast l ead weight,

perforated t hrough a c entre

with t he r emains of a wooden r od

( or pipe?)

i nside,

u se

unknown. 5 .

S ection s howing t he hole, s heet,

6 -7.

l ined with a t hin r olled c opper

and r emains of unidentified f ibrous matter i nside.

Cubical and c ylindrical

l ead boxes,

8 .

F lat c ylindrical weight.

9 .

L ead f illed thin c ast c opper c up,

u se unknown.

possibly a weight f or

s ome o bject on g imbals. 1 0. ( 102)

4 57

Possibly a f ish-shaped trolling-lead.

Unidentified s ilver objects.

Man a nd horse a re possibly

p oppenzilver.

4 58

( 103)

S ilver s word o r r apier pommel.

4 58

( 104)

Knife handles of horn,

ivory and c opper.

4 58

D ecorated g lass bottle

( about 2 0cm ),

( 105)

or Dutch 1 7th c entury work,

believed t o be G erman

s aid by t radition t o have been

r ecovered f rom t he LASTDRAGER wreckage s hortly a fter t he s hipwreck

( Lerwick Museum ).

4 61

( 106)

Corroded c andlestick GT 7 95.

4 69

( 107)

D etail of wax t ray s howing c orrosion.

4 71

( 108)

Unetched uncorroded polished metal s urface and l ead g lobules

( 109)

s howing porosity

( magnification x 1 00).

Fully c orroded area.

4 71

Only s keleten of metal r emains

( magnification x 5 0).

4 75

x iv

( 110)

Etched i n a queous

f erric c hloride.

a s ingle c ored g rain ( 111 )

E tched. s ulphide,

T he l ight a rea i s

( magnification x 5 0).

T he l ight g rey i nclusions a re p robably z inc l ead g lobules a re a lso present

( magnification

x 4 00). ( 112)

E tched.

4 76 Enlarged v iew o f i nclusion

( magnification x

1 ,000). ( 113)

Etched.

4 77 T he b eginning o f c orrosion a long t he h igh-zinc

areas of t he g rain, ( 114)

Etched.

( magnification x 5 0).

Enlarged v iew o f c orrosion path

4 78 ( magnification

x 5 0). ( 115)

4 75

4 78

Etched. H ere t he c orrosion has p enetrated d eeply; a nd a s econdary ( bridging ) a ttack i s o ccurring ( magnifica4 80

t ion x 5 0).

XV

This book i s

dedicated

t o t he memory of Andreas

Cariolou

t he man who

f ound

the Kyrenia Wreck.

xvi

EDITOR 'S

FOREWARD

T he purpose o f t his work i s primarily t o g ather t ogether a ll t he available material on t he historical a nd a rchaeological backg round t o t he

l oss of the VERGULDE DRAECK i n 1 656 on the Western

Australian Coast. C ompany,

t he

T he

s hip belonged t o t he Dutch East I ndia

V erenigde O ostindische C ompagnie or V .O.C. f or s hort,

and the l atter a bbreviation will be u sed henceforward.

Mr.

R obert S tenuit has kindly provided Appendix O ne which deals

with t he

l oss o f t he V .O.C.

of the s ite,

s hip LASTDRAGER a nd his excavation

which provides i nteresting a nd i mportant c omparative

historical and a rchaeological i nformation

( since t he writing of

t his appendix a more d etailed a ccount has been published by S tenuit part

( 19977ii)).

M s L ous

Z uiderbaan has written t he

f irst

of t he main t ext d ealing with t he historical background t o

the l oss o f t he VERGULDE DRAECK.

Mr.

c oins

Owens has k indly provided

i n t he c atalogue and Mr.

M .

S .J.

Wilson d eals with t he

Appendix Two d ealing with t he c orrosion of a c andlestick t he s ite.

f rom

Otherwise t he r emaining t ext i s by t his author.

All f oreign words a re i talicised and Extensive u se of N etherlands words

s hips'

i s u sed,

n ames a re i n c apitals particularly a s

i s often n o d irect English equivalent or t he e quivalent i s uous. i n

Contemporary r eferences t o documents

i n t he

t here ambig-

R ijksarchief

' s-Gravenhage are l isted s eparately i n t he r eferences below

under t heir r espective K oloniaal A rchief

( K.A.)

J eremy N .

numbers

G reen,

D epartment o f Maritime Archaeology Western Australian Museum, November,

xvii

1 977.

F remantle.

PART ONE

THE VERGULDE

DRAECK

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND by

LOUS

ZUIDERBAAN

Department of Maritime

Archaeology.

Western Australian Museum,

1

Fremantle.

I NTRODUCTION

T he h istorical background t o t he VERGULDE DRAECK has been l imited t o t he history of t he s hip i tself, l oss i n 1 656,

and a ttempts

i n t he

t he events l eading up t o her f ollowing years t o s ave her

people and s alvage her g oods.

Additional d etails of t he voyage t o t he

I ndies have been drawn f rom

the J ournal of G ijsbert H eecq who s ailed t o t he I ndies t he VEREENIGDE PROVINTIEN,

i n 1 654

i n

n arrowly missing t he VERGULDE DRAECK at

the Cape of Good H ope.

S ince t he Western Australian c oast i s f rom t he Cape of G ood Hope t o t he perhaps

f ar off t he d irect r oute

I ndies,

s uperficially i t i s

surprising t o f ind t he VERGULDE DRAECK l ost on t his

c oast.

However t his r elated t o t he s ailing i nstructions and navigation problems of t he t ime which a re d ealt with briefly here.

No a ttempt,

however,

has been made t o g ive a g eneral history of

t he V .O.C. which i s beyond t he s cope of this work. information on t his ( 1961),

D e K lerk

( 1937),

Valentijn

s ee:

( 1975),

Boxer

Van D am

( 1701),

Davies

S igmond and Zuiderbaan

( 1976),

S tapel

( 1724-26),

( 1965),

F or f urther

e tc.

3

r ou tes t o t he I n d ies

S HETLAND I . O RKNEY

6 0

I s

1" ach te rom" 2C ape-Cey lon 3C ape Cey lon 4C ape-Ba tav ia 5C ape-Ba tav ia

\

5 0]

4 0

J an .- J u ly J u ly Jan . a f ter O ctober b e fo re O ctober

A ZORES

3 0

, . ; CANARY I S

2 0,

' eCAPE V ERDE I s

1 0-

‚ 2 ,

b CEYLON G ULF O F G U INEA

1 0

ABROLHOS S T H ELENA

2 0

/ JAVA

O

MADAGASCAR

3 01 24 5

4 01

C APE O F GOOD HOPE

( 1)

AMSTERDAM ,

2 -4

2

H OUTMAN A BROLHOS

-

' ST P AUL

T he s ailing r outes f rom H olland t o t he I ndies a fter t he i ntroduction o f B rouwer's r oute i n 1 611.

4

CHAPTER I R oute t o t he

I ndies

T he basis f or t he V .O.C. was c entury.

Batavia,

l aid i n t he

on t he i sland o f Java,

f irst half of t he

1 7th

was t he c entre of t his

immense t rading c ompany which s pread out f rom Persia i n t he west t o Japan i n t he east. T o maintain its operations t he C ompany i n t he e ast r equired a r egular s upply of s hips, o f t he voyages t o t he

men,

money a nd g oods.

I ndies varied c onsiderably,

n ever b e s ure o f a t imely a rrival of t he s hips t he

R epublic of t he S even U nited Provinces,

Netherlands, existence,

As t he duration

was often c alled.

I n t he

one c ould

f rom P atria - as

or the Northern

f irst f ifty y ears of its

t he Company s pent much effort on d efining the quickest,

s afest and cheapest route t o t he I ndies. There were t hree d ifficult a reas:

t he English C hannel,

the west

c oast o f Africa and t he c rossing f rom t he Cape of G ood H ope Sunda S trait. many hazards, pirates

I n t he English C hannel, such a s numerous

f rom Dunkirk.

t he s hips encountered

s andbanks,

westerly s torms and

T o avoid these hazards,

a llowed t o s ail a chterom

( i.e.

t o

t he s hips were

n orth of Scotland,

f ig.

T hey d id this only i n s ummertime a s the winter s torms

1 -1 ). i n the

S cottish waters were c onsidered even more dangerous t han the pirates

i n Dunkirk.

From 1 652,

t he f irst Anglo-Dutch war,

however,

with t he beginning of

a chterom was also allowed in wintertime.

T he s econd d ifficult part was met i n c rossing the Equator.

The

s hips c ould s pend many weeks h ere waiting f or a f avourable wind. I t was u sual t o h ead f or t he Brazilian c oast, t ricky business;

t hough t his was

i f t he s hips c rossed t he Atlantic

a

t oo f ar north,

t hey c ould be driven back t o Europe by t he S outhern Equatorial Current.

I f t he c rossing was made t oo f ar s outh,

they c ould be

d riven i nto the Gulf of Guinea where t he t emperatures were e xtremely h igh and t here was a danger of being becalmed. t he c hance of d isease was problems a nd,

S eijnbrief )

i n

1 626,

l ikely.

T he C ompany was

i ssued d etailed i nstructions

H ere,

a ware of t hese ( the

s o-called

t o i ts c aptains t o keep c lear of t he Gulf of Guinea

a nd a void c oming t oo n ear t he c oast of Brazil.

From a bout

1 642,

t here e ven a ppeared a s ort of r oad - t he W agenspoor - marked on t he

s ea c harts,

which t he

s kipper had t o s ail

t hese d angers.

5

i n order t o avoid

F rom the Brazilian c oast, f ormed another hazard,

where the Abrolhos S hoals

s hips

s ailed with t he S .E.

i n a great c ircle t o t he Cape of G ood Hope. c ame i nto t he n ext problem area, between Africa and Madagascar, abandoned;

T here t he

I ndian O cean.

s hips

S ailing

t he P ortuguese were

and f urther t he Dutch had t o

1 )

t rade winds

a s t he P ortuguese d id,

f irst of a ll because

these waters,

t he

( fig.

was quickly

s trong i n

s teer f or S unda S trait,

while the P ortuguese were heading f or I ndia.

F or t hese r easons,

they kept t o t he coast of e ast Madagascar a nd l ooked f or f resh v ictuals t here and on other i slands even on t his

l ast s tretch,

T he

s olution came

H owever,

many s hips were often b ecalmed

r elatively n ear t o their f inal port, men.

l ike Mauritius.

and s till

l ost a l ot of

i n 1 610 when H endrik Brouwer mentioned

t o t he H eren X VII the possibility of a quicker route o f G ood Hope t o the

I ndies.

I t was d ecided t o i nvestigate t his

r oute immediately and H endrik Brouwer, LEEUW a nd G OUDA,

s et s ail

f rom C ape

a s c ommander of D E R ODE

f rom H olland.

After t he C ape,

he

s ailed s outhward until h e r eached the s outhern l atitude of where h e met s teady westerly winds, winds he S trait,

S tapel

( 1937).

3 6o ,

With t hese

s ailed e ast until he e stimated t o be s outh of Sunda where h e headed north.

I t t ook l ess t han s ix months t o

r each Bantam and only a f ew people had d ied en r oute.

Brouwer

wrote a r eport to the N etherlands advocating t his r oute t he next f ew y ears, T he r esults were zoon Coen,

f avourable and t he G overnor G eneral,

1 616,

the

officers of the s hips

l etters t o t he H eren X VII .

s ailing t o the

s ail t he r oute,

I ndies,

Brouwer i n h is r eport",

Heeres

t hey had t o

n orthward t o Sunda Strait.

s ail

would

r ecommended by J an

l atest l etters,

The Dutch word miji

F inally,

s teersman and t he other

P ieterszoon Coen i n h is

From the Cape,

Jan P ieters-

i t was r esolved:

" that t he merchant,

be ordered t o

i n

s kippers were ordered t o t est t he n ew c ourse.

wrote e nthusiastic

on August 4 ,

a nd,

and by

( 1899).

1 ,000 m ijlen east before

For f urther d etails,

s teering

s ee S igmond

( 1974).

i s u sed h ere purposely t o i ndicate the d ifference

f rom the nautical mile. t he modern nautical mile.

The Dutch m ijl was approximately f our t imes For a d etailed r esearch,

6

s ee Green

( 1977).

CHAPTER I I J ourney of DE VEREENIGDE PROVINTIUN

G ijsbert Heecq,

who

sailed a s

VEREENIGDE PROVINTIMN

( 1654-1655)

upper surgeon on-board the

( United Provinces)

interesting description of the problems

in 1 654,

gives

an

and dangers that ships

encountered on their way to the

I ndies.

extremely entertaining,

not the place t o give his

notes

in detail.

This

this i s

Although s ometimes daily

s election of excerpts has been restricted

to the most relevant parts,

t o g ive

the VERGULDE DR ECK would have had,

s ome

Note,

in the

f ollowing translations,

( (

i s the author's parentheses

the parentheses of Heecq,

idea of the voyage

L 'Honore Naber

( 1910).

the t ext in double brackets

and in

s ingle brackets

( ) are

the author of the original work.

7

that

and the type of experiences

its complement would have encountered,

) )

ship

JOURNAL OR DAILY NOTES CONCERNING The most notable events taken place and occurred during the third voyage of GIJSBERT HEECQ TO EAST I NDIES As well as the things that

( during his

ened i n other quarters of the

same,

time)

happ-

always a s made

known t o us by trustworthy persons.

" Starting in the month November A0

1 654 with the

ship

VEREENIGDE PROVINTIEN."

( (Having l eft Rammekens on November with Mr.

der Vere,

skipper,

3 80 people aboard a nd

E xtraordinaris R aad v an I ndia

Sterthemius,

Councillor of the

1 8 with

I ndies), the

c ommander,

and P ieter Matheusz Padt van

s hip met h eavy weather in the Channel,

f ound shelter in Dover which it l eft on November

" 29 Do .

In the morning,

sailed with a f ine breeze. ship that cruised here.

E . H eren

We

we met an English

We had to l ower our

shot when he did and then raise

the

raised our

Raised anchor and

Around midday,

( Noble Gentlemen))

and

2 9)).

an easterly wind.

main topmast and l eft t he English pilot.

by the

( Extraordinary

S taten )

f lag

( as ordered

and to

f lag again;

f ire a

this being

s tipulated in a special Article of the peace agreement with England. coast,

The

same they had to do meeting Dutch ships on our

thus we did s o

( to prevent trouble)."

( (The VEREENIGDE PROVINTIEN s ailed onwards and reached the Canaries in January 1 655)) .

" 8 Do .

I n the morning,

Fortaventura,

the

we were

s till a long the

l ongest of the Canaries apart

8

I sle of f rom I lha

Madera.

One s ays t hese a re v ery f ertile with wine,

and that s ort o f victuals. or S paniards,

They are i nhabited by C astillians

who have built s everal t owns,

and beautiful c astles.

Barbary.

s trong f ortresses

They pay a yearly t ax t o t heir k ing a nd

l ive here in much wealth. l atitude and a bout 2 0

c orn

These two

m ijlen

i slands

l ie mainly a t 2 8° N

f rom Cabo Baijadoor on t he C oast of

I n t he beginning of this voyage,

we p lanned t o v isit one

of these i slands or T inariffa t o t ake on water a nd f resh v ictuals, but b ecause this i s n ow t he most unfavourable and t hus everything v ery expensive, agreed between t he officers,

s eason of the year,

we c hanged our mind.

because l ittle

I t was

i llness of importance

was evident among the c rew a nd we had n o s hortage of water, c ontinue t o Cabo d e Verde,

lying a t a bout 1 5 d egrees N .

where t he Coast of Barbary meets t he C oast of Guinea, f ind there more s atisfaction of victuals,

keeping t he

i slands

hoping t o

i t was agreed upon;

mostly a long t he a forementioned mainland,

( (Fortaventura))

s tarboard f rom u s.

the i sland of Groot Canarien or I lha G rand' i ans,

Latitude,

a nd a lso g ood water.

Which being c onsidered by the s hip's C ouncil, we p lotted our c ourse S W,

t o

a high and mountainous

i sland

We

s aw

C anaria of the Castil-

( like the others).

Made good

progress.

" 9 D.

Today the wind mostly NE with f ine weather.

We guessed to

have c aught t he trade wind t hat i s always b lowing h ere way,

year i n y ear out,

s trange t o many unbelievable,

f or s everal hundred mijlen;

( because this

but i s

f ound,

i n the

which s eems

i s unusual i n our c ountry )

t hus,

by experience,

same

y es,

nearly

n ot only here,

but a lso i n many p laces i n t he East a nd West I ndies."

( (Op January 1 5,

they r eached Cape Verde I slands,

where they t ook

on f resh victuals and water)).

" 19 Do .

We are s till busy f etching water.

i nto t he hold t o make o ur s hip more

s table under s ail,

n early everything that was n ecessary. day abundant f ish,

wine d e P alma,

melons,

bananas,

tamarinds,

Also l owered s ome guns

milk,

r epairing

R eceiving on board now each eggs,

and the s ame,

hens,

pumpkins,

water-

a lthough smaller amounts

of t he

f ruit because this was n ot t he s eason;

otherwise a lso l emons,

oranges and a l ot of other f ruit a re plentiful here.

" 21 Do .

Now we have r eceived our l ast water,

s ail again.

As the aforementioned c ommander

of t he West I ndia C ompany, these villages,

i n t he

of our understeersmen )

a s

t o exchange

he-goats and h ens

our voyage.

l ate a s t onight,

( Gambi),

(yawl))

( with one

g oing a bit s outhward

f or u s a s provisions

a ccording t o t he map, making t his

named C ambaya.

t heir s tories)

i s f amiliar with

f or

he brought a long

...

f amous r iver S inegael, i sland,

s loep

When h e r eturned on-board t onight,

a good number

" This r iver

c ows,

(the r epresentative

merchant J ohannus H acq ))

he s ailed a shore

s ome

s o we prepared t o s et

l and,

j oins

i nland with t he

Cabo Verde,

T here i n t he s outh,

i t was

( according t o

e asier t o g et water t han where we a re

more wine d e Palma,

i nto a n

l ying,

a nd

a very s weet a nd p leasant drink when f resh,

s our and u npleasant after j ust o ne day.

This they can very c leverly

extract twice a day f rom palm t rees t hat grow h ere a bundantly. he-goats and c ows c ould be exchanged t here e asily enough, was not more t han one t o two i s worth k eeping i n mind

" At n ight,

m ijlen

Mr.

f our s ailors wer

S terthemius

and i t

f rom t his water place,

which

missing a nd a s we were r eady t o s ail ( the wind p ermitting ),

t he

s ends t he yawl w ell-manned with t he third

watch t o l ook f or t hem a shore. a sleep i n the village,

But t hey c ould only f ind two,

drunk f rom wine d e Palma,

They s aid one of t he others n amed I de Auckes van d e

Biemster,

b osschieter

(gunner)),

h ill outside the v illage,

was l ying d ead against a s and-

k illed by t he peasants

Our m en d ared not venture there during the n ight, a nd r eturned on-board with t he other two.

f or his mutiny. a s was

b ootsman

Our men s pent t he whole n ight by quarters making preparations t o weigh anchor.

1 0

s uggested,

They d idn't know where

t he other was named J ohannus Witstadt f rom Amsterdam,

everything away,

l ying

a nd t hey picked

them up.

( (boatswain )).

H ens,

...

and planned t o l eave i n t he morning H on.

but

s towing

" 22 Do .

At daybreak,

progress,

having n o

we

s et s ail with a g ood wind a nd r easonable

s ign yet f rom the two a forementioned s ailors.

We l eft l etters with the men f rom t he f riends

i n t he Fatherland.

This

f luit WITTE RAVEN to hand to

s hip was n ot due t o l eave here

before May,. because he d id n ot expect t o be

l oaded e arlier.

r aised our t op-gallant-masts now approaching gradually t he i ful weather s ea'.

P lotted our c ourse S .W.

intending t o proceed on our j ourney.

wanted.

f irst t ime,

Amen.

I n t his period I was v ery i ll,

important happened anyway,

' beaut-

May t he Only A lmighty grant

u s h appiness and prosperity t o s alvation.

" 23 - 2 7 Do .

f or the

however n othing much

t he wind a nd w eather u sually b eing a s

Went mostly s traight s outh hoping t o g et with t his

breeze quickly t hrough t he

f resh

L inea E quinoctialis , where one usually

encounters very calm c onditions, r esulting i n much i llness.

We

yes,

s ometimes l asting f or months,

During this t ime,

t he

E . H r .

S terthemius

i nvited a ll t he s hip's o fficers t o h is c abin a nd t reated them g enerously t o the best of h is a bility.

" 28 Do M orning.

Calm,

g ot s everal

s qualls with r ain,

t hunder and

l ightning which i s quite c ommon here because of the c hanging of the trade winds blowing i n t he N .N.E. year,

and i n t he S .S.E.

a ll t hrough the

which i s s trange."

( (Following t his i s a n i nteresting but t oo l engthy s tory a bout s harks)).

" 29,

3 0 a nd 3 1 J anuary.

G enerally c alm,

quiet;

g ot o ccasionally

s ome s qualls but with l ight breeze and i mmediately g one. therefore,

l ittle.

Advanced,

R ain was not l acking s o our men c ould c ollect

e nough water a nd t herefore d id n ot s uffer t hirst.

The t remendous

heat i n this a rea i s c ommon but n evertheless a n early unbearable t orture,

because their water r ation i s n ot s ufficient f or them,

being n ormally a

f labkanne

m utsiens = 1 .2 l itres ,

( (can with l id ))

S tapel

( 1927))).

of e ight

m utsiens

( (8

T hey s ell everything t hey

possess t o quench their thirst and their s ituation worsens when the

1 1

ration i s r educed t o s ix and even f our m utsjes often s een happen with c ontrary winds,

e ach,

a s one has

c alms a nd s uch i nconveniences

on l ong a nd a dverse voyages."

( (They met the VOGEL P HENICX on the F ebruary 1 a nd, f lag i n a cknowledgement of Sterthemius'

on l owering its

higher r ank,

t he PHENICX

s ailed i n c ompany f or s everal days)).

" 9 F ebruary.

This morning s kipper R oot Haes and S nr.

the VOGEL P HENICX ))

c ame t o a sk our E .

H r .

Agis

( (

of

C ommander t o be a llowed

t o run ahead b ecause they thought t hey s ailed f aster t han we d id, which was g ranted.

Therefore,

r eturned to their s hip, which we

t hey t ook l eave quickly a nd,

f ired t hree s hots

( after s ea-customs)

t o pass n ow

..

e ach d oing his ut-

which n obody i s a llowed

( unless f orced by very bad weather)

order of the E .

" 10 Do

f or s alute a nd g oodbye

a nswered with one,

most t o be f irst at Cabo de Bona Exprance,

having

a ccording t o the

H eren B ewinthebberen

T he S .E.

t rade wind i s n ow g radually c oming t hrough

which i s extremely pleasant.

" 11 - 1 5

. ...

" 16 Do .

T oday,

on 1 10

s outh of the L inea E quinoctiael,

the s un which i s gradually g oing north again, f rozen and c losely-locked e arth, herbs

t here t o warm the

t o bring t o l ife t he t rees and

t hat have been dormant l ong e nough and n ow,

the o ld custom,

we passed

will e njoy the heavenly warmth.

a ccording t o Y es,

even people,

c attle a nd a ll t hat i nhabits t he e arth f eel t his a s a heavenly a ir bestowed upon u s by t he unique natural quality of the only Almighty Lord, f orce,

principally t o s upport t his t emporary l ife.

Without t his

we and most of G od's c reatures c ould n ot exist,

quickly d ie,

but would

d issolve a nd vanish c ompletely."

( (They met t he CONINGH DAVID with s kipper,

1 2

C ornelis R ob)).

" 20 F ebruary 1 655. progress,

I n t he morning g ood weather with excellent

f luit DE KONING DAVID about 14 m ij1 behind us, not

t he

much d ifference i n s peed. ous

s hoals,

For t his

Found t oday t o have passed these peril-

A brolhos which is Portuguese for ' open your e yes'.

( as s ign of j oy )

every table was

s erved a j ug of wine,

hoping t o end the j ourney n ow s afely with G od's h elp,

because the

East I ndiamen t hat s ailed b efore a nd came out below this ( (i.e.

n orth of t hem,

Equatorial Current)),

s hoal

t hose s hips were carried back by the S outh e ither r eturned or had a very l ong and d iffi-

cult voyage.

" This aforesaid s hoal l ies mostly a t 1 8 d egrees S . having i ts name in vain because

ships t hat want t o g o t o R io Dengera

( de Janeiro)),

or t hrough S trait Magelanes to t he S outh S ea

" Primo M arti° .

s hoal

At n ight,

s o a ll

t he

R io d e Plato,

(Pacific)),

a re a lso

. ...

we got the

gradually becoming s tronger.

rocks,

e xtending mainly e ast-west

m ijlen from the Brazilian coast into s ea;

f orced t o run above t his

n ot

i t c onsists of only r eefs,

s and banks and l ots of l ittle i slands, at a bout 6 0

Lat.,

l ong hoped-for westerly wind,

P lotted,

t herefore our c ourse a lready

in t he d irection of t he aforementioned Cabo,

had

( God be praised)

very f ew s ick people and the whole n ight made beautiful progress...

" 8 Do .

T owards daylight,

breeze,

our c ourse a s before.

van C oppenhage, the

g aljoen )

s oldier,

and,

the wind came mostly N .W. I n t he afternoon,

with a good

Christiaan Jansz

f ell overboard f rom the c at-head

a lthough h e c ould swim,

( near

a nd d espite a ll possible

effort with p lanks and e ven throwing overboard t he c abin d oor, putting i nto t he wind a nd l owering t he yawl,

he d rowned n evertheless,

because the s ea was r ough and high s o that t he yawl had t rouble enough keeping i tself a bove water.

We s et s ails again a nd s ailed

our c ourse with an excellent progress

" 11 Do .

I n the morning,

we

. ...

f ound ourselves n ot f ar north of the

most n orthern o f t he I lhas T ristan da Cunho,

a s teep a nd very h igh

i sland t apering t owards the t op but not very l ong, three of t he s outhern ones

I s aw before this 1 3

s imilar to t he

( during the s econd voyage

with t he

s hip HENRIETTE LOYSA A0

s outhern l atitude of 3 40

3 7 d egrees

1 641).

T hese

l ie mainly a t t he

a nd l ongitude of 1 0 d egrees,

m ijlen from Cabo de Bona Exprance, steering E . by N .

a bout

T hey s ay

t hese a re d esolate a nd u ninhabited a nd t herefore n othing s pecial t o b e had t here.

We passed c losely,

t o s tarboard s o t hat we c ould s ee a ir.

k eeping i t

i s

(the n orthern i sland ))

i t p erfectly b ecause of t he c lear

I t s eemed t o be f ree of r eefs a nd l ittle i slands a ll a round;

however we c ouldn't f ind a ny s and beaches. t he wind g ot v ery s trong with d ark, took i n the t op-sails and the of t he h ead wind ) worsening,

r ainy w eather.

s prit-sail,

l ower s ails.

w e had t o t ake i n t he

mizzen-yard,

" 25 Do .

with t he

l etting i t g o N .E.

f oresail,

ther f or such a l ong t ime,

one

i sn't u sed t o beautiful wea-

( named Gannets)

others mainly v ery

I have s een before t his n ear t he c oast of

...

I n t he morning,

we drifted s till with t he

S aw a s ail n earing f rom behind,

Cleaned t he s hip i n t he meantime, grown with a ll s orts of weed. breeze

around our s hip,

but t hey d idn't c ome t o r est a t t he yards

at n ight a s do t he ones

a s y esterday.

...

which g reatly amazed u s.

s ome grey at t heir backs with l ong white beaks,

" 30 Do .

t he weather

but rather t o g ales and t hunderstorms.

we n ow s aw many b ig gulls

Java a nd e lsewhere

( because

t he wind s till mainly n ortherly with a

At t his s ort o f s outhern l atitude,

white with grey wings;

we

l ower t he yard and t he

l ying t o a ll n ight with t he mainsail

I n t he morning,

g radually

T herefore,

But a t n ight,

s light breeze a nd t he weather a s wanted,

Daily,

Around n oon,

f rom t he n orth."

s ails hoisted

l owered t he yawl.

which was v ery d irty and over-

At a bout n oon,

we g ot a l ittle

( (They meet t he MAAGD VAN ENCHUYSEN)).

" Aprilis Anno 1 655....

" 2 Do .

I n t he morning t he wind s till s outherly with a s tiff t op-

s ail breeze, way back.

s teered mainly e ast;

the MAAGD VAN ENCHUYSEN was a l ong

Had n ow c lear and bright w eather.

B efore n oon,

t he l and of Cabo d e Bona Exprance a nd f ound ourselves of t he Table Bay,

we

s aw

r ight i n f ront

named t hus a fter a v ery high mountain with a f lat

1 4

t op l ike a t able,

a nd,

t he o ther mountains, h ere.

t herefore,

a lso e xtremely prominent among

b ecause t here i s n othing l ike i t a nywhere n ear

W e f ired a s hot a nd h oisted t he f lag a t t he s tern t o s ignal

t o t he j acht

( according t o s ea-custom )

p lotting our c ourse n ext

s traight t owards t he r oads w ith e xcellent progress. n oon,

I n t he a fter-

w e s aw a s hip l eaving t he B ay,.taking i ts c ourse

t he w ind )

n orth o f R obben E iland

(Seals I sland )),

i sland o f two t o t hree m ij/ i n c ircumference. t he multitude o f s eals t hat a re t here, mainland,

( because o f

a s mall l ow

I s n amed t hus a fter

i s a bout t wo m ij1

c ompletely b arren a nd u nfertile.

f rom t he

During t he f irst w atch,

i t b ecame c alm s o t hat w e w ere f orced t o d rop t he a nchor b etween R obben E iland a nd t he L eeuwen B erg r ocky b ottom .

(Lions M ountain ))

a t 2 3 f athom

T his m ountain i s c alled t hat b ecause i t l ooks a bit

l ike a r esting l ion a nd a lso b ecause t here a re a l ot o f l ions on i t.

" 3 D.

W ith d awn,

f rom t he s outh; T able B ay,

w e h oisted t he s ails a gain w ith a l ittle b reeze

b efore n oon w e c ame t o a nchor a t t he r oads i n t he

f iring f ive s hots a s a s ign o f a s afe

j ourney.

o n l and f rom t he f ortress d e H oop a nswered p roperly. moored o ur s hip h ead a nd s tern w ith t wo a nchors,

T hose

W e i mmediately

l owering t he y ards

a nd t he t op m asts t oo b ecause i t c an b low h ere s ometimes e xtremely s trongly w ith s qualls,

e specially w hen t he a foresaid T able B ay i s

o vercast with c louds."

(After a l ist o f a ll s hips t hat a re l ying t here o r have j ust l eft, h e c ontinues:))

" In s omma,

h ere s eems t o b e t he

s o i f t he E . b ecause,

R endezvous,

H eren B ewindhebberen had not s trictly o rdered i t

b efore t his,

e ach t ried t o make a f ast j ourney i n order

t o o btain t he P remium o r r eward, a warded by t he E .

a c onsiderable a mount o f m oney,

H eren a foresaid.

T he o ne t hat s ails

s hortest t ime g ets t he b iggest a mount,

d o n ot want t o put i nto l and

o f w ater a nd provisions) f orces t hem .

i n t he

f or which r eason t he s kippers,

s teersmen a nd t he o thers t hat g ain f rom i t, s tinginess)

but t his would n ot b e

o ften

( out o f

( resulting i n l ack

u ntil t he most e xtreme n ecessity

A nd t hen i t i s u sually 1 5

( because o f i nconvenience)

t oo l ate,

t hus c ausing c onsiderable privation a nd misery f or

t hemselves a nd t he whole c rew. s hips,

Therefore then,

whatever c hamber t hey s ail

t ioned before)

f or,

a re obliged

i n h eavy weather or otherwise,

U nless

s uch was

i mpossible

a s a ppearing f rom t heir r ecorded

H owever t he t ime t hey a re h ere

t he j ourney

( as m en-

t o c all i nto t his C abo o f Good Hope u nder

penalty of t he a foresaid P remium.

j ournals.

now a ll t he

i s n ot c ounted i n

..."

( Van H eecq g ives here a d etailed d escription of t he s ettlement a t t he C ape of G ood H ope

( fig.

2 ),

which i s e specially i nteresting a s

i s the e arliest known e ye witness r eport, e stablished only t hree years b efore.

t he

s ettlement having b een

F rom this

that Van R iebecq had t he place w ell organized;

i t

a ccount we s ee t here was a g ood

f ortress a nd a f lourishing market g arden s upplying t he passing s hips with f resh vegetables. t he Cape until t he April

" 14 Do .

T he VEREENIGDE PROVINTIZN s tayed on

1 5))

I n t he morning,

t he boat s ailed again t o g o

f ishing,

but t he c atch was n ot n early a s g ood a s yesterday a lthough t hey s till brought a g ood number,

well worth the t rouble.

" Today we a lso g ot t he l ast provisions on-board c onsisting of s everal bags of c abbage,

r adish,

of water melons a nd melons t hat t heir portion f rom i t) a nimals,

c arrots,

a nd a l arge amount

( after t he c abin had t aken

was d ivided among the c rew.

But of

n ot more t han two o ld c ows a nd a d elicate s heep were

d ivided between t he whole

f leet

( in a ll the t ime we w ere h ere),

which was n ot much h elp among s o many people.

" 15 Do .

I n t he morning,

c alm,

and t he

a board t o s ay f arewell.

About midday,

v ery variable.

we s et s ail,

However,

i n c ompany of the s hip PHENICX, VAN ENCHUYSEN,

a l ittle breeze but namely we,

B on Voyagie a nswered.

The

a s Admiral,

j achten COUKERKEN, MAAGD

BLOEMENDAL a nd CONINGH DAVID,

away a s a f arewell which t hose

D ERGOES

t he

E . C mdr . Riebeecq came

a ll happily f iring

f rom t he Fortress d e H oop d e

s hip PRINS WILLEM a nd t he

s tayed there t o s upply t hemselves

1 6

j acht

f irst with e nough

water a nd other n ecessities, The

j acht

a nd t o f ollow u s

CABBELJAEW was a lso p lanning t o l eave

d estination.

We plotted our c ourse

of t he R obben E iland t o meet a s

f rom the S .S.E.

s hortly f or i ts

l ittle c almness a s possible,

I n t he morning,

t herly.

And a s we had n ow c ome t o t he wanted l atitude, l atitude,

s hifted S .E.

r ainy weather,

...

" 26 Do .

d egrees S .

we s teered d ead E .;

t he wind mostly s oun amely 4 0

i n the a fternoon the wind

a nd s o e asterly t hat we had t o s teer below N .E.

a t n ight i t v eered gradually more a ft

T he Cape of G ood H ope.

...

D etail of a Dutch engraving f rom

t he s econd half of t he 1 7th c entury.

1 7

the

when we g ot a g ood breeze

Therefore s teered mainly S .W.

dark,

s oon a s possible.

i nitially a long the n orth e nd

wind s till variable u ntil t he d ogwatch,

( 2)

a s

but

" 30 Do

. ..

About midday,

t he w ind s hifted westerly a nd s tarted t o

b low s o s trongly that we had t o t ake i n t he t opsails. i t l ooked very turbulent.

T ook i n t he s prit-sail,

the mizzen j ust i n t ime.

M et a hard hail-storm,

By evening

t he c ourses,

a nd

which c hanged

gradually i nto r ain w ith s uch h orrifying l ightning a nd t errible thunder that f ire s truck i nto t he upperpart of our main mast, ( to everybody's

l uck)

but

i t extinguished i tself u nder t he wetness of

t he hail a nd r ain before we c ould g et t he l eather buckets with water a bove.

Otherwise would have brought great d istress.

very l ittle damaged,

but t hat s ame

s truck down s everal p eople l eft f or d ead, l eg;

s hooting d own l ike a f lare,

( near t he s tore-room )

of whom one was

a nother one wounded i n t he breast a nd a nother i n t he

t he one t hat was h it i n t he breast was a lso

quarter of a n hour before, poop

s trike

T he mast was

i n t he s ide,

( being quarter-master)

a s h e was

s truck a bout a s tanding on t he

g etting t he l antern r eady,

f rom t he bench on t he cabin,

t he t hunder l ying

( as h e

a nd he s aid)

f ell

l ike a

burning ball n ext t o h im but i mmediately d isappearing a gain. Surely a c lear s ign of G od's wrath f or our many misdeeds.

Outwardly

we c ouldn't s ee anything on t he d ead man other than t hat he was very swollen. t he wind))

We l et i t

with only t he

( (the s hip)) f oresail,

g o b ratwart

(probably before

n ot yet daring t o s et a ny s ails

because of the turbulent a nd variable weather t hat c aught u s

every

t ime most unexpectedly.

" Mayus A° 1 655.

" 1 M ayus. S et a ll

With dawn,

s ails

a gain,

a gain sunshine.

r easonably g ood weather,

g ot a l ittle drizzle before midday,

Went d ead e ast with n ice progress,

s ea was hollow a nd v ery angry because of a ll s o t hat we were u sually lurching a l ot. t o s ea-custom,

( during this voyage), t aking watchcoats,

t obacco-boxes, away.

however,

t he

t hese v ariable winds

Put overboard,

boatswain.

t hat t his person has a lready had t o

f orego i t,

a fter that

a ccording

t he a forementioned man k illed by t he t hunder,

C laes Volkertsz van N oortwoude,

t hieving

t he wind w esterly.

N ote,

named

i t i s r emarkable

s tand before the mast twice

but h e c heeses,

f or

s eemed not t o be a ble t o bread,

t hread,

S panish s oap,

knives a nd everything t hat he c ould s ecretly s teal

Had r ed hair,

d eep,

dark e yes a nd a very s neaky c haracter.

1 8

By evening d ied,

( during prayers),

J an Janszen van Enchuysen,

gunner,

having f allen by a ccident i nto the holds y esterday

lurching)

( during t he

and having b een wounded very s eriously i nternally a nd

externally,

being an o ld grey man of a bout 7 0 or more years.

a lso g iven an honest burial a t s ea t he n ext day

" 7 Do .

has

I n t he morning,

g ood weather,

a nd r easonable progress,

S .

but s tarted t oday t o s teer E .

t oo n ear t he

S .

...

t he w ind n ortherly w ith a

g ood breeze, Latitude,

H e was

were s till a t 4 0 d egrees by N .

t o avoid c oming

( and t hrough miscalculation a s we daily f ound t o

be more s outhward than we t hought )....

" 10 Do .

I n the morning t he weather a s wished,

t he ship PHENICX a nd

the j acht COUKERKEN were still very fast sailing but nevertheless d id n ot want t o s ail away f rom u s t o f avour Mr. s uch s enior officers

( on r eaching l and)

a g ood or a bad voyage,

H r .

Cmdr.

f lag d isplayed, and t hus,

I slands of S t.

P aulo a nd N ieuw Amsterdam,

t he s ignal that we want t o

( coming t o u s),

( if we s uddenly c ame t oo n ear),

s ince he was the

was ordered t o s ail

a lso t o c arry a f ire a t n ight t o s ignal t o u s

calm,

westerly with a g ood breeze

" 15 Do .

I n the morning,

dam a t s tarboard, on t he s tern,

put i nto the c hains a lso,

a t n ight,

t ill

wind variable,

l ight-

s hore

i n f ront and ( with the

( having h eavy unbut at n ight again

. ...

with dawn we

t herefore,

a s i s t he

f rom t he

i n t ime

s o we c ould b e on t he a lert betimes By evening,

white

s peak t he other s hips;

est a nd t he best s ailor a nd c ould be best g ot f ree

wieldy s hips).

By midday,

had a s hot f ired t o windward a nd had a r olled,

the j acht COUKERKEN

u sual s ign )

because

c an e asily c redit t hem with

when t heir emotions a re r oused.

a s we were now n earing t he our E .

S terthemius,

we

s aw t he

I sland N ieuw Amster-

f ired a s hot a nd c arried t he

s ea-custom.

T oday,

f lag

two holdworkers were

f or having t aken s ome g oods out of t he hold; f urther occasion two s oldiers

( out of s uspicion)

f or t hrowing a bullet at t he uppersteersman " 17 Do .

The whole day i t was c alm and s till,

with t he s ails c lewed u p.

t herefore,

drifted

A l ot of l ittle black and white

s ea-gulls are t o be f ound here,

n ot very big,

a f ew with bacon on l ittle hooks. 1 9

s peckled

o f which we c aught

They w ere v ery hungry because

( as

i t s eems)

t here

i s

l ittle prey f or t hem h ere

c achalots

anything but t una f ish, big f ish because v ery c old,

" 22 Do .

whales and other

i t i s winter h ere a t t his t ime of the y ear a nd a lso

but variable

I n t he morning,

t herefore, f lag t o

( (spermwhales?)),

a nd most of t he other f ish move

a l ight breeze,

f or we d idn't s ee

...

s ails,

b itjara =

( (Malay:

f lag )

a board.

s peak)),

being t he u sual

When , i n t he a fternoon,

i ng c ourses a nd r eckoning) his s hip.

" 26 Do .

had been d ecided,

G ot a l ight breeze

I n t he morning,

f rom t he N .E.

t he w ind S .E.

quite a breeze and g ood weather,

j acht

day i s t he with u s.

the s ame

everybody r eturned t o t hat gradually f reshened

s aw a nother s ail

s hip s hots

f orward a lee,

waiting f or u s

F ound t hat t he s hip t hat

j oined u s y ester-

f rom the C ape t ogether

I t was c ommanded by s kipper J an C ornelisz J oll, H outebeen a nd was

a s t he MAAGD VAN ENCHUYSEN.

( (seen f orward i n t he

l ee))

N earing,

l owered the

t he

f lag,

a s

s kipper

Understood i t t o be t he WAPEN VAN

Had f ew s ick and e ight d ead.

on the s ame c ourse,

I t a ccompanied u s

t he wind veered a bout midday a l ittle a ft.

g radually backing a gain t o t he east,

even s harper,

" 28 Do .

f iring f ive

t hat we had met when a rriving on C abo d e Bona Exprance,

s aid before.

By evening,

a forementioned

l owered the yawl

and t he upper-merchant named Van H eyningen with the

AMSTERDAM,

s on of

i n s ize and c rew a bout

f or welcome which we answered w ith t hree,

P ieter Janszen Mund came aboard.

( concern-

a nd r ather e asterly with

BLOMMENDAL which s et s ail

t he v ery brave C ommdr.

s ea

( sailing

everything

f lying t he P rincevlagge from the top and stern, with l owered t op-sails.

s ky,

f ired a s hot a nd f lew t he white

s ignal t o order t he s kippers a nd merchants of t he s hips under t he

At n ight

s till quite c alm with a d ark overcast

c lewed up t he

p idtsjaren

t o t he warmth.

with g usts a ll t he t ime

I n t he morning,

...

the wind E .N.E.

After everything was d one,

a t n ight becoming

s ometimes even e asterly.

everybody r eturned a board a nd Mr.

C ommdr.

gave permission t hat f rom n ow everybody c ould d o his b est t o t ry t o r each Batavia f irst,

a s he

t he s hips had a great n eed

supposed

( (by t his t ime))

(to g et t here)).

2 0

We gave

t he men on

e ach other,

t herefore,

s everal

s alutes,

e ach hurrying t o be

f irst.

By evening,

t he wind a bit more a ft but c alm.

" 29 Do . . ...

I n t he morning,

t he wind a bout E .S.E.

with a good breeze

and because we were n ow a t t he height of 2 5 d egrees S .

and we,

t herefore,

we r aised t he

Latitude

r eckoned t o have mostly passed t he bad weather,

t op-gallant masts.

Had daily f ine weather a nd have

n oticed s ince y esterday c onsiderable warmth c ompared with what we have had now f or a l ong t ime, s hoes g ot t he s ack.

s o t hat with many t he s tockings and

At n ight,

(They r eached Batavia June

1 8,

2 1

t he breeze

1 655)).

s tarted t o f reshen a bit."

T he Jacht Vergu lde Draeck

T area y

„ -

( 3)

An artist's impression of the VERGULDE DRAECK,

taken

f rom

a contemporary i llustration of the s traets-vaerder the VERGULDE DOLPHIJN by Reinier Nooms ( see Nooms

G reen 2 ,0 1 .79

1 970).

2 2

( alias Z eeman)

1 623-1664

CHAPTER I II

Origins o f t he VERGULDE DRAECK a nd t he events prior t o h er s ailing i n 1 653

At the meeting of t he

H eren X VII on January 21, 1653, the represen-

t atives o f t he C hamber of Amsterdam mentioned t hat a n ew s hip had been offered f or s ale f or 2 8,250 guilders, i t,

KA 1 86.

' hollow' h ere, D ale

The

s hip was

1 37

f eet l ong,

a nd a t t he t op 7 f eet.

s pring i n p lace of t he s hip D IAMANT,

Sardam

January 2 4,

s hould be

s ent t o t he

f itted out by

I ndies that

which had r ecently been

just n orth of Amsterdam )

t o buy the s hip;

t he Chamber a pproved of t he purchase and,

t he s hip r ecently bought i n S ardam,

word

1 31 2 / f eet

The Chamber of Amsterdam had s ent t wo r epresentatives t o

( Zaandam,

KA 3 63.

f eet wide,

v oet , measuring 0 .283m, Van

The meeting d ecided t hat i t

the Chamber o f Amsterdam a nd would be

wrecked.

3 2

( It i s n ot s ure which f oot i s meant

but most probably the Amsterdam ( 1970).)

a nd that t hey had bought

( She i s

on March

1 0,

was named t he VERGULDEN DRAECK,

s ometimes r eferred t o a s a

j acht .

Originally t he

j acht was used to indicate a fast ship, in which more emphasis

was put on s ailing a bility t han on c argo c apacity.

example,

f or

f luit ( see b elow, Appendix 1 ); t he f act t hat t he VERGULDE

DRAECK i s c alled both s ee f ig.

j acht

The word

d oes not i ndicate a c ompletely d ifferent t ype of s hip a s,

3 ).

j acht and ship, illustrates this situation,

On S eptember 1 6,

1 653,

s he i s mentioned i n t he

of s hips e quipped by the Chamber of Amsterdam, capacity of 1 30

/ asten

U sually t he c rews

The C hamber of Amsterdam had one c lerk

a nd t o hand out t he two months' Van Dam

( 1701),

exceptional

t o k eep a muster-roll,

pay which a ll c rew members r eceived 1 4.

The s kippers

Z eeland a nd Amsterdam r eceived three months' but t his

KA 1 86.

f or the s hips were a ppointed a s c lose a s possible

e specially a ssigned t o write d own t he names,

when s igning on,

l ist

a s having a c argo

( approximately 2 60 t onnes),

t o the date of d eparture.

on,

on

s ailing f or

pay when t hey s igned

s ituation was abolished i n 1 678,

t hen t hey g ot t he u sual amount of two months. a s the s hips had put out t o s ea.

and f rom

Pay s tarted a s

The merchants had t o g ive

f or t heir proper a ccount and administration.

2 3

s oon

s ecurity

On their r eturn f rom

the

I ndies,

t he merchants,

t he s kippers a nd s teersmen were paid

only a fter t he meeting of t he H eren X VII ,

who thoroughly c hecked

t heir behaviour a nd c onduct during t he t rip, On T hursday April

1 7,

1 653,

a nd a ssistants,

t ised

( apart f rom the DRAECK , ' T LAM and

f or t he n ext f leet t o t he

names a nd t he May 8 ,

t his

I ndies,

1 8.

u ndermerchw ere a dver-

f leet c onsisted of the NAERDEN,

' T KALFF f or Amsterdam,

f or t he C hamber of Hoorn).

( 1701),

t he positions of s kippers,

ants,

VREDE,

Van Dam

l ater j oined by t he BREDA

Applicants had a week t o present t heir

f ollowing Monday t hey would be appointed.

On T hursday

t he C hamber r esolved t o a ppoint a t hird s teersman on t he

VERGULDE DRAECK and t he NAERDEN a nd on May 1 4 t he r est of t he c rew f or t he f ive ships was

s igned on.

