The Harbours of Caesarea Maritima: Results of the Caesarea Ancient Harbour Excavation Project 1980-85: Volume II: The Finds and the Ship 9780860547686, 9781407348964

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The Harbours of Caesarea Maritima Results of the Caesarea Ancient Harbour Excavation Project 1980-85 General Editor: John Peter Oleson

Volume II: The Finds and the Ship John P. Oleson, Michael A. Fitzgerald, Andrew N. Sherwood, Steven E. Sidebotham with contributions by Robert L. Hohlfelder, Robert L. Vann and a foreword by Avner Raban

. Center for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa Publication No 5

BAR International Series 594 1994

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 594 Center for Maritime Studies, Haifa University, Israel, in collaboration with Caesarea Ancient Harbours Excavation Project 5 The Harbours of Caesarea Maritima: Results of the Caesarea Ancient Harbour Excavation Project 1980-85 Volume II: The Finds and the Ship © The authors and contributors individually and the Publisher 1994 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860547686 paperback ISBN 9781407348964 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547686 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1994. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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u

TABLE OF

CO NT ENT S

L i s to fI lu s t ra t ion s L i s to fA bb r ev ia t ions L i s to fC on t r ibu t ing A u tho r s F o r ewo rd P r e f ace A cknow ledgmen t s C hap te r A . B . C .

v i i x i x i i x i i i x i v

I .I n t roduc t ion [ J .P .0 . ] E xp lana t ion o fA r rangemen t C la s s if ica t ion o fC e r am ic s C la s s if i ca t ion o fN on -Ce ram ic F ind s

1 2

C hap te rI .C e ram ic s : G ene ra lD i scu s s ion o fT yp e sa nd C a ta logue so fU n s t ra t i f ied E xamp le s A . I n t roduc t ion [ J .P .0 . ] B . Ampho r a s [ J .P .0 . ] 1 .I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s 2 .P eacock & W il iam s ' Ampho ra C la s se s 3 . CAHEP Ampho ra C la s se s 4 .M i sce l laneou s Ampho r a s C . U t i l i ta r ian Wa re s [ A .N .S . ] 1 .I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s 2 .K i tchen Wa re 3 .C oa r se Wa r e 4 .D ome s t ic Wa r e D . F ine Wa re s [ S .E .S . ] 1 .I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s 2 .R ed -G lo s sa nd R ed -Sl ip P o t te ry 3 .B lack -G lo s sa nd B la ck -Sl ip P o t t e ry E . L amp s [ S .E .S . ] 1 .I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s 2 .C a ta logue F . M i scelaneou sT e r ra co t t a s [ J .P .O . ,A .N .S . ] 1 .I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s 2 .C a ta logue

3 3

2 4

4 4

5 7

6 3

C hap t e rI I . Non -Ce ram ic F ind s :G ene ra lD i scu s s ion o fT yp e sa nd C a ta logue so fU n s t ra t i f ied E xamp le s A . I n t roduc t ion [ J .P .0 . ] 6 5 B . Me ta l [ J .P .0 . ] 6 5 1 .R ing s 2 .S cu lp tu re 3 .F i sh H ook s 4 .F i sh ing a nd N e t We igh t s 5 .M i sce l laneou sN au t ica lE qu ipm en t 6 .M i scelaneou sO b jec t s C . C o in s [ R .L .H . ] 7 7 1 .I n t roduc t ion 2 .A na ly s i so ft h eC o in F ind s 2 .C a ta logue D . Wo rked S t one [ J .P .O . ,R .L .V . ] 8 2 1 .M i sce l laneou sO b jec t s 2 .A ncho r s E . G la s s [ J .P .0 . ] 8 5 1 .I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s 2 .C a ta logue F . Wo rk ed B one [ J .P .0 . ] 8 6 1 .I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s 2 .C a t a logue

i l l

T ab l eo fC on t en t s G .

Wo rked Wood a nd C o rk [ J .P .O . ] 1 .I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s 2 .C a ta logue

C hap t e rI V .C lo sed D epo s i t s : A na ly s i sa nd C a ta logue s [ J .P .O . ,A .N .S . ,S .E .S . ] A . I n t roduc t ion B . D epo s i t 1( A rea D I:S and F i l lb e tween R ubb le a nd C lay L ay e r s ) 1 .D e sc r ip t ion o fC on tex t

C .

D .

E .

F .

G .

H .

2 .C a ta logue o fC e ram ic s 3 .C a ta logue o fN on -Ce r am ic F ind s 4 .A na ly s i so fD epo s i t D epo s i t 2( A rea D1:C lay L aye r ) 1 .D e sc r ip t ion o fC on tex t 2 .C a ta logue o fC e ram ic s 3 .C a ta logue o fN on -Ce r am ic F ind s 4 .A na ly s i so fD epo s i t D epo s i t 3( A r ea F :S and a nd R ubb le L eve lb e low P avemen t ) 1 .D e s c r ip t ion o fC on t ex t 2 .C a ta logue o fC e ram ic s 3 .C a ta logue o fN on -Ce ram ic F ind s 4 .A na ly s i so fD epo s i t D epo s i t 4( A rea HI:S and L aye rb e low R ubb le ) 1 .D e sc r ip t ion o fC on tex t 2 .C a ta logue o fC e r am ic s 3 .C a ta logue o fN on -Ce r am ic F ind s 4 .A na ly s i so fD epo s i t D epo s i t 5( A r ea II,1 2, a nd I 3 ) 1 .D e sc r ip t ion o fC on tex t s 2 .C a ta logue o fC e ram ic s 3 .A na ly s i so fD epo s i t s D epo s i t 6( A rea J :L oc i2 0 , 2 2 ) 1 .D e sc r ip t ion o fC on tex t 2 .C a ta logue o fC e ram ic s 3 .A na ly s i so fD epo s i t D epo s i t 7( A r ea J :L oc i2 1 ,2 3 ) 1 .D e sc r ip t ion o fC on t ex t 2 .C a ta logue o fC e r am ic s 3 .C a ta logue o fN on -Ce ram ic F ind s 4 .A na ly s i so fD epo s i t

C hap te rV .G ene ra lA na ly s i sa nd C onc lu s ion s [ J .P .O . ,R .L .H . ,A .N .S . ,S .E .S . ] A . P a t te rn si nA r t i f ac t Ma te r ia l ,T ype ,a nd F i nd S po t 1 .P a t te rn si nA r t i f ac t Ma t e r ia l 2 .P a t te rn si nA r t i f ac tF unc t ion so rV e s se lC on t en t s 3 .P a t te rn si nA r t i f ac tF ind S po t B . P a t te rn so fC h rono logy a nd P rovenance 1 .D iach ron ic P a t te rn si nA b so lu te a nd R e la t ive P ropo r t ion so fF i nd s 2 .D iach ron ic P a t te rn si nP o in to fO r ig in o fF i nd s C . C onc lu s ion s : T he D e s ign ,F unc t ion ,a nd H i s to ry o fS eba s to s 1 .D e s ign 2 .F unc t ion 3 .H i s to ry C hap te rV I .T he S h ip [ M .A .F . ] A . I n t roduc t ion B . T he H u l la nd E qu ipmen t 1 . Wood S pec ie s 2 .P l ank ing 3 .F r ame s 4 .F a s t en ing s

i v

T ab l eo fC on t en t s

C .

D .

E .

F .

G .

H .

I .

J .

K .

L .

M .

N .

5 .L ead S hea th ing 6 .E qu ipmen t Wood S p ec ie sU sed i nG r aeco -Roman a nd E a r ly B yzan t ine Med i t e r ranean S h ip s 1 .L i t e r a ry E v idence f o rt h eU se o fP i ne 2 .L i te r a ry E v idence f o rS o f twood a nd H a rdwood S h ip s ,F r ame s ,a nd P l ank s 3 .A r cha eo log ica lE v idence f o rP l ank sa nd F rame s 4 .A r cha eo log ica lE v idence f o r Wooden F a s ten ing s 5 .D i scu s s ion a nd C onc lu s ion s P l ank ing a nd J o ine ry o nG ra eco -Roman Med i te r ranean S h ip s 1 .P l ank ing T h ickne s sa nd Mo r t i se -and -T enon J o in t s 2 .R e la t ion sh ip sb e tween V e s se lL eng th a nd P l ank ing T h ickne s s 3 .R e la t ion sh ip sb e tween P l ank ing T h ickne s sa nd Mo r t i se -and -Tenon J o ine ry 4 .R e la t ion sh ip sb e twe en P l ank ing T h ickne s sa nd Wood T ype 5 .S ca r f s F rame si nL a rge G r a eco -Roman Med i te r ranean S h ip s 1 .D imen s ion s ,S pac ing ,a nd D i spo s i t ion 2 .A l igned Wa te rcou r se sa nd L imbe rH o le s 3 .S t r inge r s 4 .S h im s 5 .H ul I n sc r ip t ion s 6 .N o t che s P r ima ry F a s ten ing si nG rae co -Roman Med i te r ranean S h ip s 1 .I n t roduc t ion 2 .T r eena i l s 3 .P l ug -T reena i l s 4 .N a i l s 5 .B o l t sa nd Wa she r s 6 .A na ly s i so ft h eC ae sa rea F a s ten ing sa nd G ene ra lP a t te rn so fU se L ead S hea th ing o nG r aeco -Roman Med i t e r r anean S h ip s 1 .I n t roduc t ion 2 .C a ta logue o f Wreck sw i th L ead S hea th ing 3 .A na ly s i so fD e s ign a nd P u rpo se o fL ead S hea th ing L ead B oxe sa nd P ip e so nG ra eco -Roman Med i te r ranean S h ip s 1 .I n t roduc t ion 2 .C a ta logue o f Wr eck sY ie ld ing L ead B oxe s 3 .C a ta logue o f Wr eck sY ie ld ing L ead P i pe s 4 .A na ly s i so fL ead B oxe sa nd P ip e s L ead R ing sf r om Med i te r ranean S i te s 1 .I n t roduc t ion 2 .C a ta logue o fL ead R ing sf r om A r chaeo log ica lS i t e s 3 .C onc lu s ion s C o rdage U sed o nG ra eco -Roman Med i t e r r anean S h ip s 1 .L i te ra ry R e f e r ence st oN au t ica lC o rdage 2 .V i sua lR ep r e sen ta t ion so fC o rdage 3 .A rcha eo log ica lE v id enc ef o rN au t ica lC o rdage 4 .A na ly s i so fE v idence P i ne C one sF ound o nG rae co -Roman Med i t e r ranean S h ip s 1 .R e la t ion t oF ood o rD r ink 2 .P i ne C one sA s soc ia ted w i th D unnage 3 .C onc lu s ion s . R e con s t ruc t ion o ft h eC ae sa rea S h ip 1 .R econ s t ruc t ion o fM in imum B eam a nd L eng th 2 .R econ s t ruc t ion o fH u l lS hap ea nd S t ruc tu r e 3 .C onc lu s ion s A na ly s i sa nd C onc lu s ion s 1 .D a te o ft h eC ae sa r ea S h ip 2 .H u l lA na ly s i si nH i s to r ica lC on tex t 3 .H ul A na ly s i si nA r cha eo log ica lC on t ex t 4 .L a rge S h ip sa nd t h eD eve lopmen to fF ram ing D e s ign 5 .F ina lC onc lu s ion sa nd H ypo the s i s N on -Nau t ica lF ind sf r om A rea Y [ J .P .0 . ]

1 70

1 78

1 87

1 91

2 0 1

2 05

2 10

2 11

2 14

2 15

2 17

2 23

T ab l eo fC on t en t s

B ib l iog raphy C onco rdance so fO b jec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umbe r s I n dex I lu s t ra t ion s

2 25 2 56 2 7 1 2 73

L IST OF I L LUSTRAT IONS

I no rde rt of a c il i ta t e p r epa ra t ion o ft h e t e x tp age s a nd c r o s s re f e r ence a mong i lu s t ra t ion s ,a lt h ei l u s t ra t ion sf o r t h i s v o lume a ppea rt o ge the ra tt h eb a ck . T he f i gu r e sw i th d r aw ing s a ppea r f i r s t , w h i le t h e p ho tog r aph ic h a l f tone s h ave b e en g a the red o n as epa ra te s e r ie so fp l a te sa tt h ee nd t oa l low e conom ie si np roduc t ion .B o th s e r ie sa r en umbe r ed i no ne s e quence ,a nd s ub s id ia ry n umb e r sa r en o t .us ed u n le s s t h e r e i sn o o b jec t n umbe r t op rov id e ar e f e r ence . E xcep t w he re s ma l lo b jec t so rs pec ia ld e ta i l sr e qu i r ei l u s t ra t ion a t al a rge r s ca le , t h e d r aw ing s h ave b een r e p roduc ed a tt h e f olow ing s c a le s : Ampho ra n eck s a nd r im s , 1 : 4 , w ho le a mpho ra s ,1 : 10 ; Kw a r e , Cw a r e ,a nd Dw a r e ,1 : 3 ;R ed G lo s s a nd B la ck G lo s sw a re sa nd L amp s ,1 : 2 ; Me ta l ,S t one ,G la s s , B one , a nd Wood o b jec t s , 1 : 2 . D raw ing s o f t h e s h ip n o t o t he rw i se c r ed i ted w e re p roduced b yC .M .S .s t af .C r ed i t s f o rt h ep ho tog raph sa r eg i ven h e re r a the rt h an o nt h ep l a t e c ap t ion sa tt h ee nd o ft h eb ook . [ . I .P .O . ]

F i g .2 8 . D epo s i t2 :U t i l i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) . F i g .2 9 . D epo s i t2 :U t i l i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) ,F ine Wa re ( 1 :2 ) . F i g .3 0 . D epo s i t2 :F ine Wa re ( 1 :2 ) . F i g .3 1 . D epo s i t2 :F ine Wa re ( 1 :2 ) . F i g .3 2 . D epo s i t2 :F ine Wa r e ,L amp , Me ta lO b jec t s( 1 :2 ) . F i g .3 . D epo s i t 2 :G la s s ( 1 :2 ) , Wood ( 1 :2 ) . D epo s i t 3 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .3 4 . D epo s i t3 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .3 5 . D epo s i t3 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) ,U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) . F i g .3 6 . D epo s i t3 :U t i l i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) ,F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F i g .3 7 . D epo s i t3 :F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F i g .3 8 . D epo s i t3 :F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F i g .3 9 . D epo s i t3 :F i ne Wa r e( 1 :2 ) ,L amp ( 1 :2 ) ,R oo f t i le ( 1 :3 ) . F i g .4 0 . D epo s i t 3 : Me ta l ( 1 :2 ) , B one ( 1 :2 ) . D epo s i t 4 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .4 1 . D epo s i t4 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .4 2 . D epo s i t4 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) ,U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) . F i g .4 3 . D epo s i t4 :U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) . F i g .4 4 . D epo s i t4 :U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) . F i g .4 5 . D epo s i t4 :U t i l i ta r ian w a re ( 1 :3 ) . F i g .4 6 . D epo s i t4 :U t i l i ta r ian w a re ( 1 :3 ) ,F ine w a r e( 1 :2 ) . F i g .4 7 . D epo s i t4 :F ine w a re ( 1 :2 ) . F i g .4 8 . D epo s i t4 :F ine w a r e( 1 :2 ) ,L amp s( 1 :2 ) . F i g .4 9 . D epo s i t4 :L amp s ( 1 :2 ) , T ef f aco t ta s ( 1 :3 ) , B one ( 1 :1 ) , G la s s ( 1 :2 ) , Me ta l ( 1 :2 ) . D epo s i t 5 :F ine w a r e ( 1 :2 ) . F i g .5 0 . D epo s i t5 :F ine w a r e( 1 :2 ) ,U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) . D epo s i t6 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) ,U t il i ta r ian w a re ( 1 :3 ) . F i g .5 1 . D epo s i t6 :U t i l i ta r ian w a re ( 1 :3 ) ,F ine w a r e( 1 :2 ) . F i g .5 2 . D epo s i t6 :F ine w a r e( 1 :2 ) .D epo s i t7 : Ampho r a s ( 1 :4 ) . F i g .5 3 . D epo s i t7 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .5 4 . D epo s i t7 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) ,U t i l i ta r ian w a re ( 1 :3 ) . F i g .5 5 . D epo s i t7 :F ine w a re ( 1 :2 ) . F i g .5 6 . D epo s i t7 :F ine w a re ( 1 :2 ) . F i g .5 7 . L oca t ion o fS h ipw reck i nr e la t ion t oH a rbou r( S . S a ch s ) . F i g .5 8 . S chema t ic p l an o fS h ipw r eck h u l la se xcava t ed i n 1 983 a nd 1 986 , w i th l o ca t ion s o f c oppe r o r b ronz e f a s t en ing s( F )a nd i r on n a i l s( N )i nf r ame t o p s . F i g .5 9 . P l an o f1 986 e xcava t ion a r ea sa nd p robe g r id . F ig .6 0 . P l an o fF rame s8 11 ,a nd 1 3 , 1 986 ( L .G o ldbe rg ) . F ig .6 1 . P l an o fF r ame 3 5 a nd a s soc ia t ed p l ank ing , 1 986 ( L .G o ldbe rg ) . F ig .6 2 .1 .E leva t ion o fw e s tp l ank ing e dge a nd F r ame s7 13 , 1 986 ( L .G o ldb e rg ) . F ig .6 2 .2 .E leva t ion o fw e s tp l ank ing e dge a nd F r ame s 1 4 1 7 , 1 988 ( D . Mc In t i r e ) . F ig .6 2 .3 .E leva t ion o fe a s tp l an l c ing e dge a nd F rame s8 ,1 0 1 3( L .G o ldbe rg ) . F ig .6 3 . F ragmen to fp l ank ( L .G o ldbe rg ) .

F igur e s F ig . 1 . C a e sa rea : P l an o fH e rod ian h a rbou ra nd CAHEP e xcava t ion a r ea s . F ig .2 . U n s t ra t i f ied Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .3 . U n s t ra t i f ied Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .4 . U n s t ra t i f ied Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .5 . U n s t ra t i f ied Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .6 . U n s t ra t i f ied Ampho ra s( 1 :4 )a nd U t i l i ta r ian w a r e ( 1 :3 ) . F i g .7 . U n s t ra t i f ied U t i l i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) . F ig .8 . U n s t ra t i f ied U t il i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) . F ig .9 . U n st ra t if ie dU t il i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) . F ig . 1 0 . U n s t ra t i f ied U t il i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) . F ig . 1 . U n s t ra t i f ied U t i l i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) . F ig . 1 2 . U n s t ra t i f ied U t il i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) . F ig . 1 3 . U n s t ra t i f ied F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F ig . 1 4 . U n s t ra t i f ied F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F ig . 1 5 . U n s t ra t if i ed F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F i g . 1 6 . U n s t ra t i f ied F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F i g . 1 7 . U n s t ra t i f ied F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F i g . 1 8 . U n s t ra t i f ied F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F i g . 1 9 . U n s t ra t i f ied F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) . F ig .2 0 . U ns t ra t i f ied F ine Wa re ( 1 :2 ) . F i g .2 1 . U n s t ra t i f ied L amp s ( 1 :2 ) , T e r ra co t ta ( 1 :3 ) , a nd Me ta lO b jec t s( M1 - M2 1 : 1 ; M3 - M7 1 : 2 ) . F i g .2 2 . U n s t ra t i f ied Me ta lO b je c t s( 1 :2 ) . F i g .2 3 . U n s t ra t i f ied Me ta l ,S tone ,a nd G la s sO b jec t s( 1 :2 ) . F i g .2 4 . U n s t ra t i f ied B one a nd Wood O b jec t s ( 1 :2 ) . D e p o s i t 1 : Ampho ra s ( 1 :4 ) , U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e ( 1 :3 ) , F ine Wa re ( 1 :2 ) . F i g .2 5 . D epo s i t 1 :L amp s ( 1 :2 ) , F i sh ing We igh t s ( 1 :2 ) . D epo s i t2 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) . F i g .2 6 . D epo s i t2 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) ,U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) . F ig .2 7 . D epo s i t2 :U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) .

v i

L i s to f I lus tra t ions F ig .6 4 .1 .P rof i le o fF rame 8 ,w i th c on jec tu ra lt r eena i lp a th s ( L . Go ldbe rg ) . F ig .6 4 .2 .P rof i le o f F rame 1 3 , w i th c on jec tu ra l t r eena i l p a th s( L . Go ldbe rg ) . F ig .6 4 .3 .S chema t ic h ul s e c t ion a tF rame 3 8 .R ep re sen ta t i on o fS t rake G a s aw a le i sc on jec tu ra l . F ig .6 5 .1 .P rof i le o fF rames 8 ,1 3 , 3 8 ; l a te ra la l ignmen ti s a pp rox ima te . F ig .6 5 .2 .P lan o fF rame s2 2 -24 , 1 988 ( D . Mc In t i re ) .

( Pho to :J .O le son ) ;S tee lya rd c oun t erwe igh t , M36 ( Pho t o s : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 1 2 . Me ta l O b jec t s : U ns t ra t if ied a nd S t ra t if ied N a i l s , M76 , M37 , M38 , M39 , M58 , M56 ; U n s t ra t if ied l e ad c y l inde r , M40 ( Pho to s : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 1 3 . U n s t ra t if ied Me ta l Ob jec t s : C lamp s e t t ing s , M44 , M45 , M46 , M47 ( Pho to s : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 1 4 . U n s t ra t i f ied S tone Ob jec t s : I n sc r ip t ion ,S 4 ; P e s t le , S 5 ; B a l la s tB lock , S 6 ; Mo r ta r ium , S 8 ( Pho to s : M .L i t t l e ) .

F ig .6 6 . P lan o fh ul t imbe r sr e co rded i n1 986 , 1 988 .N o te i n con s i s ten ta l ignmen to ff m i shed h a lf -f rame e x t rem i -

P l . 1 5 . U n s t ra t i f ied S tone Ob jec t s :A l ta ro rS ta tue b a se ,S 9 ( Pho to : M .L i t t le ) ; A ncho r s , S 10 -S11 ( Pho to s : M . L i t t l e ) ,S 12 ( Pho to : R . H oh l f e lde r ) . P l . 1 6 . U n s t ra t i f ied S tone Ob jec t s :A ncho r s ,S 13 -S14 ( Pho t o s : M .L i t t le ) ,S 15 ( Pho to : R . H oh l f e lde r ) .

t i e sw i th b roken e nd so ff l oo rt imbe r sa tw e s te dge .G ap s b e tween f l oo rt imbe r sa nd f u t tock sa l ign w i th t h ew a te r c ou r ses . F ig .6 7 . C oppe r a nd b ronze n a i l s Cu2 , Cu3 , C u4 , Cu5 , Cu6 , Cu7 , Cu9 , Cu8 ( D . Me ie r ) .

P l . 1 7 . D epo s i t 1 :L amp s . L 22 , L 23 , L 24 ( Pho to s : M . L i t t le ) , L 25 ( Pho to : S .S idebo tham ) . P l . 1 8 . D epo s i t2 : Ampho ra s , A 50 -A50a ( Pho to s : M .L i t -

F ig .6 8 .1 .C a s tr epl ica o fc onc re t ion Cul2 ( H .D e Wo l f ) . F ig .6 8 .2 .H ead o f c oppe r o r b ronze f a s ten ing Cul3 ( D . Me ie r ) .

t l e ) ;L amp s , L 26 -L27 ( Pho to : S .S idebo tham ) . P l . 1 9 . D epo s i t 2 : F ine w a re . RG89 -RG90 ( Pho to : S .

F ig .6 8 .3 .C oppe ro rb ron ze w a she r s : A . c o re o f Cul4 , B . c a s tr ep l ica o f Cul4 ;C .c o re o f Cul5 ,D .C a s tr epl ica o f Cul5 ( H .D e Wo l f ) . F ig .6 9 .1 .C a s tr ep l ica so fi r on n a i ls a nd t a ck F e3 ,F e4 ,F e1 , F e2 ,F e5 ( D . Me ie r ) . F ig .6 9 .2 .S chema t ic r e cons t ruc t ion o fl e ad b ox ( Pb12 )a nd a t ta ched p ipe ( M .F i tzge ra ld ) . F ig .7 0 . S chema t ic r e con s t ruc t ion o fG reco -Roman me th o d so fp egg ing s ca r ft i p s( M .F i tzge ra ld ) . F ig .7 1 . C ompa r i son o fc urva tu re so fC ae sa re aF rame s8 , 1 3 , 3 8 , a nd Mad rague d e G ien s F rame 13 ; f l a t s o f f r ame s a r eo r ien t ed p a ra l le l ( G iens f r ame a f te rP omey 1 978a :p l . 3 6 ) .

S idebo tham ) , RG92 , RG101 ( Pho to s : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 2 0 . D epo s i t2 : Mou lded v e s se l , TC3 ;B ronze r i ng , M53 ; B ron ze a r yba l lo s , M54 ( Pho to s : M . L i t t le ) . P l . 2 1 . D epo s i t2 :C oppe rs p ike s , M55 , M57 ;S tone b ow l , S 16 ,S tone a ncho r ,S 19 . ( Pho to s : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 2 2 . D epo s i t 2 : Wooden s heave b lock W2 ( Pho to s : J . O le son ) . P l . 2 3 . D epo s i t3 :N a i l , M75 ,F i sh ing w e igh t s , M79 - M80 ( Pho to s :M .L i t t le ) , M63 ( Pho to :J .O le son ) .D epo s i t4 : Ampho ra l i d , A 89 ( Pho to : R . Hoh lf e lde r ) ; Mo r ta r ium , K 81 ( Pho to : M .L i t t le ) .

P l . 1 . U ns t ra t i f ied Ampho r as ,U t i l i ta r ian w a re :A 33 ,A 44 , K 18 ( Pho to s :M .L i t t le ) . P l . 2 . U ns t ra t i f ied Ampho ra s ,U t il i ta r ian w a re ,F ine w a re , L amp :A 37 ( Pho to :J .O le son ) ,K 29 , RG63 ( Pho to s :M . L i t t le ) ,L 2( Pho to : S .S idebo tham ) .

P l . 2 4 . D epo s i t 4 : F ine w a r e , RG168 , RG164 ; L amp s , L 29 , L 23 ,L 34 ( Pho to s : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 2 5 . D epo s i t4 :L ead p i tche r , M84 ;L ead s t ee lya rd w e igh t , M85 ;N e s to fg l a s sc up s ,G 10 ;C o rk s t oppe r , W3 ( Pho t o s : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 2 6 . D epo s i t 4 :L ead c i rc le , M86 ; B one s t a tue t te , B 3 . D epo s i t 6 : Ampho ra s t amp s , A91 -A92 ( Pho to s : J . O le son ) .

P l . 3 . P l .4 .

P l . 2 7 . D epo s i t7 : Ampho ra s ,A 94 -A97 ( Pho to s :M .L i t t le ) . P I . 2 8 . D epo s i t 7 : Ampho ra s , A 100 , A 102 , A 106 -A107

P la t e s

U n s t ra t i f ied L amp s :L 3 ,L 4( Pho to s :S .S idebo tham ) . U n s t ra t i f ied L amp s : L 7 , L 8 , L 9 , L 10 ( Pho to s : S .

( Pho to s : M .L i t t le ) .

S idebo tham ) ,L 13 ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l . 5 .

P l .2 9 .1 . R emova lo fs and f r om F rame s6 10 ( l e f tt or i gh t ) . We s te dge o fh u l li se xpo sed i nt h ef o reg round ( Pho to :

U n s t ra t if ied L amp s , T e r raco t ta : L 15 , L 17 , L 19 ,

L 21 ( Pho to s : S . S idebo tham ) , L 20 , TC1 ( Pho to : R .

M .L i t t le ) .

H oh l f e lde r ) . P l .6 . U ns t ra t if ied Me ta lO b jec t s : R ings . Ml , M2 ( Pho t o s :M .L i t t le ) . P l . 7 . U ng ra t if ied Me ta l Ob jec t s : S cu lp tu re . M3 , M4 ( Pho to s :M .L i t t le ) . P l . 8 . Me ta l Ob jec t s : Uns t ra t if ied S cu lp ture , M5 ; Un s t ra t if ied a nd S t ra t if ied F i sh ing We igh t s , M8 , M60 , M61 , M63 , M12 , M66 , M13 , Ml0b , M9 , M11 , M65 ,

P l . 2 9 .2 . P ho tomo sa ic o fF rame s 1 4 -8 ( l ef t t or i gh t ) . F a s t e dge o fh ul i sa tb o t tom ( Pho to s : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 3 0 .1 .D e ta i l o f e a s t p l ank ing e dge b enea th F r ame 1 ( Pho to : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 3 0 .2 . D e ta i l o f e a s t p l ank ing e dge b enea th F rame 1 0 ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l . 3 1 .1 . I nne rs u r fa ce o fp l ank ing s ca r ft i pf r agmen t( Pho to : M .L i t t le ) .

M14 , M88 , M87 , M67 , M50 ( Pho to s : M .L i t t le ) . P l .9 . Me ta l Ob jec t s : U n s t ra t if ied a nd S t ra t if ied F i sh ing We igh t s , M15 , M18 , M19 , M20 , M72 , M27 , M25 ( Pho to s :M .L i t t le ) .

P l . 3 1 .2 .U ppe re dge o fp lank ing s ca r ft i pf r agmen t( Pho to : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 3 1 .3 .O u te rs u r fac eo fp l ank ing s ca r ft i pf r agmen t( Pho to : M .L i t t le ) .

P l . 1 0 . Me ta l Ob jec t s : U ns t ra t if ied a nd S t ra t if ied F i sh ing We igh t s , M82 , M20 , M21 , M52 ; N e t -f ree r , M28 ;

P l . 3 1 .4 .L owe re dge o fp l ank ing s ca r ft i pf r agmen t( Pho to :

B ra il ing r i ng , M29 ( Pho to s : M .L i t t le ) . P l . 1 . Un s t ra t i f ied Me ta l Ob jec t s : F o ld ing t a b le , M34

M .L i t t le ) . P l . 3 2 .1 . R ope R 3w i th in w a te rcou r se a tF rame 1 0 ,p ro t rud -

v ü i

L i s to fI lu s t ra t ion s i n gf r om n o r th f a ce ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .3 2 .2 .H o r izon ta ln o tch l e ti n to F u t tock 3 9n ea re a s t er n e x t rem i ty ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .3 .1 .T r eena i l s i np l ank ing e x tend ing w e s to ff i n i shed e x t r em i ty o fH a l f -F rame 2 2( Pho to : H . Wad swo r th ) . P l . 3 .2 .G r eek g ra ff i to c a rved i n to i n boa rd e x t r em i ty o f F u t tock 2 1 ( Pho to : H . Wad swo r th ) . P l . 3 4 .1 .P l ug t reena i ln o .C 85 -Y2 -3 ( Pho to :Z .F r iedman ) . P l . 3 4 .2 .C onc re t ion o f c oppe r o r b r onze f a s ten ing s ha f t C ul t ) f o und i ns i tu i nt o p o fF r ame 1 2 . R emnan t s o f w ood s t i l la dhe r et ot h eb o t tom ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .3 4 .3 .C onc re t ion o fc opp e ro rb ronze f a s ten ing s ha f tn o . C ul2 f ound i ns i tu i nt h eb roken w e s te x t r em i ty o fF loo r T imbe r1 5( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .3 5 .1 .C oppe r o r b ronze f a s t en ing C ul2 i ns i tu a tt h e b rok en w e s te x t r em i ty o fF loo rT imbe r 1 5 ( Pho to ; M . L i t t le ) . P l .3 5 .2 .C oppe r o r b ronze f a s ten ing C ul2 i ns i tu , a f t e r b r eak ing ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .3 6 .1 .C oppe ro rb ronze f a s ten ing C ul2 w i th h ead e x p o sed b enea th p l ank ing i n1 988 ( Pho to :H . Wad swo r th ) . P l . 3 6 .2 .D e ta i lo fp l .3 6 .1 ( Pho to : H . Wad swo r th ) . P l . 3 7 .1 .C onc re t ion o fc oppe ro rb ronze f a s ten ing i nF rame 2 2 ,p ro t rud ing s l igh t ly a bove f r ame n ea ri t se a s te x t rem i t y( Pho to : H . Wad swo r th ) . P l . 3 7 .2 .C onc r e t ion o fc opp e ro rb ronze f a s t en ing i nF rame 2 2 ;e xpo sed i n t e r io ro fc onc r e t ion i nF rame 2 2r e vea l s f a s t en ing b en tt owa rd e a s t( Pho to : H . Wad swo r th ) . P l .3 8 .1 .R ep r e sen ta t ive s amp le o fl e ad s h ea th ing ( Pho to : Z .F r iedman ) . P l .3 8 .2 . R ep re sen ta t ive s amp le o fl e ad s hea th ing f r agmen t s a nd l e ad p ipe P b13 ( Pho to :Z .F r iedman ) .

P l . 3 9 .1 .O bl ique v i ew o fl e ad b ox P b12 w i th a t tached p i p e ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l . 3 9 .2 .F ron tv i ew o fl e ad b ox P b12 w i th a t tached p i p e ( Pho to : M .L i t t le ) . P l .4 0 .1 . R ea r v i ew o fl e ad b ox P b12 w i th a t tached p i pe ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .4 0 .2 .D e ta i lo fl e ad b ox P b12 a nd p ipe j o in t , w i th s o l d e red s e am n ea rt o po fp ip e( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .4 0 .3 .D e ta i lo fh o le o nl o ng s i de o fb ox P b12 .I n ne rl e ad r e in fo rcemen ts hee ti sv i s ib le a tt o pa nd b o t tom o fh o le ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .4 1 .1 .L ead r i ng s . T op t ob o t tom , l e f t t or i gh t : P b14 , P b15 ,P b16 ,P b17 ,P b18 ,P b19 ,P b20 ,P b21 ( Pho to :M . L i t t le ) . P I .4 1 .2 .L ead r i ng P b22 ( Pho to :Z .F r iedman ) . P l .4 1 .3 .L ead r i ng P b23 ( Pho to :Z .F r iedman ) . P l .4 2 .1 .L ead s t ra ine r( ? )P b24 ( Pho to :J . P .O le son ) . P l .4 2 .2 . Two l a rge r ope s ,R 1a nd R 2 ,n ea rt h ew e s te dge o f t h eh u l l( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .4 3 .1 .R ope R 1 ( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .4 3 .2 .R op eR 2( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .4 3 .3 .R ope R 3( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) . P l .4 4 .1 .P ho tom ic rog raph ( 500X )o ff i b r ef r om R 1 :a l t e r n a t ing l o ng a nd s ho r te p idenn i sc el so fS t ipa t e nac i s s ima l e ave s . T he w avy w a l l s o f t h e l o ng c e l l s a r e v i s ib le ( Pho to :U .K ö rbe r -G rohne ) . P l .4 4 .2 . P ho tom ic rog raph ( 500X )o ff i b re f r om R 1 :l a ye r s o fc e l l sa tt h ei n ne rs i de so ff i b re s c le re id b und le sr i ch i n b road p ap i l s( s ho r th a i r s )t h a ta r ec ha rac te r i s t ic o fS t ipa t e nac i s s ima l e ave s( Pho to :U .K ö rbe r -G rohne ) . P l .4 4 .3 .P i nu sp i nea p i ne c one i ns i tu b e tween F rame s 1 2 a nd 1 3( Pho to :M .L i t t le ) .

i x

LI S T OF ABBREVIATIONS A A .C . A .D . A eg a vg . B .C . BG B SL CAHEP c m CMS DO I EMed

I DAM i n . I t ! k g 1

L RBC L oc

MPH MPL MPW MSL NA f r NEH P a l RG R IC S S pn S y r S SHRC TC T h U nk W Med W t

a mpho ra ( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r ) a f t e rC h r i s t( f o rc en tu r ie so rs e r ie so fy ea r s ) A nno Dom in i ," I nt h ey ea ro ft h eL o rd "( f o rs p ec if i cy ea r sA .C . ) A egean o r ig in ( i nc e ram ic st a b le s ) a ve rage b one o b jec t( w i th c a ta logue n umb e r ) b e fo re C h r i s t b l ack -g lo s so rb l ack s l ip v e s se l( w i th c a ta logue n umb e r ) B e low Mean S ea L eve l c o a r se -wa r ev e s se l( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r ) C a e sa r ea A nc ien tH a rbou rE xcava t ion P ro jec t c en t ime t r e C en t re f o r Ma r i t ime S t ud ie s ,U n ive r s i ty o fH a i f a d i ame te r ,o r( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r )d ome s t ic -wa r ev e s se l B e ll inge r1 966 e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean o r ig in ( i nc e ram ic st a b le s ) g r am g l a s so b jec t( w i th c a ta logue n umb e r ) h e igh t I s ra e lD epa r tmen to fA n t iqu i t ie sa nd Mu seum s i n ne r( i nm ea su re o fd i ame t e r ) I t a l ian o r ig in ( i nc e ram ic st a b le s ) k i tchen -wa re v e s se l( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r ) k i log ram l i t r e l e ng th ,o r( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r )l amp C a r son e ta l . 1 960 l o ca lo r ig in ( i . e .i nt h ev i c in i ty o fC ae sa r ea ;i nc e r am ic st a b le s ) m e t re m e ta lo b jec t( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r ) m ax imum p r e se r ved h e igh t max imum p r e se rved l e ng th m ax imum p r e se r ved w id th Mean S ea L eve l c o in ( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r ) N o r th A f r ican o r ig in ( i nc e r am ic st a b le s ) N a t iona lE ndowmen tf o rt h eH uman i t ie s P a le s t in ian o r ig in ( i nc e r am ic st a b le s ) r e d -g lo s so rr ed sl ip v e s se l( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r ) Ma t t ing ly e ta l . 1 923 s t one o b jec t( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r ) S pan i sh o r ig in ( i nc e ram ic st a b le s ) S y r ian o r ig in ( i nc e r am ic st a b le s ) S oc ia lS c ience sa nd H uman i t ie sR e sea r ch C ounc i lo fC ana da mou lded t e r ra co t ta o b je c t( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r ) t h ickne s s u nknown o r ig in ( i nc e ram ic st a b le s ) w id th ,o r( w i th c a ta logue n umbe r )w ood o rc o rk o b jec t w e s t er n Med i te r r anean o r ig in ( i nc e r am ic st a b le s ) w e igh t

LI S T OF

CONTR IBUT ING AUTHORS

M .A .F .

