The Indo-Iranian Nasal Verbs 9781463222123

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T h e Indo-Iranian Nasal Verbs

A n a l e c t a Gorgiana

379 Series Editor George Anton Kiraz

Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and

short

monographs which are consistently cited by modern scholars but previously difficult to find because of their original appearance in obscure publications. Carefully selected by a team of scholars based on their relevance to modern scholarship, these essays can now be fully utili2ed by scholars and proudly owned by libraries.

The Indo-Iranian Nasal Verbs

Edwin Fay

gorgias press 2009

Gorgias Press LLC, 180 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2009 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2009

1

ISBN 978-1-60724-628-2

ISSN 1935-6854

Extract from The American Journal of Philology 25,26 (1904,1905)

Printed in the LTnited States of America

AMERICAN

JOURNAL

OF

PHILOLOGY

VOL. X X V , 4. I.—THE

WHOLE NO. 100. INDO-IRANIAN

NASAL

VERBS.

I.—INTRODUCTION.

THE

ORIGIN

OF

THE

NASAL-FLEXION

TYPE.'

For a number of years past linguistic science has been content to deal with some chapters in morphology in a purely algebraic w a y . This is particularly true of the nasal flexion of the verb. T h e n which characterizes this flexional type has been treated like the algebraic x; abx, axb, xab have been handled as equal algebraic quantities, as a reference to Hirt, der Indog. Ablaut, § 693, will show, where the analysis of Skr. yun&jmi ' I yoke' yields a base YU-EK- with " inserted " n S o much must be admitted at the start, that the freedom with which the nasal classes interchange argues a cognate origin for them all.3 T h u s G r . ¡tvyvvm corresponds to Skr. yun&jmi; many Sanskrit verbs have present systems in -na- as well as in -nó-; and there is similar variation between the present stems of the type rnádhand rdhnd-. In the following paper I shall seek to demonstrate for the n of the nasal flexional type an arithmetical value. I propose to make a semantic study of the Sanskrit [and Avestan] verbs of nasal flexion listed by W h i t n e y in his Roots, Verb-Forms, etc., 1 Pedersen in I. F. 2, 318 sq., has given a resume of previous theories on the origin of this type. 5 Brugmann, Kurze Gram. § 665, Anm., rejects the notion of an ' i n f i x ' in the following words: entweder war « e i n Satzelement (vielleicht eine Partikel oder ein präpositionales Adverb oder auch eine Art Hilfsverbum) etc. . . . Cf. also O. Keller in K Z . 39. 162. 3 Cf. Keller, 1. c., § § 34 sq., and especially § 35.

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of the Sanskrit Language, adding sundry other roots from the Dhätupätha as taken up by Uhlenbeck in his Etym. Woert. d. altindischen Sprache. 1 The nasal-flexional type had its rise, I surmise, in contamination (syncretism) of roots of similar (or contrasting) meanings. The evidence of the daily speech about us proves that such contamination is actively in progress before our eyes. When I hear a person of high cultivation and intelligence say smur I recognize that we have a blend of smear and blur. In this schooled age such a word has a small chance to survive. The conditions were much more favorable to survival of such words in a preliterary stage.2 Still, examples are not lacking, particularly of tautological formations, such as German Eidschwur, Spieszruten, Bittflehende, Schalksknecht, etc. (see Polle, Wie denkt das Volk über die Sprache, p. 110). Earlier examples are found in Gothic mari-saiws 'ocean-sea' (cf.Johannson, Nominalsammansättningar i Gotiskan, Nordiska Studier, p. 457) and in O. E . lemp-healt¡lcBmpi-halt 'lame-halt', wcsl-sliht 'killingslaughter.' Similar are Eng. furthermore, Ital. ambedue ' bothtwo'. In an humbler sphere, recolmember¡recommember (=recollect + remember), preparrangements ( = preparations + arrangements), padrawers (— pajamas + drawers), persciver (= perceive + discover, in the incorrect form discivef). In view of such facts I have undertaken the analysis of the nasal verbs in Sanskrit [Indo-Iranian] in terms of the following theses : a) In badhnäti ' he binds ' we have a blend of badh- ' to bind ' + -näti ' he binds ' (näti : Lat. net' spins '). b) In sinoti (alongside of sinati) ' he binds ' we have a blend of si- 'to bind' (cf. syáti ' h e binds') + -noti ' h e binds' (cf. O. Bulg. snu-ti ' ordiri, anzetteln'). c) In trnédhi 'he crushes' we have a blend of a proethnic base T E R - ' to pierce, bore' (cf. Lat. terif) + proethnic N E G H ' to pierce', attested by O. Bulg. nizq¿ ' infigo '. ' O . Keller's essay, die nasalpräsentia der arischen Sprachen, K Z . 3g, 137 sq., appeared when this article was nearly finished. I have drawn on his lists for Iranian bases not represented in Sanskrit. 2 Convenient collections of such blended words are to be found in Meringer and Mayer's Versprechen und Verlesen, much of which is taken up by Oertel in his Lectures on the Study of Language, pp. 1 6 1 fg.