T he

het V lie a s had been d ecided on April

f leet was 3 0,

n othing would prevent a s peedy d eparture.

t o l eave f rom

and i t s eemed t hen t hat T he C hamber s ent a r epre-

s entative t o h et V lie t o c heck on t he l oading a nd t o k eep a c lose watch o n t he s eamens' s ize,

c hests,

a s

t hese o ften exceeded t he r egulation

enabling the men t o hide away more private

was p ermitted,

which was a c onstant worry t o the C ompany.

5 2 of t he A rtikelbrief C ompany's

( the a rticles,

s ervants are written d own)

Nobody was

t rade g oods t han

a llowed t o bring f rom t he

value o f t hree months'

pay,

i n which t he duties of t he s et t he l imit of private t rade. I ndies goods e xceeding t he

valued a t the price these

f etch when s old by t he C ompany.

I f t hey e xceeded t his

g oods would be c onfiscated by t he C ompany,

I n t he meantime,

Van D am

i n het Vlie.

g oods would l imit a ll

( 1701),

a nother r epresentative had j oined the

t ogether t hey i nspected t he s hips

Article

2 6.

f irst a nd

On the DRAECK ,

d iscovered a box c ontaining l etters a nd a p iece of g oldcloth. l etters were r ead i n t he C hamber

Later more

l etters,

T he

( unfortunately t heir c ontents were

n ot i mportant e nough t o be mentioned) c ated.

they

a nd t he goldcloth was

d ealing with private t rade,

c onfis-

w ere

d iscovered.

During t his t ime,

t he R epublic o f t he S even United Provinces was

i n t he middle of t he

f irst Anglo-Dutch war

( 1652-1654).

C ompany c ontributed t o t his war i n many ways, s upplying s hips

T he

f or example by

t o t he S tate f leet a nd i n s ome c ases having t hem

e specially built.

I n r eturn f or t his

2 4

a ssistance,

t he S tates G eneral

east of

t he

i sland of Vlielandt.

Engraving by Aelbert Haije,

c o

( the body of r epresentatives of t he S even P rovinces) i n r enewing t he c ontract by which t he V .O.C.

was more

l enient

s ecured i ts monopoly

of trade.

I n t he

s ummer of 1 653 t he English f leet was i n t he North S ea,

ading t he northern s eaways of H olland. l ying i n t he Wielingen n ear Vlissingen Tromp.

Due t o t he English blockade,

b lock-

T he S tate's main f leet was ( Flushing)

u nder Admiral

t he s econd f leet which l ay

i n het V ile under c ommand o f Vice-Admiral Witte d e With,

was unable

t o j oin Tromp.

At the t ime when t he East I ndiamen were r eady t o l eave I ndies,

t he States G eneral was

c ould enlarge

i ts

men i n h et Vile.

f or t he

i nvestigating t o what e xtent i t

f leet a nd was advised a bout t he f ive East I ndiaOn May 6 ,

t hrough t he Amsterdam Admiralty,

t hey

i nquired i f t he C ompany c ould c ontribute a ny s hips t o t he S tate f leet.

T he Company a nswered t hat t he only s hips they had were t he

ones a bout to s ail a

f or t he

I ndies a nd t hat t hey could only s upply

j acht which would be ready on June 2 0.

c oncerning this

j acht ( the MARS)

Meanwhile the preparations c ontinued.

However,

T hey would await a dvice

f rom t heir d elegates

f or the d eparture of t he East I ndiamen

on T hursday May 2 9 t he d elegates

were ordered t o postpone t he d eparture until H ague was r eceived,

KA 3 63.

i n T he H ague.

i n het Vlie

f urther n ews

f rom T he

Rumours of t he presence of t he E nglish

f leet i n t he N orth S ea made t he Amsterdam C hamber hesitant t o d espatch t he f ive

On June

1 6,

patch the

..

s hips.

a d ecision was made t o authorise t he d elegates t o d es-

f leet:

with t he f irst f air wind,

provided t here i s n o

s ign of

danger f rom t he English and t hat n o c ontrary order i s r eceived f rom t his t able",

KA 3 63.

I f no s ign of t he English was r eported, a llowed:

2 6

t he d elegate was

t o be

..

g alliodts

t o d ispatch s ome

t o i nvestigate.

f ive

Two d ays l ater, was

c alled t o

s hips

s hould

but i f there was n o obvious danger,

c ould put t o s ea",

KA 3 63,

these orders were r epealed,

l ook

f rom t here

I f a ny E nglish s hip was s ighted t his

be r eported i n het Vlie, then t he

or other vessels

i nto the d angers of t he

June

1 7,

1 653.

a meeting of the XV// s ituation a nd t he d ele-

g ates were t old t o wait f or f urther i nstructions,

KA 3 63,

June 1 9,

1 653.

On Monday June

3 0,

f our g entlemen,

i nesses the States G eneral

r epresenting T heir H igh M ight-

i n T he Hague,

appeared before t he meeting

o f t he C hamber of Amsterdam a nd e xplained t he S tate

f leet's g reat

n eed f or s hips.

t o unload t he

T hey a sked i f

s ix East I ndiamen

i t would be possible

( the BREDA had j oined t he

f ive other s hips),

t o s econd them f or a s hort period t o the State f leet. t he S tates would protect and c onvoy t he C ompany's that y ear f rom t he

I ndies,

s hips,

only s mall v essels

On t he

KA 3 63,

3 0,

I ndiamen,

t he BREDA,

d ecision,

t hey had n ot

of t he s ix s hips,

two were

was provided with very poor

t he S tates G eneral

t ried a gain t o s ecure

this t ime with a more urgent r equest,

i ng out t hat i f t he C ompany d id n ot c o-operate, f orce t hem t o.

s ince t he c rews

1 653.

f ollowing Thursday,

t he u se of t he

particularly a s

Furthermore,

a nd one,

June

due i n

s tating t hat even i f t hey unloaded

i n t he war,

been employed t o d o s o.

c annon,

f leet,

i t would be of no s ervice t o t he c ountry,

were unwilling t o s erve

I n r eturn

KA 3 63.

T he C ompany r efused t his r equest, t he

a nd

point-

t he States would

N evertheless t he C hamber a bided by i ts original

KA 3 63,

July 3 ,

with a t hird r equest,

1 653.

When the S tates G eneral p ersisted

t his t ime t hrough t heir r epresentatives o f

t he Provinces of H olland and West Friesland,

t he Amsterdam C hamber

d ecided t o s end a d elegation t o t he Burgomasters of Amsterdam. T hese Burgomasters, o f t he V .O.C.,

who benefited highly f rom t he prosperous

t rade

were a sked t o plead with t he S tates G eneral a nd t o

point out t hat the Company had a lready done a l ot f or t he c ountry.

2 7

I f,

however,

t he Burgomasters a greed with t he S tates,

t hen it s hould

be c onsidered what e ffect t his unloading would have on profit and t hen a suitable c ompensation s hould be provided, 1 653.

KA 3 63,

The Burgomasters of Amsterdam answered t hat,

t roubled s tate of t he c ountry and t he S tate proper to unload t he

s hips,

f leet,

c onsidering t he i t would be

provided t hat a ny damage was c ompensated,

and t hat t he men's pay d ealt with a ccordingly,

F inally,

July 1 3,

KA 3 63,

July 1 5,

1 653.

a c ompromise was r eached i n a r esolution passed by t he

States G eneral on August 1 ,

1 653.

f or battle a nd t heir half-decks appeared o ff het Vlie,

T he

s hips would be made r eady

c leared.

A s

s oon a s Admiral T romp

t hey were t o j oin him a nd t o s tay with him

until he granted l eave f or t hem t o c ontinue t heir voyage t o t he I ndies.

I f t he enemy was encountered while t hey were in c ompany

with Tromp, possible.

t hey must a ssist him i n t he T o encourage t he c rews,

gallant b ehaviour,

KA 3 63,

a premium was provided f or

August 3 ,

1 653.

After s ome bargaining a nd a f ew c hanges o lution,

t he C ompany agreed.

f ighting i n every way

i n t he wording of t he r es-

They unloaded t he money f rom t he

s hips and t he s kippers o f t he s ix vessels were ordered t o a ct a ccording t o t he r esolution, Tromp,

however,

KA 3 63,

n ever appeared,

August 5 and 9 ,

1 653.

because D e With a nd his

f leet had

managed t o s lip t hrough t he blockade and j oin Tromp and t he main f leet. Heide

On August 1 0

t he c ombined f leet met t he English n ear T er

( south of T he Hague)

Tromp d ied. het Vlie,

and,

i n t he e nsuing battle,

Admiral

When De With r eturned with h is battered f leet t o

t he s ix East I ndiamen were s till

l ying t here,

E lias

( 1916-30)

Many other merchant vessels were waiting t o s et s ail with t hese s hips,

t hey were mainly bound f or t he Baltic.

The States G eneral

had d ecided t o c onvoy a ll t he s hips n orth on August 2 6 I ndiamen would g o However,

a chterom ,

by August 2 3,

men on t heir own.

t old:

. ...

north of S cotland).

t he C ompany had d ispatched the East

T he S tates were

a sked t o explain i ts a ction. questioned a nd,

i .e.

( the East-

f urious and t he Company was

On S eptember 6 three d irectors were

on S eptember 9 ,

t hey were s everely r eprimanded a nd

t o a ct in f uture with better c ircumspection,

f ollowing t he intention of t he Government and Their H igh Mightinesses'

I ndia-

order",

E lias

2 8

( 1916-30).

CHAPTER I V

T he DRAECK 's F irst J ourney

T o s ome extent,

( 1653-1654)

we c an f ollow G ijsbert H eecq's

f irst j ourney of t he DRAECK.

Of c ourse

j ournal f or t he

H eecq l eft f rom Z eeland,

s o he d id n ot make the detour o f going n orth of S cotland, t he r est t here c ould n ot have b een much d ifference. t he f ormer j unior bookkeeper o f t he LASTDRAGER , b een wrecked off S hetland on March 2 , on-board t he DRAECK.

1 653,

Jan Camphuijs,

which s hip had

was o ne of the people

After h e had s afely r eturned t o Amsterdam

he now t ried once a gain t o r each t he I ndies I t t ook the DRAECK a l ong t ime, Cape of G ood Hope.

but f or

( see below,

n early s even months,

T he NAERDEN,

BREDA and

Appendix 1 ).

t o r each t he

' T LAM had arrived t here

by the end of D ecember a nd t he VREEDE f ollowed on January 6 ,

1 654,

but a ll t hrough t he r emainder of that month t here was no s ign of ' T KALFF n or of t he DRAECK.

The

i nhabitants of t he

f ortress of

G ood Hope were g etting worried a bout t he f ate of t hese s hips when f inally,

on F ebruary 9 ,

t he s ecretary of t he C ompany c ould write

i n t he D ay R egister:

. ..

T onight a rrived here

G od be praised,

t he

with t he VREEDE, into S t.

Jago

s afely on t he r oads

p innace

DRAECK,

' T CALFF,

NAERDEN and

f rom Patria,

which l eft t ogether ' T LAM,

but had called

(one o f t he Cape Verde I slands)).

have d ied on t he voyage a nd at present more t han i n t heir bunks.

( (They s ay t hat ))

t hey had been with l ast F riday )

E ight people 2 0 are

on-board t he DRAECK

s ick ( whom

2 0 people had d ied and

nearly everybody e lse was lying s ick i ncluding t he s kipper who was

i n s uch a bad way t hat he was helpless,

and we

f ear

that his poor h ealth will make him n early i ncapable of s teering t he s hip or bringing i t h ere.

However,

we hope t hat

G od our L ord will a ssist t hem and help t hem t o a rrive at t his place; i f possible, t he b oats

t herefore,

we will keep a c onstant l ookout and,

s end t hem a s much help a s we can,

(sloepen ))

s oon

g aljoot .

o r the

2 9

e ither with

" 11 F ebruary.

Again kept a l ookout f rom t he mountain f or t he

DRAECK which c annot be f ar f rom s hore a nd s hould a ppear with t his westerly breeze,

" 12 Do .

but i s n ot y et s ighted.

I n t he a fternoon,

i t became c almer a nd t he l ook-outs

brought t he n ews t hat t hey had s een a s hip behind t he L eeuwenbergh and,

because we supposed i t t o b e t he DRAECK,

s kipper of t he boat

(sloep ))

g aljoot

we

s ent t he

t hither t o a ssist them w ith our B iscay

f ull of men a nd t o pilot t hem i nto t he B ay,

we h ad done with

' T CALFF.

But a s

s oon a s t hey arrived on-board,

a s trong wind c ame up f rom t he S .S.E. a nchor under R obben E iland,

a s

s o that t hey dropped

i n order t o g et i nto t he Bay e arly

t omorrow morning with a n orth-westerly breeze

( blowing here

often a s day approaches).

" 13 Do "

( (Still a s trong S .S.E.

" 14 Dc s"

( (DRAECK s till unable t o a rrive)).

" 15 Do

Sunday,

t he DRAECK,

variable breeze.

our Lord be praised,

f ull of s ick and people

g aljoot

I n t he a fternoon,

arrived s afely on t he r oads,

From i nformation of t he

( whom we had s ent t o h im a s

we l earned t hat while anchored t here,

that we had put t here

He r eported,

l ast s eason,

t heir number t o e leven a nd t hat one was

" 16 Do .

s aid before)

t hey had f etched s ome

e ggs and penguins f rom R obben E iland. t he s heep,

t he s hip,

s uffering f rom s curvy and a lmost

incapable of handling the s ails. s kipper of t he

s o t hey cannot g et here)).

Weather a nd wind a s y esterday.

t oo,

t hat

had i ncreased

i n l amb.

The DRAECK came a

bit c loser t o s hore a s t hey had n ot been a ble t o c ome c lose enough y esterday because of t he l ack of wind",

KA 3 967,

f ol.

1 07.

The DRAECK and t ime.

' T KALFF were n ot t he f irst s hips

Van R iebeeck wrote a bout t his

t o t ake

t o t he H eren X VII ;

that a d elay often o ccurred i n t he very l ast lap of t he

3 0

s uch a l ong he r emarked j ourney,

where t he s hips were unable t o g et i nto Table Bay.

I n a d etailed

instruction f or t he s kippers o f t he s hips s ailing t o t he Cape of G ood H ope,

t hey a re advised i f t hey c annot f irst make Table Bay,

t o go t o R obben E iland or t o D assen E iland or t o S aldanha Bay f ig.

5 );

( see

t he H eren X VII wrote:

..

i n s hort,

at a ll t imes of t he year,

t oo f ar t o t he north, waiting f or t wo,

t he ships t hat a rrive

c an a nchor t here quite e asily a nd a fter

three or f our d ays,

Bay with a westerly wind.

t hey c an s ail i nto Table

T his i s much better t han t o g et out

t o s ea again e ach t ime a nd t hus be deprived of t hese r oads and

( 5)

Tablebay and S aldanha Bay with R obben and Dassen I slands. Engraving f rom O ud e n N ieuw O ost -I ndien

3 1

( Valentijn 1 724-26).

r efreshments

f or months,

a s has happened before t o many s hips

t hrough l ack of t his knowledge.

Just l ately,

of t he y ear 1 654,

' T KALFF,

t he DRAECK and

in t he beginning

having been s et back

on t o Dassen Eiland and t he bay of S aldanha,

s pent n early a

whole month t rying t o g et i nto T able Bay which, c an be done i n two, KA 1 87,

April

7 ,

t hree,

a s s aid before,

f our a nd f ive days at t he most",

1 655.

The c attle s ituation at t he Cape was bad a t t his s een in Van Heecq's J ournal.

t ime,

a s we have

He c omplains t hat t hey c an only g et

two c ows a nd a s heep f or the whole

f leet.

Van R iebeeck c omplained

t hat t he Hottentots would only s ell c ows

f or c opper s heets

o ccasionally a sheep f or c opper-thread.

But,

l etter o f April 1 4,

he writes

a nd

i n a

1 654:

" Cabbage and other vegetables

c ooked w ith bacon s erve a s

perfectly f or r efreshments

f reshly s laughtered meat.

a s

We n oticed t his c learly on t he s hips BREDA, ' T LAM,

VREEDE,

were r efreshed

' T CALFF and t he DRAECK: ...

t heir c rews

s o perfectly t hat a ll s curvy a nd

i llness vanished c ompletely",

While t he c rew r ecuperated, We have no r ecords of t his a t l east a f ew items

NAERDEN,

KA 3 967,

f ol.

9 .

the c argo f or t he C ape was unloaded. f or t he DRAECK,

but every s hip c arried

i ntended f or t he n ew s ettlement.

We r ead i n t he Day R egister on February 2 4:

I t

• • •

t he ROODE VOS r eturned f rom Dassen E iland with

s eal s kins and f ive barrels of t rainoil, have g ot more,

of which we

2 ,000 c ould

but we c annot keep i t i n t he o ld barrels.

S o we r eally n eed s ome c ement and bricks

f rom home i n order

t o build c ontainers buried i n t he

T here a re plenty

of s uch bricks a nd

' T CALFF,

t he c argo,

s oil.

i n t he c argo of t he two s hips, but a s

t he DRAECK

t hey are l ying o n t he keel under a ll

we d id n ot proceed to unload t hem.

T he s hips

would t hen n eed t o have other ballast i nstead a nd t o be c ompletely unloaded which would c ause c onsiderable d elay . ...",

KA 3 967,

f ol.

1 09. 3 2

While t he s hips were

l ying a t anchor i n T able Bay various business

u sually t ook p lace.

From one such d ealing,

t he uppersteersman o f

' T KALFF on F ebruary

t he name of t he DRAECK 's Another business was

s kipper:

a c ourt c ase against 2 ,

we

An s Janz Dul,

f inally d iscover KA 3 967,

f ol.

1 89.

t he provisional c onfirmation of s everal promo-

t ions on-board t he s hips.

On t he DRAECK,

and

' T KALFF,

s everal

people had d ied on t he l ong j ourney a nd t hose who had held s ome s ort o f r esponsible position had been r eplaced by others.

After a l ong d elay at the C ape, c rew of t he DRAECK,

" Fine,

c alm,

DRAECK a nd

due

t o t he poor c ondition of t he

i t i s r ecorded i n t he Day R egister on March 9 :

s unny weather.

' T CALFF,

T oday the s kippers

o f t he s hips,

t ook t heir l eave t o s et s ail with t he

f irst good wind t hat G od may grant and t o proceed on t heir voyage t o Batavia. other papers

We have handed t hem our l etters

f or the E .

H eren Governor General and Councillors

of the Indies and we have provisions

" 10 Do . ships

s upplied t hem sufficiently with

f or t heir t rip.

Still c alm weather which prevented t he mentioned

f rom s ailing t oday

" 11 Do

I dem.

" 12 Do

I dem,

t ill

. ..

s hortly after n oon when i t c leared a nd

started t o blow f rom t he S .S.E. ' T CALFF, this

and

The

s hips DRAECK and

s et s ail and managed t o c lear

the Bay.

By n ight,

s outh-southeasterly s trengthened considerably,

c oming

down f rom t he Table Mountain with s trong

gusts.

"13 Do .

but before n oon

I n t he morning,

it became very calm. DRAECK was

t his

T he l ook-out t hen reported t hat t he

s till c lose under t he s hore,

in t he c alm,

while

' T CALFF was

When we had a l ook ourselves, What i s

c ontinued,

drifting a long

a lready out of s ight.

we f ound t his t o be

t rue.

t he u se o f t hem waiting s o l ong fox each other here

in t he Bay,

i f,

a s

s oon a s

t hey a re out to

s ight of each other? 3 3

s ea t hey l ose

" By evening t he DRAECK r eturned, the

g aljoot

trouble)

r eporting t o t he s kipper o f

( sent t hither t o e nquire a fter t he c ause of t heir

t hat t hey had drifted a ll n ight n ear a r ock between

R obben Eiland a nd here, t hereon.

running great r isk of f oundering

And because t hey were

c oming d own dangerously c lose

upon t he s hore because of n o wind and t he heavy swell of t he s ea,

t hey had d ecided t o t ow t he

s hip with t he boat and t o

r eturn t o t his Bay.

" At n ight a v ery s trong wind came up f rom t he S .S.E.

with heavy

gusts c oming d own f rom t he Table Mountain.

" 14 Do .

I n t he morning,

t hey were s till c ontinuing a nd

a lthough this was a good wind f or t he DRAECK t o proceed f ar out t o s ea,

s he r emained n evertheless at anchor without a ny-

body c oming a shore. t he f ortress s et s ail.

We,

t herefore,

t o t ell t hem t hat with t his g ood wind t hey s hould

About two hours

were s oon out of s ight.

l ater,

t hey l eft these roads

t he

s wamps were

amen",

KA 3 967,

t own f or which t he DRAECK was h eaded,

grown i nto a prosperous f illed i n,

a nd

May t he A lmighty grant her and

' T CALFF a s afe arrival i n Batavia,

Batavia,

f ired a c annon s hot f rom

c ity.

f ol.

had by t he

1 11.

1 650s

All over t he c ity were f ine houses,

i rrigation c anals had been dug,

bridges had

been built and s everal warehouses n ow s tood a long t he r iverfront. I t was c lear t hat t rade had brought prosperity. c omments t here

i n his

G ijsbert H eecq

j ournal on t he c hange i n Batavia s ince he was

l ast

i n 1 644:

" In

s omma ,

o ne

s ees here t hat t imes have c hanged,

days a ll the bridges were made out of wood, f ortress

( over t he Malle Gat)

o with a wooden drawbridge t Y es,

everything s eems

mainly of c heap c hinese

before,

without any gold or s ilver, i s a ll Dutch v elvets,

l et t he v essels

s ilk,

even t he one t o

which n ow c onsists of

hanged. t o have c

n ow much better c lothed;

i n the o ld

t hrough

t he

1 3 a rches ( fig.

6 ).

T he inhabitants a re

lothing c onsisted t heir c

nlaid with rushes s titched or i

but one s hould s ee t hem n ow!

brocades, 3 4

s atins and t he s uch,

I t

with g old

T he Castle o f B atavia w ith the n ew s tone bridge.

( 6)

Engraving f rom O ud e n N ieuw O ost -I ndi n

( Valentijn

1 724-26).

and s ilver l ace, oons,

f inely d ecorated with buttons and other gall-

g littering with s pangles

and t heir hats,

garters a ll with l ong g old or s ilver l aces:

s tockings,

l ikewise

t heir hilts massive s ilver or s ometimes pure gold, spurs,

swords,

s ilver

massive g old buttons and l ots of suchlike a pparel t o

cover t he naked body.

I n t his

t he women excel t he men by f ar,

being inclined t hat way by nature but I will weakness s ince

s hoes,

( to dress up and t o d eck out)

l eave t hem a side and I will attribute

i t t o t heir

s o a s n ot t o l ose t he f avour of t hese pleasant persons,

I 'd rather s ee t hem n ice and beautiful t han ugly and

s luttish.

One

f inal t hing I will s ay:

0 Batavia,

f ormerly Jacatra, how much have you c hanged L ' Honore Naber

Batavia,

( in everything )!",

( 1910-1911).

I t was

to t his

f lourishing c ity,

the c entre of t he V .O.C.

i n t he

I ndies,

t hat t he DRAECK a rrived on May 2 4,

3 5

1 654.

operations

( 7)

P epper c limbing u p a long high r eeds on t he

i sle o f

B anda.

( detail)

E ngraving

f rom B egin e nde ( Commelin

V oortgangh

1 646).

3 6

CHAPTER V

Back t o Patria

The G .G.

and Councillors d ecided n ot t o

with t he n ext r eturn f leet. 7 ,

s end h er back i mmediately

T hey wrote t o t he

H eren X VII , November

1 654:

" It i s t rue t hat when we

s ent t his

have s tayed behind on t hese r oads, ERASMUS, how t he

Z IRCKZEE a nd NAERDEN.

f leet,

s uch a s t he DRAECK,

But b ecause we a re unsure

s ituation with t he English will eventuate,

whether t hey will s end a ny naval power t o t he attack our s hips,

w ar -j achten home", Coolhaas

On Friday August

" From t he

2 8,

t he G .G.

and

I ndies to

d ispersed over t hese waters,

cause t he c ompany c onsiderable damage, s end t hese

j achten

s ome g ood

which c ould

we d ecided n ot t o ( 1964).

a nd C ouncillors d ecided:

j acht VLISSINGEN from the Chamber Zeeland, we have

l earned that the

H eren X VII would like us to equip some

j achten or f luiten seven to eight weeks earlier than usual. They want u s sugar,

t o l oad t hem with r aw g oods

a s these a re a t t he moment much i n d emand a t home

and f etch a high price.

S o,

has b een d ecided t hat t he WESOP,

t o meet these r equests,

i t

j achten , DE GULDE DRAECK and

which have a r easonable c argo capacity will be

l oaded with pepper and s ugar The

l ike pepper and

f or the Chamber of Amsterdam.

j acht AVENHORN will go to Persia instead of the WEESP",

KA 5 77.

The

f ollowing summary of the d ecisions made by the G .G.

i llors,

before t hese s hips

f inally s ailed on November 7 ,

a n interesting view of t he management of the V .O.C.

" Tuesday S eptember 8 . being prepared,

and C ounc1 654,

i n Batavia:

A s t he n ext shipment f or home i s

we will a ffix t he u sual placards a t t he

usual place t o warn t hose l eaving

3 7

f or home and t o make

g ives

known t he c ontents of t hese placards.

F irstly,

c oncerning

those that presume any d emands or c laims upon t he C ompany, that t hey make t hemselves known or otherwise t hey will their c laim.

The same

f or those who want t o s end their

private g oods or s laves with t he C ompany's want t o s end l etter. port a nd c osts will l eave

l ose

s hips a nd f or those who

Further c oncerning the r egulations of t rans-

t o be paid by f ree persons and C ompany s ervants who

f or home.

F inally f or t he buyers a nd s ellers c oncerning

t he a ccounts o f t heir monthly payments.

" Friday S eptember 2 5.

D ecided t o s end t he

f leet on t he l ast day

of O ctober a nd t o t ry t o equip a third s hip f or t his

" Thursday O ctober 1 . arrived f rom h ome f leet s till i ts g oods

A s

t he

j acht SCHELLINGEN, God be thanked, has

f rom t he Chamber of Amsterdam a nd a s t he

l acks one s hip,

i t has been d ecided t hat,

f rom home a re u nloaded,it w ill be u sed a s

s hip with t he

f irst f leet.

f irst f leet,

f irst

a s s oon a s

a r eturn

s ince i t has a r easonable c argo c apacity.

" Friday O ctober 9 .

We have a t t his t ime a l arge quantity of pepper

and s ugar i n s tock,

which i s

l ying h ere quite

great d amage t o t he C ompany.

f ruitlessly,

c ausing

We have a lso been ordered by t he

H eren X VII to send home two or three ships or j achten this year with those g oods which f etch a high price a t t he moment. intended t o u se t hree r oads n o

Thus we had

j achten , however, the MUYDEN appeared on these

f rom J apara and a s we hope t hat t he d anger of t he English i s

l onger imminent we c annot m iss the opportunity t o

j acht , which has a reasonable cargo capacity. decided t o u se i t a s a f ourth r eturn

s end t his

We have,

t herefore,

j acht for this f irst f leet -

we t rust t his w ill be c onsidered proper by our principals.

" Tuesday O ctober

2 8.

Last year,

we d id n ot s end a r eturn

Chamber of Enckhuijsen and we c annot be sure t hat t he f rom t hat Chamber will be here this y ear,

t he

s ea being

i n t ime t o be u sed a s

f ull of perils.

I f we

f ail

f or the

s hips r eturn

expected s hips

t o d o s o again,

this will be t he s econd y ear t hat we have n ot s ent a r eturn there, by which t hat Chamber will be v ery much i n a rrears with h er r eturn g oods.

C onsidering t he

f act t hat we have many s hips of t he C hamber

3 8

of Amsterdam h ere and t hat we c an expect s ome more s hortly,

we have d ecided t o s end the

j acht

f rom t hat Chamber

D EN DRAECK with i ts

c ontents t his y ear t o t he C hamber Enckhuijsen s o that Chamber will r eceive i ts

" The t ime

c onsignment...

i s

j achten

a pproaching t hat t he

and S CHELLINGEN,

i ntended f or t he

and t hey will have

MUIJDEN,

DEN DRAECK,

f irst s hipment home,

will

l eave

t o be provided with a good c ommander who will

keep o rder a nd will t ake proper c are of the C ompany's valuable g oods.

L ooking a round f or a c apable person a s head f or t he

a forementioned s hips, Hubert d e Laresse,

we have

f ound t he uppermerchant,

f ormerly F irst P erson i n Amadabath.

I t

i s d ecided t o a ppoint h im a s head f or t he f irst s hips

f or

home t his y ear,

f or

a nd t o u se the merchant,

Hubert Hugo,

s econd p erson.

" Tuesday November DEN DRAECK,

3 .

I t i s d ecided t hat t he

WEESP and S CHELLINGEN,

s hips MUIJDEN,

i ntended f or the f irst

s hipment home a nd supplied with everything n eeded f or t he j ourney,

will be g iven t heir f arewell and will weigh anchor

on t he s ixth of t his month. Straits of Sunda,

As s oon a s they have

with G od's help,

l eft t he

t hey will proceed on t heir

j ourney t o our d ear f atherland a ccording to the i nstructions g iven t o t he heads of these

s hips",

T hese were the d ecisions of t he G .G. c oncerning t he preparations s hips,

KA 5 77.

and C ouncillors

i n Batavia,

f or t he d eparture of these

which f inally l eft Batavia on November

7 .

f irst f our

B oth Hubert d e

Laresse and Hubert Hugo were l ater i nvolved i n privateering a gainst t he English with Hugo skippering t he SWARTEN ARENT under French c ommission.

De L aresse s eemed t o have had a s hare i n t his

KA 4 56,

6 36.

s hip was DRAECK,

f ol.

A s An s J ansz Dul

i n Batavia, KA 1 87,

G ood Hope,

March 1 9,

1 656.

had d ied while t he

From t he r ecords of t he Cape of KA 3 968,

Willem Volger,

f ol.

2 13.

t ook a black

whom he l ater was a llowed t o s end

provided h e payed her passage, March 2 7,

s hip,

a ppointed on t he VERGULDE

t his appears t o be P ieter A lbertsz,

woman back t o t he N etherlands,

3 64,

( or D ol)

a n ew s kipper was

T he merchant o f t he VERGULDE DRAECK ,

back,

WESOP

1 656.

3 9

which was

1 50 guilders,

KA

When G ijsbert Heecq arrived a t Cape of Good H ope i n April, on his way t o Batavia, St.

1 655,

t he f our s hips had j ust l eft t he C ape f or

H elena:

" April

3 ,

1 655

..

T he Hon.

merchant and head here, P ieter Sterthemius, a s aforesaid, s turdy

C omd.

J ohannus

R iebeecq,

u pper-

c ame a board t o welcome t he H on.

M r.

e xtraordinaris R aad v an I ndia and Comd.

r eporting the a rrival,

s ome weeks ago,

of f our

j achten namely MUYDEN, WEESP, GULDEN DRAECK and DER

SCHELLINGH,

bound f rom Batavia t o Patria.

h ere and l eft i mmediately f or t he i sland, c ompany of t he

T hey had c alled i n S t.

H elena,

i n

g aljoot TULP ( for a dvice) t here t o await,

a ccording t o order,

t he Hon.

Mr.

R yckelof van G oens,

e xtraord-

i naris R aet v an I ndia ( if n ot d elayed), who was s oon t o f ollow with s ix or n ine s hips a s well a s c ommanders of t hese

f our

j achten ..

j achten were Huybrecht de Laresse and

Huybert Hugo who had been A ssistants w ith me 1 642",

L 'Honore Naber

Appointed a s

i n Z ouratten A°

( 1910-1911).

Heecq s ays that t he MUIJDEN and WEESP had a ctually c alled i n, t his

but

i s c ontradicted by the r ecords of t he Cape's Council:

" Wednesday January 2 7,

1 655.

The ships MUIJDEN and WEESP have

not a rrived here y et a lthough t hey l eft B atavia i n c ompany with t he s hips DEN SCHELLINGH and DRAECK ,

l ying here,

a nd were t o

proceed t ogether on t heir j ourney v ia t his p lace. thought, t o S t.

however,

t o have passed by h ere a nd t o have proceeded

H elena t o await t he others t here.

Council,

They a re

I t i s d ecided by our

s upplemented by Vice-Commander Huybert Hugo,

merchant Willem Volkers,

t o

s end t he

with t he S CHELLINGH and DRAECK t o S t. t here t he horses c arried past h ere and WEESP",

B oeseken and D e Wet

a nd

g aljoot TULP in company H elena to f etch f rom

( (the Cape))

by the MUYDEN

( 1957).

S amuel Volkertsz was t he s kipper of t he TULP which i s

i nteresting

a s he was i nvolved l ater i n t he s earch f or t he DRAECK a fter s he was l ost. 1 655,

While at t he C ape,

t he DRAECK was

with a c ow f or f our guilders and 1 0

4 0

s upplied on J anuary 2 7,

s tuyvers .

Abundant r efresh-

ments were W e

s uch a s m ilk,

eggs,

s upplied f ree,

KA 3 968,

l earn f rom H eecq 's

on April 1 0,

1 655,

c abbages, f ol.

c arrots

2 13.

H elena

( fig.

f or June

" In t he N etherlands a rrived on June MUIJDEN,

2 .

WEESP,

other c argo than pepper,

a rrived-

s hips was,

7 ,

H ollandse M ercu-

1 654,

4 .

D E VERGULDE

a nd having n o

s ugar a nd s apan wood a k ind of r ed f ollowing S eptember

t he n ine other s hips t hat

1 655. ) s ugar a nd s apan wood c arried by those

a ccording t o t he n ewspaper,

s ugar ' ;

f our s hips

1 655:

D ER S CHELLING,

" ( mentioned here a re

The t otal amount o f pepper,

2 982320 l b.

3 .

I n t he beginning o f t he

l eft Batavia January 8 ,

1 3

T he

1 1 the East I ndian R eturn

having l eft Batavia November

s andalwood.

8 ).

i sland a s we r ead i n the

r ius, a Dutch newspaper of that time,

DRAECK ,

and 2 87890

l b.

6 502803

l b.

pepper;

s apan wood.

Before t he f our s hips had a nchored on t he r oads of T exel, people t ried t o g et s ome private t rade a shore. the i slands of T exel and Vlieland s ea and t ook a board s ailors' was

of v egetables

a nd t hat her s kipper r eported t hat t he f our

d id n ot wait l ong on t he

1 .

s orts

j ournal t hat t he TULP r eturned t o the C ape

s hips had a rrived s afely i n S t.

s hips

a nd a ll

( see

f ig.

4 )

s everal

Small vessels met t he

s hips a t

c hests packed with t rade goods.

s trictly f orbidden and Article

f ine o f half t he e arned wages

2 4 of the

f rom

T his

A rtikelbrief gave a

f or t hose who s ent f or s uch a v essel

b efore a r epresentative of t he C ompany d irectors had i nspected the s hip,

Van D am

( 1701),

2 6.

H owever,

prohibited t rade and awaited the

t he C ompany had a nticipated this

s mall vessels when t hey came a shore.

T he c hests w ere c onfiscated a nd when t he owners a sked the Company t o r eturn t heir c hests, only g et t hem back

t hey were c losely i nterrogated.

They c ould

( of course without t he t rade g oods)

i f t heir

a nswers

s atisfied the Company r epresentatives,

July

1 655.

1 ,

M eanwhile,

Hubrecht d e Laresse

t o the S tates G eneral a bout t he

KA 3 64 June

2 0 -

t ravelled t o T he Hague and r eported s tate of a ffairs i n t he

I ndies,

d elivering a lso a l etter f rom t he G overnor G eneral a nd Councillors o f t he I ndies,

KA 3 64,

July 2 2,

1 655.

were unloaded of t heir c argo of s ugar, t he Chamber of Enckhuizen, of 1 00,587 guilders,

During July,

t he

f our s hips

pepper and s apan wood.

For

the c argo f rom t he DRAECK f etched a total

KA 1 87,

O ctober 5 ,

4 1

1 656.

_ r f

-

-

51

-

_.

1 , o, i. , 2 _ , .

X. , 9 :i l ? ' . •' 4 : , . . . , : ; , .4 , . • -. , e• , . . 0 7 , ;, ., N e -- ,• ; 4 1 . e . , 'o r i . " tere •0 1 .•1' a l J ' _ , { • '' ' \ « 4 4 •' 1 ' . • A . , . _ ,‚ " El .

\

'' S

, I,

/ ' 4' % I

"

› , .

4 ' . . . . .. „

. . 1. ," v— - -

s e, N .

1, 9 . ‚

.

2. .

-i-

j e , . _V •IL

' . , . .. „ . ; .P

• . •. ... . , -. . .. . . , . . . . , .• e —

, .' . , . . , '

i l , •

,,

. . . p .ä ;

, , e 2

, : _d '

4 , 0 1 1K(' ‘ I ' ;-4 7 .. , . . n , : . 1 :

. . --1 7,, sr

( 8)

. . 4 . -

, . ; . _ . : ., . . „. 2 _ r e _, _, . r1 ' • . . _ . _ . _ : . : , . . _ . . . : . i * r '. .,_." .„,..z r

". "

j r

., z4 r, . " g ,

r .SA

-_e ', AP i f i 7^ , , f . ' "_ . -• . 4 '. 2r. , e •, „ y ._B r . e. _ i j r .e 4

T he i sland of S t. Atlantic O cean.

.

.

H elena i n t he s outhern half o f t he I t was t he f irst possible m eeting p lace

B egin e nde V oortgangh

E ngraving f rom

( Commelin 1 646).

Overall v iew of B atavia.

E ngraving f rom O ud e n N ieuw

O ost -I ndiön ( Valentijn 1 724-26).

4 2

4 * 3 i

4 — '. 4 .-', . 1_ . , j ip, , •‚ , .i -o r. 12 , d-_ : , : ' _ , . . : „ .. . , , , -j i r , ., . , . . , ., . . _ . . . . . i . .e . . . .4 . 7 . i . . . . . .z . .2 _

a fter t he C ape f or h omebound s hips.

( 9)

„ . '' ., . ,, _. i .i

CHAPTER VI

S econd Journey

A s

( 1655-1656)

e arly a s July 2 2,

we r ead i n the r esolutions of t he C hamber of

Amsterdam:

..

a s

t he s hips,

MUYDEN,

WEESP a nd D E DRAECK,

r eady t o s ail a nd t o l oad their c argo, proceed with t he equipage o f t he Chambers",

i t i s d ecided t o

s hips a nd t o n otify t he other

KA 3 64.

On Monday August 9 t he positions a dvertised a nd a week l ater t he j ob i t was

will s oon be

f or

s kippers a nd a ssistants were

" Gentlemen of t he s hipyard"

t o employ a ll t he c rew except t he officers)

i sed to take on the r est o f t he c rew.

( whose

were a uthor-

On Monday August 2 3,

t he

s kippers and a ssistants had a pplied and i t was d ecided t o appoint t hem the

f ollowing week.

T he "Gentlemen of t he

s hipyard" were then

a lso authorised t o:

u ...

s end t he s hips,

DRAECK,

WEESP a nd MUYDEN,

e ither t o

T exel o r het Vlie a s t he G entlemen t hought best."

T he Chamber o f Amsterdam d ecided on August

..

t o a ppoint o n t he t hree big

WEESP)) a

a n uppersteersman,

3 0:

j achten ( (DRAECK, MUYDEN a nd

understeersman,

a t hird s teersman,

z iekentrooster (comforter of the sick or lay preacher)), an

upper a nd a n u nderbarber and small

..

( (unreadable)).

On t he two

j achten MAERSSEN and BREUCKELEN only an uppersteersman

with a t hird s teersman a nd an underbarber a nd d ecided))

t hat t he prayers on the small

( (it i s a lso

j achten will be done

by an a ssistant."

On August 3 1,

t he boatsmen a nd s teersmen were a ppointed a nd the n ext

d ay t he s oldiers were t aken o n.

4 3

On Monday September 1 3, Amsterdam tell u s

1 655,

Indies with the

WEESP,

r esolutions of the Chamber of

this:

" After deliberation, the

the

it i s resolved a nd decided t o s hips,

the VERGULDEN DRAECK,

which will be ready t o

s ail

and twenty-five thousand guilders s hip

7 5,000 guilders",

By Tuesday S eptember 2 1, to the G .G.

t he

l etters

and Councillors of the

of

• To reduce The

t hat i s

f or each

I ndies were written and on that t he

s ame procedure

t ook place

at the Cape of Good Hope,

could be despatched with t he three

the chance of l oss

every

s hips.

s hip carried c opies of the

l etters.

H eren X VII wrote to the Governor General that the cargo requested

f or Japan was MUYDEN,

l oaded into the VERGULDE DRAECK ,

but unfortunately i t i s

t ed f or Japan,

KA 4 55,

The s econd and l ast started on a more the

two hundred

t he Chamber of Amsterdam

with a l etter to the Commander and Council these missives

and

KA 3 64.

day they were read by t he Chamber;

s o that all

MUYDEN,

i n a f ew days, in c ash,

s end to

l oading was

not known which goods were r eques-

November 2 ,

1 655.

j ourney of the VERGULDE DRAECK t o

f ortunate note

f inished and

the

the three

As

crew were on-board,

the

KA 4 389.

I sle of Wight where

the

s oon as s hips

The only delay on

c ontrary winds held up

f ast.

The MUYDEN arrived on March

1 ,

a ll hands healthy,

The WEESP dropped anchor on March

people but t he rest healthy. day with all people

safe

too

5 ,

only two having

a lso having l ost two

The BREUCKELEN arrived on the

next

and well.

The MUYDEN stayed only a week and 2 4 persons.

But on

f irst l eg of the trip to the Cape of Good Hope was

covered reasonably

they were

I ndies

j achten and the f luit BREUCKELEN for four weeks.

the whole,

died.

t he

than the f irst one.

l eft the roads of Texel on October 4 , the trip was at the

the WEESP and the

l eft on March 7 ,

taking aboard

These people had s tayed behind f rom other ships, s ick to go on.

i llnesses and c ould continue

They had now all r ecovered their voyage t o Batavia. 4 4

when

f rom their

They were

l ucky t o have been put on-board t he MUYDEN. had been t he

f irst t o put i nto Table Bay,

i t i s doubtful whether

t hey would ever have arrived i n Batavia. l eft,

I f t he VERGULDE DRAECK

Two days a fter t he MUYDEN

t he VERGULDE DRAECK a rrived i n T able Bay.

We r ead i n t he Day

R egister of the Cape:

" ((March)) here

9 .

I n the morning,

s afely on t he r oads t he

people s afe and well.

w ith t he morning watch,

j acht

t he DRAECK with mostly a ll

T hey l ost only two men who f ell overboard

during t he voyage and have s till a live KA 3 968,

f ol.

ment on t he Cape.

bacon,

of S panish wine,

one barrel of meat,

French wine,

l eggen water, a s

o r

i ntended f or t he new s ettle-

KA 3 969,

f ol.

a nker

o ne

of brandy,

means

f ive ships t ogether,

or

Stapel

i ts c ontents but Van D ale

' to l ie'),

( 1927)

( 1971)

c osting

5 82

VERGULDE DRAECK,

s even c ows,

1 0

Australian c oast.

3 73 guilders and f our

l bs.,

l oaded i nto t he

s heep and s ome vegetables.

l oaded i nto t he DRAECK,

l ater were t o turn u p on t he West

yet s o.

( see

f urther Part 2 ,

c arried

C hapter V .5.2).

e lephant tusks were a lso part of t he official but when the DRAECK was

However,

i f s o,

t here s old t o t he East I ndia C ompany and

l oaded i nto t heir s hips

f rom t he Cape,

were

s tuivers .

t hey would have been bought by t he West I ndia Company,

L ater,

l itres

From t he

These c ould have been f rom West Africa;

t o t he Netherlands,

( Dutch

g enerally used f or

weighing 3 732

N o r ecord exists that e lephant tusks were 3 00 y ears

s hip

l itres).

A s f ar a s can be t raced only r efreshments were

l egger

( A

g ives r oughly 4 00

g ives

1 8 c asks of f lour,

u nloaded f or t he Cape,

l egger

one half

s mall c ask of musket s hot.

' to l ay'

but a lso f or wine.

They were:

one barrel of

which s tayed down i n the hold of t he

l iggen

t he t usks which

1 51.

one barrel of butter,

1 2 r opes a nd one

was a big c ask,

heads",

During t he t hree d ays s he was anchored on t he

r oads t hese goods were unloaded,

l egger

( (sic))

1 28.

T he VERGULDE DRAECK c arried s ome goods

one

a rrived

t he Heren

t here i n 1 656,

t rade g oods this was not

XVII r ealised even then t hat s ome

private c itizens at t he Cape a lways managed t o g et s ome a board the s hips.

They wrote t o Jan van R iebeeck at the Cape:

4 5

. ..

we are t old t hat e lephant tusks would a lso be available

there,

and a lthough t he Company doesn't s ee them,

people d o manage t o s end t hem

..",

KA 4 56,

f ol.

private 5 8,

a fter which they t ell him t o try t o monopolise t his trade,

s o t hat

t he Company might g et t he profits.

The vegetables which had t o sustain t he p eople on-board c onsisted of cabbages,

c arrots,

d elivered f ree. guilder,

C ows

melons and water-melons,

the s ame t ime was

P ieter A lbertsz,

c alled GOODWILL,

c harged 7 2 guilders

s tuivers

f or f our s heep:

I t i s

i nteresting t o s ee

which put i nto T able Bay a t f or t hree c ows and 1 9 guilders

KA 3 969,

f ol.

2 46.

the s kipper of t he VERGULDE DRAECK,

r eceipt of t hese g oods,

KA 3 969,

f ol.

2 23,

of the 1 3th,

the VERGULDE DRAECK l eft with

p eople

a s we

..",

which were

c ost f our a nd a half guilders and s heep one

t he s ame a s two years before.

t hat a n E nglish s hip,

and f our

r adishes,

s igned f or t he

a nd in t he a fternoon " ...

s ee f rom t he D ay R egister,

I n a summary of a rrivals a t and d epartures

On March 1 2,

g ood,

f resh,

KA 3 968,

f ol.

f rom t he Cape,

healthy 1 29.

we r ead:

" DRAECK l eft with 1 90 healthy men f or Batavia", KA 3 968,

f ol.

2 81.

A s we mentioned before, s ail

f rom Cape of G ood H ope t he s kippers had t o

s outh until they r eached the l atitude of t he westerly winds

a nd f rom t here were meant t o s ail e ast f or a t l east 1 ,000 ( see

f ig.

1 ).

But f or t he

1 7th c entury n avigator,

d ifficult t o d etermine t he d istance o ther words,

t he

l ongitude.

m ijlen

it was quite

s ailed f rom East t o West,

T o d etermine l ongitude,

i n

t he mariner

n eeds a c hronometer a nd t hese i nstruments were only available a fter t he Englishman,

Harrison,

d eveloped a c hronometer i n t he

1 8th c entury which was not i nfluenced by t he movement of t he s hip. T he 1 7th c entury navigator had t o be c ontent with other methods: l ongitude was H owever,

f ound by d ead r eckoning u sing c ompass and l og.

a l og measures

t he

s peed of the

s hip t hrough t he water

but the e ffect of currents and l eeway had t o be a ccounted f or. I n t he c ourse

f rom Cape of Good H ope t o B atavia,

4 6

i t was only

possible t o c heck t he and St.

P aul.

could c ause

s hip's position at t he I slands of Amsterdam

Thus,

l ack o f precision i n t he d istance sailed

c onsiderable miscalculation,

r esulting i n many untimely

s ightings of the west c oast o f Australia. t he c harts u sed by t he s teersman. of O ctober was

3 0,

1 627,

Another e rror l ay i n

H eren X VII

I n a l etter t o the

Jan P ieterszoon C oen wrote how h is

s hip

( GALIAS)

n early wrecked on t he S outhland:

. ..

c ame on S eptember 5 i n t he a fternoon at the

s outhern

l atitude of

2 81 / 2 o on the l and o f E endracht;

half a mi j i

f rom t he breakers before we n oticed them,

being a ble t o t he n ight,

s ee t he l and.

we were

l ess t han without

I f we had been driven here during

we c ould have g one t hrough a t housand perils with

s hip a nd people. s teersmen were

On t he p lane c hart,

s till

3 00 and 3 50

t he positions of t he

m ijlen from shore, so there

was a bsolutely n o thought o f a ny l and,

a lthough the position

on t he c hart with i ncreasing d egrees was g lobe i t was only 5 0

m ijlen from land.