M ichae lA .F i tzge ra ld :N au t ica lA r cha eo logy P rog r am ,T exa s A &M U n ive r s i ty ,C o l lege S t a t ion TX ,7 7843 4 352 ,U .S .A .

R .L .H .

R obe r tL .H oh l f e lde r :D epa r tm en to fH i s to ry ,U n ive r s i ty o fC o lo rado ,B ou lde r CO ,8 0302 ,U .S .A .

J . P .O .

J ohn P e te rO le son :D epa r tmen to fC la s s ic s ,B ox 3 045 ,U n ive r s i ty o fV ic to r ia ,V ic to r ia B .C . ,V 8W 3 P4 ,C anada .

A .R .

A vne rR aban : R ecana t iC en te rf o r Ma r i t ime S t ud ie s ,U n ive r s i ty o fH a i f a ,H a i f a3 1905 ,I s ra e l .

A .N .S .

A nd rew N .S he rwood :D epa r tmen to fC la s s ic s ,C onco rd ia U n ive r s i ty ,7 14 1S he rb rooke S t . , Mon t r ea lP .Q . ,H 4B 1 R6 ,C anada .

S .E .S .

S t even E .S idebo tham :D ep a r tmen to fH i s to ry ,U n ive r s i ty o fD e lawa r e ,N ewa rk DE , 1 97 16 ,U .S .A .

R .L .V .

R obe r tL ind ley V ann : S choo lo fA r ch i t ec tu r e ,U n ive r s i ty o f Ma ry land ,C o l lege P a rk MD ,2 0742 -14 11 ,U .S .A .

x i

FOREWORD the frustration in attempting to isolate a coherent, non­ contaminated locus. This volume will show that we have managed at least a partial success. Many of the data pre­ sented are used as a raw comparative information for recon­ structing the geographical scope of the seabome trade of Caesarea during the phase Sebastos was still functioning at its original form, as well as for the pre-Herodian town of Straton's Tower. As the excavations in the harbour and along the entire coastline of Caesarea continue on a very large scale, the data and the suggested conclusions in this volume are still valid and in large part need no revision. Sorne issues will be studied further in future volumes now in preparation, such as the detailed description of the mari­ time activities and the seabome trade of Caesarea during the Islamic period (640-1100 A.D.), and a full-scale treatment of the site during the Hellenistic era. As one of the large sites in Israel and probably one of the more extensively studied, Caesarea and its students deserve this long-awaited volume and those to follow as soon as possible. Finally, I have to express the project's co-directors deep gratitude to ali our devoted volunteers on land and under the water; and a special thanks to the Baron Edmond de Rothschild and bis "Caesarea Foundation" for their untiring, continuous and most generous financia! and moral support.

This second volume in a planned series of final reports on CAHEP's studies has been in preparation since 1985. It has been postponed not because of negligence on the part of the various writers, or the principal editor. 0n the contrary, though being off to new research projects of their own, both Prof. Oleson and the other contributors have made it their case to up-date the text according to data retrieved by CAHEP and its successor, the CCE (Combined Caesarea Expedition) since 1985. Delays in the appearance of the first volume (Raban et al. 1989) caused a dela y in the preparation of the subsequent volumes as well. It is due to Oleson's stubbomness and meticulous updating that this volume is outnow in its present form. As the Director of this ambitious project and as the grantee of the dig permit, I could not be more grateful to all contributors in this volume. After all, this is our prime duty to the public, to the ethics of our profession, and to our financia! benefactors. Toe reader will find herein what is probably tbe first extensive attempt to substantiate sorne of our hypotheses as to the history of the major port city, based on datable archaeological data, such as pottery and coins, carefully selected from the less dis­ turbed or ambiguous contexts we excava�d. This is a very trouJ)lesome task when one deals with the ever disturbed environment of coastal waters. Those readers who have excavated at a wave-washed beach or in the shallow, near-shore waters will be aware of

[A.R.]

xii

PR E FACE T h i si st h es e cond o f ap ro jec t ed s e r ie so ff o u rv o lume s r e po r t ing t h e r e su l t s o f t h e C a e sa r ea A nc ien t H a rbou r E xcava t ion P ro jec t f r om 1 980 t h rough 1 985 . V o lume I , w h ich a ppea red i n1 989 ( Raban e ta l .1 989 ) ,w a sc once rned w i th t h e s i te a nd t h e e xcava t ion s . T h e p r esen t v o lume c a ta logue sa nd a na lyze s t h e f i nd sr e cove red d u r ing 1 980 8 5 ,a nd t h eR oman s h ip e xcava ted c l o s et os ho re n o r th o ft h e c i ty . V o lume I I , t e n ta t ive ly e n t i t led T he H i s to ry o ft h e H arbour s ,w i l la s semb le a nd i n te rp re ti n fo rma t ion c once rn i n g t h e h i s to r ica l d eve lopmen t o fC a e sa r ea 's h a rbou r s i n a n t iqu i ty ,a nd t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h ep o r ta nd t h er e s t o ft h ee a s t e rn Med i te r ranean w o r ld . V o lume I V , t h ef i na l p ro jec t ed v o lume i n t h i s s e r ie s o f r e po r t s , i st e n ta t ive ly e n t i t led T he O r ig in sa nd D eve lopmen to ft h eH arbour s .I n i t ,t h ef o u rc o -d i rec to r s w i l la t t emp t as yn the s i so fa l t h e i n fo rma t ion c omp i led i nt h e f i r s t t h r ee v o lume s , r e con s t ruc t ing t h es t ruc tu re sa nd f unc t ion o ft h eh a rbou r sf r om t h e H elen i s t ic t h rough t h eC rusade rp e r iod s . Ih ave s e rved a s t h e g ene ra l e d i to r o ft h e s e v o lume s , w o rk ing t oe n su re c on t inu i ty i nf o rma t a nd s t y le a nd t h e e f ec t ive o rgan i za t ion o fs ub jec t ma t t e r .T he r ei sas epa ra t e s ub -ed i to rf o re a ch o ft h ef o u rv o lume s ,u sua l ly t h ep r inc ip le a u tho ro rc on t r ibu to r ,w ho se r e spon s ib il i ty i ti st oa s semb le t h e m anu sc r ip t a nd i lu s t ra t ion s a nd o r gan ize t h em i na p r e l im ina ry f a sh ion b e fo r eh and ing t h em o ve rt ot h es e r ie s e d i to r .F o rV o lume Ih ew a sA .R aban ;f o rV o lume I ,J . P . O le son ; f o rV o lume I I , R .L . H oh l f e lde r ; f o rV o lume I V , R .L .V ann .E a ch v o lume w i l lb es e l f su ff i c ien ti ni t si l u s t r a t ion s ,b i b l iog raphy ,a nd o t he rd o cumen ta ry m a te r ia l ,b u t V o lume I V ,a s as yn the s i so ft h ew ho le ,w il i n c lude a sw e l l ac om tr ehen s ive b i bl iog r aphy o f mod e rn w o rk so nC a e sa rea a nd i t s h a rbou r s . Mo s t o f t h e r e con s t ruc t ion p l an s a nd d r aw ing sw il b eh e ld f o rt h i s v o lume a sw el . W i th in t h e p r e sen tv o lume ,a u tho r sh ip o fm a jo rs e c t ion si si n d ica ted b y i n se r t ion o ft h ea u tho ro ra u tho r s ' i n i t ia l s i nt h eT ab le o f C on ten t sa nd a tt h e s t a r to ft h a ts e c t ion . O cca s iona ls ma l l s e c t ion so ri nd iv idua lc a ta logue e n t r ie sw i th in as e c t ion a r e a t t r ibu t ed t o as econd a u tho rb yh i si n i t ia l s . T he g r a t i tude o ft h ef o u rc o -d i r ec to r so f CA I -MP t ot h e i n d iv idua l sa nd i n s t i tu t ion st h a ta s s i s t ed w i th t h ep ro jec t 's f u nd ing a nd r e sea r ch a r ee xp re s sed b e low i nt h eA cknow l e dgmen t s ,a nd t h ec ha rac te ro ft h ef u nd ing a nd o r gan iza t ion o f CAHEP i so u t l ined e f f ec t ive ly i nV o lume Ib yR aban i n S ec t ion I I .A a nd H oh lf e lde ri nS ec t ion V .A .

A l l d a te s n o tl a b e led B .C . c an b e a s sumed t ob e A .C . ( n o t et h a t ,i na cco rdance w i th a r cha eo log ica lu sage ,r e f e r e nc e st o ap a r t icu la ry e a ra f te rC h r i s ta r el a be led AD . ) .A l l m ea su r emen t sa r em u l t ip le so rf r ac t ion so f am e t r e ,u n le s s o t he rw i se n o t ed ,a nd a l ld ep th sa r eb e low Mean S ea L eve l ( MSL ) ,u n le s so t he rw i se n o t ed .U n le s ss pec if ic c l a r i f ica t ion i sg i ven ,a l mu l t ip le m ea su remen t so fa no b jec ta r eg i ven i n t h eo r de rl e ng th ( L ) ,w id th (W ) ,a nd h e igh t( H )o rt h ickne s s ( Th ) .F o rq ue s t ion so fs t y le a nd f o rma tw eh ave f o rt h e mo s t p a r tf o l lowed t h e C h icago Manua lo fS t y l e , 1 3 th e d . ( Ch i c ago , 1 982 ) . A ny n on s tanda rd a bb rev ia t ion sa r eg i ven i n t h eL i s to fA bb r ev ia t ion s . I ns p el ing t h en ame s o fG reek a u tho r sa nd t h e i rw o rk s , w eh ave f olowed L idde l l , S co t t , a nd J one s ,G r eek -Eng l i sh L ex icon ( Oxf o rd ,1 968 ) ;f o rL a t in a u tho r s , t h e O xf ord L a t in D ic t iona ry ( Ox fo rd , 1 982 ) . F o r a u tho r sn o ti ne i the ro ft h e se w o rk s ,a nd f o ra bb r ev ia t ion so f m ode rn r e f e r ence w o rk s ,w eh ave f o l lowed t h ee n t r ie sa nd l i s to fa bb rev ia t ion si nt h eO xf ord C la s s ica lD ic t iona ry ,2 d e d .( Hammond & S cu l la rd 1 970 ) . We h ave made u se o ft h e S oc ia lS c ience ss y s t em f o rr e f e r ence c i ta t ion a nd b ibl iog ra p hy ,a se xp la ined i nt h eC h icago Manua lo fS t y le c hap t e r s 1 5 -17 . Whe r eve rp o s s ib le , r e f e r ence sh ave b een i n co rpo r a t ed i nt h et e x tr a the rt h an i nf oo tno te s . Ip r epa red af i r s tv e r s ion o ft h em anu sc r ip to ft h i sb ook o n t h e I B M Ma in f rame c ompu t e r o f t h e U n ive r s i ty o f V ic to r ia ,u s ing t h e Wa te r loo S c r ip tS y s t em t of o rma tt e x tf o r p r in t ing o n aX e rox 2 700 L a s e r P r in t e r . S ubsequen t ly , I t r an s f e r red t h et e x tt oM ic ro so f t Wo rd 5 . 1A o n aMa c in to sh Q uad ra 6 50 f o rp r epa ra t ion o ft h ec ame ra r eady c opy w i th P ageMak e r4 . 2 . Mo s to ft h et e x tw a se n te r ed b yO r i s sa S t e l a nd p roo f ed b y D enn ine D ud ley , w h i le C yn th ia Wr igh t , Mon ique B r ewe r ,a nd K imbe r ly Godda rd c a r r ied o u tm uch c heck ing o fi l u s t ra t ion sa nd r e f e rence si nt h ef i na lv e r s ion . C h r i s Mund ig le ro fV ic to r ia d i d t h e f i na l p a s t e -up o ft h e p l a te s . Ia mv e ry g r a t ef u lt oa l lo ft h e se a s s i s tan t sf o rt h e i r s k il fu l a nd i n t el igen t h e lp , w h ich m ade ad i ff icu l t t a sk m uch e a s ie rt h an Ic ou ld h ave h oped . Ia ma l so g ra te f u lt ot h e U n ive r s i ty o fV ic to r ia F acu l ty C omm i t t ee o nR e sea rch a nd T rave la nd t ot h eS oc ia lS c ience sa nd H uman i t ie sR e sea r ch C ounc i lo fC anada f o rg r an t st h a th e lped s uppo r tt h es a la r ie s o ft h e se a s s i s tan t sa nd my c ompu t ing c o s t s . R e sea r ch a nd e xcava t ion g r an t sa r ea cknow ledged i nt h en ex ts e c t ion . [ J .P .01

AC KNOWLEDGM ENT S C omp le t ion o ft h i sv o lume w ou ld n o th ave b een p o s s ib le w i thou t t h e c on t r ibu t ion o fm any i n d iv idua l s . I nt h e f i r s t p l ace , w e e xp re s s o u r t h ank s t ot h e d i r ec to r o f CAHEP d u r ing t h e1 980 -1985 c ampa ign s ,D r .A .R aban ,U n ive r s i ty o fH a i fa .C olec t ive ly a nd i n d iv idua l ly w ea l so o we h ea r t f e l t t h ank s t on ume rou s i n d iv idua l s w ho h e lp ed u si no u rr e s e a rch f o r t h i s v o lume : G eo rge B a s s , P a t r ic ia B ika i , J e f f B lake ly , K e i th E .B rad ley ,G raham B ran ton , R ob e r tB u l l , D av id A . C ampbe l l , L ione lC a s son , K en in B r im , J ohn G . F i t ch ,J ohn H aye s ,S ha ron H e rbe r t ,R .A .H igg in s ,T homa s H ila rd , B a rba ra J ohn son , F ranc e s J one s , G eo rge L uck , N e t ia P i e rcy ,H en ry R ob in son ,J ame sR u s sel ,S t eve S a ch s , S amue lE .S cu l ly ,K a th leen S l ane ,P e t e rL . Sm i th ,H ome rA . a nd D o ro thy B . T homp son , E l izabe th W i l l , C a ro l ine W i l l iam s ,a nd H ec to rW il iam s .T he f i nd sb ene f i t t ed f r om t h ec ons e rva t ion w o rk o f Mr .P inha sP e led a nd M r s .N ehama C o lumbu s . R ahe l P olak , Z a ra za F r iedmann , K a th leen D . S he rwood , Ma r la S id ebo tham , a nd C h r i s Mund ig le rp r e p a red d r aw ing s . T he CAHEP e xcava t ion p ro je c tw a sm ade p o s s ib le b y f i nanc ia ls uppo r tf r om aw id ev a r ie ty o fs ou rce s ,w h ich h ave b een m en t ioned i nt h eA cknow ledgmen t st oV o lume I .B u t s pec ia l t h ank s f o r s uppo r td i r ec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h er e s e a rch a nd p r epa ra t ion f o r t h i s v o lum e a r e o wed t ot h e S oc ia lS c ienc e sa nd H uman i t ie sR e sea r ch C oun c i lo fC anada , t h eU n ive r s i ty o fV ic to r ia ,t h eD ean o ft h eC o l l ege o fA r t s a nd S c ience o ft h eU n ive r s i ty o fD e lawa r e ,t h eU n ive r s i ty o f D e lawa re R e sea rch F ounda t ion ,t h e Ame r ican P h i lo soph i c a lS oc ie ty ,a nd t h eB a ron E dwa rd d eR o th sch i ld C a e sa rea F ounda t ion . [ J .P .O . ,A .N .S . , S .E .S . ] T he f olow ing f u r the r a cknow ledgmen t s a r e m ade b y M icha e lF i t zge ra ld w i th s p ec if ic r e ga rd t oh i sr e sea r ch o n t h es h ip . As t udy o f t h e R oman h u l l r ema in s a tC a e sa r ea w a s s ugge s ted t om ea s aMa s te r 's t h e s i st o p ic b yA vne rR aban i nt h es umme ro f1 984 a nd b yF r ede r ick H .v an D oom inck , J r .i nt h ew in te ro ft h ef olow ing y ea r .W i thou tt h o s en udge s , a nd D r .R aban 's p e rm i s s ion t os t udy t h ew reck ,t h i sp ro je c t m igh tn o th ave b een u nde r taken .P ro f .G eo rge F .B a s sa l so m ade i tp o s s ib le b y f o und ing t h e N au t ica l A r cha eo logy P rog r am a tT exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty . Io f f e r my s i nce r e t h ank s t oa l l t h r ee f o rt h eo ppo r tun i t ie st h ey a fo rded m e , a nd f o rt h e i rs e r v ice sa st h e s i sc omm i t t ee m emb e r s .T hank s a l so g ot oP ro f .R icha rd E .V rooman ,w ho g r a c iou s ly a g r eed t os e rve a s ac omm i t t ee m embe r o n s ho r tn o t ice . S pec ia l t h ank s g o t oP ro f . J .R icha rd S t e f f y f o r h i s a s s i s tance a s c omm i t t ee c ha i rman .I n1 987 ,w i th t h e s i sw o rk w el u nde r w ay ,J . P .O le son a sked m et os ubm i tt h es t udy a s ap o r t ion o ft h i sv o lume . T he f i e ld w o rk u pon w h ich t h es t udy o ft h es h ip i sb a sed w a sc onduc ted b e tween 1 980 a nd 1 988 w i th t h eh e lp a nd f r iend sh ip o f t h e d i re c to r s , s t a f f , a nd v o lun t ee r s o f t h e

x i v

C a e sa rea A nc ien tH a rbou rE xcava t ion P ro jec t .T he d i r ec t o r sd u r ing t h ep e r iod o f my f i e ldwo rk w e r eA vne rR aban , U n ive r s i ty o fH a i f a ; R ob e r tL . H oh l f e lde r , U n ive r s i ty o f C o lo rado ; J ohn P .O le son , U n ive r s i ty o fV ic to r ia , B r i t i sh C o lumb ia ; R obe r tL . V ann , U n ive r s i ty o f Ma ry land ; a nd R ob e r tR .S t iegl i tz ,R u tge r sU n ive r s i ty . CAHEP s t a f fm em b e r sS t even B r e i t s te in a nd Y o s s iT u r -Ca spa o ft h eU n ive r s i ty o fH a i f ap rov ided t i r e le s st e chn ica la nd l o g i s t ica ls up p o r tw i th t h eh e lp o fD anny F r iedman , E z ra Ma r cu s , a nd S t eve B u r ton . S t eve B re i t s te in , Y o s s i , E z ra , a nd Z a raza F r iedman p e r fo rmed e me rgency p ho tog raph ic s e rv ice s i n 1 985 . A dd i t iona l p ho tog raph ic s uppo r t w a s p r ov id ed b y A vne r R aban , R obe r t L . H oh lf e lde r , Ma rk L i t t le , H a r ry Wad swo r th ,a nd Z a ra za F r iedman .S t af fa r ch i t e c t sJ i l lS ch ick , S i s se la Ma lm s t röm , C la rk B lou i r , L au r en G o ldbe rg , a nd D onna Mc In t i r e d r ew t h e s h ip t imbe r s , d i r ec ted b y R .L . V ann . R eg i s t ra r Man sou reh N iam i r k ep t t r a ck a r t i f a c t s . S t eve S ach sp rov ided t h ec ompu te r -gene ra t ed s i t ep l an o f C a e sa r ea .S t a f fm embe r sT om H i l la rd a nd Ma rk L i t t le w e r e a lway sr e ady t oh e lp . Many CAHEP v o lun te e r sh e lped w i th t h em i sce l laneou s t a sk s o fe xcava t ion : Amy B a r th , K a the r ine B a r th , S a rah B a r th ,D oug B a r r e t t , Ma t thew B eckw i th ,E ve B la ck ,L ucy B lue , B u r ton B rod t , G e r ry C h ia ru t t in i , A nne D ehn i sch , L inda D own s ,B ob F ung ,R u th ie G e r twagen ,B en G o ldman , C la r eG reenwa ld ,V an H a r t ,J r . , Ma r ia J a cob sen ,I a nL inden , J ohn L o ckha r t I I , A nna Ma rk s , J e remy Mc Inemey , t h e R eve r end G a ry Moh r ,L i sa P oeh lmann ,K a r en P u r ee ,L oly R i tchey , E r ic R up ley , R ob S chu r r , K en S hap i ro , J ay S immon s ,D av eS t rong ,C ra ig T h igpen ,T a ra T r up in ,E l iza b e th Wad swo r th ,a nd H e len Wad swo r th .T oa l ,a nd a ny I h ave f o rgo t t en ,t h ank y ou .S pec ia lg ra t i tud ei se x t ended t o L au r en G o ldb e rg , w ho i n 1 986 w a s o f ten m y o n ly d i ve p a r tne r a nd c on sequen t ly s p en t much t ime o n t h e s i t e , i n a dd i t ion t om ak ing t h ef i ne d r aw ing so ft h eh u l lm embe r s . I nt h ec ou r se o fr e sea rch ing a nd e va lua t ing t h ec ompa ra t i ve m a te r ia l , Ih ave b ene f i t t ed f r om many d i scu s s ion sw i th D r . F red H ocke r a nd w i th f e l low s t uden t s B i l l C ha r l ton , E l izab e th G a rve r ,J a ck N ev i l le ,B ob N ey land ,A leyd i sV an d e Moo r te l , a nd C ema l P u la l c . P ro f e s so r v an D oo rn inck , E l izab e th G a rve r , Ma r ia J a cob sen ,A leyd i sV an d e Moo r t e l , K y ra B ow l ing , B a rba ra v an Me i r , a nd C la i r e C a lcagno k i nd ly a s s i s ted w i th o c ca s iona l d i ff icu l t ie s w i th f o r e ign l a nguage a r t ic le s .E l i zabe th G a rve r , R a lph P ede r sen , P au l W i l loughby , a nd e spec ia l ly Ma r ia J acob sen r e ad a nd c r i t iqued d i f f e r en tp a r t so ft h em anu sc r ip ta tv a r iou ss t age s . D onny H am i l ton p e rm i t t ed a nd g u ided my u s eo ft h eT exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty C on se rva t ion R esea rch L abo ra to ry f a c i l i t ie s d u r ing t h e p r oce s s ing a nd r e pl ica t ion o fi r on a nd c oppe r -a l loy a r t i f a c t s .B ruc eT homp son w i ll ing ly g ave a s s i s tanc ea nd a dv i ce r e ga rd ing t h ec a s t ing «rep l ica so fs om e i r on a r t if a c t s . J e f fT ipp ie r e nde r ed v a luab le p ho tog raph ic s e r v i ce si nC olege S t a t ion .D ebb ie Me ie ra nd H e l en D e Wo l f d r ew t h e f a s ten ing s , a nd Me ie rr e p l ica ted al o s td r aw ing .

A cknow ledgmen t s P rof e s so rS t ef fy ,S h i r ley G o te l ipe ,A leyd i sV an d e Moo r te l , a nd C he ry l Wa rd H a ldane r e f e r red m e t ot h e i n d iv idua l s w ho a na lyzed o ri d en t if ied s ome o ft h ea r t i fac tua lm a te r ia l . Many p eop le c on t r ibu ted f i nanc ia la nd mo ra ls uppo r t ,i n

mo re q ue s t ion s .F o ra l lh i se ncou ragemen ta nd a s s i s t ance a s c omm i t tee c ha i rman ,a nd t h ep r iv i lege o fs t udy ing u nde rh i s g u idance , Ia m mo s tg ra tefu l . Ip a r t icu la r ly t h ank R obe r tH oh l f e lde r , w ho se e n thu s i -

o ne f o rm o r a no the r . S pec ia l t h ank s t o A ndy a nd J oan F i tzge ra ld ,B il G ra f f ,C l i f fo rd a nd M i ld r ed H a ine s ,C ema l

a sm a nd i n te re s tl e dt o my f i r s tv o lun tee rs ea son a tC a e sa rea . T he rea f te r Ia pp l ied t ot h eN au t ica lA rchaeo logy p rog ram a t T exa s A&M .H i ss uppo r ta nd e ncou ragemen ta s af r iend a nd

a nd S ema P u lak ,T om Q ue senbe ry ,D uane a nd L inda S ha rp , C ha r le s , a nd C a r la Wa te r s . P ro f e s so r sv an D oo rn inck a nd S t ef f yi n sp i r ed my s pec ia l i n te res t i n a nc ien t s h ip s . I n t h e c ou r se o f my r e sea rch ,

CAHEP d i rec to rh ave b een f undamen ta l t o my c on t inued e ndeavo r s . My t h ank sa l so g ot oJ ohn O le son f o ra ccep t ing t h i ss t udy a sp a r to ft h e CAHEP p ub l ica t ion s e r ie s ,a nd f o r e d i t ing t h e f i na l manusc r ip t a nd a dd ing n ume rou s l a s t

v i r tua l ly e ve ry d i s cus s ion w i th P ro f es so rS t ef fy r e la t ing t o G reek a nd R oman s h ip sp rov ided n ew i n s igh t so rs pu r red

m inu t er e v i s ions . [ M .A .F . ]

X V

CH APTER I :I N TRODUCT ION

LA . Exp lana t ion o fA r rangemen t .

s eve ra ls ea led d epo s i t s . I ne ve ry c a se , a na t temp th a sb een

T he CAHEP e xcava t ions b e tween 1 980 a nd 1 985 y i e lded

made t ol i s tc l ea r ly a l l t h e a r t ifac ts o f ap a r t icu la r t ype a t

al a rge n umbe ro fa r t ifac t s , q u i te d i ve r se i n ma te r ia ls a nd

s ome p o in t i nt h e s yn the t ic d i scus s ion , i no rde r t o make

c ha rac te r ,f r om al a rge n umbe ro fc on tex t s( f ig . 1 ) .B ecause

c r os s ref e rence e a s ie r . Whe re ad epo s i tn umbe ri sn o ts pec i -

o ft h ev ery s andy a nd mob i le n a tu r eo ft h es ea b o t tom i nt h i s

f i ed f o r a n a r t ifac t i n t h ese d i scuss ions , i n c lus ion i n t h e

a r ea ,a nd b ecause e xcava t ion i n to t h eb reakwa te rs t ruc tu re s

u ns t ra t if ied ma ter ia ls c an b e i n fe r red ; i n t h e t a b le s , t h e

t h em se lves i sv ery d i ff icu l ta nd t ime -consum ing ,o n ly af ew

s t a t i s t ic s f o rt h eu ns t ra t if ied ma ter ia la r e l i s ted u nde r" De p o s i t0 . " A l la r t ifac tn umbe r s t h roughou tt h ev o lume h ave

o ft h es t ra t igraph ic c on tex ts w e re s ea led a nd c ou ld t h us b e g iven a nu pper c h rono log ica ll im i t .A s ar e su l t ,t h ee xcava -

b een p r in ted i nb o ld t y pe , t o make c ro s s ref e rence e a s ie r .

t i ons y i e lded amuch l a rge rp ropor t ion o fu ns t ra t if ied f i nd s

A s ar e su l t o f t h i s a r rangemen t , t h e c u l tura l ma ter ia l

t han i st y p ica lf o r ac a refu l ly e xecu ted modern e xcava t ion .

f ound i n ap a r t icu la rd epo s i tc an b ee xam ined w i th r e la t ive

T he i nd iv idua ls s t udy ing t h e f i nd s w e re i n c onsequence f a ced w i th t h et a sk o fp re serv ing t h ei n fo rma t ion p rov ided

e a se t h rough t h e c o l lec ted c a ta logue e n tr ie s a nd i lus t ra t i ons . I ti sh oped t h a t t h is a r rangemen t w i l l make t h e

b yt h eg roup so fa r t ifac ts f r om t h es ea led c on tex t sw h i le a t

c h rono log ica la nd s oc ia ls i gn if icance o ft h ea r t ifac t sc l ea re r .

t h es ame t ime p rov id ing a na na ly s i so fa l lt h ea r t if ac t so ft h e

W i th in C hap te rI V ,e ach d epo s i ti si n t roduced b y ad esc r ip -

v ar iou s c l a s ses —bo th s t ra t if ied a nd u ns t ra t i f ied —a s d i s -

t i on o f t h e c on tex t , w i th r e f er ence t o t h e mo re d e ta i led

t i nc t g roups . A s Ib egan p lann ing t h e a r rangemen to ft h i s

d e sc r ip t ions i nt h ef i r s t CAHEP r epo r tv o lume ( Raban e ta l .

v o lume , i ts eemed t o me i mpor tan t b o th t o p ub l ish t h e

1 989 ) .T he f i nd sa r et h en c a ta logued b yc e ram ic wa re a nd b y n on -ce ram ic t y pe , i n t h e s ame r e la t ive o rde r f ound i n

c e ram ic a nd n on -ce ram ic a r t i fac t sf r om t h es ea led d epo s i t s a si n tac tg roup s ,a nd t oi n c lude t h em i nt h eg ene ra ld i scu s s i on so ft h ev ar ious c l a sses o ff i nd s .T hese s pec ia lc i rcum s t ance ss pawned t h e a r rangemen tu sed i nt h is s t udy o ft h e

C hap te r s Ia nd I Ib u tw i thou ti n t roduc t ions t ot h ev a r iou s w a r es a nd a r t ifac tt ypes .T he re i s ,h oweve r ,f r equen tc ro ss r e f e renc ew i th in t h ee n tr ies b ack t ot h ee a r l ie rd i scus s ions o r s i gn if ican tu ns t ra t if ied p a ra l le ls .A tt h ee nd o fe ach d epo s i t

f i nd s . T he u ns t ra t if ied c e ram ic sa r ec a ta logued i nC hap te r Ib y

c a ta logue t h e re i sa n a na lys is o ft h ec ha rac ter a nd s i gn if i -

wa re a nd a pp rop r ia te s ub -ca tego r ies ; t h e u ns t ra t if ied n on -

c ance o ft h a td epos i t ,a l ong w i th t a b les t ha ts umma r ize t h e

c e ram ic f i nds a r ec a ta logued i nC hap te rI I . E a ch s e c t ion ,

c h rono logy a nd t ypes o fa r t if ac t s f ound i ni t .T he o ve ra l l

h oweve r , c oncerned w i th ap a r t icu la rc eram ic w a re — such

a na lys is o f t h e f i nd s a nd t h e i r r e la t ion t o t h e h a rbou r i s

a s a mpho ras —o r at y pe o fn on -ce ram ic a r t i fac t— such a s

p re sen ted i n C hap te r V . S ince mo s t o f t h e c a ta logued

c o ins —p rov ides a ni n t roduc t ion t ot h a tw a re o ra r t ifac tt y pe

c e ram ic i t em sa r ei lus t ra ted b yp rof i l ed raw ings ,r e f e rence

a s s e en i n a l l t h e CAHEP f i nds , w i th r e f e rence t o b o th

t ot h e se f i gu re si sg i ven g roup b yg roup a tt h eh ead o fe ach

s t ra t if ied a nd u ns t ra t if ied e xamp les .T he s t ra t if ied d epo s i t s a r ep ub l ished i nC hap te rI V . I t em sw i th in e ach ma jo rc l a s s

s e c t ion o ft h ec a ta logue ,u n les sr e f e rence h a st ob e made a s w e l lt o ap ho tog raph . A l lp ho tog raph ic p la tes a r eb ound a t

o f c e ram ic w a re a r e n umbe red c onsecu t ive ly i n as i ng le

t h ee nd o ft h es e r ie s . B ecause t h e i lus tra t ions f o rt h en on -

s e r ies t h roughou tt h ee n t i re v o lume ,e ach n umbe rp re faced

c e ram ic i t ems a r e mo re v a r ied i nc ha rac te r ,t h er e f e rence st o

b ya na pp rop r ia te w a re a bb rev ia t ion ( s ee b e low ) .T he s ame

d raw ings a nd p ho tographs o f a l l t h ese i t em s a r e g i ven i n

a r rangemen ti sa ppl ied t ot h en on -ce ram ic f i nd s , a l though

e a ch e n t ry .

t h e se a r t ifac ta bb rev ia t ions s ome t ime sr e f e rt ot h e ma ter ia l , s ome t ime st ot h et ype o fa r t ifac t .S ec t ion I .B ,f o re xamp le ,

LB . C la ss if i ca t ion o fC eram i cs .

p resen ts ad i scuss ion a nd a na ly s i so fa l lt h ea mpho ra sf r om

T he c e ram ic w a res h ave b een d iv ided u pb yc l a sse st h a t

t h e CAHEP e xcava t ions u p t o 1 985 ( A1 -A107 ) , b u t i t

f o rt h e mos tp a r ta r ew ide ly a ccep ted a su sefu la nd mean ing -

p rov ide s ac a ta logue o n ly o ft h eu ns t ra t if ied e xamp le s( Al -

f u l : ampho ra s( code A ) ,u t i l i ta r ian w a res ,f i ne w a res ,l amp s

A 44 ) .T he o the r ampho ra sa r er e f e r red t oi nt h ed i scus s ion

( code L ) , a nd m i sce l laneous t e r raco t ta s ( code TC ) . T he

b y t h e i rc a ta logue n umbe ra nd d epo s i tn umbe r —e .g . A 55 ( Depos i t 3 )— the d epos i tn umbe ri n c luded t oa l low e a s ie r r e f e rence t ot h es e c t ion w her et h a tv esse li sc a ta logued .T he

u t i l i ta r ian w a re s h ave b een s ubd iv ided i n to K i tchen w a re ( code K ) ,C oa r se w a re ( code C ) ,a nd Domes t ic w a re ( code

s ame a r rangemen t h o lds , f o r e xamp le , f o r t h e c o ins , o f

e xp la ined i n S ec t ion I .C .1 . T he f i ne w a res h ave b een

w h ich N 1-N48 a ppea r w i th t h e u ns t ra t if ied n on -ce ram ic

g rouped i n to r ed -g los s o r r ed -s l ip w a re s ( code RG ) , a nd

f i nd s i n C hap te r I I , wh i le t h e r e s t a r e s ca t te red a mong

b l ack -g lo ss o r b la ck -s l ip w a re s ( code BG ) , w i th many

D ) .T he c r i ter ia f o rt h e se s ubd iv i s ions o fu t i l i ta r ian w a re a r e

1

C hap ter I :I n troduc t ion

o us w a res t yp ica l ly i d en t if i ed i na r chaeo log ica l p ub l ica -

me ta lf i nd s( code M) ,w h ich e ncompa s se sa l l me ta la r t ifac t s e xcep t c o ins ( code N ) , b u t i n c lude s , f o r e xamp le , b o th

t i ons . B ecause o ft h en umbe ro fw a re si n vo lved ,i tw as f e l t p ref e rab le t oh ave o n ly t wo c a ta logue n umbe rp ref ixe sf o r

b ronze s cu lp tu re a nd l e ad f i sh ing w e igh ts . A l l o b jec t s w o rked i n s t one a r e t r ea ted s epa ra te ly ( code S ) , a s a r e

t h e f i ne w a re s , r a the r t h an d ozens c o r respond ing t o t h e

a r t if ac t s o f g l a ss ( code G ) , wo rked b one ( code B ) , a nd w o rked w ood o rc o rk ( code W) . Non -ceram ic a r t ifa c t st h a t

s ubd iv is ions w i th in t h e se t wo b road g roup sf o rt h en ume r -

d i s t inc tw a res .T he v a r ious s ub -d iv is ions ,w a res a nd s hape s a r e e xp la ined i n t h e i n t roduc t ion t o e ach s e c t ion o f t h e

f o rmed p a r to ft h es t ruc tu re o re qu ipmen to ft h es h ip f ound

c a ta logue .

i nA rea Y a r ec a ta logued s epa ra te ly i nt h ed i scuss ion o ft h e

LC . C la ss if i ca t ion o f Non -Ceram i c F ind s .