7HE

INDO-IRANIAN

NASAL

VERBS.

371

B e f o r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e material, c e r t a i n p r e l i m i n a r y r e m a r k s will b e in o r d e r t o e x p l a i n t h e p h o n e t i c a n d o t h e r p r i n c i p l e s b y w h i c h I shall p r o c e e d , d. There

is

considerable

etymological

material—e.

g.,

ori^or

' c r o w d , m a s s ' :

from E,

o < w >

f r o m o , w e m a y p o s i t a n EY/OW m u t a t i o n w i t h s u b s e q u e n t d u c t i o n s t o SY/SW, I/U. mutations, the series e / o :

We

m a y assume, with

ey/ow:

oy/ew:

re-

contaminated

eiw/oiw:

euy/ouy,

not all of w h i c h m u s t n e e d s h a v e d e v e l o p e d t o a n y o n e root. e. U p to this p o i n t w e h a v e d e a l t o n l y with t h e l o n g d i p h t h o n g s . W e s h a l l h a v e t o r e j e c t a n u m b e r o f c o g e n t e t y m o l o g i e s if w e deny the mutation 14 sq.).

o f E(Y) w i t h E (see R e i c h e l t in K .

Z . 39,

It is g e n e r a l l y d e n i e d that EY is e v e r a r e d u c e d s t a g e

of EY, a n d w h e r e this p h e n o m e n o n o c c u r s it is r a t h e r h e l d t h a t EY is a l o n g g r a d e

in a s h o r t d i p h t h o n g series.

It is, at all

e v e n t s , a p e r f e c t l y t e n a b l e t h e o r y , that if an o r i g i n a l b a s e GEYEh a d a l o n g g r a d e GEY-2, an a n a l o g i c a l BEYE- m i g h t c o m e into 1

C f . T h e s s . and B o e o t . ci (i. e. close

!

S t r e i t b e r g ' s theory that the m o n o s y l l a b i c type GEY- is a dimoric substitute

for GEY(E)- does not c o n v i n c e me.

in thi—dfi. I look upon thematic

flexion

with e/o

as a n e w and " r e g u l a r " type that r e p l a c e d an old " i r r e g u l a r " n o n - t h e m a t i c

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being beside an original l o n g base bey-, and I shall c o n d e n s e m y notation by writing e ( y ) . f. T o no longer swim in schematic restorations, I present the following illustrations of the mutations attested for the base S)NE- 'to spin'. Vowel

bases.

Base s ) n e - / s ) n 5 - . Goth. ne\la 'needle', k^to? ' s p u n ' ; vifitvoi, vapra, vStcrat (forms of « a ' I spin'), O. Ir. sndthat ' n e e d l e ' . Base S N E - . Gr. ' p i n ' (if s 180 is to be read de «ryan instead of d' fVfrijffi) 1 . Diphthongal

Bases.

B a s e s ) n e y - / s ) n o w - [or s ) n o y - / s ) n e w - ] . O. H . G. najatt 'to s e w ' , Skr. snayati 'wraps, clothes', snayu 'band, s i n e w ' ; — S k r . snavan- ' s n a y u ' , Avest. snavars, Gr. vtvpov, O . H . G . nawan

'to sew'.