1 20

m ijlen and on the

But t his was t he l east.

I t i s c ertain t hat the i mperfection on t he plane chart f rom Cabo d e Bon'

E speranca t o t he S outhland a t a height of

has more t han 2 70

3 50 ,

m ijlen too much sea, to which most of the

s teersmen pay l ittle a ttention s o that many s hips have run great p eril and are

s till d aily d oing s o",

S tapel

( 1937).

T his was t he s ituation when t he VERGULDE DRAECK s truck a r eef of t he S outhland on April

2 8,

1 656.

4 7

CHAPTER VII

First Searches

I n Batavia,

meanwhile,several

' T SEEPAERT,

BREUCKELEN,

SHAVEN in May, TOLEN,

f or the Wreck

WEESP,

and MAERSSEN in June,

the

s chuyt

the

foundering of this

Z EEHONT,

t otalling

j acht

of the

7 ,

j acht

the s orrowful news

KA 1 104,

on

f ol.

91.

7 with n ews of

t he west c oast of the Southland. s ame day

we read:

1 656.

Today,

shortly after midday,

t he

DRAECK arrived after one month wandering s ix s ailors.

that the abovementioned

f ine

on April

in the beginning of the morning watch,

stretching out in the 3 02 ,/ 3 .

HECTOR,

failure t o appear,

early a s June

aground on t he coast of the S outhland,

latitude of

and BROUWER-

DER SCHELLINCK,

3 561 men,

around with the understeersman and

night,

HERCULES,

and Councillors had a meeting on the

in t heir r esolutions,

" Wednesday June

The MUYDEN,

f elt over the DRAECK's

f rom t he DRAECK arrived a s

The Governor General

s chuyt

DOLPHIJN,

and the ACHILLES,

Before any anxiety could be

and,

s hips had a rrived.

They brought

j acht

2 8 during t he

on a r eef,

s ea f or one and a half miji, Of the

1 93 heads,

only

had run

7 5

at the

landed

s afely

( among whom s kipper Pieter Albertse and t he mentioned understeersman).

From the s hip,

touching ground,

which

nothing was

immediately burst when

s aved,

and only very f ew prov-

i sions were thrown by the waves on the beach. 68 persons were buried in t he people and,

further trying t o recover

s and,

The r emaining

the boat,

which was

in order t o s end i t hither with s ome

meanwhile,

in their s orrowful

state

t hey are

anxiously awaiting a ll needed comfort and help from here. Thus,

the honourable Governor G eneral

summons the Council on

the spot and t ells the Gentlemen Councillors story; 1 85,000

he

shows

the

extent of

guilders of which

e ight cases,

and he

g ives

i s best t o be done to save Company's hopeless).

cash and goods

t he

DRAECK's

the here-told

cargo,

which

i s

7 8,600 guilders

i s

i n cash in

the Councillors

to

c onsider what

the unhappy persons and the

( which i s,

after a ll not entirely

After thoroughly having examined the problems,

4 8

i t i s unanimously approved and d ecided t o prepare the g ood s ailing f ive months

f luit , the WITTE VALCK, and to victual it for

( also f or t he people on t he S outhland )

s ome s kilful d ivers,

( which i s a pparently t omorrow n ight).

With t hem will g o our o rder t hat t he

j acht , the GOEDE HOOP,

n ow c ruising i n Sunda S trait a nd which i s

the a forementioned VALCK a s

will

s oon a s t his order i s

s et s ail with

s hown t o her

They will t hen s ail t ogether out of S unda Strait a nd

s teer i mmediately s outhward,

until t he

l atitude of

until t hey g et a s teady w estern t rade wind.

3 2°

t o

a t the people of t he DRAECK,

t he t wo s hips t o-gether).

3 3 0 or

From t here they will

s teer f or t he c oast o f t he S outhland a nd having a rrived, help,

( which

thought t o be c ompetent

and s ufficient f or the t rip t o the S outhland),

s kipper.

a long with

axes a nd other n ecessary t ools and t o s end i t

off a s quickly a s possible

i s

i mmediately

t hey w ill d istribute

with G od's t hem over

( which must d o t heir utmost t o s tay c onstantly

Further t hey will

whether d iving or otherwise, and t hen a s much a s

t ry t o r ecover i n t he most c areful way, i f i t i s possible,

f irstly t he c ash

i s possible and practicable of t he c argo,

guns and what e lse

i s particularly valuable.

" After having d one

a ll t his,

t he

t he officers c ontinue t o be ordered

t o explore the r epeatedly visited c oast of t he S outhland where t he DRAECK i s,

o r a s

f ar a s c an be d one without hampering t heir

r eturn voyage,

better t han i s known up t o n ow.

c over i t with particular a ttention, c orners,

bends,

can u se t hat

bays,

r ocks,

T hey s hall d is-

a nd perfectly c hart a ll t he

s andbanks and s hallows,

f or t he b enefit of t he Company's

s o t hat we

I ndian t rade,

f or

which purpose t he aforementioned understeersman of t he DRAECK will s ail t hither a t once.

And i n order t o have t he Company's a ffairs

i n t his mission c arried out i n d ecent o rder,

t act and t o better

purpose, we have a pproved t o g ive t he c ommand on t he outward a s well a s t he homeward voyage t o t he s kipper of t he WITTE VALCK, Huybert Adriaensz Huyge,

a nd t o instruct him t o perform and

a ccomplish everything c onsulting s kipper P ieter Alberts other o fficers,

t o t he best s ervice of our paying masters.

will be handed a c opy o f t his d eparting s hips

and t he S o

r esolution t o t he heads of t he

f or the benefit and advantage of t he Company.

4 9

" In t he C astle of Batavia, C arel Hartzinck, Steur,

Joan Cunaeus,

Gabriel Happart,

Unfortunately,

date a s

a bove,

s igned,

J oan Maetsuyker,

N icholaes Verburch,

S ecretary",

D irck J ansz

KA 5 77.

t he month of June i s t he beginning o f winter i n t he

Southern Hemisphere,

and i n that period,

prevail o n the west c oast of Australia.

heavy s torms and high s eas T he WITTE VALCK and t he

GOEDE HOOP suffered badly f rom t his weather.

On July 1 8,

t hey were

driven a part i n a s torm t hat blew up during t he n ight even before t hey had a rrived at t he c oast. General t o t he

..

H eren X VII :

t hey d id n ot f ail t o d o t heir utmost t o s ail t o t he

ordered spot.

However,

c oast of t he S outhland, s eas

N evertheless wrote t he Governor

t he

f luit having arrived at the

met such

s torms a nd high running

t hat s he d id n ot dare c ome c lose t o i t,

G od t hat s he c ould s tay c lear. s ame heavy s torms but managed t o mentioned l atitude,

T he

but t hanked

j acht endured the

l and with the boat on t he

a nd t hey have been s everal

m ijien inland.

They had s ailed a l ong way a long t he c oast but have n either wreck nor people. of their own men.

I nstead they have l ost e leven

F irstly,

t heir way i n t he bush,

s een

t hree,

who s eem t o have

l ost

and after t hat a nother e ight,

who,

having been s ent a shore with t he boat t o l ook f or them, have n ever a ppeared a gain.

The boat was

f ound s mashed t o

pieces on t he beach with which t he c rew i s probably l ost, t oo.

And t he

s hore and t hus

j acht, the HOOP, not to be driven on a l eel ose s hip and people,

c oast and r eturn here, other

T he G .G. s hips

. ..",

KA 1 104,

and Councillors

was

f orced t o

l eave t he

with which t his a ccident adds

f ol.

t o t he

3 -4.

i n Batavia d id n ot have other s uitable

t o order a nother s earch

f or t he poor people of t he DRAECK,

and t hey d ecided t o l eave i t f or t he moment t o Jan van R iebeeck at the Cape of G ood Hope t o have a nother t ry.

5 0

CHAPTER VIII

S earches

f rom t he C ape o f G ood H ope

H aving r eceived o rders f rom B atavia t o

s end a l ight

o n i ts way f rom t he N etherlands

I ndies,

t o t he

Van R iebeeck had a meeting o n M onday April and officers of t he f ol.

3 82-384.

3 ,

a long t he Southland, 1 657 with t he

T hey c onsidered t he VINCQ t he most s uitable

A s

f rom the VINCQ was man,

Joost Jansz,

V INCQ, man,

a nd t he

l oaded i nto t he VEENENBURCH.

a s

f or this

c ome c lose t o an

t he t rip would not be without r isks,

t he money

A s t he uppersteers-

had t aken t he p lace of t he d eceased s kipper of t he

f ormer understeersman had been promoted t o uppersteers-

and a n understeersman was

" ...

s kippers

f luitschips , VEENENBURCH and VINCQ, KA 3 969,

t ask a s i t was very f lat-bottomed and c ould t hus unknown s hore.

j acht or g aljoot

a dded t o t he c rew of 7 0:

s he c an s urely u se another good s teersman f or t his

expedition..."

D etailed i nstructions were d rawn u p;

t his

d ocument t hat i t i s worthwhile t o g ive

" Instruction f or t he heads of t he

i s

s uch a n i nteresting

i t here c omplete:

l ittle

f luit DE VINCQ in

order t o f ind t he wreck a nd t he people of t he l ost s hip t he VERGULDEN DRAECK on t he S outhland.

" It i s well known i n a nd outside t he c ouncil how t his

s hip

has unexpectedly run i nto t he S outhland a t a bout 3 0 2/ 3 how many p eople a re

s till miserably l eft behind who have

not been f ound back by t hose of t he GOEDE HOOP,

a nd

s ent t here on June

f luit VALCK and the j acht

8 of l ast y ear.

known how t he H onourable G entlemen,

I t i s a lso

G overnor G eneral and

Councillors of t he I ndies ordered u s by l etter of D ecember 4 l ast t o have a nother s earch done f rom t his end with t he l ightest of t he s hips

f rom home.

C onsidering a s

i n t he

r esolution t aken i n y our presence and s igned by y ou, t he

t hat

f luit VINCQ on which you came here is thought to be the

most s uitable

f or t his s earch,

5 1

you are t herefore now ordered

t o d o y our u tmost a nd t o s et s ail

f or t his purpose w ith t he

f irst f avourable wind t hat G od may g rant. t ion,

C onform t he r esolu-

y ou w ill v isit t he a forementioned S outhland a t a bout

3 2 2/ 3 0 where,

a ccording t o t he c harts,

l ess f athoms a re t o b e f ound, bushes.

F rom t here,

by n ight,

m any s hallows of 1 00,

a s well a s d unish l and w ith t rees a nd

s ailing a long t he s hore by d ay a nd h eaving t o

y ou w ill k eep a c lose watch f or a ny s igns o f f ires o r s uch

f rom t hose p oor,

m iserable p eople

( also f or a ny r emains o f t he wreck)

i n o rder t o r elease t hem f rom t heir m isery, t o B atavia.

a nd t o bring t hem back

Y ou will a lso bring b ack t he c ash a nd u nspoiled c argo

a s much a s y ou c an p ossibly s alvage a lways

( as o rdered,

t oo,

..

w ithout r isk.

P rovided

by t heir H onourables a forementioned )

y ou w ill be v ery c areful i n a pproaching t his S outhland, s eamanship,

t hat

u sing proper

t hat i s i f weather a nd w ind a llow s uch . a nd i f i t c an

be d one w ithout r isk. a ll,

8 0 a nd

H owever,

y ou s hould b e k een t o a ccomplish

f or i f y ou f ind t hem a nd bring t hem back t o Batavia,

honour w ill c ome t o y ou,

g reat

a part f rom t he g ood j ob y ou w ill d o f or

t hose p oor p eople.

" And because t he printed i nstructions o f t he H onourable G entlemen Masters a nd t he a ttached c harts

s how f urther h ow a nd i n w hat ways,

a lso a t what t imes o f t he y ear,

t he S outhland c an best b e a pproached

..

a lso what d anger c an b e e xpected o f r ocks a nd s hoals,

c onsult t hose

( as y ou have g ot t hem w ith y ou ).

F inally,

y ou s hall w e a dvise

y ou s trongly t o a lways k eep t he l ead i n hand n ear t his S outhland a nd t o l ook s harp f or a ll s uch l ands, a re y et u nknown o r u ndiscovered,

s hoals,

r ocks a nd s hallows a s

k eeping g ood r ecord a nd making

a ccurate n otes o r c harts t o b e u sed a fter t his by other C ompany s hips t hat c ould c ome u pon t hat c oast

..

And s o t hat you w ill

r ealise t he i ntentions a nd s eriousness o f t he H onourable G entlemen, G overnor G eneral a nd C ouncillors o f t he I ndies a nd r elease o f t hese m iserable p eople,

f or t he s earch f or

w e provide y ou w ith a n

e xtract f rom t he missive t hey s ent u s w ith t he c opies r esolution t o t his

i ntent o f J une 7 l ast.

A lso,

o f t heir

t he l etters s ent

by t he l ost p eople t o t he a forementioned H onourables w ith t he l ittle

s chuyt and forwarded to u s w ith t hat m issive ( you c an r ead

t hat o n y our way t o r ealise t he b etter t heir H onourables' s eriousness)

.. 5 2

o rder a nd

" As we hope not t o have t o doubt y our z eal,

we want t o wish you

s uccess on t his e xpedition and a s afe voyage. " In t he f ortress o f G ood Hope April was

2 6 A°

1 657

s igned Jan van R iebeeck",

T he l etters

' sent by t he

l ost people'

been written on May 5 and 7 1 656, T hese r eferences

are

f ol.

i n t he Cape papers are t he

3 97-398.

5 2.

f irst a nd only mention

l oss of t he VERGULDE DRAECK.

T he date s hows

t oo t hat t he u ndersteersman,

men t o Batavia,

had only l eft a fter May 7 .

were n ever f ound a gain,

f ol.

l ater i ndicated t o have

KA 3 970,

of any r ecord written at t he t ime of t he

KA 3 969,

who s ailed with s ix I t i s

a pity t hese

l etters

f or t hey would probably have g iven more

i nformation a bout t he place where t he s hip was wrecked a nd what happened t o t he

s urvivors

i n t hose

f irst t en d ays on t he S outhland.

When t he s kipper of t he V INCQ had r eceived his s ail

f rom t he Cape on April

2 7,

two c harts o f t he S outhland,

KA 3 969,

f ol.

one big and one

i nstructions, 3 86.

small

On-board he had s cale.

T hese

had been handed t o h im by t he s kipper o f t he VEENENBURCH, f ol.

5 2,

which s hows

he s et

KA 3 970,

t hat n ot a ll s hips were provided w ith t hese

c harts r equired by t he i nstruction o f 1 655 and mentioned i n t he l ist o f equipment o f April 1 6, steersmen were r esponsible), On July 7 ,

1 655

( for which t he s kipper and

KA 1 87.

t he V INCQ a rrived i n Batavia without having been a ble

f ind a ny s igns o f t he wrecked vessel. on a r eef at a bout 2 9 d egrees T ill t he

1 2th of t hat month,

l atitude,

I n s hort,

t hey had a nchored

at a d epth of 2 5

f athoms.

t hey had s ailed a long t he c oast but

had not been a ble t o c ome c lose t o t he been very bad.

On June 8 ,

t o

s hore a s

t he weather had

a nother unsuccessful expedition.

G overnor G eneral Joan Maetsuyker r ealised by now t hat June-July was n ot t he best possible p eriod t o coast o f t he S outhland. t o try once a gain, Jan van R iebeeck

H e a nd his Councillors d ecided,

but t his

t ime i n s ummer.

M eanwhile,

t herefore, t hey o rdered

t o keep t rying and t o instruct small vessels,

t heir way t o Batavia, ..

f ind oneself on t he wind-beaten

t o s ail a long t he S outhland.

Y ou s hould be aware t hat January,

are t he best months

. ..

f or,

But t hey wrote:

F ebruary a nd March

except f or t hat s eason,

c oast i s unapproachable because of t he s trong winds, now b een e xperienced s everal t imes...", 5 3

on

KA 3 970,

f ol.

t his a s has 4 08-411.

CHAPTER IX

The Last Attempts

On Friday December

2 1,

r esolved to s end t he EMELOORT,

. ..

1 657,

G .G.

whether perhaps

On December

anybody of the

1 1 men f rom the

3 1,

Volkersen and Jonck Castle to receive caution.

was promised,

j acht the VERGULDE

j acht the GOEDE HOOP

l ittle

KA 5 77.

to keep together and further advising Captains

- who

t hat night after prayers,

these instructions

To encourage D e Hullu

the

( 1904),

- to observe

crew, p .

a s hare

Samuel Volkersen,

and EMELOORT with

l eft Batavia roads

with provisions

came

4 0

t he greatest poss-

in t he

salvaged g oods

and commanded by s kipper

2 5 men,

s kippered by Aucke

on January 1 ,

1 658,

well supplied

f or s ix months.

f irst s ix weeks

t he trip went according to the

although Volkersen had to wait s everal t imes

f or the EMELOORT at

in his

Jonck's

s lower and c ould not sail

s hip was

the wind a s

considerably

the WAECKENDE BOEY.

pretty bad s hape.

Jonck was

stern which caused t he

l og,

i nstructions,

which he showed his annoyance

t o

t o t he

3 44-350.

The WAECKENDE BOEY carrying a crew of

Jonck,

l ost

detailed instructions were drawn up stressing the

need f or the two s hips

The

in Batavia

f luit , WAECKENDE BOEY and the g aljoot ,

l ittle

can still be f ound",

Pieters

and Councillors

to the Southland to s ee:

DRAECK and t he

ible

t he

KA 1 115,

I n f act,

fol.

2 18-227. a s

c lose

the EMELOORT was

in

c onstantly struggling with a damaged

s hip to

l eak

c onsiderably.

On February

2 ,

t he skipper and merchant of t he WAECKENDE BOEY visited t he EMELOORT and complained a bout the

u

. ..

s ituation.

Jonck wrote:

from his words we a ssumed t hey t ried to get away

f rom u s...",

KA 1 115,

f ol.

2 04-218.

5 4

On February 1 4,

t he s hips

l ost s ight of e ach other.

s imply c ommented on t he f act,

while J onck a ctually a ccused

Volkersen of having d eliberately s ailed away. been t he r eason,

Volkersen

Whatever may have

t he two s hips d id n ot meet t ill much

l ater,

a nd

e ach a pproached t he S outhland on his own.

Of t he two s kippers Volkersen was

a pparently t he better s ailor.

Jonck was c ontinually heading out t o s ea or t rying t o a pproach t he s hore,

without success,

however.

t he bad c ondition of his

Maybe t he r eason f or t his was

s hip or perhaps he was,

i n f act t he better

s eaman by o bserving t he greatest c aution possible.

A s a r esult

he only s ent t he boat a shore twice and d id n ot f ind a ny s igns or t races of t he VERGULDE DRAECK ,

but,

however,

brought a ll hands

back safe and well t o Batavia.

T he s ituation with Volkersen was l and on F ebruary

a ltogether d ifferent.

He s ighted

2 3 which a ppeared l ater t hat d ay t o be a n i sland,

a nd i s nowadays known a s

R ottnest I sland , off Fremantle.

( Is

g ed t o have been d iscovered by Willem d e V lamingh i n 1 696, fact, name

was d iscovered and c harted by Volkersen who only i t,

b ecause h e

l eft t hat matter

" ...

n or G eneral's pleasure".

I t i s

already s ighted,

by t he ships,

s ee S childer

in 1 619,

day,

but,

in

f ailed t o

t o t he Honourable G over-

even possible t hat t he i sland was DORDRECHT a nd AMSTERDAM,

( 1976).)

Volkersen s ailed on t owards steersman,

a lle-

t he mainland a nd t he n ext day his upper-

Abraham L eeman, went a shore.

he r eported,

a s

R eturning on-board t he n ext

i s n oted i n Volkersen's

l og:

" That t hey had been on l and and had o bserved many s igns of t he wrecked s hip t he DRAECK, place where p eople had l ived,

but n o f ootpaths n or a ny

a lthough t hey had g one

and wide,

both i nland a nd a long t he beach.

t he s hips

on t he c oast w hich t hey had o bserved a re

A heavy beam, planking, of c hests,

a piece of oak planking,

a small keg, staves

buckets,

T he r emains of a s

f ollows:

a piece of t he outer

t hwarts of t he boat,

and s imilar rubbish.

f ar

I t was

pieces

n oteworthy

t hat a number of pieces o f planking had been put up i n a 5 5

( 10a)

D etail o f a chart by Samuel Volkersen, WAECKENDE BOEY s pot where

( 1658)

s howing the

s kipper of the

i sland R ottnest

" many s igns of t he Draeck were

description

f rom the

l eft).

f ound"

and

t he

( second

Algemeen R ijksarchief,

' s-Graven-

hage.

( 10b)

Aucke P ietersz Jonck,

s kipper of the EMELOORT,

places

after the VERGULDE DRAECK:

r ight )

a nd

D raecken h ooft

chart by Jonck,

1 658.

( third

named two

D raecken R iff ( far f rom r ight).

A lgemeen R ijksarchief,

D etail of a ' s-Gravenhage.

c ircle with t heir ends upwards. t o no c orrect knowledge,

S ince here we c ould c ome

we r esolved t o weigh a nchor a nd

t o s ail north a long t he c oast."

T hat n ight,

s chuyt

t he

and was l ost.

which was

Sailing n orth,

t owed behind was

t he boat was

s ent a shore

but its c rew c ould n ot f ind a ny s ign of t he On February 2 8,

T he n ext two

weeks

s everal t imes,

s urvivors or t he wreck.

s till n o c ontact had

i t was blowing very hard a nd t he

WAECKENDE BOEY s tood out t o s ea.

Strange enough i t was

p eriod t hat J onck s ent t he boat a shore.

On March 1 8,

f ound himself again o ff , Rottnest and the n ext day, was

s ea

t hey s ighted t he EMELOORT but on t he n ight of

March 2 -3 t hey were s eparated again while been made.

c apsized by t he

s craped underwater,

i n this

Volkersen

while t he s hip

L eeman went a shore t o investigate and

r eported:

. ..

t hat t he i sland was well wooded and a lso t hat i t was

d ifficult t o f ind a place where a boat c ould l and, it had a round i t,

c lose t o t he s hore,

s tony r eefs."

Again t hey sailed n orthward a long t he mainland, a shore r epeatedly. VERGULDE DRAECK ;

On March 2 1,

t he boat g oing

L eeman f ound a d ead-eye of t he

t he n ext d ay a f orward knighthead and a block.

That day a t ragic i ncident o ccurred in t hat L eeman was unwilling because he f eared b ad weather coming up. proved t o be r ight;

s ent a shore,

I n t his he

during t he n ight Volkersen had t o stand out

t o sea and only s ix days same place.

s ince

l ater d id he manage t o g et back t o t he

Not s eeing the boat,

his presumption t hat i t must

have been s mashed t o p ieces on t he beach s eemed t o be proven r ight. H e was

s o s ure of t his

t hat when,

he s aw a f ire on t he s hore,

t hat evening,

on his way n orth

he d id not even t hink of his own

people but only:

u. ..

hoped i t t o be l it by C hristian people,

people o f t he DRAECK o r HOOP, such a f ire, another f ire,

e ither t he

s ince we had n ever o bserved

a nd s o we f ired a c annon whereupon immediately c lose t o t he

f irst,

5 7

was

s een.

S ince t he wind

was r ising f rom t he s outh and we had n either boat n or in order t o i nvestigate,

and a s we d id n ot f ind a c onvenient

anchorage but only s harp coral we, anchor,

had s een t he f ire a nd, on April 1 0.

d id not d rop

f ound himself f ar t o t he n orth of where he t hus,

he c ontinued t o Java which he s ighted

T he WAECKENDE BOEY a nd t he EMELOORT met on April

a nd arrived t ogether i n Batavia o n t he

t he

t herefore,

but hove t o u nder small s ail and waited f or t he d ay."

T he next d ay however he

C ouncillors

s chuyt

1 9th,

where t he G .G.

1 4

a nd

r esolved t hat the two s kippers would be questioned by

A dvocaat F iscaal as they had not observed their instructions

t o stay t ogether,

KA 5 78,

April

1 9,

1 658.

Apart f rom the j ournals k ept by the two s kippers, a brief a ccount of t he S outhland by Volkersen, gave an a ccurate d escription of t he R ottnest I sland.

we

s till have

i n which he a lso

i sland which i s now known a s

H e ends with:

" Two g ood a nd c ertain l andmarks off t he west c oast of t he S outhland: Firstly:

I f i n these r egions you o bserve a bout 1 1 d egrees

variation of t he c ompass, more t han 1 8 o r 2 0

S econdly:

m ijlen distance from the land.

I f you s ee rock-weed f loating a bout,

a ssured that y ou will 3 0

you may be s ure of n ot being a t

f athoms or l ess",

B ack on t he S outhland,

s ound t he bottom i n 7 0, H eeres

5 0,

4 0,

Abraham L eeman had managed t o s tay c lear After being d riven

h is b oat had been t hrown over a r eef but t hey had g ot

s afely a shore.

Later t he

1 4 men i n the boat had s ailed s outh

t o l ook f or the WAECKENDE BOEY, f ind her.

On t he s ixth d ay,

l ighted a huge

but t hey had not been a ble t o

they f inally s aw the s hip a nd t hey

f ire which was answered f rom t he s hip with a

c annonshot after which they l ighted another a nd d isappointment were enormous when, t he

6 0,

( 1899).

of the c oast when l eft behind on March 2 2. n orth,

y ou may b e

ship had s ailed away!

f ire.

w ith dawn,

The f rustration t hey d iscovered

The only thing t hen l eft t o them was

5 8

t o try a nd r each Batavia with the boat. j ournal of this exhausting t rip,

which g ives u s a moving picture

o f the a gony suffered by t he 1 4 men, d ied on t he way t o J ava, boat arrived on J ava's

A braham L eeman kept a

KA 1 115,

f ol.

2 29-252.

Three

a nd L eeman l ost another s even when t he

s outh c oast on April 2 9.

He a nchored o ff

a r eef and s ent f ive men a shore t o f etch the d esperately needed water,

but t hey drank f rom a l ittle

s tream a nd then l ay down,

s eemingly f orgetting t he people i n t he boat.

Two more d id the

s ame and t hen L eeman had t o s ail away t o f ind a s afe a nchorage. H e had n ot been a ble t o

f ind t he others.

l ost his boat and f rom t hen on t he

T he next d ay,

L eeman

f our men walked a long the

c oast a nd t hrough t he j ungle u ntil t hey r eached the C ompany l odge i n J apara on S eptember 2 3. helped by native t ribes,

who had g iven t hem f ood and had guided

t hem back t o their own people. L eeman t ell his

On t heir way they h ad been

Only two months l ater,

s tory i n B atavia,

met with a n a ccident a nd d ied,

c ould

by which t ime Volkersen had

KA 5 78,

O ctober

3 1,

1 658.

What

happened t o J onck a nd whether he a nd Volkersen were punished f or t heir n egligence o n t he S outhland, s entences cannot have been h eavy, Volkersen was

i s n ot known.

I f s o,

their

a s before h e d ied i n O ctober,

s till C aptain o f t he WAECKENDE BOEY.

T he G overnor G eneral and C ouncillors t hen d ecided t o have d one with f urther a ttempts DRAECK.

..

t o try t o s ave t he

s urvivors o f t he VERGULDE

T hey write t o the H eren X VII on December 1 4,

1 658:

but we a ssume that o f t he poor people of t he s hip,

DRAECK,

t he

n o one will be present any l onger s ince o therwise

i t would be very d ifficult t o explain,

a s t hey would have

s hown t hemselves by means of f ires or other s igns h ere a nd a long t he beach.

T herefore,

we d eem I t n o l onger n ecessary

t o d espatch a third m ission a s the two previous ones have e nded s o d isastrously unless you s hould be i nclined t o order t hat s ome g aljoot or other light vessel coming from h ome s hould c all in t here once again on a s uitable o ccasion, a nd i n f avourable weather,

i n order t o make a f urther exam-

i nation i n case a nybody c an s till be f ound."

5 9

Early i n 1 659 J an van R iebeeck was h e

s till u nder t he impression t hat

s hould s end l ight vessels a long the S outhland and thus he

ordered t he d o s o.

g aljoot

I MMEMHORN

( also mentioned a s EMMENHORN )

S ix days after t his v essel had l eft t he Cape,

t o

t he f leet

a rrived f rom Batavia i nstructing Van R iebeeck t o a bandon f urther s earches.

The I MMEMHORN,

June with 3 8 healthy men.

i n t he m eantime,

a rrived i n Batavia i n

T hey had v isited t he S outhland,

n othing n oteworthy had taken p lace,

a t l east,

n o mention of s uch

was made i n t he D ay R egister of t he C astle of Batavia, C hijs

but

Van d er

( 1889).

T his was d efinitely the

l ast e ffort t o l ook f or t he people a nd

t he wreck of the VERGULDE DRAECK.

On August 2 1,

1 660,

t he H eren

X VII wrote to the Governor General and Councillors:

..

Now t hat a ll missions have been f ruitless,

t o g ive up,

t o our d istress,

we will have

t he people of t he DRAECK,

had f ound r efuge on t he S outhland",

6 0

KA 4 56,

f ol.

3 04.

who

PART TWO

THE VERGULDE DRAECK THE MODERN SEQUEL by JEREMY GREEN.

6 1

20"S

T R IAL WESTERN i AUS TRALIA Z UYTDORP_ B ATAV IA Z EE W IJK V ERGULDE D RAECK

1 2

40"5 ( 11)

°E

Map showing Western Australia and part of I ndonesia and the l ocations of the wrecksites of the TRIAL, ZEEWIJK and VERGULDE DRAECK.

6 2

ZUYTDORP,

BATAVIA,

-

CHAPTER I

The

Discovery of t he Wreck S ite

The

f ollowing account i s a c areful

newspaper a ccounts of t he t he

discovery of the

W . A.,

events

s ite.

West Australian;

c ompilation of c ontemporary

l eading up a nd subsequent t o

N ewspapers are abbreviated a s

D .N.,

Daily News;

S .T.,

f ollows:

Sunday Times;

S .W. T.,

South West Times.

In 1 931,

a young boy

of the Moore R iver, described t he c oins

are

r eport

( A .

s ee

event.

Edwards) f ig.

The

1 2.

f ound some

I n a s tatement t o t he

c oins which are mainly

i llustrated and d escribed in Green

( W. A.:

04.02.31)

c oins near t he mouth

at t he

indicate that t he

with the wreck. but

The

f act

t he

A newspaper

l ocation of t he

t han

l ikely a ssociated

c oins were not

c ollection belonging perhaps

r eales, however,

only problem i s

Brussels mint in 1 655

Various

a s

the VERGULDE

c ollection was

a 1 655 Brabant-

d ucaton. Although it is possible that a coin minted

c ould have

ship in October

i t was

that among t he

to a sailor,

r eales as the official specie.

DRAECK a lmost c ertainly carried only

the

4 .

d ucatons and Mameita- and C ho-Gins, suggested that they were

a private

The

f ig.

survivors of the VERGULDE DRAECK.

c oins were more

t hat

d ucatons and Japanese

( 1973),

I t s eems that the nature of t he hoard a nd t he d o

he has

t ime raised t he question t hat t he

c oins may have been a ssociated with t he

s ite,

author,

r eached Amsterdam i n t ime 1 655,

i n c irculation

suggestions

t he

c oin s hows

f or l onger t han

in the years

t o be brought on-board

s igns

of wear,

s uggesting

j ust a f ew months.

f ollowing mention other possible

a ssociations with the wreck,

including an account of a c ircle of

s tones

which

( e.g.

W . A.:

1 7.02.39)

I n S eptember

1 957,

two d ivers,

to have d iscovered t he wreck

E . A.

i s possibly a boriginal

R obinson

and B .F.

in origin.

Phillips,

c laimed

s ite of t he VERGULDE DR ECK s outh of

6 3

Lancelin I sland m entioned

( D.N.:

0 9.09.57). T he

" 14 c annon pointing s kyward".

r evisited a f ew days of t he press,

t he o nly v isible

multi-coloured r eef". c onclusive

area.

( D.N.:

i n c ompany with members

" wreck a rtefacts" mentioned were j utting out of a s hapeless

An attempt t o s aw t hrough t he c oral was i n-

1 6.09.57).

s olution p ipes

I t was

When t he wreck was

l ater by t he f inders,

" several c annon-shaped c oral outcrops

l imestone

i nitial n ewspaper r eport

L ater,

( D.N.:

t he c annons were

2 2.09.57),

c laimed by t he f inders

on t he s econd o ccasion was n ot t he

f ound t o be

a c ommon f eature i n t his

t hat t he position t hey r eturned t o s ame a s

t he o riginal one,

a lthough

t he a ccounts of both s ites appear t o c orrespond c losely.

I n April s ons,

1 963,

a group of f ive s pear-fishermen,

G raeme a nd A lan,

E .A.

R obinson a nd J .

J .

C owan,

H enderson and h is t wo anchored over t he

wreck s ite of what s ince t hen has been r egarded a s

t he wreck s ite o f t he

VERGULDE DRAECK.

( D.N.:

T he n ewspaper r eports of t he t ime

1 9.04.63)

t hat G raeme Henderson f irst n oticed bricks and t hen e lephants'

The r eport mentions " He

( Robinson)

t hat l ater R obinson s ighted c annon,

s tate

tusks.

a nd n oted:

was c onvinced t hese were c annon - l ike t hose he

had been s eeking s ince he f irst f ound - and t hen l ost - a wreck i n t his a rea f ive y ears ago." The wreck material was be f rom a V .O.C.

i dentified,

wreck,

n ewspaper a ccount

( S.T.:

that t he wreck was

by D r P .

P layford,

a s

l ikely t o

a nd possibly f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK. 2 1.04.63)

t he s ame o ne

but t hat G raeme H enderson was

A l ater

r eported that R obinson c laimed

t hat h e had d iscovered i n 1 957,

t he

f irst t o s ee t he s ite.

S ince

t hat d ate t here has been c ontroversy over whether what was r eported i n 1 957 was t he

1 963

t he s ame s ite a s t hat f ound i n 1 963,

particularly a s

f ind was c haracterised by t he presence of small a rtefacts,

t hat were n ot r eported i n 1 957.

A r eport of a s econd d ive on t he wreck s ite a piece of pottery, were

r ecovered

( W.A.:

( D.N.:

2 9.04.63),

c overed wood,

l ead s heets, 2 6.04.63).

a s well a s

s ounding l ead,

i n 1 963 r ecords

t hat

t arred r ope and more i vory t usks L ater,

s ilver c oins were

f our beardman s ailmakers'

6 4

j ugs,

tusks,

s cissors,

f ound

c opper-

l ead a nd a whet-

s tone.

On May 4 ,

May 6 ,

an anchor.

Subsequently,

a c annon

( No.

2 5

i n f ig.

1 5)

was

r aised a nd on

c oncern was e xpressed by numerous people a bout t he

s afety and preservation o f t his

a nd other historic wrecks o n t he

Western Australian C oast particularly i n v iew of r eports o f t he u se o f explosives o n t he s ite On November

1 1,

1 963,

( S.W.T.:

0 4.07.63;

D .N.:

1 4.10.63).

t he H endersons a nd C owan d onated t o t he W .A.

Museum a ll t he r elics in t heir possession and a ll r ights by t hem

t o t he VERGULDE DRAECK,

a s

f inders

( D.N.:

c laimed

1 9.11.63).

This

public-spirited a ct played a n important part i n i nstigating l egisl ation t o protect t his t he t ime:

s ite.

Two a ttitudes

a ppeared current a t

t hat t he wreck a nd i ts r elics were part o f t he Australian

n ational heritage and s hould be protected; s hould be available S hipping A ct.

A s

a nd t hat t he wreck

f or s alvage by i ndividuals under t he M erchant

a r esult o f steps t aken by t he W .A.

other r esponsible persons, Act was proclaimed,

o n D ecember 1 8,

1 964,

Museum and

t he W .A.

Museum

protecting a ll wrecks off t he Western Australian

C oast t hat had o ccurred prior t o 1 900. While t hese momentous d ecisions were being made, s earch

f or t he t reasure of t he VERGULDE DRAECK

t he wreck s ite

( W.A.:

2 9.06.64).

boxes of t reasure which were s upposed T he hunt was

t he organiser of t he

t ook place n orth of

T he s tory s tates

was d igging i nland f rom Dynamite Bay,

VERGULDE DRAECK.

a r ather c urious

t hat a Perth syndicate

s outh of Green Head,

f or t he e ight

t o have been carried on the

initiated by t he

f ollowing s tory f rom

s earch:

" Many y ears ago I befriended a n o ld Dutchman who I knew only a s H arry. an i llness ' I have He

He was grateful ..

f or t he way we

l ooked after h im a fter

One d ay t he Dutchman t ook me a side and s aid:

s omething t o s how you that no-one e lse has

ever s een'.

s howed me a n o ld p iece of parchment a nd t old me i t was

map t hat i ndicated exactly where c hests of c oins

f rom t he

G ILT DRAGON had been buried i n a c ave on a West Australian beach.

" I was

s ceptical,

but h e c onvinced me t hat he was a d irect

descendant of one of t he men who had s ailed i n t he G ILT DRAGON.

6 5

a

" He s aid t hat t he map had been handed d own f rom g eneration t o g eneration t ill

f inally i t had c ome i nto h is hands.

I

examined t he map and i t was o bviously v ery o ld and s eemed t o m e t o be g enuine.

" Several years t his

a go,

t he two o f u s

s andhill n ear Dynamite Bay.

t he s pot.

f ollowing t he map,

We d ecided t his must be

I n f ront of my e yes he burnt t he map,

' No-one e lse has

s een t his,

c ame to

s aying:

a nd n o-one ever will'.

Later

he d ied."

After t he

s yndicate was

u sing a d rag-line. r eported t o be a nd 1 0 6 5

d igging i n t he

After e ight weeks'

3 0 yards

i n d iameter,

f eet wide a t a d epth o f 4 5

f eet a nd t hen a bandoned

t o s ay t he t reasure was

I n

s et up,

( W.A.:

work,

s pot was

t he t op of t he p it was

a nd a t t he bottom 2 0

f eet,

which was

0 8.07.64;

D .N.:

f eet l ong

l ater e xtended t o 0 2.07.64).

N eedless

n ever f ound.

1 966 a s urvey o f t he wreck s ite was

c arried out under a Western

Australian Museum c ontract by a g roup c omprising: R .Sonnerman and W .Anderson.

J .Cowen,

T his s urvey s erved a s

t he wreck s ite p lan u sed i n f ig. E .A. Robinson was

s tarted,

1 5 below.

G .Brenzi,

t he basis of

During t he

f ollowing y ear

employed by t he Museum on a part-time basis

t o

r ecover material.

T his

a nd s ubsequent work was,

o f c ontinuing l egal

however,

d ifficulties,

c arried out i n a c ontext

which was,

t o s ome extent,

by t he passing of t he Museum A ct Amendment Act of 1 969, t he Museum 's powers were made

s trenghened.

r esolved

i n which

Further improvements were

i n t he l egislation which r esulted i n t he Maritime Archaeology

A ct of 1 973. i nvalid. R obinson,

However,

c laims were made t hat t he l egislation was

I n particular a H igh . C ourt c hallenge was made by M r E .A. a ruling on t he

been handed d own.

f irst part of which has only r ecently

T he H igh C ourt ruled a gainst t he Western Australian

Museum 's c ontention-

t hat was

t hat Mr R obinson's

Maritime Archaeology Act was ' i nvalid,

6 6

was

c laim t hat t he

i n i tself i nvalid.

I n

t he meantime,

i n 1 972,

an a greement was

and Netherlands G overnments, t he Netherlands

whereby t he r ights of ownership o f

G overnment a s

s uccessors

VERGULDE DRAECK a nd o ther V .O.C. C oast,

s igned between t he Australian

t o t he V .O.C.,

t o t he

wrecks off t he Western Australian

were t ransferred t o t he Australian G overnment.

R ecently t he

Australian G overnment proclaimed t he H istoric S hipwrecks A ct o f 1 976,

which e nsures t he protection o f t hese a nd other historic

s hipwrecks.

For more d etails of t he

t hese a cts,

s ee P earson

Green

( in press).

( 1976),

l egislation and workings o f

G reen and H enderson

( 1977)

The l atter being t he proceedings o f t he

S outhern H emisphere C onference on Maritime Archaeology, P erth i n S eptember 1 977,

a nd 1 st

h eld i n

where many of t hese i ssues were d iscussed

and subsequently published.

T his

a ccount o f

t he d iscovery a nd s ubsequent d evelopments has

been r ecorded here t o i llustrate t he problems and after t he enactment o f protective t he

t hat existed before

l egislation.

I n s pite o f

f act t hat t he Museum was c riticised o n s everal o ccasions

f or f ailing t o e stablish a n a ctive excavation programme, c an be

l ittle d oubt t hat t he basic policy was

c orrect.

of t he l ack of a qualified o r experienced maritime t o d irect excavation; keeping o ne,

t here

Because

a rchaeologist

t he r ole o f s taff was e ssentially a watch-

but t he various

s urveys of t he s ites

c ollecting programme i nstigated i n 1 969, presence a nd d iscourage

l ooting.

H owever,

a nd the c ontrolled

s erved t o e stablish a t his policy undoubtedly

a lienated a l arge proportion o f t he amateur d iving f raternity, who were d isappointed t hat excavation of t he s ites d id not i mmediately t ake place.

T he

s tart o f t he excavation programme of t he VERGULDE

DRAECK i n 1 972 by t he Museum heralded a c ompletely n ew a pproach t o the wrecks. was

Following t his

c onsiderably r educed.

i t i s u nfortunate, a rchaeologists

excavation,

I t i s

e asy t o be wise

t hat because o f t he

a t t hat t ime,

t he l ooting problem

t his

i n r etrospect,

but

l ack o f qualified maritime

a pproach c ould n ot have been

i ntroduced immediately a fter t he original

l egislation was brought

d own i n 1 964. I t i s d oes

t his

author's

c ontention t hat t he enactment o f l egislation

not prevent l ooting o f wreck s ites;

6 7

i t d oes however e stablish

a m oral i nvolvement o f g overnments a nd i nstitutions i n maritime a rchaeology.

I t i s

t he r esponsibility o f t he maritime a rchaeologist

t o t hen e stablish a n a ctive s cientific programme o f e xcavation.

6 8

-17 g°TerE

g i n5 , •

•, . 4 / 1

•

r-

LEDGE P T .

+ V R GU Li DE D RAECK WRECK S I TE E DWARDS C O IN H OARD S .

M OURE R .

• • • . , ,

I

•

3 1( 13 E IS "

• • •

I

ee ,

e 4 / 1

•

1

%

•

RC IT T NEST I .

PER

3 2%

FREMANTLE

e

( 12)

Map of the P oint

c oast of Western Australia

s howing the wreck

c oin hoard was

s ite

f ound.

6 9

and the

f rom Fremantle s ite where

to Ledge

the Edward's

(13)

Under water view of outer r eef looking towar ds the wr eck site, showing gulleys and extensive weed cover age of reef.

(14)

View looking through complete cave system on the wreck site.

CHAPTER I I

T he VERGULDE DRAECK Wreck S ite

T he wreck o f what i s n ow a ssumed t o be

t he VERGULDE DRAECK,

l ies

on an off-shore r eef 5 .6km f rom t he

c oast of Western Australia,

i n l atitude

1 15 o 2 1'

3 1o 1 3'

s outh,

l ongitude

s outh-south-west of t he small f igs.

1 1 a nd 1 2.

e ast.

I t i s

f ishing village of L edge Point,

T he r eef i s part of a c hain of off-shore r eefs,

that extends n orth-south a long t his part of t he c oast. c onsist of P leistocene e olianite, were

1 2km

They

named Coastal L imestone,

and

f ormed f rom dune s ystems d eveloped during t he P leistocene

when t he Australia

s ea was at a l ower l evel, ( 1975),

Perth Basin.

g radually up t o t his r eef. of a bout 1 0m,

G eological Survey of Western

T he

f eatureless

s ea-bed s lopes

On a pproaching t he r eef a t a d epth

s olution holes and c aves may be s een

( fig.

1 3),

which gradually become d eep c aves winding t heir way i nto t he r eef through arches a nd tunnels s olution hole

( fig.

maximum t idal range 0 .9m,

r eef,

T his

l ess

t han lm a t l ow t ide,

D epartment of D efense

t owards the c oast,

H owever,

B eyond t he

i s d eeper water ranging f rom 5 -10m.

l ocated a bout 1 00m f rom t he n orth e nd,

e astern or s eaward s ide o f t his unnamed r eef.

on t he

About l km t o t he

i s a l arge t riangular r eef known l ocally a s F lat R ock.

T he wreck s ite c overs t he Western c omplex:

a n a rea 5 0m l ong by 4 0m wide,

( long s ide)

by t he r eef.

t unnels.

The

bounded on

s ite i s e xtremely

t he r eef c onsists o f a c omplex c ave s ystem,

are s cattered on t op of t he r eef,

t he

( 1976).

a nd c aves d rop t o a d epth of up t o 8m.

T he wreck s ite i s

n orth,

i s part of a

s ystem a nd i s a c ommon f eature of t hese r eefs.

The s hallowest part o f the r eef i s

t he tunnels

1 4).

I n one p lace,

i n c aves and on t he

t hree c annon

( Nos.

f loors of caves at d ifferent l evels,

T he western s ide of t he s ite i s

1 3,

1 5,

2 4)

a nd c annon f loors of l ie on

one a bove t he other.

r elatively f lat,

but t he

s ea-bed

s lopes g radually down f rom a bout 4m t o 6m at t he base o f t he r eef a nd t he entrances

t o t he c aves.

The

7 1

f loors of t he c aves c onsist

of a l imestone s hingle,

a nd s and

( fig.

1 5).

The only wreck material noticeable on t he ( with weed)

s ite i s t he overgrown

and heavily c oncreted c annon and a nchors,

s ite being c overed with l ight s eaweed a nd a lgae. eye c an s pot t hese c annon,

a s

' with t he weed and c oncretion, Numerous

small,

y ellow bricks

t hey a re

most of t he

Only a practised

g enerally well c amouflaged

and blend i nto t he s urroundings. a re s cattered over t he s ite,

a c loser examination may r eveal s ome pottery a nd brass

and

c andle-

s ticks.

The main problem i n working on t his

s ite and at other exposed s ites

on the Western Australian c oast,

t he

i s

swell i s g enerated f ar out i n t he

I ndian Ocean swell.

I ndian O cean by f rontal

and high-pressure s ystems moving e ast,

a nd a pproaches

o f Western Australia f rom t he west or s outh-west, Pilot, ( C

Hydrographer

3 00m ),

( 1972).

a nd s harp c rests.

t hey break.

The l arger t he amplitude of t he wave,

both i n the

a nother problem.

T he swell i s a lso

l ong- a nd s hort-term,

which presents

I t i s d ifficult t o predict 2 4 hours

l ast f or s everal days,

f or t he better.

However,

t he

At t imes on t he VERGULDE DRAECK

what t he swell c onditions will be o n t he s ite. swell will

t he wave-crests

at a d epth of g enerally l ess t han

t he swell c an r each a height of 8 -9m.

unpredictable,

t he c oast

s ee Australia

As t he s ea s hallows,

f urther f rom t he r eef i t breaks. s ite,

t roughs

The waves have a l ong wavelength

i ncrease i n amplitude until, 1 0m,

T he

if t he

i n a dvance

U sually,

a bad

a nd t hen may a ccountably c hange swell

i s l ow to moderate,

appears t o be a s hort-term unpredictability,

t here

and a n unexpected

s eries of l arge swells may suddenly pass t hrough within a f ew hours.

Thus,

even on r elati; iely c alm d ays,

t aken t o o bserve t he s ea pattern;

g reat c are must be

t his o bservation r elies on

i nstinct r ather t han any f orm of exact s cience.

C ompounding t hese problems t ed by l ocal weather. s ea,

T hus

i s

t he

c ondition of t he

s ea s tate c rea-

t here may be heavy s wells

or l ow swells and a high s ea.