( c oppe ro rb ronze f a s ten ings ) ,F e( i ron f a s ten ings ) ,P b( l ead

s h ip i nC hap te rV I . T hese a r t ifac t sa r eg i ven t h ec odes Cu T he n on -ce ram ic f i nd s w e re o fc ou r se much mo re h e t -

a r t if ac t s ) ,a nd R ( f ragmen t so fr ope ) .S ince t hey c ome f r om

e rogeneous i nc ha rac te rt han t h ec e ram ic f i nd s , ac i rcum -

as i ng le c on tex t , t h e o b jec t s f r om t h e s h ip a re c a ta logued

s t ance r ef lec ted i nt h eo rgan iza t ion o ft h ec a ta logue a nd t h e

t o ge the r ,a s as i ng le s e r ie si no ne s ec t ion o fC hap te rV I . [ . 1P .01

c a ta logue n umbe rp ref ixed . T he l a rge s tc a tego ry i st h a to f

2

CH APTER I. CE RAM ICS : GE NERAL DI S CU SS ION O F TY PE S A ND CA TALOGUE SO F UN STRA T IF IED EX AMPLE S

t i on a nd c on sump t ion b y ma r ine o rgan i sm s . A ny s i ng le

I LA .I n t roduc t ion . [ J .P .0 . ] T he u ns t ra t i f ied c e ram ic sa r ec a ta logued i nt h i sc hap te r w a re b yw a re ,e a ch o ne p receded b y ad i scu s s ion o ft h ew a re i t se l fa nd t h ea ppea rance o ft h a tw a re i nb o th s t ra t if i ed a nd u n s t ra t i f ied c on tex t s i n t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s . D ef in i -

f a c to r , o r mor eo f ten ac omb ina t ion o fs eve ra l , c an make d e te rm ina t ion o ft h ep ro f i le ,s u r face t r ea tmen t ,o re ven t h e c o lou ro ft h ep a s te d i f f icu l to ri mpo s s ib le t od e te rm ine ,a nd w i thou tt h is i n fo rma t ion i tc an b ev e ry d i ff i cu l tt oi d en t ify s pec if ic w a re s o r f a b r ic s . A lmo s t e ve rywhe re w i th in t h e h a rbou rb a s in ,e xcava t ion o ft h es and y i e lded l a rge n umbe r s

t i ons o f t h e w a re s a nd t h e c ha rac te r o f t h e s amp le a r e d e sc r ibed a tt h eb eg inn ing o fe a ch s e c t ion .T he c a ta logue s a r ea r ranged mo re o rl e s sb ya scend ing o rde ro ff i nene s s ,t h e

o fh eavy s he rd s t h a tp robab ly o r ig ina ted f r om w e l l -f i red , d i s t inc t ive a mpho ra s , b u t w h ich n ow l a ck a ny o r ig ina l

ampho ra s f i r s t , f olowed b y t h e u t i l i ta r ian w a re s , t h e f i ne w a res , l amp s , a nd m iscelaneous t e r raco t ta s . T he s ame o rde r i sk ep t i n t h e c a ta logue s o f t h e s ea led d epo s i t s , a l though i nd iv idua l i n t roduc to ry d i scu s s ion s a r e om i t ted . O le son h a sb een r e spon s ib le f o ra l lo ft h ea mpho ra sa nd a l l o ft h em iscelaneou st e r raco t ta sb u to ne ( r eco rded b yS he r -

s u r fa ce a nd r e semb le s moo th ,g ranu la rs t one sf r om ab ea ch o rr i ve rb ed .L amp s ,f me w a re s ,a nd u t il i ta r ian w a re sw e re l e s so f t en r e cove red i ns uch a na b raded c ond i t ion ,s ugge s t i n ge i the rt h a tt h ey w e re mo re l i ke ly t ob et o ta l ly d e s t royed b ye xpo su re t ot h e mov ing s and ,o rt h a tt h ey w e re l e s sl i ke ly t of i nd t h e i rw ay i n to t h e mob i le ,u ns t ra t i f ied s ed imen t st h an w e r et h ea mpho ra s .F ine rw a r e so cca s iona l ly s u rv ive i nt h i s e nv i ronmen t , b u t e ven i fs u r fa ce d eco ra t ion a nd s l ip a r e p re served , t h e s l ip i so f ten s o d i sco lou red o r b uf f ed t h a t i d en t if i ca t ion o ft h ew a re i sd if i cu l t . No d raw ing h a sb een

wood ) ,S he rwood f o rt h eu t i l i ta r ian w a re s ,a nd S idebo tham f o r t h e f i ne w a r e s a nd l amp s— in b o th C hap te r I a nd C hap te rI V .V ann p rov ided e n t r ie sf o rt wo i t em si nC hap te r I V . T he i n unda ted c on tex t s i nw h ich t h e se c e ram ic s w e re f ound h a sb rough tb o th s pec ia lb enef i t sa nd s pec ia ll i ab il i -

p rov ided i nc a ses w he re t h e w a re a nd s hape o f av e s se l f r agmen tc ou ld b ei d en t if i ed b u tt h ep rof i le w a s t o ob ad ly e r oded t oa l low t h ep roduc t ion o fa na ccu ra te d raw ing . O u rk now ledge o ft h ec h rono logy a nd p rovenance o ft h e e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean a mpho ra sa nd u t il i ta r ian w a re st h a t c omp r is es uch a ni mpo r tan tp a r to ft h ec e ram ic f i nd sf r om t h i sw o rk ing h a rbou rc on tex ti sl e s sp e r f ec tt h an i ti sf o rt h e e a s te rn f i ne w a re s o r t h e w e s te rn a mpho ra s . A s ar e su l t , s ome o ft h ea mpho ra sa nd u t i l i ta r ian w a re sc an b ed a ted o n ly

t i es . I n t h e f i r s t p lace , many o f t h e a mpho ra s a nd t h e u t i l i ta r ian w a res p reserve e x t ens ive r ema in s o f t h e p i tch w i th w h ich t h ey w e re l i ned o r— in a tl e a s to ne c a se —wh ich t h ey w e re a ppa ren t ly u sed t op repa re f o ra pp l ica t ion t oo t he r v e sse ls ( K55 ) .I ti sn ol onge rc ause f o rs u rp r ise t of i nd t h a t ampho ra sw e re v e ry f r equen t ly l i ned w i th p i tch t oc on ta in o r p ro tec tt h e i rc on ten t s ( s ee P eacock & Wi ll iams 1 986 : 4 9 5 1) ,b u ti tw a so fg rea ti n te re s tt on o te h ow m any o ft h eK -

a pp rox ima te ly ,a nd t h e i rp rovenance c an o n ly b eg ue s sed a t . N ever the le s s , t h e a u tho r s h ave a vo ided s e t t ing u p n ew c e ram ic c l a s se su n le ss a b so lu te ly n eces sa ry , p r ef e r r ing i n -

w a r e a nd C -wa re v e s se l s r ecove red f r om t h e h a rbou rh ad a l so b een l i ned w i th p i tch .K -wa r ev e s se ls h ave b een r e cov e r ed f r om ma r ine c on tex t sl e s so f ten t h an a mpho ra s ,s ot h i s o b se rva t ion r ep re sen t si mpo r tan tn ew i n fo rma t ion ( s ee n ow

s t ead t oc a ta logue t h ew a re sa nd c i te p a rale l sa cco rd ing t o p ub l ished ,w ide ly a ccep ted w a r ed e s igna t ion s .T ab les s um ma r iz i ng t h ep rovenance a nd c h rono logy o ft h ew a re sf r om t h e v a r iou s d epo s i t s h ave b een a ppended t ot h e g ene ra l d i scus s ion si nt h i sc hap te r ,r a the rt h an t ot h ed epo s i ta na ly s e si nC hap te rI V , i no rde rt of a c il i ta te c ompa r ison a mong d epo s i t s .

a l so G ibb in s 1 991 : 2 36 -37 ,n o . 1 9 ) . I na dd i t ion ,t h ew a te r l o gged a nd p ro tec ted c ha ra c te ro fs ome o ft h ec l osed d epo s i t s ,e spec ia l ly D epo s i t s 1a nd 2 ,p ro tec ted t h ec a rbon d epo s i t sl e f to nt h ee x te r io ro fK -wa r e( a nd s ome C -wa re )v e s se l s f r om t h e i ru se o ve rc ook ing f i re s . S ome o ft h e se c r eo so te l i ke d epo s i t s w e re t h ick e nough t ob e c r acked a nd s ca ly . A l though s uch d epo s i t sa nd b ur n ma rk sp rov ide a ni mpo r t a n t i nd ica t ion o ft h e f unc t ion o fs ome o ft h e s hape s a nd w a re sf ound , i ns ome c a se st h ey w e r ee x tens ive e nough t o p reven ta na lys is o ft h eo r ig ina lc o lou ro ft h ev e sse ls u r f a ce . T he re a r ea l so d rawback st oa ni n unda ted c on tex t .I nt h e

I LB . Amphora s . [ J .P .0 . ] I LB .1 . I n t roduc t ion a nd Ana l y s i s . T he c a ta logue o f

f i r s t p l ace , mo s t o f t h e c e ram ic s f ound , e spec ia l ly t h o se

12 e xamp les a r ranged i n 1 07 e n t r ies . B ecause o f t h e c ha ra c te ro ft h ee xcava t ion a nd o ft h ed epo s i t st h em se lve s , i n d iv idua lb ody f r agmen t sw e re n o tc a ta logued o rw e ighed , a nd o n ly d i agno s t ic s he rd s— r ims , h and le s , a nd b a s e s— w e r ea cce s s ioned a nd l a te ri n c luded i nt h i sc a ta logue .N o t

a mpho ra s f ound d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s i n c lude s

f r om t h e u ns t ra t if ied c on tex t s —usua l ly i n av e ry mob i le s u r fa ce s and —we re b ad ly d amaged b ye ro s ion o rd i s so lu t i on o f t h e s o f t f ab r ic , a b ra s ion b y s and p a r t ic le s , d a rk s t a in ing f r om c on tac t w i th o rgan ic ma te r ia ls , o re nc ru s ta -

3

C hap te rI : U n s tra t if i ed C eram ic s p l aced i n2 0o ft h e i r5 5( o r6 6 )c l a s se s , f o u ro ft h em b e ing t e le scoped i n to t wo c ompo s i te c l a s se st e rmed 4 6 /62 a nd 4 8 / 4 9( s ee T ab le I . ! ) . A l though i ti sr e la t ive ly e a sy t oi d en t i f yt h ea mpho ra st h a tb e long t os ome o ft h e se c l a s se s( e .g . C la s s4 7 ) ,o t he rc l a s se sa r el e s sw e l ld ef ined ,a nd s ome o f m y a t t r ibu t ion s a r e t e n ta t ive ( e .g . C la s s 2 4 ) . Mo s t o ft h e c l a s se sa r er e p re sen t ed i nt h e CAHEP ma t e r ia lb yo n ly o ne t ot h ree e xamp le s , b u tt h e re a r e ma rked p eak s i nC la s s 9 ( "Rhod ian ," 1 0e xamp le s ) ,t h eu b iqu i tou sC la s s4 7f r om t h e A egean ( e igh t e xamp le s ) , P a le s t in ian b ag a mpho r a s o f C la s s4 6 /62 ( s even e xamp le s ) ,a nd " Gaza" w ine a mpho ra s o fC la s s4 8 /49 ( n ine e xamp le s ) .T h i r ty -f ive mo re e xamp le s ( 3 1 .3% o ft h ec o rpus ) ,a l though s ome t ime sd o cumen ted a t o t he rs i t e s i nt h ee a s t e rn Med i te r r anean , c ou ld n o tb e a c c ommoda t ed i nt h e P ea cock a nd W il iam s c l a s se s . T hey w e r ep l aced i n s tead i n1 n ew ly d ef ined CAHEP c l a s se s , l a be l led C la s s At oC la s s Kt oa vo id c on fu s ion w i th t h e P ea cock a nd W il iam ss y s tem ( s ee T ab le I . 1 ) .T he o r ig in s o ft h eP ea cock a nd W i l l iam sc l a s se sf ound i nt h eh a rbou r r a nge t h roughou tt h e Med i t e r r anean .G iven t h ee a r ly f o cu s o fR oman a mpho ra s t ud ie so nw e s t e rn t y p e sa nd s i te s ,i ti s n o t s u rp r i s ing t h a t a l l b u t o ne ( C la s s H ) o f t h e CAHEP c l a s s e s -con s t ruc t ed t oa ccommoda te t y pe sn o tn o ted e l se-

i n f requen t ly ,s uch d ef in ing e l emen t sw e r es ob ad ly a b rad ed b y t h e movemen t o f t h e s u r round ing s a nd t h a t t h ey h ad c omp le te ly l o s t t h e i r o r ig ina l s u r f a ce s a nd c ou ld n o t b e a s s igned r e l iab ly t oa na mpho ra c l a s s . R im s ,h and le s ,a nd b a se s i n s uch c ond i t ion w e re d i sca rd ed , a l ong w i th t h e n ume rou sa ccompany ing s e a smoo thed b ody s he rd s . T he c a ta logued a mpho ra s h ave b een a s s igned t o 2 9 s epa ra te , w el -def ined o r w id e ly r e cogn ized c l a s s e s ( 96 e xamp le s ) a nd o ne m i sce l laneou s c l a s s ( 1 4 e xamp le s ) o f u n ique o rp oo r ly i d en t if i ed v e s se l s .T he t wo l i d sh ave b e en c a ta logued a s as epa ra te c l a s s .I n s t ead o fs e t t ing u p my o wn CAHEP c l a s se sf o rt y pe so fa mpho r a sa l r eady k nown e l se w he re , Ih ave f o l lowed B lake ly 's e xamp le ( 1 987 )o fu s ing w he reve rp o s s ib le t h e a mpho ra c l a s se s i d en t if ied b y P ea c ock a nd W i ll iam s ( 1 986 ) . A l though s c ho la r s s t udy ing a mpho ra s may n eve ra ch ieve t h es ame u n i fo rm i ty i nc l a s s i f i ca t ion a nd t e rm ino logy f o und ,f o re xamp le ,i nt h ep ubl i ca t i on so fs ome f i ne w a r e sa nd l amp s ,t h er e la t ive c omp rehen s i ve a nd a u tho r i ta t ive c ha rac te r ,a l ong w i th t h ea cce s s ib i l i ty o fP eacock a nd W i l l iam s 's y s t em r e p r e sen tm a jo rp rog r e s s . F u r the rmo r e ,t h ea u tho r sc i t ea nd c r o s s r e f e r ence t h e mo r e p a roch ia lc l a s s i f ica t ion su sed p r ev iou s ly . S i x ty -one CAHEP e xamp le s( 5 5% o ft h ec orpu s )c an b e

T ab le In : Amphora C la s se sb yD epo s i t 1

D epo s i t

2

3

4

5

6

7

T o ta l

P e rcen t

C la s s

1

1 -

2

2

2 8 / 61 9 1 0 1 2 3 2 4

4 4

2

1 2

1 2

2 9 3 1

1

3 4 3 9 4 0

1 2

4 2 4 4 4 5 4 6 /62 4 7 4 8 /49 A

-

1

1

^ 2 1 5 5 3 1

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1

1 1

1 2 4

2

1

6

M i sc . L id s

2 7 1

-

3

1

4

-

2 1

-

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0 . 9 7 . 1

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2 1 2 1 4 2

1 . 8 0 . 9 1 . 8 1 2 .5 1 . 8

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12

I LB : Amphora s t o ta lo f1 5( 1 3 .4% ) .T he c h rono logy o f mo s to ft h ec l a s se s i sn o tp r ec i se e nough t oc a lcu la t ee xa c t ly h ow m any a mpho r a sb e long t ot h el a t e rH e rod ian p e r iod ,t h ey ea r sd u r ing a nd i mmed ia te ly f o l low ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h eh a rbou r ,b u t n o f ewe r t h an 4 4 a mpho ra s ( 3 9 .3% o f t h e t o ta l ) c an b e a t t r ibu ted t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .a nd /o rf i r s tc en tu ry A .C . T he s e cond c en tu ry , b y c on t ra s t , i sr ema rkab ly p oo r ly r e p r e sen ted :o n ly s i xa mpho ra s( 5 .4% )c an b ea t t r ibu ted t o t h ef i r s t / second ,s e cond ,o rs e cond / th i rd c en tu r ie s .A dd i t ion o ft h ee i gh ta mpho ra sd a t ed t ot h es e cond / fou r th c en tu r ie s ( 7 .1% )w ou ld g i ve at o ta lo f1 4( 1 2 .5% )p o s s ib ly a se a r ly a s t h es e cond c en tu ry ,b u t mo r el i ke ly t h i rd o rf ou r th c en tu ry i nd a te .I nf a c t ,j udg ing f r om t h er e la t ive ly l a rge n umbe ro f a mpho ra s t h a t c an b e c on f iden t ly a t t r ibu ted t ot h e t h i rd / f o u r th c en tu r ie s14 ( 12 .5% )— i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tm any o f t h e s e cond / fou r th -cen tu ry e xamp le s b e long t h e r e a sw e l l . C on so l ida t ion o fb o th o ft h e se c l u s t e r sw i th t h et wo ( 1 .8% ) a mpho ra sd a t ed t ot h et h i rd / f if th c en tu ry a nd t h et wo ( 1 .8% ) d a t ed R oman /Byzan t ine w ou ld g i ve am a jo r p eak o f 2 6 a mpho ra s( 2 3 .2% ) l o o se ly d a ted t ot h eL a te R oman /Ea r ly B yzan t ine p e r iod . T h e 1 3a mpho ra s ( 1 1 .6% ) d a ted t ot h e f o u r th / s ix th , f i f th / si x th , f i f th / seven th , s i x th / seven th , a nd B yzan t ine p e r iod si n d ica t ec on t inued c omme rc ia l a c t iv i ty i nt h eh a rbou ru n t i lt h eI s lam ic o ccupa t ion . A s sum ing t h ec h rono log ica la t t r ibu t ion sa r ec o r r ec t ,t h e a mpho ra s s ugge s t t h a t t h e ma jo r p e r iod o f c omme r c ia l a c t iv i ty i nt h eh a rbou ro c cu r r ed i nt h el a s tf ew d ecade sB .C . a nd t h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C .T he r ew a s al e s se rp eak o fa c t iv i ty i nt h eL a t e R oman o r —mo r el i ke ly — th eE a r ly B yzan t ine p e r iod . T he se a dm i t ted ly l i m i t ed s t a t i s t ic s a l so s ugge s ta v e ry m a rked a b senc eo fa c t iv i ty i nt h es e cond c en tu ry A .C . a nd al ow b u tc on s tan tl e ve lo fc omme r c ia le xchange i nt h e l a te r B yzan t ine p e r iod , u p u n t i l t h e d i sa s te r s o ft h e m id s e ven th c en tu ry . C on s ide r a t ion o fa mpho ra c h rono logy a nd p rovenance t o ge the rc an f l e sh o u tt h i sr e con s t ruc t ion o ft r ade a c t iv i ty a nd b eg in t os e ti ti n ah i s to r ica lc on tex t .N o ts u rp r i s ing ly , a l b u to ne o ft h e 1 5 a mpho ra s t h a tp o s s ib ly p r e -da te t h e H e rod ian r e con s t ruc t ion o fS t ra ton 's T owe ro r ig ina t ed i n t h e e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean : f o u r o ft h e se ( 26 .7% ) c an b e a tr ibu t ed t ot h e e a s te rn Med i te r r anean i ng ene ra l ( A32 [ u n s t ra t i f ied ] , a nd A 96 , A 106 -A107 [ Depo s i t 7 ] ) , t wo ( 1 3 .3% )s p ec if ica l ly t ot h eA egean ( A90 -A91 ,D epo s i t6 ) , a nd e i gh t ( 5 3 .3% ) p robab ly t oP a le s t ine ( A97 -A104 , D e p o s i t 7 ) . T he e i gh tp robab ly P a le s t in ian e xamp le s a r e t h e D oub le -Mou th J a r so fC la s sG ,n o tc omp le te ly c ompa rab le w i th t h e r e s t o ft h e m a t e r ia l . T he l o ne ( 6 .7% ) e xcep t ion , i n t e re s t ing ly e nough ,i saG reco I ta l ic a mpho ra ( A92 ,D e p o s i t 6 ) , v e ry l i ke ly i mpo r ted f r om I t a ly i n t h e s e cond c en tu ry B .C .I tw a s ah a rb inge ro ft h ing st oc ome . Wh i le t h e a mpho r a s s ugge s t t h a t t h e m ino r p o r t o f S t ra ton 's T owe rw a s i nt o uch ma in ly w i th t h e i mmed ia t e H e l len i s t ic w o r ld , t h e s i tua t ion w a s v e ry d i f f e r en t f o r H e rod ian S eba s to s .T he 4 4a mpho ra sa t t r ibu tab le t ot h ef i r s t c en tu ry B .C .o rf i r s tc en tu ry A .C .o r ig ina t ed t h roughou tt h e R oman e mp i r e .O ft h e4 4 , 1 4( 3 1 .8% )c an b ea t t r ibu t ed t o P a le s t ine ( A33 -A34 [ u n s t ra t i f ied ] , A 46 [ Depo s i t 1 ] , A 50 [ Depo s i t2 , 6e xamp le s ] , A 65 -A67 [ D epo s i t3 ] , A 78 [ D e p o s i t 4 ] , A 105 [ Depo s i t 7 ] ) , t wo ( 4 .6% ) t o t h e e a s ter n Med i te r r anean i ng ene ra l( A83 -A84 ,D epo s i t4 ) , a nd n i ne

w he re —mo s tl i ke ly o r ig ina t ei nt h ee a s t e rn Med i t e r r anean , a nd s e ve ra lo ft h em p robab ly i nt h eL evan t .I nt h i sc a t ego ry , t o o , mo s tc l a s se s c on ta in o n ly o ne o rt wo e xamp le s , w i th p eak si nC la s s E( Knob -Foo t ed , C o r ruga ted B ag Ampho ra , 1 2 e xamp le s , s i x o f t h em f r om as i ng le l o cu s ) , C la s s G ( Doub le -Mou th J a r , e i gh te xamp le s f r om as i ng le l o cu s ) , a nd C la s s H( Im i ta t ion D re s se l2 -4 ,f i ve e xamp le s ) .F ina l ly , 1 4 a mpho r a s ( 12 .5% o f t h e c o rpu s ) w h ich c ou ld n o t b e a s s igned t ow e l l -known c l a s se s ,a nd f o rw h ich c onv inc ing p a ra l le l sc ou ld n o tb ei d en t if ied ,w e r el umped t o ge the ri na m i sce l laneou s c l a s s : U n iden t if i ed R oman a nd B yzan t ine Ampho ra s . Ih ave d one my b e s tt ot a k ea c coun to ff a b r ic a s w el a ss hape i na l lt h e se a t t r ibu t ion s ,b u tt h ea mb igu i ty o f f a b r ic d e s c r ip t ion i ns ome p r ev iou sp ub l ica t ion s ,t h el a ck o f ap e t rog r aph ic a na ly s i so ft h e CAHEP s p ec imen s ,a nd t h e s o f ten ing a nd s t a in ing t y p ica lo fe xamp le sf r om s e ve ra lo f t h e CAHEP d epo s i t sh ave made a na ly s i so ft h ef a b r ic l e s s u sef u lt h an i tm igh th ave b een . I nt h eb ody o ft h i ss e c t ion Ih ave p rov id ed a ni n t roduc t i on t oe a ch o ft h eP ea cock a nd W i ll i am sa nd t h e CAHEP c l a s se s , i n d ica t ing s ome o ft h ep r ev iou s n ame sa pp l ied t o t h ec l a s s , ma jo rb ib l iog raphy ,c ha rac t e r i s t ic s ,a nd — in so f a r a si sk nown —p rovenance ,c h rono logy , a nd i n tend ed c on t e n t s .T he i n t roduc t ion t oe a ch c l a s si sf o l lowed b y al i s to f t h e CAHEP a mpho ra sc on ta ined i ni t ,w i th i n d ica t ion o ft h e d epo s i t ,a nd c a ta logue e n t r ie sf o rt h eu n s t ra t i f ied e xamp le s ( i f a ny ) . E n t r ie s f o r t h e a mpho ra s f r om s e a led d epo s i t s a pp ea r w i th t h e o the r ma te r ia l f o und i ne a ch d epo s i t , i n C hap t e rI V . D e sp i te t h er e la t ive ly s ma l ls i ze o ft h e s amp le a nd t h e a b sence o fr el iab le q uan t i f ied s t a t i s t ic sf o rt h eo ccu r r ence o f s pec if i cc l a sse so fa mpho ra f r om o ne p e r iod t ot h en ex t ,t h e a mpho ra s p ubl i shed h e r e y i e ld u s e fu l i n f o rma t ion o n t h e o r ig in sa nd d imens ion so ft r ade i n to C ae sa r ea 's h a rbou r .O n t h eb a s i so fp a ra l le l si d en t if ied a tC a e sa r ea a nd o t he rs i t e s a r ound t h e Med i te r ranean ,t h ea mpho ra si nt h e3 0d if e r en t c l a s se s h ave b een g i ven a s s pec i f ic ap rovenance a s t h e c u r r en ts t a te o fr e sea rch o na mpho ra s a l low s . I nt h ec a ta l o gue e n t r ie sa nd t a b le st h ef o l low ing p rovenance sa r ec i t ed : e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean ( a bbv . EMed ) , c on s i s t ing o f t h e A egean a r ea ,A s ia M ino r ,C yp ru s ,a nd t h eL evan t ,P a le s t ine ( a bbv . P a l ) , L oca l ( a bbv . L oc ) f o r t h e i mmed ia t e a r ea o f C a e sa r ea ,A egean ( a bbv .A eg ) ,N o r th A f r ican ( a bbv . NA f r ) , w e s t e rn Med i t e r ranean ( a bbv . W Med ) f o r I t a ly , F r ance , S pa in ,a nd t h ea d jac en ti s land s ,I t a ly ( a bbv .I t l )f o rI t a ly a nd S i c i ly , S pa in ( a bbv . S pn ) , a nd U nknown ( a bbv . U nk ) . A t t r ibu t ion s o f p rovenance , h oweve r , l i k e i n d ica t ion s o f d a t e , a r e n o t a lway s r e l iab le , a nd f u r the r r e s ea r ch w i l l c e r ta in ly c hange ,e xpand ,o rr e f ine s ome o ft h ep rovenance s a nd d a te sp ropo sed h e re . I n t h e t a b le s t h a t f o l low , D epo s i t 0s t and s f o r t h e u n s t ra t if ied e xamp le s , w h i le t h e o t he r d epo s i t n umbe r s c o r r e spond t ot h es e a led d epo s i t sc a ta logued i nC hap te rI V . T he c h rono log ica l s c a le i sg i ven i n c en tu r ie s , o f t en i n o ve r lapp ing c l u s te r s o f s e ve ra l c en tu r ie s , a r r anged i ns e q uence a cco rd ing t ot h ee a r l ie s tm ean d a te . T abu la t ion o ft h ec a ta logued a mpho r a sb yp e r iod r e ve a l s s om e o bv iou s c h rono log ica l p eak s ( s ee T ab le 1 .2 ) . O n ly f i ve a mpho r a s( 4 .5% )a r ec e r ta in ly e a r l ie rt h an t h eH e rod ian p e r iod ,b u tt e n mo re a r eq u i te p robab ly p r e -He rod ian ,f o ra

5

C hap ter I : U n s tra t if i ed C e ram ic s ( 20 .5% )t ot h eA egean ( A1 -A2 ,A 4 ,A 14 -A15 [ u n s t ra t i f ied ] , A 56 [ Depo s i t3 ] ,A 69 [ Depo s i t4 ] , A 94 -A95 [ D epo s i t7 ] ) , f o r at o ta l o f2 5 ( 5 6 .8% ) . O ft h e r ema inde r , t h r ee ( 6 .8% ) o r ig ina ted i nI t a ly ( A5 ,A 7 -A8 ,u n s t ra t if i ed ) ,f o u r( 9 .1% )i n S pa in ( A6 , A 10 -All [ u n s t ra t i f ied ] ,A 45 [ D epo s i t 1 ] ) ,a nd e i gh t( 1 8 .2% )i nt h ew e s t er n Med i t e r ranean i ng ene ra l( Al2 [ u n s t ra t if ied ] ,A 51 [ D epo s i t2 ] ,A 59 [ D epo s i t3 ] ,A 79 -A82 [ Depo s i t4 ] ,A 93 [ D epo s i t6 ] ) ,f o r at o ta lo f1 5( 3 4 .1% ) .T he o r ig in o ff ou r a mpho ra s ( 9 .1% ) c ou ld n o tb e d e te rm ined ( A47 -A49 ,A 52 [ D epo s i t2 ] ) . T he p a t te rn so fa mpho ra s u rv iva ls ugge s tt h a ti np e r iod s s ub sequen tt oH e rod ,t r ade w i th t h ew e s ter n Med i t e r r anean e i the rd ec l ined d r a s t ica l ly o rc hanged f r om i mpo r ta t ion o f w e s t e rn c ommod i t ie st ot h ee xpo r ta t ion o fe a s t er nw ine .O f t h es i xa mpho r a st h a ta r ed a t ed t ot h ef i r s t / se , cond ,s e cond , o rs e cond / th i rd c en tu r ie s ,t wo ( 3 3 .3% )c an b ea t t r ibu t ed t o t h e A egean ( A3 [ u n s t ra t if ied ] a nd A 57 [ Depo s i t 3 ] ) , o ne ( 16 .7% ) t o t h e e a s te rn Med i te r ranean i n g ene ra l ( A85 , D epo s i t4 ) ,a nd o n ly o ne ( 1 6 .7% )t ot h ew e s t er n Med i te r ra n ean ( A55 ,D epo s i t3 ) .T he o r ig in o ft wo e xamp le s( 3 3 .3% ) i su nde te rm ined ( A39 [ u n s t ra t if i ed ] , A 86 [ D epo s i t 4 ] ) . E a s t e rn a mpho ra s a r e a l so v e ry m uch i nt h e m ino r i ty a t w e s t er ns i te sd u r ing t h i sp e r iod ,g r adua l ly r i s ing i nn umb e r s a tO s t ia ,f o re xamp le ,b eg inn ing i nt h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry , b u ts t il c on s t i tu t ing o n ly 1 0% o ft h ea mpho ra t y p e st h e r ei n t h em id th i rd c en tu ry ( P eacock & W i l l iam s 1 986 : 2 8 -29 ) . A na ly s i so ft h e2 6a mpho ra sd a t ed t ot h es e cond / fou r th , t h i rd / fou r th ,t h i rd / f i f th ,f o u r th c en tu ry ,a nd R oman /Byzan t i ne p e r iod r e vea l st h r ee l o ca le xamp le s( 1 1 .5% )( A21 -A23 , u n s t ra t i f ied ) , s even P a le s t in ian e xamp le s ( 26 .9% ) ( A19 A 20 , A 30 -A31 [ u n s t ra t i f ied ] , A 63 -A64 [ Depo s i t3 ] ) , A 71 ( Depo s i t4 ) ,n i ne e xamp le sf r om t h eA egean ( 3 4 .6% )( A18 , A 24 -A28 [ u n s t ra t i f ied ] , A 62 [ D epo s i t 3 ] , A 72 -A73 [ De p o s i t4 ] ) ,t wo f r om N o r th A f r ica ( 7 .7% )( A13 [ u n s t ra t if ied ] , A 60 [ Depo s i t 3 ] ) , t wo f r om t h e w e s ter n Med i t e r ranean ( 7 .7% ) ( A9 [ u n s t ra t i f ied ] , A 58 [ D epo s i t 3 ] ) , a nd t h r ee e xamp le so fu nknown o r ig in ( 1 1 .5% ) ( A40 [ u n s t ra t i f ied ] ,

A 70 , A 88 [ Depo s i t4 ] ) .T he 1 0l o ca lo rP a le s t in ian e xam p l e s , c on st i tu t ing 3 8 .5% o f t h e c h rono log ica l g roup , a r e r i va l ed o n ly b yt h en i ne A egean a mpho r a s ,w h ich c on s t i tu t e 3 4 .6% .T h i sp a t te rn b ecome se ven mo r em a rked w i th t h e1 3 a mpho ra so ft h ef o u r th / s ix th ,f i f th / s ix th ,f i f th / s even th ,s i x th / s e ven th c en tu r ie s ,a nd B yzan t ine p e r iod :I nt h i sg r oup ,f i ve ( 3 8 .5% ) o r ig ina t ed i nP a le s t ine ( A29 [ u n s t ra t if i ed ] , A 74 A 77 [ D epo s i t4 ] ) ,t wo ( 1 5 .4% )i nt h ee a s t e rn Med i te r r anean i ng ene ra l ( A16 -A17 , u n s t ra t if i ed ) , w h i le t h eo r ig in o fn o l e s s t h an s i x ( 46 .2% ) i su nknown ( A35 -A36 , A 43 -A44 [ u n s t ra t if ied ] ,A 68 [ Depo s i t3 ] , A 89 [ D epo s i t4 ] ) .N one i s o bv iou s ly f r om t h e We s t .I ti si n te re s t ing t h a ta tt h i ss am e t i me c ommod i t ie s( mo s tl i ke ly w ine )c a r r ied i na mpho ra so f e a s t er no r ig in w e r e t a k ing o ve r t h e m a rke t s o ft h e We s t . I n c r ea s ing n umbe r so fe a s te rn a mpho ra sa ppea ro nw e s ter n s i t e sb eg inn ing w i th t h el a t ef ou r th c en tu ry ,a nd t h ep r opo r t i on g row sf r om t h es e cond h a l fo ft h ef i f th t h rough t h em id s e ven th c en tu ry ( P ea cock & W il iam s 1 986 : 2 8 -29 ) . I ti s p o s s ib le t h a tt h en umbe r so fe a s te rn a mpho ra sa tC a e sa r ea r e p r e s en tb o th i mpo r ta t ion f o r l o ca l c on sump t ion a nd t h e c o inc iden ta ll o s so fi t em si n t end ed f o rt r an s sh ipmen tt ot h e We s t( s ee C hap te r Vf o r af u l ld i scu s s ion ) . T aken b y t h em se lve s , t h e a mpho ra s s ugge s t s t rong ly t h a tt h ep e r iod f r om t h ec on s t ruc t ion o fS eba s t o s i n to t h e f i r s t c en tu r y A .C . s aw t h e h i ghe s t l e ve l o f c omme r c ia l i mpo r ta t ion o fw e s ter nc ommod i t ie sc a r r ied i na mpho ra s . T he t r ad ec onnec t ion w i th t h e We s tt a p e r so f fd rama t ica l ly i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry , w hen w e s te rn t y pe s a r e e x t r eme ly r a r e a tC a e s a r ea a nd e a s ter n t y pe s r a r e i nt h e We s t . T he i mpo r ta t ion o fw e s t e rn c ommod i t ie st oC ae sa rea i na mpho r a ss e em st oc ea s ee n t i re ly i nt h eB yzan t ine p e r iod ,b u ta tt h e s ame t i me t h e r e w a s av a s t e xpan s ion i nt h e s h ipp ing o f e a s te rn c ommod i t ie st ot h e We s ti ne a s te rn t y pe so fa mpho r a s .T he se a r et h es ame p a t t e rn so fl o ca lt r ade i d en t if i ed b y B lake ly ( 1 988 :4 2 -43 )o nt h eb a s i so ft h ea mpho ra sf o und o n l a nd i n V au l t 1 .A s sum ing t h a t t h e CAHEP s amp le i s a c cu ra te a nd h a s b een p rop e r ly a na lyzed , t h e re i sa l so a