Base s ) n e y - . Gr. ve'ti 'spins', Lat. net (from n e y e t i or = n e - t ? ) . Base s ) n i - . O. Bulg. nitu 'filum'. Base s ) n e w - [or s ) n o w - ] . O . Bulg. snovq' ordior', (?) nevodii 'net', Lat. nuit g l o s s e d b y 'operuit, texit'. Base s)NU-. O. Bulg. snuli 'ordiri', Lat. nu-mella ' g e n u s vinculi'. flexional type, and I imagine that the rhythmic change from what I may call monosyllabism to dissyllabism in some way produced the shortening of the " r o o t - s y l l a b l e " , not without leaving traces, in the so-called long-grades, of the original state of things. 1 ivtrf/ is usually explained as from ivi/i/u. T h e question arises whether evett! does not belong to t h e base n e in a dissyllabic form ene. If so, an adj u s t m e n t becomes necessary between the bases sne- and ene-. If ene is older t h a n sne-, then NE- is older than sne-. This allows of our supposing that sne- is a blend of ne ' t o b i n d ' -(- se(y)/ s o ( w ) ' to b i n d ' (cf. Skr. syati/Lat. suit), cf. infra, B, afn., and 15, I, fn. But if sne is older than ne we may either posit dissyllabic bases ESNE- and ene- or explain ene- as subsequent t o N E F u r t h e r on this point below.

THE

Triphthongal

INDO-IRANI

AN

NASAL

VERBS.

373

Bases.

Base s)nsiw-. Skr. nlvis 'umgebundenes T u c h ' (cf. Skr. snayu-). SIn the words hereinafter studied frequent variation of r and I is exhibited as in d e r - / d e l - ' t o split'. M y argument nowhere concerns itself with identifying these -R and -L bases, but I do not doubt that such bases should be identified, the rjl variation being ascribed either to proethnic dissimilation in reduplicated formations, or to a proethnic flux between r- dialects and ldialects. h. In Greek and Latin a sometimes appears in forms belonging to an e/o root. I do not question the truth of the prevailing explanation of such d's as due to analogical influence from the ^-derived d's which form a common member of the d- series as well as of the e/o- series. Such d's throughout this paper will be designated as ^-derived a's (or briefly as from ; cf. no. 168. i. Every study of words in groups must confront the question of " root-determinatives ". l Every theory on this subject is necessarily glottogonic. For myself, I think that there is more than one source of these "determinatives". I have already expressed the conviction that the y and w of the e y / o w type are parasitic glides whose nature we might typify by the writing i,o. Other "determinatives" seem to me to have originated in onomatopoetic groups, as in the English words knack and knap, flack and flap, e. g. The prevailing source I take to have been the rhyming motif. Thus Latin apio, capio, rapioall of which indicate more or less intensive forms o f ' taking', rhyme because they correspond in meaning or conversely. S o the large correspondence in meaning to be noted for the nasal verbs is correlate with their rhyming flexion. 1 Repeated efforts have not enabled me to procure a copy of Persson's essay on this subject. * W h y not write c-apio, r-apio with initial " determinatives " ?