The s ea s tate,

making t he swell d ifficult t o observe, o n t he working platform.

7 2

a nd a l ow

a part f rom

merely c reates d iscomfort

r c i

a ,

7 3

f eatures.

4 4 0

U nderwater t he s ituation i s t he

s ea-bed,

experiences

s omewhat d ifferent;

s urge

f rom t he s well,

but i s

d anger even i f t he swell i s breaking over him. o nly i f he s hould be s upply f ailed.

f orced t o t he

s urface,

a d iver c lose t o i n n o r eal

A danger exists

f or e xample i f h is

a ir

T he s urfacing d iver c ould be washed onto t he r eef

by breaking waves,

where he may w ell s ustain i njuries.

However,

i t i s possible t o swim out t hrough bad s urf c onditions,

s imply

by duck-diving i nto t he breaking waves. Most d iving i n t hese s hallow c onditions i s

c arried out with hookah

s urface-demand a ir s upply,

which g ives c ontinuous a ir provided t he

power-unit does n ot f ail.

I f a power f ailure o ccurs,

has

s everal minutes warning due t o t he a ir s upply g etting

er',

' tight-

and t hus he c an s tart t o swim out underwater f rom t he r eef.

I n t he event o f a c atastrophic t he hookah hose, s afety-line,

which i s

f ailure,

f or e xample a burst pipe

s ecured t o t he work boat,

a cts

a s a

preventing t he d iver being washed over t he r eef.

I f adjustable buoyancy l ife b e

t he d iver

i nflated in t his

j ackets a re worn,

s ituation;

t hey s hould n ot

a d iver s wimming on t he s urface

has to d ive under t he breaking waves,

a nd a l ife-jacket would

prevent t his.

T he greatest danger i n working on t his wreck s ite a nchored outside

t he r eef,

a nd her c rew.

break adrift i n h eavy swell c onditions, driven onto t he r ocks.

i s

t o t he boat

I f t he v essel

i t would be r apidly

The boat would be a t otal l oss within a

matter of s econds a nd t he c rew i n g rave d anger.

Fast a ction

must be taken t o g et t he vessel out o f t he danger a rea, t emporary a bandonment of d ivers i s n ecessary,

i ng swell.

I n t he

a s ecure c hain mooring,

was moored 1 00m out f rom t he wreck s ite.

more

T herefore,

a bove

2 m,

7 4

t he work boat

I n g eneral,

i f t he

or t he break o ccurred

t han 7 5m out f rom t he wreck s ite,

i mpracticable.

i t i s

well outside t he break-

c ase of t he VERGULDE DRAECK ,

amplitude of t he swell was

a nd

a nd equipment on t he wreck s ite

t o s ave t he boat and c rew.

i mportant t o have

s hould

d iving was c onsidered

6 )

D inghy with hookah,

v iew l ooking t owards wreck s ite,

a irlift d ischarge pipe i n b ackground,

( 17)

and c oast l ine

r igid i n

d istance.

P hotograph t aken o n a v ery c alm day.

View t aken

f rom workboat s howing r oad d rill c ompressor

i n

f oreground,

a irlift

D inghy w ith hookah, background. picture.

s upply pipe l eading t o wreck s ite.

and a irlift d ischarge may be n oted

The r eef l ies u nder white water on l eft of

i n

( 18)

( 19

D iver working u nder Arch 1 with f lexible a irlift.

Area of u ncleared bricks

i n e arlyphase of excavation.

CHAPTER I II

T he 1 972 Excavation

T he excavation of the VERGULDE DRAECK i n 1 972 was t he by t he author,

and t he

Western Australia.

a d h oc

basis a s

f irst a ttempted

f irst f ull-scale excavation c arried out i n

Many of t he problems were d ealt with on a n

they a rose.

At t imes,

problems developed during

t he course of t he excavation t hat d emanded a c omplete r e-examinat ion of t echniques and methods being u sed, t o be made on t he

s pot.

I n s ome c ases

only r ealised r etrospectively,

and modifications had

s olutions

t o problems w ere

a nd t hese have been a dopted i n s ub-

s equent excavations.

T he excavation was

s tarted i n January 1 972.

The excavation t eam

was based a t t he Western Australian Museum's L edge Point,

where basic d omestic f acilities were available.

d ay t hat d iving was possible, by boat.

outboard

d eep-V d inghy with a 1 8H.P.

on a mooring at L edge Point,

1 00m t o t he

m ospheres)

( fig.

outboard.

1 6);

and a 4 .5m a lumin-

T he work boat was kept

A 1 .5m 3 /min l ow-pressure

( fig.

1 7).

T he a irlifts were of two

One c onsisted of a r igid P .V.C.

tube,

1 50mm i n d iameter,

l ower e nd a t t he anchoring point.

t o t his was a f urther 4m of f lexible,

a irlift was an e ntirely f lexible, d iameter and 1 2m l ong,

Attached

plastic s uction tubing,

a c onstriction at t he working end t o prevent blockage.

1 8).

( 5 at-

c ompressor l ocated o n t he work boat was u sed t o power

with an a ir box on t he

( fig.

high-

with a f our-wheel-drive v ehicle,

f ield s tation.

two a irlifts on t he s ite t ypes.

a 5 .5m f ibre-glass,

while t he two d inghies were beached

e ach day and taken on trailers, a bout

a 9 .5m bonded-plywood work

outboard motors;

s peed dinghy with a 5 0H.P.

Each

t he t eam c ommuted t o t he wreck s ite

T hree vessels were u sed:

boat with twin 5 0H.P.

i um,

f ield s tation at

plastic suction tube,

with

T he other 1 20mm i n

anchored a bout 5m f rom t he working end

T he a ir s upply pipe was

he working e nd t hen f ed i nto t

s o t hat the a ir d ischarged s lightly beyond t he a nchor point.

T he

a ir supply was blocked off at t he end of t he supply p ipe and a s eries of a bout 5 0, an emulsified a ir

3 mm holes were drilled i nto t he p ipe t o g ive

supply.

T he emulsified a ir s upply was u sed t o

7 7

( 20)

( 21)

Bones and bricks

i n s itu.

L ifting bags of bricks.

i ncrease t he s uction, d irect f rom t he

a s

it was

f ound t hat i f t he a ir was run

3 0mm supply p ipe,

i t t ended t o f orm l arge bubbles

of a ir a s i t r ose up t he a irlift tube, efficiency. of 7 m,

a nd t hus d ecreased t he

S ince t he a ir s upply was only 1 .5m 3 /min in a d epth

a ny d ecrease i n efficiency c onsiderably r educed t he suction.

With an emulsified a ir supply,

it was possible to run both a irlifts

with sufficient s uction to r emove s and and gravel, r ocks.

but not l arge

The d ischarge spoil was d irected over t he r eef into a

l arge hole t o t he permitted,

s outh of c annon N o.5.

t his s poil was

P eriodically,

when c onditions

c hecked f or a rtefacts t hat had been a cci-

d entally d ischarged up t he a irlifts.

On t his t ype of s ite,

a nd i ndeed on most s ites in s hallow water,

t he a irlift i s t he best way o f r emoving s and and gravel up to a d iameter o f

1 00mm.

The main problem i s t hat t he

c ompressor unit

u sed t o power t he a irlift i s

l arge,

platform.

i deal f or d ischarging s poil horizon-

A water dredge

i s

a nd r equires a stable working

tally off a wreck

s ite,

Henderson

on the JAMES MATTHEWS

( 1976),

e rn Australia.

and has been u sed with great success by ( 1841)

s ite here

i n West-

The water pump r equired t o run t he dredge i s

making t he whole operation s imple.

However,

t he a irlift was

small, t he

only practical s ystem f or r emoving s poil f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK s ite,

a s i t had t o be d ischarged over t he r eef.

Any attempt t o

d ischarge s eaward f rom the wreck,

would r esult in t he

driven back onto t he wreck s ite.

F lexible working ends are c on-

s idered e ssential u strated by Wilkes

T he

f or this t ype of work, ( 1971),

l arger material,

and a s olid tube,

d ischarged off t he s ite with t he a irlift.

( figs.

1 9

a nd 2 0);

a s

i ll-

i s n ot r ecommended.

i n excess of 1 00mm d iameter,

i nto two basic t ypes:

s poil being

artefacts

c ould not be

This material

f ell

such a s bricks and concretions

and s poil - r ocks a nd s tones.

On s ome s ites,

back-filling has been u sed t o avoid having t o r emove vast amounts of s poil off a wreck s ite. ( 1977)

t renched a cross

On the DARTMOUTH

t he wreck s ite,

i vely f orward u sing a water dredge, a reas.

S uch a t echnique i s

back-filling t he

t here i s v ery l ittle s ea-bed movement.

s ite,

Martin

and t hen moved progress-

i deal f or t his

7 9

( 1690)

excavated

t ype of s ite,

However,

where

on t he VERGULDE DRAECK

s ite,

a ny

f orm of s ystematic movement of material around

t he s ite was u seless,

s ince t he

f irst s torm would have c ompletely

c onfused t his work and a t t he same t ime l arge quantities of f resh s and would have been washed i n. c ompletely r emove spoil

Any excavation here had t o

f rom t he wreck s ite.

L oose material t hat c ould not be handled w ith t he a irlift, placed i n c alico bags a nd t ied u p. a bout 2 0kg

( in a ir),

T he bags,

when f ull,

was

weighed

and were s tored on t he s ite until t ime was

available to move them.

I f the weather c onditions permitted,

t he

4 .5m a luminium dinghy was dropped back s o t hat i t was over t he wreck s ite and the bags were then hauled up with a l ine one by one onto the boat ation,

( fig.

2 1).

I f bad weather prevented this oper-

about 5 0 of the bags were t ied onto a l ifting bag with

s ingle l ines and quick r elease knots. had a l ine running t o the work boat,

The l ifting bag,

which

was then i nflated a nd

hauled out f rom the wreck s ite t hrough the surf t o the work b oat, where the bags were unloaded i n c alm c onditions

i nto the d inghy.

S orting of spoil and a rtefacts was carried out at the

f ield

s tation and l ater a t t he C onservation Laboratory i n Fremantle.

L ifting bags were u sed f or l ifting heavy objects

s uch a s cannon

which were t owed back t o L edge P oint with the work boat

( fig.

2 2).

Subsequently a crane was hired a nd the object was t aken out of t he s hallows onto the beach. t he VERGULDE DRAECK were

The g eneral

l ifting operations on

f ar f rom s atisfactory,

and this exper-

i ence made heavy l ifting g ear a high priority on the n ew Museum work boat, G reen

built after t he excavation,

f or u se on t he BATAVIA,

( 1975).

Small robust artefacts such a s pottery and c oins r ecovered during a irlifting and general c ollection work, by t he d ivers.

were placed i n bags c arried

At t he e nd of t he day's work,

f ield s tation f or r ecording and r egistration. s uch a s l eather,

rope,

e tc.

t hey were unloaded a t t he D elicate material

was placed in s ealed j ars and d ealt

with i n the s ame way.

8 0

( 22)

T owing C annon N o.

1 2 o ff t he wreck s ite with

l ifting bags.

T he

f irst phase of t he excavation was to d etermine h ow much of

t he

s ite had been d isturbed,

a nd i f t here was

h ow d eep t he wreck d eposit extended,

a ny s tructure o r s tratification present.

a rea i n t he

s outh-west c orner o f t he s ite,

1 x 2m,

s elected f or a t est excavation.

was

c onsisted of l oose, c oncretion

( as

j umbled ballast bricks

i n f ig.

2 0).

( fig. T he

2 3:13.1),

A n about

s urface d eposits

a nd lumps o f broken

B elow t his was a s and l ayer c ontain-

i ng l oosely s cattered ballast bricks. d epth o f a bout 0 .15m where a nimal bones s taves o f a wooden barrel were f ound.

Bedrock was

r eached a t a

and t he r emains of t he T he bones have t he marks

o f butchering a nd a re t hought t o be t he r emains of provisions s uch a s e st

s alt beef,

s ee C hapter.

l evels i n t he t est area,

t here any e vidence o f t he a reas

on t he wreck

s ite

V .2.2.

Apart f rom t he v ery d eep-

n o s tratigraphy was

s hip's

s tructure.

n oted n or was

Examination of other

i ndicated a s imilar s ituation

l ooting i s u sually c arried out w ithout an a irlift, prising t hat t he

S ince

i t i s n ot s ur-

s urface d eposit c onsisted of l arge quantities

of rubble a nd s poil.

After r emoving surface a rtefacts,

8 1

l ooters

g enerally d ig p its i nto d eeper l evels, a round t he e dge o f t he p it. i n by n atural processes.

d epositing t he s poil

T hese p its a re quite q uickly f illed-

T he l ooting c ontinues u ntil t he whole

s urface o f t he s ite i s c overed with a t hick l ayer o f r ubble a nd s poil.

O n t his s ite,

t he d isturbed l ayers u sually e xtend t o a

d epth o f between 0 .5 a nd 1 .0m.

T he Museum h ad been c onducting

a f airly l imited s urface c ollection f or s everal y ears,

working

i n a s ystematic m anner i n c arefully c ontrolled a reas.

H owever,

t he work o f l ooters often u sing e xplosives, s evere s torms,

c onfused much of t his work,

a nd t he e ffects o f m aking d etailed a nd

s ystematic r ecording o f i ndividual i tems o n t he s urface u nnecess ary.

T he f irst priority was t o r emove t he s urface l ayers o f d isturbed m aterial,

i n order t o t ry a nd u ncover u ndisturbed l evels.

t he f ollowing w eeks, e rial,

I n

t eams o f d ivers c leared t he s uperficial mat-

o ften bringing back a s many a s 4 0 bags o f b ricks a d ay.

T he a irlifting was c arried out i n a n e ast-west t rench a bout 2 m w ide,

e xtending f rom t he w estern l imit o f t he d isturbed material

( 13.1) hang

e ast t hrough C ave N o.

( 21.1).

1 ( fig.

1 5)

t o t he base o f t he u nder-

T he r esults o f t his f irst p hase c onfirmed t he

i nitial f indings t hat t he s uperficial l evels w ere s everely d istu rbed.

H owever,

i n l evels u ndisturbed by l ooters v ery l ittle

s tructure o r s tratification t he t rench

( 17.1)

was n oted.

I n t he e astern a rea o f

s ome s hip's s tructure was f ound,

were badly broken-up a nd a lmost u nrecognisable. p ottery a nd other s mall a rtefacts were brick l ayer.

but t he t imbers

I n s ome c ases,

f ound a bove a nd b elow t he

T his t ends t o i ndicate t hat t he s hip broke-up

v iolently a nd h er wreckage was t horoughly m ixed-up.

I t was,

t herefore,

d ecided t o c ontinue t he e xcavation,

o nly t he s ignificant material, t ion

( + l m )

by s ketching i ts a pproximate p osi-

a nd t he d epth a t which i t w as f ound,

p lan o f t he s ite

( fig.

I n t he e xcavation's a nd t he l arge

r ecording

o n a n a ccurate

1 5).

s econd phase,

l ump was r emoved

t he c oncretion b etween C ave N o.

( 23.1-24.1).

8 2

T his a rea was t hen

1

e xcavated d own t o bedrock, u nderhang t o t he n orth,

a nd t he e xcavation e xtended a long t he

u p t he l arge l ump

moved t o t he west o f t his l ump

( 4.2)

( 30.1).

Excavation t hen

e xtending t his work t hrough

t he t rench t o t he e nd o f t he main d eposit

( 18.2).

T he various

l umps o bstructing t he excavation t o t he e ast o f the l arge l ump were t hen r emoved,

and t he l arge l ump was broken-up i nto manage-

a ble p ieces.

V arious c aves were i nspected, l ayer o f s and,

but i n a ll c ases only a s uperficial

gravel and brick was o bserved.

E xcavation o f t hese

c aves was a bandoned because o f t he d angers a nd d ifficulties i nvolv ed with t he v ery s trong s urge.

T wo c annon were r aised

( the f irst,

t he badly damaged C annon N o.

1 6),

N o.

( fig.

2 5),

a nd t he s econd,

f or r esearch i nto m ethods o f

t reating a nd c onserving i ron c annon. u nderway t o c ollect t he

1 2

A l imited programme i s n ow

f ew r emaining l oose a rtefacts on t he s ite.

A s urvey o f t he whole r eef i s planned t o c heck whether t here a re a ny other wreck d eposit a reas,

a nd a hydrographic s urvey o f t he

a rea a round t he wreck s ite s hould d etermine where e xactly t he s hip s truck t he r eef.

8 3

and continuing until April

1 0, N N

c 5 ) , I

. ... .. .

r n N

8 4

C HAPTER I V

D istribution of t he F inds

T he d istribution of t he various i n t he

f inds

f rom t he wreck s ite i s g iven

f ollowing f igures:

1 .

C eramic material,

2 .

B rick and f errous material,

3 .

Non-ferrous

4 .

M iscellaneous material,

T he f igures

f ig.

2 4. f ig.

( including c oin) f ig.

2 5.

and g lass material , f ig.

2 6.

2 7.

s how a c ertain s ystem i n t he d istribution of t he

f inds

which may indicate t o s ome extent how t he VERGULDE DRAECK broke-up.

I nitially,

i t s hould be n oted t hat t he

t rated i n t he a rea between Arch N o.

1 ,

and t he west c annon a nd anchor c omplex. c ave system '

( fig.

1 5)

1 4,

Cannon No.

i nvestigated i n in the

4 ,

excavation was c oncen-

C ave No.

I t i s

1 ,

C ave No.

T he a rea i n t he

had no small a rtefacts,

o f n ine l arge i ron c annon. possibly s tructure,

1 972

t hought t hat more material,

may exist i n t he a rea bounded by Cannon No.

Arch No.

1 972,

1 ,

a nd Cannon N o.

1 3.

T his was

f gture.

i t was

1 ;

t he bones a nd tusks which would have been i n t he hold, s outhern e nd of

b illets o r bars

t he

s ite;

and t he

many of were a t

a l arge c oncentration of i ron

i n c oncretion was

a gain c learly c argo;

i n t he s outh-

c lear t hat t he

c oins were a ll confined t o t he gulley under Arch No.

l ocated i n t he c entral a rea,

c eramic material was predominantly

s outhern end o f t his a rea.

H owever,

t he

s ignificance of t he positions of t hese

i s d ifficult t o evaluate,

small articles

i n t he l ight of t he s cattered d istribu-

t ion of c annon and anchors on t he s ite. c ompare

n ot

but i t i s hoped t his may be done s ometime

w estern e xcavation a rea of t he wreck s ite:

i n the

' complex

but i t had a g roup

D ealing f irst with t he d istribution of small a rtefacts

t he

2 ,

t he c omplex nature o f t his

8 5

I t i s

i nteresting t o

s ite with t he r elative

s ystematic

8 6

0S TONEWARE

o n w reck s ite.

1 .0

I f )

8 7

•

• "

v.) w v. )

0 • H 4

( 5 I = . C A

0

c o ww w 8 L u 2 . . 1zi _ . 1w e a

0 2

C . )

V I

/

r i : t o

•

U )

H Q

0

3 c -

" Q

• r I g i

1 . ) 4 ). G .

B RA 5 .


b

GT 1 020

Two c lay pipes,

r ouletted on t he l ip of t he bowl,

f rom bowl t hree

f leur-de-lis in diamond cartouches on

t he t op o f t he

s tem,

s tamp on heel.

f ig.

3 5A,

e xtending 4 0mm ,

n o

The bowls of these pipes are appreci-

a bly l arger t han previous examples, Friederich

4 5mm

( 1975)

f ig.

3 4E

( N.A.).

f leur-de-lis of this

i llustrates

g eneral t ype with a t ime r ange between 1 620 and 1 645. The bowl

s hape d oes not c orrespond c losely with types

s hown i n Friederich

( 1975).

s how a s imilar s hape,

GT 1 021

f ig.

Atkinson and O swald 7 8-12,

dated t o

1 660.

Three pipes with r ouletting on r im of bowl s tamped i n r elief on t he unpronounced heel, and f ig.

3 4F

a nd CT f ig.

3 6A

( N.A.).

I n g eneral s hape,

these pipes appear t o be a more

upright version of Friederich dated t o 1 632,

GT 1 022

( 1972),

( 1975),

f ig.

1 1-15,

f rom Amsterdam.

F ive pipes with s tylised Tudor R ose with e ither s ide of t he bowl,

f ig.

' sepals'

on

3 4G.

This pipe c losely c orresponds w ith Atkinson a nd O swald ( 1972),

f ig.

7 8-14,

dated t o 1 633,

examples being smaller and t he r ose and with Friederich

( 1975),

f ig.

the heel i n t hese l ower on t he bowl;

3 4-7,

dated t o 1 650,

only here with a smaller bowl a nd no marked r im.

1 56

( 34F)

Profile of CT pipes

( 34G )

Profile o f Tudor r ose pipe with s epals

( 34H)

Profile o f R P pipes

G T 1 027

T en pipes,

f ig.

l etting on t he

( GT 1 021).

S cale

( GT 1 028). S cale

2 5H,

3 80mm overall

l ip o f t he bowl,

r elief on t he heel, d iamond c artouches

f ig.

3 6B,

l ength,

f ig.

1 022).

S cale

with r au-

maker's mark i n

f leur-de-lis

i n l ine on t op of s tem,

u sed i n bore measurement, ( 1975),

( GT

1 :1

R .P.

f our

with three bands o f r ouletting.

Friederich

1 :1

f ig.

i n 3 5B,

T hese examples were

and a re t aken f rom GT 1 028.

1 6-146,

i llustrates a n R .P.

maker's mark f rom a round 1 600,

a nd a lso l ists an

English p ipemaker f rom L ondon,

R obert P ieterson,

who

married a N etherlands woman i n 1 623 a nd who had an R .P.

heelmark.

However,

he does n ot l ist any maker's

marks t hat c orrespond with t he

1 57

f leur-de-lis.

1 :1

GT 1 028

2 23 pipes a s GT 1 027. This group was wheat. of

T he

3 80mm.

f ound i ntact i n a box packed i n buck-

c omplete examples have

a n o verall

l ength

T he s tems o f t hree pipes have been r epaired

by r ejoining t he broken parts,

and t hen applying

r ouletting over t he j oin,

3 7.

Friederich but

( 1975)

f leur-de-lis

1 635;

f ig.

i s u nclear a s t o t he exact date, w ith r ouletting r anges

f rom 1 625-

the c losest c orrespondence with the bowl

i s Friederich Amsterdam, dated t o

( 1975),

f ig.

1 1-15,

a nd Atkinson and O swald

1 648.

1 58

dated t o ( 1972),

s hape

1 632, f ig.

f rom 7 8-10,

( 35A )

F leur-de-lis

f rom GT 1 020.

( 35 )

F leur-de-tie

from GT 1 028.

Scale x4

S cale x4

S cale x4

( 36A ) CT Maker's Mark

f rom GT 1 021

( 36B)

RP Maker's Mark

f rom GT 1 028

3 7A )

( 37B)

Repair work

Mouth piece

on

s tem of

of R .P.

R .P.

pipe

pipe

( GT

( GT

1 028).

1 028).

Scale

Scale x 4

x4

G T 1 024

M iscellaneous

f ragments of unmarked pipe bowls r ou-

l etted on t he

l ip of bowl,

possibly s imilar t o GT

1 019 or GT 1 028. G T 1 026

M iscellaneous pipe

G T 1 029

Two pipes of GT 1 028 t ype c oncreted

GT 1 030

P ipe

s tem f ragments o f GT 1 028 t ype.

G T 1 031

P ipe

s tem f ragments o f GT 1 028 type.

G T 1 032

P ipe

s tem a nd bowl

GT 1 033

S ample of buckwheat packing f rom GT 1 028.

s tem f ragments. ( 173200).

f ragments of GT 1 028 type.

A variety of m ethods of dating c lay smoking pipes p osed

( see O swald,

( 1972),

1 975),

has been

pro-

but a s n oted by Atkinson a nd O swald

l ittle has been published i n English on N etherland c lay

t obacco-pipes. c lay pipes:

Basically,

typology;

three methods are available

f or dating

s tatistical measurements of bore d iameter

( Harrington and Binford );

and f rom v olume c alculations of bowl

( Friederich).

T he dating o f Netherland pipes by typology has been published by Atkinson and O swald

( 1972),

dating s ystem.

f igures i llustrated i n t his typology,

f igs.

I n t he

7 8-8 a nd 7 8-9,

dated t o

which was based on Friederich's

1 625 a nd 1 645 r espectively,

pond most c losely t o t he VERGULDE DRAECK pipes of t he bowl;

a nd f igs.

7 8-15 a nd 7 8-16,

t o t he Tudor R ose pipes.

r ouletted on l ip

dated t o

1 634,

c orrespond

This would i ndicate t hat t he VERGULDE

DRAECK material appears a bout O swald typology,

c orres-

2 0 y ears t oo early on t he Atkinson-

based on Friederich's dating.

T he dating of c lay pipes on t he s tatistical a nalysis of t he bore d iameter of the s tem was originally d escribed by Harrington ( 1954).

This method was based on t he observation t hat t he bore

d iameter d ecreased s teadily f rom 1 620 t o a bout que was c riticised by C halkley ( 1956).

( 1955),

1 800.

but verified by Omwake

The Harrington Method was r efined by Binford

has a gain s ince then been c riticised by s ome authors by others.

Walker

( 1967)

t he t echnique i n America. s ituation by s aying:

The t echni-

( 1961),

and advocated

g ives a r eview of the d evelopment of O swald

( 1975)

sums up t he present

" The excavator may well 1 61

but

f eel that the

m ethod i s hardly worth t he i ngenuity r equired, o f t he s tem d ating

( system )

l ies

..

T he d anger

i n t he t emptation t o a rrive

a t a d ate o n t he basis o f t oo s mall a s ample,

or e ven t o q uote

a s ingle s tem b ore a s i ndicative o f a c ertain p eriod."

T he Harrington M ethod w as based o n E nglish m aterial,

a nd i t

was n oted t hat N etherland p ipes had s horter s tems a nd smaller bores t han E nglish p ipes.

B ecause t he V ERGULDE DRAECK p ipes h ave a p recise d ate, known t o be a c onsignment f rom t he s ame m aker, was t hought t o be worthwhile. measured w ith a d rill b it a s

a nd w ere

s ome bore a nalysis

T he b ore d iameters w ere n ot i s u sually a dvocated, but w ith a

s tandard t ravelling m icroscope,

f or g reater a ccuracy.

T wo

hundred a nd f ourteen c leanly broken s tems w ere s elected f irst a nd t heir bore d iameters m easured; h istogram . 3 .3mm,

f ig.

3 8 s hows t he

f requency

T he measurements s how t wo p eaks - t he main p eak a t

a nd a m inor p eak a t 2 .8mm .

T his b imodality would n ever

have been o bserved u sing d rill bits d iffering by

1 /6 4 "

( 0.40mm ),

and t he u se o f t he t ravelling m icroscope s hould b e s trongly r ecommended.

I n v iew o f t he p ossible c ontamination of t his

s ample with u nidentified t ypes o f p ipes,

1 72 p ipes

s howing t he

R .P.

h eel mark were u sed t o f urther t est t he r esults.

t his

s ample,

W ith

t he d iameter o f t he bore was m easured v ertically

a cross t he s tem ,

i .e.

f requency h istogram ,

: L n t he a xis o f t he h eel a nd b owl. f ig.

3 9,

T he

s hows t he s ame p eaks a t 2 .8mm

a nd 3 .3mm .

I n order t o c heck t hat t he bimodality was n ot a n e ffect o f a n oval s hape t o t he b ore,

t he b ore d iameters o f t en R .P. p ipes were

measured a t 3 00 i ntervals a round e ach bore which g ave t he b imodality,

f ig.

4 0.

T he s tems o f t hree R .P.

broken a t 5 0mm i ntervals, 3 0

o

s ame

P ipes were

a nd t he b ore d iameters m easured a t

intervals a round t he bore.

F ig.

4 1 s hows t hat a ll t he b ores

i n t his s ample were o f t he

3 .3mm t ype;

s ections of t hese

T he r esults c learly .s how t hat t wo

b ores.

f ig.

4 2

s hows

t he c ross-

s izes o f moulding w ire were u sed t o f orm t he bore o n t he s ame t ype o f p ipe.

1 62

NUMBERS OF DIAMETERS

2

2 .5

3

3 .5

DIAMETERS ( 38)

Frequency histogram of bore

4 .5

4

IN MM diameter of

2 14 broken stems

randomly orientated.

NUMBERS OF DIAMETERS 5 0

4 0

3 0 2 0

1 0

0 2

2 .5

3

3 .5

DIAMETERS ( 39)

Frequency histogram of bore d iameters measured parallel with

1 63

axis

4

4 .5

IN MM

of bowl,

of 00

.

1 72

R .P.

pipes

NUMBERS OF DIAMETERS 5 0

4 0

3 0 2 0

1 0

0 2

2 .5

3

3 .5

DIAMETERS ( 40)

4

4 .5

IN MM

Frequency histogram of bore diameters of measured at

3 00

angle

i ntervals between

1 0 R .P. 00

t o

pipes

1 80 0 .

NUMBERS OF DIAMETERS

3 0 2 0

1 0

2 DIAMETERS ( 41)

IN MM

Frequency histogram of bore diameters of a sample of 3 R .P.

pipes,

broken and measured at 5 0mm i ntervals

a long their s tems, intervals between

diameters 00

1 64

and

taken at

1 80 0 .

3 00

angle

2 5cm

2 3cm

2 0cm

mou thp iece

1 5 cm

1 0 cm

5 cm

o G roup

( 42)

Cross f ig.

A

s ections o f bores of 4 1.

B

C

3 p ipes u sed a s

e xample

S cale x 5.

1 65

i n

B inford 's O swald Y i s

f ormula:

( 1975)

Y = 1 931.85

c orrectly points out:

which s hould b e a s

Y = 1 932

- 3 8.3X,

where

the t heoretical d ate of t he p ipe a nd X t he d iameter

expressed i n 6 4ths of an i nch, Y = 1 932 g ives p eak

- 3 8.26X,

- 9 6.4x,

where x i s t he d iameter i n m illimeters.

t he main peak ( 2.8mm ),

may be modified f or millimeters,

( 3.3mm )

a d ate of

a date of 1 614,

1 662,

t ical a ccuracy of the s ystem.

and f or t he m inor

c onveying s ome i dea o f t he t heoreO swald

( 1975)

of t he Binford f ormula based on Hanson

g ives a modification

( 1969),

who pointed out

t hat t he d ate a nd bore d iameter were n on-linear. f ormula g ives

f or the d ate r ange

t he d ates

r espectively.

1 625

1 620-68,

a nd 1 666

Friederich

i s Y = 1 892 - 8 0.9x,

which

g ives h is own g raph o f p ipe

t his with H arrington a nd B inford

( the l atter being i ncorrectly d rawn, 1 910).

T he metric

f or t he major and m inor p eaks

( 1975)

bore d iameters a nd c ompares

T his

s o t hat when x = 0 ,

Y =

Friederich g ives a d iameter a bout 0 .3mm smaller t han

Binford f or t he same date i n t he m id-17th c entury, i n d ates o f

1 608 a nd 1 640

f or t he two R .P.

r esulting

pipe d iameters.

T he other method of dating has been d evised by F riederich a nd i s based on t he r elationship of t he height H , bowl opening 0 ,

t ypes of bowls

i llustrated,

plotted a gainst d ate. 8 208mm 3 . 2 pipes,

( fig.

4 )

i s g iven

f or t he

which g ive

( fig.

a nd p .76).

1 2

t he product H x B x 0 in mm 3 being

This product w hen a pplied t o G T 1 028 g ives

T hese p ipes belong t o Friederich's,

types o f p ipe a re a s

E xample

breadth B ,

f or a variety of c lay p ipe bowl t ypes

A s eries o f c omplex g raphs

( 1975),

a date of

1 638.

f ig.

T he r esults

p .

7 6,

g roup

f or t he v arious

f ollows:

H x B x 0

D ate

mm 3

Friederich D imensions H

B

0

G T 1 018

7 128

1 630

3 6

1 8

1 1

G T 1 019

8 424

1 640

3 6

1 8

1 3

G T 1 020

1 0660

1 660

4 1

2 0

1 3

GT 1 021

7 980

1 645

3 5

1 9

1 2

G T 1 022

7 980

1 645

3 5

1 9

1 2

G T 1 028

6 732

1 642

3 6

1 7

1 1

N o no.

7 733

1 632

1 66

Apart f rom GT 1 020,

i t would s eem t hat most of t hese dates appear

t o be a bout t en y ears t oo e arly.

This

f inding i s r eflected i n

Atkinson and O swald's typology which i s based on t his dating t echnique, S tenuit

but t ends t o i ndicate s lightly earlier d ates.

( 1974)

LASTDRAGER B"and 0 ,

and Appendix 1 ( below )

( 1653),

s imilar t o GT 1 018,

on the Friederich s cheme.

6 426mm 3 , 7 038,

r ecords n ine bowls

7 128,

7 733,

7 752,

and g ives

t he d imensions H ,

T he products

7 770,

7 770,

f rom t he

a re a s

7 792,

f ollows:

a nd 9 240,

g iving

a mean date o f 1 645,

with d ates of 1 625 a nd 1 650

f or t he minimum

and maximum values.

This i s consistent with t he VERGULDE DRAECK

r esults.

Friederich

( 1975),

f ig.

3 ,

a lso s hows the bowl opening d iameter

of his own d eterminations, o f opening d iameters

a nd those of Goedewaagen.

f or t he VERGULDE DRAECK i s

T he range

1 1-13mm with a

mean o f 1 2mm.

This g ives

f rom Friederich,

D iameter

f ig.

3 :

Earliest

Latest

Mean

l lmm

1 609

1 635

1 624

1 2mm

1 628

1 642

1 632

1 3mm

1 630

1 670

1 654

( NB - LASTDRAGER material

( Stgnuit 1 974 and Appendix 1 ,

below)

g ives a m ean of 1 2mm f or n ine pipes).

I t c an be s een t hat the s catter i s s uch t hat t he t echnique c an only b e expected a t best t o g ive a r ange of - 1 0 y ears,

s olely

f or a g iven d iameter.

Thus on t his r ather s uperficial analysis, dating t echnque g ives a w ide range 5 0 y ears, 1 635

t he bore d iameter

f or the s ame material c irca

and an indicated m ean date a bout 2 0 years

t 2 5 years.

1 67

t oo early,

Friederich's volume method when a pplied t o t he VERGULDE DRAECK pipe,

g ives a more a ccurate date of 1 642

- 1 5 years,

bowl opening d iameter g ives a date of 1 632 analysis applies

2 -

and t he

3 0 y ears.

t o s ix d ifferent types of pipe,

This

a nd t hus we

are examining t he a ccuracy of t he method a pplied t o pipes made by d ifferent makers at t he s ame t ime. system of O swald

( 1975)

T he s tylistic dating

and Atkinson and O swald

t o some extent on Friederich's dating s ystem . and O swald,

1 632 t o

authors,

1 640,

1 625

a s

1 645.

but i n England,

r elies

I n Atkinson

t he VERGULDE DRAECK material c orresponds

c losely t o examples of i s

( 1972)

I n F riederich,

j ust a s t he range

a s pointed out by t he

f ormer

a l ooser dating i s preferred t o t he s pecific dating u sed

by Friederich. I t s hould be emphasised that t he a bove a nalysis t his one particular s ite;

i s based only on

t he r esults of t he analysis

s how purely

t he l imitations of the systems when applied t o t his material. i s hoped t hat t hese

I t

f indings will encourage greater a ttention t o

be paid t o c lay pipe material

f rom wreck s ites,

a nd t hat s tudy

of this material will help t o d etermine t he l imitations of t he systems d iscussed above. The d iscovery i n a box o f 2 50 c lay pipes with t he same maker's mark and two d ifferent bore d iameters,

l ays open t o question t he

a ccuracy of the bore d iameter dating t echnique.

Whilst t he

Harrington M ethod was based specifically on English p ipes a nd excluded N etherland material, t ionship,

a s they had a d ifferent bore r ela-

i t i s n ot unreasonable t o suggest t hat t he methods of

making pipes i n t he two c ountries were case,

s imilar.

I f t his was t he

i t i s possible t hat s ome makers may have produced two

d ifferent bore d iameters in the same batch of pipes,

a s

f ound o n

t he VERGULDE DRAECK. Two points

s hould be emphasised:

u sing d rill b its i s

unsuitable

f irstly,

measurement of t he bore

f or detailed bore analysis a nd

would have n ot s hown up the d ifference i n t he bore d iameters here;

s econdly,

this i s the

f irst t ime

f ound

( to t he author's knowledge)

t hat a l arge g roup of pipes with t he same maker's mark has been f ound in an a ccurately dated c ontext, f indings

a nd t herefore a lthough t hese

s hould be treated with s ome c aution,

i t does

l imitation t o t he theoretical basis of t he t echnique.

1 68

i ndicate

2 .5

Bricks

Approximately 8 ,000 bricks have been r ecovered f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK wreck s ite, crudely made. purpose, edly, and a s

a s

4 3.

These bricks

There has been s ome

a re

a ll yellow,

c onfusion by authors

they were u sed a s ballast but they were

G ouverneur G eneraal e n R aden in Batavia,

l ist quite

requisitions

to be

B ricks

l arge quantities received in t he

f rom wreck

s ite

of bricks.

I ndies

in

and rather to their Undoubt-

a paying ballast,

s uch represented part of the outward-bound cargo.

at home,

a s

they are often r eferred t o a s ballast bricks.

t ions of the

( 43)

f ig.

R equisi-

to t he V .O.C.

For example,

1 653-4,

( KA 1 0072),

i n display i n Fremantle Maritime

Museum.

1 69

included:

1 00,000

V ries

c lijnkert ( Friesland bricks); 1 00,000

g rauwe l eijts m oppen ( grey L eiden l arge bricks); 5 0,000 l eijts c leijne g rauwe c lijnkert ( small grey L eiden bricks); and 5 0,000 G outse c lijnkert ( Gouda bricks).

T he VERGULDE DRAECK,

bound on her f irst voyage i n 1 653,

V ries c lijnkert ,

c arried 2 6,000

and t he only o ther s hip of t hat y ear's

f leets

outward-

t hat carried bricks,

was t he VREDE c arrying 1 5,000.

I n 1 656,

the year of t he

bricks were ordered f rom

l oss of t he VERGULDE DRAECK,

P atria ( KA 1 0061).

S ixty-one t housand

arrived f rom t he C hamber of Amsterdam and 4 5,000 of Middelburgh on t he f ollowing s hips,

1 00,000

f rom t he C hamber

( KA 1 0074):

G amer Amsterdam: j acht MUIJDEN

1 8,000 per 2 3,000 per

WEESP

2 0,000 p er

DEN HERCULES

G amer MIDDELBURGH: 3 3,500 per

j acht DER SCHELLINGH

1 2,000 per

s chip HENRIETTE LOUISE

1 06,500

Thus,

unfortunately,

i nally r equested,

the Company d espatched more bricks t han orig-

a nd i t i s not possible t o d etermine t he number

l ost on the VERGULDE DRAECK,

s ince t he quantity a ctually s ent i s

not specified.

The mean s ize o f the bricks i s 8 25 g rams. of

Thus

1 76mm x 7 6 x 3 4,

a nd t he mean weight,

t he VERGULDE DRAECK c arried a t l east 2 1 t onnes

V ries c lijnkert to Batavia in 1 653, a nd t his would have r epre-

s ented a cargo volume of a bout 1 2m 3 . Stenuit

( 1974)

a nd Appendix 1 ( below),

( mean 1 74mm x 7 6 x 3 5), colour. grey,

T he bricks

f rom t he LASTDRAGER,

a re very s imilar i n s ize

and a re observed t o have t he

s ame y ellow

The BATAVIA s ite has a variety of brick c olours i ncluding

brown and yellow.

The bricks a re a ll of t he s ame s ize,

possibly the grey ones a re

l eijts c leijne g rauwe c lijnkert . Bricks

have a lso been f ound on t he SLOT T ER HOOGE 1 70

( 1724),

S tenuit

( 1975);

t he ADELAAR Sundberg

( 1728),

Martin

( 1972);

and Z EEWIJK

( 1727),

I ngelman-

( 1977i).

A group of 2 2 bricks

( GT 1 454)

f ound c emented t ogether were obviously

part of s ome s ort o f brick wall.

I t i s possible that t his c ould

have been part of t he galley area a lthough t here was n o s ign of burning.

The bricks a re mortared t ogether,

' Dutch bricklaying s tyle'.

Examples of t his

be s een t oday i n 1 7th c entury buildings A typical i llustration of t his i s in Delft" by P ieter de Hooch, 8 35.

I n this painting,

i n t he typical

c onstruction c an

i n t he N etherlands.

i n t he "Courtyard of a House

t he National Gallery,

L ondon,

n o.

t he u se of d ifferent c oloured bricks

f or ornamental purposes may b e n oted. The bricks

f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK vary c onsiderably i n s ize;

t he d imensions

range a s

Stenuit

a nd Appendix 1 ( below )

( 1974)

f ollows:

with t he LASTDRAGER bricks.

This

1 70-180mm x 7 0-80 x 3 0-38. noted a s imilar s ize r ange

r esults

in a c onsiderable

weight r ange - 8 25 grams with a s tandard d eviation of 5 5 grams and probably r eflects the r ather c rude method of making t he bricks. 1 71

I t i s d ifficult t o i dentify t he s ources of t hese small y ellow bricks

f rom t he r equisitions.

V ries o r G outse c liinkert .

T he p ossible c ontenders

a re

Quite a s urprising variety of bricks

were manufactured i n t he Netherlands during t his period. the provinces of Holland a nd Utrecht, works particularly a long the Oude on t he Utrechtse Vecht,

t here were numerous brick-

R ijn f rom U trecht t o L eiden,

on t he Vliet n ear R ijkswijk a nd D elft,

and on t he n orthern branch of t he Hollandse l atter a rea,

t he c lay was

I n these a reas, d epending on t he t ure.

r ed,

I n

dredged f rom t he

U sel.

I n t his

I Jsel and t he L ek.

yellow and g rey b ricks were produced,

c omposition of t he c lay and t he

f iring t empera-

B ecause o f t he h igh water c ontent o f t he r iver c lay u sed

t o make I Jselsteen or G oudsesteen , t o prevent bursting,

t he brick moulds were small,

and t he high c halk c ontent produced a

y ellow c oloured brick on f iring. The n orthern provinces of Friesland a nd G roningen a lso produced l arge numbers of bricks, T hese bricks

M op or

c ould be e ither r ed o r y ellow d epending on t he

m opsteen were generally a larger s ize of brick;

e xample, bricks,

a s well a s Overijsel a nd G elderland.

i n t he

1 6th c entury t here were two

c lay.

f or

s izes of L eiden

the m op being 2 16mm x 1 07 x 5 5 a nd t he k linkert

1 89mm

x 8 6 x 3 5. The I Jselsteen or G oudsesteen

i n 1 662 m easured 612 x 31 4 x l3 d / uim

or 1 80mm x 9 0 x 4 5,

a lthough t he

1 80 x 7 8 t o 9 5 x 3 5

t o 4 5.

brick)

94 x 34

in 1 646 were

bricks a re yellow , DRAECK bricks H ollestelle

f ormat c ould v ary f rom 1 57mm t o

T he Friesland K leinsteen x 1 98 c h Aim .

Both t hese types of

but i t would s eem f rom t he

t hat t hey were t he

( small

s ize of t he VERGULDE

s lightly smaller I Jselsteen ,

( 1976).

1 72

3 .

NON-FERROUS MATERIAL

3 .1.

Bronze

3 .1.1.

Mortars and pestles

AMOR emcm IR MA

GT 6

G T 613

Mortar

( date o bscure).

P estle. T hese two mortars are s imilar t o t he two f ound on t he BATAVIA

( 1629),

S tanbury

( 1974),

BAT 4 57,

a nd f ragmentary r emains BAT 5 62 and 6 25. t he A .V.O.C.

mark,

f or the V .O.C.

s howing i t was

t hese mortars were part o f the

s pecifically made

I t i s

l ikely that

s urgeon's equipment.

" Order e n I nstructie v oor d e C hirurgyns" ,

published f or t he V .O.C. ment n eeds

s hows

a nd pestle). r ange;

GT 7 4 has

and has a n i nteresting r epresentation

of an owl on t he l ower f rieze.

I n the

dated 1 625,

T his

( 1743),

t he

l ist of equip-

' 1 M Ortier e n S tamper '

( mortar

s tyle of mortar had a l ong t ime

a s imilar one was

HOLLANDIA

i n 1 696,

f ound on the V .O.C.

Cowan e t a l .

1 73

( 1975),

s hip

and Mak van

e N

E 4 0

1 74

Mortar d ated

Waay

( 1974),

t ions

n o.

9 2.

S everal c ontemporary i llustra-

s how t hese t ypes of mortars a ssociated with t he

apothecary , a lthough Matthews

V incit O mnia mortars 1 6,

( 1971)

( Love C onquers All)

was a ssociated with

g iven a s w edding presents.

" Interior o f a Dutch Pharmacy",

f rom t he s chool of T erborgh. G erard T homas s een.

( 1663-1720),

However,

I n

( 1954),

f ig.

a s imilar mortar may b e

t he u se of t he mortar was n ot exclus-

Turvey World" of Jan S teen Museum,

dated 1 665,

" The Surgery" by

ively a ssociated with t his milieu.

no.

7 91,

Bronze or brass

Kunsthistor-

a mortar c an be s een c learly

f ragments - 5 .

1 75

I n t he "Topsy-

( 1626-1679),

a ssOciated with household u se. G T 6 17

K oning

s hows an i llustration of a s imilar mortar in t he

painting

i sch

suggests that A mor

( 44)

Brass pot and e lephant's tusk a fter r emoval of c opper bucket.

( 45)

Excavating c andle s nuffers Cannon N o.

1 2 with c hisel

( GT 8 49)

f rom u nder

3 .2.

Brass

3 .2.1.

Cooking utensils,

GT 9 9A

Brass

A s 9 9A, 2 80mm

GT 9 05

A s

4 4.

c auldron with t wo c opper handles and t hree

c opper l egs,

GT 9 98

f ig.

D ia.

but without handles.

( N.A.).

1 016,

Height 1 62mm ,

S cale

D ia.

( N.A.).

Height 1 46mm,

1 40mm

possibly had handle.

( N.A.).

1 77

S cale

D ia.

1 :4

but l egs missing,

Height 8 3mm,

3 63mm

1 :4

GT 1 016

Small cauldron with t hree c opper l egs. 7 8mm,

GT 1 423

A s

D ia.

9 9A,

D ia.

1 47mm

( N.A.).

but c opper handles m issing.

2 75mm

H eight

( 215185).

GT 6 18

Copper l egs - 2 .

GT 9 06

Fragments of bowl

( 230190).

GT 9 62

Fragments of bowl

( 220195).

1 78

H eight 1 52mm,

This material a ppears with s ection 3 .3.1.

t o be

l argely c ooking equipment a s l isted i n R esolutions of 1 656,

s ee Table 6 -8

C hapter 6 ,

a s part of t he

s hip's equipment or i n Table 6 -20 f or supplies the I ndies.

C opper l egs s imilar to GT 618 have been

f ound on t he BATAVIA, 6 54,

S tanbury

( 1974),

BAT 6 44 and

s o i t would s eem t hat t his type of material may

have been present on t hat s hip.

The painting

Vessels" by F loris van S chooten,

Bernt

1 054,

f or

" Brass

( 1970),

n o.

s hows a t hree-legged c auldron with a l oop

handle a cross t he t op.

S imilarly,

in t he

" Woman

Frying Pancakes" by P ieter G erritsz van R oestraeten, Bredius Museum, cauldron,

GT 6 33

GT 1 240

Brass

t he Hague,

with a s ingle

c ollander

Brass c ollander

( ?)

( ?)

i s a small t hree-legged

f rying-pan type handle.

( 155220).

( 215185).

I t i s not c lear if t hese

t wo examples

culinary purposes or not.

are i n f act

f or

T here i s n o evidence of

handles a lthough a s et of small holes

around t he r im

indicates s ome

possibly nails.

f orm of an a ttachment, 1 79

I t i s possible t hat i t c ould have been a pump f ilter; Witsen

( 1690),

Boudriot

f ig.