T ab le 1 .2 : S ummary o f Amphora C hrono logy C h rono logy I VB .C . I IB .C . IB .C . I I IB .C . IB .C . IB .C . I IA .C . IA .C . I / 1 1

I U lm

I / IV 1 1 /TV D I /V I VN I V /V I VNI I V IN I I R oman R oman /Byz B yz an t ine Unknown T o ta l

T o ta l X XX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX ) CX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX X X XXXXX 3 CXX XXXXX ) CXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX

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P e rcen t 0 . 9 1 . 8 1 . 8 8 . 9 3 . 6 1 2 .5 2 3 .2 3 . 6 0 . 9 0 . 9 7 . 1 1 2 .5 1 . 8 5 . 4 0 . 9 1 . 8 0 . 9 3 . 6 1 . 8 2 . 7 3 . 6

I LB : Amphora s c u r iou s ly l ow r e p re sen ta t ion o fN o r th A f r ican a mpho r a sa t

t i on .O n ly t wo a mpho ra s( 1 .8% o ft h et o ta l )w e r er e cove red f r om D epo s i t 1( Tab le 1 . 5 ) ,r e nde r ing t h es t a t i s t ic ss u spec t . N eve r the le s s , b o th e xamp le s b e long t ot h e H e rod ian / f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . p e r iod , a nd t h e i r p rovenance s b racke t t h e e mp i r e , o ne o r ig ina t ing i nP a le s t ine , t h e o t he r i nS pa in . D epo s i t 2( Tab le 1 .6 )i sl a rge r ,w i th 1 3e xamp le s( 1 1 .6% o f t h et o ta l ) .T he 1 d a tab le a mpho ra sf r om t h i sd epo s i t( 8 4 .6% ) d a t et ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C .O ft h e se ,s i x( 54 .6% o f 1 3 ) o r ig ina ted i n P a le s t ine , o ne ( 9 .1% ) i n t h e w e s ter n Med i te r r anean ,a nd t h eo r ig in o ff ou r( 36 .4% )i su nknown . Two f u r the ra mpho r a s( 1 5 .4% )w e re o fu nknown o r ig in a nd u nd e te rm ined c h rono logy , b u t— judg ing f r om t h e o t he r c e r am ic m a te r ia l r e cove red f r om t h i s d epo s i t— they t o o s hou ld b e long t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C .T he a ppa ren t a b sence o fa mpho ra sf r om t h eA egean a nd o f as i gn i f ican t n umbe ro fa mpho r a sf r om I t a ly o rS pa in i so u to fc ha ra c t e r w i th t h e o ve ra l l s amp le o fa mpho ra s f r om t h e s i te . T h i s a noma lou sp a t t e rn p robab ly i st h er e su l to ft h es ma l ls i ze o f t h es amp le . T he s amp le p rov id ed b yD epo s i t 6( Tab le 1 .9 )i ss ma l l a s w e l l ( f ou r e xamp le s , 3 . 6% o f t o ta l ) . T h ree e xamp le s ( 7 5% o ft h i sm a t e r ia l )d a t et ot h e t h i rd o rs e cond c en tu ry B .C . ,t wo o ft h em o r ig ina t ing i nt h eA egean a nd o ne i nI t a ly o rS i c i ly .T he f o u r th e xamp le d a te st ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . a nd o r ig ina t ed i nt h e w e s t e rn Med i te r r anean . T he 1 4a m p ho ra sf r om D epo s i t 7( Tab le I . 10 ) ,w h ich s t em f r om t wo l o c id i r ec t ly b e low t h el o c ic on s t i tu t ing D epo s i t6 ,a r e mo r e c ohe ren t i nc h rono logy a nd p rovenance . T h i r teen o f t h e a mpho ra s( 9 2 .9% )d a t et ot h es e cond o rf i r s tc en tu r ie sB .C . , a nd e i gh t o f t h e se ( 5 7 .1% ) o r ig ina t ed i nP a le s t ine , t h r ee ( 2 1 .4% ) i nt h ee a s te rn Med i te r r anean i ng ene ra l , a nd t wo ( 1 4 .3% ) i nt h e A egean . O ne P a le s t in ian a mpho ra ( 7 .1% ) s e em st od a t et ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . S i nc eD epo s i t s 3a nd 4w e r el a id d own o ve rm uch l o nge r c h rono log ica l p e r iod s t h an t h o se c on s ide r ed s o f a r , t h e a mpho ra sc on ta ined i nt h em a r e n a tu ra l ly mo r e v a r i ed i n c h rono logy , o r ig in , a nd t y pe . D epo s i t 3( Tab le 1 .7 ) (14 e xamp le s ,1 2 .5% o ft h et o ta l )y i e lded f i ve a mpho ra s( 3 5 .7% o ft h e d epo s i t t o ta l ) o ft h e H e rod ian p e r iod a nd t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . : t h ree f r om P a le s t ine , o ne f r om t h e A egean , a nd o ne f r om t h e w e s te rn Med i te r ranean . Two e xamp le s ( 1 4 .3% )d a t ed t ot h ef i r s t / second a nd s e cond / th i rd c en t u r ie s , o ne o ft h em f r om t h eA egean a nd t h eo t he rf r om t h ew e s t er n Med i te r r anean . F ive a mpho ra s ( 3 5 .7% ) c ou ld b e d a ted t o t h eL a te R oman /Ea r ly B yzan t ine f l o re scence ,t wo o ft h e se o r ig ina t ing i nP a le s t ine ,a nd o ne e a ch i nt h eA egean ,N o r th A f r ica ,a nd t h ew e s t e rn Med i te r ranean .O ne ( 7 .1% )R oman p e r iod a mpho ra f r om t h e A egean c ou ld n o tb ea s s igned a p r ec i se d a te ,a nd o ne ( 7 .1% )B yzan t ine a mpho ra c ou ld n o t b e a s s igned ap rovenance . A l though t h i s s amp le i sv e ry s ma l l , t h eb road r a nge o fp rovenance i nt h el a te rp e r iod i s i n te r e s t ing .T he l a te s ta mpho ra i nt h ed epo s i td a t e st h i rd t o f i f th c en tu ry . T he a mpho ra so fD epo s i t 4( Tab le 1 .8 ) ( 2 1 e xamp le s , 1 8 .8% o ft h et o ta l )a r e mo r ei na cco rd w i th t h es t a t i s t ic sf o r t h ee n t i r ec o l lec t ion .E igh te xamp le s( 3 8 .1% o ft h ed epo s i t t o ta l ) d a t e t ot h e H e rod ian p e r iod /f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . : o ne f r om P a le s t in e , t wo f r om t h e e a s t e rn Med i te r r anean , o ne f r om t h eA egean ,a nd f ou rf r om t h ew e s t e rn Med i t e r r anean . O ft h e t wo a mpho r a s ( 9 .5% ) d a t ing t ot h e f i r s to rs e cond

t h es i te ( t wo ,o r1 . 8% ) . T he s oc ia la nd e conom ic r e a son sf o rt h e se p a t t er n si nt h e i mpo r ta t ion a nd e xpo r ta t ion o fc ommod i t ie sa nd t h e i rs h ip p i ng c on ta ine r sc anno tb ed ec ided o nt h eb a s i so fc e r am ic f i nd s a l one . N eve r the le s s , af ew h ypo the se s m ay b e p ro p o sed h e re ( s ee a l so t h eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion i nC hap te rV ) . D u r ing H e rod 's r e ign a nd t h ef i r s th a l fo ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ,f ood s tu f f s ,p a r t icu la r ly w ine ,w e r ei mpo r t ed t h rough t h eh a rbou rS eba s to s .T he b u lk o ft h i sm a t e r ia lm u s th ave b een c on sumed l o ca l ly ,o rs h ipped o u tt os e cond a ry m a rke t s o n t h e c oa s to fP a le s t ine , s i nce f ew o ft h ee a r ly t y pe s o f f o re ign a mpho ra sa r ef o und i ns i gn if i can tn umbe r sa ti n land s i te s( s ee B lak e ly 1 988 :4 3 ,a nd t h ep a ra l le l sc i ted f o rt h e w e s t e rn a mpho ra sc a ta logued b e low ) . Much o ft h er e g iona l t r ade i nb u lk c ommod i t ie s mu s ta l so h ave p a s sed t h rough t h eh a rbou r ,s i nce l o ca la nd P a le s t in ian a mpho ra t y p e sr a r e o ra b sen ti nt h e We s ta l so a ppea ri nt h ee a r ly d epo s i t s .I nt h e s e cond a nd p robab ly t h ee a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ,t h e movemen t t h rough t h eh a rbou ro fg ood si na mpho r a ss e em sv i r tua l ly t o h ave c ea s ed ,p o s s ib ly b ecau se o fd amage t ot h eb r eakwa t e r s .T he i mpo r ta t ion o fg ood si nw e s te rn a mpho ra sc om m enced o nce mo re i nt h eB y zan t ine p e r iod ,b u to n al e s s e r s c a le a nd c oun te rba lanced b y t h e e xpo r ta t ion ( p o s s ib ly t r an s -sh ipped t h rough S eba s to s )o fP a le s t in ian w ine i ne ve r i n c rea s ing q uan t i t ie s .S upe rf i c ia l ly ,t h ea b senc eo fw e s te rn a mpho ra sa tC a esa rea i nt h el a te rB yzan t ine p e r iod ,a nd t h e p r eponde r ance o fe a s t e rn a mpho r a sa tw e s te rn s i te sd u r ing t h es ame p e r iod ,s ugge s t s ap r e f e renc ef o rP a le s t in ian w ine t h roughou t t h e Med i te r r anean a tt h i s t i me . T he s t a t i s t ic s m ay h ave b een d rama t ica l ly a f f ec t ed , h oweve r , b y t h e d i f f e ren t ia l s u r v iva l o f a mpho r a s a so ppo sed t ow ooden b a r re l s ,i n c r ea s ing ly f a vou r ed i nt h ew e s te rn Med i t e r ranean i nl a te a n t iqu i ty f o rt h et r an spo r to fl i qu id s( P a rke r1 990b : 30 ; P eacock & W i l l iam s 1 986 : 2 7 ; L ebe l 1 962 ) . T he p hy s ica le v idence f o rt r ade mov ing f r om w e s tt oe a s ta tt h i s t ime m ay s imp ly h ave b een l o s tt h rough t h et o ta ld e s t r uc t ion o ft h ec on ta ine r s . T he s t a t i s t ic sc once rn ing t h eo r ig in a nd c h rono logy o f t h ea mpho r a s i nt h ei n d iv idua le xcava t ion d epo s i t sd on o t r e vea l a ny s t r ik ing a noma l ie s w hen c ompa r ed w i th t h e s t a t i s t ic sf o rt h ee n t i r ec o rpus o fa mpho ra s( o the rt h an t h o se r e f lec t ing t h e c h rono log ica l b ounda r ie s o ft h e i n d iv idua l d epo s i t s ) , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e o ver a l l s amp le i sp robab ly r e la t ive ly a c cu ra te . I n t h e c olec t ion o f 4 4 u n s t ra t if ied a mpho ra s( Tab le 1 .4 ) ,t h es i ng le p r e -He rod ian a mpho ra i s e a s te rn Med i te r ranean i no r ig in .T he H e rod ian /f i r s t -c en tu ry A .0 p eak i n c lude s 1 4e xamp le s( 3 1 .8% o ft h es amp le ) , a s o ppo sed t ot wo e xamp le s ( 4 .6% ) f o rt h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s , 1 6e xamp le s( 36 .4% )f o rt h eL a te R oman /Ea r ly B yzan t ine p e r iod ,a nd s e ven e xamp le s( 1 5 .9% )f o rt h eL a t e B yzan t ine p e r iod . V i r tua l ly a l l t h e a mpho ra s f r om t h e w e s te r n Med i te r ranean ( s even o u to fe i gh te xamp le s )o ccu r i nt h eH e rod ian / f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .p e r iod ,a nd t h eA egean , w i th 1 3e xamp le s( 2 9 .6% ) ,r a nk sa l ong s ide C a e sa r ea ,P a l e s t ine ,a nd t h ee a s te rn Med i te r ranean , a l so w i th 1 3e xam p l e s ( 2 9 .6% ) , a s as ou r ce o f c on ta ine r s , a nd p r e sumab ly t h e i rc on ten t s . T he s t a t i s t ics f o rD epo s i t s 1 ,2 ,6 ,a nd 7a r em a rked ly a f f ec t ed b yt h e i rs i ze a nd /o rr e s t r ic ted c h rono log ica ld u ra -

7

C hap ter I : U ns tra t if ied C eram ic s c en tur ie s , t h e o ne f o r w h ich p rovenance c ou ld b e d e te r m ined o r ig ina ted i n t h e e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . O ne a m -

o i l ampho ra d a te t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . o rA .C . , a nd t h e s i ng le e xamp le ( 4 .2% )o f aw es te rn Med i te r ranean C la s s3 1

p ho ra ( 4 .8% ) d a ted t o t h e R oman p er iod c ou ld n o t b e

ampho ra o f t h e f i r s t o r s e cond c en tury may h ave c a r r ied

a s s igned ap rovenance . T en ampho ra s( 47 .6% )d a ted f r om

e i the rw ine o rf i sh p roduc t s .T he s i ng le e xamp le ( 4 .2% )o f

t h e s e cond /fou r th t ot h e f our th /s ix th c en tur ies , o rt h e R o -

aC la ss 8 / 61 a mpho ra ,d a t ing t ot h es e cond o rt h i rd c en tu ry ,

man /Byzan t ine p er iod .F ive o ft h e se o r ig ina ted i nP a le s t ine ,

p robab ly c a r r ied f i sh p roduc t s a nd p robab ly o r ig ina ted i n

t wo i n t h e A egean , a nd t h e o r ig in o f t h ree c ou ld n o t b e

t h e w es te rn Med i te r ranean . T he t wo e xamp le s ( 8 .3% ) o f

d e te rm ined .

C la s s 3 4 a r e s e cond /fou r th -cen tury a mpho ra s f r om Nor th

T he s amp le o f ampho ra s r e cove red b y CAHEP i st o o

A f r ica t h a t may h ave c a r r ied e i the r o i l o r f i sh p roduc t s .

s ma l l ,a nd t h es t a te o fr e sea rch o nt h ei n tended c on ten t so f

A l though i ts e em s mos t l i ke ly t h a t t h e s even e xamp le s

R oman ampho ra s s t i l l t o o t e n ta t ive , t ob u i ld o n t h em c on -

( 29 .2% ) o f t h e C la s s 4 6 /62 ampho ra c a r r ied w ine f r om

v i nc ing t h eo r ies c once rn ing t h e p a t te rns o ft r ade i nf ood -

P a les t ine , i th a s a l so b een s ugges ted t h a t t h ey s e rved a s

s t uf f sd ur ing t h eh i s tory o ft h ea nc ien tp o r tc i ty .P a in ted o r s t amped i n sc r ip t ion sc ons t i tu te t h eb es tf o rm o fe v idence f o r

w a ter j a r s . B o th o i l a nd w ine h ave b een s ugge s ted a s t h e c on ten t so ft h eA egean ampho ra so fC la s s4 5 ,o fw h ich t wo

c on ten t s ,b u tt h ev i sua le xam ina t ion o rg a sc h romo tography a na lys is o fp hys ica l r e s idues a r e b eg inn ing t oy i e ld s ome

( 8 .3% ) w e re f ound i nt h eh a rbou r a tC aesa rea , d a t ing b e t ween t h ef i r s ta nd s i x th c en tury .F ina l ly ,t he t wo a mpho ra s

u sefu lr e su l t s( Peacock & Wi l l iam s 1 986 : 1 7 -18 ) .T he v a s t ma jo r i ty o ft h e ampho ra sc a ta logued ( 87 o u to f 12 ,7 7 .7% )

ampho ra sf r om s omewhe re i nt h ee a s te rn Med i te r ranean .I n

a r ee i the rk nown o rs t rong ly s uspec ted t oh ave c a r r ied w ine ,

s umma ry ,n i ne o ft h e2 4 ampho ra s( 37 .5% )p robab ly c on -

( 8 .3% ) i nC la ss 4 4 r ep resen t f i f th t os even th -cen tu ry o i l

b u t i n mos t c a se s t h e c on ten t s h ave n o t b een p o s i t ive ly

t a ined f i sh p roduc t s ,f ou r( 16 .7% )c on ta ined o i l ,o ne ( 4 .2% )

d e te rm ined . T he p resence o f p i tch o n t h e i n ter io r o f a n

c on ta ined e i the r w ine o r f i sh p roduc t s , t wo ( 8 .3% ) c on -

ampho ra i su sua l ly t a ken a sa ni nd ica t ion t h a tt h ec on ta ine r

t a ined e i the ro i lo rf i sh p roduc t s ,a no the rt wo ( 8 .3% )e i the r

w a s i n tended t oc a r ry w ine , b u t i n mos tc a se s t h is i ss t i l l

w ine o ro i l ,a nd s even ( 29 .2% )e i the rw ine o rw a te r .T he re

s imp ly ap laus ib le a s sump t ion . F u r the rmo re , i th a s b een

i sn od i sce rn ib le p ref e rence f o rt h eo i lo rf i sh p roduc t so fa ny

s ugges ted t h a t ampho ra s c ou ld b e r e -used s eve ra l t ime s d ur ing t h e i rl i fe -span , t oc on ta in s ubs tances d if e ren tt h an t hose f o rw h ich t h ey w ere o r ig ina l ly i n tended ( f o re xamp le ,

s pec ia lr eg ion ,a nd t h ep o ss ib le wa te rj a r sa r eP a les t in ian .O f t h e 6 0p robab le w ine a mpho ra s f o rw h ich a n a pp rox ima te p rovenance c ou ld b ed e te rm ined ,4 7( 78 .3 % )o r ig ina ted i n

L ev ine & N e tze r1 986 :9 9 ,B lake ly 1 987 : 13 ,v an D oor n inck

t h ee a s te rn Med i ter ranean ,a so ppo sed t o1 3( 2 1 .7% )i nt h e

1 989 ; s e ea l so X imene s & Moe rman 1 991 f o ra n a mpho ra

w es ter n Med i te r ranean .T he i mpo r ta t ion o fw es tern Med i -

f u l l o fp i tch ) . Ou r u nde r s tand ing o ft h is p o s s ib le f a c to r i s

t e r ranean w ine c an b e d ocumen ted o n ly i n t h e s e cond

s t i l lt o of r agmen ta ry t oa l low i tt oa f fe c tt h ea na lys is o ft h e

c en tury B .C .a nd t h eH e rod ian /f i r s tc en tury A .C . p er iod .

ampho ra sa tC aesa rea . Ad i ach ron ic a na lys is o ft h e 2 4 CAHEP a mpho ra s t h a t

No te t oC a ta logue o f Amphoras . T he c a ta logue e nt r ies

may h ave c on ta ined s ome s ub s tance o the r t h an w ine d oe s

f o r a mpho ra s p rov ide t h e f o l low ing i n fo rma t ion : e xcava -

n o t y i e ld a ny s t r ik ing o r u nexpec ted r e su l t s . T he e i gh t

t i on a r ea a nd l o cus ( un le ss t h ee n t r ies a r ep ar to f ad epo s i t ) ;

e xamp le s ( 33 .3% ) o fC lass G , f ound t oge the r i n as i ng le l o cus a nd d a t ing t o t h e s econd o r f i r s t c en tury B .C . , a r e p robab ly P a les t in ian i no r ig in a nd p robab ly c on ta ined f i sh

c ond i t ion a nd p or t ion p rese rved ;d imens ions ;d esc r ip t ion o f f a b r ic ;c l a ss ;p a ra l le ls ;b ib l iography ( o fp ub l i shed CAHEP e xamp le s ) ;o r ig in ;c h rono logy .

p roduc t s .T he t wo e xamp le s( 8 .3% )o ft h eC la s s2 4S pan i sh

8

I LB : Amphora s

T ab le 1 .3 : D iachron ic S ummary o f Amphora P rovenance f rom A l lD epo s i ts O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

A eg

NA f r

W Med

I t l

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T o ta l

P e r cen t

D a t e I VB .C . B 1B .C . IB .C . I / IB .C .

1 1 2

IB .C . IB .C . / IA .C . 2 IA .C . NI 1

2

1 1 3

H

-

3 3 3 2

1 7

1 / 1 1I

-

2 1

4 -

2 2 1

-

2

3 -

3

4

-

2

8 2

-

5

1 1

2

V IN I I R oman R om /Byz

1

1

I / IV D I / IV I I /V I V I V /V I VN I W W I

1 8

-

-

2 1

-

B yz U nknown T o ta l

9

3 4

3

2 4

2

P e rcen t

8 .0

3 0 .4

2 . 7

2 1 .4

1 . 8

1 9 . 8

1 2 2 1 0

0 . 9 1 . 8 1 . 8 8 . 9

4 1 4 2 6 4 1 1

3 . 6 1 2 .5 2 3 .2 3 . 6 0 . 9 0 . 9

8

7 . 1

1 4 2 0 6 1 2

1 2 .5 1 . 8 0 5 . 4 0 . 9 1 . 8

1

1

0 . 9

2 1

4 2

3 . 6 1 . 8

3 4

3 4

2 . 7 3 . 6

4

4

2 1

3 . 6

3 . 6

1 8 .8

12

T ab le 1 .4 : D iachron ic S ummary o f Amphora P rovenance : Uns tra t i f ied O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

A eg

NA f r

W Med

I t l

S pn

U nK

T o ta l

P e rcen t

D a te I VB .C . D IB .C . IB .C . I / IB .C . IB .C .

1

-

1

1

-

1

2 2 1

-

2 2

I B . c .a A .C .-

IA .C . I / 1 1 I I / I I I I / IV D I / IV

3

-

1 -

v i y i

V /V 1 1

1

1

1

-

3

-

5

1 1 /V I VN I

2 1

-

1

1

1

2

V I /V I I R oman

-

-

1

R om /Byz B yz U nknown

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

T o ta l

3

P e r cen t

6 . 8

2 . 3 0

0 0 2

0 0 4 . 6

7 5 2 0 0 6 7

1 5 .9 1 .4 4 . 6 0 0 1 3 .6 1 5 .9

1

2 . 3

2

4 . 6

1 2

2 . 3 4 . 6

1

1

2 . 3

1

2

4 . 6

1 1 2

2 1 2

4 . 6 2 . 3 4 . 6

7

3

1 3

1

2

3

3

9

1 5 .9

6 . 8

2 9 .6

2 . 3

4 . 6

6 . 8

6 . 8

2 0 .5

9

1 0

4 4

[ 39 .3% o f 12 ]

C hap t er I : U n s t ra t if i ed C eram ic s T ab le 1 .5 : D iachron ic S ummary o f Amphora P rovenance ,D epo s i t 1 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

A eg

NA f r

W Med

I t !

S pn

U nK

T o ta l

P e rcen t

D a te IB .C . ! !A .C .IA .C . -

1

1 1

1

T o ta l

0

P e rcen t

0

1 5 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 5 0

0 0

5 0 .0 5 0 .0

2 [ 1 .8% o f 12 ]

T ab le 1 .6 : D iachron ic S ummary o f Amphora P rovenance ,D epo s i t2 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

A eg

NA f r

W Med

I t !

S pn

Unk

T o ta l

P e rcen t

D a t e IB .C . / IA .C .IA .C .

-

1 6

U nknown

2

3

2 3 .1

2

8

6 1 .5

2

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T ab le 1 .9 : D iachron ic S ummary o f Amphora P rovenance ,D epo s i t6 O r ig in

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I .B .2 .P eacock a nd W i l l iams ' Amphora C la s se s . C la s s2 :G r eco -I ta l i c . A sW il 's c l a s s ic s t udy h a sm ade c l ea r( 1 982 ,s e ea l so 1 989 :2 97 -99 ) ,t h eG r eco I ta l ic a mpho r a s f o rmed ab r idge b e tween t h e H e l len i s t ic a nd R oman e conom ie s ;t h ey s e rved b o th t h eG r eek sw hen t h ey t u rned t o t h e We s ta nd t h eR oman sw hen t h ey t u rned t oi n t e rna t iona l t r ade ( p .3 55 ) .W il h a sd e f ined f i ve m a in f o rm s —a t o e— o fw h ich a( l a t ef ou r th /ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . )a nd d( f i r s t h a lf o fs e cond c en tu ry B .C . )w e r eb yf a rt h e mo s tc ommon . S t amp s ,p e t ro log ica la na ly s i s ,a nd t h ep a t t e rn o ff i nd ss ug g e s t t o W i l l t h a t t h e e a r l ie s t e xamp le s ( Fo rm a ) w e r e p roduced i nt h eA egean a nd i nS i c i ly i nt h el a t e rf o u r th o r e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . , t h a tF o rm sb -d w e re p r oduc ed i n I t a ly f r om t h el a te t h i rd t ot h ef i r s th a lf o ft h es e cond c en tu ry B .C . ( c p o s s ib ly n ea r C o sa , dp o s s ib ly n ea r C o sa a nd P omp e i i ) ,a nd t h a tF o rm e ,w a sp roduced a sl a te a sc a . 1 30 B .C . ,i nS pa in ( W il 1 982 ;P ea cock & W il iam s 1 986 : 8 5 ) . T he r ei sa l so au se f u ld i scu s s ion i nR i ley 1 979 ( p p . 1 3 1 -33 ; H elen i s t ic Ampho ra 7 ) . T he c on ten t s s e em t oh ave b een w ine .T he s hape o ft h es i ng le CA I LEP e xamp le i nt h i sc l a s s , A 92 ( Depo s i t6 ) , mo s tc l o se ly r e semb le st h a to fF o rm d ,b u t t h e f a b r ic mo s t c l os e ly r e semb le s t h a t o f F o rm a2.W i l l d e sc r ibe s t h eF o rm a2 f a b r ic a sf me rt h an t h a to ft h el a t e r G reco I ta l ic f o rm s , ap i nk i sh , t a nn i sh b u f f ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 ) c o lou rc on ta in ing m any t i ny b l ack b i t s( p .3 42 ) .T he c l ay o f F o rm di sv e ry c oa r se a nd f a l l si n to t wo c l a s se s : ap i nk i sh b uf f( 5YR 6 / 6 )c l ay f u l lo fi n c lu s ion so fv a r iou sc o lou r sa nd w i t h al i gh t e rs u r fa ce ,a nd ad a rk ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )c l ay o f t en g r ey i sh a tt h ec o re ,c on ta in ing w h i t ea nd b l a ck b i t s , w i th aw o rn b e ige s u r f ac e ( p . 3 49 ) . R i ley ( p . 1 3 1 ) , h oweve r ,d e sc r ibe st h e" p redom inan tf a b r ic" o ft h ee xam p l e sa tB e ren ice i nt e rm st h a ts ound m uch l i k et h ef a b r ic o f A 92 : " g r anu la rb u f fb rown ( c . 7 . 5YR 6 / 4 ) , f i r ed g r ey ( c . 5 YR 5 / 1 )w i th ah i gh p ropo r t ion o fm inu te b l ack g l a s sy b i t s a nd s ome m ica ." I nv i ew o ft h e c h rono log i ca l c on tex ti n w h ich t h eC ae sa rea e xamp le w a sf o und ,i ti smo s tl i ke ly t h a t t h ea mpho ra b e long st oF o rm d .A l though W il 's s u r vey o f f md s po t sd oe sn o tp u rpo r tt ob ec omp le t e ,s he n o t e st h a t— a mong m any o t he r l o ca t ion s —Fo rm ah a s b e en f o und i n S y r ia ( p .3 43 )a nd F o rm bo f fG aza ( W i l l1 982 :3 53 ;Z em e r 1 978 :4 3 -45 ,n o .3 4 ) .G r eek s t amp sa r ef o und o nb o th f o rm s ( W il p p . 3 44 , 3 50 ) . L i s to fC la s s 2Ampho ra s : A 92 ( D epo s i t6 ;f i g . 5 0 ,p l . 2

0

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C la s s 8o r6 1 :B ow l - Mou th Amphora .T oj udge f r om t h e t h ickne s so ft h ef a b r ic o ft h e CAHEP e xamp le ( A55 ) ,t h i s a mpho ra m u s th ave b een l a rge w hen c omp le te . A l though o n ly ap o r t ion o ft h er im a nd n eck s u rv ive ,t h el owe rc u r ve o ft h en eck s ugge s t sa no vo id o rg l obu la rb ody . A bove , i t s p read st oa ne no rmou s , b ow l l ik e s hape t e rm ina t ing i na h eavy r im w i th t wo s h a rp l i p s p ro jec t ing u pwa rd a nd i n w a rd .I ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h ec on ta ine rw a sd e s igned t oa ccom m oda te a s o l id o r s em i so l id s ub s tance s u ch a s o l ive s , p r e se rved f i sh ,o r at h ick f i sh s a uce .A na pp rox ima te p a ra l le l i sa na mpho ra f r om A ug s tp ubl i shed i nP eacock a nd W i l l iam s ( 1 986 :2 15 , 1 10 s c a le o rd imen s ion s )a sC la s s6 1 .T he h and le s o nt h eA ug s ta mpho ra ,h oweve r ,a r e moun t ed l owe ro nt h e n e ck t h an t h o se o fA 55 ,a nd t h eu ppe r ,b ow l l ike p o r t ion o f t h en eck i st a l le r .P ea co ck a nd W i ll iam sn o te t h a tt h ef a b r i c o ft h eA ug s te xamp le sa pp ea r st ob es im i la rt ot h a to ft h e i r C la s s1 6( " r e la t ive ly s o f t ,f a i r ly f i ne t ex tu r ed ,a nd . . . inc l ined t ob e l i gh t b uf f [ 1 0YR 8 / 4 ] i nc o lou r ," p . 19 ) a nd i n c on sequence m ay i n d ica te aS pan i sh o r ig in .T h in s e c t ion ing o fC la s s1 6f a b r ic sr e vea led " qua r tz g ra in s ,m ica a nd s ome t i me s l i me s tone" ( p . 19 ) . T he d i f f e r ence s i nc o lou r b e t we en t h ef a b r ic o fA 55 a nd t h a to fC la s s1 6a r en o ts og r ea t t h a tt h ey c ou ld n o tb e t h er e su l to ft h e s t a in ing t y p ica lo f m any o ft h ea mpho r a sf r om t h eh a rbou re xcava t ion s ,a nd t h e g r o s sd e sc r ip t ion o ft h ep e t ro logy o fA 55 g i v en b e low d oe s n o te l im ina t eC la s s 1 6f r om c on s ide ra t ion . Ampho ra T ype 1 8 i nH aye s 1 983 ( pp . 1 48 -49 , f i g . 2 2 , n o . A 49 ) h a s a v i r tua l ly i d en t ica ln eck a nd r im p rof i le ,b u tt h eh and le sw e re a ta ched b e low t h en a r row p a r to ft h e n e ck . T he f a b r ic i s d e sc r ibed a ss l igh t ly s a ndy , " c r eamy -o range t ol i gh tr e d , f i r ed c r eam a ts u r f ace ." E xamp le so ft h i sc l a s sw e re f o und i ns e cond a nd t h i rd -cen tu ry c on tex t s , o ne o ft h em w i th a G re ek s t amp o nt h eh and le .A no the rp o s s ib le p a rale li st h e e xamp le o f aC la s s 8 ,T ype C a mpho ra p ub l i shed b yP ea c o ck a nd W i ll iam s( p .9 8 ,f i g .3 4 ) .T h i sa mpho ra ,p o s s ib ly I s t r ian i no r ig in , h a s ab ow l l ik e r im e xpan s ion , b u t t h e p r opo r t ion s a r e mo re s qua t t h an t h o se o f A 55 , a nd t h e c ompl ica t ed r im s e em st ob ea b seni T he f a b r ic ,h oweve r ,i s v e ry c l o se : " f a i r ly s o f t , s moo th s l igh t ly m ica ceou sf a b r ic , s ome t ime sw i th as pa r s es c a t t e ro fs ma l ll ump so fd u l lr e d i r on o r e [ c ha rac t e r i s t ic e sp . o f Ba nd C ] , c ommon ly b u f f ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )t oc r eamy b uf f( 10YR 8 / 3 -7 /3 t h rough t o5 YR 7 / 4 -6 /4 w i th ap a le o r ange c o r e" ( pp . 1 00 -1 ) . C la s s 8 C i s d a ted e a r ly t ol a te f i r s tc en tu ry . L i s to fC la s s 8o r6 1a mpho ra s :A 55 ( D epo s i t3 ;f i g .3 ) . 1

C hap t e rI : U n s t ra t if i ed C e ram ic s p o r t ion o f h and le . MPL 0 . 26 , D 0 . 027 . F ine , s of t , p i nk i sh -wh i t e ( 5YR 8 / 2 ) f a b r ic w i th p ink ( 5YR 8 / 4 )

C la s s9 :R hod ian . Ampho ra so fR hod ian o ro s t en s ib ly R hod ian ( " sub -Rhod ian" )o r ig in a r e al a rge a nd c on sp icu o u sc l a s st h roughou t much o ft h e Med i t e r ranean w o r ld f r om t h el a t ef o u r th c en tu ry B .C .t ot h el a t ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ,a nd t h ey a r ep a r t icu la r ly c ommon i nt h ee a s t e rn Med i te r ranean . V i rg in ia G ra ce i st h e a u tho r i ty o n t h i s c l a s s , b u t u s e f u l r e cen ts umma r ie so fh e rr e sea rch a nd t h a to fo t he r sc an b e f ound i nR i ley 1 979 :1 22 -24 ,1 47 -49 ;P eacock a nd W i l l iam s 1 986 : 1 02 -4 ;B lake ly 1 987 :5 3 -54 ;a nd Empe r eu r &P i con 1 989 :2 24 -25 .I ns umma ry ,t h ee a r ly H elen i s t i ca mpho ra s h ave a no vo id b ody t a pe r ing t o ap o in ted ,c yl ind r ica lb a se , c y l ind r ica ln eck , r ounded r im , a nd s i ng le r od h and le sd e s c r ib ing ap ro jec t ing c u rve f r om t h et o po ft h en eck t ot h et o p o ft h es hou lde r .F rom t h el a te t h i rd t ot h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu r ie s B .C . ,t h eh and le sb ecome t h icke ra nd mo re r ound i ns e c t ion a nd r i se f r om t h e i ru ppe ra t ta chmen tt o as h a rp a ng le b e fo r e d ropp ing v e r t ica l ly t ot h es hou lde r( R i ley p .1 22 ) .A f t e rt h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , t h i s a ng le b ecome s t i gh te r a nd s ha rpe r , a nd e ven tua l ly t h e " e lbow" b ecome s ah o rn l ike p ro jec t ion ( R i ley p p . 1 47 -48 ) .T he f a b r ic o ft h eH elen i s t ic e xamp le st y p ica l ly h a s ah a rd ,w e l l lev iga ted c r eamy b u f f ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 t o7 / 6 ) c l ay w i th o cca s iona l w h i t e i n c lu s ion s , a nd af a i r ly s moo th s u r f ace t h a ts ome t ime sc a r r ie s ac r eamy w a sh .U n t i lt h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,R hod ian a mpho r a s " i nva r iab ly" h ad t wo s t amp s( R i ley p .1 23 ) ,o ne i d en t i f y ing t h ea nnua ld a t ing o ff ic ia la nd t h e mon th ,t h eo t he rt h ep o t te r . R i ley a nd B lak e ly n o te t h a tt h e re i sac on t rove r sy c once rn i n gt h ec on t en t so ft h ea mpho r a s ;t h ey m ay h ave c on ta ined f r u i t a s w e l l a s R hod ian w ine a nd may e ven h ave b e en e xpo r t ed e mp ty a sc on ta ine r sf o rL aod icean o ro t he rw ine s . P eacock ( 1 977 :2 66 -70 )h a si d en t if ied s i xf a b r ic si nt h el a te r a mpho ra s o ft h i s c l a s s t h a t h ave h o rned h and le s . Two o f t h es ef a b r ic sa r ed ef in i te ly R hod ian i no r ig in ,o ne d ef in i t e ly i sn o t , w h i le t h eo r ig in o ft h eo t he rt h r ee c anno tb ed e te r m ined ,a l though o ne m igh tb eA egean .I nc on sequence o fa l t h e se f a c to r s ,t h ea mpho ra so ft h i sc l a s sf o und i nt h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s ,l i k et h o se o fC la s s1 0 ,a r en o th omogeneou si n o r ig in .R ecen tr e sea rch s ugge s t s aC r e tan o r ig in f o ra tl e a s t o ne c l a s so ft h el a te r ,h o rned a mpho r a s( Haye s 1 983 : 1 40 , 1 45 ,f i g .2 1 ,h i sn o s .A 20 -22 ,A 26 -27 ;L iou 1 987 :9 1 ,n o t e 4 5 ) ,b u t Empe r eu ra nd P i con ( 1 989 :2 24 -25 )l o ca t ep r oduc t i on a ts eve ra ll o ca t ion si nt h e ma in land a d jacen tt oR hod e s , a nd o nK a rpa tho s . L i s to fC la s s 9a mpho ra s : A l -A4 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ; f i g . 2 ) , A 56 -A57 ( Depo s i t3 ;f i g . 3) ,A 90 -A91 ( Depo s i t6 ;f i g .5 0 ) , A 94 -A95 ( Depo s i t7 ;p l .2 7 ) . A l .