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j . (see also w., C h . I I I ) . In r e g a r d to the root-determinatives, it frequently h a p p e n s ( i ) that -t-, e. g., is found in s o m e l a n g u a g e s , d in others; (2) that the alternation -d[-dk is attested (particularly w h e n nasals form the p h o n e t i c c o n t e x t ) ; as well as (3) the alternation -tj -dk.1 Inasm u c h as a " r o o t " c a n h a r d l y be r e g a r d e d as a n y t h i n g but the l a n g u a g e - u s e r ' s abstraction of what, to his m i n d , carries the essential u n m o d i f i e d c o n c e p t (inner m e a n i n g ) of a w o r d , w e can i m a g i n e a root ac- abstracted f r o m actus, or ag- from agmen, utfrom S k r . tii-sas ' w a v e ' but ud- from udakâm ' w a t e r ' . A telling instance of the p o w e r of a single w o r d to form a ' r o o t ' is the F r e n c h root ( o r base) roul- ' t o r o l l ' w h i c h has c o m e from L a t . rotula- ' w h e e l ' . B e s i d e s the possible rôle of the nasal 2 in variations of the - d / -dh t y p e , w e s e e in S k r . duhitâr- a l o n g s i d e of G ä t h i c dugsdar(from DHUGDHER) h o w the ' r o o t ' DHUG-, as found in G r . dvyâr^p, was abstracted. It is not clear that -tf-dfi can be e x p l a i n e d in a similar w a y , t h o u g h one m i g h t s u p p o s e that the c o m m o n m i d d l e term d of the t w o alternations -tj-d, -dhl-d w o u l d s e r v e as a b r i d g e b e t w e e n t and dh, a n d the triple variation -tl-dl-dh does, in fact, s p o r a d i c a l l y occur (cf. Prellwitz, W o e r t . s. v v . iriiyvv)ii piiyvvni). R h y m e must h a v e p l a y e d a part here. If, e. g., w e s u p p o s e a proethnic b a s e SKÄP-, ' t o p r o p ' attested b y D o r i c atcmos ' s t a f f ' , L a t . scäpus ' s t a l k ' , o-k^tci ' p r o p s ' , a n d a proethnic b a s e STEBH- ' t o p r o p ' (see S k r . stabhnati a n d its c o g n a t e s in U h l e n b e c k , ai. W o e r t . s. v . ) we could explain the S a n s k r i t base skabh- as a b l e n d of SKÄP- and stabh-. k. In the mass of semantic material t o be dealt with in this s t u d y I h a v e a i m e d at the greatest possible concreteness a n d definiteness, h o l d i n g the v i e w s e x p r e s s e d b y M e r i n g e r in the introduction to his essay, W ö r t e r und S a c h e n (I. F . 16, 101 sq.). B u t it is precisely h e r e that g r e a t difficulties confront us, including all manner o f subjectivity in individuals. T h u s w h e n M e r i n g e r discusses a semantic g r o u p w h i c h he defines b y ' a c k e r t ' (1. c. 180), this definition s e e m s t o m e v a g u e and general, c o n c r e t e e n o u g h 1

I n S a n s k r i t this f r e q u e n t l y appears as -thj-dhj-kh/-gh

etc., and I suspect

that h e r e the surd aspirates, th and kh, represent proethnic T, K, assimilated to the sonant aspirates, 2

dh,gh.

S e e B r u g m a n n , G r . I» § 704 anm.

THE INDO-IRANIAAr

NASAL

VERBS.

375

but very indefinite. 1 W h o would be disposed to question the semantic primitiveness, e. g., of the Eng.-French " r o o t " roll-1 roul- ? W h o would see in it a denominative from Lat. rotula 'wheel'? One may ( i ) roll ( = t u r n ) a hoop, (2) roll ( = w r a p ) a cigarette, (3) roll a drum, and one may (4) turn (cf. Germ. werden: Lat. vertere) pale or turn philosopher. If it is easy to see the relation of (1) and (2), which consists in a reasonably plain metaphor addressed to the eye ; we must imagine, I take it, the noise made by some heavy rolling body before we understand the rolling (3) of thunder or of a drum, wherein the metaphor is addressed to the ear. How to account for the metaphor in (4) I confess I do not altogether see, but it makes me suspect that the " r o o t " of 'to become', Skr. bhdvati, may have started life with a very different sense from the vague and abstract notion of 'coming into existence'. I think rather that the primitive sense of the root BHOW- 2 must have been something like 'grows' (cf. Gr. iu>),—which in its turn is too vague to satisfy one as a final solution (see no. 41). 1. The colloquial idioms and slang of our own day also furnish valuable instruction to the etymologist. W e might conclude, without the help of historical inquiry, that the phrase 'to strike a bargain' testified to some 'striking' that formed a part of the transfer of ownership, and that 'bargain' is quasi figura etymologica in its relation to 'strike.' Similar exhibitions of figura etymologica, broadly considered, are to be found in the locution 'to cast a sum' (cf. Fr. jetter les jetons, whence jetter une somme), 'to crack a j o k e ' , 'a shaft of wit' (cf. Lat. jocus 'shaft of wit': jacere 'to throw'). Of course we must use caution here, but the metaphors of slang and of colloquial language in general seem to me likely to reveal very clearly the mental processes of the unlettered neolithic man. If the Norseman said spannyr 'span-new' = " new as a chip just split o f f " , I suspect the neolithic man may have got his word * N E W O S ' n e w ' from a base NEW- meaning 'to split', and that the usage was a flintchipper's metaphor. Certainly the words spick = " spike-new" and the compounds fire-new, brand-new attest the technical nature I T o b e sure, he m a k e s his definition m o r e p r e c i s e " " D a s a n b o h r e n d e s b o d e n s mittelst eines spitzen h o l z e s " , but it is rather ' a n b o h r t ' than ' a c k e r t ' that I see in his subsequent illustrations. I I t a k e the l i b e r t y of c i t i n g any grade form of a base as the " r o o t " .