( 1974),

( chaudron )

6 ,

f ig.

i llustrates a 1 83,

made o f l ead.

English d escription of

p omp-keteltje ;

i llustrates a pump-filter R öding

( 1793)

p umpen k essel

" A plate of l ead or c opper,

a s

g ives t he f ollows:

perforated with holes,

to c over t he bottom of a pump."

3 .2.2.

Buckles

( brass or bronze)

V

4 11

GT 1 349

GT 1 351

GT 9

f l au s el l

GT 1 347

Wide belt or baldric buckle; i llustrated by N ogl Hume

( 1969),

f rom t he s econd half of t he i s

i s

s imilar t o one f ig.

2 0-11,

1 8th c entury.

I t

c lear f rom GT 1 347 with the l eather s trap

i n s itu ,

t hat t he buckle d id not have a t ang.

1 80

GT 1 348

With t ang but n o plates. This type i s i dentical t o GT 8 87, a metal plate, buckle,

GT 8 87

t he

but d oes

which may have broken off.

not have I n t his

l eather s trap i s i n s itu .

With t ang and plate

GT 8 48

( 245195).

G T 1 350

GT 8 87 has two r ivet holes on t he p late;

t he others

which are a ll o f the s ame s ize have one hole.

A

s imilar buckle has been f ound on t he LASTDRAGER Stenuit

( 1974),

f ig.

( 1653),

2 7-11 a nd Appendix 1 ( below).

1 81

3 .2.3.

F ish-hooks

GT 8 50

GT 8 51

G T 8 52

G T 9 02

GT 9 03

( 275195)

( 270230)

( 155230)

( 235205)

( N.A.)

C opper Three brass

f ish-hooks w ith wire t races,

c opper

3 .3.2.)

( see

Brass s ite

one w ithout a nd one i n

f ish-hooks have been r eported f rom t he ADELAAR ( 1728),

Martin

I ngelman-Sundberg

( 1972),

( 1977i).

1 82

a nd the Z EEWIJK wreck s ite,

3 .2.4.

GT 6 08A

Taps

Brass t ap-maker's mark: t o s pout and tube

GT 6 08B

F leur-de-lis and ' AS', r epairs

( N.A.).

Brass t ap-maker's mark:

F leur-de-lis and ' AS'

( N.A.).

These two t aps r esemble t hose i llustrated i n Baart

e t a l ( 1977).

I t i s

i nteresting t o note t hat Baart

e t a l ( 1977), 6 61, has'IS' and a f leur-de-lis .

1 83

GT 6 08C

Brass tap-maker's mark possibly a head. Baart

' HD',

with upper mark,

T he mark HD i s

e t a l ( 1977), 6 63, without t he bird.

upper mark on GT 6 08C r esembles in Baart

GT 8 97

t he s ame a s

e t a l ( 1977), 6 68.

Brass t ap spigot:

i n The

t he head i n the mark

( N.A.).

F leur-de-lis

( 165210).

( x e

GT 8 94

•

Brass tap s pigot maker's mark mark

GT 981

' HD'

with u nidentified

( 170200 a pprox.).

Possibly part of brass

s pigot

1 84

( 205200).

The

' HD '

t ap GT 6 08C has

whereas the on t he

s pout.

A t ap s imilar to GT 6 08A and B has been Stanbury

( 1974),

had a

Lam ne t

( 1667),

( 1974)

( 1974),

f ound on t he LASTDRAGER

and Appendix 1 ( below ),

' HGW '

maker's mark.

in the R ijksmuseum, type,

a l

S everal

Stenuit

f ig.

5 B

spout,

but it

1 ( below),

( 1743):

Cowan

e t a l .

and Mak van Waay

and a tap n o.

( as

ZEEWIJK

( 1975),

no.

( 1975)

c ompared ( 1727),

f ig.

and Lane 1 00,

f ound 1 3-13,

( 1973),

with iCT rmark,

A number of taps

of this

general

type are

f ound i n l arge pewter cans,

Haedeke

( 1973),

f ig.

etc.,

8 9,

1 656, 2

the

1 16.

( 1974),

a nd a s part of the V .O.C.

B ottliers k ist

( see

7 8.

i llustrated in

examples have been

tap and spigot with unidentified mark; 8 11;

f ig.

f ound by Stgnuit i s not

f our

but

i llustrated i n

f ound on t he

( 1977i);

general

s pigot,

s ingle r ing spigots

have been

on the HOLLANDIA

Stgnuit

a tap of this

and Appendix

R ound s ection,

I ngelman-Sundberg

s pigot

Another

in t he handle of t he

f rom the SLOT TER HOOGE,

square here)

( 1653),

has

A s ingle r ing-handled spigot was

detail.

1 1.

one

The Nova Z embla Collection,

s ection on t he

( 1974),

9 ;

with a crossed orb

Amsterdam,

with three holes

with a square

no.

3 260.

f ig.

f leur-de-lis with a'FF' mark, fig.

s pigot was

to

BAT

and s pigots have been f ound on the SANTO CHRISTO

DE CASTELLO

and

s ection on t he spout

' As '/Fleur-de-lis has an octagonal section

f ound on t he BATAVIA, taps

a square

Chapter 6 ,

r esolutions Table

of

6 -1).

k opere w ijjn k ranen ( brass wine taps) were l isted f or

the

ship,

f or the

but a lso

I ndies,

1 00

taps were

Table 6 -20,

r equisitioned in

Chapter 6 .

1 653

3 .2.5.

Lamps and a ccessories

GT 8

S conce or c andle-holder This

( N.A.).

s imple and c rudely-made c andle-holder i s widely

i llustrated in c ontemporary 1 7th c entury paintings. S imilar holders are i llustrated in a still-life by F loris v an S chooten Bernt

( 1970),

n o.

1 054;

and

P ot" by G odfried S chalcken Gallery,

L ondon,

n o.

9 97.

1 86

" Brass Vessels" ( 1590-1655),

" An O ld Woman S couring a ( 1643-1706),

National

GT 4 3

GT 6 07

GT 8 49

Large blade s cissors

Large blade

- possibly a wick-trimmer

( N.A.).

s cissors.

Candle-snuffers,

f ig.

S imilar t o Baart

e t a l

4 5

( 245100).

( 1977),

6 81.

trated in 1 7th c entury paintings,

1 87

Again widely i llus-

n otably i n t he

" Still

L ife" by G erard Bou 1 708,

and in the

d en Uyl

( 1613-1675),

Dresden G allery , no.

" Breakfast Still L ife" by J an Jansz.

( 1595-1640),

Bernt

( 1970),

n o.

1 203.

G T 9 09

GT 6 27

G T 6 75

1 88

1 \ { GT 8 93 G T 8 93

Parts of t hree-wick,

GT 8 98

a re f ragmentary,

GT 6 27

t he BATAVIA,

GT 1 002

excellent i ntact e xample has been f ound by S tenuit on

GT 1 228

t he WITTE LEEUW,

l ost i n 1 613 a t S t.

GT 1 323

Waay

1 079,

GT 9 09

has been f ound on t he DARTMOUTH

GT 6 75

R esolutions of 1 656,

under

K iste',

' 4 d riekante l ampen ',

( 1977),

g imble-mounted o il l amp.

but g ood examples have been f ound on

Stanbury

no.

i s an entry:

c ornered lamps),

The r emains

s ee

( 1974),

f ig.

BAT 3 079 a nd 3 634.

p .

Helena,

2 44 and 2 41.

An

Mak van Another

( unpublished ).

I n t he

' Lijste v an d e B otteliers

C hapter 6 ,

( three-

Table 6 -2 below.

( 165210 and 1 60215). T he

l amp a ppears t o have been mounted on a tube which

was t hen attached t o a ' U'-shaped f itting G T 6 75. The two e nds of t he arms were a ttached by p ins r ing,

and t he r ing was

t hen a ttached by two more p ins

t o t he l amp at r ight a ngles. effect.

On the

T his g ave t he gimble

l ower s ection of t he o il c ontainer,

i s mounted a l ead c ounter-weight,

f rom which t he

o bjects G T 1 3,1326 a nd 1 158 c ould have c ome, and BAT 3 634.

t o a

T he u pper s ection of t he

hole f or f illing t he l amp, and t hree wick-holders.

s ee

l id has

l ead 3 .4.3.

a c entral

possibly with a s crew-cap,

T he wicks c onsist of t apered

wooden r ods with s lender holes down t he c entre;

t he

o il passed up these holes by c apillary a ction t o t he t op where i t burned on t he surface.

1 89

GT 7 34

GT 7 95

GT 9 01

1 90

C andlesticks:

T he examples of a t l east

3 6 c omplete or s emi-complete c andlesticks

a ppear t o be of two basic t ypes, GT 7 95)

t han the other

i ngs may be noted ;

( e.g.

both s imilar but one

G T 7 34).

l arger

Minor d ifferences

( e.g.

i n t he mould-

f or a d escription of t he analysis of t he c omposi-

t ion and manufactures,

s ee Appendix 2 :

s ection f rom a c orroded brass ( Owens).

c andlestick r ecovered f rom t he VERGULDE

DRAECK

( GT 7 95)",

parts,

a s i llustrated i n GT 9 01.

with a hole in t he c entre;

" Metallurgical R eport on a

T he c andlesticks

a re a ll made i n f our

The base i s a f lattened bell s hape

t he l ower s tem i s moulded,

with a hole

running up the c entre a nd a square r aised f lange on t op;

t he wax t ray

i s

f lange of

s aucer-shaped,

t he l ower s tem ; runs

with a s quare hole t o l ocate i t i n t he

t he upper s tem a nd c andle-holder has a l ong r od that

t hrough t he wax t ray a nd t he l ower s tem,

over t he base t o hold t he whole t ogether. two holes

i n the

s ide,

where i t i s r iveted

T he c andle-holder has

t o a id i n r emoving t he s tubs o f c andles.

I t i s c lear f rom examination of t he surface of t hese o bjects t hat t hey were turned a s a f inishing-off process. t ion i s d ifferent f rom t he more u sual, c ombined, f ig.

T he t ype of c onstruc-

where the t ray and base are

a nd t he u pper holder s crewed into t his,

L arne et

a l .

( 1974),

8 .

D exel

( 1973),

f rom t he

1 6th,

f ig.

5 58,

i llustrates a number of brass

1 7th a nd 1 8th c enturies,

l ittle t hrough t he three c enturies. N etherlands paintings s how numerous

t he s tyle a ppearing t o

c andlesticks,

C omplete

( N.A.).

GT 0 03

Partly eroded - 4 pieces

GT 0 31

Partly e roded

( N.A.)

GT 0 40

Partly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 1 00

Partly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 7 34

Complete.

1 91

( N.A.).

a ll o f which have

c andlestick holder,

f eature of Netherlands manufacture.

G T 3 2

c hange

C ontemporary 1 7th c entury

a small pair of holes on e ither s ide of t he a t ypical

c andlesticks

GT 7 35

Partly eroded - 2 p ieces

GT 7 36

Partly eroded - 3 pieces; t ray

( N.A.). s hank and overflow

( N.A.).

GT 7 37

P artly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 7 38

P artly e roded - 4 pieces

( N.A . .).

GT 7 39

Partly eroded - 5 pieces

( N.A.).

GT 7 95

Partly eroded

GT 7 98

Partly eroded - 6 pieces

GT 8 07

P artly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 1 150

Partly eroded

( N.A.).

G T 1 230

Partly e roded

( 275210).

GT 1 315

Partly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 1 316

Partly eroded

( N.A.).

GT 1 318

Partly eroded

( 277187).

GT 1 319

Partly eroded,

GT 1 321

Partly e roded - 4 pieces

GT 1 311

Partly eroded

( N.A.).

GT 1 313

P artly e roded

( 280200).

GT 1 314

Partly e roded

( 250225).

GT 1 317

Partly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 0 39

P artly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 1 00

Partly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 1 433

P artly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 1 434

Partly eroded

( N.A.).

GT 1 435

P artly e roded

( N.A.).

GT 0 38

P artly e roded,

base missing

( N.A.).

GT 0 67

P artly eroded,

base missing

( N.A.).

GT 7 08

P artly e roded,

base missing

( N.A.).

GT 9 01

Partly e roded

GT 8 86

Partly eroded,

( N.A.).

p lus

( N.A.).

1 f ragment - 5 pieces total. ( N.A.).

( N.A.) t op of s hank a bove wax tray missing

( 280205). GT 1 232

Partly e roded,

t op of s hank m issing

GT 1 312

Partly eroded,

l ower half of c andlestick and

s hank pieces

( 250225). 2

( N.A.).

GT 1 320

Partly eroded,

GT 7 34

P iece of c andlestick - 1 s hank

GT 7 46

P ieces of candlesticks - 1 s hank,

GT 1 151

P iece of c andlestick - 1 s hank

t op of s hank m issing

1 92

( N.A.).

( N.A.). 2 t op pieces

( N.A.).

( N.A.

GT 1 322

P ieces of candlesticks - 2 wax t ray f ragments

GT 0 36

P iece of c andlestick - 1 base

( N.A.).

GT 7 68

P iece of c andlestick - 1 base

( N.A.).

GT 7 96

P iece of c andlestick - 1 base

f ragment

( N.A.).

GT 9 69

P iece of c andlestick - 1 base

f ragment

( 210200).

GT 1 001

P ieces of c andlestick - 2 base

GT 1 152

P iece of c andlestick - 1 base

GT 1 310

P iece of c andlestick - I base f ragment

3 .2.6.

M iscellaneous

GT 6 20

Two parts o f a pair of o rnate handles,

G T 1 235

Part o f k ey,

f ragments f ragment

v ent pricker or s courer

GT 7 81

( N.A.).

( N.A.). ( 275210).

1 s traight

s imilar t o Baart et al . ( 1977),

suggested by Price a nd Muckelroy

Part of s cissors handle

( N.A.).

( 1977),

p .

7 07,

( N.A.).

and

1 2 a s a

( 190200 a pprox.).

( ?)

( N.A.).

0 S ca . 12 G T 8 88

Brass button,

s imilar t o S tgnuit

Appendix 1 ( below ), ca . ( 1977),

2 82

1 :1 ( 1974),

f rom t he LASTDRAGER ,

f rom Amsterdam.

1 93

( 215195).

f ig.

2 7-6 a nd

a nd Baart et

GT 6 21

Brass

r ight angle bracket - possibly c orner of a box;

possibly s imilar t o S otheby HOLLANDIA

GT 8 90

Brass

( 1972),

n o.

4 93,

f rom t he

( N.A.).

c orner f itting,

with wood c ircular patterns

( 155220).

GT 8 96

Small brass d ecoration

( N.A.).

G T 8 91

Two brass bowl-shaped objects,

1 94

possibly l ids

( 250200).

GT 1 331

Tubular brass object, unscrew,

GT 1 234

f ig.

Pair of brass

4 6

unknown purpose,

( 203160).

Scale

c hart compasses,

parts of which

1 :1

worn.

S imilar dividers

have been f ound on a wide variety of wrecks: Price and Muckelroy f ig.

( 1974);

1 4-1 and Appendix 1 ( below );

same author on GIRONA, ( 1977),

1 7th and 1 8th Sotheby

Stgnuit

SLOT TER HOOGE,

Jutholmen Wreck,

Stgnuit

c entury wrecks

( 1972),

nos.

GT

Brass nail

GT 622

Brass

rod

f rom GT 7 69

( N.A.).

1 95

a lso reported by the Stgnuit

( 1975i

and i i);

the

( 1976);

including

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( 1974),

CURAgA0,

4 95 and 496.

Small square-shanked nail

Stgnuit

( 1971),

I ngelman-Sundberg

GT 0 94 7 69

LASTDRAGER ,

KENNEMERLAND,

and other

t he HOLLANDIA,

( 46 )

Details of c onstruction of brass object of unknown purpose

( CT 1 331).

S cale

1 :1

( 47) Copper bucket i n s itu

( CT 8 59)

i n l arge

on wreck s ite,

pot and e lephant ' s i n

l ower r ight.

lump

brass tusk

GT 6 26

A - tongs

( 102mm )

B - f ork

( 135mm ).

The tongs

are

( N.A.

s imilar to Baart

e t a l .

( 1977),

and are u sed f or pulling wick upon a lamp. resemble Baart et ca . ( 1977), r emoving f ish-hooks it may be more

8 22,

678 and 679, The t ongs

and s aid to be

f rom t he mouth of a f ish.

l ikely a ssociated here with

smoking. GT 6 28

Two

f ragments of brass wire

GT 9 04

Piece of curved brass wire

GT 8 89

Brass

tube;

GT 9 31

Flat,

square,

GT 6 24

Brass

f ragments

- 5 ( N.A.).

GT 7 80

Brass

f ragments

- 1 0

( N.A.). ( 280200).

part of trumpet

( ?)

brass pan weight

( N.A.).

1 97

( N.A.). ( ?)

( N.A.).

f or

However

f ire or

3 .3.

Copper

3 .3.1.

C ooking utensils

GT 1 103

Copper f rying-pan with r ivets

f or handle

( 185195). S cale

GT 8 57

Copper f rying-pan with r ivets

f or handle

( 165210).

Martin ADELAAR

( 1972)

r ecords a s imilar pan on t he V .O.C.

( 1728),

a s part of a c argo of 6 00.

s hip

T hese pans

would have had an i ron handle r iveted onto the pan.

1 98

1 :4

GT 8 59

Copper bucket with r iveted s eams and 2 f ittings attaching a hooped handle,

f ig.

Base D ia.

S cale

3 50mm

( 210185).

4 7.

H eight

f or

3 88mm,

1 :4

A s imilar bucket has been f ound on a Portuguese wreck, K irkman

( 1972), a nd various buckets

d er Heide

( 1974),

f ig.

9 9,

c entury.

1 99

a re s hown i n Van

f rom f irst half of 1 7th

G T 8 58

Copper bowl or

l adle;

2 r ivets i n base,

1 a t s ide which

would have been originally a ttached t o t he ( 210185).

2 00

i ron handle

G T 015

Large c opper l id a nd 2 parts of a l arge ( same d ia.)

( N.A.).

S cale

2 01

1 :4

c opper r im

GT 6 02

C opper l id,

d ia.

3 65mm

( N.A.).

S cale

1 :4

C T 6 02A

Copper l id,

d ia.

3 75mm

( N.A.).

S cale

1 :4

2 02

GT 9 60

Copper l id

( N.A.).

S cale

2 03

1 :4

GT 6 77

Copper l id,

d ia.

3 82mm

( N.A.).

I t i s possible t hat t hese l ids originally f itted o n t he c opper buckets.

S cale

1 :4

GT 8 60

Parts of c opper bucket

GT 9 18

Base f ragments o f c opper pot or bucket

GT 9 59

Eight f ragments of c opper c ontainer, around edges

( 190195). ( 210165).

r ivets and holes

( N.A.).

G T 9 61

Four pieces of c opper c auldron

GT 1 239

Copper pot f ragments with r ivets

GT 6 61

Base o f pot with r ivets and 2 3 c opper f ragments

2 04

( 235205). ( 245220). ( N.A.)

GT 0 12

Leg of brass cauldron

( N.A.).

GT 6 23

L eg of brass

( N.A.).

GT 9 65

L eg of pot

( 200180).

GT 9 66

Leg of pot

( N.A.).

c auldron

These l egs would originally have f itted brass cauldron GT 9 67

( see

3 .2.1.).

Leg and 2 f ragments with r ivets

GT 8 99

Handle f rom cauldron

GT 9 00

Handle and r im f ragments

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

2 05

( 240200).

( 48)

I sometric drawing of c opper s heeting,

possibly part

of the s tern post. 3 .3.2.

M iscellaneous

G T 0 63

Nail

( N.A.).

GT 9 95

Nail

( N.A.).

GT 1 325

Nail

( N.A.).

GT 9 02

F ish-hook

GT 9 68

Copper c orner-fitment

( see

3 .2.3.)

( 200200). ( small)

2 06

( 275210).

GT 9 07

P ieces of c opper with n ail holes - 2

GT 9 08

S heets of c opper with r ivet holes

GT 9 64

One box of c opper f ragments

GT 9 70

P ieces of f lat c opper s heet with r ivet holes

( 18)

( 210185).

- 3 ( N.A.). ( N.A.). - 2

( N.A.). GT 0 91

Large pieces of c opper - 7 ( N.A.).

GT 0 92

P ieces of c opper - 7 ( N.A.).

GT 7 74

Small

GT 1 013

One box of c oncreted c opper f ragments

GT 6 01

P iece of c opper - 1 ( N.A.).

GT 6 19

P ieces of c opper - 2 ( N.A.).

G T 6 43

Small p ieces of c opper - 4 ( N.A.).

GT 644

P ieces of c opper - 4 ( N.A.).

GT 6 45

Large piece of c opper

GT 6 46

P ieces of s emi-rectangular c opper - 2 ( N.A.).

GT 6 48

Number of small c opper f ragments

GT 7 27

Small f ragments of c opper

GT 7 41

P ieces of c opper - 2 ( N.A.).

GT 7 69

P ieces of c opper object with r ivets;

f ragments of c opper - 2 ( N.A.). ( 215190).

( N.A.).

( 195200).

( N.A.).

( see a lso GT 7 69A - brass nail) GT 7 74

P ieces of c opper - 2 ( N.A.).

GT 8 10

P iece of c opper - 1 ( N.A.).

GT 017

One p iece of c opper,

c oncertina-shaped

( N.A.).

1 28mm square;

1 l arge piece of

c opper. GT 1 439

E ight s heets of c opper w ith r ivet holes, 1 .6mm

GT 1 442

t hickness

( N.A.).

Two l arge r ectangles of copper with 2 l ayers of l ead inside

( N.A.).

I t i s interesting t hat s ome of t he c opper

( GT 9 2 a nd 9 21)

t ogether, t ion,

a ppear t o have been j oined

s ince t he nail holes overlap.

f ig.

4 8,

G reen

T he r econstruc-

i ndicates t hat this may have been part

of t he s heeting on t he s tern post, BATAVIA,

l arge s heets of

( 1975).

2 07

a s was

f ound on t he

3 .4.

L ead

3 .4.1.

Baling s eals

G T 8 95

G T 9 72

Large

l ead s eal - i nscription:

L ead s eal - writing o n o ne s ide

L ead s eal

G T 1 241

L ead s eal - i nscription partly v isible: S cale

S cale

1 :1

1 :1

' WEST - R ---'

1 :1

O f t he f our l ead s eals, ' 50'

( 200200).

( 175195). S cale

G T 1 064

( 208200).

( 215200).

' ROMMENI 5 0'

t hree e xamples have t he number

a nd v arious i nscriptions i ncluding

what c ould b e WEST

( F)

R ( IESLAND ).

' ROMMENI'

a nd

T he s eals a re

made o f two f lat d iscs o f l ead j oined by a s hort bar; one d isc has a hole i n i t,

t he o ther has t wo prongs

s ticking out f rom t he c entre o f t he d isc.

T hese

prongs a re i nserted i nto t he h ole by b ending t he d iscs t ogether, p rongs

t hrough , t he material t o be s ealed,

f olded over.

a nd t he

A c rimping t ool or s tamp i s t hen

u sed t o s eal t he w hole t ogether w ith t he maker's mark e mbossed o n i t,

O ther s eals have been f ound o n t he 2 08

S cale

1 :1

HOLLANDIA ' 50'

( 1743),

stamped on i t;

s eals

f or c loth.

e t a l .

Cowan

( 1975),

with t he s ame

Marsden suggests these are bale

Twenty-one s eals have been f ound on

t he BATAVIA s ite,

S tanbury

( 1974),

s ome with house-marks,

or t he A .V.O.C.

mark a nd a variety of numbers on t he

r everse:

4 1 and 4 13.

1 6,

4 ,

4D,

i llustrates another s eal

CASTELLO.

Baart

Lam ne t

a l .

( 1974),

f ig.

f rom t he SANTO CHRISTO DE

e t al. ( 1977) suggests t hat t he numbers

r efer to t he l ength of the c loth i n West Friesland i s o rigin of c loth, applied during various

e llen.

Presumably

t he s eals being

s tages of manufacture t o d enote

they had been i nspected.

3 .4.2.

G T 0 07

D eep-sea s ounding l eads

Sounding l ead

S cale

( N.A.).

1 :4

G T 9 98

Possibly a s ounding l ead or f ishing s inker

GT 1 342

S ounding l ead:

K I

M mark,

6 .3kg

These are typical d eep-sea l ead, base

f or tallow.

Smith

( 1627)

2 09

( N.A.).

( 290175).

S cale

with hollow i n

c alls

these:

1 :4

" Dipsie l ine,

which i s a s mall l ine s ome hundred a nd

f ifty f adome l ong, made hollow ,

wherein i s p ut t allow,

vp a ny g rauell." " Deep-sea-lead: s ea l ine,

w ith a l ong plummet a t t he e nd,

M anwayring

c ommonly 1 4 pounds;

W itsen

s ea l ead:

a

d escribes i t:

t he waight whereof i s

t his h ath s ome hard white t allow

l ower e nd o f i t,

g round."

t han 3 6

( 1644)

I s t he l ead which i s hung a t t he d eep-

t o s inck i t d owne;

l aid u pon t he

t hat w ill bring

( 1690)

which brings u p t he

m entions a variety o f d eep-

p eilloot or d eep-sea l ead, i s h eavier

p ond en , and has a l ine of 8 00 o r

1 ,000

v adem , together with 6 , 8 , 1 0 and 1 2 p onden l eads v adem in various

f or d ifferent d epths u p t o 2 00 weather c onditions.

H e a lso m entions i n t he r equire-

m ents o f a s hip o f 1 34 7

v oet under

d ieplooden weighing 1 50

K leinighed en ( trifles),

p onden , s ee C hapt. 6 , Table

6 -13.

I t i s n oted here t hat G T 1 342 has numerals,

presumably t he weight i n pounds.

have been f ound o n t he BATAVIA, marked X IIII weighing 6 .88kg, unmarked weighing 6 .93kg. 2 .7kg,

1 4 marked i n R oman

and 2 .55kg,

t otal o f 9 .

S tanbury

S imilar l eads

( 1974),

a nd a nother,

BAT 3 80,

BAT 3 81,

O thers weighed 5 .6kg,

2 .6kg,

a nd t ogether with t wo more made a

S t6nuit

( 1974)

a nd Appendix 1 ( below ),

r ecords

a 6 .55kg l ead f rom t he LASTDRAGER which h e equates t o 1 3 Amsterdam

p onden or 6 .41kg, a lthough i t i s more

l ikely t hat i t i s

1 4 Amsterdam

p onden or 6 .91kg, h aving

had s ome l ead l ost d ue t o e rosion. been f ound o n t he HOLLANDIA, i llustrated i n C owan

e t a / .

( unspecified number ), ( 1975),

i nscribed w ith t he w eight X II l b t rue weight, l eads

H .M.S.

whatever t hat may mean.

F our s ounding

( 1975)

o ne

1 3-11,

s aid t o b e t he

have been r eported,

a lso Lane

f ig.

( ?)

f rom t he Jutholmen wreck,

( 1976),

O ther l eads h ave

I ngelman-Sundberg

a nd d escribed a s c onical;

r ecords a s quare s ounding l ead f rom

A SSOCIATION

( 1707);

2 10

a f ive pound l ead w as r ecorded

on DE L IEFDE

( 1711),

Bax and Martin

were r eported on t he KENNEMERLAND, ( 1974),

( 1780),

S t6nuit

( 1976),

and t hree

P rice and Muckelroy

but with no weight r ecorded;

EVSTAFII

3 .4.3.

( 1974);

and f rom the

one with n o weight.

Assorted weights

GT 1 326

GT 1 158

GT 0 13

Possibly part of c ounter-weight of g imble oil lamp GT 8 93 e tc.

( see

3 .2.5.

a bove),

( N.A.,

GT 1 328

L ead t op of a f our pound i ron weight

GT 1 327

R emains of s ame.

N .A.,

2 35205).

( 1705).

This type of weight had a cylindrical i ron base with an i ron r ing;

a l ead t op was t hen c ast on t o i t,

t he weight could be a ccurately adjusted.

p onden ,

weight was precisely f our the R oman numerals

' IV'

i t was

When t he s tamped with

a nd a proof mark.

when immersed i n water,

Subsequently,

preferential e lectrolytic c orro-

s ion r esulted i n a ll the i ron c orroding away, the disc of l ead with two holes

A s imilar weight was

o n

( 1974),

' IIII'

and a

f leur-de-lis

Stanbury

f leur-de-lis.

BAT 3 308,

2 11

f ound

s tamped with

I t i s i nteresting t hat t he

a ppears on many o bject ' s ,

i ated with a proof mark;

l eaving

i n i t c orresponding t o

t he r ing of the weight. the BATAVIA,

s o that

f or example,

and may be a ssocon a s et of

avoirdupois weights 3 219;

f rom BATAVIA,

n avigational d ividers,

BATAVIA;

and t aps

S tanbury

LASTDRAGER:

( above).

( 1974),

BAT

a strolabe,

I t would s eem t hat t he

unidentified l ead o bject f rom t he pink EVSTAFII, S tenuit

( 1976),

f ig.

6 ( left),

i s a lmost c ertainly

t he t op of a weight of the s ame type.

A g ood example

of one with a n i ron base but with t he r ing missing, has been f ound on t he MERESTEYN i nscribed

' III'

and dated

1 701.

been f ound on D E L IEFDE, 8 ,

i nscribed

Marsden and

' VIII'

( 1974),

' IR ',

dated 1 748,

' IR ',

dated 1 748,

' IR ',

dated 1 748.

bases

2 8,

i ntact.

n o.

Marsden

1 711;

( 1974),

1 06 - i nscribed

( ?)

e t a l .

t o Baart

1 07 - i nscribed

' III'

and

a nd n o.

1 08 - i nscribed

' III'

and

T hese e xamples a ll had t heir i ron i s a c omplete e xample

with cross on one s ide,

( 1977),

' heads or t ails'.

S ee Baart

( 1977),

R ounded weight with h ole

( N.A.).

GT 1 328

Part o f weight with h ole

( 170205).

3 .4.4.

L ight l ead-shot

GT 1 0

1 9

GT 0 93

2 s hot d ia.

1 6mm

( N.A.).

GT 9 96

1 s hot d ia.

1 6mm

( 180195) .

Van D am

1 6mm

( 1701)

8 69.

i .e.

s tates

t hat i t was

1 9.1mm d iameter,

was

proof ball of 1 4 i n a n Amsterdam n ormal ball o f diameter,

was

1 4

Amsterdam.

a ccording f or

( 165210).

( N.A.) .

r esolved i n 1 659

t he o ld proof l ead ball of which 1 2 made

p ondt

i n the

t hose were p laying d iscs

GT 1 327

s hot d ia.

' V'

n o.

There

Square weight

f ig.

AMSTERDAM,

Nova Z embla C ollection i n t he R ijksmuseum,

GT 9 84

( 1976),

O ther examples have

B ax a nd Martin

a nd d ated

f ig.

( 1702),

i n a n Amsterdam

t o become

2 12

1 6

i .e.

o ne Amsterdam

t o be c hanged t o a

p ondt , p ondt

t hat

a nd t he i .e.

1 8.1mm

1 7.3mm d iameter.

T he c aliver was i ntroduced i n t he l ate 1 6th c entury. I nitially i t was l ighter t han t he musket w ith a bore of 1 5.9mm c ompared w ith 1 8.6mm f or t he musket. t he 1 7th c entury,

During

t he musket was r eplaced by t he

c aliver which g radually l ost i ts own name a nd b ecame known a s t he musket,

K ist e t a l . ( 1974).

T hus i t s eems

t hat here w e a re d ealing w ith c aliver s hot, a ppears f rom t he s hot moulds, 6 .4.2.

b elow ),

a s a lso

GT 1 259 a nd 1 260

( see

with 1 6mm d iameter.

3 .4.5.

Vessels

( possibly p ewter )

G T 6 36

P ossibly a n i nkwell.

O ctagonal-sided c ontainer with

a n oval hole i n t he s lightly d epressed t op. i nkwell i s i llustrated i n t he N ikolaes d e H elt-Stocade, Home i n N ijmegen.

" Double P ortrait" by

d ated 1 647,

H owever,

A s imilar

i n t he O ld M en's

more o rnate v ersions

a ppear o n t he eating t able i n 1 7th c entury p ictures, a nd may be s alt o r c ondiment c ontainers.

( N.A.).

G T 9 83

Small c up,

3 .4.6.

M iscellaneous o bjects

G T 6 32

L ead-coated i ron c ylinder with s quare bore

G T 1 329

Tube-shaped o bject w ith s quare hole a t o ne e nd

G T 1 033

Small cylinder

G T 1 441

Two p ieces o f l ead p iping,

v ery badly c orroded.

( N.A.) . ( 155220).

( 275185).

( 280200). 2 13

possibly s cupper p ipes

GT 1 440

Lead s crap - 1 sack

GT 082

R ed l ead compound

GT

1 356

Lumps of l ead - 2

GT

1 357

Lumps

of l ead ore

GT

1 425

Small

round lump

GT

1 330

Lead scrap

( N.A.).

( N.A.). ( 185195). - 2

( 265200

approx.).

( N.A.).

( 200200).

GT 0 65

Piece of l ead with round holes

GT 016

Lead - 8 pieces,

t hickness

2 .5mm

( N.A.).

GT 0 34

L ead - 2 pieces,

thickness 2 .0mm

( N.A.).

GT 0 66

Lead - 1 piece

GT 075

Lead - 3 pieces,

thickness 4 .0mm

GT 6 03

Lead - 1 3 pieces

( N.A.).

GT 639

Lead - 9 pieces,

thickness

GT 6 47

Lead - 9 pieces

GT 6 62

Lead - 5 small

f ragments

( N.A.).

GT 6 71

Lead - 5 small

f ragments

( N.A.).

GT 687

Lead - 3 f ragments

GT

Lead - 4 small pieces

7 08

( N.A.).

( 195200).

( N.A.). ( N.A.).

Lead - 1 piece

GT

7 44

Lead pieces

GT

7 75

Lead - 1 piece

( N.A.).

GT

7 85

Lead - 1 piece

( N.A.).

GT

7 89

Lead - 5 pieces

( N.A.).

GT

7 92

Lead - 4 pieces

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

GT 8 05

Lead - 1 piece

( N.A.).

GT 8 06

L ead - 1 piece

( N.A.).

GT 8 08

Lead - 3 pieces

( N.A.).

GT 973

Small pieces

l ead s crap

GT

Two r ectangular s heets c opper

3 .0mm

( N.A.).

( 085179).

GT 7 09

1 442

( N.A.).

of

of

( N.A.).

l ead within

2 of

( N.A.).

Much of the l ead s heeting may have been patches

f or r epairing l eaks.

by Olds

( 1977),

l ead.

However,

too small i n u sed wooden

f or u se a s

I t has been suggested

that Spanish ships were not only i s the

s ize and quantity,

s heathed in

l ead s heeting here but a lso the V .O.C.

s heafhing system known a s

v erdubbeling

Alternatively it may have been part of the quantity of s ee Table

l ead exported t o the

6 -18,

C hapt.

6 below.

2 14

I ndies

large

each year,

3 .5.

Pewter

3 .5.1.

Bottle caps

GT 6 13A

GT 9 35

GT 7 63

GT 1 338

GT 1 339

G T 0 46

GT 9 34

GT 9 30

A - bottle c ap with beue g lass in s itu B - bottle c ap with g lass in s itu

G T 6 31

Bottle caps - 4 ( N.A.).

G T 6 31A

Bottle c ap * ( N.A.).

G T 7 63

Bottle c ap

( N.A.).

2 15

( N.A.) .

( N.A.).

GT 6 69

Bottle

caps

- 2 ( N.A.).

GT 930

Small bottle

GT 9 34

Bottle cap with glass

GT 935

Bottle

GT 1 056

Large bottle

GT 1 162

Bottle

GT

1 332

Large bottle

GT

1 334

Bottle

GT

1 336

Bottle cap

( 208200).

GT 1 337

Bottle

cap

( 200180).

GT 1 338

Bottle

cap

( 195200).

GT 1 339

Bottle

cap

( N.A.).

GT 1 340

Bottle caps

- 2 ( 230160).

GT 1 340

Bottle

- 2 ( 230160).

GT 0 47

Top of bottle cap

GT 0 44

Part of bottle cap

GT 1 424

Bottle

GT 7 42

Fragments of bottle cap

GT 1 333

R im of bottle

GT 1 335

Part of bottle

GT 9 94

Fragment of bottle cap

cap with r ing

( 173200).

neck i n s itu

c ap with glass i n s itu

cap

( 230160).

f ragments in s itu

cap with glass

cap

( 220205).

caps

( 185195).

( N.A.). ( N.A.).

( N.A.).

cap

( N.A.).

( 165210).

cap

( 165210). ( N.A.).

There are t hree basic types of bottle collection. i s

The

largest has

caps

a diameter of

c learly a ssociated with t he green glass

bottle 934,

( see below,

935,

( 290175)

( N.A.).

cap and r im f ragment

cap

( 230160).

have

GT 1 399).

The

caps

in t his 5 0mm and case

GT 9 31A,

a s crew-threaded top which

s crews

onto a collar attached to t he rim of the neck of the bottle 4 .1.2.).

( for d iscussion of bottles T his

type does

n ot occur on the BATAVIA,

but similar caps have been Stgnuit

( 1974),

f ig.

a rather

Martin MARIA,

f ound on t he LASTDRAGER,

2 1 and Appendix

SANTO CHRISTO DE CASTELLO, 1 4;

s ee S ection

1 ( below );

Lam ne t c a.

f latter type on DE LIEFDE,

( 1974),

f ig.

Mak van Waay

6B;

( 1974),

the f ig.

Bax a nd

a nd a lso on t he PRINSES

( 1974),

no.

1 3-15.

Pewter

c aps

have been mentioned f rom other wrecks but not d escribed or i llustrated. on the

Also,

SANTO ANTONIO DE TANN ,

2 16

they have been Sassoon

f ound

( 1977),

a ssociated with green g lass Port R oyal,

Marx

c ase bottles,

( 1971).

The s econd type has a d iameter a bout 1 338;

a nd at

3 5mm,

t hese s eem t o be smaller versions of t he a bove

type and possibly a re onion bottle t ops. have been f ound on t he BATAVIA, 3 285,

GT 7 63 a nd

3 286 and 3 319.

Stanbury

S imilar types ( 1974),

I t i s n ot c lear i f s imilar types

have been f ound on t he LASTDRAGER f rom f ig. ( 1974) Holman

BAT

a nd Appendix 1 ( below ),

2 1,

Stgnuit

a nd t he DARTMOUTH,

( 1975).

The third type,

GT 1 339 and t op only GT 9 30,

has d ia-

meters a pproximately 2 0mm,

a nd numerous examples have

been f ound on t he BATAVIA.

T he t op of t he c ap has a

l oop through which f its

a small r ing.

The pewter caps were widely u sed a s c ontainers.

f or g lass

I t i s c lear t he larger caps were f itted on

square c ase bottles,

however,

and small i s unclear. on s chnaps

s toppers

f lasks a s

t he u se of t he medium

I t may be that t hey were in D exel

f or t he medium s ize c aps;

( 1973),

f ig.

t he small c aps,

f itted

6 77 etc., which are

s imilar t o t he t ops on pewter bottles of t he period, may have been f itted to small g lass

3 .5.2.

G T 6 06

f lasks.

Spoons

Spoon d ecorated with rose and c rown and maker's mark ' PV'

i n c rown, . fig.

4 9A

( N.A.).

2 17

S cale x 5

( 49A)

( 49B)

PV mark on s poon GT 6 06.

( 49C)

Unknown mark on s poon GT 8 92. S cale x 5

GT 9 29

Spoon

VW mark on s poon GT 9 63.

( 290175).

2 18

GT 9 63

Spoon d ecorated with r ose a nd c rown, ' VW',

f ig.

4 9B;

a nd maker's mark

i nscribed on back a re t he

l etters

' W.K.'

( N.A.).

GT 8 92

S poon bowl i nscribed with S tar of D avid graffiti on back;

maker's mark i s n ot c lear,

GT 9 27

S poon bowl

G T 1 237

Spoon handles

GT 9 32

S poon handle

f ragment

GT 6 37

S poon handle

( N.A.).

GT 1 341

S poon handle

( N.A.).

f ig.

4 9C,

( N.A.).

( 275210). - 2 ( 275185). ( 165210).

The crowned rose i s t he mark f or f ine quality t in. o riginated f rom t he Tudor R ose which was into Antwerp i n 1 523. o ld f ine t in mark,

by the r ose and c rown,

and t he maker's

i ncorporated i n t he c rown, r ose,

Dubbe

( 1965).

i ntroduced

Approximately 1 613,

t he hammer a nd c rown,

t he original

was r eplaced

i nitials were

or on e ither s ide of t he

The maker 's

s poons have not been identified,

i nitials on t hese but marks s imilar t o

t hese occur extensively on plates a nd spoons of this

2 19

I t

period. of t he

T he s hape of the s poons are l ikewise t ypical 1 7th c entury.

spoon i s

T he graffiti on t he back o f t he

again a c ommon f inding f rom wreck s ites,

owner c arving h is i nitials on t he back a s

t he

i n GT 9 63.

The S tar of David on GT 8 92 may s ignify t hat t he spoon was owned by a J ewish person. of the V .O.C.

r etourschip

on l lth October 1 656,

of 2 50 men includes

Table 6 -4 Chapt.

s chipper ,

6 ,

below,

f or the

e quipment,

I ndies,

f or a

4 00 wooden s poons,

Table 6 -10,

I t i s l ikely t hat t he s poons t he officers'

t he mess

a nd f or the c abin of t he

t inne l epels,

2 0

I n the R esolutions

C hapt.

6 ,

below.

f ound here were part of

f or i f t hey were supplies

t hey would n ot be marked.

I t i s

interesting t o note t hat t he BATAVIA had f our s poons a ll with t he same maker's mark, stern cabin a rea of t he wreck, were V .O.C.

property;

P lates,

i ndicating t hat t hey

f rom t he same s ources.

pots a nd beakers

GT 9 82

Fragments of p ewter p late - 8 ( 230160).

GT 6 29

Plate f ragments

GT 6 63

P late f ragments - 4 ( N.A.).

GT 6 29

Base of plate or bowl

GT 0 47

Hinge

GT 7 76

Fragments of pewter - 1 8

GT 7 83

Fragment of pewter

GT 7 97

Fragments of pewter - 4 ( N.A.).

- 1 7

f ound a t t he

i t i s u nlikely t hat i ndividuals

would have a ll bought s poons

3 .5.3.

and a ll

( N.A.).

( 280200).

f ragment f rom s tein l id

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

2 20

1 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I 1

,

g f r

1 359

G T 0 48

P ewter c hamber-pot - e ncrusted

E ngraved p ewter mug

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

T he plate f ragments a re t oo badly c orroded e ither t o d etermine t he o riginal s hape o r l ocate a ny p ewter marks;

i t i s n oted t hat i n t he l ist o f pewter f or

t he c abin o f a e ach o f 3 l bs., T able 6 -10,

r etourschip , there were two plates 21 2 l / bs.,

C hapt.

T he c hamber-pot i s ( 1974);

6 ,

2 l bs.,

a nd 11 2 l / bs.,

s ee

below.

s imilar t o BAT 3 031,

S tanbury

o thers have b een f ound o n o ther wrecks,

n one a re e xactly s imilar.

but

T he handle o n t his p ot

i s made i n a d ifferent f ashion t han i s u sual.

T he

u se o f t he c hamber-pot must have p layed a n i mportant part i n s hipboard l ife, i t impossible

particularly where i llness made

he h eads. f or a p erson t o v isit t

A c lear

ickness i s i n t he a ssociation o f t he c hamber-pot with s painting "T he D octor ' s V isit" by J an S teen, t he Hague,

n o.

1 68,

M auritshuis,

which s hows t he p ot prominently

p laced n ext t o t he patient 's b ed. 2 21

A gain,

i n t he

l ist

of p ewter f or t he cabin o f a

r etourschip are the

w aterpotten or chamber-pots, Table 6-10, Chapt. 6 , below.

I t s eems t he c rew was n ot g iven t he l uxury

o f s uch i tems.

T he engraved p ewter mug G T 0 48,

i s v ery badly c orroded

a nd t he e ngraving o n i t i s o nly barely d iscernable. T he s cene i n t he c artouche a ppears t o be o f Aphrodite r iding o n a s hell, F lowers,

b irds a nd s croll-work c an a lso be s een a round

t he c artouche. Kohlmann

a lthough t his i s n ot c lear.

( 1972),

d ecoration,

A s imilar b eaker i s f ig.

1 06,

i llustrated,

o nly w ith a r elief

a nd i t i s o f 1 8th c entury manufacture.

T he g eneral s hape c orresponds t o C owan f ig.

1 5-19,

e t a l .

but t hat i s w ithout d ecoration.

( 1975),

4 .

M ISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL

o 4 .1.

G lass

4 .1.1.

M iscellaneous

GT 8 53

R osary medallion

ggi A >

Q

QQA : '

Q 00

( brass),

2 2 beads

( glass)

( 230160). S cale

T he r osary medallion i s oval with a suspension point on t he t op.

The surface of d ecoration i s worn,

a lthough t he deeper parts a re quite c risp. wear r esembles

t hat f ound on c oins,

The

a nd i ndicates

t hat i t was quite a n old i tem a t t he t ime of t he

l oss.

Other medallions have been f ound on t he SANTO CHRISTO D E CASTELLO,

McBride

e t a l .

( 1975),

f ig.

NUESTRA S ENORA DEL CARMEN or G ENOVES ( 1971);

others

Mombasa.

1 1a7,

( 1977),

GT 1 353

and on t he Horner

( 1974),

T he black g lass beads

n ot described i n Karklin

bead,

( 1730),

are i llustrated i n K irkman

f rom F ort J esus,

b ead t ypology,

1 1,

( 1974)

a re

1 7th c entury Netherlands

a lthough a t orroidal or c ircular black

i s mentioned.

T hey r esemble Baart

e t a l .

4 14.

G lass iron. S imilar irons are i llustrated i n G lissman 1 9,

who i ndicates

t o 1 7th c entury); s everal of these t o a s

a l ong period of manufacture Baart ( 153,

s trijkglazen .

u sed t o press

( 1970),

e t a l .

( 1977)

1 54 a nd 1 55).

( c

f ig. 7 00AD

i llustrates T hey are r eferred

They were barely heated and were

small p ieces of damp l inen.

2 23

1 :1

4 .1.2.

Bottles

/

G T 1 399

Square green g lass bottle - base height 3 00mm

1 12mm x 1 13mm,

( 230160).

GT 9 35

Green bottle n eck

GT 9 37

Base of dome-shaped d rinking g lass

GT 9 36

Base of square,

g reen bottle 1 10mm x 1 10mm

G T 9 45

Base of square,

g reen bottle

etched on bottom

( N.A.).

Base of square,

GT 9 52

Base of s quare green bottle

GT 9 53

E leven bases o f square,

g reen bottle

1 07mm x 1 05mm,

c ross

1 06mm x 1 07mm

( N.A.).

1 05mm x 1 05mm

9 6mm x 8 1mm,

1 06mm x 8 6mm ,

1 09mm x 1 04mm,

( N.A.).

green bottles and t hree

f ragments - 1 05mm x 1 03mm,

1 05mm,

( 280200).

( 210165).

G T 9 51

1 05mm x 1 01mm,

( 180195).

1 06mm x 1 04mm,

1 10mm x 1 09mm

2 24

1 04mm x 1 03mm,

( N.A.).

1 07mm x

GT 9 50

Base o f square,

g reen bottle 1 09mm x 1 08mm

GT 939

Base o f square,

g reen bottle 8 5mm x 1 00mm

GT 9 47

Base of square,

g reen bottle 8 5mm x 9 5mm

GT 9 48

Base o f square,

g reen bottle

G T 611

Three bases of s quare, f ragments,

( N.A.). ( 200250).

1 07mm x 8 5mm

g reen bottles

8 7mm x 1 08mm,

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

and e leven

1 02mm x 8 4mm

( N.A.).

GT 9 44

Part of a base of a square,

green bottle

( 155220).