A 2 .

c o r e . C la s s :C la s s9 ? P a ra l le l s :T h i sh and le f r agmen tl o ok sa si fi tc on s t i t u t ed t h eo u te r ,c u rv ing p o r t ion o f al a te R hod ian t y pe a mpho ra , w h ich b rok e a tt h e " e lbow" j o in t a nd j u s t a bove t h es hou lde r .F o rp a ra l le l s ,s e eA l ,A 94 ( Depo s i t 7 ) . O r ig in :A egean . C h rono logy :f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .? A 3 .

A r ea R : r ubb le l a ye r . B roken , i n comp le te ; u ppe r p o r t ion o f h and le . MPL 0 . 125 , D0 . 017 . V e ry f i ne , p i nk i sh w h i t e( 7 .5YR 8 / 2 )f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR 4 / 0 )c o r e . C la s s :C la s s9 . P a ra l le l s : T he o dd f o rm o fe l bow i st y p ica lo ft h e l a t e rR hod ian ;f o re xamp le ,G ra ce 1 962 :f i g .6 2( e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) ;P eacock 1 977 :f i g .3 . 1 ( t rue R hod ian f a b r ic ) ;R i ley 1 979 : 1 49 ,f i g . 7 4 ,n o .D 113 . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : f i r s t -second c en tur y .

A 4 .

S po rad ic f md i ns a nd p ocke t1 00 m NW o fA rea J . B rok en ,i n comp le t e ;r im ,n eck ,h and le s ,u ppe rp o r t ion o fs hou lde r . MPH 0 . 32 ,r im D 0 . 125 .V e ry f i ne ,h a rd , p i nk ( 5YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic w i th o cca s iona ls p eck so fb l a ck s a nd . C la s s :C la s s9 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA la nd G race 1 965 :5 7 ,f i g .2 ,n o .4 ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

C la s s 1 0 : D r e s se l2 -4 . Ampho ra s o ft h i s c l a s s , w h ich c l ea r ly i m i ta t et h es hap eo ft h ew ine a mpho ra so fK o s ,w e re t h e mo s tp opu la rR oman w ine a mpho ra f r om t h el a t ef i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t h rough t h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . T hey c on t inued t ob ep roduced o n as ma l le rs c a le i n to t h em id s e cond c en tu ry .I tn ow s e em st h a tt h es i te sw h ich h ad b een p roduc ing D r e s se l 1a mpho r a ss w i t ched t ot h i ss hape ( R i ley 1 979 : 1 49 -50 ; P a te r son 1 982 : 1 49 -51 ) , a nd p roduc t ion c en t r e sa r ed ocumen ted o ra s sumed f o rC ampan ia ,L a t ium , E t ru r ia ,C a ta lon ia ,B ae t ica ,a nd C en t ra la nd S ou the rn G au l ( P eaco ck & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 05 -6 ) . R i ley ( 1 979 : 1 72 -73 ) , h oweve r , w a rn s t h a t t h e re p robab ly w e re s ome e a s t e rn Med i te r r anean c en t r e so fp roduc t ion a sw e l l( s ee a l so H aye s 1 983 : 1 49 -51 ,T ype s1 9 -23 ," Sub -Koan ," a l though s ome o f t h e s eb e long t oo u rC la s s 1 ) . Empe reu ra nd P i con ( 1 989 : en t re so fD re s se l 2 25 -29 )h ave i d en t if i ed s ome p roduc t ion c

A rea R : s u r f a ce r ubb le .B roken ,i n comp le te ;u ppe r p o r t ion o fh and le . MPL 0 . 145 , D0 . 027 .F i ne ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )c l ay c on ta in ing o cca s iona li regu la r s a nd p a r t ic le s . C la s s : C la s s9 . P a ra l le l s :Z eme r1 978 :4 9 -51 ,n o . 3 8( f rom t h es e a o f fC a e sa rea ) ;B lake ly 1 987 :4 2 ,4 7 ,n o . 1 4 ;R ob in son 1 959 :2 0 ,p l .3 ,n o .F 94 ( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ;R i ley 1 979 : 1 48 ,f i g .7 3 ,n o .D 107 ;P ea cock & W i l l iam s1 986 : 1 02 . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy :f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

4a mpho r a sa tK o s , Myndo s , K n ido s , R hode s ,T heange la , Y umu r ta l ik ,n ea rT a r su s ,a nd a tA lexand r ia ,b u td on o tg i ve d e ta i l so ff a b r ic .T he s p ec imen f r om A lexand r ia t h ey i l u s t r a te ( f ig .3 )d o e sn o tr e semb le t h em embe r so ft h ec l a s sf r om C a e sa r ea . I ng ene ra l ,t h eC en t ra lI t a l ian f a b r ic i sg r i t ty a nd mauve t or e d( a pp rox . l OR 5 / 6t o6 / 8 )a nd c on ta in s" b la ck s a nd ," w h i le t h eT e r ra conen s ian f a b r ic i smo re r e dd i sh b rown ( 1 0R

A r ea R :s u r f a ce r ubb le .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;u ppe r

1 2

I LB : Amphora s 4 / 4t o4 /6 ) , w i th l a rge , q ua r tz l ike g r i t s( R i ley 1 979 : 1 49 ; C o r s i -Sc ialano & L iou 1 985 : 1 4 ; P eaco ck & W il iam s 1 986 :8 7 -88 ,9 4 ,1 06 ) .A cco rd ing t ot h i sd i s t inc t ion ,A 6a nd A 45 s hou ld h ave b een p roduced i nS pa in ,A S ,A 7 ,a nd A 8 i nI t a ly .L a rge n umbe r so fe xamp le sh ave b e en f o und f r om E ng land t oI nd ia , a nd t h e b i b l iog raphy i sv a s t . T he b e s t d i scu s s ion sa r ef ound i nT che rn ia & Z ev i 1 972 ;P ane l la & F ano 1 977 ;F a r i f 1a sd e lC e r ro e ta l . 1 977 ;R i ley 1 979 : 1 49 5 1 ( Ea r ly R oman Ampho ra 4 ) ; H e sna rd 1 980 ; P eacock & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 05 -6 ;C o r s i -Sc ia l lano & L iou 1 985 ;W i l l 1 989 : 3 06 -9 . L i s to fC la s s1 0a mpho ra s :A 5 -A8 ( u n s t ra t if i ed ;f i g s .2 3 ) ,A 45 ( D epo s i t1 ;f i g . 2 4 ) . A 5 .

A 6 .

A 7 .

A 8 .

A rea DI: r ubb le l a ye r .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;p eg f o o t w i th l owe rh a l fo fb ody t ow ide s tp a r to fb e l ly .I n t e r io r p i t ched . MPH 0 . 42 , Do fb e l ly 0 . 245 , Do fp eg 0 . 045 . H a rd , s andy , d a rk r e dd i sh g r ey ( 1 0R 4 /2 ) f a b r ic w i th l i gh tg r ey ( 2 .5Y 7 / 2 )s u r f a ce s( p robab ly s t a ined ) . C la s s :C la s s 1 0 . P a ra l le l s : P anela & F ano 1 977 : e sp . " G ruppo 4 " ; C o r s i -Sc ialano & L iou 1 985 . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t o l a te f i r s t c en tu ry A .C .

S po rad ic f i nd i ns a nd p ocke t1 00 m NW o fA r ea J . B rok en ,i n comp le te ,c l ay f l ak ing ;n eck ,h and le s ,p a r to f s hou lde r .R im D 0 . 115 .C rumb ly r e d( 1 0R 5 / 6 )f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th b l a ck s a nd a nd c on ta in ing af ew w h i t ei n c lu s ion s .P a tchy w h i te ( 1 0YR 8 / 2 )s u r f a ce . C la s s : C la s s 1 0 . P a ra l le l s :L oe schcke & A lb r ech t1 942 :8 8 -9 1 ,t y p e 7 8 ,p l . 1 8 .2 ,3 6( Obe raden ,A ugu s tan ) ;P ane l la & F ano 1 977 :1 49 -50 ,f i g . 1( "T ipo 1 " ) ,f i g .2 ;F a r i f ia sd e lC e r ro e ta l .1 977 : 1 86 ,n o s .9 9 -100 ( Ca s t ro P r e to r io ) ,n o .1 0 1 ( tpave d el aT rade l ib r e ) ,H e sna rd 1 980 :1 43 ,p l .1 . 2( n o . 3591 )( O s t ia ,A ugu s tan ,m ade i nN o r the rn C ampan ia ) . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t oe a r ly f i r s t A .C .

C la s s1 1 :P seudo -Koan .T he o r ig in so ft h i sf i r s t -cen tu ry i m i ta t ion o ft h ea mpho r a so fK o sa r eu nknown ,b u te xam p l e so ft h ec l a s sa r ef ound w id e ly i nt h ee a s t e rn Med i te r ra n ean , N o r th A f r ica , a nd I t a ly i nt h e l a te f i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie s . T he r e a r e d i scu s s ion s i n R i ley 1 979 : 1 46 -47 ( Ea r ly R oman Ampho ra 2 ) ; P ea cock a nd W i ll iam s 1 986 : 1 07 -8 ;a nd H aye s1 983 : 1 49 -51 ( Type s1 9 ,2 2 ) .H aye sc a l l s t h ec l a s s" Sub -Koan ," a nd l ump se xamp le so fo u rC la s s1 0 a nd C la s s 1t o ge the r .T he g r ea tv a r ia t ion si nf a b r ic a mong t h e k nown e xamp le s s ugge s t t h a t t h e r e w e re n ume rou s c en t e r so fp roduc t ion ,a nd t h ei m i ta t ion o ft h eK oan s hap e i n d ica t e st h a tt h ey c on ta ined w ine . L i s to fC la s s1a mpho ra s :A 47 -A48 ( D epo s i t2 ;f i g .2 5 ) .

A rea G :s and f i l lb e low s ou thwe s tc o rne ro fb l ock . B rok en ,i n comp le t e ,e nc ru s t ed ;f r agmen to fr im ,n eck , h a nd le s , s hou lde r . R im D 0 . 125 . V e ry h a rd , l i gh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing n ume rou s v e ry s ma l l w h i t es peck sa nd o cca s iona ll a rge ,r o und ed s a nd g r a in s ; p i nk ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 )s u r f ac e . C la s s : C la s s 1 0 . P a ra l le l s : T he r e la t ive ly s ho r t n eck p u t s t h i s a m p ho ra e a r ly i nt h eC la s s 1 0s e r ie s . S ee H e sna rd 1 980 : 1 45 , p l . 2 . 1 ( no . 3 3678 ) ( "Co an ," A ugu s tan ) ; C o r s i S c ialano & L iou 1 985 :2 0 ,n o .1 036 ( P lan ie r Wr eck 1 , c a .A .D . 1 5 ) ;P ane l la & F ano 1 977 : 1 49 ,f i g . 1( "T ipo 1 " ) ;F a r i f la sd e lC e r ro e ta l .1 977 : 1 85 -86 ," C la s se C1, " p l . I ,V a -Vb . T he f a b r ic o fA 6i sc l o s e rt ot h a to ft h e C a ta lan t h an o ft h e C en t ra l I t al ian e xamp le s ( Co r s i S c ia l lano & L iou 1 985 : 1 4 ) ,b u tP ane l la a nd F ano a nd F a r i f ia sd e lC e r ro e ta l .a t t r ibu t et h e i rp a ra l le lg r oup st o P ompe i i . O r ig in : S pa in . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t oe a r ly f i r s t A .C .

C la s s2 3 :K eay XX I I I .T he a mpho ra so ft h i sc l a s sh ave at o p -heavy ,p i r i fonn b ody ,n a r row n eck ,a nd s ho r t ,b road s t r ap h and le st h a tj o in d i r ec t ly w i th t h ep ro jec t ing ,t r i angu l a rr im ,o rj u s tb e low i t .S ee t h ed i scu s s ion si nK eay 1 984 : 1 72 -78 , 3 93 , 4 56 -57 , 6 46 -48 ( Type XX I I I ) ; P eacock & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 32 -33 ( C la s s2 3 ) ;a nd B lake ly 1 987 : 8 7 . T he se a mpho ra sw e re p roduced b e tween t h et h i rd a nd m id f i f th c en tu r ie s , p o s s ib ly i n S pa in , b u t t h e c on t en t s a r e u nknown .T he d i s t r ibu t ion i sma in ly i nt h e We s t( P eacock &W il iam sp .1 32 ) . L i s to fC la s s2 3a mpho ra s :A 9( u n s t ra t i f ied ;f i g .3 ) ,A SS ( D epo s i t3 ;f i g . 3 3 ) . A 9 .

A rea 11:r ubb le l a ye r . B roken , i n comp le te , e nc r u s ted ;s hou lde r ,h and le s ,n eck ,r im .I n t e r io rp i t ched . R im D 0 . 14 .H a rd , mo t t led p i nk i sh -wh i t e( 7 .5YR 8 / 2 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing s ha rp ,g l o s sy b l ack s a nd . C la s s :C la s s 1 0 . P a ra l le l s : B e r t i e ta l . 1 969 : 1 35 , n o . 2 8 , f i g . 2 8 ( Co lche s te r ,1 0 -65 A .C . ) ;F a r i f ia sd e lC e r ro 1 977 : 1 87 , p l .V I I ," C la s s C3. " ;P anela & F ano 1 977 :1 6 1 -63 ,f i g s . 3 9 -48 ," G ruppo 8 , "( Cen t r a lI t a l ian ) ;R i ley 1 979 : 1 5 1 , f i g . 7 4 ,n o . D 118 ; Magen 1 984 : 6 9 ( I Ca land ia , I s rae l , f i r s tc en tu ry? ) , C o r s i -Sc ia l lano & L iou 1 985 : 1 9 -20 , n o .6 744 ( P lan ie r Wre ck 1 ,c a . A .D . 1 5 ) . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy :m id -f i r s tc en tu ry .

A r ea R : r ubb le . B roken , i n comp le te ; f r agmen to f s hou lde r ,n eck ,r im ,o ne h and le .R im D 0 . 07 .F ine ,p i nk ( 5YR 8 / 4 )c l ay ,h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th p oo r ly s o r ted , i regu la r ,r ed -b rown s a nd a nd s ome q ua r t zp ebb le s . C la s s :C la s s2 3 . P a ra l le l s : K eay 1 984 : 1 72 , 1 75 ,n o .T / 1 /51 ,f i g .7 0 ( Ta r ragona ,e a r ly f ou r th t om id -f if th c en tu ry ) ;B lake ly 1 987 : 10 -11 ,n o . 18 ( Pha se 1 0 ,l a te t h i rd t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i te r r anean . C h rono logy : l a te t h i rd t om id -f i f th c en tu ry .

C la s s2 4 :D r e s se l2 5 . Ampho ra so ft h i sh eavy ,r o unded f o rm ,t h ea nce s to ro fC la s s2 5( D re s se l2 0 )a mpho r a s ,h ave t h es ame f a b r ic a nd p robab ly o r ig ina t ed i nt h es ame a r ea o f

1 3

C hap ter I : U n s t ra t if i ed C e ram ic s h eav i ly t empe red w i th b l a ck a nd w h i t es and ,c on ta in i n go cca s iona ll a rge w h i te i n c lu s ion s( po s s ib ly s h el ) . C la s s :C la s s2 9 . P a ra l le l s :C o r s i -Sc ia l lano & L iou 1 985 : 3 5 -37 ,f i g . 2 1 ;P ea cock & W i l l iam s 1 986 : 1 46 ,f i g . 7 3 . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i te r ranean ( F rance ) . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry .

S pa in a sC la s s2 5( b e tween S ev i l le a nd C o rdoba ) .T hey m ay h ave c a r r ied o l ive o i l ,a nd t h ey a r ec ommon f md si nf o r t so f t h e G e rman L ime s , i nB r i ta in , a nd i nR ome ( P eaco ck & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 34 -35 ) . T he f a b r ic i st h ick , r o ugh , a nd s a ndy ,u sua l ly b uf f( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 ) ,l i gh tr e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 6 / 4 ) ,o rg r ey ( 7 .5YR N 6 )i nc o lou r ,s ome t ime sw i th as a l t w h i tened s u r f ace . Wh i te a nd c o lou r le s si n c lu s ion so fq ua r tz a nd f e ld spa ra r ep rom inen t ,a l ong w i th w h i te l i me s tone a nd s ome d a rke rg r a in s( P ea cock & W i ll iam sp .1 40 ) .A 10 a l so r e semb le s i ns hape s ome e xamp le s o f C la s s 3 4 , b u t t h e f a b r ic s e em sc l o se rt ot h a to fc l a s s2 4 . L i s to fC la s s2 4a mpho ra s : A 10 -All ( u n s t ra t i f ied ; f i g . 3 ) .

C la s s3 1 :D re s se l2 8 .T he f l a t -bo t tomed ,r ound -b e ll i ed a mpho r a s o f t h i s c l a s s w e re m anu f a c t u red i nS pa in a nd F rance f r om t h el a te A ugu s tan p e r iod t ot h ef i r s th a l fo ft h e s e cond c en tu ry a nd w e r et r aded w ide ly a r ound t h ew e s t e rn Med i te r ranean w o r ld .T hey may h ave b e en u sed t os h ip b o th w in ea nd f i sh p roduc t s( P eacock & W il iam s1 986 :1 49 -50 ) . N ume rou se xamp le sa r ec o l lec t ed i nL iou a nd D ome rgue 1 990 :2 9 ,3 8 ,f i g s .3 1 -2 .T he s hape a nd f a b r ic o fA 59 m a tch t h i s c l a s s f a i r ly w e l l ( s o f t , s l igh t ly r ough , f a i r ly f i n e t ex t u red ,p i nk i sh b uf f[ 5YR 8 / 4t o7 . 5YR 7 / 4 ]f a b r ic ) ,b u tt h e s l igh t ly c o r ruga t ed b ody d oe s n o t s e em c ha ra c te r i s t ic o f m o s to t he rp ub l i shed e xamp le s( e xcep to ne f r om t h eT ibou len d e Ma i r ew r eck ( L iou & D ome rgue 1 990 : f i g . 3 2 .3 ) .A sa r e su l t ,i d en t if i ca t ion w i th t h i sc l a s s mu s tr ema in t e n ta t ive . L i s to fC la s s3 1 a mpho ra s : A 59 ( Depo s i t3 ;f i g . 3) .

A 10 . A r ea G :r ubb le a ts ou th f a ce o fN o r th T owe r . B ro k en ,i n comp le t e ,e nc ru s ted ;r im w i th f r agmen to fn eck , s hou lde r , a nd o ne h and le . R im D 0 . 11 . C oa r se , h a rd , l i gh tr ed ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing l a rge g r a in so f s ha rp b l ack s a nd .V e ry d a rk g r ey ( 5YR 3 / 1 )c o r e . C la s s : C la s s2 4? P a ra l le l s : P ea co ck & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 34 , f i g . 6 4 ; c f . a l so K eay 1 984 : 10 -14 , f i g . 4 2 .5 , T ype I V , f o r s hap e . O r ig in : S pa in? C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tA .C . A ll . A r ea R : s a nd l a ye rb e low r ubb le . B roken , i n com p l e te ; s o l id a mpho ra p eg . I n te r io rp i tched . Do ff o o t 0 . 07 .V e ry c oa r se ,p i nk ( 5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic h eav i ly t em p e red w i th r ound ed g ra in s o f r e d a nd b l ack s a nd , c on ta in ing s ome w h i te s p eck s .G rey ( 5YR 5 / 1 )c o r e . C la s s : C la s s2 4? P a ra l le l s :s e eA 10 .K eay 1 984 :3 87 ,f i g .1 78 ,n o s .8 , 1 0a r et wo v e ry s im i la rp eg s ,b u tt h ey a r eg r ouped w i th "M i sce l laneou sN o r th A f r ican b a se s ." O r ig in : S pa in? C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tA .C .?

C la s s3 4 :" Af r i cana G rande ." T he s el a rge ,c yl ind r ica l a mpho ra s w e r e p roduced i nt h e S ahe l r e g ion o f c en t ra l T un i s ia f r om t h el a te s e cond t oa tl e a s tt h el a t ef ou r th c en tu ry ( P ea co ck & W il iam s1 986 : 1 55 -57 ) .T hey c on ta ined e i the r o l ive o i lo rf i sh p roduc t s( s ee t h ed i s cu s s ion i nG ibb in s& P a rke r1 986 :2 89 -90 )a nd w e re e xpo r ted e x ten s ive ly t h rough o u t t h e Med i t e r ranean w o r ld a nd n o r the rn E u rope . T he t y p ica lf a b r ic i sh a rd ,b r ick r e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )c l ay w i th as a l t w h i t ened s u r f ac e( 10YR 8 / 3 ) , c on ta in ing q ua r t z s a nd a nd s p eck so fl i me s tone . L i s to fC la s s3 4a mpho ra s :A 13 ( un s t ra t i f ied ;f i g .3 ) ,A 60 ( D epo s i t3 ;f i g .3 4 ) .

C la s s2 9 :G au lo i se 3 .S eve ra lk i ln sf o rt h ep roduc t ion o f a mpho ra so ft h i sc l a s sh ave b een f o und i ns ou the rn F rance , a nd e xamp le so ccu rm a in ly i nF rance ,G e rmany ,a nd S w i t z e r land , s ugge s t ing d i s t r ibu t ion b y m ean s o f t h e R hone . P eacock a nd Wi l l iams ( 1986 : 1 43 , 1 46 -47 ) a nd L auben he ime r( 1 989 : 1 23 -28 )d e sc r ib e t h ef a b r ic a sh a rd , mode ra te ly r ough , g ene ra l ly f i ne t ex tu r ed , s l igh t ly m ica c eou s ,a nd n o rma l ly c r eam o rc r eamy -p ink ( 7 .5YR 8 / 2t o8 / 4 )i nc o lou r .T h i sc l a s sw a sp roduced t h roughou tt h ef i r s t c en tu ry ,p robab ly a sc on ta ine r sf o rw ine .T he f a b r ic d e sc r ip t i on sa r en o tc onc lu s ive ,a nd t h eu ppe rh and le a t ta chmen t s o fA l2 a r es e ts l igh t ly h i ghe rt h an t h o se o ft h ep a ra l le l s ,b u t t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic r im p rof i le i ss t r ik ing ly s im i la r , a nd t h e a t t r ibu t ion o fA l2 t ot h i sc l a s si sj u s t if iab le .T he s i ng le r od h and le o f A 93 m ak e s t h e a t t r ibu t ion o f t h a t v e s se l l e s s c e r ta in . L i s to fC la s s2 9a mpho ra s :A l2 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ;f i g .3 ) ,A 93 ( Depo s i t6 ;f i g . 5 0 ) .

A 13 . A rea HI:g r ave ll a ye r .B roken ,i n comp le te ,s t a ined ; p o r t ion o fr im ,n eck ,o ne h and le .R im D 0 . 13 .L am ina r , g r ey ( 2 .5Y 6 / 0 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th s ha rp , m i lky q ua r tz s a nd . Wh i te ( 2 .5Y 8 / 0 ) s u r f ac e . C la s s :C la s s3 4? P a ra l le l s : K eay 1 984 : 10 -14 , f i g .4 2 ,n o .T / 1 /208 ( Type I V ,A f r icana HA " s enza g rad ino" , l a t es e cond f o u r th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica . C h rono logy : l a t es e cond t of ou r th c en tu ry .

C la s s3 9 : P seudo -Ch ian . T he d i s t inc t ive s h ap eo ft h i s a mpho ra —pa r t icu la r ly t h er im ,n eck a nd h and le s— i sr em i n i scen to ft h ea mpho ra so fc l a s s ica lC h io s( G ra ce 1 962 :f i g s . 4 3 -45 ; W i ll i am s &F i she r 1 976 : 1 07 , p l . 2 0 ,n o . 2 8 ) . T he b u lge i nt h en eck ,w i th am a rked g roove b e low ,c an a l so b e s e en i nK oan a mpho ra s o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ( G ra ce 1 965 : 5 6 , f i g . 1 ,4 .9 10 ) , b u tt h e ha nd l e so ft h a tt y pe o f a mpho ra d on o tr i se t oam a rk ed p eak ,a nd t h ee f f ec ti sc l o se r t ot h a to fC la s s 1 0a mpho ra s .T he r ea r eg ood s ho r td i scu s s i on si nP eacock & W i ll iam s1 986 :1 73 -74 ( C la s s3 9 ) ;R i ley

A l2 . A r ea G : s a nd b e low SW c o rne ro fb l o ck . B roken , i n comp le te , s u r fa ce w o rn ; f r agmen to fr im a nd n eck . R im D 0 . 146 .H a rd ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic 1 4

I LB : Amphora s 1 979 : 1 45 -46 ( Ea r ly R oman Ampho ra 1 ) . T he p l a ce o f m anu f ac tu re i sn o tk nown ,b u tR i ley s ugge s t st h eA egea n . T he t y p ea l so a ppea r sa tP ompe i ia nd L ep c i s Magna ( P ea c ock & W i ll iam sp .1 73 ) .I ti sq u i te c ommon a tB e r en ice i n t h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry b u tf a l l so f fr a p id ly i nn umbe r si nt h e l a te f i r s ta nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu r ie s . T he c on ten t sa r en o t k nown , b u tt h ec l a s s ic C h ian s hape a nd t h ep r e sence o fa l i n ing o fp i tch i nt wo o ft h e CAHEP e xamp le s s ugge s t s w ine . L i s to fC la s s 3 9a mpho ra s : A 14 -A15 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ; f i g . 3 ) ,A 69 ( Depo s i t4 ;f i g .4 0 ) .

i n d ica t ion o ff a b r ic ,a ppea r si n ac on tex to ft h es e cond h a l f o ft h ef i f th c en tu ry a tR ama tH anad ive ( H i r sch f e ld & B i rge r 1 988 : 1 03 ) , b u t c ompa r i son c an a l so b e made w i th a n a mpho ra o f7 5 1 B .C .f r om t h eA go ra ( Rob in son 1 959 : 1 8 , n o .F 72 ,p l .2 ) .T he c on t en t sa r eu nk nown ,b u tt h ep i tch ing o ft h e i n te r io ro fA 70 s ugge s t s t h a tt h i se xamp le , a tl e a s t , c on ta ined w ine . L i s to fC la s s4 2a mpho ra s : A 70 ( Depo s i t4 ;f i g .4 0 ) .

C la s s4 4 :B engha z iL a t eR oman Amphora 1 .T h i sL a t e R oman o i l( ? )a mpho ra i sc ha ra c t e r ized b yi t ss l igh t ly h ou r g l a s ss hap ed b ody a nd r i dged s u r f ace .R i ley ( 1 975 :3 1 , 3) c l a s s if ied e xamp le sf r om t h eH ippod rome a tC ae sa r ea a sh i s T ype 5a nd w a sf olowed b yL ev ine a nd N e tze r( 1 986 : 1 0 1 , 1 24 n o s .4 5 ) ;s e en ow a l so Magne s s1 992 : 1 50 ,f i g .6 8 .1 -3 . P ea cock a nd W i ll iam s( 1 986 : 1 85 -87 )u n i t et h e se e xamp le s i nC la s s 4 4 , u nd e r s ub type s A( l a rge r ) a nd B ( sma l le r ) . T hey s umma r i ze mo s to ft h er e levan tl i t e ra tu re ,b u tt h e mo s t c omp le t e d i s cu s s ion s a ppea ri nR i ley 1 979 : 2 12 -16 ( La te R oman Ampho ra 1 ) ; Empe reu r & P i con 1 989 : 2 36 -43 ; B lake ly i nR aban e ta l .1 993 :6 4 ,f i g . 1 34 .1 .T ombe r( 1 993 ) a na lyze st h er o le t h i sa mpho ra c l a s sp l ayed i nl o ng -d i s tance t r ade w i th C ae sa r ea .T he se a mpho ra s ,w h ich a pp ea ri nl a rge n umbe r st h roughou tt h ee mp i re i nc on tex t so ft h ee a r ly f i f th t om id s even th c en tu r ie s ,s e em t oh ave o r ig ina t ed i nt h ea r ea a r ound t h eG u l fo fA lexand re t ta a nd t oh ave c a r r ied o l ive o i l . E nc ru s ta t ion o b scu r e s s ome o ft h ee x t e r io rr i bb ing o n t h e CAHEP e xamp le s . L i s to fC la s s4 4a mpho ra s : A 16 -A17 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ; f i g . 4 ) .

A 14 . A r ea HI:R ubb le l e ve l . B roken , i n comp le t e ; r im , n eck , f r agmen t o f o ne h and le a nd s hou lde r . I n te r io r p i tched .R im D 0 . 09 .F ine ,h a rd ,p i nk ( 5YR 8 / 3 )f a b r ic t emp e r ed w i th c l ea rq ua r tz s a nd . C la s s :C la s s3 9 . P a ra l le l s : Mau 1 909 :p l .I ,n o . V I I I( n o .2 649 ,p r e 7 9 ) ;R i ley 1 979 :1 46 ,f i g .7 3 ,n o s .D 104 -5 ( t h i rd q ua r te r f i r s tc en tu ry ) ;P ea cock & W i l l iam s1 986 : 1 73 ,f i g .9 1 ; R aban e ta l . 1 993 : 6 6 , f i g . 1 36 .4 ( s econd t of o u r th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry . A 15 . A r ea K :s u r fac es a nd .B roken ,i n comp le te ,e nc ru s t ed ; r im , n e ck , f r agmen to fh and le s a nd s hou lde r . R im D 0 . 09 .V e ry f i ne ,h a rd ,r edd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 4 / 4 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing f i ne w h i t e a nd b l a ck s and t empe r . P ink ( 5YR 7 / 4 )o u t s id es u r f ace . C la s s : C la s s3 9 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 14 . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry .

A 16 . A rea HI:r ubb le l a ye r . B roken , i n comp le te , e nc ru s t ed ;r im ,n e ck ,h and le s ,p o r t ion o fs hou lde r .R im D0 . 075 . I n t e r io r p i t ched . H a rd , s a ndy , d a rk b rown ( 1 0YR 3 / 3 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing n ume rou ss ma l l ,r ounded q ua r t zp ebb le s .R edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )c o re . C la s s : C la s s4 4B . P a ra l le l s : L ev ine & N e tze r 1 986 : 1 24 , n o . 4 ;c f . Z eme r 1 978 : 7 6 -78 , n o . 6 5 ( f rom I s ra e l i c oa s ta l w a t e r s ) ;H au tumm 1 981 :1 87 ,n o .1 6 ,f i g .3 8( Samo s ,s i x th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean ( An t io ch? ) . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i f th t om id seven th c en tu ry .

C la s s4 0 :B engha z iM id -Roman Amphora 1 .T h i sn a r r ow -necked , g l obu la r a mpho ra m ay h ave o r ig ina t ed i n N o r th A f r ica ,b u tv a r ia t ion so nt h es hape w e r ec ommon i n t h ec en t r a l Med i t e r r anean f r om t h ef i r s tt h rough t h ef o u r th c en tu r ie s .T he i n tended c on ten t sa r es t il u nde te rm ined ,b u t t h e CAHEP e xamp le i sp i tched o nt h ei n te r io r , s ugge s t ing w ine .T he re a r ed i scu s s ion so ft h ec l a s si nR i ley 1 979 : 1 77 8 0( M id -Roman Ampho ra l b , f i r s tc en tu ry ) ; P ea cock a nd W il iam s1 986 : 1 75 -76 ;B lake ly 1 987 :5 6 ,8 7 -88 .T he r ea r e s ome g ene r ic s im i la r i t ie sw i th t h em uch l a t e rK eay T ype L I I ( Keay 1 984 :2 62 ,2 67 -68 )a nd i t sr e cen t ly i d en t if i ed ,p o s s i b l yB ru t t ian , s ucce s so r( A r thu r 1 989 : 1 36 , f i g . 1 ) . L i s to fC la s s4 0a mpho ra s : A 49 ( D epo s i t2 ;f i g .2 5 ) .

A 17 . A rea H1:r ubb le l a ye r . B roken , i n comp le te , e nc ru s ted ;r im ,n e ck ,h and le s ,p o r t ion o fs hou lde r .R im D0 . 0 58 . I n t e r io rp i t ched . F i ne ,h a rd , p i nk ( 5YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing s ome b l a ck s a nd a nd o cca s iona ls o f t , d a rk i n c lu s ion s . C la s s :p robab ly r e la t ed t oC la s s4 4B . P a ra l le l s : H au t tunm 1 981 : 1 83 ,n o . 4 ,f i g . 2 1 , a nd s e eA 16 . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( An t io ch? ) . C h rono logy : e a r ly f i f th t om id seven th c en tu ry .