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of the concept 'new.' Indeed, I can imagine the development of the concept ' n e w ' only in connection with manufacture (i. enew-made, cf. «mvo-ro/ici ' n o v a t ' ) or with birth (i. e. new-born). m. T o attain concreteness in definition a knowledge of the daily life of the users of the words studied is of enormous importance. W o r d s unquestionably develop as things develop. There are several sources of words, to be sure, ( i ) the onomatopoetic words which subdivide into at least two classes (a) acoustic imitations, (b) symbolic imitations (" Lautbilder ", so W u n d t , die Sprache I, pp. 316 sq. 322) ; (2) demonstrative or gesture words, to which class I conceive ESTI ' i s ' ( = ' t h e r e ! ' ) to belong, cf. Ital. eccomi, eccolo ' there it is ' ; 1 (3) sound reflexes which accompanied, perhaps as song, the man and woman at work and at play. It is to this latter class that the words to be studied here seem to me to belong. A t any rate I have sought to account for most of them as developed by the neolithic man and woman at work with the tools and processes at their command. T h e s e tools we may at least partially control by the results of archaeological investigations; and what must be substantially similar processes still obtain in the savage and lower-class life of comparatively recent or present times. B y way of illustration, taking the group of words mentioned above in f., one may ask if the neolithic woman twisted, plaited, then wove and sewed, as one might inier from the words cited by Schräder, Reallexikon, s . w . nähen u. weben. It seems to me rather that she, or her ancestors, first used sinews for thread and fastened skins or leather together b y using an awl and a sinew in modes identical with those used but a little while a g o by the wild Indian of the Western plains, who was housed and clothed in buffalo-skins thus adapted to his use ; and not essentially different from the mode used to-day by the shoemaker. Such sewing was literal ' stitching ' (: sticks, cf. Germ, sticken-, stechen), and the ' n e e d l e ' used was a 'piercer, p r i c k e r ' not a ' sewing instrument'. Spite of the priority in literary emergence of Lat. nere ' to spin' over O. H. G. näjan ' to s e w ' , we do not know that the root SNE- meant ' to spin' before it meant ' to sew'. W h y is not ' spin' a denominative meaning ' to thread ' (cf. Fr. filer ' to spin' from *filare: filurn 1

I n negro E n g l i s h " here me, dar he "

THE INDO-IRANI

AN NASAL

VERBS.