GT 0 29

Part of a base o f a square,

green bottle

( N.A.).

GT 1 432

Base o f square,

g reen bottle

I n t he c ollection of g lass, ples o f onion bottle

( N.A.). t here appear

t o be n o exam-

f ragments a nd t he c ollection s eems

entirely t o c omprise c ase bottles.

T he two basic base

s izes a re a bout 1 10mm x 1 10mm and 1 00mm x 8 5mm ; o nly bottle GT 1 399,

t he

f rom which a c omplete profile can be taken,

has a height of 3 00mm,

a pproximately 3 .5

l itres.

a nd t hus a volume of

Stenuit's

suggestion t hat

t hese bottles c ould have been mercury c ontainers, Stenuit

( 1974)

a nd Appendix 1 ( below ),

i s d iscussed

i n Appendix 3 .

Marx 1 04,

( 1969)

i llustrates

a s imilar-shaped bottle,

which he d escribes a s

it s eems

l ikely t hat t he

no.

a s nuff or medicine bottle;

s cale i s i n e rror on t hese

drawings and t hat t hey s hould be half s cale rather t han quarter.

I f t his

i s

t he c ase,

would s tand 2 60mm high a nd be would be

t he bottle mentioned 1 40mm square,

s imilar in s hape t o our e xamples.

it i s possible t hat Marx 's example i s c entury rather t han Muckelroy

( 1974)

( 1974)

bottles ( 1975)

Thus,

i n f act 1 7th

1 9th a s he s uggests.

Price a nd

f ound s imilar bases on t he KENNEMERLAND,

and n oted two s izes u it

which

1 12mm square a nd 8 0mm square;

and Appendix 1 ( below),

r ecords

s quare c ase

and onion bottles on t he LASTDRAGER ;

Holman

r ecords a broken c ase bottle f rom t he DARTMOUTH

with a pewter s crew t op, height - t he base appears

but does n ot r ecord t he t o be 8 0mm x 4 2mm.

have been f ound on t he SANTA ANTONIO D E TANNA, ( 1977),

S ten-

and the Z EEWIJK, 2 25

I ngelman-Sundberg

f ull

Others Sassoon

( 1977i).

I n v iew of t he c ommon o ccurrence of t his t ype of bottle on other m id-17th c entury V .O.C. been c ontainers

f or w ine,

ordered i tem f or t he

I ndies.

of Spanish w ine a nd 5 0 ordered f or t he e ither,

s ince

t hey may have

t his was

a r egularly

I n

Z eggers

I ndies;

s hips,

1 656,

l eggers

o f French wine were

t he c ase bottles may h ave h eld

a lthough t he r equisitions

( i9ggers)

1 70

r efer t o barrels

r ather t han c ases of bottles.

N oel Hume

( 1972)

suggests t hat t he s quare-sided c ase bottles pre-date t he mid-17th c entury g lobular-bodied

' onion'

a nd t hat t hese were s tored i n c ases o r generally h olding a d ozen bottles. bottles

a s N ogl Hume notes:

" ...

' cellars'

T hese

1 7th c entury",

origin.

s quare

r epresent a v ery l arge

part of t he E nglish bottle output of t he the

b ottle,

f irst half of

a s well a s being o f N etherlands

I t s eems most l ikely t herefore t hat t hese

c ase bottles were part of t he personal possessions of t he s enior o fficers who, c hests,

were a llowed 2

i n addition t o t heir s ea

f leskelders

holding 1 5 c ase bottles each, There s eems

s ee

( bottle C hapt.

c ellars)

6 .5 b elow.

l ittle d oubt t hat t hese b ottles w ere u sed

f or s toring w ine,

d espite t he s uggestion t hat t he

pewter t ops a re i ncompatible w ith w ine.

T here a re f ew c ontemporary

1 7th c entury paintings

s howing square c ase b ottles a ssociated with w ine. I n most d rinking s cenes,

t he wine appears

d ecanted i nto a s toneware o r s ilver whence i t was poured i nto t he g lass. " Vanitas no. t op,

1 429,

S till L ife" s hows

( 1655),

( ?)

t o have been

j ug,

f rom

Anthonie L eemans'

R ijksmuseum,

Amsterdam,

a c ase bottle with a n o rnate p ewter

a nd a f ull wine g lass n earby.

G T 0 83

lass G reen g

- 9 3 pieces

( N.A.).

GT 0 30

lass G reen g

- 1 1 p ieces

( N.A.).

G T 6 38

lass - 1 1 . p ieces G reen g

( N.A.).

GT 6 66

lass G reen g

GT 6 67

lass - 1 5 pieces Green g

- 8 pieces

( N.A.). ( N.A.).

2 26

GT 7 04

Green g lass - 5 p ieces

G T 7 05

One box: f ragments

f ragments

( N.A.).

- r ound bottle's base a nd 3 neck

( N A.).

GT 6 65

Green g lass

- 2 base

GT 7 13

G reen g lass

- 1 3 p ieces

( N.A.).

G T 7 16

Green g lass

- 1 3 pieces

( N.A.).

G T 7 62

ieces G reen g lass - 3 p

( N.A:).

G T 7 73

G reen g lass - 6 pieces

( N.A.).

G T 9 38

lass - 5 1 p ieces Green g

( N.A.).

G T 9 40

Green g lass

( N.A.).

G T 943

ieces Green g lass - 3 p

GT 9 49

One box of green g lass pieces

G T 1 155

Green g lass

- 2 pieces

( N.A.).

G T 1 400

Green g lass - 6 p ieces

( N.A.).

G T 7 61

Fragmented green bottle n eck

G T 9 41

S even r im f ragments o f green bottle n ecks

G T 9 46

N eck f ragment a nd r im - green g lass

G T 9 54

Two pieces of c oncreted g lass

f ragments

- 3 6 p ieces

drinking vessel

( N.A.).

( 245220). ( 230160).

( N.A.). ( N.A.).

( N.A.).

- possibly f rom a

( N.A.).

GT 1 015

P iece of y ellow g lass

in c oncretion

G T 1 401

G lass caps - 2 ( 275210).

GT 9 42

C lear g lass

GT 7 25

G lass

G T 1 154

Base

f ragments - 4 ( N.A.).

f ragments - 3 ( N.A.). f ragments of g lass - 2 ( N.A.).

2 27

( N.A.).

4 .2.

Stone Material

4 .2.1.

Slates and pencils

GT 9 22

Slate pencil

( N.A.).

GT 9 24

S late pencil

( 215200).

GT 681

Slate pencil,

GT 6 64

P ieces of s late - 3 ( N.A.).

GT 9 1 5

P ieces of s late - 3 ( 230160).

GT 9 25

Pieces of s late - 1 8

GT 1 149

Triangular piece of s late

broken

( N.A.).

( N.A.). ( 265180).

This method of writing - f or t aking n otes a nd d oing c alculations

- i s

s till in u se in Holland today,

t he s late pencils u sed now a re s imilar t o those here.

and f ound

Four s imilar pencils have been f ound on t he

BATAVIA,

Stanbury

( 1974),

BAT 4 202,

4 203,

4 204,

4 205,

t ogether with a c ollection of s late f ragments s imilar to t hose f ound here. s late pencil in Hants.

4 .2.2.

GT 0 28

Barton

f ragments

Whetstone

( N.A.).

2 28

r ecords

two

f rom a n 1 8th c entury w ell

S imilar t o Baart

Schist whetstones

( 1969)

e t a l .

( 1977),

7 31.

GT 6 09

Whetstone

( N.A.).

G T 7 06

Whetstone

( N.A.).

GT 911

Whetstone

( N.A.).

GT 9 23

Whetstone

( 265200).

I ;

I GT 9 71

Whetstone

( N.A.).

GT 9 71A

Whetstone

( N.A.).

GT 1 344

Whetstone

( 235205).

2 29

Holden

( 1963)

suggests t hat s chist whetstones g ener-

a lly had a suspension hole i n t hem,

but i t i s i nterest-

ing t hat none of t hese examples have such holes, do t he 2 0 examples The examples

f ound on t he BATAVIA,

except GT 0 28.

a lso i ndicates s ources of s chist a s t he R hineland.

Huggins

hones which were

( 1969)

Holden

( 1963)

r ecords t hree m icaschist

f ound i n mediaeval a nd l ater d eposits

hones a ttributed t o t he been f ound a t St.

F ragmentary s chist

l ate 1 6th or 1 7th c entury have

Neots,

A s ingle whetstone was

Addyman a nd Marjoram

f ound on t he HOLLANDIA,

6 ,

4 .2.3.

Grindstones

GT 1 429

Sandstone grindstone. Hole s ize 0 .060mm

Stgnuit

a nd various whetstones

C owan

e t a l .

whetstones were r equisitioned f or t he C hapt.

( 1972).

f ound o n t he LASTDRAGER ,

a nd Appendix 1 ( below ),

Table 6 -20,

( 1974)

f rom Brittany a nd

at an excavation a t Waltham Abbey.

were

Stanbury

f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK a ppear t o b e

r elatively n ew a nd unused,

( 1974)

nor

( 1975).

4 0

I ndies in 1 653,

below.

D ia.

( N.A.).

2 30

0 .872m,

S cale

1 :8

Thickness 0 .112m,

GT 1 427

Sandstone grindstone. Hole s ize 0 .072mm

D ia.

( 175200).

1 .096m, S cale

The three millstones a ll have

Thickness 0 .120m,

1 :8

square d rive holes,

but

do not s eem t o c onform t o a ny pattern i n d iameter, thickness or hole s ize. s tones was

There a re no r ecords of m ill-

i n t he r equisitions,

t he purpose o f t hese.

and i t i s not c lear what I t i s possible t hat t hey

were grindstones r ather t han millstones. grindstones

t hey would be t ermed

2 31

I f t hey were

s lijp-steen

a nd would

be turned v ertically by hand, 7 5-32.

G rindstones were

Witsen

( 1690),

c ommonly requisitioned.

The t hickness of these s tones i s v ery small however,

a nd t he d iameter v ery l arge.

l ikely t hat t hese were,

i n f act,

were u sed horizontally,

N ooms

grinding c orn,

f ig.

( 120mm )

I t s eems more

millstones which

( 1970),

f ig.

1 ,

f or

e tc.

I n Batavia a t this

t ime,

t here was

a powder mill and

s everal s ugar mills which w ere driven by water power. T he grindstone f ound on t he K ENNEMERLAND, Muckelroy

( 1974),

three here;

was a bout t he same s ize a s t he

however,

t heir c onclusion t hat,

one was

f ound,

voyage,

s eems t o be wrong.

large,

Price a nd

i t was

a s only

f or u se on-board during t he T he grindstone was v ery

and would have n eeded extensive equipment t o

operate i t.

Also,

t here was only one,

not t wo a s would

be u sual.

•

.

•• • jj

•. %

• •

Sandstone grindstone. Hole s ize 0 .060mm

D ia.

0 .920m,

Thickness 0 .104m,

( 100200). S cale 1 :8

2 32

4 .2.4.

M iscellaneous

G T 616

C oal

( N.A.).

T his was a c ommon i tem r equisitioned f or t he Master Smith.

I n 1 656,

c oolen )

were r equisitioned,

C hapt.

6 ,

1 500 hods of f orge c oal KA 1 0061,

( smits

a nd Table 6 -20,

below.

G T 7 51

L arge piece of f lint

( N.A.).

G T 9 58

Small piece of

( 275210).

f lint

F ive hundred f lints were r equested f or t he g eneral d emand f or t he 6 -20

( 2000

I ndies

i n 1 656,

f or t he W apen G amer in 1 653),

G T 7 77

P iece of c halk

G T 9 75

P ieces of c halk - 3 ( 210185).

G T 9 76

*L umps

KA 1 0061,

6 .

of c halk - 3 ( 265200).

Lumps of c halk - 3 ( 207200).

G T 9 78

P ieces of c halk - 3 ( 225200).

G T 9 79

Lump of c halk

G T 9 80

L arge

G T 1 007

Lump of c halk

G T 1 161

L arge of l umps o f c halk - 2 ( N.A.).

( 210185).

lump of c halk

( 265180).

( 265200).

E ight v aten of chalk

( kalk)

g eneral equipment i n t he

f or t he

I ndies,

r equirements o f

1 656,

t onnen of chalk was ordered in 1 653,

6 -20,

C hapt.

( N.A.).

G T 9 77

1 0

a nd Table

Chapt.

6 ,

below.

2 33

KA 1 0061, s ee Table

a nd

5 .

ORGANIC MATERIAL

5 .1.

Wood

5 .1.1.

M iscellaneous small a rtefacts.

GT 1 143

Drumstick,

G T 1 144

Drumstick,

c omplete,

broken

hard wood - possibly e bony

( 175195).

( N.A.).

Drumsticks were n ot s pecifically mentioned in t he r equisitions

f or t he I ndies f or 1 656,

a lthough in t he l ists were 4 0 drums, 2 00 s nares,

2 00 s trings,

drum c arrying-bands.

KA 1 0061, 3 00 drumskins,

2 00 brace s trings and 5 0

S o i t would s eem t hat i t i s n ot

impossible t hat t hese drumsticks were provisions t he

I ndies.

H owever,

s hipboard u se;

GT 1 036

t hey c ould also have been f or

g enerally t he

one d rum under h is

Powder f lask and c ap,

P owder c ap - wood

C onstapel had a t l east

c harge.

c omplete - wood with l eather

( 215200). G T 1 088

f or

( 215200).

2 34

S cale

GT 1 004

Powder f lask - wood with l eather

( 215200).

GT 1 037

P owder

l eather

( 215200).

G T 1 051

P owder f lask - wood with l eather

( 215200).

GT 1 089

Powder c ap - wood

( 215200).

GT 1 091

Powder c ap - wood

( 215200).

f lask - wood with

Twelve o f t hese c harges were originally

f itted with

l eather s trings t o a musketeer's bandolier. of various c harges may be 7 0;

s een i n K ist

Examples

( 1971),

plate

and a re s hown being u sed by a musketeer i n d e

G heijn

( 1607),

f ig.

2 3.

The examples

VERGULDE DRAECK a ppear t o be

l eather-covered,

wood i s i n a v ery f ragile c ondition. f or the

I ndies,

f or calivers. musket

KA 1 0061, T he

f rom t he

T he r equisitions

include 2 00 s houlder belts

l atter was a l ighter v ersion of t he

( which was a matchlock of 6 .5kg weight,

1 8.6mm bullet ), of 1 5.9mm.

a nd weighed a bout 4 kg,

The l ead musket-balls

ball mould G T 1 260 would have made, T hus,

by 1 659,

5 00 bandoliers were ordered in 1 653 C hapt.

6 ,

2 35

with a c alibre

t hat t he musket

both g ive d iameters

t he V .O.C.

s hot a round 1 7 t o 1 8mm i n d iameter

s ee Table 6 -20,

below.

f iring

f ound on t he wreck

s ite and t he d iameter of musket balls

a round 1 6.5mm.

and t he

( see

was u sing

3 .4.4.

f or t he

above).

I ndies,

G T 1 395

Pulley s heave - wood T he only e xample

( 275210).

f ound on t he wreck s ite.

)

B B I A A G T 1 145

M easuring s tick,

t he e ight m ost o bvious g raduations a re

a ll 2 5.5mm l ong - a bout a n i nch a part; s ubdivided i nto quarters

( 275210).

T he v alue o f t he . v arious i nches,

2 36

t hese u nits a re

V an D ale

( 1970),

i s

a s

f ollows:

Amsterdamse

d uim - 2 5.73mm

R ijnlandse

d uim - 2 6.16mm

English

i nch - 2 5.4mm

T he t wo o bvious p ossibilities

f or t he t ype o f i nch u sed

h ere i s e ither t he Amsterdam o r E nglish. a ppears t o b e u nbroken, t herefore,

a lthough s lightly worn a nd,

i s a lmost c ertainly a f oot r uler s lightly

l onger t han 2 82mm. ( 1970),

T he r od

T he v alues

f or t he f oot,

i s a s f ollows:

Amsterdamse

v oet - 2 83mm

R ijnlandse

v oet - 3 14mm

English

f oot - 3 05mm

T he r uler,

t herefore,

i s

c learly a n Amsterdamse

of 2 83mm made u p a s u sual of 1 1 Amsterdamse G T 1 146

L ong wooden r od w ith s quare c ross d ipstick

G T 1 133

s ection,

v oet

d uim . p ossibly a

( N.A.).

G raduated wooden r od,

g raduations a t 2 4mm i ntervals,

unknown g raduation o n r everse

G T 1 125

Van D ale

C ircular plate o f wood,

( 170205).

possibly l id o f c ask

2 37

( N.A.).

GT 1 041

Dowel(245220).

GT 1 054

D owel a nd wedge

( 180195).

GT 1 068

Wedge

GT 1 130

Bung

GT 1 137

Bung,

5 .1.2.

Handles

GT 1 034

Ivory knife handle,

GT

Ivory knife handle with brass

1 039

( 220205). ( 265180). 4 5mm d iameter

( 235205).

( also bone)

8 5mm l ong

( 235205).

f errule,

9 5mm l ong

( 290175).

GT 1 136

Bone knife handle with wavy-line d ecoration, 8 2mm l ong

( N.A.).

GT 985

Wooden t ool handle,

1 10mm l ong

GT 1 004

Wooden handle,

GT 1 005

Wooden knife handle w ith d iamond pattern,

8 0mm l ong

( 215200).

( 215200).

8 5mm l ong

( 215200).

GT 1 006

Wooden peg

( ?)

with s quare hole a t one e nd,

( 215200).

2 38

8 5mm

G T 1 044

Wood,

with brass wire whipping,

of sword handle

broken,

possibly part

( 175195).

GT 1 052

Wood,

1 32mm l ong t ool handle

GT 1 069

Wood,

1 60mm l ong

( 290175).

( 225200).

0 G T 1 072

Wood,

GT 1 079

Wooden r od

G T 1 134

Wooden handle with brass

G T 1 138

Wooden bodkin handle,

GT 1 139

small t ool handle, ( ?)

7 5mm l ong

part o f handle

Wooden t ool handle,

( ?)

s pike

bradawl handle,

( 280200).

( 235205).

8 5mm l ong

1 40mm l ong

( 215200).

( 235205).

( 215200).

GT 1 352

Wood,

7 4mm l ong

( N.A.).

GT 1 061

Wooden nails or s prigs

G T 1 055

Wooden f ragments

G T 1 099

Wooden f ragment

GT 1 397

Wooden tube with grooves on outside

( 215200).

( 290175). ( 290175).

2 39 •

( 265180).

5 .1.3.

Combs and f an

( also bone)

GT 9 86

Bone c omb

( 210190).

GT 1 129

Wooden

( ?)

c omb

( 245220).

GT 1 131

Wooden

( ?)

c omb

( N.A.)

GT 1 354

Fan and f ragments

( 200200).

These c ombs a re c ommon f inds, t ed i n Baart e t al . ( 1977),

2 40

a nd s everal are i llustra-

1 10.

5 .2.

Bone

5 .2.1.

Elephant tusks,

f ig.

Elephant tusks were V .O.C.

t o the

an important c argo carried by the

I ndies,

item by weight. were

4 4.

being a bout the third l argest

On average,

a bout 4 0,000 Amsterdamse

t he years below.

1 634 and

1 664,

I n s ome years,

but at other t imes,

the orders

i ncreased t o

and were

imported to

the

f rom West Africa,

r ecords

( 1971).

or other

in t he

of s ettlement a t the Cape.

However,

f irst

f ew years

he notes

that

tusks of d ead elephants were often d iscovered,

KA 4 56

f .

5 8.

Thus,

almost c ertainly came a s

any e lephants

because of a larming depletion

in numbers of t hese animals

the

( 1947)

Van R iebeeck

f orbidden t o kill

' big game'

Menkman

Only a l imited number were

at t he Cape of Good Hope.

that i t was

a s

The tusks were

C ompagnie

( G.W.C.)

6 ,

a s much

G eoctroyeerde W est I ndische

available

such

I ndies

a s

Norway,

early a s

Svalesen

A - F - A ,B,D,E,

f rom West Africa,

1 634.

tusks

particularly

s lave ( 1974),

Elephant tusks have a lso s hip FREDENSBORG and t he

- Sections of tusks - tusk

F ,

- f ragments of tusk

S ection of tusk

GT 691

Tusk

GT

Tusk,

( N.A.).

( N.A.). i ncomplete

( 1765)

Z EEWIJK.

C ,

GT 95

Tusk

i t would s eem that the

l arge quantities were c ommonly exported to the

been f ound on t he

1 366

Chapt.

Netherlands by the

and Goslinga

GT

s ee Table 6 -18,

tusks were not r equisitioned;

f rom African e lephants,

1 364

p ondt p er a nnum between

p ondt p er a nnum .

90,000 Amsterdamse

GT 0 02

the annual requisitions

( N.A.).

( 230160).

2 41

( N.A.).

i n

GT

1 367

Tusk,

t ip damaged

( 245195).

GT

1 365

Tusk,

1 58mm l ong

( 180195).

GT

1 370

Tusk,

1 54mm l ong

( 215200).

GT

1 371

Tusk,

1 58mm l ong

( 265200).

GT

1 372

Tusk,

1 90mm l ong

( N.A.).

GT

1 374

Tusk,

large

( N.A.).

GT 1 375

Tusk

( N.A.).

GT

Tusk

( N.A.).

GT 1 377

Tusk,

l arge

GT 1 378

Tusk

GT

1 384

Tusk,

GT

1 363

End of tusk - 2 pieces

GT

1 373

Tip of tusk and 2 pieces

GT

1 391

Tip of tusk

GT

1 392

Tusk

( N.A.).

GT

1 393

Tusk

( N.A.).

GT

1 394

Part of elephant tusk

1 376

( N.A.).

( N.A.). 1 .6m l ong

( 285210).

Fragment of tusk

GT 6 70

Ivory f ragments

GT

Ivory

( N.A.).

( N.A.). - 3 ( N.A.).

f ragments - 1 4

( N.A.).

GT 7 60

Ivory fragments

GT 7 85

I vory pieces - 4 ( N.A.).

GT

7 87

I vory pieces

GT 7 88

Ivory pieces

GT 8 09

Ivory pieces - 3 ( N.A.).

GT 1 003

Ivory piece

GT

1 166

Ivory pieces

GT

1 362

Ivory piece

GT 1 379

( 255205).

( N.A.).

GT 0 62

7 26

( 255205).

7

( N.A.).

2 ( N.A.).

- 3 ( N.A.).

( N.A.). - 2 ( 155220). ( 215200).

Piece of tusk

( N.A.). 2 42

5 .2.2.

A nimal

a nd f ish

G T 1 101

R at s kull

( 215200).

G T 1 102

R at s kull

( 215200).

G T 1 066

L ower j awbone of r at

( 215200).

G T 1 085

L ower

j awbone of r at

( 215200).

GT 1 084

B one

f rom j aw of r at

( 215200).

G T 1 087

R at bone?

G T 1 067

R at bones - 2 ( 215200).

( 215200).

T he two s kulls have been i dentified by Mr. t he W. A.

Museum,

s hip's r at.

a s t hose of Ratus Ratus,

A .

Bains,

o f

t he brown or

This s keletal material i s of i nterest,

particularly a s we know t his was t he t he s hip a nd,

t herefore,

s econd v oyage of

i t may b e r easonably a ssumed

t hat t here were many more r ats on-board. a inly s ome would have

Almost c ert-

survived t he wreck i tself;

t he

question has been r aised t hat s hould a f ew r ats have r eached s hore,

t hat t his may have been t he i ntroduc-

t ion of Ratus Ratus G T 9 98

F ish-bone

i nto Australia.

( 180195).

G T 1 063/65 F ish-bones - 3 ( 215200). G T 1 073/74 F ish vertebrae - 9 , G T 1 360

a nd other

f ish bones

F ish v ertebrae a nd 2 bone f ragments, e nd

( 220205).

1 with c harred

( 235205).

G T 1 361

F ish v ertebrae - 2 ( 215200).

G T 1 083

F ish-scale

( 215200).

I t i s questionable i f t his material was, board t he s hip a t t he t ime of t he

l oss,

i n f act,

on-

o r i f i t i s

i ntrusive material f rom f ish t hat have d ied i n t he a rea. I t s hould be noted,

however,

t hat t hese bones were bur-

i ed i n d eep organic l ayers o f t he s ite, hang,

u nder t he over-

i n a n area where other a nimal bones were

2 43

f ound.

( 50)

L ongitudinal h alf o f b arrel a ssociated w ith bones.

0

CM

1 0

I RA ILJ I LJ IL A ILJ ( 51 )

P ig B ones, 1 167,

1 179,

( from l eft t o r ight G T 1 165, 1 368,

1 183,

1 179,

1 368).

1 368,

1 368,

Cow and p ig: All the bone material identified by Mr.

in t his

G .D.

domestic c ow and p ig.

s ection has been t entatively

van d er Heide,

a s being

This material was

with the r emains of barrels,

f ig.

5 0;

I t was

bone,

e tc.

( pork),

i .e.

5 1,

and

v leesch

( beef),

r eferred to i n t he r equisitions.

goods

arriving i n t he

that

1 ,257

1 0072,

I ndies

v aaten s peck

arrived in the carried 2 7

I ndies.

and I n

v aaten v leesch

Table

6 -21,

Chapt.

1 ,785

1 653,

f or

Chapt.

6 , t he

below.

2 4 pieces

( 275210).

GT 1148

Animal bones

3 9 pieces

( N.A.).

GT 1163

Animal bones

3 3 pieces

( 275185).

GT 1 164

Animal bones

3 3 pieces

( N.A.).

GT 1 165

Animal bones

1 2 p ieces

( 215200).

GT 1167

Animal bones

4 4 pieces

( 255205).

GT 1 168

Animal bones

- 1 r ib

GT

1 169

Animal bones

- 5 ( 155220).

G T

1 170

Animal bones

- 2 s capulae

( N.A.).

( 290175).

( 280200).

GT 1 172

Animal bones

- 1 1

( 280200).

GT 1 173

Animal bones

- 2 ( 170205).

GT 1 174

Animal bones

- 3 pieces

GT

1 175

Animal bones

- 1 9

GT 1 176

Animal bones

- 5 ( 220205).

GT

Animal bones

- 3 ( 165210).

( 275185).

( 225200).

GT 1 178

0 pieces Animal bones. - 1

( 245220).

GT

9 pieces Animal bones - 1

( 245220).

2 45

5 2A,

B ,

and

The r ecord of KA 1 0074,

s hows

v aaten v leesch

KA

However it may

ship's provisions,

Animal bones

eg Animal bone - l

s peck

v aaten s peck ,

6 .

GT 1 171

f igs.

thigh-

the VERGULDE DRAECK

GT 1147

1 179

vertebra,

f or 2 656,

and 41

equally been part of

Table 6 -17,

1 177

c ontainers

The c ontents may have been the

f ig.

but i t

noted that particular barrels

c ontained c ertain s orts of bone,

have

found,

c lear t hat t hey were originally t he

this matter.

C ,

f ound a ssociated

in every case,

only vague r emnants of the barrels were it i s

f rom the

s ee

( 52A )

C ow B ones

( GT 1 452 a bove,

a nd 1 147)

n ote butchering

mark on k nuckle of GT 1 147.

( 52B)

D etail of butchering mark o n G T 1 147.

( 52C)

Butchered c ow v ertebrae

0 ( GT 1 189).

MU M

c m

5 B I M

GT 1 180

Animal bones

GT 1 181

Animal bones - 2 1

( 165210).

G T 1 182

Animal bones - 3 6

( 235205).

G T 1 183

Animal bones

( 215200).

G T 1 184

Animal bones - 8 ( 215200).

G T 1 185

Animal bones

- 1 6

Animal bones

- 4 ( N.A.).

G T 1 8 6 G T 1187 G T 1188 G T 1189

- 4 ( N.A.).

- 3 6

( N.A.).

Animal bones - 1 0

( 275185).

Animal Bones - 2 4

( 180195).

Animal bones

- 2 6

( N.A.).

GT 1 190

Animal bones

- 7 ( N.A.).

GT 1 191

Animal bones

- 8 ( 290175).

G T 1192 G T 1193 G T 1194 G T 1195 G T 1196 G T 1368 G T 1369 G T1449 G T 1450

Animal bones - 7 ( 275210). Animal bones

- 1 8

( 290175).

Animal bones - 6 ( 215200). Animal bones

- 3 ( 255205).

Animal bones

- 4 1

( 215200).

Animal bones - 4 1

( 280200).

Animal bones

( 275210).

- 4 6

Animal bones - 7 ( 290175). Animal bones - 2 r ibs in c oncretion

GT 1 452

Animal bones - 2 6

5 .2.3.

Beads

( 208200).

( N.A.).

S cale

G T 999 G T 1 3 4 3

White bone bead

( N.A.).

5 .3.

Miscellaneous:

P itch and resin

G T 1 0 0 0 G T 1 0 0 0

Small white bone bead

Box of p itch

1 :1

( 210190).

( N.A.).

A - piece of p itch; B - piece of pitch

( N.A.).

The G eneral D emand f or t he I ndies vaten arpui j .s o r r esin.

Harpuis

i n 1 656 o rdered 2 75 ( arpuijs)

incendiary material in f ire-ships,

2 47

was u sed a s

a nd a lso a s a

protection against s hip worm , a s hip i s

v erdubbeld

c ow hair covers waterline.

Witsen

( or s heathed),

are

a layer of tarred

l aid over this

grey paper c overed with harpuis, onto the hull with numerous

v erdubbeien n agels.

Also,

which

a ll nailed

l arge-headed iron nails,

pap was

f rom harpuis,

i s

and then

u sed f or anti-worm.

r ough hair,

whale-oil

sulphur,

and was

applied below t he waterline,

( 1690).

Van

( 1697)

Smith

IJk

( 1627)

mentions:

mentions

and

Witsen

the s ame procedure.

" Graving i s only under water,

a white mixture of Tallow, Train-oile,

Where

the outside of the hull below t he

Thin planks

This was made

( 1690).

Sope and Brimstone;

or

Rosin and Brimstone boiled together,

i s

the best t o preserve her c alking and make her g lib or s lippery to pass of

a rpuijs

below,

was

the water."

r equisitioned,

Ships

a lso

their own supplies,

Table

Rope

c arried

4 000

l bs.

6 -20,

2 00

v aten

Chapt.

a rpuis

a s part of

as per Table 6 -13.

5 .4.

Fibres:

GT 0 24

R ope

coiled around c onglomerate

GT 0 54

R ope

f ibre

GT 0 56

A - piece of rope;

and matting

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

B - piece of rope GT 9 97

R ope

GT 1 062

P iece of string

GT 1 086

Rope

GT 1 159

P ieces

GT 1 197

P iece of rope

GT 1 355

Bag of rope pieces

GT 6 86

Matted f ibres

GT

Matting

GT 1 059

1 653,

of which the VERGULDE DRAECK delivered one,

Table 6 -21.

1 090

In

( N.A.).

( 215200).

f ibres

( 235205).

( 215200).

of r ope

- 3 ,

c oncreted

6 0mm l ong

( N.A.).

( 275210).

( 275210).

f rom cannon n o.

1 4

( 800230).

( 215200).

Stuffing f ibres

f rom c annon n o.

2 48

1 4

( 800230).

6 ,

5 .5.

S eeds

and Straw

GT 614

S eeds

- 2 ( N A.).

GT 7 48

Seed

GT 990

Seeds

- 6 ( 210200).

GT 9 91

Seeds

- 4 ( 165210).

GT 9 92

Seeds

- 1 9

( 207200).

GT 9 93

Seeds

- 1 1

( 265180).

GT

1 042

Jar of s eeds

( 215200).

GT 1 043

Jar of s eeds

( 250200).

GT 1 045

Jar of s eeds

( 250200).

GT

Seeds

1 046

( N.A.).

- 3 ( 210200).

GT 1 048

Jar of s eeds

( 215200).

GT 1 053

Jar of s eeds

( 250200).

GT 1 132

Jar of s eeds

( 200200).

GT

1 345

Thirteen s eeds with

GT

1 345

A - 6 s eeds with

f ruit attached;

B - 6 s eeds with

f ruit attached

fruit attached

GT 1 420

P ieces

5 .6.

Timber

5 .6.1.

G eneral

GT 014

T imber - 1 piece

GT 0 55

One

GT 061

Piece with hair a ttached

GT 0 98

Pieces

GT 6 92

P iece

( N.A.).

GT 694

Piece

( N.A.). •

GT 6 95

Piece

( N.A.).

GT

Fragments

7 12

of reed or s traw

concreted piece

( 215205).

( 235205).

( N.A.). ( N.A.). ( N.A.).

- 3 ( N.A.).

- 2 ( N.A.)

2 49.

( 215205).

GT

7 28

Fragments

- 3 ( N.A.).

GT

7 31

Fragments

- 1 2

GT

7 45

Fragments

- 9 ( N.A.).

GT

7 49

Fragments

- 2 ( N. A.).

GT

7 65

Fragment

( N.A.).

GT

7 82

Fragment

( N.A.).

GT

7 93

Fragment

( N.A.).

GT

8 03

Fragments

- 7 ( N.A.).

GT

8 04

Fragments

- 4 ( N. A.).

GT

1 014

Wood bark and

f ragments

GT

1 109

Piece of wood

( N.A.).

GT

1 121

Piece of wood

( N.A.).

GT

1 141

Pieces of wood

GT

1 385

Timber pieces

GT

1 386

Ships

GT

1 387

T imber pieces

GT

1 388

Piece of t imber

( 215200).

GT

1 389

P iece of t imber

( 215200).

GT

1 390

P iece of t imber

( 215200).

GT

1 404

Wood f ragments,

c oncreted

GT

1 405

Wood f ragment

( N.A.).

GT

1 406

Wood f ragment

( 275210).

GT

1 410

Assorted pieces

GT 1 411 GT

1 412

t imber

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( 200200). - 1 bag

( 245220).

( N.A.). - 1 bag

of

( 215200).

s hips

Parts of wooden cask,

( 275185).

t imbers

f igs.

5 3 and

Two pieces of dowel-shaped wood

5 .6.2.

Bark,

s ilverbirch,

GT

1 047

Bark

( 220205).

GT

1 049

Bark

( 215200).

GT

1 050

Bark

( 235205).

GT

1 060

Bark

( 215200).

GT

1 078

Bark

( 215200).

GT

1 082

Bark

( 220205).

GT

1 097

Bark

( 245220).

GT

1 135

Bark

( 275210).

GT

1 142

Piece of wood with bark

GT

1 396

Bark

( N.A.).

2 50

( N. A.)

( 215200).

possibl y dunnage

( 215200).

5 4

( 175195).

( 53)

( 54)

B arrel

s taves.

B ottom o f barrel o r bucket i n u nderhang, i n base.

T his photograph was

n ote coins

a hand h eld t ime e xposure.

( 55)

R emains of l eather s hoe G T 1 092 d etail below.

S cale

1 :2

4

.

S cale 1 :1

T op ( 56)

R emains of heel GT 1 113.

S ide S cale 1 :1

Bottom

S ide

T op

( 57)

R emains o f h eel GT 1 115

5 .7.

L eather:

G T 1 057

P arts o f s hoe

( 255205).

GT 1 092

L eather s hoe,

f ig.

G T 1 105

L eather s trap f rom s hoe

GT 1 106

Parts of s hoe

G T 1 107

L eather f ragments

G T 1 108

S hoe h eel

G T 1 109

L eather f ibres

G T 1 110

P iece o f s hoe l eather

GT 1 111

P iece o f l eather

( 285210).

G T 1 112

P iece of l eather

( 220205).

G T 1 113

Shoe h eel w ith wooden nails,

G T 1 114

L eather h eel

G T 1 115

L eather h eel,

5 7

( N.A.).

G T 1 116

L eather h eel f ragment

( N.A.).

G T 1 117

S ole o f s hoe

( 215200).

G T 1 118

L eather s hoe

( N.A.).

G T 1 1/ 3

L eather f ragment

S cale 1 :2

sh -) es

5 5

( 290175). ( 275210).

( 200200). ( N.A.).

( 215200). ( N.A.). ( 255205).

( N.A.). f ig.

( N.A.). 2 53

f ig.

5 6

( 275210).

S cale

( 58)

1 :2

R emains of l eather s hoe GT 1 127 .

S ide

G T 1 120

L eather f ragment

( N.A.).

G T 1 121

L eather f ragment

( 245220).

G T 1 122

Parts of s hoe

G T 1 123

Parts of l eather s oles

GT 1 124

Misc.

G T 1 126

Part o f s cabbard

G T 1 127

S hoe a nd misc,

GT 1 128

L eather i n c onglomerate

GT 1 058

C onglomerate with l eather,

GT 1 307

S hoe

G T 1 346/9

L eather s traps a ttached t o brass buckles

( 285210). ( N.A.).

f ragments o f l eather

l eather

( 215200).

f ragments,

f ig.

5 8

( 245220).

( N.A.). s eeds a nd c eramics

( 175195).

( 275210).

Some o f t he s hoe ' nails'

( N.A.).

( 275210).

f ragments s how e vidence of wooden

both i n t he

s ole a nd i n t he heel.

2 55

( 59)

Front s ide of t ool box d uring c ourse of extraction o f c orroded t ools.

( 60)

Front s ide further o n i n e xtraction process.

( $1)

Back s ide o f t ool b ox s howing wooden h andles.

6 .

TOOL-BOX - IRON TOOLS AND WOODEN HANDLES

This

tool box was

raised complete. f rom the

f ound under the overhang, Subsequently,

2 15200,

and was

the tools were excavated

c oncretion a t the Conservation Laboratory in

Fremantle,

using a vibro-tool,

6 .1.

Precision Tools

6 .1.1.

Round-ended c entre punches

s ee

f igs.

5 9,

6 0

and 61.

• GT 1 204

GT

GT 1 206A

GT 1 213

1 206

•

GT 1 222

GT 1 248

GT 1 249

GT

GT

1 252

S. GT

1 264

GT

1 273

2 57

•

1 268

•

( 62)

R ound F ile

( 63)

D etail o f m ark.

( 64)

( GT 1 271).

D etail of t ongs

( CT 1 271). Scale_20cms.

6 .1.2.

Flat,

•

•

taper-ended punches

•

GT

1 205

GT 1 214

GT

1 216

GT

1 219

GT

1 221

GT

1 223

GT

1 246

GT

1 256

• GT

1 262

2 59

6 .1.3.

Square-ended punches

•

6 .1.4.

•

•

G T 1 210

GT 1 254

GT 1 261

GT 1 262

F lared c hisels

G T 1 201

G T 1 202

GT 1 251

GT 1 252

2 60

6 .1.5.

Parallel-sided chisels

M ow GT

1 208

GT

1 209

GT

1 215

GT

1 220

• TN»

7 1 1. GT 1 224

GT

GT 6 .1.6.

Long-tanged,

GT

1 245

1 266

f lat-tapered tools

1 207

GT

GT

1 247

2 61

1 217

6 .1.7.

Long-tanged,

octagonal-tapered tool

GT 1 218

6 .1.8.

GT 1 198

Hammers

C opper hammer,

_

GT 1 242

I ron hammer,

f lat square f ace with straight pane.

g g e p ie i g ä l l) z i a

f lat s quare

t o French pattern hammer,

GT 1 243

I ron hammer,

f ace with c ross pane, Salaman

( 1975).

do u ble f lat c ross pane,

possibly a type

of adze or a s aw s etting hammer a s i n Salaman

2 62

s imilar

( 1975).

6 .2.

F iles

6 .2.1.

Square

G T 1 257

Large,

s quare

f ile

2 3mm x 1 7.

GT 1 274

Small,

square

f ile

7 mm x 7 .

6 .2.2.

R ound

GT 1 276

G T 1 275

d e G T 1 279

6 .2.3.

Blanks

( possibly )

•

•

G T 1 200

Half r ound f ile.

GT 1 203

Oval,

c ross-section f ile.

2 63

6 .3.

Screwdriver blades or Chisels

a lm i l i o = i i rm

GT

GT 1 244

1 212

6 .4.

Miscellaneous

6 .4.1.

Assorted

e

Tools

GT

1 199

x

GT

1 271-1272

2 64

ma

m um s

0° 3• 1 3 3 1 G T 1 263

G T 1 258

Hinge

G a mm a s

( ?)

GT 1 269

Possibly part of handle of t ongs.

D ie-stock f or d owels

4 GT 1 211

Nail with square s ection,

GT 1 225

Nail

=2 1 0mm .

f ragments.

6 .4.2.

Musket-ball moulds

G T 1 259

Handle and end broken - 3 moulds

l eft.

GT 1 260

Handle

and end broken - 4 moulds

6 .5.

Unidentified objects

l eft,

d ia.

1 6mm.

•

E z ze GT 1 277

Hinge piece.

6 .6.

Wooden Handles

GT

Hammer

1 287

( ?)

GT

handle.

2 66

1 286

Pin

( ?).

G T 1 288

Small handle d ecorated with n otching, hole

f or t ool,

r ectangular

and smaller hole i n other end,

possibly part of s word handle.

G T 1 289

T ool handle,

square hole.

G T 1 2 )0

Bobbin.

G T 1 291

T ool handle,

square hole.

GT 1 292

Tool handle,

s quare hole.

G T 1 293

Tool handle - oval s ection - possibly a powder

6 .7.

Miscellaneous

G T 1 280

)

G T 1 281 G T

1 282

9

) ) )

M etal f ragments iron.

G T 1 283

) )

G T 1 284

Smoothing i ron c oncretion.

G T 1 285

C oncretion..

G T 1 2 )4

Spherical,

GT 1 309

F ile

i ron o bject with square hole.

( ?).

2 67

f lask.

The presence of t he musket-ball moulds i n the t ool box t ends t o i ndicate t hat i t was part of e ither t he

C onstapel ( the gunner )

C orporaals k ist ( corporals c hest).

or the

T he r equirements

g iven i n t he

R esoluties v an o rdanaris e n e xtraordinaris v ergaderingen v an d e H eren X VII of October 11, 1 656, KA 1 87, f or t he C onstapelskist and

S cheepscorporaalskist are given in Tables 6-5 and 6-7,

The majority of the e quipment f ound i n t he t ool box, the l ists.

I t i s possible t hat t he powder f lasks

( below ).

o ccurs

i n

( GT 1 036 e tc.

S ection 5 .1.1.),

a nd s ome of t he handles

( Section 5 .1.2.),

were i n f act originally part of this t ool box,

t oo. f ig.

f ound i n the v icinity

A 1 8th c entury i llustration of Armourers ' tools 6 5,

and i s t aken f rom D iderot and d ' Alembert

however equally be argued that t hese i tems

i s g iven i n

( 1778).

c ould b e

I t may

f or t he

I ndies a s they a lso a ppear i n t he R equisitions in Table 6 -20, Chapt.

6 ,

below.

2 68

F au rLurur o d d : , . ( 65)

Collection of Armourer's t ools

iderot's Encyclopaedia. f rom D

7 .

F ERROUS MATERIAL

7 . 1.

Armament

7 . 1.1.

I ron Cannon

3 T

1 454

Cannon No. marks,

1 2,

l ength

marked AVOC, 2 .87m.

Bore

AGWC,

3 230A,

1 25mm.

no t runnion

R aised

1 972

excava-

t ion. GT

1 455

Cannon No. 1 972

GT 1 456

1 6,

a lmost c ompletely eroded away.

R aised

excavation.

Cannon No.

1 3,

marked AVOC, 2 .2m.

1 700A 1 D and 4 8 on t run-

n ions,

l ength

Bore unknown.

Raised March

1 970.

D isintegrated during c onservation. 2 71

GT unreg-

Cannon No.

2 5,

marked AVOC,

i stered.

L ength and bore unknown.

1 700A,

1 D,

on t runnion.

R aised May 1 963.

D isin-

t egrated due t o l ack of c onservation. GT 1 104 & 1 408

Part of c ascabel of cannon,

GT 1 454.

GT 0 71-073 & 0 81

Fragments

f rom GT 1 456.

S ince t he question of the t he c annon-balls,

t his

c annon s izes a re r elated t o

s ubject will be d ealt with at

the end of S ection 7 .1.2.,

I ron c annon balls.

7 .1.2.

I ron c annon-balls

GT 0 53

Cannon-balls - 3 ( N.A.).

GT 0 59

Cannon-ball

GT 0 69

Cannon-balls - 2 ( N.A.).

GT 0 70

Cannon-ball

GT 0 97

Cannon-balls

GT 676

Cannon-ball

GT 6 79

Bar s hot

GT 682

Cannon-balls - 6 ( N.A.).

GT 7 43

Cannon-balls

- 2 ( N.A.).

GT 7 67

Cannon-balls

- 2 ( N.A.).

GT 8 01

Cannon-ball

GT 1 160

Cannon-balls

- 3 ( N.A.).

GT 1 398

Cannon-balls

- 4 ( N.A.).

GT 1 008

Cannon-balls

- 2 ( N.A.).

GT 1 009

Cannon-balls

- 6 8

GT 1 009 A

Cannon-balls - 6 ( N.A.).

GT 1 010

Cannon-ball

f ragment

GT 1 075

Cannon-ball

( 215200).

GT 1 094

Cannon-ball

( N.A.).

GT 1 095

Cannon-balls - 2 ( N.A.).

GT 1 096

Cannon-ball

( N.A.).

GT 1 100

Cannon-ball

( 280200).

GT 1 011

Cannon-bal r fragments - 1 box

GT 6 74

Part of cannon-ball

GT 1 430

Cannon-balls a nd f ragments - 2 3

GT 1 430A

Cannon-balls

( N.A.).

( N.A.). - 3 8

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

- 2 ( N.A.).

2 73

( N.A.

Of t he t hree c annon r aised s o f ar, Nos.

No.

1 2

i s a l arger type t han

1 3 and 2 5 which have both d isintegrated but appear

f rom

photographs t o be identical.

On Nos.

1 3 a nd 2 5,

t he incised f igure

( for t echnical t erms s ee Falconer

t o t he owners,

( 1780):

p ondt .

weight of t he piece i n Amsterdam r efers

1 700A on t he base-ring, Cannon ) , r efers

T he monogram A .V.O.C.

V ereenigde

t he Amsterdam C hamber of t he

O ostindische C ompagnie; the cast initials in bas-relief, one trunnion and 4 8 on t he other, initials and date of c asting,

t o t he

a re possibly t he

I D on

f ounder's

1 648.

Both guns have a pair o f multiple a stragals where normally t he f irst a nd s econd r einforce-ring and ogees would be. i s

a l arge a stragal f lanked on e ither s ide by t hree

8 0mm wide overall;

T hus,

f illets,

t hen t here i s a g irdle a bout 3 0mm wide,

t hen another s et of a stragals. f illets are a lso non-typical, of t he main a stragal,

a bout

a nd

T he vent and muzzle a stragal,

a nd

having two f illets on e ither s ide

i nstead of t he normal one.

has a small a stragal o r f illet on i t a s well. a re noticeably tapered.

t here

Norton

( 1628)

The

c ascabel

T he t runnions

s tates t hat:

" The t runnions

ought n ext t o t he body be a Dyametre one Calibre of her proper bore i n thickness, i ng

1/ 20

of a Calibre,

a nd a lso one in l ength,

only l essen-

tapering l ittle by l ittle t owards t heir

outward end of t hem."

Although smaller,

t hese cannon

f ound on the KENNEMERLAND with a bore of

( 1974), multiple

f ig.

( 1664),

N o.

1 3 and 2 5) 6 ,

F our s imilar guns are

Mombasa, 8 2-2;

a stragals,

has a l ength of

r esemble one

which i s

1 20mm c orresponding t o N o.

MERLAND in c alibre. J esus Museum,

( Nos.

1 2

2 .73m l ong

f rom t he K ENNE-

l ocated i n t he Fort

a nd a re possibly i llustrated i n K irkman

a lthough he

s ketches the overall s hape of t he

he does n ot s how any d etail.

2 .44m a nd a bore of 1 78mm.

T his c annon

F rom t he l ength i t

would s eem t o be intermediate between t he KENNEMERLAND c annon No.

6 a nd the VERGULDE DRAEbK cannon Nos.

t he bore i s excessively l arge;

1 3 and 2 5.