C la s s 4 2 : B engha z i M id -Roman Amphora 1 3 . T he a mpho ra sa s s igned t ot h i sc l a s sa to t he rs i t e sa r es im i la ri n s hape a nd d imen s ion s t oA 70 , a nd t h e f a b r ic d e sc r ip t ion s c o r r e spond f a i r ly w e l l , b u t t h e t wo r i dge s o n t h e n eck o f A 70 ,a nd t h er im p rof i le ,a r en o tp a ra l le led o nt h ep ub l i shed e xamp le s e xam ined . A cco rd ing t oR i ley ( 1 979 : 1 97 ) a nd P ea cock a nd Wi ll iam s( 1 986 :1 80 -81 ) ,t h ea mpho ra so ft h i s c l a s s w e re p roduced f r om t h e e a r ly t h i rd t o t h e f o u r th c en tu r ie s .T he p l ace o fp roduc t ion h a sn o ty e tb e en d e te r m ined . A n a mpho ra v e ry s im i la r i n s hap e , b u t w i thou t

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C hap ter I : U n s t ra t if ied C e ram ic s C la s s 4 5 : B engha z i M id -Roman Amphora 3 ( la t e R oman Amphora 1 0 ) .T he v e ry d i s t inc t ive a mpho ra so ft h i s c l a s sa tt h eC ae sa rea H ippod rome w e r ec l a s s if i ed b yR i ley ( 1975 :3 1 -32 )a sh i sT ype 4 ,f olowed b yL ev ine a nd N e tz e r ( 1 986 : 1 0 1 -2 ) . B lak e ly ( 1 987 : 1 36 , n o . 1 80 , p p . 1 39 -40 ) a dop t st h eP ea cock a nd W il iam s( 1 986 : 1 88 -89 )d e s igna t i on a s C la s s 4 5 ; s e e n ow a l so Magne s s 1 992 : 1 30 , f i g . 5 8 .13 .R i ley ( 1 975 )a nd Magne s sn o te t h a tt h i st y pe i sn o ta t a l lc ommon o nl a nd a tC ae sa r ea T he r ei sat h o rough d i scu s s i on i nR i ley 1 979 ( 183 -86 ,2 29 -30 ) ,w ho r e f e r st ot h el a te r , t wo -hand led v e r s ion a sL a t eR oman Ampho ra 1 0 ;s e ea l so K eay 1 984 : 2 86 -89 ( Type L IVb i s ) . T he a mpho ra s o ft h i s c l a s sh ave at a l l ,s l ende rn eck w i th f i r s t as i ng le t h en ,l a te r , d oub le h and le s , af u s i fonn b ody , a nd an a r row f o o tw i th h olow b a se .T he m ica ceou sf a b r ic i st h in a nd h a rd ,u sua l ly ad eep r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 5 / 4t o5 YR 5 / 4 )i nc o lou r ,w i th as moo th s u r fa ce .T he CAHEP e xamp le sh ave b een s t a ined . T he o ne -hand led v e r s ion a ppea r si nt h el a te f i r s tc en tu ry a nd i sr e p la ced b y at wo -hand led v a r ia t ion b y t h e l a te f o u r th c en tu ry ( P eacock & Wi ll i am s 1 986 : 1 89 ) , a nd b o th t y pe s w e r ee xpo r ted w ide ly i nt h e Med i t e r ranean a r ea a nd n o r th e r nE u rope .T he s ou r ce m ay h ave b een w e s te rn A s ia M ino r , p o s s ib ly S a rd i s( R i ley 1 975 :3 1 ;P ea cock & W i ll i am s1 986 : 1 89 -90 ) . L ev ine a nd N e tz e r ( 1 986 : 1 02 ) a s sume t h a t t h e l i n ing o fp i tch i mpl ie sw ine ,b u tB lake ly ( 1 987 : 1 40 )n o t e s c h romog raph ic e v idence s ugge s t ing o l ive o i l a st h e c on t e n t s .A cco rd ing t oR i ley ( 1 975 :3 1 )a nd L ev ine a nd N e tz e r ( p . 1 01 ) ,t h et y pe i si n f r equen to nl a nd a tC ae sa rea . L i s to fC la s s4 5a mpho ra s :A 18 ( u n s tr a t i f ied ;f i g .4 ) ,A 61 ( Depo s i t3 ;f i g . 3 4 ) .

t h a tt h ee a rl ie s tc on t ex to n l a nd a tC a es a rea d a t e sn ol a te r t h an t h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ( p .2 6 ) .T he r ei sa l so as u rvey o ft h ec l a s si nZ eme r1 978 :6 6 -69 .F o re a r ly e xamp le s ,s e e d eV aux 1 954 :2 15 ,f i g .1 . 2 , 1 . 4( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,e x t e r io r s moo th? ) ; Y ad in 1 966 : 9 4 -95 , 1 57 ( p re A .D . 7 3 ) ; K ap lan 1 964 :6 ,f i g .1 . 1( J a f f a ,f i r s tc en tu ry ) .T ombe r( 1 993 )a na ly ze s t h e r o l e t h i s a mpho ra c l a s s p l ayed i n C a e sa r ea 's l o ng d i s tanc e t r ade r ou te s . E xamp le s r e la ted t ot h i s c l a s sh ave r e cen t ly b een r e cogn ized i n aF lav ian d epo s i ti nR ome ( D e C ap ra r i i se ta l . 1 988 : 3 08 -10 ) . R i ley 's T ype 1 B ,w h ich h a s al owe r ,t h icke rr im a nd l e s s c r i sp d ef in i t ion o fs hap e ,a ppea r sd u r ing t h ef i f th c en tu ry . B lake ly ( 1 987 : 8 9 -90 )p r e f e r st oc l a s s i f yT ype 1A a sP ea c o ck a nd W il iam sC la s s6 2 ,w h ich h es e e sa s ap r ed ece s so r o fC la s s4 6 ,b u tt h ey w i l lb eg rouped t o ge the rh e r e . R i ley ( 1 975 : 3 1 ) i d en t if ied a sh i s T ype 3al a te v a r ian to n t h i s s hape , w h ich h a s ap ronounc ed r i dge w he r e t h e s hou lde r m ee t st h eb ody , av e ry h a rd ,t h in ,r e dd i sh f a b r ic a nd e x te r io r p a in ted l i ne s( e .g .H o lum e ta l .1 988 :1 66 ,f i g . 14 ) .B ecau s e o ft h es t a in ing o ft h ef a b r ic a nd t h el o s so ft h ea pp rop r ia t e s e c t ion s o f t h e s hou ld e r , t h i s t y pe c anno t b e p o s i t ive ly i d en t if i ed i nt h e CAHEP a mpho ra s .T ype 3a mpho ra ss e em t ob er a re a tC a e sa r ea ,a nd t h ec l a s si sn o tw e l ld ef ined o r d a t ed ( B lake ly 1 987 : 9 0 -91 ) . T he e no rmou sn umbe ro fe xamp le so fT ype 1 Br e cov e r ed o n l a nd a tC a e sa r ea may i n d ica te l o ca l m anu f a c tu r e ( R i ley 1 975 : 2 6 -27 ) . T he se a mpho ra sw e r ep robab ly u s ed e i the rt os h ip w h i t ew ine ( P ea cock & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 9 1 9 2 ) o r t oc a r ry w a t e r ( J ohn son 1 986 ; B lak e ly 1 987 : 9 0 ) . A cco rd ing t oR i ley ( p .2 6 ) ,t h ec o lou ro ft h ef a b r ic t y p ica l ly r a nge sf r om 1 0YR 6 / 4t o5 YR 6 / 6 .H ed e sc r ibe st h ep e t ro l o gy o ft h eT ype 1a mpho r a sa sf o l low s( p . 3 0 ) : " Type 1i s c ha ra c t e r i zed b ya na bundance o fw e l l so r ted s a nd s e ti na s l igh t ly a n i so t rop ic ma t r ix o fc l ean b rown f i red c l ay ,c on t a in ing l i t t le f i ne d e t r i tu s . T he s and i sc ompo sed o fs ub r ounded o rs ome t ime s w e l l rounded q ua r tz g r a in s w i th a s c a t t e r o f r ounded b i o spa r i te l ime s tone g r a in s a nd o cca s i ona lp l ag ioc la se f e ld spa r ." B lake ly ( 1 987 : 2 36 -37 )n o t e s t h a tt h ef a b r ic c o lou ra nd p e t ro logy o fh i sr e la t ed C la s s6 2 a mpho ra a r es im i la r ,b u tn o ti d en t ica l .F o rs im i la r ,p o s s ib ly r e la t ed ,c l a s se so fb ag a mpho ra s ,s e eb e low ,C la s s4 8 /49 a nd C la s sE . L i s to fC la s s4 6 /62 Ampho ra s : A 19 -A23 ( u n s t ra t if i ed ; f i g .4 ) ,A 71 ( D epo s i t4 ;f i g .4 0 ) ,A 105 ( Depo s i t7 ;f i g .5 4 ) .

A 18 . A r ea DI:s and i nh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l . B ro k en , i n comp le te ; f oo t w i th a d ja cen t p o r t ion o fw a l l . I n te r io rp i tched . MPH 0 . 12 ,b a se D 0 . 034 .F i ne ,s t rong b rown ( 7 .5YR 4/ 6)m ica ceou sf a b r ic . C la s s :C la s s4 5 . P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 975 : 3 1 -32 , n o . 1 9 ; L ev ine & N e tze r1 986 : 1 0 1 , 1 24 n o .2 ;B lake ly 1 987 : 1 36 , 1 39 4 0 ,n o . 1 80 ;P eacock & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 88 -89 . O r ig in : A egean ( we s te rn A s ia M ino r , S a rd i s? ) . C h rono logy : f i r s tt os i x th c en tu ry .

C la s s 4 6 /62 : P a l e s t in ian B ag Amphora . T h i s c l a s s c o r re spond st oR i ley 's Ampho ra T ype 1f r om t h eC a e sa r ea h i ppod rome ( 1 975 : 2 6 -27 ) , ac l a s s if i ca t ion t a ken u p b y L ev ine a nd N e tze r( 1 986 : 9 1 -97 ) ;c f . Magne s s 1 992 : 1 30 3 1 ,1 35 ,f i g .5 8 .16 17 , 1 9 .T he s h ape i st h a to f ar ounded o r s l igh t ly e l onga ted , b o t tom -heavy b ag , w i th c omb ing o r c o r ruga t ion so nt h ee x te r io rf r om s hou ld e rt ob a se .T he r ei s n of oo t . Two s imp le e a rh and le sp r o jec tf r om t h es hou ld e r w he r ei tb eg in st oc u rve t ot h eb e l ly ,a nd ac o l la rr im r i se s d i rec t ly f r om t h e s hou lde r t o as imp le t r i angu la ro rh a l f r ound l i p .T he r ei sas u rvey o ft h et y pe i nJ ohn son 1 986 ;s e e a l so L app 1 96 1 : 1 44 -52 ) .R i ley p o in t so u tt h a tt h et r ad i t ion f o rt h i s s hape o fc on ta ine re x t end sb ack t ot h eE a r ly I r on A ge i nP a le s t ine ,b u tt h a tt h eg rooved s hou lde ra nd t a l le rr im o ft h et y p ica lR oman f o rm ( Type 1 A )e vo lved b e tween t h e s e cond c en tu ry B .C .a nd f i r s tA .C .H es ugge s t st h a tt h ef o rm c hanged l i t t le f r om t h ef i r s tt ot h ef o u r th c en tu ry ,a nd n o te s

A 19 . A rea H2: r ubb le l a ye r . B roken , i n comp le te , e nc r u s ted ;f r agmen to fr im ,s hou lde r ,o ne h and le .I n te r i o rp i t ched .R im D 0 . 085 .H a rd ,g r i t ty ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r i cc on ta in ing f i ne q ua r t zs a nd .D a rk g r ey ( 5YR 4 / 1 )c o r e .N oi lu s t ra t ion . C la s s :C la s s4 6 /62 . P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 975 : 2 7 , 2 9 , n o . 8 , T ype 1 A ; B lake ly 1 987 :6 7 ,n o .6 1 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : s e cond t ol a te f ou r th c en tu ry . A 20 . A r ea F : r u bb le f i l n o r th o f p avemen t . B roken , i n comp le t e , e nc ru s ted ;r im a nd f r agmen to fs hou lde r . I n t e r io r p i tched . R im D 0 . 115 . H a rd , g r i t ty , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing f i ne q ua r t zs a nd .

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I LB : Amphora s D a rk g r ey ( 10YR 4 / 1 )c o re . C la s s :C la s s4 6 /62 P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 975 : 2 7 , 2 9 ,n o .9 ,T ype 1 A . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : s e cond t ol a t ef o u r th c en tu ry .

r im , n eck , o ne h and le . R im D 0 . 075 . H a rd , s andy , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic .N oi lu s t ra t ion . C la s s : C la s s4 7 . P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 975 : 3 8 , 4 0 , n o . 5 1 ; L ev ine & N e tze r1 986 : 1 62 , 1 71 n o s .7 9 ;B lake ly 1 987 :6 4 ,6 7 , n o .5 7 ,p .8 3 ,n o . 1 03 ,p .8 6 ,n o . 1 08 ,p p .8 4 -85 ;H o lum e ta l . 1 988 : 1 36 , f i g . 9 2 ; R aban e ta l . 1 993 : 6 6 , f i g . 1 36 .1 -2 . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry .

A2 1 . A r ea Y : S h ipw reck , s u r f a ce . B rok en , i n comp le te ; f r agmen to fr im ,s hou lde r ,h and le s .R im D 0 . 10 .H a rd , r edd ish y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing q ua r tz s and . C la s s :C la s s4 6 /62 P a ra l le l s :R i ley 1 975 :2 7 -28 ,n o .1 ,T ype 1 B ;B lake ly 1 987 : 18 -19 ,n o . 1 23 . O r ig in :C aesa r ea ? C h rono logy : s e cond t ol a t ef o u r th c en tu ry .

A2 5 . A r ea G : r ubb le a tb a se o fN o r th T owe r . B roken , i n comp le t e ;b a se .I n t e r io rp i tched .B a se D 0 . 08 .H a rd , s a ndy ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic . C la s s :C la s s4 7 . P a ra l le l s : s e e A2 4 . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry .

A2 2 . A rea Y : S h ipw r eck , s u r f a ce . B rok en , i n comp le t e ; r im ,h and le s ,s hou lde r .R im D 0 . 095 .S o f t ,s a ndy ,d a rk r edd i sh g r ey ( 5YR 4 /2 ) f a b r ic c o n ta in ing o cca s iona l p ebb le sa nd w h i t ei n c lu s ion s .R edd i sh y elow ( 5YR 7 / 6 )s u r f a ce . C la s s :C la s s4 6 /62 . P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 975 : 2 7 -28 ,n o . 1 ,T yp e 1 B . O r ig in :C a e sa rea ? C h rono logy : s e cond t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry .

A2 6 . A rea HI:s a nd a nd g r ave l , 0 . 60 b e low s u r f a ce . B rok en , i n comp le t e , b ad ly a b raded ; r im , n eck , u ppe r h and le s t ub s .R im D 0 . 06 . H a rd ,s a ndy ,r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )f a b r ic w i th n ume rou sw h i te i n c lu s ion s .N oi l u s t ra t i on . C la s s :C la s s4 7 . P a r a l le l s : s e e A2 4 . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry .

A 23 . A r ea Y : S h ipw r eck , s u r f ac e . B roken , i n comp le te , s u r f a ce v ery w o rn ; f r agmen t o f r im , s hou lde r , o ne h and le . R im D 0 . 10 . H a rd , p i nk i sh g r ey ( 7 .5YR 7 / 2 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing f i ne q ua r tz s a nd a nd o cca s iona lw h i te s p eck s . C la s s : T he s u r f ace o f t h e p o t h a s b een a b raded a r ound t h er im ,b l u r r ing t h ep r of i le ,b u ti ts e em sl i ke ly t h a tt h ea mpho ra b e long st oC la s s4 6 /62 . P a ra l le l s : s e e A2 2 . O r ig in : C ae sa rea ? C h rono logy : s e cond t ol a t ef o u r th c en tu ry .

A2 7 . A r ea H2: r ubb le . B rok en , i n comp le te ; r im , n eck , t wo h and le s , a d ja cen t p o r t ion o f s hou lde r . I n te r io r p i t ched .R im D0 . 07 .H a rd ,s a ndy ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic . Two o t he re xamp le s( C84 -H1 -10 a nd 7 2 ) f r om t h i sl o cu sw e r en o tc a ta logued . C la s s :C la s s4 7 . P a ra l le l s : s e e A2 4 . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : t h i rd fou r th c en tu ry . A2 8 . A rea H2: r ubb le . B rok en , i n comp le te ; r im , n eck , t wo h and le s , a d jac en t p o r t ion o f s hou lde r . I n t e r io r p i t ched .R im D 0 . 07 .H a rd ,s a ndy ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic . C la s s : C la s s4 7 . P a ra l le l s : s e e A2 4 . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry .

C la s s4 7 : B engha z iM id -Roman Amphora 7 . Ampho r a so ft h i sc l a s sh ave b een f o und i nc on t ex t sd a t ing f r om t h e m id th i rd ( o rl a t es e cond ;P eaco ck & W i l l iam s 1 986 : 1 94 ) t of o u r th c en tu ry v i r tua l ly e ve rywhe r ei nt h e Med i te r ranean a nd c i r cum - Med i te r ranean w o r ld .T hey a r ep robab ly w ine a mpho ra s o f A egean o r ig in . T he b i con ica l s hap e , h i gh , p eaked h and le s ,h olow f o o t , a nd r o ugh , g r anu la r , u sua l ly o r ange red ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) f a b r ic a r e h i gh ly c ha rac te r i s t ic ( P ea cock & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 93 -95 ) . R i ley ( 1 975 : 4 0 ) c l a s s if i ed t h ee xamp le sf o und a tt h eC ae sa r ea H ippod rome a sh i sT ype 8 .I nh i sd e ta i led d i scu s s ion ,B lake ly ( 1 987 :8 8 8 9 )n o te st h a tt h ev e s se l sm ay h ave b een p r oduced i nK o s , r e in fo r c ing t h eh ypo the s i so ft h e i ru s e f o rs h ipp ing w ine . T he re a r ed i scu s s ion si nR i ley 1 979 : 1 89 -93 ( M id -Roman Ampho ra 7 )a nd P eacock a nd W i l l iam s 1 986 : 1 93 -95 ;s e e a l so K eay 1 984 : 1 36 -40 ( Type X I I ) . L i s to fC la s s4 7a mpho ra s : A2 4 - A2 8( u n s t ra t i f ied ; f i g . 4 ) , A6 2( Depo s i t3 ;f i g . 3 4 ) , A7 2 -A7 3( D epo s i t4 ) .

C la s s4 8 /49 :H o l e - Mou th a nd G a za W ine Amphora s . P ea co ck a nd W i l l iam s( 1 986 :1 96 )c on s ide rC la s s4 8( Ho le Mou th Ampho ra ) t ob e ap o s s ib le p r ecu r so r o fC la s s 4 9 ( Ga za W ine Ampho ra ) ,a nd B lake ly ( 1 987 : 12 -13 )l ump s e xamp le so fb o th c l a s se st o ge the ra sC la s s4 8 /49 ;s e en ow a l so Magne s s 1 992 : 1 30 -32 . S i nce t h ef a b r ic i su n i fo rm — o t he rt h an ap e t ro log ica l d i s t inc t ion p o s s ib ly i s o la t ing e x a mp le sf r om A vda tf r om t h o se o r ig ina t ing i nG a za ( B lake ly p p . 12 ,2 37 -39 ) ,a nd s i nce i to f t en i sd i ff icu l tt od i s t ingu i sh t h e t wo c l a s se s f r om t h e r im /hand le / shou lde r f r agmen t s t y p ica l ly r e cove r ed d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s ,t h et wo c l a s s e s a r e t r ea ted t o ge the r h e re a s w el . T he c a ta logue

A2 4 . A r ea DI:s and i nh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l . B ro k en ,i n comp le te ,b ad ly a b raded ,e nc r u s ted ;f r agmen to f

1 7

C hap ter I : U n s t ra t if i ed C e ram ic s e n t r ie s w i l l i n d ica t e w h ich c l a s s s e em s mo s tp robab le f o r e a ch e xamp le . A s d ef ined b y Z eme r ( 1 978 : 6 1-65 ) a nd P ea cock a nd W i l l iam s( 1 986 : 1 96 -97 ) ,C la s s4 8a mpho r a s

L i s to fC la s s4 8 /49 Ampho ra s : A 29 -A31 ( u n s t ra t if ied ; f i g s .4 5 ) ,A 63 -A64 ( D epo s i t3 ;f i g .3 4 ) ,A 74 -A77 ( D epo s i t 4 ;f i g .4 0 ) .

h ave as qua t ,b ag s hape w i th r ounded b a se ,e a rh and le sj u s t b e low al ow s hou lde r ,a nd ah o le mou th w i th o n ly s l igh t ly

A 29 . A r ea G :r ubb le a tw e s tf a ce o fN o r th T owe r .B roken , i n comp le t e ;b a se .I n te r io rp i t ched . MPH 0 . 13 ,b a se D 0 . 04 . S o f t , l am ina r ,d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic c on t a in ing o cca s iona lw h i te i n c lu s ion s . Wh i te ( 1 0YR 8 / 1 ) s u r f a ce . C la s s :C la s s4 9 . P a r a l le l s :R i ley 1 975 :3 1 -32 ,n o . 1 5 ,T yp e2 ;L ev ine &N e tze r1 986 : 1 22 -23 ,n o . 1 3 ,p p . 1 34 -35 ,n o . 9( Typ e 2 ) ; B l ake ly 1 987 : 18 -19 , n o . 1 25 , p p . 18 , 1 22 , n o . 1 57 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ( Gaza r e g ion ) . C h rono logy : f ou r th s ix th c en tu ry .

o f f se t r im . T yp ica l ly , t h e r e i sc ombed r i dg ing r unn ing h o r izon ta l ly b e tween t h e h and le s a nd o n t h e b a se . T he a mpho ra so ft h i sc l a s sa r eu sua l ly d a ted t ot h et h i rd t of o u r th c en tu r ie s ,b u ts ome f i r s t -cen tu ry p r edece s so r so fC la s s4 9 a mpho ra sh ave r e cen t ly b e en r e cogn ized ( s ee b e low ) . T he a mpho ra so fC la s s4 9a r et a l le rt h an t h o se o fC la s s 4 8 ,w i th ac y l ind r ica lb ody ,p o in t ed b a se ,r o unded s hou lde r , a nd mo r e p rom inen tr im ( R i ley 1 975 : 2 7 -30 ; P ea co ck & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 98 -99 ) . T he r e i su sua l ly d eep , c ombed r i dg ing o nt h es hou lde ra nd b e tween t h eh and le s ,a nd a r ound t h e b a se . S t r ange ly , t h ea cc r e t ion s o fc l ay a r ound t h e r im s a id t ob e " t yp ica l" o ft h ee xamp le so fC la s s4 9 f o und o n l a nd s i te s( p robab ly r e la t ed t ot h ep roc e s so fm anuf ac tu r e ) a r e f o und o n o n ly o ne o f t h e CA I -MP e xamp le s ( A74 , D epo s i t4 ) .I ti sq u i te p o s s ib le t h a tt h e se a c c r e t ion sd i de x i s t b u th ave b een w o rn a way b yt h e movemen to ft h es a ndy s e a f l oo r ,p robab ly b ecause t h ey w e re s o f te ro rl e s sd en se t h an t h ef a b r ic o ft h eb ody o ft h ej a r s .C la s s4 9i n c lude sR i ley 's Ampho ra T ype 2( 1 975 : 2 7 -31 ) a nd L ev ine a nd N e tze r 's Ampho ra T ype 2a tC ae sa rea ( Lev ine & N e tze r1 986 :9 7 -99 , 1 32 -35 ) . O the r t y pe n ame s f o r t h i s c on ta ine r , w h ich w a s s h ipped o ve r mo s t o f t h e Med i t e r ranean a nd E u ropean w o r ld , a r e s umma r ized i n B lake ly 1 987 ( 1 12 ; s e e a l so B lake ly i nR aban e ta l .1 993 :6 5 ) .T he r ea r el o ng d i scu s s ion s o ft h ec l a s si nR i ley 1 979 ( 2 19 -22 ,L a te R oman Ampho ra 3 ) , K eay 1 984 ( 2 78 -85 , T ype L IV ) , a nd H aye s 1 992 ( 64 -65 , T ype 6 ) . Ampho ra s o f t h i s c l a s s t y p ica l ly a pp ea r i nc on tex t s d a t ing f r om t h ef o u r th t os i x th c en tu r ie s ,b u ta ne a r ly v a r ian t t e rmed K ing sho lm 17 w a sr e cen t ly r e cogn ized i nF l av ian d epo s i t s i n R ome , f i r s t -cen tu ry d epo s i t s i n B r i ta in ( De C ap ra r i i se ta l .1 988 ) ,a nd o nt h em id f i r s t -cen tu ry D r amon t Dw r eck ( J onche ray 1 973 : 2 2 -23 , 2 8 -29 , 3 6 -37 , p l . V .1 ) . F u r the rr e sea rch m ay r ef ine t h e t y po logy a nd d a t ing ( s ee d i scu s s ion o ft h e r e la t ed C la s s E ,b e low ) . F ou ra mpho ra s f o und i nt h es ame l o cu si nA rea H1 ( D epo s i t4 )e mbody a v a r ia t ion o n C la s s 4 9 w i th i d en t ica l f a b r ic b u t r i dg ing o r c o r ruga t ion r a the rt h an c omb ing b e tween t h eh and le s ,a nd a s moo th s hou lde rt h a tr i se ss t eep ly t o at h ickened c o l la rr im . R i ley 's s ugge s t ion ( 1 975 : 3 0 ; 1 979 : 2 22 )t h a tC la s s4 9 a mpho ra sc on ta ined t h ew h i te w ine o fG aza f amou si nt h e f ou r th t os i x th c en tu r ie s ( Maye r son 1 985 ) , a nd t h a t t h ey o r ig ina ted a tG aza , h a s b e en g ene ra l ly a cc ep ted . B lake ly ( 1 987 : 12 ) , h oweve r , h a s n ow p ropo sed o n t h e b a s i s o f p e t ro log ica l a na ly s i s t h a t s ome o f t h e se c on ta ine r s w e r e m anuf ac tu r ed a to rn ea rA vda t , a nd t h a tt h ey m ay i nf a c t h ave o r ig ina t ed a ts e ve ra ls i t e si nt h eN egev . Empe r eu ra nd P i con ( 1 989 :2 43 )s ugge s tt h ep o s s ib i l i ty o f am anuf a c tu r ing c en t re i nt h eN i le D e l ta a sw e l l .T he i ru s ef o rs h ipp ing t h e r e g iona l w h i t e w ine i sp robab le , b u tt h e r ei sg row ing e v i d ence f o rp r ima ry o rs e conda ry u s ea sc on ta ine r sf o r aw ide v a r ie ty o f e d ib le a nd i n ed ib le c ommod i t ie s ( Lev ine & N e tze r1 986 :9 9 ;B lake ly 1 987 : 13 ) .T omb e r( 1 993 )a na lyze s t h e r o le t h i s a mpho ra c l a s s p l ayed i n C a es a r ea 's l o ng d i s tance t r ade .

A 30 . A r ea 12: r ubb le l a ye r .B roken a nd a b raded ,i n com p l e t e ,e nc r u s ted ;r im ,h and le s ,p o r t ion o fs hou lde r .R im D0 . 095 .C oa r se ,l am ina r ,d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 4 / 1 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing o c ca s iona lk u rka r( ? )p ebb le s . P a le b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 3 )s u r f ace . C la s s :C la s s4 8 . P a ra l le l s :R i ley 1 975 :2 9 ,3 1 ,n o .1 2 ,T ype 2 ;Z eme r 1 978 : 6 1 , 6 4 -65 , n o . 5 2 ( r ecove r ed f r om t h e s e a b e t we en A th l i t a nd C ae sa rea ) ; L ev ine & N e tze r 1 986 : 1 22 -23 ,n o .1( Type 2 ) ;B lake ly 1 987 : 10 -11 ,n o . 15 , p p . 1 20 , 1 27 ,n o . 1 36 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ( Ga za r e g ion ) . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry . A 31 . A r ea R : s u r f ace r ubb le . B roken , i n comp le te , e nc r u s t ed ;r im ,h and le s ,s hou lde r .R im D0 .0 98 .C ha lk y , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing l i gh tc o l o u r ed , r o unded s a nd p a r t ic le s o f v a ry ing s i ze s . P a le b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 3 )s u r f ac e . C la s s :C la s s4 8 . P a ra l le l s :T he r ea r en oe xa c tp a ra l le l sf r om C ae sa r ea f o rs u ch ar e ce s sed l i p ,b u tc f .R i ley 1 975 :2 9 ,3 1 ,n o .1 2 , T yp e2 ;Z eme r1 978 :6 1 ,6 4 -65 ,n o .5 3 ;B lak e ly 1 987 : 18 -19 ,n o . 1 24 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ( Ga za r e g ion ) . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry .

H .B .3 C AHEP Amphora C la s se s . T he a mpho ra sc a ta l o gued i nt h i ss e c t ion c an b ea s s igned t of a i r ly w e l l -def ined g roup so nt h eb a s i so fs h ape a nd f a b r ic ,b u tt h ey d on o tf a l l w i th in t h ed ef in i t ion so ft h ec l a s s e se s tab l i shed b yP eacock a nd W i l l iam s( 1 986 ) . I no rde rt oa vo id c on fu s ion w i th t h e P ea cock a nd W i l l iam sc l a s s e s ,t h e se n ew c l a s se sh ave b een i d en t if ied w i th l e t te r s ( A t oK ) r a the r t h an n umbe r s . T he a mpho ra s f o r w h ich n o c onv inc ing c l a s s c ou ld b e s e t u p h ave b een c a ta logued t o ge the r a s "M isce l laneou s R oman a nd B yzan t ine Ampho r a s ."

C la s sA : " Ba ske t -Jar ." T h i sc l a s so ft h ick , h eavy a m p ho ra sw i th l o op h and le sp ro jec t ing h igh a bove t h e w ide , s qua tn e ck , w a sc ommon a l ong t h ee n t i re e a s te rn s ho r eo f

1 8

1 LB : Amphoras t h e Med i t e r ranean f r om S y r ia t oE gyp t( Zeme r1 978 :3 0 -31 , 1 20 ) d u r ing t h e s even th t o f ou r th c en tu r ie s B .C . N ea r

C la s s C : L a t e H e l l en i s t ic Smoo th - Wa l l ed B ag Am p hora .T h i sa mpho ra w a sf ound i nt h es ame l o cus a sA 106 ,

C aesa r ea , e xamp les h ave b een f ound a tT e l Mevo rakh ( S te rn 1 978 : 3 5 , f i g . 8 . 12 -14 , p l . 2 5 .10 -12 ) , a nd a tA th l i t , b o th o nl a nd ( J ohns 1 933 :5 1 ,f i g .4 F )a nd i nt h es ea ( Zeme r p p . 3 0 -31 ,n o . 2 4 ) . T he h eavy manuf a c tu re o ft h e se l a rge v e sse ls made t h em s u i tab le f o rb u lk t r an spo r tb y l a nd a nd s ea , a nd t h e i r l o op ing " ba ske t" h and le s p r esumab ly w e re i n tended t oa ccommoda te l i f t ing p o le s t h a t w ou ld h ave f a c i l i ta ted movemen t o ft h e l o aded a mpho ra s f r om p a ck

i sc l o se t oi ti nf a b r ic a nd d imens ion s ,a nd i tc l ea r ly b e long s t ot h e s ame g ene ra l t r ad i t ion , b u t i td i f f e r s s uff ic ien t ly i n s hap e f r om A 106 t oj u s t i fy s epa ra te c l a s s if ica t ion . T he c h rono log ica lr a nge i sp robab ly s im i la rt ot h a to fC la s sB , b u to ne p a ra l le lc i ted e x tend si ti n to t h eH e rod ian p e r iod .F o r as umma ry o ft h el a te rv e r s ions o ft h es hape ,s e eL app 1 961 : 1 44 -49 .T he i n tended c on ten t sa r eu nknown .T h i sc la s s ,t o o , mu s th ave o r ig ina ted i nt h ee a s ter n Med i te r ranean . L i s to fC la s s Ca mpho ra s : A 107 ( Depo s i t7 ;p l .2 8 ) .

a n ima l so rc a r t st os h ip s .A cco rd ing t oS t er n( p .3 5 ) ,t h et a l l h and led v a r ie ty d a te st ot h ef i f th a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie sB .C . , t h e s ho r t -hand led v a r ie ty t ot h e s even th t of i f th c en tu r ie s . T he e xamp le c a ta logued b yZ eme rh a s ac apac i ty o f5 1 .51 .

C la s sD : Herod ian Smoo th - Wa l l ed B ag Amphora .T he

G reec e ,R hodes ,a nd C yp rus h ave a l lb een s ugge s ted a st h e p lace o fo r ig in .T he c on ten t sa r eu nknown .J udg ing f r om t h e h i s to ry o ft h es i te a nd t h eh e igh to ft h eh and le s ,t h eC a e sa rea e xamp le p robab ly d a te st owa rd st h ee nd o ft h ec h rono log i c a lr a nge o ft h ec l a ss .T he l o ca t ion w he r eA 32 w a sf ound i s c ons i s ten tw i th e i the re r o s ion o f at e r re s t r ia ld epo s i to rt h e s ca t ter ing o f as h ipw reck . L is to fC las s Aa mpho ra s : A 32 ( un s tra t i f ied ; f i g . 5 ) .

g ene ra ls hape o fv e s se ls i nt h i sc l a s si sp a r to ft h et r ad i t ion b eh ind C la s se s Ba nd C ,b u tt h ev e s se ls a r el a rge ra nd mo re h eav i ly b u i l t .T he o n ly d a ted p a ra l le lb e longs t ot h eH e rod ian p e r iod . T he p i tch ing o ft h ei n te r io ro fA 33 s ugge s t st h a ti t m ay h ave c on ta ined w ine . L i s to fC la s s Da mpho ra s : A 33 ( uns t ra t i f ied ;p l . 1 ) . A 33 . A rea HI:g rave l l a ye r . B roken , n ea r ly c omp le te , s t a ined ;s ma l lf r agmen t so fb ody w a l lm is s ing .I n te r io r p i tched ;r im s t a ined w i th p i tch . H0 . 56 ;W 0 . 30 ;r im D 0 . 105 .C apa c i ty :2 71 .C oa r se ,s andy ,d a rk g rey ( 7 .5YR 4 /0 ) f a b r ic w i th o c ca s iona l g r ey i n c lus ion s . R edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 8 )t op ink i sh w h i te ( 7 .5YR 8 / 2 )s l ipped ( ? )e x te r io rs u r f ac e . P l . 1 . C la s s : C la s sD . P a ra l le l s :D o than 1 971 :f i g .2 1 :2 ,p l . 1 8 .3 ( A shdod , H e rod ian , h a rd y e l low ish c l ay ) ; Z eme r 1 978 : 4 3 , 4 5 , n o . 3 6 ( f ound i ns ea o f fC ae sa rea , f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , " f ine ly l e v iga ted y e l low i sh c l ay , m e ta l l ic" ) .

A 32 . S po rad ic f i nd : s and p ocke t 1 00 m NW o fA rea J . B roken , i n comp le te ; h and le a nd a d jacen t p o r t ion o f b ody w a l l . H and le H 0 . 10 , D0 . 042 . R edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 /6 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe red w i th l i gh t c o l o u red s and .L igh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 /4 )c o re . C la s s : A . P a ra l le l s :S t e rn 1 978 :3 5 ,f i g .8 . 12 -14 ,p l .2 5 .10 -12 ; Z eme r1 978 : 3 0 -31 ( w i th f u r the rr e f e rences ) ;G je r s tad 1 960 : 1 20 -21 , f i g . 1 5 ; P .W . L app 1 970 : 1 83 ; S t e rn 1 982 : 10 -12 ,f i gs . 1 56 -58 . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( Cyp ru s? ) . C h rono logy : f ou r th c en tu ry B .C .