3 77

' thread ') ? The ' sinew-thread ' was got by ' cutting' and used with a ' pricker'; ' sewing' was ' pricking' and later o n ' spinning' was ' threading' perhaps. W e do not know whether the " r o o t " SNE- was an onomatopoetic description of ' c u t t i n g o r formed a part of the work-song of the 'cutter' or ' s t i t c h e r n o r is it necessary to know. The considerations advanced allow the conclusion that SNE- did not necessarily mean ' to sew', but may have m e a n t ' to stitch', and earlier 1 to pierce, cut'. n. A large part of our current phonetic dogma is derived from morphological reconstructions incapable of proof. Thus Lat. novacula ' a cutting tool' is deduced by Schrader (1. c. s. v. messer) from *nogu>acula: O. Bulg. nozi (from *nogyi) ' k n i f e ' though it seems more natural to suppose that nozl is from *nozyi and belongs with niza, -noziti ' to pierce, c u t ' (from NEGH-). Others derive novacula from *cstiovacula: Skr. k^nauti ' cuts'. I shall claim presently that novacula belongs to a base S ) N E ( Y ) - / 1 S)NO(W)- ' to cut', a base already written as NEW- in 1. above. To illustrate the danger attendant on morphological restorations, and it is a danger I shall hardly dare hope to escape in the restorations that follow, let us project English boat and boatswain on a proethnic period as *BOT and *BOSN: the etymologist would doubtless correctly correlate the words and derive the second from BO(T)SN(O)-, but he would probably balk at identifying the " suffix " *SN(O)- with *SWEN ( = Eng. swain) ' puer '. Still, it must be admitted that his analysis would be in the main correct. On the other hand, if Eng. sorrow and sorry were proethnic bases, who could bring himself to separate them—as we must do, in view of Germ. Sorge, ver-sekren ? But the language-user of to-day would undoubtedly abstract from sorrow and sorry a " r o o t " *SORR- ; and such a popular etymology, if proethnic, is tantamount, with us, to a genuine cognation. o. In the terms of the theses a. b., announced above, the Sanskrit flexion in -nati -noti, taken as typical of the proethnic flexion, 1 Is not Skr. ksnaiiti an Indie blend of the base KES- (Skr. fdsati) ' to cut' + NOWTI' "cuts'? Or ksnaiiti may be for *snaiiti ' c u t s ' , modified by the k»- of ksurds ' razor'.

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presents in -na- and -no- an i n d e p e n d e n t v e r b " r o o t " (or " r o o t s " ) b l e n d e d , p r i m a r i l y , with o t h e r roots of similar (or c o n t r a s t i n g ) m e a n i n g , but s e c o n d a r i l y c a p a b l e o f wider e x t e n s i o n w h e n the " r o o t s " r e p r e s e n t e d b y na a n d nô h a d s u n k to the value of "suffixes" ("formatives"). It b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y , therefore, t o exhibit all t h e r a n g e of m e a n i n g that w e c a n d i s c o v e r for the " r o o t " (or " r o o t s " ) that I shall write as S)NE(Y)-/ S)NO(W)-, i n c l u d i n g also S N  ( w ) - . O n e m a y h a r d l y d e n y that the primitive f o l k m a y h a v e had an « - n u m b e r of " r o o t s " S)NËY-, or putting it otherwise, an nn u m b e r of m e a n i n g s attached to the s o u n d - g r o u p SNËY-. It will b e the object of the f o l l o w i n g classification so to a r r a n g e the m e a n i n g s as to diminish the n u m b e r o f SNEY-'S as m u c h as possible, r e s e r v i n g for the b o d y of the essay still further reductions in the semantic units that must finally b e admitted. A w o r d h e r e , also, o n the fact that the a s s u m e d b l e n d i n g b a s e S)NË(Y)-, in its rôle of p r e s e n t - f o r m i n g suffix, a p p e a r s — a t least in all p r e v i o u s r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s — o n l y as NEY- [NÂ(Y)-], never as SNE(Y)-. In w h a t follows s o m e traces of t h e S- of SNË(Y)-, but n e v e r quite b e y o n d d o u b t , will be pointed out. A n absolutely certain instance w o u l d be o f f e r e d b y U m b r i a n persnvmu ' prec a m i n o ' , if it w e r e possible successfully to r e b u t B r u g m a n n ' s d o c t r i n e ( I F . 16, 510) that persnlmu is a d e n o m i n a t i v e to a noun stem *persni-. T h i s , h o w e v e r , w e m a y claim, viz.: that *persniis to b e d e r i v e d rather from PERK-SNI- than from *perk-sk-ni; for PERK-SNI- c o m p a r e d with S k r . p r a ç n â s ' question ' presents t h e variation o t h e r w i s e of record for -NO- a n d -SNOsuffixes (cf. B r u g m a n n , G r u n d r i s s II, §§ 66, 94), and w e m a y s u p p o s e these suffixes t o be u l t i m a t e l y o n e w i t h the presentf o r m i n g suffix NË(Y)-/ SNË(Y)-. T O put it quite c o n c r e t e l y : the L a t i n s t e m scamno- ' b e n c h ' b e l o n g s with the present stem o f S k r . skabhna-ti ' p r o p s ' , and Lith. pru-snâ ' M a u l ' ( = mouth, quasi snout) with S k r . pru-§na-ti ' sprinkles ', cf. ifkivti with L (see g . and no. 24). 1 ' I t is tempting to explain the Greek verbs in -êvvv/u, -âvvv/u as from *-e-cvv/ii, *-a-cvv/j.t, but the number of their perfects and aorists in -nfiat., -oBriv makes the division *-ca-vvfu more probable (see Archiv, 13, 437)- On the other hand, the c of -a/mi, -adr/v is not certainly original [see Fick in BB, 2g, 11, treating nopèvvvfu]. Phonetically, whether we divide *-e-avvfu or *-£a-vvfii., the resultant -ivvvfit is abnormal. This abnormality I would explain as due to the analogy of the likewise abnormal (see Brugmann's Gr. Gram. 3 § 108. C.) rvvvfii ' vestio' ; see also r. fn.