C learly

this may possibly be due t o

2 74

c orrosion or i t may have been bored out. l ocated i n t he Leger Museum, base r ing,

L eiden,

7 4-126,

I D on t he r ight t runnion,

( when v iewed f rom t he c ations of G roeningen,

f ront ).

This

A s imilar gun i s with 1 625A on t he

a nd IR on t he l eft t runnion c annon c omes

dating possibly f rom t he s iege o f

I t has been suggested that t hese guns with t his multiple a stragals were of S wedish origin, F inspong o r N ijkoping f oundries, l andse

f rom the

f amily Trip i n 1 628,

f ortifi1 672.

t ype o f paired

possibly f rom the

which were s tarted by t he Neder-

K lein

( 1965).

These guns a re a lso

F inbanker , said to be a Danish word, Blom ( 1691),

r eferred t o a s t he author i s

grateful t o Mr.

information.

E leven examples were r ecovered f rom t he Danish war-

s hip,

ENIGHEDEN,

which was

Swedish f leet in 1 679. Copenhagen,

nos.

Hoff of the T Ojhusmuseum f or t his

s unk at Kalmes,

while blockading t he

These cannon a re i n t he TOjhusmuseum,

2 44-256,

s ee T 9 Sjhusmuseum

( 1971),

f ig.

7 .

Other

F inbanker guns of 1 2, 6 , a nd 4 pounds a re l ocated i n t his museum, f rom t he Battle o f t he S ound of 1 658 between t he N ederlands a nd Swedish f leets.

T hese guns a re

f rom t he Swedish s hips NORDSTIERNAN

and POLLUX.

T he VERGULDE DRAECK c annon N o. d escribed a bove.

1 2

i s d ifferent f rom t he two

T he c ascabel has a s ingle

t he vent a nd muzzle a stragals have each s ide of the main a stragal.

f illet a s

t he normal s ingle

The

a n ogee a nd f our f illets;

has an a stragal

f lanked on e ach s ide by three

a s et o f i ron guns which have t he

such.

f illets.

There i s

( 1968)

i llustrates

f rom t he French Naval r egulations of

c orrespond t o the c annon here),

a

t he s econd r einforce-ring

Boudriot

s imilar multiple mouldings

but

f illets on

f irst r einforce has

r einforce-ring,

no c hase a stragal o r f illets a s

a bove,

1 680,

( although n one exactly

and which are s aid t o have been

i nspired by t he Hollanders.

On the base r ing of Cannon N o. in Amsterdam

1 2 i s inscribed 3 230A,

t he weight

p ondt ; beyond the vent-field astragal i s inscribed

t he monogram AGWC,

t he insignia of t he Amsterdam C hamber of t he

G eoctrogeerde W est -I ndische C ompagnie.

2 75

By t he mid -1 7th c entury,

t he West I ndia C ompany was

o ctrooi

t his period of the s econd Company was g oing broke, t his gun who

in f inancial d ifficulties ( license),

G oslinga

( 1971).

( and possibly others on t he

and d uring

1 647-1671,

the

I t i s possible t hat

s ite)

were s old to t he V .O.C.,

s ubsequently put t heir mark AVOC a bove t hat of t he GWC.

trunnion marks were

f ound on t his gun,

N o

a nd this i s a s imilar

f inding t o t he cannon r ecovered f rom t he BATAVIA.

When we c ome t o i nvestigate t he problem of t he types of guns c oncerned here a nd t heir calibre,

t he s ubject i s

d ifficulties.

tables g iving t he weights

There a re numerous

various d iameter of s hot. the weights and measures

However,

in many c ases,

a re n ot s pecified.

a windage of

1 4

i nch

ordinary s hot and s torm s hot were t hen t he amount of

powder a pplied t o t his a half

c artouw

s hot.

T hus Galschut

p onden

bored t o 2 0

p onden ,

and s torm s hot 71 2 /

1 2

questions here.

F ig.

1 692)

p onden

p onden ,

1 2

1 20mm.

Windage,

t he

3 0-35mm,

5 5-60mm,

f requency histogram o f t he

6 5-70mm,

We can s ee

Norton

( 1697).

( 1628)

1 00-105mm and 1 15-

g ives

( 1628),

However,

1 4

inch by most authors,

Witsen

( 1690),

s ome authors

t he s hot s ize a s

G alschut

and Galschut

( C 1 692)

a nother by which t he s hot i s i ron c annon the w indage i s

e .g. ( C

Smith

1 692),

2 0 of bore;

Witsen

g ives Witsen 's

1 7/18 of t he bore,

( 1690)

s hot i s 91%

f ormula a nd

and states

f or

1 /8th of t he d iameter of t he s hot.

2 76

s hot,

g ive a lternatives:

g ives a c omplex f ormula f or calculation by which t he of t he bore;

f ive

d ifference between t he bore of t he p iece a nd t he

( 1600i and i i),

Norton

ordinary s hot

D f these will be d iscussed below.

g enerally c onsidered t o be

and Van I Jk

and

and i t i s t hus r elevant t o d iscuss both

6 6 g ives t he

The s ignificance

s hot,

i s r elated t o t he

d iameters of t he s hot f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK. noticeable peaks

s tates t hat

p onden .

This question of t he c alibre of Cannon N o. s ize of the cannon balls,

( c

f ired a n 1 8

t hat t he powder u sed f or proof s hot was

was

c annon

t hen u sually a llowed which g ave t he c alibre o f t he piece;

proof s hot,

9

f or

t he units o f

Furthermore,

were g enerally bored t o a c ertain d iameter, was

f raught with

NUMBER OF SHOT

0

( 66)

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

60

7 0

DIAMETER OF

SHOT

8 0 IN MM

Frequency h istogram o f s hot d iameter i n mm. 2 77

90

1 00

110

120

There are two main s ources which g ive t he r elationship between t he d iameter of a cannon-ball and i ts weight:

tables published

i n the

and gunner's t ally-

1 7th c entury g iving t his r elationship,

sticks of t he period.

Table

1 g ives

t he t wo r elationships between

t he d iameter and weight published by Smith ( 1600ii).

Surprisingly,

( 1600i),

and Smith

t he two tables a re not t he s ame,

a lthough

i n both c ases Smith i s u sing t he

A voirdupois

t he English i nch.

t he r elationship published by

Norton

( 1628),

Table

2 g ives

again i n t he

s ame weights a nd measures

Norton's tables agree with Smith's above a bout 4 i nches. a lly a bout 1 671) Tables

weight system and

Witsen

( 1600 2

( 1690)

table

s ystems.

f or d iameters

published two tables

( origin-

which are g iven i n a s lightly modified f orm i n

3 A a nd B ( it i s a ssumed t hat Witsen u sed t he Amsterdam

and duim );

t he two tables G alschut

( c

a re not c onsistent apart f rom i n one or

two

c ases.

t he

r elationship between t he d iameter i n u nspecified units and

t he weight in Nurenberg trates a

t alstock

1 692)

published a manuscript which gave

p ond en ,

Table 4 .

( tally-stick)

Van I Jk

( 1697),

p onden .

i n unspecified

T he t ally-

stick f ound on t he BATAVIA has been identified by McGrail i llustrated i n S tanbury

( 1974).

T his has

on each s ide of t he s quare s ection s tick,

d uimen ,

The

i ron s hot has been c alibrated a gainst t he

a nd weights of i ron s hot,

( 1974),

f our s cales,

l ead s hot and s tone shot. d iameters

i n Table 6 .

The other tally-stick f rom t he wreck of t he WITTE L EEUWE

( 1613),

has n ot y et been published.

I f the d ensity of i ron i s c alculated f rom t he various Tables, r esults

s how a r emarkable variation

( see T able

t hat t he h igh d ensity f or Witsen's table, t o the

Table

7 ).

f or a g iven bore.

3 B below,

a ppears t o bear no r elation t o a ny weights

s ystems,

a nd may i ndicate

t hat his

t alstock

i ron i s

p ondt .

s hot rather Table

and measures

i s purely s chematic.

I t appears t hat Galschut i s. u sing t he Amsterdam t he Nurenberg

i s due

Van I Jk's measurements,

5 below,

t he

I t i s possible

f act that he i s r eferring t o t he weight o f t he

alibre t han t he c

one

c orresponding t o Amster-

dam

and d iscovered by Stenuit,

i llus-

f rom which t he d iameter i n mm c an

be d etermined f rom g iven weights

and i s

p ondt

d uim

t ogether with

The true value of t he d ensity of grey c ast-

7 .0g.cm 3 which most t ables

2 78

s eem f airly c lose-to.

U sing

the BATAVIA tally-stick a s t he bore of 1 25mm,

d uim

windage,

s tandard,

would be bored t o I 4A.

Cannon No.

p onden ,

the calibre of t he gun would be

with Witsen's 9 1% windage,

a bout 1 1A.

1 2,

with a

and with a 0 .25A. 1 2A.

p onden ,

or

p onden .

R eferring now t o the c annon s hot d iameter f ound on the VERGULDE DRAECK,

f ig.

6 6

s hows t he f requency h istogram of their d iameters.

I t i s possible that the three smallest s ize s hot a re, g rape-shot;

i n f act,

of the r emaining e ncrusted cannon on t he wreck s ite,

n one a ppear small enough t o c orrespond to such small

s hot.

T he

t hree examples of s hot with 1 00mm d iameter c orrespond t o a s hot s ize of 7 .5A. 1 18mm ,

p onden ;

t o a 1 2.3A.

and the s ingle example of a d iameter o f

p onden

of 2 mm t o a llow i t t o

s hot.

I n the

l atter c ase,

f it i nto c annon No.

1 2

a windage

s eems too small.

I t i s hoped to carry out f urther s tudies on the VERGULDE DRAECK c annon i n the near

f uture,

a nd t he whole question of c annon s izes

c an t hen b e properly s tudied.

2 79

TABLE ONE

A Smith D iam in MS

: Art of

( 1600ii)

( 1600i) Wt

in Avdp

Wt

in Avdp

2 .00

5 0.8

1 .11

1 .29

2 .25

5 7.2

1 .58

1 .75

2 .50

6 3.5

2 .13

2 .33

2 .75

6 9.9

2 .88

3 .43

3 .00

7 6.2

3 .75

4 .50

3 .25

8 2.6

4 .75

5 .00

3 .50

8 8.9

5 .94

6 .22

3 .75

9 5.3

7 .31

7 .86

4 .00

1 01.6

8 .94

9 .00

4 .25

1 08.0

1 0.63

1 0.75

4 .50

1 14.3

1 2.63

1 2.67

4 .75

1 20.7

1 4.88

1 4.63

5 .00

1 27.0

1 7.31

1 6.25

5 .25

1 33.4

2 0.06

1 9.67

5 .50

1 39.7

2 3.12

2 2.14

5 .75

1 46.1

2 6.38

2 5.83

6 .00

1 52.4

3 0

2 9.50

6 .25

1 58.8

3 4

3 2.13

6 .50

1 65.1

3 8

3 6.63

6 .75

1 71.5

4 2

4 0.75

7 .00

1 77.8

4 8

4 6.00

7 .25

1 84.2

5 3

5 2.86

7 .50

1 90.5

5 8

5 6.63

7 .75

1 96.9

6 4

6 4.00

8 .00

2 03.2

7 1

7 1.00

2 80

s hooting

great ordinance

: Art of Gunnerie

Diam in MM

Smith

TABLE TWO R obert N orton:

T he Gunner

( 1628)

A Table s howing t he h eight a nd weight o f i ron,

l ead a nd

s tone-shot a ccurately and n ewly c alculated by the Author, a nd a pplied t o our a ssize o f English measure of i nches a nd parts,

and t o t he Haberdepolze W eight o f

1 6 ounces

t o t he pound. D iam i n

D iam i n

Wt.

i n

mm

Avdp

1 .00

2 5.40

0 .13

1 .25

3 1.75

0 .25

1 .50

3 8.10

0 .38

1 .75

4 4.45

1 .00

2 .00

5 0.80

1 .06

2 .25

5 7.15

1 .56

2 .50

6 3.50

2 .13

2 .75

6 9.85

2 .88

3 .00

7 6.20

3 .12

3 .25

8 2.55

4 .12

3 .50

8 8.90

6 .06

3 .. 75

9 5.25

7 .31

4 .00

1 01.60

8 .94

4 .25

1 07.95

1 0.63

4 .50

1 14.30

1 2.63

4 .75

1 20.65

1 4.88

5 .00

1 27.00

1 7.31

5 .25

1 33.35

2 0.06

5 .50

1 39.70

2 3.13

5 .75

1 46.05

2 6.38

6 .00

1 52.40

3 0.00

6 .25

1 58.75

3 4.00

6 .50

1 65.10

3 8.00

6 .75

1 71.45

4 2.00

7 .00

1 77.80

4 8.00

7 .25

1 84.15

5 3.00

7 .50

1 90.50

5 8.00

7 .75

1 96.85

6 4.00

8 .00

2 03.20

7 2.63

i nches

2 81

TABLE T HREE

w itsen

:A rchitecture N avalis e t R egimen N auticum ( 1690 ) T able A D iam . A.

P onden

d uimen

D iam i n

T able B

Amst.

D iam.in

D iam .in

m m

d uimen

m m

p ondt i jzer

1 .0

2 .0

5 1.46

1 .5

3 8.60

0 .75

1 .5

2 .29

5 8.92

2 .0

5 1.46

1 .0

2 .0

2 .52

6 4.84

2 .25

5 7.89

1 .5

2 .5

2 .72

6 9.99

2 .50

6 4.33

2 .0

3 .0

2 .88

7 4.10

2 .75

7 0.76

2 .5

3 .5

3 .04

7 8.22

3 .0

7 7.19

3 .5

4 .0

3 .18

8 1.82

3 .25

8 3.62

4

4 .5

3 .30

8 4.91

3 .5

9 0.06

5

5 .0

3 .42

8 8.00

3 .75

9 6.49

5 .5

3 .53

9 0.83

4 .0

1 02.92

6 .0

3 .64

9 3.66

4 .25

1 09.35

1 0

6 .5

3 .73

9 5.97

4 .50

1 15.79

1 2

7 .0

3 .82

98.29

4 .75

1 22.22

1 5

7 .5

3 .92

1 00.86

5 .0

1 28.65

1 7

8 .0

4 .00

1 02.92

5 .25

1 35.08

2 0

8 .5

4 .08

1 04.98

5 .50

1 41.52

2 2

9 .0

4 .16

1 07.04

5 .75

1 49.95

2 4

9 .5

4 .24

1 09.10

6 .00

1 54.38

2 6

1 0.0

4 .31

1 10.90

6 .25

1 60.81

3 1

1 0.5

4 .38

1 12.70

6 .50

1 67.25

3 6

1 1.0

4 .44

1 14.24

6 .75

1 73.68

4 0

1 1.5

4 .51

1 16.54

7 .00

1 80.11

4 4

1 2.0

4 .58

1 17.84

7 .25

1 86.54

5 0

1 2.5

4 .64

1 19.38

7 .50

1 92.98

5 5

1 3.0

4 .70

1 20.93

7 .75

1 99.41

6 0

1 3.5

4 .76

1 22.47

8 .00

2 05.84

6 5

1 4.0

4 .82

1 24.02

1 4.5

4 .88

1 25.56

1 5.0

4 .93

1 26.85

1 6

5 .04

1 29.68

1 7

5 .14

1 32.25

1 8

5 .24

1 34.83

1 9

5 .34

1 37.40

2 0

5 .42

1 39.46

2 82

( 5)6.5 8

TABLE FOUR

D aniel G alschut

:K onst d es

C onstapels ,

c irc 1 692

T afel v an d iameter w icht e n c ircomftentie d er K ogels b eginende v an d e v alkonet t ot e en h eel d iujtsche k artow N urenb . g ewe .

N urenb . p ondt

D iameter

2 .0

1 .0

2 .25

1 .38

2 .5

1 .94

2 .75

2 .63

3 .0

3 .38

3 .25

4 .06

3 .5

5 .38

3 .75

6 .56

4 .0

8 .0

4 .25

9 .63

4 .5

1 1.38

4 .75

1 3.38

5 .0

1 5.63

5 .25

1 8.06

5 .50

2 0.81

5 .75

2 3.75

6 .0

2 7.0

6 .25

3 0.5

6 .5

3 4.31

6 .75

3 8.44

7 .0

4 2.88

7 .25

4 7.63

7 .5

5 2.75

7 .75

5 8.13

8 .0

6 4.00

2 83

TABLE F IVE

C ornelius van I Jk:

T alstock p .

d e N ederlandsche S cheepsbouw K onst 1 697 .

2 64.

D iameter i n

Weight i n

m m

p ondt

1

4 6.3

2

5 8.8

3

6 8.2

4

7 4.4

6

8 5.6

8

9 4.3

1 2

1 06.7

1 8

1 22.8

2 4

1 34.9

3 6

1 55.5

4 8

1 73.3

2 84

TABLE SIX

BATAVIA Tally-stick,

Wt.

Wt.

of

shot in

BAT 4 497

p ondt

s hot

D iam in MM

of

in

p ondt

D iam in mm

1

4 9.5

3 0

1 53.5

2

6 2.5

3 1

1 55.0

3

7 0.5

3 2

1 56.9

4

7 7.5

3 3

1 58.9

5

8 3.8

3 4

1 61.4

6

8 9.8

3 5

1 64.0

9 6.0

3 6

1 65.0

8

1 00.0

3 7

1 66.0

9

1 04.3

3 8

1 67.5

1 0

1 08.6

3 9

1 69.0

1 1

1 12.5

4 0

1 70.2

1 2

1 15.0

41

1 72.0

1 3

1 17.5

4 2

1 73.5

1 4

1 19.4

4 3

1 75.0

4 4

1 76.4

1 5 1 6

1 25.0

4 5

1 78.0

1 7

1 28.0

4 6

1 79.0

1 8

1 30.8

4 7

1 80.0

1 9

1 32.8

48

1 81.2

2 0

1 36.0

4 9

1 82.5

2 1

1 37.9

5 0

1 83.4

2 2

1 39.5

5 5

1 89.1

2 3

1 41.5

6 0

1 95.3

2 4

1 43.5

6 5

2 01.0

2 5

1 46.1

7 0

2 05.5

2 6

1 48.2

8 5

2 27. 0

2 7

1 50.0

9 0

2 26.6

2 8

1 52.0

95

2 32.0

1 00

2 36.8

2 9

2 85

TABLE SEVEN

Density of iron i n g .cm -3 , c alculated

f rom various

s ources

of shot weight-diameter tables.

Smith

lA

7 .0288

Smith

1 B

7 .3307

Norton

2

7 .2464

Witsen

3A

6 .9209

Witsen

3 B

7 .2893

Galschut 4

6 .7804 a ssuming R ijnland

d uimen Galschut 4

7 .126

a ssuming Amsterdam

d uimen d uimen

Van

I JK 5

9 .1226 A .1b/A.

Van

IJk 5

8 .4494 A .1b/Rijnland

d uimen BATAVIA tallystick

7 .07

2 86

7 .2.

M isc allaneous

7 .2.1.

Nails

GT 0 35

Three nails,

GT 1 156

Nail.

square

s hanks.

• GT 1 457

Nail

( 235205).

GT 7 29

Nails

7 .2.2.

I ron barrel hoops

GT 7 54

Barrel hoop parts,

GT 1 081

Barrel hoops,

GT 1 140

Barrel hoops.

GT 1 402

S ection of barrel,

c oncreted

( 275210).

GT 1 409

S ection of barrel,

c oncreted

( 280200).

GT 1 418

S ection of barrel,

c oncreted,

in c onglomerate.

s ection

c oncreted

1 8.5 x 6mm and 3 2 x 6mm.

3 2 x 8 .5mm.

( 275285).

c ross-sections

( 67)

Barrel s ite.

o f n ails

( GT 1 471A)

a fter r aising f rom t he wreck

7 .2.3.

Barrel of i ron n ails

GT 1 471A

Barrel of nails,

s ee

f ig.

6 7.

Note t hat unlike t he wooden barrels 5 .6.1.,

a ssociated with bones,

wooden hoops a t t op of barrel, cross

s ection,

s hown i n s ection

t hese barrels have with

s emi c ircular

rather l ike bamboo s trips.

barrels have been f ound on t he BATAVIA, ( 1974),

BAT 3 301.

Stanbury

Barrels of i ron nails were r egul-

arly ordered f or t he

I ndies,

Chapter 6 below.

C T 1 471B

S imilar

Nails extracted f rom barrel.

2 89

s ee Table 6 -20

i n

I

( 68)

( 69)

S ection of unknown object GT 0 25.

X -ray of GT 0 25.

2 90

8 .1.

GT 0 25

CONGLOMERATES

Unusual object, pulley s heaf

f ig.

6 8,

with what appears

3 4mm wide on l eft hand s ide and on r ight

hand s ide another 2 8mm wide, than t riangular s ection, the c hannel, are

t o be a

but with a square r ather

a nd f langes

l ike a c hain gypsy.

l ocated i n c entre.

running a cross

These s heaves

( ?)

T he whole system t hen appears

t o be l ocated on f our t riangular g rooves or s plines onto a c entral tube

( see e nd e levation).

object i s quite e xtraordinary ; 6 9,

s how more o f internal

explanation of t he

I n a ll,

X -ray photographs,

s tructure.

f ig.

No obvious

u se o r purpose of t his object c an

be produced t o date. GT 0 26/7

Conglomerates - 2 ( N.A.).

GT 0 42

Encrusted c ast-iron

GT 0 44

Encrusted metal

GT 0 45

Encrusted hollow i ron

G T 0 49

P iece of hollow p iping

GT 0 50

Encrusted metal pipe

G T 0 51

Encrusted metal o bject

GT 0 58

Encrusted p iece of metal

GT 0 60/9

C onglomerates

GT 6 04

P iece of encrusted pipe - 2 "

G T 612

Conglomerate

GT 6 30

Concreted metal

GT 6 35

Concreted i ron p ieces

G T 6 40/1

C onglomerate

GT 6 42

Conglomerate c ontaining i ron, f ragments

t he

( N.A.).

( N.A.). ( N.A.). ( N.A.).

( N.A.). ( N.A.). ( N.A.).

- 2 ( N.A.). l ong

( N.A.).

( N.A.). f ragments

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

f rom c annon

( 195200). brick and c eramic

( N.A.).

GT 6 64

Miscellaneous

f ragments

GT 6 68

C onglomerate

GT 6 73

Corroded metal f ragments

GT 6 74

Small c onglomerate

GT 6 78

Conglomerate

GT 6 80

C onglomerate p ieces

f ragments

( N.A.). ( N.A.). ( N.A.).

( N.A.).

c ontaining wood a nd metal ( N.A.).

. 2 9 . 1

( N.A.).

8 .2.

R EPLICAS

G T 1 295

Bar s hot r eplica

G T 1 296

R ing bolt - r eplica

GT 1 297

Bolt r eplica

GT 1 298

R ing and r ing bolt,

G T 1 299

Flat bar with

GT 1 300

Hammer heads

GT 1 301

Unidentifiable

G T 1 302

Thick bar - r eplica

G T 1 303

Thick bar,

GT 1 304

P ipe f ragment - r eplica

GT 1 305

Lump with square bar - r eplica

( N.A.).

GT 1 306

Small c hain f ragment - r eplica

( N.A.).

G T 1 308

Long tube-shaped object - r eplica

GT 7 30

Palm of anchor - r eplica

GT 1 426

Cast f rom c oncretion - r emains of pistol with

( 275185). ( 275185).

( 275185). both broken - r eplicas

3 holes

- r eplicas

- r eplicas

( 275185).

( N.A.).

l ump - r eplica

( N.A.).

( 275185).

t apered - r eplica

f iring mechanism

( 275185).

( 275185).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

( N.A.).

GT 1 437

Cast f rom c oncretion - part of sword-handle

( 275185).

GT 1 438

M iscellaneous

( N.A.).

c asts

f rom c oncretion - 1 box

2 92

The Loss of the

Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht

VERGULDE DRAECK, Western Australia I 6 56

An historical background and excavation report with an appendix on similar loss of the fluit LAS TD RAGER Part ii

Jeremy N. Green,

Curator, Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Museum with contributions by

Lous Zuiderbaan, Robert Stenuit, S.J.Wilson, Mike Owens BAR Supplementary Series 3 6(ii) 1 977

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A .

Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

Supplementary Series 36 (ii), 1977: "The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagrtie Jacht Vergulde Draeck, Western Australia, 1656."

B .A .R. Part ii

© Jeremy N. Green, 1977. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407387499 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407388625 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780904531978 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407346458 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531978 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS L i s t o fI lu s t ra t ion s

v i i

E d i tor ' s I n troduc t ion

x v i i

PART ONE : THE H ISTOR ICAL BACKGROUND

LOUS ZU IDERBAAN

I n t roduc t ion

1 3

C hap te r I

T he R ou te t o t he I nd ie s

5

C hap ter I

T he J ourney o ft h e VEREEN IGDE PROV INT IEN ( 1654 -55)

7

C hapter I I

O r ig in s o ft he VERGULDE DRAECK a nd t he E vent s P r io r t o h er S a i l ing i n 1 653

2 3

C hapter I V

T he DRAECK ' s F i r s t J ourney ( 1653 -54 )

2 9

C hap ter V

B ack t o P a tr ia

3 7

C hap ter V I

T he S econd J ourney ( 1655 -56 )

4 3

C hap ter V I I

F ir s t S ea rches f o r t h e W reck

4 8

C hap ter V I I I

S earche s f r om t he C ape o f Good H ope

S i

C hap ter I X

T he L a s t A t temp t s

5 4

P ART TWO :

THE VERGULDE DRAECK — THE MODERN S EQUEL

J EREMY GREEN

6

C hap ter I

T he D iscovery o ft he W r eck S i te

6 3

C hap ter I

T he VERGULDE DRAECK W reck S i te

7 1

C hap ter I I

T he 1 972 E xcava t ion

7 7

C hap te r I V

T he D i s tr ibu t ion o ft he F inds

8 5

C hap ter V

C a ta logue o fF ind s

9 3

1 .

I n t roduc t ion

9 4

2 .

C eram ic Ma ter ia l 1 .S tonewa re

9 5

B ea rdman j ug s : m a sk sa nd m eda l l ion s 1 .P l a in j ug s 2 . J ug s w i th m a sk o n ly 3 . J ug sw i th m a sk a nd o ne m eda l l ion 4 . J ug sw i th m a sk a nd t h ree m eda l l ion s 5 . J ug f r agmen t s( neck s ) 6 . J ug f r agmen t s( ba se s a nd m eda l l ion s ) 7 . M i sce l laneou ss t onewa re s 8 . U nca ta logued s t onewa r ej ug f r agmen t s

3 .

9 6 1 05 10 16 1 23 1 33 1 38 1 42 1 46

2 . E a r thenwa re s w i th B rown o rG reen L ead G laze

1 47

3 . T in -G lazed M a te r ia l ( Ma jo l ica a nd D e lf twa re )

1 51

4 . C l ay T obacco P i pe s

1 52

5 . B r ick s

1 69

Non F er rou s Ma t er ia l I .B ronze 1 . Mo r ta r s a nd p e s t le s 2 . B r a s s 1 .C ook ing u t en s i l s 2 . B uck le s ( b ra s s o rb ronze ) 3 . F i sh -hook s 4 . T ap s 5 . L amp s a nd A cce s so r ie s 6 . M isce l laneou s

1 73 1 77 1 80 1 8/ 1 83 1 86 1 93

4 .

5 .

6 .

3 . C oppe r 1 .C ook ing u ten s i l s 2 . M i sce l laneou s

1 98 2 07

4 . L ead 1 .B a l ing s e a l ' s 2 . D eep sea s ound ing l e ad s 3 . A s so r ted w e igh t s 4 . L i gh t l e ad sho t 5 . V e s se l s( po s s ib ly p ew te r ) 6 . M i sce l laneou s o b jec t s

2 08 2 09 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 13

5 . P ew te r 1 .B o t t le c ap s 2 . S poon s 3 .P l a te s , p o t s a nd b eake r s

2 15 2 17 2 20

M i sce l laneou s Ma ter ia l 1 .G la s s 1 .M i sce l laneou s 2 . B o t t le s

2 23 2 24

2 . S tone M a ter ia l I .S l a tes a nd p enc i l s 2 . S ch i s t w he t s tone s 3 . G r ind s tone s 4 . M i sce l laneou s

2 28 2 28 2 30 2 33

O rgan ic Ma ter ia l 1 . Wood 1 .M i scelaneou ss ma l l a r tef ac t s 2 . H and les ( a l so b one ) 3 . C omb s a nd f a n ( a l so b one )

2 34 2 38 2 40

2 . B one 1 .E l ephan t t u sk s 2 . A n ima l a nd f i sh 3 . B ead s

2 41 2 43 2 47

3 . M i sce l laneou s : P i tch a nd R e s in

2 47

4 . F ib re s : R ope a nd M a t t ing

2 48

5 . S eed sa nd S t raw

2 49

6 . T imbe r 1 .G ene ra l 2 . B a rk ,s i l ve rb i rch ,p o s s ib le d unnage

2 49 2 50

7 . L ea the r : S hoe s

2 53

T oo l B ox -I r on T oo l s a nd Wooden H and le s 1 .P rec i s ion T oo l s 1 .R ound -ended c en t re p unche s 2 . F l a t , t a pe r -ended p unche s 3 . S qua re -ended p unche s 4 . F la red c h i se l s 5 . P a ra l le l s ided c h i se l s 6 . L ong tanged , f l a t tape red t oo l s 7 . L ong tanged , o c tagona l tape red t oo l s 8 . H ammer s

2 57 2 59 2 60 2 60 2 61 2 61 2 62 2 62

2 . F i le s 1 .S qua r e 2 . R ound 3 . B l ank s( po s s ib ly )

2 63 2 63 2 63

3 . S c rewd r ive r B l ade s o rC h i se l s

2 64

7

C hap te rV I

4 . M i sce l laneou sT oo l s 1 .A s so r ted 2 . Mu ske t -ba l l mou ld s

2 64 2 65

5 . U n iden t if ied O b jec t s

2 66

6 . Wooden H and le s

2 66

7 . M i sce l laneou s

2 67

F er rou s Ma ter ia l I .A rmamen t 1 .I r on c annon 2 . I r on c annon -ba l l s

2 71 2 73

2 . M i sce l laneou s 1 .N a i l s 2 . B a r re l h oop s

2 87 2 89

8 . 1

C ong lomera te s

2 91

8 .2

R ep l icas

2 92

9 .

C o inage

R equ i s it ion L i s ta nd W reck M a ter ia l

APPEND IX 1 T he L o s so ft he F lu i t LASTDRAGER APPEND IX 2 Meta l lurg ica l R epo r to n aS ec t ion f r om a C or roded B ra s sC and le s t ick R ecove red f r om t he VERGULDE DRAECK APPEND IX 3 F ur the r No te so n t h e Me rcu ry T rade

S .J .W i l son

2 93

J e remy G reen

3 4 1

R ober t S t 6nu i t

4 03

M ike Owens

4 69

J e remy G reen

4 81

CONCLUS IONS

4 86

A cknow ledgemen t s

4 87

Manu scr ipt R ef erence s

4 88

R ef er ence s

4 89

L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS ( 1)

T he s ailing routes

f rom H olland to t he

i ntroduction of Brouwer's r oute ( 2)

T he Cape of Good Hope.

An artist's

4

D etail of a Dutch e ngraving f rom

t he s econd half of t he ( 3)

I ndies after t he

i n 1 611.

s eventeenth c entury.

1 7

i mpression o f the VERGULDE DRAECK,

taken f rom

a contemporary i llustration of the s traets -v aerder the V ERGULDE DOLPHIJN by R einier Nooms 1 664 ( 4)

( alias

Z eeman)

2 2

T he Zuyderzee a nd the V lie,

t he r oads where t he

l ying at anchor in the s ummer of 1 653 before t he

I ndies;

t he roads a re east of t he

E ngraving by A elbert H aije, ( 5)

1 623-

( see Nooms 1 970).

i sland of Vlielandt.

1 585.

T able Bay and S aldanha B ay with E ngraving f rom

f leet was

l eaving f or 2 5

R obben a nd Dassen I slands.

O ud e n N ieuw O ost I ndien

( Valentijn 1 724-

2 6). ( 6)

T he

3 1 Castle of Batavia w ith the n ew s tone bridge.

' Oud e n N ieuw O ost -I ndien'

f rom ( 7)

T he Cape

I t was t he

f rom

B egin e nde V Oortgangh

Overall view of Batavia.

Engraving

4 2

4 2

D etail of a c hart by S amuel Volkersen,

A lgemeen R ijksarchief,

Aucke P ietersz Jonck,

1 658.

s pot where

( second d escription f rom

' s-Gravenhage.

s kipper of t he EMELOORT,

( third f rom t he r ight). A lgemeen R ijksarchief,

5 6

named two p laces

D raecken R iff ( far r ight)

a fter the VERGULDE DRAECK:

D raecken h ooft

( 11)

s kipper of t he WACKENDE

s howing t he i sland R ottnest and t he

t he l eft).

J onck,

' Oud e n N ieuw O ost-

Engraving f rom

" many s ign of t he Draeck were f ound"

( 10b)

B egin e nde V oort-

f rom

( Valentijn 1 724-26).

( 1658)

a nd

D etail o f a c hart by

' s-Gravenhage.

Map s howing Western Australia and part o f l ocations of t he wreck s ites of the TRIAL,

5 6

I ndonesia and t he ZUYTDORP,

BATAVIA,

Z EEWIJK and VERGULDE DRAECK. ( 12)

Map of the

3 6

f irst possible meeting place a fter t he

( Commelin 1 646).

I ndien'

BOEY

( Commelin 1 646).

Helena i n t he s outhern half of t he Atlantic

f or homebound s hips.

g angh

( 10a)

( detail)

i sland of St.

O cean.

( 9)

3 5

P epper c limbing up a long h igh r eeds on t he i sle of Banda. E ngraving

( 8)

Engraving

( Valentijn 1 724-26).

6 2

c oast of W estern Australia f rom Fremantle t o L edge

P oint s howing the wreck s ite a nd the s ite where coin hoard was f ound.

t he Edward's 6 9

v ii

( 13)

U nderwater v iew o f outer r eef l ooking t owards s ite,

t he wreck

s howing g ulleys and e xtensive w eed c overage o f r eef.

( 14)

V iew l ooking t hrough c omplex c ave s ystem o n t he wreck

( 15)

P lan o f t he wreck s ite, t ion o f c annon,

D inghy w ith hookah, d istance.

( 17)

C owan,

G .

f eatures.

B renzi,

R .

S onner7 3

• v iew l ooking t owards wreck s ite,

a irlift d ischarge p ipe

7 0

s howing t he r eference grid a nd l oca-

a nchors a nd major t opographical

F rom t he o riginal s urvey by J . man a nd W . Anderson i n 1 966. ( 16)

s ite.

7 0

i n background,

a nd c oast

r idgid

l ine i n

P hotograph t aken o n v ery c alm d ay.

7 5

V iew t aken f rom w orkboat s howing r oad d rill c ompressor i n f oreground,

a irlift s upply p ipe l eading t o wreck s ite.

D inghy w ith h ookah, b ackground.

a nd a irlift d ischarge may b e n oted i n

T he r eef l ies u nder w hite water on l eft of

p icture.

7 5

( 18)

D iver working u nder Arch 1 w ith f lexible a irlift.

7 6

( 19)

A rea o f u ncleared bricks

7 6

( 20)

B ones a nd bricks i n s itu.

7 8

( 21)

L ifting bags o f b ricks.

7 8

( 22)

T owing c annon N o.

8 1

( 23)

P rogress o f t he e xcavation,

s tarting o n 1 3 J anuary 1 972

( 13.1)

1 0 April

i n e arly p hase o f e xcavation.

1 2 o ff w reck s ite w ith l ifting bags.

a nd c ontinuing u ntil

1 972

( 10.4).

A reas

worked o n particular d ates a s i ndicated.

8 4

( 24)

D istribution o f c eramic material o n w reck s ite.

8 6

( 25)

D istribution o f brick a nd f errous m aterial o n wreck s ite.

8 7

( 26)

D istribution o f n on-ferrous a nd g lass material o n wreck

8 8

( 27)

D istribution o f m iscellaneous m aterial on w reck s ite.

8 9

( 28)

B eardman j ugs.

9 5

( 29)

S eal o f F riedrich F a l i pricus, ( Repro-Film:

( 30) ( 31)

5 1,

B eardman j ugs

N eg.

( CT 8 46)

P air of m edallions

1 .

s ite.

c ourtesy o f S tadtarchiv F rechen

1 4-20).

1 03

heavily c oncreted i nto s eabed.

1 03

f rom C T 8 35 s howing s imilar f law o n 1 24

h eart on e ach. ( 32)

B eardman j ug

( CT 8 11)

l ightly c oncreted t o r eef.

( 33)

S orting c lay p ipes f rom box

( GT 1 028 ),

1 25

c omplete p ipes on 1 52

l eft.

v iii

( 34a )

P rofile of S ir Walter R aleigh P ipe

( GT 9 19).

1 53

( 34b)

P rofile o f S croll a nd f lowpr p ipe

( GT 1 017).

1 53

( 34c)

P rofile o f Tudor r ose p ipe without s epals

( 34d )

P rofile o f plain pipes

( GT 1 019).

1 53

( 34 ( 34e)

P rofile of f leur-de-lis p ipes

( GT 1 020).

1 53

( 34f)

P rofile o f CT p ipes

( GT 1 021).

1 57

( 34g )

P rofile o f Tudor r ose p ipe with s epals

( 34h )

P rofile o f R P P ipes

( 35a )

F leur-de-lis f rom G T 1 020.

1 59

( 35b)

F leur-de-lis from GT 1 028.

1 59

( 36a )

C T M akers Mark f rom G T 1 021.

1 59

( 36b)

R P M akers Mark f rom G T 1 028.

1 59

( 37a )

R epair work o n s tem o f R P p ipe

( 37b)

M outh p iece o f R P P ipe

( 38)

F requency h istogram o f b ore d iameter of 2 14 broken s tems,

( GT 1 018).

1 57

( GT 1 022).

1 57

( GT 1 028).

( GT 1 028 ).

1 60

( GT 1 028).

1 60

r andomly orientated. ( 39)

1 63

F requency h istogram o f b ore d iameters of 1 72 R P p ipes m easured parallel w ith a xis o f b owl,

( 40)

00 .

R P p ipes,

C ross f ig.

( 43)

1 80

.

1 64

F requency h istogram o f b ore d iameters o f a s ample o f broken a nd m easured a to 5 Omm i ntervals a long

t heir s tems, d iameters t aken a t 3 0 b etween 0o and 1 80 o . ( 42)

1 63

F requency h istogram o f b ore d iameters o f 1 0 R P p i es m easured a t 3 0o a ngle i ntervals between 0o t o

( 41)

1 53

a ngle i ntervals 1 64

s ections o f bones o f 3 p ipes u sed a s e xamp1e i n 4 3.

Bricks

1 65

f rom wreck s ite i n d isplay i n F remantle Maritime

Museum.

1 69

( 44)

B rass pot a nd e lephant 's t usk a fter r emoval o f c opper bucket.

1 76

( 45)

Excavating c andle s nuffers

( GT 8 49)

f rom u nder c annon N o. 1 76

1 2 w ith c histle. ( 46)

D etails o f c onstruction o f brass o bject o f u nknown purpose

( 47)

1 96

( GT 1 331 ) .

C opper bucket

( GT 8 59)

i n s itu i n l arge l ump o n wreck s ite,

brass pot and e Lephants tusk i n l ower r ight. i x

1 96

( 48)

I sometric d rawing o f c opper s heeting,

possibly p art

o f t he s tern p ost. ( 49a )

2 06

PV mark o n s poon G T 6 06.

)

V W mark o n s poon G T 9 63.

) )

( 49c)

M ark o n s poon

) )

( 50)

L ongitudinal half o f b arrel a ssociated w ith bones.

( 51)

P ig Bones,

( 49b )

1 179, ( 52a )

( from l eft t o r ight G T 1 165,

1 368,

C ow Bones

G T 8 92.

1 183,

1 179,

1 368,

1 368,

2 44 1 167,

1 368).

( GT 1 452 a bove,

a nd 1 147)

2 18

2 44 n ote butchering mark

o n knuckle p f G T 1 147.

2 46

( 52b)

D etail o f butchering mark o n G T 1 147.

2 46

( 52c)

Butchered c ow v ertibrae

2 46

( 53)

B arrel s taves.

( 54)

( GT 1 189).

2 51

B ottom o f barrel o r bucket i n u nderhang, base.

n ote c oins

( 55)

R emains o f l eather s hoe G T 1 092 b elow d etail.

( 56)

R emains o f h eel G T 1 113 A

( 57)

( 58)

2 51 2 52

T op

B

B ottom

C

S ide

2 52

R emains o f h eel G T 1 115 A B

S ide T op

2 53

R emains o f l eather s hote G T 1 127 s ide b elow t op d etail o f t oe

( 59)

i n

T his photograph w as a h and h eld t ime e xposure.

immediately a fter r ecovery.

2 54

F ront s ide o f t ool box d uring c ourse o f e xtraction o f c orroded t ools.

2 56

( 60)

F ront s ide f urther o n i n e xtraction p rocess.

2 56

( 61 )

Back s ide o f t ool box s howing wooden handles.

2 56

( 62)

R ound F ile

2 58

( 63)

D etail o f mark.

( 64)

D etail o f t ongs

( 65)

C ollection o f Armourers ' T ools f rom D iderot's E ncyclopaedia.

2 69

( 66)

F requency h istogram o f s hot d iameter i n mm.

2 77

( 67)

B arrel o f n ails s ite.

( GT 1 271).

2 58 ( CT 1 271).

( GT 1 471A )

2 58

a fter r aising f rom t he wreck 2 88

( 68 )

S ection o f u nknown o bject G T 0 25.

2 90

( 69)

X -ray o f G T 0 25.

2 90

( 70)

G reat S hield.

2 94

( 71)

O rigin o f Arms.

2 95

( 72)

R outes o f T reasure F leets.

2 97

( 73)

Typical 8 r eale .

3 03

( 74a )

Map o f B lue M ull S ound s howing l ocal c urrent p atterns a t e bb t ide.

P resumably t he d rifting s tern-half o f t he

L ASTDRAGER was c arried o ut t o s ea by t he c grrent a t t he t urn of t he t ide. ( 74b )

Map o f C russa N ess s howing t he a pproximate i tinerary o f t he n aked,

( 75a )

4 02

wounded s urvivor,

N o p ictures o r m odels o f a l arge V6C f luit ,

s pecially e quipped,

m odified a nd a rmed f or t he I ndies

a re known t o t he writer. Museum,

( Model

i n P rins H endrick Maritime

R otterdam ).

4 06

A c ontemporary d rawing o f a N etherlands f luit of 2 8 c annons by a n a nonymous a rtist. S cheepvaart Museum,

( 76)

4 02

f luitschip or Dutch

A c ontemporary model o f a c ommon

f luit .

( 75b )

J an Camphuijs.

T he wreck s ite \

( Nederlandsch H istorisch

A msterdam ).

N e

i s d ry l and;

4 06 b lack i s r ock e xposed

a t v ery l ow t ide, f f l a re u nderwater h eights; a re excavated a reas,

mainly g ullies;

022

h eavy d ots i ndicate

main c oncentrations o f a rtefacts a nd f ragments. 1 -5 a nd t he main mound o f

s hot 6 a re d rawn.

G uns

T he p osition

o f o ther i ndividual a rtefacts i s g iven i n t he t ext by r eference t o t he g rid s quare, overcrowding, ( 77a )

Brass r evolving k eg

t ap.

( indicated by a rrows)

writer.

T he m aker's m arks

M arks

2 ,

3 ,

4 14

i s n ot u nderstood by t he

a nd i nitials a re n ot i dentified

4 a re f rom t ombstones i n c emetery r ecords o f

Amsterdam and D elft. t ion but are g iven, i llustrate

T o a void

T he purpose o f t he n arrow p erfor-

a tions

1 ,

f or example B -9.

g rid s quares a re n ot d rawn o n t he map.

A lthough s imilar t hey h ave n o c onnecw ith t he maker's n ames,

t he b etter t o

t he c omplexity o f t he p roblem o f a ttribution.

V an A lderwereldt means ' of t he whole world', h ence t he c hoice ' orbs m undi' symbol.

o f a n ( 77b)

U nmarked,

otherwise i dentical k eg t ap with p iping,

Barentsz c ollection, ( 78)

S poons a nd/or f orks: but s ee n ote c omplete Museum ,

3 5.

R ijksmuseum, 1 .

2 .

P ewter s poon,

C ommon on D utch wreck s ites, c rew

( Van Dam,

4 17

mark u nidentified

Hypothetical r econstruction a fter a

s poon with s ame u nidentified mark, R otterdam;

i n t he

Amsterdaf f i .

C opper s poon,

1 927),

I :

x i

i n t he H istorial

o ne o f 1 2

f ound,

unmarked,

probably t he t ype i ssued t o t he

6 48-52);

3 -5.

4 17

F ragments o f s ilver

s poons.

T ype 4 i s c ommon on 1 7th c entury Dutch s ymbolizing m oederliefde,

s poons, c harity; ( 79)

6 .

( 80)

F or d oubtful bullet-shaped o bject 4 20

L inked s hot was f ound i n l arge q uantity.

4 24

i n brass.

B rachiolus s hown i n t he d etail o f a p ortraite o f D irecteur G eneraal Gerard Pietersz Hulft by Govert F linck

( 82)

4 18

B rachiolus of a Dutch mariner's universal or catholic a strolabe,

( 81)

s ilver

mother-love o r

F ragments o f s ilver s poons or f orks.

Small arms a mmunition. s ee a bove.

i .e.

( 1654)

i n R ijksmuseum,

T he s o-called Armken v an B arentsz, with i ts wooden c ursor,

a s imilar b rachiolus

o ne o f t he o bjects a bandoned i n

t he f amous B ehouden H uijs party.

4 24

Amsterdam.

i n 1 597 b y W illem B arentsz'

At t he t ime o f d iscovery,

n o o ther f ragment o r 4 25

c omplete i nstrument e xisted. ( 83)

A c ardboard m odel o f t he i nstrument, c ulated s mall a rm a nd t he c ursor,

written i n 1 647 by J an N anninghsoon, s urveyor. ( 84)

s howing t he a rti-

f rom a manuscript a D utch l and 4 25

( Noord H olland Archiefsdienst).

A G erman p ocket s un-watch a nd t he i vory box i t s hared with

i ts c ompass.

N ote t he brass p ivot a nd c hapelle

o f m issing r ose o f c ompass.

P hotographed a gainst F ather

F ournier's d escription o f a mariner 's c ompass,

s howing

s imilar c ompass p ivot a nd c hapelle i n H ydrographie, ( 85)

1 643.

4 28

I dentical s un-watches w ith r emains o f t heir c opper boxes. N ote t hat t he b rass p ivot o f t he d isc o n t he l eft i s s till s tuck i n a c oncretion block.

4 28

( 86)

S ounding l ead.

4 30

( 87)

Brass n avigational d ividers. N os. 1 t o 8 , t he t otal f ound w ere probably i n u se o n board; n os. 9 t o 1 1, e xamples o f 7 2 s imilar p airs pairs

f ound,

were o bviously c argo.

T he

f our

l ying horizontally f eature modern p lastic c asts of 4 31

t he m issing wrought i ron p oints. ( 88)

D ivider,

with i mprint o f p art o f i ts d isintegrated p oint

l eft i n p rotection c oncretion. s ame b lock,

N ote o ther i mprints,

o ne a bove a nd t hree b eneath,

packaging o f i nstruments.

i n

i ndicating t ight

Maker 's m ark n ot i dentified 4 32

( see t ext f or parallels). ( 89)

O rnament o n d ividers.

T he w ide-open f leur -d e -l is

by a I on e ach s ide a lways s tamped c oncentric c ircles. without t he

L ead i ngot.

T he c ompact f leur -d e -l is

I Is a lways c orresponds w ith t hree s ets,

an i ndentation b eneath t he ( 90)

f lanked

c orresponds with t wo s ets o f

c ircles

( see t ext ).

p lus 4 32 4 35

Unmarked. x ii

( 91 )

N ine t obacco p ipes,

( 92)

P iles o f s ilver

d imensions i n mm.