O r ig in : P a les t ine . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

C la s s B : He l len i s t ic Smoo th - Wa l l ed B ag Amphora . T h i ss hape ,w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted i nn o r the rn a nd c en t ra lI s ra e l

C la s sE :K nob -Foo ted ,C or ruga ted B ag Amphora .T he a mpho ra so ft h i sc l a s sh ave ab ag s hape s im i la rt ot h a to ft h e a mpho ra so fC la ss 4 6 /62 ,b u ts l igh t ly e l onga ted ,a nd t e rm i n a t ing i n as ma l lk nob f oo t .L ike C la s s4 6 /62 ,t h ee x te r io ri s c omp le te ly c ove red w i th r i dge s —bu tf l a t topped ,w ide r i dge s a nd g roove s ,r a the rt h an s ha rp -edged c omb ing .A tt h es ame t ime , t h ed imens ion sa nd p rof i le o ft h er ough e a rh and le s ,

a nd t h e c oa s t o ft h e S ha ron p l a in , o r ig ina ted i nt h e L a te B ronze A ge b u t c on t inued t o b e p roduced t h rough t h e H e l len i s t ic p er iod ( f o r as ho r td i scus s ion ,s e eZ eme r 1 978 : 3 1 -32 ) . T yp ica l l a te e l even th -cen tury p r edeces so r s w i th s l igh t ly p o in ted b a se sw e re f ound n ea rby a tT e l Mevo ra ld i ( S te rn 1 978 : 6 9 , f i g . 1 9 .1 -3 , p l . 3 9 .1-2 ) . T he re i ss ome v a r ia t ion i nt h ep o s i t ion o ft h es imp le e a rh and le sa nd s hape

s hou lde r ,a nd t h ick c o l la rr im a r es im i la rt ot hos eo fC la s s4 9 a mpho ra s .F u r the rmo r e ,o ne e xamp le c a ta logued w i th A 50 ( Depo s i t2 )h a st h ec l ay p ack ing a r ound i t sr im w h ich i ss a id t ob e t y p ica l o f t h e C la s s 4 9 a mpho ra s f ound o n l a nd a t

o ft h e t yp ica lc o l la rr im , a nd t h eb ody w a l l s c an b e e i the r s l igh t ly c onvex o rc oncave . Z eme rd e sc r ibe s t h e f a b r ic a s " r a the rc oa r se r ed c l ay ,w e l lf i red ," b u tt h ep a ra l le ls c i ted f o r

C ae sa r ea ( c f .A 74 ) .K eay ( 1 984 :2 79 )c i te sa ne xamp le o fh i s

A 106 a r e c l o se r i n c o lou r a nd t e x tu re t o t h e C ae sa rea e xamp le . T he s hape a nd f a b r ic f i t i nw i th t h e t r ad i t ion o f n on -Aegean s h ipp ing a mpho ra s c ommon i n t h e e a s t er n Med i te r ranean f r om t h es even th c en tu ry B .C . t h rough t h e H e l len is t ic p e r iod , s o a n o r ig in i n t h i s r e g ion i sl i ke ly . V a r ia t ion so n t h e s hape c on t inue i n to t h eH e rod ian p e r iod ( s ee L app 1 961 : 1 44 -49 ,a nd C la s se s Ca nd D b e low ) .T he i n tended c on ten t sa r eu nknown .

T ype L IV ( C la s s 4 9 ) a mpho ra s ( i n f a c t , h e w r i te s " Type L I I I ," b u tt h e c on tex ti s ad i scus s ion o fT ype L IV ) w i th a " bu t ton" f oo t f r om t h e P a la eo -Ch r is t ian c eme te ry o f S an S eu r in . Iw a s u nab le t oc on su l t t h ep ub l ica t ion h e c i te s a s f o r thcom ing . T he f ab r ic o f C la s s Ea mpho ra s i sh a rde r , s and ie r , a nd l e s s w e l l l e v iga ted t h an t h a t o f C la s s 4 9 . I t c on ta ins f r equen t i n c lus ions o fp ebb le s o rl ump s o fl ime , a nd b ubb le so rs pa l l ing a r ee v iden to ns eve ra le xamp le s( e .g . A 50 ,D epo s i t2 ) . Ic ou ld n o ti d en t i fy a ny e xac tp a ra l le l sf o rt h is s hape ,b u t

L is to fC la s s B ampho ra s : A 106 ( D epo s i t7 ;p l .2 8 ) .

t wo a mpho ra s f ound i nt h e m id f i r s t -cen tu ry D ramon tD

1 9

C hap ter I : U n s tra t i f ied C e ram ic s w r eck w e re v e ry s im i la r( J onche ray 1 973 :2 2 -23 ,2 8 -29 ,3 6 3 7 ,p l .V .1 ,T ype I I ) .T hey a r er e la t ive ly s ho r t ,b ag shaped a mpho ra s , w i th c o r ruga ted e x te r io r s , c o l la rr im s , e a rh an d l e sa tt h eb a se o ft h es ho r ts hou lde r , a nd as ma l l ,p o in t ed b a se t h a ta lmo s tq ua l i f ie sa s ap eg .J onche ray d e s c r ibe st h e c l ay a sv e ry f i ne ,r e db rown ,w i th ag r ey s u r f ac e( p .2 8 ) .I t i ss t r ik ing t o n o te t h a t t h e r e s t o f t h e c a rgo ( o r s t o r e s ) i n c luded K oan a nd R hod ian a mpho r a s —a long w i th e xam p l e so ft h eD r e s se l2 -4 a nd 7 11 c l a s se s— lead ing J onche ray t op o s tu la te av oyage t h a tb egan i nt h eA egean ,t h eL evan t , o rE gyp t( pp .3 8 -40 ) .H en o t e st h a th i sT yp eI Ia mpho r a sa r e u npa ra l le led i nt h e We s ta tt h i s p e r iod , a nd f i nd sh i sb e s t p a ra l le l si nt h eB ronze A ge a nd B yzan t ine N ea rE a s t( p p . 3 6 -37 ) .T he c h rono logy a nd c e r am ic c omp lex o ft h i sw r eck s i te f i tv e ry w e l lw i th t h ec on t ex to ft h ec l ay l a ye ri nA r ea Di. T he.D ramon t Wr eck D , T ype I I a mpho ra h a s s i nce b een r e cogn ized i nf i r s t -cen tu ry d epo s i t si nB r i ta in a nd F l av ian d epo s i t si nR ome ,w he r ei ti sc a l led t h eK ing sho lm 17 T yp e ( s ee D eC ap ra rl i se te l . 1 988 : 3 05 -8 ) . T he a mpho ra so fC la s s Es hou ld b e s e en a s ar o ugh ly m anuf ac tu red ,h eavy H e rod ian o rE a r ly R oman v a r ia t ion o n t h e P a le s t in ian B ag Ampho ra ( C la s s4 6 /62 ,a nd C la s sB ) . E xcep tf o rt h ea b sence o ft h ep eg f oo t ,t h e r ea r es ome g ood p r eceden t s a tA shke lon i nt h e l a t e r s e cond c en tu ry B .C . ( Do than 1 971 :I ,p .6 0 ,I ,f i g .2 2 .1 )a nd t h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ( I , p .6 0 , I , f i g . 2 3 .1 ) . F o r ap o s s ib le f i r s t -cen tu ry B .C . p r eceden tw i thou te x t e r io rc o r ruga t ion s ,s e eD o than 1 971 : I ,p . 4 9 , I , f i g . 1 2 .1 -2 . T he e l onga t ed , c o r ruga t ed b ag a mpho ra o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry f r om J a f f a( Kap lan 1 964 :6 ,f i g . 1 . 1 )i sag ood p a ra l le l ,e xcep tf o rt h ea b sence o f af o o t ,a nd af i ne rr im p rof i le .T he r e cen td i scove ry o fC la s s4 8a mpho r a si nt h es ame F lav ian d epo s i ti nR ome m en t ioned a bove ( De C ap ra r i i se ta l . 1 988 : 3 10 -15 )i sas t r ik ing d emon s t ra t i on t h a t t h e t y po log ie s a nd c h rono log ie s o f t h e se a mo r p hou s c l a s se s o f P a le s t in ian b ag a mpho r a s may r e qu i r e m uch r ef inemen t .T he a l te rna t ive e xp lana t ion o ft h ea mpho r a so fC la s s Ea sv a r ia t ion so nt h eG aza w ine a mpho r ao ft h e B yzan t ine p e r iod w ou ld r e qu i r ee xp lana t ion o ft h ea b sence o f o t he r s i gn if i can t c e ram ic e v idence f o r t h e B yzan t ine p e r iod f r om t h e c l ay l a ye r i n A rea D l . A n i n te r e s t ing t r an s i t iona lp i ece d a t ing t ot h eB yzan t ine p e r iod w a sf o und i n ac i s te rn a tJ e ra sh ( Ra s son & S e igne 1 989 : 1 4 1 ,f i g .1 .7 ) . T h i sa mpho ra h a st h es ame s hap ea sa mpho r a so fC la s sE , b u t ad imp le f oo t , a nd h and le s t h a t a r e l a rge r a nd p l a ced f a r the r d own t h e s hou lde r . T he p r e sence o fp i tch o n t h e i n t e r io ro fm any o f t h e e xamp le s o fC la s s Ea tC a e sa r ea s ugge s t st h a tt h ec on ten t sw e r ew ine . L i s to fC la s s Ea mpho ra s :A 34 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ;f i g .5 ) ,A 46 ( D epo s i t1 ;f i g .2 4 ) ,A 50 ( D epo s i t2 ,s i xe xamp le s ;p l . 1 8 ) , A 65 -A67 ( D epo s i t3 ;f i g s .3 4 -35 ) ,A 78 ( D epo s i t4 ;f i g .4 1 ) . A 34 . A rea HI:s a nd a nd g r ave l 0 . 40 m b e low s u r f a ce . B rok en ,i n comp le te ;f r agmen to fr im ,h and le ,s hou lde r . R im D 0 . 105 . H o le ( D0 . 008 )d r i l led i n to s hou lde ri n a n t iqu i ty ,a tl e ve lo fh and le s .F i ne ,h a rd ,v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N /3 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing q ua r tz s a nd a nd o cca s i ona l w h i t e i n c lu s ion s . L igh tg r ey ( 7 .5YR N /7 ) s u r f a ce . C la s s :C la s sE . P a ra l le l s :S ee i n t roduc t ion .T he p u rpo se o ft h es ma l l h o le d r iled t h rough t h es hou lde ri sd i scu s s ed b yL ev ine 2 0

a nd N e tze r ( 1 986 : 9 3 -95 ) . T hey c onc lude t h a t s u ch h o le sc ou ld h ave s e rved o ne o rs e ve ra lo f an umb e ro f p u rpo se s : a s a n o u t le t f o r c a rbon d i ox id e p roduc ed d u r ing s e conda ry f e rmen ta t ion ,a sa ni n le tf o ro xygen t op romo t e ma tu r ing a nd d eve lopmen to f ab ouque t ,o r a s as pou tf o rp ou r ing w ine a f t e rt h es t oppe rh ad b een r emoved . T he l a s ta pp l ica t ion s e em s t h e mo s tl i ke ly o ne ,b u tt h e r ea r ee xamp le so fs u ch h o le st h a th av eb een r e sea led ( L ev ine & N e tze rp p . 1 00 ,i l . 1 0 1 ) ,a nd t h e p o s s ib i l i ty mu s tb ec on s ide r ed t h a tt h ey w e r em ad et o f a c i l i ta t es e conda ry u s eo ft h ea mpho r a sa sw a t e rj a r s . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry?

C la s sF :S ub -Rhod ian .T he e l onga t ed f u s ifonn s hape o f t h i sa mpho ra r e semb le st h a to ft h e l a te f i r s t -cen tu ry B .C . R hod ian a mpho ra sf o und i nt h es ame a r ea ( s ee A 94 ,D epo s i t 7 ) ,b u tt h es moo th ly c u rv ing h and le sl a ck t h et y p ica lR hod ian e l bow s , a nd t h e f a b r ic i sd i f f e ren t . L oca l a nd r e g iona l p a ra l le l s r i m i nd a te f r om t h e P e r s ian p e r iod t ot h e l a t e s e cond -ea r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .T he s l im s hape s e em sm o r e i nk eep ing w i th t h el a te rd a t e ,a nd i tw ou ld a cco rd w i th a n o r ig in i nt h ee a s t er n Med i te r r anean .T he r e semb lance t ot h e s h ap e o ft h e R hod ian a mpho ra s ugge s t s t h a tt h e i n tended c on ten t sw a sw ine . L i s to fC la s s Fa mpho ra s : A 96 ( Depo s i t7 ;f i g . 5 2 ) .

C la s sG :D oub le - Mou th J a r . A l though t h e re a r es om e s i gn if i can t v a r ia t ion s i ns hape , t h e e i gh te xamp le s o ft h i s c l a s sf o und i nD epo s i t 7a tC a e sa rea c an b ep l ac ed i n as i ng le c l a s s .D e sp i t et h ea t yp ica ls hape ,t h ey a r et e rmed a mpho ra s b ecau se o f s i ze , f a b r ic , a nd p robab le f u n c t ion . T hey a l e xh ib i t t h e s ame f a b r ic , s im i la rd imen s ion s , a nd f o l low a s i ng le , h i gh ly c ha ra c te r i s t ic d e s ign : c yl inde r s w i th aw id e m ou th a te i the re nd d ema r ca t ed b y al ow r im . T h r ee s ub c l a s s e sc an b ei d en t if i ed b ys hape .T he r ep r e sen ta t ive so ft h e f i r s ts ub type ( A97 -A99 ) a r ec i ga r -shap ed , e s sen t ia l ly t h e s ame d imen s ion sa te i the re nd ,w i th i d en t ica ls l igh t ly s p r ead i n g , s imp le c o l la rr im s . As e cond s ub typ e( A100 )h a st h e s ame c i ga rs hap ef o rh a lf i t sl e ng th ,t h en t a p e r sm a rked ly t o as l ight ly c oncave -wa l led c yl inde rt h a tt e rm ina t e sw i thou ta d i s t inc tr im . T he t h i rd s ub typ e ( A101 -A104 ) e xh ib i t sa n e l onga t ed b e l l shap ed b ody ,t a pe r ing ma rked ly t o as imp le s p read ing r im a to ne e nd a nd s p r ead ing s l igh t ly t o as imp le , f l a t edged r im a tt h eo t he r . When d i scove red , t h e v e s se l s w e r el y ing h o r izon ta l ly , mo r eo rl e s ss i de b ys i de ,i no ne o f t h er o ck -cu tt a nk so fA rea J( Depo s i t7 ;R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 1 46 -47 ) . T he c on t ex t s hou ld b e l a te H e l len i s t ic t oE a r ly R oman i nd a te . Ih ave n o tb een a b le t oi d en t i fy a ny c l o se p a ra l le l s f o r t h e se v e s s e l s o r t om ake as e cu r e d e te rm ina t ion o ft h e i r f u nc t ion .S ome d oub le -mou thed P un ic a mpho r a sw e r ef ound o n t h e P o r t ic e l lo w r eck o f t h e l a t e f i f th o r e a r ly f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . ( E i seman 1 973 : 1 5 19 , T ype 2 ;E i seman & R idgway 1 987 : 4 2 -48 ) , b u tt h ey a r e much l a r ge rt h an t h e C a e sa r ea e xamp le s ( L0 . 85 -1 .12 ) , t h ey h ave t wo e a rh an d l e s , a nd t h e i rs hap e i s mo r ec y l ind r ica l . P r e sumab ly a m p ho ra so ft h i sd e s ign w ou ld h ave b een u sed a sc on ta ine r sf o r as em i so l id o rs o l id s ub s tance s uch a ss a l ted o rp i ck led f i sh ;

I LB : Amphora s t h e p r e sence o f as e cond o pen ing w ou ld h ave f a c i l i ta ted p ack ing ,u npa ck ing ,a nd c l ean ing ,a nd i tc ou ld b ep l ugged r e la t ive ly e a s i ly w i th ac l ay s t oppe r( E is eman & R idgway 1 987 :4 7 ) .E i seman a nd R idgway s ugge s tt h a tt h ea mpho r a s m ay h ave b een c a r ry ing av a r ie ty o ff i sh -p roduc t s , s i nc e t h e re a r ev a r ia t ion si nt h es hape o ft h e se P un ic c on ta ine r s , a nd s ome w e r ep i t ched w h i le o t he r sw e r en o t( p .4 7 ) .T he d e s ign o ft h er ims o ft h eC ae sa r ea c l a s sm igh th ave b een i n tended t of a c il i ta te t h eu se o fs t r ing t ot i es k in c ove r so ve r e i the re nd .T he a b sence o fp i t ch o nt h ei n te r io ri si na cco rd w i th s u ch a na ppl ica t ion .P on s ich a nd T a r rade l l( 1 965 :1 03 ) s ugge s tt h a ts a l ted f i sh w e re p acked a nd s h ipped i na mpho r a s ,b u tP eacock a nd W i l l iam s( 1 986 :3 9 )n o t et h a tt h et i t u l i p i c t i f ound o n a mpho ra s s o f a r p rov id e l i t t le s uppo r t ing e v idence . I th a sb een s ugge s ted ( Raban 1 993 : 2 90 ) t h a ts ome o f t h e se v e s se l ss e r ved a sp i pe s e c t ion s .C e r ta in ly t h ev e s s e l s o fs ub -c la s s e s 2a nd 3c ou ld h ave b een made t os e r ve a s s e c t ion so f ap i pe l ine ,s i nce t h e i rs ma l le re nd sd of i ti n to t h e l a rge re nd so fs im i la rv e s se l s . C iga r shaped p i pe s e c t ion s w e r ef ound a tS a ra f and ( P r i t cha rd 1 978 :5 8 -59 ; Lc a .0 . 55 , mou th D c a .0 . 12 ; l a t ef i r s tc en tu ry? ) , f o re xamp le ,a nd a t G e la ( O r land in i &A dame s teanu 1 960 : 1 88 -89 ,f i g s .8 9 ;L c a .0 . 80 ;t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ) .B o th t h e se p ipe l ine s ,h oweve r , m ay h ave b e en p u tt o ge the rw i th c i ga r shap ed a mpho ra so f w h ich t h eb a se sw e re i n ten t iona l ly k nocked o f f .I na ny c a se , t h ed e s ign o fC ae sa rea s ub type 1w ou ld m ake i t su s ea sp i pe s e c t ion sv e ry d i f f icu l t ,a nd t h eo t he rt wo s ub type st a p e rt o o s h a rp ly a tt h e i rn a r row e nd t of u nc t ion e ff ic ien t ly a sp i pe s e c t ion s . I n ten t iona l ly d e s igned t e r ra co t ta w a te rp i pe s e c t i on sw e r ea lway ss haped t of i tt i gh t ly o ne i n to a no the r ,w i th w e l l -ma rked i n se t sa nd f l ange s( e .g .L a s t 1 975 ) . F ina l ly ,t h es hap eo fs ub type 3s upe rf ic ia l ly r e semb le s t h a to f ap o ts t and , ac ommon s hape i nt h eN ea rE a s tf r om t h e B ronze A ge t h rough t h e R oman p e r iod ( e .g . D o than 1 97 1 :I ,p .1 00 ,I ,p .9 9 ,f i g .4 4 .14 -16 ,1 8 ,I r on A ge I ;S t e rn 1 978 : f i g . 8 . 22 ,P e r s ian p e r iod ;C row foo te ta l . 1 957 : 1 84 8 5 ,f i g .2 8 .6 11 ," I s ra e l i te" ;K ap lan 1 964 :1 -12 ,f i g .2 . 6 ,p l . 4 . 9 , J a f f a , m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) . Mo s ts u ch s t and s , h oweve r , h ave s e c t ion so ft h e i rw a l l sc u to u tf o rd eco ra t ion o rt oa low h ea t ing . I na ny c a se , t h ej ux tapo s i t ion o f t h e s ub type 3 e xamp le s w i th t h o se o f t h e o t he r t wo s ub typ e s —wh ich w ou ld n o th ave b een a b le t of u nc t ion a ss t and s— sugge s t s t h a ts u ch af unc t ion i su n l ike ly . I nv i ew o ft h ea b sence o fg ood p a ra l le l s , t h e f u nc t ion , p rovenance ,a nd c h rono logy o ft h e se v e s se l sr ema in u nde t e rm ined . T he c on tex t , h oweve r , s ugge s t s ad a te i n t h e s e cond o rf i r s tc en tu ry B .C .T he o ve ra l lv e s se ls hape sa nd r im p rof i le s a r e o c ca s iona l ly r em in i scen t o fj a r s o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .c a ta logued i nL app 1 96 1 ( 148 , 1 54 ) . L i s to fC la s s Ga mpho ra s : A 97 -A104 ( Depo s i t7 ;f i g s . 5 2 -53 ;p l s . 2 7 -28 ) .

C la s sH :I m i ta t ion D r e s se l2 -4 .T he f i ve v e s se l si nt h i s c l a s sb ea r ag ene r ic r e semb lance t oC la s s 1 0( D r e s se l2 4 ) a mpho ra s : t h ey h ave t a l lc y l ind r ica ln eck s , as ha rp j o in to r as l igh to f f se t a to rn ea r t h e b a se o ft h e n eck , a nd f a i r ly s imp le , r e la t ive ly s ma l l r im s ( s ee a bove ) . T hey d i f f e r ,

h oweve r , i nt h eu se o fs i ng le r od h and le st h a th ave o n ly a d eep ly c u tl o ng i tud ina lg r oove t oa l lude t ot h eh e r i tage o f d oub le r od h and le s , a nd i nh av ing e i the r u nde r cu t h a l f r o und o rp ro je c t ing t r i angu la rr im s .T h i sc l a s sf a l l si n to t wo s ub -g roup s , b a sed o n s h ape a nd — to al e s se r e x ten t —on f a b r ic : 1 )A 51 ( D epo s i t 2 ) , A 79 -A80 ( D epo s i t4 ) a nd 2 ) A 8 1 -A82 ( D epo s i t4 ) .D e sp i t ed i f f e rence si nr im a nd n eck p rof i le a nd f a b r ic ,b o th g r oup ss e em t ob ei m i ta t ing t h ev e ry c ommon D re s se l 2 -4 w ine a mpho ra , i t se lf a n i m i ta t ion o f t h e K oan w ine a mpho ra . T he l o ng i tud ina l g roove o n t h e h and le i saf e a tu r eo fs ome R oman a mpho ra si nt h ew e s te rn , r a the rt h an t h ee a s t e rn Med i te r r anean ( s ee R i ley 1 979 : 1 6 1 , f i g .7 7 ,D 147 ,E a r ly R oman Ampho ra 8 ;P anela 1 972 :8 3 , f i g s . 1 8 -2 1 ; P ea co ck & W i l l iam s 1 986 : 15 [ C la s s 1 5 , B ae t ica ] , 18 [ C la s s 1 6 , S ou ther n S pa in ] , 1 32 [ C la s s 2 3 , S pa in? ] ,1 42 [ C la s s2 7 ,S .F ranc e ] ,1 38 [ C la s s3 0 ,S . Fr ance ] ) , a nd f o r t h i s r e a son d i r ec t i m i ta t ion o ft h e u l t ima t e K oan p ro to typ ei sl e s sl i k e ly .G ua sch ( 1 977 : 5 1 ,f i g . 3 . 1 -2 )c l a s s i f i e sa sD r e s se lT ype 2 3t wo a mpho ra sf r om aC a ta lan s i t e t h a th ave g rooved r a the rt h an d oub le r od h and le s ,b u tt h ey a r ec l o se rt ot h et y p ica lD re s se l2 4s h ape t h an t h o se o fo u r C la s s H( f o ro t he rg r ooved h and le s ,s e eh i sf i g s .2 22 ) .F o r o t he rD re s se l2 -4 a mpho ra sw i th s i ng le h and le sc a r ry ing a s ha rp ly c u t g roove , s e e P ane l la & F ano 1 977 : f i g . 5 2 , F a r i f la sd e lC e r ro 1 977 :p l .I V .13 ,V I .93 ,T che rn ia & V ila 1 977 : f i g . 5 .I tm ay b e t h a t t h e b ounda r ie s o f C la s s 1 0 ( D r e s se l2 4 )w i l lu l t ima te ly b ee xpanded t oi n c lude a mpho r a so ft h ec l a s sc on s t ruc t ed h e re .R i ley ( p .1 69 )s ugge s t st h a t h i sE a r ly R oman Ampho ra 1 2a tB enghaz i ,o ne o ft h ef ew p a ra l le l sf o rA 81 a nd A 82 ,w a s al o ca li m i ta t ion o fh i sK oan E a r ly R oman Ampho ra 2c l a s s ,b u tt h e ERA 1 2a mpho r a s h ave s l igh t ly f l u t ed r a the rt h an g rooved h and le s .T he s hape a nd t h e p r e sence o fp i t ch o n t h e i n te r io ro fs eve ra lo ft h e CAHEP a mpho ra ss u gge s t st h a tt h ey w e re i n tended t oc a r ry w ine . T he d eep , s h a rp ly d ef ined h and le g roove o n t h e CAHEP e xamp le s f i nd s i t s b e s t p a ra l le l s i n c l a s se s o f a mpho ra st h a td a t ef r om t h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t ot h es e cond o r t h i rd c en tu ry A .C . ( s ee R i ley p . 1 6 1 ; P ane l la p . 8 3 ; P ea cock & W i l l iam sC la s s1 6 ) .T he C la s s1 6a mpho ra sw e r e u s ed t ot r an spo r t f i sh s a uce r a the r t h an w ine ( P eaco ck & W il iam sp . 18 ;a l so P ane l la ) ,b u tt h ey h ave av e ry d i f f e ren t b ody a nd r im s hape t h an e xamp le so fo u rC la s sH . L i s to fC la s s Ha mpho ra s :A 51 ( D epo s i t2 ;f i g .2 6 ) ,A 79 A 82 ( D epo s i t4 ;f i g .4 1 ) .

C la s sI :S ub -Ch ian .J udg ing f r om t h ep ub l i shed p a ra l l es a nd f r om t h ep i tch l i n ing ,t h et wo e xamp le si nt h i sc l a s s s hou ld b eE a r ly R oman w ine a mpho ra s ,p robab ly m anuf a c t u r ed i nt h ee a s te rn Med i te r ranean . T he s hape r ef lec t st h e t r ad i t ion o fC h ian w ine a mpho ra s( s ee G ra ce 1 962 :f i g s .4 4 4 5 ) . L i s to fC la s s Ia mpho ra s :A 83 -A84 ( Depo s i t4 ;f i g .4 1 ) .

C la s sJ :S ub -K oan . E xamp le so ft h i s c l a s s h ave b een f o und a t an umb e ro fs i te sa l ong t h ec oa s to fI s ra e l —A th l i t , H ade ra ,J a f f a ,a nd A shdod —a sw el a si nA then s ,P apho s , a nd A nemu r ium . T he r ei s ad i scu s s ion i n Wi l l iam s 1 989 : 9 1 -94 ( Ampho ra T ype A ) .T he d a te sr a nge f r om l a te s e cond

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C hap t er I : U ns t ra t if i ed C eram ic s al o ng d i scu s s ion o ft h i sr e la t ed t y pe i nK eay 1 984 :2 68 7 8 ,T yp eL I I IC ,R /4 / ,f i g . 1 20 .5 ( f i r s th a l ff i f th t ol a t e r s e ven th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : u ndet e rm ined . C h rono logy : f i f th s ix th c en tu ry . A3 6 . A rea HI:r ubb le l a ye r . B roken , i n comp le te , e n c ru s t ed ; r im , n e ck , h and le s , p o r t ion o f s hou lde r . I n t e r io rp i t ched .R im D 0 . 065 .H a rd ,s a ndy ,d a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 3 / 2 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing n ume rou s s ma l l w h i t e s p eck s . C la s s :C la s sK ,r e la t ed t oC la s s5 4? P a ra l le l s : c f . R ob in son 1 959 : 4 3 , n o . G 197 , p l . 8 ( l a t ef i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) ; R i ley 1 979 : 2 32 ,f i g . 9 4 ,n o .D 375 ;H aye s 1 983 : 1 42 -43 ,n o .A ll ( p r eA .D . 1 50 ) ;L ev ine & N e tz e r 1 986 : 1 02 -3 ,f i g s . 1 04 ,2 . 6 . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : s i x th -seven th c en tu ry?

c en tu ry /ea r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry A .C . T he b i f id h and le sa nd t h ed a te r a nge b o th f i ti nw i th P ea cock a nd W i ll iam s 'C la s se s1 0( "Koan T ype" )a nd 1 ( " P seudo K oan" ) ( 1986 : 1 05 -8 ) ,b u tt h en eck a nd h and le so ft h i sc l a s s a r e mo re s qua ta nd s qua re , a nd t h ef a b r ic i sd i f f e r en t . T he d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn ,s h ape ,a nd p r e sence o fp i tch a ls ugge s t t h a tt h i s wa s aw ine a mpho ra manu f a c tu r ed s om ewhe r ei n t h ee a s t e rn Med i te r r anean d u r ing t h ee a r ly e mp i r e . Ak i ln s i t ef o rt h i sa mpho ra t y pe w a sf o und a tA nemu r ium ( W i ll iam s 1 989 : 9 2 ) , b u t , o n t h e b a s i s o f f a b r ic , W il iam s s ugge s t s p roduc t ion a to t he rc en t r e sa sw el .T he f a b r ic o ft h eC ae s a r ea e xamp le i s ,i nf a c t , d i f f e r en tf r om t h a to ft h e A nemu r ium f a b r ic s . L i s to fC la s s Ja mpho ra s : A8 5( Depo s i t4 ;f i g .4 1 ) .

C la s s K:Sma l l -Mo u thed Gl o bu lar Am phora s . Nop r e c i se p a ra l le l sw e r ef o und f o re i the ro ft h e s ea mpho ra s ,b u t t h ey s how ag ene r ic r e semb lance t o av a r ie ty o fc l a s se so f s ma l l -mou thed ,r o und -bod ied a mpho r a so ft h eR oman a nd B yzan t ine p e r iod s .P ea cock a nd W i ll iam s 'C la s s5 4( 1 986 : 2 08 -9 ) ,w h ich i n c lude st h eB engha z iL a te R oman Ampho ra 1 3( R i ley 1 979 : 2 31 -32 , s e ven th t oe i gh th c en tu r ie s ) ,i sa n a pp rox ima te p a ra l le l f o r b o th v e ss e l s . A3 6 i ss im i la r i n s hap ea nd f a b r ic t oL ev ine a nd N e tze r 's Ampho ra T ype 6 ( 1 986 : 1 02 -3 , f i g s . 1 04 , 2 . 6 ) -a l so f o und a tt h eC a e sa r ea H ippod rome ( R i ley 1 975 : 3) . T he r e i s ,h oweve r , a l so a c l o se s im i la r i ty i ns hape ,r im ,a nd s moo th s u r f a ce t r ea tmen t w i th al a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond -cen tu ry a mpho ra f r om t h e A go ra i nA then s( Rob in son 1 959 :4 3 ,n o .G 197 ,p l .8 ) .T h i s i sH aye s 1 983 Ampho ra T ype 2 ( pp . 1 42 -43 ) , w h ich i s c ommon i nA then sa nd t h eC o r in th ia i nt h es e cond c en tu ry , i nt h ef o rm o fl o ca l f a b r ic s . T he re a r e m any a pp rox ima te p a ra l le l sf o r A3 5a sw e l l ,b u tt wo a mpho ra so fu n iden t i f ied o rm i sce l laneou st y pe a tC ae sa rea a nd B e r en ic ea r es ome w ha tc l o se ri ns hape ( s ee b e low ) .T he p r e senc eo fp i t ch o n t h e i n t e r io r o f b o th a mpho ra s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e i n tended c on ten tw a sw ine . L i s to fC la s s Ka mpho ra s : A3 5 - A3 6( u n s t ra t if ied ;f i g .5 ) .

U nc la s s if i ed R oman a nd B y zan t ine Amphora s . T he a mpho r a sf o rw h ich p a ra l le l sc ou ld n o tb ef o und o r c ou ld n o tb ei d en t i f ied w i th a ny c e r ta in ty ,o rf o rw h ich t h e p a ra l le l sw e re i n suff ic ien tt od ef ine ac l a s s ,a r el i s t ed h e re b y e xcava t ion a r ea . L i s to fU nc la s s i f ied R oman a nd B yzan t ine a mpho r a s : A3 7 -A4 3( u n s t ra t i f ied ;f i g s .5 -6 ,p l .2 ) , A5 2 -A5 4( D epo s i t 2 ;f i g .2 6 ) , A6 8( D epo s i t3 ;f i g . 3 5 ) , A8 6 -A8 8( Depo s i t4 ; f i g s .4 1 -42 ) . A3 7 . A rea F :r u bb le n o r th o fP l a t fo rm . B roken , i n com p l e te ;p o r t ion o fs t amped h and le ( u ppe re nd m i s s ing ) . MPL 0 . 18 , D0 . 03 .R ough ly r e c tangu la r ,r e ce s sed s t amp f r ame L0 . 026 ,W0 . 008 .H a rd ,f i ne ly l e v iga ted ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic w i th w h i te ( 1 0YR 8 / 2 )s l ipped ( ? ) s u r f ac e . S t amp : AF IOT ( A a nd rl i ga tu red ) , " o f A g ia s ," o r( much l e s sl i ke ly ) " o fA g io s ." P l .2 . C la s s : u nc la s s if ied . P a ra l le l s : Ih ave n o tb een a b le t oi d en t i fy ap a ra l le l f o rt h es t amp ,a nd t h eh and le p rof i le a nd f a b r ic a r en o t d i s t inc t ive e nough t oa l low e va lua t ion o n t h a t b a s i s . O ne w ou ld e xpec tt h en om ina t ive f o rm o ft h en ame t o b e A g ia s , b u to n K n id ian s t amp s f ound a tD e lo s t h e g en i t ive o fA g ia si s AF IA ( s ee G rac e &S a rva t ianou P e t ropou lakou 1 970 : 31 , n o . E 81 , p . 36 , n o . E 106 e t c . ) . T he se s t amp s d a t e t ot h e l a te s e cond / ea r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , b u t t h ey d o n o t r e semb le i ns hape o r l e t te r ing t h es t amp o n A3 7 . O r ig in : A egean? C h rono logy : R oman?

A3 5 . A rea D : s u r f a ce s a nd a r ound b l ock s . B roken , i n c omp le te ; r im , n eck , h and le s , p o r t ion o f s hou lde r . I n t e r io rp i t ched . R im D 0 . 08 . H a rd , g r ey ( 1 0YR 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe red w i th e qua l a moun t so fw h i t e a nd b l a ck s and . C la s s : C la s sK ,r e la ted t oC la s s5 4? P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 979 :2 33 ,f i g .9 4 ,n o .D 377 ( M i s c e l laneou sL a t e R oman Ampho ra s , t h i s o ne p o s s ib ly r e la ted t oL a te R oman Ampho ra 1 ,f r om ad epo s i to ft h e f i f th s ix th c en tu r ie s ) ;L ev ine & N e tze r 1 986 : 1 32 ,n o . 2 ,f i g .1 . 1( l a t ef i f th s ix th c en tu ry ) ;H i r sch f e ld & B i r ge r 1 988 : 1 03 , f i g . ( 4 50 -500 , R ama t H anad ive ) ; S imo s s i 1 99 1 :2 84 ,2 87 ,n o . 2( Samo sh a rbou r ,f o u r th t os e ven th c en tu ry ) . C ompa re Wa l te r 1 958 : 8 1 , i l . 1 3 ( Samo s , H e ra ion , s e cond h a l ff i f th c en tu ry ) ; Megaw 1 970 -71 : 1 31 , n o . 2 2 , f i g . 5 . 22 ( Papho s , s e ven th c en tu ry ) ; P ensabene 1 981 : 1 97 ,n o . 1 ,f i g .1 . 1( Pa la t ine ," D r e s se l 3 4T ype ," w ide sp r ead i n Med i te r ranean i ns e cond h a l f f ou r th t of i f th c en tu ry ) ;H au tu r run 1 98 1 :2 10 -11 ,n o .8 8 , f i g . 1 87 ( Ka to P apho s ,s i x th seven th c en tu ry ) .T he r ei s

A3 8 . A rea F :r u bb le n o r th o fP l a t fo rm . B rok en , i n com p l e te ;b a s ea nd l owe rt h i rd ( ? )o fb ody w al . MPH 0 . 20 , b a se D 0 . 07 . C oa r se , c r umb ly , l i gh t r e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t emp e r ed w i th b l ack s a nd . Wh i te ( 1 0YR 8 / 2 )s u r f ac e . C la s s : u nc la s s if ied . P a r a l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

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I LB : Amphora s f i r s th a lf s e cond c en tu ry ) ,b u tt h er i ng b a se s e em st o o f i ne a nd t h ef a b r ic m a t ch i sn o tc onc lu s ive . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : R oman?