THE

INDO-IRANIAN

NASAL

VERBS.

379

PA . To sew—plait, spin, wrap, etc. a)

The simple

root.

s ) n e ( y > / s n s ( y ) - / s n i _ ; s ) n o ( y ) , etc. vrjaai, [(?) verri 'needle', i-j-ioy 'deaf and dumb' ( i f = ' t o n g u e tied ', cf. the tale of Battus in Justin, 13. 7. 1), cf. f. fn.], ne-re, [(?) Lat. onus (if = ' pack'), with vocalism as in f. fn.]; Skr. snayati 'wraps, clothes', O. H. G. ndjan, Celtic sneydSkr. snayu

' s i n e w - t h r e a d ' ; nemis

' t i r e v a e p p a hiovoiva ( i f = ' s p i n s t e r ' ) ;

Lith. nitis, O. B. nitu ' thread '. s ) n o ( w ) - / s ) n e ( w ) - , s)nu-. S k r . snavan,

veipov ' s i n e w - t h r e a d ' , vaii*' eptov ( = ' w o o l ' ) ;

ndvis (if=ff\oio»' panTov, cymba sutilis) 2 ; (?) O. B. nevodu nevista

' n o v a nupta';

nuit,

g l o s s e d by 'operuit, texit',3

Lat.

'net', nuviella

' vinculi genus ', O. Bulg. snu-ti ' ordiri', Gortyn. vi-vaiai ' potest' (see no. 93, fn.); Skr. niv-is (from SNaiw-) 'sash, girdle'. fi) The root wiih guttural

"determinatives".

s ) n e ( y ) - k - and its mutations. ixIk-os ( i f = ' w r a n g l e ' ) ;—visas' to arrpw/iara, nec-tit'

binds

sitas (cf. Horace, C. 1.35, 17-20) 'the Binder' (?), ' connection',

naxa

',Neces-

necessitudo

' weel'.

s ) n e ( y ) - g - , etc. vriyareos ' new-spun', Lat. noegeum ' amiculi genus', Slavic 4 negvyj fetters', (?) Skr. nig-adas ' fetter'. s n e ( y ) - g h - , etc. Skr. n&h-yati 'binds', Lat. nectit (if from n e g h t e t i 5 ) , Skr. ndhus- ' n e i g h b o u r ' (?), cf. L a t . necessarius. y) The root with dental"determinatives ".

s ) n e ( y ) - t - , etc. Goth. 7ietyt O. Ir. nith ' Noth ' (if — ' Necessitas'), vaUeipa* oiKoSeimoiva (if = 'spinster'), O. Bulg. nista (from *nitya) 'filum'; Skr. nityas ' proprius ' (if = ' necessarius'). s ) n e ( w ) - t - , etc. 'Celtic bases are taken from Stokes's volume ( = I I ) in Fick's Woerterbuch. With a ; cf. Lat. na-re : veii-nerai ' nabit', where a appears in an e/o series (see h., above, and B., a, below). 3 Cf. conivet 'closes' (the eyes), from a base SNEIW-; conivoli ' c o n j u n c t i ' ; the pf. conixi (cf.vivo: vixi) attests the base SNEY-G-, see /?, below. 'Slavic words are cited generally from Miklosich, Woert. s Even if proethnic k is proved by Necessitas, etc. (see above), yet the guttural of nectit goes to vindicate the guttural of ndhyati (rather than the dental of its ptc. naddhds). 2

380

AMERICAN

JOURNAL

OF

PHILOLOGY.