4 35

a rend s chellingen ( Dutch s mall c hange)

f ound c emented t ogether by t he c opper s alts

f rom m etal 4 39

i n t he a lloy a nd other a gents. ( 93)

D ecorated f ragments o f B ellarmine f lagons.

T he f lower

on t he upper r ight f ragment i s s imilar t o t he o rnament o n t he f lagon f ound o n t he I sle o f F etlar

( fig.

2 2), 4 39

possibly plundered i n 1 653 f rom t he LASTDRAGER wreckage. ( 94)

Bottleneck r einforcements a nd matching p ewter s crew c aps, f rom s quare-based g reen g lass bottles.

C ontents u nknown,

but quicksilver a possibility. ( 95)

T he F etlar Bellarmine F lagon. Antiquities,

( 96a )

4 40

T he

( National Museum o f

E dinburgh).

s ignet r ing

( no.

I )

4 45 has l eft a perfect p ositive i mprint

i n t he protective c oncretion i n which i t was e mbedded. ( 96b)

S imilar merchant's marks,

4 49

i n u se a t t he s ame p eriod belonged

t o: I

)

1 :

Hans v an H answijck, 7 6 f o.

I I

)

2 :

U nidentified

1 :

Unidentified

( Homeyer,

( O.K.

7 5

f o.

2 1 18 & O .K.

Unidentified

1 24,

p l.

V ).

( Wedding r egister of O ortmarsum

( Staatsarchief, 2 :

1 639

8 4 ).

Z wolle).

( On a g rave i n S teenwijck,

G roote

K erk). 3 :

Unidentified

( On a g rave i n R otterdam 's G roote

K erk ). 4 :

Unidentified

( On a g rave i n Oude K erk c emetery,

Amsterdam ). 5 :

Thomas J anszoon,

1 640.

( On a t ombstone i n d e

Oude K erk c emetery o f Amsterdam 6 :

Anthony V erbruggen

7 :

Jacob Willemsen,

( as a bove,

( Grafboek O .K.

7 5).

n ote t hat monogram

i s a lmost c omplete). Amsterdam , 8 :

P ieter R uijs z ijn k inderen, R oolof d e V rij, Unidentified, ( Homeyer,

( 98a )

1 32,

1 666,

c .

1 700

p l.

( England)

V ).

T he v an Waveren s ignet r ing,

4 57

S eal o f Alderman Anthony O etgens v an Waveren,

Mayoral s eal o f h is s on, 1 643

o n a n o fficial

1 614.

4 52

J oan O etgens v an Waveren,

d ocument of t he Municipality o f Amsterdam,

o n a

d ated 2 3 April,

( Historisch-topographische a tlas, Gemeentelijke Archie -

d ienst, ( 99a )

( as a bove).

( as a bove).

i n u se i n N orwich

d ocument dated 2 6 N ovember, ( 98b)

( Nieuwe K erk c emetery

4 8).

9 : 1 0:

( 97)

B lauwen H olm

G rafboek N .K.

Amsterdam,

n os.

1 102 a nd 1 219).

P art o f a brass wimble f or s kull-bone s urgery.

4 53

( 99b)

A F rench 1 6th c entury c omplete i nstrument,

s imilar but

with a more e laborate s ystem o f t repan f ixation

( see t ext ),

L a M ethode c urative d es P 1ayes e t F ract ures d e l a t este h umaine, pl. CLXXXVI, Paris. f rom P are,

( 100)

1 .

A .

1 561,

Brass p ins o f s piral wound-head t ype,

3 s izes

4 53

( 45

r ecovered ). 2 .

G lass b eads, blue,

3 . 4 -7. 8 .

t op t o bottom:

b lue-black,

y ellow,

b lue

g reen.

Brass pegs. Brass buttons

( 19 r ecovered ).

F ixing a rrangement o f buttons,

a llowing u se with t hick

c loth. 9 .

G old button,

bottom o f c up i s

T ypically Dutch, o rnament

e namelled i n white.

o ften s een i n p ictures,

worn a s an

( 12 r ecovered ).

1 0.

G old buckle,

1 1.

Brass buckle.

u se u nknown.

1 2.

P ossibly a g old e arring.

1 3.

Brass webbing o r belt h older.

1 4.

P lain s ilver r ing d ecorated with b lack t hread.

1 5.

E xquisite l ady's g old w edding r ing i n t he

s hape o f 4 55

plaited hair. ( 101)

1 -3. 4 .

P robably s ailor's

f ishing l eads.

C arefully c ast l ead weight,

p erforated t hrough a c entre

with t he r emains o f a w ooden r od

( or p ipe?)

i nside,

u se

u nknown. 5 .

S ection s howing t he h ole, s heet,

6 -7.

l ined w ith a t hin r olled c opper

a nd r emains o f u nidentified f ibrous matter i nside.

Cubical a nd c ylindrical l ead b oxes,

8 .

F lat c ylindrical weight.

9 .

L ead f illed t hin c ast c opper c up,

u se unknown.

possibly a weight f or

s ome o bject o n g imbals. 1 0. ( 102)

P ossibly a f ish-shaped t rolling-lead.

U nidentified s ilver o bjects.

4 57

M an a nd h orse a re possibly

p oppenzilver.

4 58

( 103)

S ilver s word o r r apier pommel.

4 58

( 104)

Knife handles o f h orn,

i vory a nd c opper.

4 58

( 105)

D ecorated g lass bottle

( about 2 0cm ),

b elieved t o b e G erman

o r D utch 1 7th c entury work, s aid b y t radition t o have b een r ecovered f rom t he LASTDRAGER wreckage s hortly a fter t he s hipwreck

( Lerwick Museum ).

4 61

( 106)

C orroded c andlestick GT 7 95.

4 69

( 107)

D etail o f wax t ray s howing c orrosion.

4 71

( 108)

U netched u ncorroded polished m etal s urface s howing p orosity a nd l ead g lobules

( 109)

( magnification x 1 00).

Fully c orroded a rea.

4 71

O nly s keleten o f metal r emains

( magnification x 5 0).

4 75

x iv

( 110)

E tched i n aqueous

f erric c hloride.

a s ingle c ored g rain ( 111 )

E tched. s ulphide,

T he l ight a rea i s

( magnification x 5 0).

4 75

T he l ight g rey i nclusions a re p robably z inc l ead g lobules a re a lso present

( magnification

x 4 00). ( 112)

( 113)

4 76

E tched. 1 ,000).

Enlarged v iew o f i nclusion

E tched.

T he b eginning o f c orrosion a long t he h igh-zinc

4 77

a reas of t he g rain, ( 114)

E tched.

( magnification x

( magnification x 5 0).

Enlarged v iew o f c orrosion path

4 78 ( magnification

x 5 0). ( 115)

E tched.

4 78 H ere t he c orrosion has

a s econdary

( bridging )

p enetrated d eeply;

a ttack i s o ccurring

t ion x 5 0).

a nd

( magnifica4 80

XV

9 .

C OINAGE

S .J.Wilson,

Fellow R oyal Numismatic S ociety.

Curator Numismatics,

Western Australian Museum.

T he s ilver pieces of e ight r ecovered f rom t he wreck o f t he VERGULDE DRAECK have an intrinsic v alue i n t he r omance of s ea power,

trade

s ilver bullion. d eal w ith the

a nd c ommerce which f ar A lthough

1 7th c entury

outweigh t heir value a s

i t i s beyond t he s cope of t his work t o

c omplexities o f t he monetary and e conomic history of

S pain a nd Europe

i n t he period u nder s tudy here;

a brief d escrip-

t ion of t he c ircumstances t hat brought t he s hip and t he

c oins

t ogether i s n ecessary.

During t he r eign o f C harles w ith t heir s ubdivisions i n S pain.

These

I ( 1516-1556),

of f our,

c oins were

1 536 a t t he M exico m int,

t wo,

t he

f irst e ight

r eales

one and one-half were i ssued

f irst produced i n Spanish America i n

a nd l ater a t t he other N ew World mints.

At f irst t he c olonial m ints p roduced t he rather c rude c obs o r

c abo d e b arra

( end o f t he bar)

produced by t he

p ieces;

t he r ound milled c oins

s crew press w ere n ot i ntroduced i nto S panish

America u ntil t he 1 8th

c entury.

H owever i n t he

d ecades t hat t he M exico M int produced t he r ound hand-made c oins

f irst t wo

r eales,

a lmost perfectly

c oins were made a nd most mints produced sample

f or presentation t o t he K ing,

t hat were perfectly r ound.

T he c rude c obs were produced f rom f lat bars or s trips o f s ilver, beaten a pproximately t o t he t hickness of t he cut f rom t he bar t o g ive

S ections were

s lightly more t han t he c orrect weight f or

t he r equired d enomination. weight,

c oin.

T hese were

t hen t rimmed t o t he

and s truck b etween t wo d ies with a hammer.

c oin often had only Part o f t he

impression on i t,

i rregularities in t he original bar, a ppearance.

c orrect

T he r esulting due t o t he

a nd t hus each c oin has

a unique

G enerally a n a ttempt was made by t he m int t o e nsure

that a t l east t he m int mark a nd t hey were r esponsible

a ssayer's

f or t he purity o f

i nitial w ere

l egible,

a s

t he s ilver a nd weight of

t he c oin.

The m etropolitan mints

a lso p roduced t he c ob but a fter 1 586

machinery and t echnicians

u sing r oller d ies were

S egovia m int

( and l ater e lsewhere),

ity a nd m ore

r egular p ieces

i ntroduced a t t he

which pr , ) duce much better qual-

t han t he d ie a nd hammer.

2 93

G erman

F ig.

7 0

s hows

t he Arms of

t he House o f H apsburg,

onto the c oinage by P hilip

I I.

These Arms

f irst i ntroduced

a re a measure of c omplex-

i ty of t he d ynastic b ackground of t he S panish royal are many subtle n uances here. e leven d ifferent provinces

I n t his

f amily a nd t here

f orm they s how t he Arms of

u nder t he S panish c rown either by f act

or pretence.

( 70)

I n t he

T he Great S hield.

f irst quarter

and Leon

( see

f ig.

( one a nd f our : castles,

7 1),

a re t he quartered Arms of C astile

t wo a nd t hree l ions

t he s econd quarter per pale are d exter, s inister,

Naples

d isplayed ); Austria

a nd S icily

( fess)

a nd base,

t he Arms of Aragon

( per c ross pallets

i n the t hird quarter per

i n

( pallets) ;

a nd Imperial e agle

f ess are c hief,

t he Spanish N etherlands

2 94

rampant);

the Arms of

( bendlets);

i n

t he f ourth quarter per f ess a re c hief,

d e us )

a nd base,

Brabant

( lion passant ).

t ence i s per pale d exter, s inister,

T yrol

( f leur

t he Arms o f Burgundy

T he e scutcheon o f pre-

t he Arms o f F landers

( Imperial e agle d isplayed ).

( Lion rampant )

a nd

I n a small e ngrail-

ment b etween t he f irst and s econd quarter i s t he p omegranate o f G renada.

C AST ILE L EON C AST ILE

A RAGON G RANADA N APLES &

I

* Ura l

L EON

S IC IL Y B URGUNDY

A USTR IA S PAN ISH N ETHERLANDS

F LANDERS T ( 71)

E 3 RABANT

t

T YROL

T he O rigin o f t he Arms.

I n t he

1 6th c entury t here w ere s everal S pains.

I sabella I 's

C astile a nd L eon a nd F erdinand 's Aragon were u nited i n t heir marriage,

a nd t his was t he f irst s tep t owards u nity i n t he I ber-

i an p eninsular.

L ater i n 1 492,

s urrendered t he K ingdom o f

t he l ast o f t he M oorish Emirs

G ranada t o F erdinand a nd I sabella.

a s eries of d ynastic a ccidents,

By

t heir e ldest g reat g randson P hilip

I I i nherited n ot o nly t he S panish l ands a nd t he A ragonese possess ions o f Naples

a nd S icily i n I taly,

g randmother M ary, t he

but a lso,

t hrough h is g reat

d aughter o f C harles t he B old,

f uture Hapsburg emperor

Maximilian,

c ame t he

t he o ld f ragmented m iddle K ingdom of Burgundy, N etherlands a nd t he c ounty B urgundy,

f or y ears vainly t ried t o r eclaim f rom France. d ynastic t ies w ere a lmost a s impressive: of Henry V III a nd C athdrine o f Aragon,

c omprising t he a long w ith

which C harles had T he i ndirect

M ary T udor ,

t he d aughter

was e ngaged t o C harles V

P hilip I I.

2 95

i nheritance o f

t he F ranche C omte,

a more s hadowy c laim t o t he d uchy of Burgundy,

a nd a s a n a geing s pinster m arried

who h ad married

Portugal was

i nex-

t ricably bound to

Spain t hrough a n etwork of marriages.

f irst wife was Portuguese, of Portugal. Emperor.

His

and i n t he end he

P hilip 's

inherited t he

c rown

s ister Maria married M aximilian t he Holy R oman

H is aunt married t he K ing of F rance,

a nd he himself w as

to wed a daughter of France and try t o put t he c hild of t hat u nion on the

t hrone i n

Paris,

G rierson

( 1974).

Movements of S ilver f rom S panish America. A vast amount of s ilver f rom t he American c olonies was being c oined in a c rude

f orm and s hipped back t o Spain where i t was u sed t o

enhance t he wealth and s plendour of t he S panish R oyal

C ourt a nd

t he households of t he n obility a nd merchants.

Twenty p er c ent

of t he

but by t he t ime

s ilver was

t aken a s t he

Philip I I's g randson,

Philip I V,

e conomic a nd political The United Provinces

" King's c ame

F ifth",

t o t he t hrone

i n

t he

s ituation i n Spain d eteriorated c onsiderably.

was w inning t he war with S pain,

Y ears War ended in 1 648 with t he Treaty o f Münster, were other political problems. in t he New World;

1 621,

whereas

t he E ighty a nd t here

A more ominous problem e xisted

in every d ecade between 1 580

and 1 630

at l east 5 0 million p esos of bullion from Peru and Mexico had been r egistered i n S eville, dropped t o

i n t he period 1 641 t o 1 650

2 5.5 millions and d id n ot r ise a bove

This c aused considerable e conomic problems

1 0.7

t he amount

i n

in S pain,

1 651-60.

and s eriously

affected her f oreign policy. The process of moving t his vast amount o f money f rom t he N ew W orld was

c omplex.

t he

f leets

From 1 596 t he Spanish had r egularized t he

f rom Spain t o the N ew World a nd back.

f leets sailed f rom San Lucar, both

f leets,

Each y ear t wo

t he port of S eville,

at d ifferent t imes of t he y ear,

s ailing of

a nd f rom C adiz;

s ailed t o t he C anary

I slands and f rom t here a cross

t he Atlantic t o t he Lesser Antilles,

f ig.

t he

7 2.

I n

1 623

f or e xample,

f rom t he Canaries

to t he

T ierra F irme F leet was

G alleon's Passage between Tobago a nd

Trinidad and enter t he Carribean i n t hat way. the g aleones, galleons,

s ix of which were

men t o

f leet,

c alled

l arge Spanish Navy s hips known a s the

T hey m easured more t han 6 00

2 4 t o 2 8 p ieces,

s oldiers.

T his

ordinarily l eft Spain i n April e scorted by e ight

' silver-galleons'. with

t o s ail

had c rews of

These e ight galleons

T ierra F irme.

T he

2 53 t o

t ons,

were

a rmed

3 00 a nd often u p t o 1 00

c onvoyed twenty or more merchant-

f leet a lso d ispatched b oats

2 96

t o n otify

officials of its

in Margarita,

P orto Cabello,

T ierra F irme

i t paused a t C artagena t o d isembark passen-

g ers and c argo f or t he area; it arrived in June.

i t t hen proceeded t o P orto B ello, where

On t he arrival of t he f leet i n Cartagena,

president of Panama was i nformed, of P eru,

t hat t he

S ur in Callao.

A rmadilla d e M ar d el

t hen l anded o n t he

Valparaiso,

f leet had gathered g oods

Antofagasta a nd Africa in C hile.

f leet t hen s ailed north t o P anama, Ventura,

g aleones had arrived. All

T he vessels making up t his

f rom Concepciön,

At P anama t he t reasure

C amino R eal to Porto Bello, where

t ransported by mules on t he

T ierra F irme F leet.

T his f leet r eturned t o C artagena t o l oad f urther g oods. t he m iddle of July t he f leet n ow worth guilders, Havana.

G oslinga

( 1971),

e ight d ays

s ooner or

The s econd f leet c alled t he t ed of f our g alleons. New Spain.

T owards

a n e stimated t en m illion

s ailed t hrough t he Yucatan C hannel t o

I t passed Cape S an A ntonio

s ometimes

T he

s topping at Guayaquil a nd B uena

picking up t he C olumbian t reasure.

l oaded on t he waiting

t he

who i n t urn i nformed t he V iceroy

T ierra F irme F lota o r

t he P eruvian t reasure was

it was

a nd Santa Marta

f orthcoming arrival.

Sailing along

was

R io Hacha,

on a bout

1 0 August,

a lthough

l ater.

f lota or the

f lota d e S an J uan c onsis-

Two were d estined f or Honduras,

t wo f or

T hey were part o f a c onvoy o f f ifteen or more merchant-

men d estined f or t he G reater Antilles,

H onduras a nd Mexico.

T his

f leet s ailed l ater i n t he y ear and e ntered t he C arribean b etween Guadeloupe

a nd D ominica u sually in August.

i t anchored a nd r efreshed.

F rom t he L esser Antilles

s et c ourse t o C ape San Antonio, d e Puerto R ico, peche. the

S anto D omingo,

Two of i ts

I n t hat n eighbourhood t he

s ending d espatch boats Jamaica,

f our g alleons

f lota

t o S an J uan

S antiago d e Cuba a nd C an-

s ailed t hen t o T rujillo.

A fter

f lota had passed Cuba's west point, it changed course, and

proceeded more t o t he west, Juan d e Alua.

Once the

t o t he i ron r ings

a nd proceeded t o the

f leet was

embedded i n t he

i n

t hat harbour,

f ort walls.

r eached San Juan de A lua i n e arly S eptember. ( valued at 8 million guilders,

G oslinaa 2 98

f ortress of S an

T he

i t was moored f leet

o rdinarily

I t unloaded i ts cargo

( 1971)),

and r emained

t here during the winter, w ith gold,

u ntil June.

During t his t ime i t was

s ilver,

c ochineal,

i ndigo,

a nd other products

( valued a t

1 4 t o

h ides,

t obacco,

l oaded

c ompechewood,

1 5 million guilders).

f lota, now sailing without two of its escort galleons

I n June t he

t hat had been s ent to Honduras,

proceeded t o Havana,

S an Antonio

i n early July.

for t he s econd t ime

passing C ape

T he two Honduras galleons o rdinarily passed Cape San Antonio s hortly a fterwards. t his

In i ts wake t he

strategic outpost.

o rder.

From here,

T ierra F irme F leet would a lso pass

U sually t he s hips arrived a t H avana i n t his

under t he protection of twelve galleons,

t he

f leet

proceeded a t the e nd of August t hrough t he Bahama C hannel t o t he A zores,

a nd f rom t here t o S an Lucar,

t hen up t he

G uadalquivir R iver

P uerto d e I ns M alas where the officials of the C asa d e C on-

t o t he

t rataciön took charge.

I t i s

i nteresting t o note h ow often t hese

f leets were d estroyed,

e ither by a cts o f p iracy a nd war or s torm a nd s hipwreck. e xceptionally outstanding e xample of t he t he whole o f the H eyn i n 1 628,

was

c apture of

f lota of S t. John i n the Bay of Matanzas by P iet

the t reasure was v alued at between

1 4 m illion guilders, s hipwreck

f ormer i s t he

An

Goslinga

t he f ate

( 1971).

1 1.5 million a nd

I n t he case of t he

o f o ne of t he two g alleons

o f t he

l atter,

A rmadilla d e M ar

d el S ur which departed from Callao in October 1 654, with t en million

p esos,

a nd only o ne r eached Panama.

T he

g aleones were 2 -8 m illion pe sos

t herefore d elayed i n Cartagena until March u ntil had b een s alvaged f rom t he w reck.

T he f leet

c ollected t his a t

P orto Bello and t hen r eturned t o Cartagena.

I n 1 , 11 7,

j ust a s

t he

g aleones were about to sail from Cartagena for Havana, warning of a n E nglish

f leet a rrived,

a nd t he

s ailing was postponed.

a n a dvice boat

f rom Spain a rrived with orders

t he f leet must

s ail a s

T he f leet

s ailed,

s oon a s possible,

but n ews o f

t o b e d iverted t o V era Cruz.

. August

1 654.

I V,

c aused t he f leet

After t he danger had passed t he i n O ctober,

( 1975)

2 99

f leet

a nd n ot d eparting t ill

T hus t he f leet had been i n t he

According t o M arx

t hat

r egardless of t he d angers

2 7 English warships

s ailed t o H avana a rriving t here J anuary 1 ,1656.

f rom P hilip

I n July

only t o

C arribean smE .11

f rom

. : essels ever

r eached Spain,

s o that

i t

i s

l ikely that much of t he

mintage of coin carried by this

The Spanish Eight . R eale piece Asia a nd trusted a s The

a trade

Eight R eale piece was

being

f leet would have been

I n f act

in the early

received

u sed e ither

i n i ts original

itself,

form or by

short of

their own

during s uch

a s hortage

over-struck a number o f Mexico Mint

pieces of e ight with a representation of t he J ewel of the

i n

c oin of good s ilver c ontent and weight.

t he Netherlands

1 650's,

l ost.

and its parts were well

c ounter-stamped by c ountries who w ere

c oinage.

1 653-1654

Golden F leece to show that t hey were t o be

the Order o f

a ccepted

f or circu-

l ation.

C oins

f rom the VERGULDE DRAECK r ange

and the To

l atter date

f ollow through

Spanish c oin of at

i s

the

Spanish K ing

s equence of events t his

( Philip

IV ),

would have been s ent

t o Spain

such a quantity of

in

1 626

c oins

t o

States

n ext

silver

f leets

twelve months

to Batavia on

t he

i s i llustrated by t he ( 1629)

i ndicating t hat

were

f act

a lmost

an extensive

the Dutch with t he other parts of Europe.

G eneral

f oreign c oin c irculating in the N ether( The Netherlands

a c oin tariff catalogue,

and their weights,

permitted t o c irculate

s end i t

s hip the BATAVIA

and c ities,

There was

t he

During t he

An interesting point

s tates

The new coinage

i n one of t he regular

f or the V .O.C.

carried on by

that

i ts minting

trade with t he Dutch and by October

trade was

lands

s hip.

t hat would put a Mexican

f irst quarter of 1 654.

that t he c oins on an earlier entirely of G erman

1 654,

prepared in S pain and s hipped out t o

it would have been u sed in

VERGULDE DRAECK.

t o

t o i dentify the

s hip we must s tart with

crossing t he Spanish Main.

1 655 been available

1 590

The d ies would have been authorised by the

M exico probably in the

( Flota )

f rom a bout

s ignificant in helping

1 654 on

t he Mexico Mint.

i n d ate

i llustrating a v ery wide

and the exchange rate

in the

Parliament)

country,

3 00

Anon

i ssued range of

a t which they were

( 1626).

T he V ERGULDE DRAECK c oinage, while being mostly of M exican origin, c ontained a p ercentage of o ther Spanish American M ints a nd s ome f rom m etropolitan S pain i tself.

T he f ollowing l ist g ives

t he c omposition

of t he t otal c oinage.

P ercentage d istribution of c oins i n VERGULDE DRAECK r ecords o f 1 0,792

H oard f rom

c oins

M exico M int 1 590 - 1 654

P otosi M int

R eals

1 1%

4

R eals

1 7%

8

R eals

5 4%

8

R eals

3 %

8

R eals

3 %

( Peru

n ow B olivia) S eville M int

2

( Spain )

A ll o thers

Various Values

1 2% 1 00%

T he t otal c ash on t he s hip f rom t he V .O.C. been 7 8,600 guilders

i n 8 c hests.

r ecords i s known t o have

F rom our knowledge of t he c ont-

e mporary v alue of t he Guilder c ompared t o t he e ight r eal piece and k nowing t he percentage break u p o f c oins a s a bove i t has been possible t o d educe t hat a bout 4 0,000 i ndividual c oins were i n t he c hests. f or,

A lmost half of t hese have been r ecovered o r a ccounted

a s w ill be s een f rom t he f ollowing l ists a nd c atalogue.

T he c oins have been c lassified basically by t heir S panish o r S panish American o rigins, T he material

a nd t here a re examples

f rom t en d ifferent m ints.

i s d ivided i nto two main s ections,

one b eing t he c oins

r ecovered by private persons before t he passage o f t he c ontrolling A ct o f P arliament a nd s ubsequently r egistered by t he Western Austral ian Museum,

and t he o ther b eing t he material r ecovered by t he

Museum 's own Maritime Archaeology D epartment.

A small s ub-section

s hows s ix c oins which have a pparently c ome f rom t he personal p ossess ions o f t he

c rew. 3 01

I t must be r ealised t hat a major proportion of t hese c orroded f rom 3 20 years has been made

e xposure

t o t he s ea,

c oins a re b adly

and a f urther d ivision

t o s how t he number of p ieces which a re of c ollectable

c ondition and t hose which, be of numismatic value.

a lthough

There

i dentifiable,

i s a lso

a re

t oo poor t o

a quantity of unidentifiable

s crap s ilver a gainst which an e stimate o f t he original c oins which i t r epresents has b een made. c oins are

The

t hose known t o be i n private h ands

number o f

8 97 unrecorded private a lthough the d etails of

t hese are n ot known a t present.

From t he

f ollowing s ummary,

t housand c oins

s till u naccounted

between r ecoveries by t he l ost,

i t w ill be f or.

s urvivors

i n

s een t hat t here P ossibly t hese 1 656,

a re over t wenty a re s pread

which were

s ubsequently

f urther material r ecovered by private persons prior t o t he

passing of t he r elevant amendments

t o t he Museum Act,

and material

s till on t he wreck s ite but n ot d iscovered.

After t he main l isting a n a ttempt has b een made t o describe a nd i llustrate key p ieces

f rom e ach m int where t hey a re

be photographed.

3 02

available t o

( 73)

Typical

Inscriptions

8

r eale . R eale coinage of Spain circa 1650.

and d evices of t he

The pieces of

two,

f irst half of the

f our, 1 7th

and eight

century are

r eales of the Mexico mint of the typical of the Spanish

Coinage of the period and r epresent 9 2% of t he t he VERGULDE

DRAECK.

of Philip

1 621-1665.

IV

s ide of c oins

of

The majority of

1 652,

T he Latin a s

t he

c oin recovered

c oins

are

of

t he reign

l egend on t he obverse or

i llustrated in

f ig.

7 0,

f rom

s hield

i s:

PHILIPPUS.1111.DEl. G.1652 i .e.

Philip the

f ourth by t he

The mint mark g the value On the

8

( Mexico)

( Reales )

reverse

to

or cross

and

Grace of God a ssayer's

( Dei-Gratia)

initial P are

t o

1 652. t he

l eft,

and

t he r ight. s ide

i s

the

l egend.

H ISPANIARUM.ET.INDIARUM.REX i .e. The

King of Spain and India r efers

t o the West

and South America,

The

cross on

has

f our equal

arms

( Lily

and two

kingdoms

Indies

border with

the

of the coin

face.

i s

the

Spanish

f lower).

In the

colonies

c laim t o

c ross

I ndies.

and

r epresentation of a

areas between

d iagonally opposite

in c entral

t he East

Jerusalem or F lory

each capped by a rough

castles

of Castile

and Spanish

t ogether with the

the Mexico c oins

F leur d e us l ions

I ndia.

t he

arms

r epresenting t he

are

two

combined

and Leon and the whole enclosed in a double

l egend between

two

3 03

c ircles of dots

around t he

l ine

edge

CATALOGUE OF MAIN COIN TYPES

The

FROM VERGULDE DRAECK

f ollowing numbering systems

and s tandard catalogue

have been u sed i n the description of

references

coins in this catalogue.

WAM No.

Western Australian Museum r egistration number.

P .R.

Private registration material number.

No.

Yriarte

Yriarte Oliva Jose a O cho Madrid

Vicenti

l os

R eales

de

1 965.

Vicenti

Jose A .

Espanola

1 475-1974,

Lorente

Lorente

- Catalogo d e

Catalogo G eneral de

R odriguez

Madrid

J .J.

1 975.

- Catalogo de

Madrid

l a Moneda

de a dos

E spanoles

Gabriel.

- C ompendium of E ight

l os

R eales

1 965.

Calbeto d e Grau

R eales,

Puerto R ico

1 970.

Total r ecorded material r ecovered f rom VERGULDE DRAECK including W .A. Museum , Note:

Privately owned,

C = Collectable

coins

and s crap s ilver.

condition

NC = Not c ollectable

condition

D enomin-

Private

W .A.

Mint

ation

Material

Material

Burgos

4 R eals

Granada

Madrid

Mus.

3

W .A.

Mus.

Condition

Total

C

3

8 R eals

1

C

1

2R eals

1

c

1

4 R eals

2

C

3

8 R eals

5

C

5

2R eals

3

4R eals

8

8R eals

1 3 3 1 0

1 1

Jew-

C

1 6

C

1 1

C

2 1

C

1

8R eals ( C/S

1

.

e l of Golden Fleece)

3 04

1

Toledo

6 M aravedi

1

c

1

( C/S Madr id 8 maravedi) 2 R eals

5

1

C

6

4 R eals

5

1

C

6

8 R eals

6

5

C

1 1

Mint Unidentifiable 2 R eals

2 4

C

2 4

4 R eals

3 5

C

3 5

8 R eals

5 5

C

5 5

Beach Material

& Sailors

Personal Property Zeeland

R ix Dollar

1

1

Brabant

Cross

1

1

Japan

Mameita Gin

1

1

Flanders

Patagon

1

1

Holland

Two Stuyvers

1

1

Groningen

Two Stuyvers

1

1

Dollar

Unrecorded private 8 97

8 97

coins

. ,

, 4 288

6 504

C - 2 652

1 0,792

NC-

1 0,79

3 852

Scrap Silver showing weight and e stimated 6 90

7 618

number of coins

( 139.5kg) ,

( 11.5kg) ,

.

' Total r ecovered Still to be

8 ,308

1 1,906

7 194

1 9,100

recov2 0,900

ered or r ecorded h Total Value of coin on ship ( Estimated number

7 8,600

of coins)

Guilders Approx.

3 06

4 0,000

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE MAIN COIN TYPES

All

i llustrations

at

1 :1

s cale.

BURGOS MINT SPAIN Mint Mark B Situated about of Castile. century.

2 00 Km.

Struck

north of Madrid.

coinage

from the

One of the early

thirteenth

to

the

royal mints

seventeenth

R eals

Four

WAM No.

3 077

Type of Yriarte Assayer R ?

WAM No. Type

Circa

Eight

1 651

6329

of Yriarte

Assayer B c irca Wt.

5

1 3.31

5 1 651

gm.

R eals

PR No. Type

of Yriarte

Assayer Wt.

3 0 .7

4 037

? circa

2 5.25

gm.

5 1 651

GRANADA MINT SPAIN Mint Mark G Two hundred and

t hirty kilometres

Struck 2 R eal

f rom the Mediterranean C oast.

Ferdinand and I sabella to Philip 1 621.

8 R eal pieces Philip

s outh of Madrid and f orty k ilometres

I I

and 4

IV l ast i ssue of

to Charles Two

R eal pieces from

2 R eals

s truck

in

I I.

R eals

PR No.

-

2 962

Type of Lorente Assayer M . Wt.

Note:

Triplelined

border Four

t o c ross,

5 .75

s uggests

1 603

gm.

1 603

PR No.

i ssue.

1 742

Type of

' z4

Vicenti

8 70

Assayer N ( Inverted N )

_ 7

Circa Wt.

1 651

1 2.49gm .

WAM No.

3 995

Type of . , . . . ' „ , :. ,

Vicenti 8 70

Assayer N ( Inverted N ) Circa Wt.

E ight R eals

' ,

c irca

R eals

•

_

1 09

\

3 08

4 039

Type of Yriarte

_

1 6

A ssayer N ( Inverted N ) C irca Wt.

'

1 2.92gm.

PR No.

(. 1, ( I,

,

1 651

1 651

2 6.87gm.

R eals

E ight

PR No.

4 041

Type of Y riarte

1 6 or 1 7

Shows mint mark o n s ide

( . 5

A ssayer N ( inverted) C irca Wt.

1 651

2 4.87gm.

MADRID MINT S PAIN crown Mint Mark M -MD-M Main S panish mint at Capital c ity f rom 1 614 t o date Two

R eals WAM No.

6 494

Type o f Lorente

1 22

A ssayer A - Augustin Mayens C irca 1 641 Value I I

F leur-de-lis

2

Wt.

6 .46 gm.

WAM N o.

6 501

Lorente N o.

1 27

A ssayer A - Augustin Mayens 1 651 3

F leur-de-lis

Wt. Four

R eals

6 .58 gm.

PR N o. Type of

V icenti 8 84

A ssayer?

c irca

Value 2

I II1

F leur-de-lis

Wt.

3 09

4 045

1 3.13 gm.

1 643

R eals

Four

PR No. Type

,

„

4 047

of

Vicenti

8 90

Assayer A - Augustin Mayens

v

M .

i

-

M ark MD

Wt.

R eals

E i nht

1 651

1 2.93 gm.

PR No. Type

1 63

of

Y riarte

Assayer

,

B .I.

3 00

-

Bernardo P edrera and Hipclito ,

Santo

Domingo

Circa

1 639

Wt.

. - •

2 5.40

PR No. .,

, i .1 .•

Type -,

of

Y riarte B .

Wt.

M . Mark M

= 8

2 6. 85

WAM No.

gm.

3 612

Type of Yriarte

,

3 04

Assayer B -

i rf

Bernardo P edrera

.

,

,

Mint M ark

•

Wt.

PR No.

, ! -

,

,

•

,

,

3 02

1 642 Value

•

gm.

4 042

Assayer

- , ›

%

_

de

_

H e . . • • ""

'

M Dcirca

2 3.63 gm.

4 043

Type of Yriarte 3

Augustin Mayens Mint Mark MD

Wt.

3 10

3 07

Assayer A -

Value

1 643

VIII

2 6.07

1 64

n ot gm.

8

( ?)

( ?)

E ight

R eals

WAM No.

3 631

Type o f Yriarte

3 08

A ssayer A - Augustin Mayens M int Mark M c irca

1 651

Value = 8 Wt.

2 4.38 gm.

PR No.

5 339

Madrid M int? C irca

1 650

Counter s truck with J ewel of t he G olden F leece Wt.

2 6.18 gm.

M EXICO M INT M int Mark

A

M exico a s

t he V ice-royalty of N ew Spain was

i n 1 519.

The V iceroy,

by royal decree in

1 531 t o

s trike

c oins

was g iven authority

f rom o ne quarter

n o e ight

r eal

I I.

t he King's

c oins a re known t o exist u ntil

T hese

t he r eign of

s how t he Hapsburg s hield on t he obverse with

n ame i n t he l egend a round t he perimeter of t he c oin

a nd a c ross w ith a

F leur-de-lis on the end of each of the four

arms w ith d iagonally o pposed l ions a nd c astles This

r eal

r eals, and in 1537 to strike four and eight r eal pieces;

t o t hree

P hilip

Antonio d e M endoza,

c aptured by C ortes

c haracteristic c ross was

M exico until t he

i n

i n t he quarters.

u se on t he c oins of Spanish

a dvent of t he P illar D ollar i n 1 732

and i s the

main d istinguishing mark of a ll of t he M exico c oins

f rom t he

VERGULDE DRAECK wreck except WAM No.

I I which has

3 624 of P hilip

a plain ended c ross.

T he

f irst

i n 1 600

c oins with a d ate i ncluded i n t he l egend were

under King P hilip I II.

T his

r ough

C .O.B.

t ype of c oin

a s d escribed i n t he g eneral s ection on m inting m ethods t he whole

of t he M exico mint c oins

3 11

i ssued

c onstitutes

i n t his particular s hip.

One R ai •

PR N o.

4 025

Type of Yriarte 477 Circa 1 598 Value = Wt.

2 .99 gm.

PR No.

4 818

Circa 1 650 M int Mark M Wt.

3 .55 gm.

PR N o.

4 015

Type of Y riarte

4 77

Lorente 9 03 Assayer 0 Wt.

6 .20 gm

PR N o.

4 021

T ype of L orente 9 03 Assayer 0 Value = 1 1 Wt.

6 .34 gm.

UM W"

PR N o.

4 445

Type of L orente 9 11 C irca 1 610-1613 Agsayer Value = I I Wt.

3 12

6 .37 gm.

-

Two

Reals

PR No.

A r . • ' • 2 .,

,

4 711

C irca

1 618-21

Assayer D Wt.

6 .24

gm.

_ .

, .

e

, .

PR No.

3 913

Type of Lorente 914

, .

1 644

\

Assayer P Wt.

6 .61 gm.

PR No.

, :

. .

1 747

Type of Lorente

. .

,

1 64

914

( ?)

Assayer P Wt.

6 .52

PR No.

, -

gm.

3 563

Type of Lorente $ \

915

1 648 , . ,

A ssayer P Wt.

6 .68 gm.

PR No. l

,

2 798

Type of Lorente 1 649

.

Assayer P --

Wt.

3 13

7 .01 gm.

9 15

R eals

Two

Y

\

:

_

.

-

-

1 728

Type of Lorente

!

. ,

PR No.

t

j '; 14

'

1 652 Assayer P Wt.

6 .45 gm.

WAM No. , -

Type

of Lorente

1 651

-

Assayer P 6 .02

PR No.

t . . . e

r

'

, . 0.

4 750 915

1 653 Assayer P Wt.

6 .63

PR No. Type i l

914

gm.

Type of Lorente

' 7 1 t ' T ,

0 -

6 417

-;

Wt.

t

915

gm.

4 615

of Lorente

9 15

1 654 ,

Assayer P Wt.

6 .20

gm..

R eals

Four

e . r

PR No.

,

Type .

. . ,.

•

3 661

of

C irca

Yriarte

1 629

Assayer D

, Wt.

3 14

1 3.05

gm.

5 13

Four

R eals

PR 2 917 Type of Yriarte 1 60

4 92

( ?)

Assayer A Wt.

1 2.33 gm.

PR No.

5 217

F lowery Cross C irc

1 620

Assayer D Wt.

1 2.14

PR No. C irca

gm .

5 213 1 606

Assayer F Wt.

1 2. 47 gm.

PR No.

5 271

Type of Yriarte

5 25

1 649 Assayer P wt.

1 3.22

PR No.

gm.

4 447

Type of Yriarte Circa

1 621

Assayer D wt.

3 15

1 3.19

gm.

5 06

F our

. ‹ .

R eais

•

-

PR No.

4 785

Type of Y riarte 1 652

, ,—

,

5 28

A ssayer

A

Wt.

P

1 3.80 gm .

WAM No.

6 414

Type of Yriarte

•

5 27

1 651

-

>

Assayer P Wt.

PR No.

' • , .

1 1.16 g m.

5 285

1 653/2

•

Wt.

1 2.55 gm.

-

. ,

PR No.

-

. , _

. ,

4 t -

,

. 1 . ,

•

.

5 > .

, . , L

.

s .•

1 0

Type of Yriarte

•

-

1 3.29 g m .

PR No.

.

_ .

,

, •

3 16

5 29

1 653

,

,

.. ,

4 698

Type of Y riarte

Wt.

,

, .

1 .,. 3 . : ‚ , .

e •

,

. .

e , .

1 654 wt.

1 2.43 gm.

5 30

F our

R eals

WAM No.

2 409

Type of Yriarte

5 26

1 6(?)0 Wt.

1 3.48 gm.

Counterstamped with S iam Mark.

E ight R eals WAM No.

3 624

Type of Yriarte C irca

4 75

1 580

P lain Cross Assayer 0 Wt.

2 3.53 gm.

WAM No.

6 325

Type of Yriarte

4 83

C irca 1 590 A ssayer F , Wt.

2 5.26 gm.

PR No.

3 987

Type of Yriarte 4 90 1 608 A ssayer A Wt.

2 6.30

WAM No.

gm .

6 326

Type of Yriarte 1 609 A ssayer A Wt.

3 17

2 4.25 gm.

4 92

E ight R eals

PR No.

5 412

Type of Y riarte

4 94

C irca 1 610 Assayer F Wt.

2 6.37 g m .

PR No.

3 490

Type of Y riarte

5 04

1 620 A ssayer D Wt.

2 2.00 g m .

PR No.

2 763

Type of Yriarte

5 04/5

1 62(?) A ssayer D Wt.

2 5.75 g m ,

PR No.

3 991

Type of Y riarte

A

5 13-4-5

1 629-1632 A ssayer D Wt.

2 6.33 g m .

PR No.

3 301

Type of Yriarte C irca

1 619-1521

A ssayer D Wt.

3 18

2 6.88

g m .

5 03

E ight R eals

PR No.

5 019

Type of Yriarte

5 19

( 16)41 A ssayer P Wt.

2 6.38 gm .

PR No.

1 810

Type of Yriarte

5 20

1 642 A ssayer P Wt.

2 5.98 gm .

PR N o.

3 993

T ype o f Yriarte 5 22 1 646 A ssayer P Wt.

2 6.88 gm .

WAN No.

6 424

Type of Yriarte 1 647 A ssayer P Wt.

3 19

2 5.60 gm .

5 23

Eight

R eals

WAM No.

2 541

Type of Yriarte

5 24

1 648 Assayer P Wt.

2 6.06

PR No.

gm .

3 994

Type of Yriarte

5 25

1 649 Assayer P Wt.

2 6.86 gm .

WAM No.

7

Type of Yriarte

5 26

( 16)50 Assayer P Wt.

2 5.90

WAM No.

gm .

2 545

Type of Yriarte

5 27

1 651 Assayer P Wt.

2 5.15 gm .

WAM No.

6

Type of Yriarte 1 652 Assayer P Wt.

3 20

2 5.04 gm .

5 28

E ight R eals

, . .

WAM No.

6 426

Type of Yriarte

5 29

etJ 't

— fg4 r -z4e • 4 0 1. . . . . . 4.

e e m . ' ,7

A ssayer P

,

WAM No.

6 425

Type of Yriarte . • •

• •

,

•

. 1 J , . , . 0 0 , ,•' 0 4 0. 0 1 df 7• 94 , • A t i • •• . '

1

•

1 654 Assayer P Wt.

2 4.69

WAM No.

gm .

2 596

o f Yriarte

,

,

5 30

5 30

1 654 ,

X —4" ,

4

4

Assayer P Wt.

2 2.44 gm .

PR No. , .

,

1 3

Type of Yriarte C irca

5 28

1 652

Assayer P ?

Wt. . -

C ounter s truck with ,

3 21

2 6.28 gm .

Jewel o f t he

G olden Fleece

PR No.

5 348

( 1)652 Value Wt.

2

6 .48 gm .

F our R eals PR No.

2 923

T ype of Yriarte 942 C irca 1 640 Cross Wt.

& S hield

1 2.54 gm .

PR No.

1

Type of Yriarte

9 67

1 652 A ssayer E Wt.

1 1.77 gm .

PR N o.

2 018

Type of Yriarte 9 70 1 652

( 3 dates)

A ssayer E Wt.

1 3.71 gm .

PR No.

3 020

1 652 Value r eversed between p illars wt.

3 23

1 2.75 gm .

Four

Real. ..� PR No .. 5349

Type of Yriart.e 971 1653 (3 dates) Assayer E

Wt. 13.88 gm.

R. Re . No. 5347

Type of Yria te 972 Assay ....�

E

T� '."1€: , f :riarte 9 8

155'5·· 159 or B WL

PP. Tt_fp

Ci

24.

!

2 gm.

o� 2aa of Yriarte 942

a 16 0

. -�- -� ! i

I

I

I I

. - ·- . -�� . .-•··•·•-- j

Eight R eeds

WAM No.

6 354

Yriarte

9 66

1 652 Assayer E Wt.

2 5.92

PR No.

gm .

2

Yriarte

9 67

1 652 Assayer E Wt.

2 6.39

PR No.

gm .

2 702

Yriarte

9 68 t ype

1 652 Assayer E Wt.

2 4.95

PR No. Yriarte 1 652

gm .

2 752 9 69

( Two dates)

Assayer E Wt.

3 25

2 6.68 gm .

X I

E ight R eals

PR No.

2 700

Yriarte 9 70 1 652 wt.

( 3 d ates) 2 6.25 g m .

PR No.

1 533

Yriarte 9 71 1 653 wt.

PR No.

( 3

d ates)

2 5.00 g m .

3 305

T ype of Yriarte C irca Wt.

9 65

1 652

2 6.15 gm .

Counter s tamped with C rown.

3 26

SANTA F E M INT Mint M arks

( Nuevo R eino)

R 9 R

Philip I II ordered t he e stablishment of a mint at Santa F e

i n t he

Vice-royalty of t he new k ingdom of G ranada

G ranada)

and i t c ame

( Nuevo R eino d e

into production a bout 1 622 under P hilip IV.

A s

t his

mint was e stablished c lose t o an area of gold mines most of i ts coinage was gold a nd the r are s ilver pieces of e ight were struck from t he s ilver o btained a s an impurity i n t he r efining of gold.

Two R eals

PR No.

1 201

Type of Yriarte

1 193

Not r ecorded i n L orente C irca

1 623

Mint Mark N over R Wt.

6 .59

PR No.

gm .

4 057

Lorente

1 037

? 1653 A ssayer P Mint M ark NR Wt.

6 .37 gm .

Four Reals PR No.

4 972

1 645 M int Mark NR Value Wt.

3 27

I III

1 1.17 gm .

Four Reals

PR No.

5 330

1 65(?) Mint Mark N P Assayer P P Wt.

1 2.92

PR No.

g m .

4 055

Yriarte

1 198

1 651 Wt.

1 3.12 g m .

PR No.

5 323

? 1652 Mint Mark NR Assayer PR Wt.

1 3.27 g m .

PR No.

4 056

Type of Yriarte

1 198

1 653 Assayer PM Value Wt.

I III

1 2.81 gm .

PR No. Type

4 051

of Yriarte

Circa

1 625

Mint Mark N o ver Assayer

R

Castles

& L ions

Wt. 3 28

1 195

2 5.34 gm .

R

reversed

E ight R eals PR No. Yriartc

4 053 1 198

1 651 A ssayer PRM Value VIII Wt.

; 7.29

PR N o.

gm .

3 286

Type of Yriarte

1 198

1 652 A ssayer PRM Wt.

2 5.65

gm .

SEGOVIA M INT Mint M ark a n Aquaduct All t he c oinage

s truck a t t he O ld Mint was of t he COB t ype

f rom C harles

I to P hilip IV.

New R oyal Mint struck r ound machine made Philip V .

in

1 585 Philip I I

c oins

f rom P hilip I I

t o

imported machinery a nd s killed workers

from G ermany to s trike t he r ound pieces

f or which t his m int i s

s o

well known and which

s o r esemble t he contemporary c oinage of t he

German s tates.

c oining machines

T he

c onsisted of a pair o f c ylin-

drical r ollers

D ne with a s eries of obverse d ies

r everse d ies.

A previously rolled s trip of s ilver plate was passed

between the rollers impressed.

a nd t he other with

a nd c ame out with t he d esign of t he d ies d eeply

These round p lanchets were t hen punched out of t he plate.

Some v ariation i n t hickness was produced by t his process a nd s ome3 29

R eals

Two

PR No.

2 795

Lorente

3 85

1 652 j

0

, , • „ .

. . I , ?

,

X

Assayer B . B ernardo P edrera Value

. , ,

Wt.

I I

6 .60

PR No. - * . _

(

_

1 652 P edrera & Rafael

Wt.

'

6 .61 gm .

PR No. . , . 1

.

, '4

Value

e

, . 1 a r i

'

• •4

Z

4 533

Type of Yriarte

. . tj

-

1 3.77 gm .

PR No.

. v . ., .

I III

F leur -d e -l is

Wt.

.

3 74

C irca 1 597

3

• , . . .

5 327

Type of Lorente ,

. -L

,

1 344

•