Goth. nau\s ' Necessitas '. and its mutations. vijSvfio? (vrrvor) ' fast' (sleep), vri&is (if = nelzhaui), Celtic snad' to b i n d G o t h , nati ' n e t L a t . nassa ' weel' (if from N A D T A ) ; — (?) Skr. nid-ra ' sleep' (cf. Shakespeare's " sleep that knits up the ravelled sleave of care "). S N Ö ( W ) - D - and its mutations. O. Bulg. nuditi ' obligare'. S N E ( Y ) - D H - , / S N Ö ( W ) D H - and their mutations. 'spins', Lat. nodus ' k n o t ' (if not from G N O ( W ) - D ( H ) O S , and related to Eng. knot, Germ, knoten), vödoc ' bastard ' ( = " tie ", see Class. Rev. 13, 400)1, Skr. naddhds ' b o u n d ' , Celtic ned~ ' t o bind', O. H. G. nestilo ' b a n d s c h l e i f e W i t h «-color, wffos ' d u m b (if = " t o n g u e - / W ' ) 2 ; d a r k ' (if = " covered " ) ; cf. Lat. in/ula 'fillet', from N D H - L A - (see Class. Rev. 1. c.). g) The root with labial "determinatives ". S ) N E ( Y ) - P - , / S ) N Ö ( W ) - P - and their mutations. VrjTriOSj VTJTTVTiOS 'infans' (if = ' s w a d d l e d ' ) , Skr. nepathyam ' vestimentum, dressing room', O . Bulg. snapu ' s h e a f ' (if = ' Bündel'), Lat. nepot- ' relation, tendril of a plant', Lat. (archaic and liturgical) napurae ' twisted ropes of straw ' ; — S k r . nüpuram ' fuss-ring'. SNE(Y)-D-

S)NE(Y)-BH-/

S)NO(W)BH-.

vtfyikai 'bird-net', 3 «4>or ' c l o u d ' 4 (if = ' v e i l ' ) , nebula ' v e i l ' (Petronius), Skr. ndbhyam ' navel' (if = ' umbilical cord') ; — L a t . nübit 'veils for', nübes ' c l o u d ' ( i f = ' v e i l ' ) , vlftr) 'nova nupta\ O. B. snubiti 'appetere, amare' ( i f = ' n o v a m nuptam petere'). f) The root with an s- " determinative ". S)NE(Y)-S-, e t c .

Skr. ndsate 'joins', Goth, ga-nasjan ' t o c u r e ' [ i f = 'obligare (vulnus')], Celt, nes- ' sich gesellen, w o h n e n ' 5 ; O. Bulg. nes-tra ' n i e c e ' (if = ' c o n n e c t i o n ' ) , Skr. niskds, ' n e c k l a c e ' , ni-msate ' sie küssen';—with u, Skr. snusa ' nurus '. () The root with a nasal or liquid "determinative ". S ) N E ( Y ) - R - and its mutations. 1

Cf. Skr. bandkulas ' bastard': bdndhus ' relation '.

s

C f . linguae

3

Cf. vatppov'A,ivovv¡xiu(fi)a.

obligatio, J u s t i n , 13. 7. 1, c i t e d a b o v e , A . a.

4

E n g . cloud m e a n t ' m a s s , c l o d ' ( i . e . ' g e b u n d e n e s ' or ' g e s c h n i t t e n e s ').

••"Cf. vac-Br/ ' d w e l t ' .

THE IN DO-IRANI AN NASAL

VERBS.

381

S k r . n ^ r i ' w o m a n * (if = ' spinster')> G o t h , snorjo ' flechtwerk vt)p€n' papadov $afivos, S l a v i c neretu ' n e t ' , L a t . nervusx ' s i n e w t h r e a d , f e t t e r ' , norma ( i f o r i g i n a l l y = plumb-/z«