A 39 . A r ea G : s and b e low s ou thwe s t c o rne r o f b l ock . B rok en , i n comp le t e , s u r f a ce w o rn ; r im , p o r t ion o f n e ck ,o ne h and le .R im D 0 . 135 .H a rd ,w h i te ( 1 0YR 8 / 2 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing i regu la r r e d , b l a ck , a nd w h i t e i n c lu s ion s . C la s s :u nc la s s if ied . P a ra l le l s : T h i sa mpho ra w a s " common" a tQ u se i r a l -Qad im i nt h ef i r s ta nd s e cond -c en tu ry l e ve l so ft h e R oman v i l la ; s e e Wh i tcomb & J ohn son 1 982 : 5 7 ,8 6 8 7 ,p l . 1 6a ( f ab r ic 5 YR 7 / 3 w i th 1 0YR 7 / 3 s l ip ) . T he h eavy ,s l igh t ly o f f s e tc o l la rr im i sr em in i scen to fA 52 ( D epo s i t 2 ) , w h ich s hou ld d a te f r om t h e l a te f i r s t c en tu ry B .C .t ot h ef i r s tA .C .o nt h eb a s i so fi t sc on t ex t . T he u ppe rp o r t ion o fZ eme r1 978 :7 9 -81 ,n o .7 0i sa l so

A 43 . A r ea T : r ubb le f i l l a ga in s t s ou th f a ce . B roken , i n comp le t e ; h and le s , f r agmen to fs hou lde r a nd n eck . R im m i s s ing ;i n t e r io r Da tb a se o fn eck ,0 . 06 .F ine ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing l a rge w h i te i n c lu s ion s . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )c o re . C la s s : u nc la s s if i ed . P a ra l le l s : G iv en t h el o s so ft h er im a nd b ody , i ti s d i ff i cu l tt oi d en t i f y c onv inc ing p a ra l le l s . T he s l an ted o va l h and le p ro f i le i sr em in i scen t o f P ea cock a nd W il iam s ' C la s s 2 3 a mpho ra s , t h i rd t of i f th c en tu ry S pan i sh ( ? )c on ta ine r s ,b u tt h eh and le so fA 43 j o in t h e n eck w el b e low r a the rt h an o nt h er im ,a nd t h ef a b r ic d oe sn o tl o ok r i gh t( 1 986 : 1 32 -33 ) .C la s s2 3i sK eay 's T ype XX I I I( 1 984 : 1 72 -78 ) . Ab e t te r ma t ch f o rf a b r ic i st h eN o r th A f r ican ( ? )K eay T yp e XX IV ( 1 79 -84 ,453 5 4 ) ,a ne a r ly f o u r th t om id f i f th -cen tu ry c l a s s . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : B yzan t ine ?

s im i la r ,b u tt h ef a b r ic d oe sn o tm a tch .H ec omp a r e sh i s p i ec ew i th ma te r ia lo nt h eY a s s iA da Wr eck ,a nd d a t e s i tt ot h es i x th seven th c en tu ry . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s t second c en tu ry . A 40 . A r ea HI:g r ave l l a ye r . B roken , i n comp le t e ; f r ag m en to fn eck ,s hou lde r ,a nd o ne h and le .I n t e r io rp i t ched . R im m i s s ing ; i n te r io r Da tb a se o fn eck ,0 . 05 . G r i t ty , l i gh t r ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th i regu la rr ed ,b l ack ,a nd w h i te s a nd p a r t ic le s . Weak r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 /2 )c o r e . C la s s : u nc la s s if ied . P a ra l le l s :T he s hape o fL ev ine & N e tze r1 986 : 1 03 4 ,f i g .2 . 10 ( Ampho ra T ype 7 ,E gyp t ian o r ig in ,B yzan t i ne )i sq u i t ec l o se ,b u tt h ef a br ic d oe sn o tm a t ch ,a nd t h e l o s so ft h er im o fA 40 m ake sp r ec i se c ompa r i son d i f f icu l t .R ob in son 1 959 :6 9 ,p l . 1 5 ,n o .K 114 ( Ago ra , f i r s t h a lf t h i rd c en tu ry ) , i ss im i la r i ns hap e , b u t t h e f a b r ic ma tch i si n d i f f e r en t( "Coa r se , g r ay t og r een i sh b u f f c l ay w i th g r i t s ; s e l f s l ip ." ) . T h i s g ene ra l s h ape a ppea r s e a r l ie r a tC a e sa r ea a s w e l l ( s ee A 70 , A 83 , D epo s i t4 ) ,b u tt h es l igh t ly r i dged e x te r io rs u r f a ce so f A 40 a nd i t sc omparanda h ave aL a te R oman l o ok t o t h em . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : L a te R oman -Ea r ly B yzan t ine ?

1 .B .5 : Amphora L id so rS t oppe r s . N ow he e l -made a mpho ra l i d sw e r er e cove red d u r ing t h e h a rbou r e xcava t ion s , u n le s s t h ej ug le t K 80 r e cove r ed i n D epo s i t 4i sa c cep ted a sa n" ampho ra s t oppe r ." T he c i r cu la r d i sk w i th p e r fo ra t ed c en t ra l n i pp le t y p ica l o fm any o t he r s i t e s i sa b sen t , p robab ly b ecau se a mpho ra s u sua l ly w e r e o pened a nd t h e i r l i d s d i sca rded o u t s ide t h e i mmed ia t e h a rbou ra r ea . S uch l i d sa r ea l so r e la t ive ly f r ag i le a nd l e s s l i ke ly t ob ep r e se r ved t h an t h ec on ta ine r st h em se lve s .L ev ine a nd N e t ze r( 1 986 : 1 06 -7 ,p .1 25 n o s .1 4 18 )i d en t i fy s e ve ra l b ow l l ike f o rm s w i th ac en t ra l i n te r io r k nob a sa mpho ra s t oppe r s ,a l ong w i th ah eavy c l ay d i sk w i th l a rge ,s o l id l u g . I ti si n t e r e s t ing t h a t b o th t h e s t oppe r s r e cove red i n t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s w e re f a sh ioned b y c h ipp ing c i r cu la r d i sk s o u t o fb ody s h e rd s f r om b a r re l shaped o r g l obu la r a mpho ra s . T he i n fo rma lc ha ra c te ro ft h e se l i d s , c omb ined w i th t h ef a c tt h a tw hee l -made l i d sa r ea b sen t ,s ugge s t st h a t t h e c h ipp ed l i d s w e re m anu f a c tu r ed b y s a i lo r s o r o t he r p e r sonne l i n t h e h a rbou r f o r c a sua l , p e r sona l u s e— fo r e xamp le , t oc ove rt empo ra r i ly a mpho ra sh o ld ing d r ink ing w a t e ro n as h ip ,o rw ine i n at a ve rn o rm e s s -ha l l . As ma l le r ( D0 . 032 )s t oppe ro ft h i st y pe w a sf ound i nt h ef o unda t ion t r enche s o ft h e o c tagona l b u i ld ing a bove t h e I n ne r B a s in ( Magne s s 1 992 : 1 32 , 1 37 -38 , f i g . 5 9 .10 ) . Aw hee l tu rned , b e l l shaped s t opp e r w a s f o und i nt h e I n ne r H a rbou ra r ea d u r ing mo re r e cen te xcava t ion s( Raban e ta l . 1 993 : p a r ti , p .5 2n o . 2 0 ) . T he f a c tt h a tp i tch s t i l la dhe r e st ot h ei n t e r io rs u r f ac eo f A 89 r e in fo r ce sa ni n te rp re ta t ion i n vo lv ing t h ec a sua lr e -us e o fd i sca rd ed s h ipp ing c on ta ine r s . S im i la r l i d s , s ome w i th p i tch o nt h ec oncave s u r f ac e ,w e r ef o und o nt h eY a s s iA da w r eck ,i n ac on t ex ts ugge s t ing t h ey m igh th ave b e longed t o t h e c r ew ( Ba s s &v an D oo rn ick 1 982 : 1 60 -6 1 , f i g s . 8 7 ) . T hey r a nged i nd i ame te rf r om 0 . 04 t o0 . 9m ,a ve rag ing 0 . 06 m . F o r s ho r td i s cu s s ion s o fs t oppe r s , s e e a l so P ea cock &

A 41 . ( A rea HI:g r ave ll a ye r ,0 . 50 b e low s u r f a ce .B roken , i n comp le te ;b a se a nd l owe rh a l f( ? )o fb ody w a l l . MPH 0 . 20 ,b a se D 0 . 07 .C oa r se ,h a rd ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th b l ack s a nd a nd o cca s i ona lw h i te s peck s .G r ey ( 5YR 6 / 1 )c o r e . C la s s : u nc la s s if ied . P a ra l le l s : T he s h ape i sr em in is cen t o f C la s s 2 7 a mpho ra s ( Peacock & W i l l iam s 1 986 : 1 42 -43 , f i r s t t h i rd c en tu ry ) ,b u tt h ef a b r ic d oe sn o tm a tch . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . A 42 . A r ea H2: r ubb le . B roken , i n comp le te ; b a se a nd l owe rh a lf ( ? )o fb ody w a l l .I n te r io rp i tched . MPH 0 . 25 , b a se D 0 . 125 .V e ry f i ne ,h a rd ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic w i th l i gh tg r ey ( 1 0YR 7 / 1 )c o r e . C la s s : u nc la s s if ied . P a ra l le l s : T he s hape i sr em in i scen t o f C la s s 3 1 a mpho ra s( Pea co ck & W i l l iam s1 986 :1 50 ,e a r ly f i r s tt o 2 3

C hap t er I : U n s tra t if i ed C eram ic s W il iam s 1 986 : 5 0 -51 , Z eme r 1 978 : 9 4 -97 , 1 20 . Magne s s ( 1 992 :1 32 )p ropo se st h a ts ome s t oppe r so ft h i st y pe w e r ei n f a c t g am ing p i ece s . O ne c o rk a mpho r a s t oppe r w a s a l so r e cove r ed d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s : W3 ( Depo s i t4 ) . L i s t o f a mpho ra l i d s : A 44 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ; p l . 1 ) , A 89 ( Depo s i t4 ;p l .2 3 ) .

v i de st h eb a s i sf o ro u ra dap t ed w o rk ing d ef in i t ion o fe ach o f t h ew a re s . K i tchen w a r ei n c lude ss hape sa nd f a b r ic ss u i tab le p r ima r i ly f o ru s ei nc ook ing ,a nd t h ev e s se l so f t en s how s i gn so f b u rn ing ( t hu sP ompe ian R ed Wa r eh a sb een i n c luded i nt h i s c a tego ry ) . Mo r ta r ia h ave a l so b een i n c lud e di nt h e Kw a r e , s i nc et h ey a r eu sed i nt h ef ood p r epa ra t ion p roce ss .D ue t o t h ep r e sence o fi mpo r t ed v e s se l s ,c l ay c o lou ra nd f a b r i cv a ry s i gn if i can t ly .C o lou rr a nge sf r om p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )t ov e r y d a rk g r ay ( 2 .5Y N 3 / ) ,a nd t h ef a b r ic m ay b eg r anu la r ,w i t h b l ack , w h i te o rt e r r aco t ta i n c lu s ion sw h ich s ome t ime se x c eed 0 . 002 m i nd i ame te r . T he s h ape s i n c lude s auc ep an s , r o und -bo t tomed p an s , f l a t -bo t tomed p an s , c ook ing p o t s , l i d s , l i d -p la te s ,b a s in s /de ep b ow l s , mo r ta r ia ,a nd b ra z ie r s . C oa r se w a r e , o f ten s l ipp ed o rw a shed , i n c lude s s hape s a pp rop r ia t ef o rs t o rage a nd c on ta ine rp u rpo se s( b ow ls ,j a r s , j ug s ,a nd c up s /mug s )a nd ,a si ss u i tab l ef o rt h i sf u nc t ion ,t h e v e ss e l so f t en a r ec oa t ed w i th p i tch o rr e s in o nt h ei n te r io r . T he c l ay c o lou rr a nge sf r om v e ry p a le b r own ( 1 0YR 7 / 4 )t o v e ry d a rk g r ay ( 7 .5YR N 3 / ) .T he f a b r ic h a s at e x tu re w h ich r a nge s f r om g r i t ty t os moo th a nd may p o s s e s s b l a ck a nd w h i t ei n c lu s ion sw h ich r a r e ly e xceed 0 . 001 i nd i ame te r . D ome s t ic w a r ep o t te ry i so f ah i ghe rq ua l i ty t h an K o rC w a r e , o f t en t h inne r , a nd s l ipped . T he c l ay h a sb een w e l l w a shed a nd i sf i ne .C o lou rr a nge sf r om p a le y e l low ( 5Y 8 / 3 )t od a rk g r ay ( 1 0YR 4 / 1 ) .V e s se l so ft h i sw a r e may h ave s e rved a s ac heap t a b le -wa r e . S hap e s i n c lude b ow l s ,j a r s , j ug s ,c up s /mug s ,a nd u nguen ta r ia . T he c a ta logue i so r gan ized f i r s tb yd epo s i t( Un s t ra t if ied , t h en D epo s i t s 1 7 )r a the rt h an b yw a re o rt y p e ,i no rde rt o p rov ide ab e t te ru nde r s tand ing o ft h ec on tex t( s ee C hap te r I ) .W i th in e a ch d epo s i tt h em a te r ia lh a sb een a r r anged f i r s t i nt h eo r de ro fK ,C ,a nd D w a r e( i . e .b yf u nc t ion a nd f a b r ic ) , t h en w i th in t h ew a re sb yb a s ic s hape ,g ene ra l ly f r om o pen t oc l o sed s h ape s . T he g roup ing b y f u nc t ion m ean s t h a t s im i la rs h ape s ,a nd v e s s e l sw i th t h es ame f a b r ic s ,a r eo cca s i ona l ly c a ta logued i nd i f f e r en t w a re s : t h ej ug D 27 , f o r e xamp le , i ss im i la r i nf a b r ic a nd s hap e t of i re b l ackened p o t s ,b u ts i nce D 27 i sn o tf i re b l ackened ,i th a sb een p u ti n D w a r e . O cca s iona l ly , s im i la r s hape s a r e s e pa ra t ed b y d i f f e r enc e si nf a b r ic : t h e mug C 25 i so fs uch c oa r se f a b r ic t h a ti th a sb een c a ta logued a s Cw a r er a the rt h an D w a r e . F o r t h e m o s t p a r t Ih ave e mp loyed t h e s am e g ene ra l d e sc r ip t ive n ame s f o r s hape s a s D y son d oe s ( 1 976 : 1 5 ) , a l though Ih ave a l so h ad t os upp ly s ome o t he r s : mo r ta r ium , b a s in /deep b ow l ,c up /mug ,u nguen ta r ium ( s ee t h eg l o s sa ry , b e low ) . E n t r ie s i n t h e c a ta logue p rov ide t h e f o l low ing i n fo rma t ion : t h e i n d iv idua l s h e rd so fe ach w a r e a r e n um b e red c on secu t ive ly w i th in e a ch c a t ego ry ,w i th t h ep r e f ix K , C ,o rD ;s hap e ;f o ru n s t ra t i f ied m a te r ia la nd D epo s i t s 6a nd 7 ,d e sc r ip t ion o ft h el o cu sf o l low st h es hape ,w i th ad e sc r ip t i on o ft h es h e rd ,i t sd imen s ion s ,f a b r ic a nd Mun sel n umbe r ; n o ta t ion o fs im i la rv e s s e l sf o und i nt h ee xcava t ion ,c i ta t ion o fp a ra l le l sf r om o t he re xcava t ion s ;a nd ,f i na l ly , as ugge s ted p l a ce o fo r ig in a nd c h rono logy . S eve ra l p o in t s r e ga rd ing t h e i n fo rma t ion c on ta ined i n t h ec a ta logue r e qu i r ef u r the re xp lana t ion .B ecaus et h es t udy o fu t i l i ta r ian w a r e s i ss t il e vo lv ing , Ih ave t r i ed t ob e a s c omp r ehen s ive a sp o s s ib le i nc i t ing c ompa ra t ive m a te r ia l f r om o t he r e xcava t ion s . E ven s o , s e ve ra l p i ece s r ema in

A 44 . A r ea HI:r ubb le l a ye r . C omp le te . D0 . 10 . H a rd , s andy , g r ey ( 7 .5YR 5 / 0 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing n ume rou s s ma l lc av i t ie sa nd s ma l lp ebb le s .P i nk i sh w h i t e( 7 .5YR 8 / 2 )s l ipped (? )e x t e r io rs u r f ace .P l . 1 . C la s s :a mpho ra l i d . P a ra l le l s :B a s s &v an Doo rn i ck 1 982 : 1 60 -6 1 ,f i g s . 8 . 7 .T he f a b r ic mo s tr e semb le st h a to fC la s s4 9A ,w h ich c an b ed a ted f ou r th -s ix th c en tu ry . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : By zan t ine?

' LC . U t i l i tar ian Ware s . [ A .N .S . ] I LC .1 . I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s . U t il i ta r ian w a r e s a ccoun t f o r a pp rox ima te ly 4 0% o f t h e c e r am ic m a t e r ia l f o und b yt h e CAHEP e xp ed i t ion .F rom t h em a s so fu t il i ta r i a nw a r e sr e cove red ,3 54 p i ece s( a pp rox ima te ly 5 0% )w e r e i n ven to r ied b y t h e e xcava to r s ; i s o la ted b ody s h e rd s a nd p i ec e s t o o s ma l l o r t o o d amaged t op r ov ide i n fo rma t ion r e ga rd ing f o rm w e r ed i sca rded a tt h es i t e . O ft h i sb ody o f m a te r ia l ,6 3 .6% ( 225 p i ece s : 1 9 1 s e pa r a t ee n t r ie s ,p l u s3 4 c i ta t ion s b y o r ig ina l i n ven to ry n umbe r s w i th in t h o s e e n t r i e s )w a ss e lec ted f o ri n c lu s ion i nt h ec a ta logue ( a pp rox i m a te ly 3 1 .8% o ft h e ma t e r ia lf ound ) .T he c r i t e r ia f o ri n c lu s i on w e r e t h e f olow ing : a l l d a tab le p i ec e s f r om c l o s ed d epo s i t s , ar e p r e sen ta t ive s amp le o fd a tab le o b jec t sf r om t h e u n s t ra t if ied f i nd s ,i n c lud ing a l lf o rm sn o tf o und i nt h ec l o sed d epo s i t s , a nd a l w e l l -p r e s erved v e s se l s a nd i n t r in s ica l ly i n te re s t ing p i ece s .D up l ica ted f o rm sa r ec i t ed a tt h ee nd o f i n d iv idua l e n t r ie s b y r e f e r ence t ot h e o r ig ina l i n ven to r y n umbe r s . J . P .O le son d eve loped t h es y s tem e mp loyed b y CAHEP f o rc a ta logu ing t h eu t i l i ta r ian w a r e s ,o nt h eb a s i so fh i so wn w o rk w i th t h eu t i l i ta r ian w a re sa tC o sa ( O le son & O le son 1 987 ) ,i t se lf i n tended a s as upp lemen tt oD y son 's p i onee r i n gw o rk ( Dy son 1 976 ) .D ef in i t ion o ft h et h r ee w a r ec a t ego r i e s ( K i t chen , C o a r s e , a nd D ome s t ic ) a nd m uch o f t h e t e rm ino logy a nd c l a s s if i ca t ion o ft h es hape sf olow D y son 's s y s tem , w h ich w a s c r ea ted t od ea l f o r t h e m o s tp a r t w i th l o ca l ly p roduced ma t e r ia l ( Dy son 1 976 : 1 72 ) . O u rw a r e s , h oweve r ,i n c lude al a rge v a r ie ty o fi mpo r ted v e s se l s ,a nd a s ar e su l t , w eh ave n o ta t t emp t ed t of o l low t h eC o sa f o rma t e xa c t ly .N o rh ave w et r i ed t od eve lop o u ro wn l o ca lt y po l o gy f o rt h es i te ,s i nce t h a tm igh ts ugge s tl o ca lp roduc t ion — f o r w h ich w e h ave n o e v id enc e . R i ley ( 1 979 : 9 3 ) , f o r e xamp le ,n o te st h a ti ti se s sen t ia lt or e cogn ize a nd t oc l a s s i f y t h el o ca lw a re sb e fo re o ne c an a t t emp t as a t i s f ac to ry t y po l o gy . T he d i v i s ion o ft h ec e ram ic si n to t h et h r ee w a re s ,K i t chen ( a bb r ev ia t ed a sK ) , C oa r se ( C ) , a nd D ome s t ic ( D ) , i sn o t w ide ly u sed i ne xcava t ion r epo r t s , b u tt h ec ommon s ens e d ef in i t ion s b a sed u pon f u nc t ion a nd s hape m ake t h em r e ad i ly u nd e r s tandab le a nd u se fu l . D y son ( 1976 : 1 4 )p ro -

2 4

! LC : U t i l i tar ian W ar e s w i thou tp a ra l le l s .F o rs ome p i ece s Ih ave c i t ed a pp rox ima t e p a ra l le l s . R i ley ( 1 979 : 9 8 ) h a s p o in ted o u t t h a t m ino r v a r ia t ion si nu t i l i ta r ian p o t te ry a r e much l e s si mpo r tan tt h an f o r f i ne p o t te ry , w h ich o f ten i s mou ld -mad e . Ih ave a l so o cca s iona l ly l i s t ed e a r l ie ra nd l a t e rv a r ia t ion so ff o rm s i n o rde r t o p rov ide s ome e v idence f o r t h e l o ca l h i s to ry o f s hape sw h ich c hange v e ry l i t t le o ve rt h ec en tu r ie s . Ih ave a l so i n t roduced as ub jec t ive c a t ego ry f o rt e x tu r e , b a sed u pon t o uch : v e ry f i ne g r i t , f i ne g r i t , m ed ium g r i t , s a ndy . T h i s c a t ego ry i ss uppo r ted b y am o r e o b jec t ive d e sc r ip t ion o f i n c lu s ion s i ze : t i ny ( l e s s t h an 0 . 0005 m ) , s ma l l( up t o0 . 00 1 m ) ,m ed ium ( 0 .00 1 -0 .002 m ) ,a nd l a rge ( mo re t h an 0 . 002 m ) . Men t ion o ff i r eb l a ck en ing m ean st h a t t h e v e s se l i sb l ackened o n t h e e x t e r io r , u n le s s o t he rw is e n o ted .T he t e rm f a b r ic d e sc r ibe st h ec l ay o ft h ee n t i r ev e s se l u n le s si n t e r io ro re x te r io ri ss pe c i f ied . S l ip /wa sh r e f e r st o t h e t r ea tmen to ft h ee x t e r io rs u r f a ce , u n le s st h ei n t e r io ri s i n d ica ted . T he c on se rva t ive n a tu re o f u t i l i ta r ian w a r e s , o f ten a r e su l to ft h eu t i l i ty o ft h ef o rm su s ed ,h a sp roduc ed s hape s t h a t a r e w ide sp read b o th c h rono log ica l ly a nd g eog raph i c a l ly .A s ar e su l t ,i ti su sua l ly d i ff i cu l tt on a r row d own t h e d a te o fm anuf ac tu re t ol e s st h an ac en tu ry ,a nd o f t en t wo o r t h ree c en tu r ie si st h eb e s tr e su l ta t ta inab le a tp r e s eni I ti sj u s t a sd i f f icu l tt od e te rm ine t h ep rec i se o r ig in o ft h ep o t t er y , a l though i ti ss ome t ime s p o s s ib le t oi n f e r a n e a s t e rn o r w e s t e rn Med i te r ranean s ou rc ef r om t h ef i nd s po t so fp a ra l l e ls . T he u t il i ta r ian -wa r ev e s se l sr e cove r ed d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s e xh ib i t m any v a r ia t ion s i ns hape ( we l l o ve r 1 00 ) ,b u t mo s to ft h e se s hape sa r er e p r es en t ed b yo n ly o ne o r t wo e xamp le s . O n ly af ew s h ape s w e r e p r e se rved i n mu l t ip le e xamp le s( K12 ,K 28 [ Un s t ra t i f ied ] ,K 82 [ D epo s i t 6 ] ,a nd C 9[ Un s t ra t if ied ] ) .T h i sp a t t e rn may b e ar e su l to ft h e n a tu r eo ft h e u nde rwa te re xcava t ion , b u ti tm ay a l so b e a r ef le c t ion o ft h et y pe o fs i t e : ah a rbou rw i th a ni n t e rna t iona l c l ien te le t h a tb rough ti nw a re sf r om a la r ound t h e Med i t e r r a nean .N eve r the le s s , Wr igh t( 1 980 : 1 74 )c ommen t so nt h e l a rge n umbe ro fs hape sa nd t y pe sp r e sen ti nt h er e la t ive ly s ma l lg roup o fu t i l i ta r ian -wa r ev e s se l si n ad epo s i ta tC o r i n th .I nc on sequence ,t h em a r i t ime n a tu r eo ft h es i t em ay n o t b ea si mpo r tan ta si t sc omme rc ia la s pec t s .F u tu re i n ve s t iga t i on m ay p rove t h a t R oman u t i l i ta r ian w a re s c i r cu la t ed m uch mo re w ide ly t h an c ommon ly s uppo sed . G lo s sar yo fU t i l i tar ian - Wa re S hape s . Amphora s t opper o r "W ine t h ief ' :s ma l lK -wa r ev e s se lw i th p eg f oo t ,s ho r t ,b u lbou sb ody ,a nd s l ende r ,f l a r ing n eck , u sed e i the rt os t oppe rt h ev e s se l ,o rt oc olec t as amp le o f w ine t h rough t h eu n s toppe red n eck . B a s in o rD eep B ow l : al a rge , t h ick ,o p en v e sse li nKw a r e w i th af l a to rl ow r i ng b a se , s t eep w a l l sa nd ad i s t inc t h eavy r im ,u s ed f o rt empo ra ry s t o rage o rf o rm ix ing o f f ood s . B ow l : o pen v e ss e lw i th aw ide mou th ,l ow b ody , l ow r i ng b a se , a nd n o s hou lde ro rn eck , u s ed f o r l i gh tm ix ing , e a t ing ,o rd r ink ing . B ra z ier w ide ,h eavy b ow lo nt h r ee l e g s ,w i th at h ick ,l ow w a l l ,u sed a s ac on ta ine rf o rc ombu s t ib le s . C ook ing P o t : c l os ed K -wa re v e s se l w i th ar e la t ive ly t a l l

s phe r ica lb ody ,c l ea r ly d ef ined r im ,a nd s ho r tn eck ,u sed f o rs t ew ing a nd b o i l ing . C up : as ma l l ,r e la t ive ly d eep ,o pen v e s se li n Co rDw a re , w i th o rw i thou th and le s ,a nd u sua l ly w i th f l a r ing r im a nd f l a to rl ow r i ng b a se ,u sed f o rd r ink ing . F la t -Bo t tomed P an : al ow ,w ide ,K -wa re v e s se lw i th s t e ep w a l l so n af l a tb a se ,u sed f o rf r y ing . J ar :C -o rD -wa r ec on ta ine rw i th t a l lb ody , ac l ea r ly d ef ined r im a nd s ho r t n eck . T he mou th i sw ide , b u t u sua l ly n a r rowe rt h an t h ew ide s td i ame te ro ft h er ounded b ody . U sed t oh o ld d ry o rl i qu id s ub s tance s . J ug : C - o rD -wa r e c on ta ine r o f ten w i th r ounded b ody , a c l ea r ly d efmed r im ,a nd e i the r as ho r to r al o ng s l ende r n eck .G ene ra l ly t h e re i sas i ng le v e r t ica lh and le o ppo s i te as pou ts e ti nt h er im .U sed t oh o ld a nd p ou rl i qu id s . L id :l ow ,w ide c ove rw i th ac oncave i n te r io ra nd ak nobb ed h and le o nt h et o p . L id -P la t e : w ide , s ha l low v e s se l , u sua l ly w i th al ow , r i ng f oo t ,p o s s ib ly u sed e i the ra s ap l a t te ro ri n ve r ted a s al i d . Mor tar ium : t h ick -wa l led , o pen K -wa re v e sse l w i th o ve r h ang ing r im ,s pou t ,a nd f l a tb a se ,u sed f o rg r ind ing a nd p ound ing . Mug : s ma l l , r e la t ive ly d eep C - o rD -wa re v e s se lw i th o ne v e r t ica lh and le ,a no pen mou th u sua l ly l e s sw ide t h an t h e w id e s td i ame te ro ft h es l igh t ly b u lbous b ody ,a nd af l a t o rl ow r i ng b a se ,u s ed f o rd r ink ing . S aucepan : w ide -mou thed K -wa re v e s se l , s ome t ime ss ha l l ow w i th r ounded b a se , s ome t ime sd eep w i th f l a t t ened b a se ,u s ed f o rs t ew ing o rb o i l ing . U nguen tar ium : s mal C - o r D -wa r e c on ta ine r w i th l ow , n a r row f oo t ,w ide s hou lde ra nd l o ng s l ende rn eck w i th f l a red r im .U sed t oh o ld s ma l la moun t so ff r ag ran to i l s . R e la t ive P ropor t ion s o f t h e U t i l i tar ian Wa re s . T he c a ta logue c on ta in s2 25 p i ece so fu t il i ta r ian w a r e : 10 p i ece s ( 4 8 .9% ) a r e K i tchen w a re , 6 3 p i ece s ( 2 8% ) C o a r se w a r e , a nd 5 2p i ece s( 2 3 .1% )D ome s t ic w a r e .T he se p e rcen tage s , o fc ou r se ,h ave b e en a f f ec ted b yd i f f e ren t ia ls u rv iva lo ft h e d i f f e r en tw a r e sa nd j udgmen ta ls e lec t ion o ft h ep i ece st ob e s a ved a nd t ob ep ubl i shed h e re .O ft h e1 36 p i ece st h a tc om e f r om c l o sed d epo s i t s : 6 6 p i ece s ( 4 8 .5% ) a r e Kw a r e , 3 6 p i ece s( 2 6 .5% )a r e Cw a re a nd 3 4p i ece s( 2 5% )a r e Dw a r e . I ti sr e a s su r ing t h a t t h e se p e rcen tage s a r e e s s en t ia l ly t h e s ame a st h o se f o rt h ew ho le c o l le c t ion .T he p r edom inance o fK i t chen w a re i st y p ica lo fo t he rs i te s ( Dy son 1 976 : 1 4 ; R i ley 1 975 : 5 2 ) . P e rhap s t h e c on s tan t u s e o ft h i s t y p e o f v e s s e lf o rc ommuna lp u rpo se sa nd t h ef r equen te xpo su r et o f i r er e su l t ed i n mo re b r eakage t h an f o rt h eo t he rt wo w a r e s , mo r e f r equen td i sca rd , a nd t h u s g r ea te r d epo s i t ion i nt h e a r cha eo log ica lr e co rd . Two d e po s i t sp r ov ided t h eb u lk o ft h es t ra t if ied m a t e r ia l : D epo s i t 2( 3 3 .1% )a nd D epo s i t 4( 3 6 .0% ) .D epo s i t 3( 1 3 .2% ) , D epo s i t 6( 4 .4% ) , a nd D epo s i t 7( 7 .4% ) t o ge the rc on t r ib u t ed a lmo s ta no the rt h i rd o ft h e s t ra t if i ed ma te r ia l , w h i le A r ea D epo s i t 1( 1 .5% )a nd D epo s i t 5( 0 .7% )y i e lded v e ry s ma l la moun t s . C hrono logy o ft h eU t i l i tar ian War e s .D e te rm ina t ion o f c h rono logy i s ap rob lem , s i nce mo s to ft h e d epo s i t s l a ck t i gh tc h rono log ica lb ounda r ie s . U t i l i ta r ian w a r e i t se l fc an

2 5

C hap ter I : U n s t ra t i f i ed C eram ic s o n ly p rov ide w ide c h rono log ica l l im i t s f o r d epo s i t s i n c ompa r ison w i th f i ne rw a r e s ,w h ich g ene ra l ly c an b ed a t ed

D a t e

much mo re c l o se ly .T he e a r l i e s tp a ra l le l sf o rt h eu t i l i t a r ian w a r e sr e cove r ed d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion sd a te t ot h e t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ,t h el a te s tt ot h ee i gh th c en tu ry A .C .T he r e su l t s f o r t h e s e a led d epo s i t s a r e a sf o l low s ( s ee T ab le s 1 . 11 -13 ) . D epo s i t 1 : 2K -wa r ei t em s .M id -f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry . D epo s i t2 :1 2K -wa r e , 1 5C -wa r ea nd 1 8D -wa r ei t em s . T he u t il i ta r ian w a r e f i nd s p a ra l le l s a s e a r ly a s t h e t h i rd c en tu ry B .C .a nd p o s s ib ly a sl a t ea st h es i x th c en tu ry A .C . T he b u lk o f ma t e r ia ld a te sf r om t h ef i r s tc en tu r ie sB .C . /A .C . t op o s s ib ly a s l a t e a s t h e e nd o ft h e f i r s t a nd t h e s e cond c en tu r ie sA .C . D epo s i t 3 :1 2 K -wa re , 4C -wa r ea nd 2D -wa r e i t em s . S ome o ft h i s ma t e r ia ld a t e sa se a r ly a st h et h i rd c en tu ry B .C . a nd a sl a te a st h es i x th t oe i gh th c en tu r ie sA .C .T he b u lk o f m a te r ia lr ange si np o s s ib le d a te b e tween t h es e cond t of i r s t c en tu r ie s B .C . a nd t h ee nd o ft h e t h i rd c en tu ry A .C . Two p i ece s( K48 a nd K 49 )m ay p o s s ib ly d a t ea sl a te a st h ef o u r th t os even th c en tu r ie s . D epo s i t4 :3 0K -wa r e , 9C -wa r ea nd 1 0D -wa r ei t em s . T he re a r ep a ra l le l sf o rt h em a te r ia lt h a td a t ea se a r ly a st h e t h i rd c en tu ry B. C .a nd a sl a te a st h ee i gh th c en tu ry A .C .T he b u lk o ft h em a t e r ia ls t a r t si nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .a nd e nd s i nt h et h i rd c en tu ry A .C .T h r ee s he rd s( K70 ,C 44 ,a nd C 45 ) m ay p o s s ib ly d a te a sl a te a st h ef ou r th t oe i gh th c en tu r ie s . D epo s i t5 : 1C -wa re s he rd .C h rono logy u nde t e rm ined .

T ab l eI . !! : D i achron i cT o t a l so f K War e T o t a l P e r c en t( o f1 0 )

1B .C . / 1A .C . E lB .C . / I IA .C . IB .C . / IB .C . 1B .C . / IA .C . IB .C . / 1 1 1A .C . IB .C .N A .C . l a t e IB .C . / e a r ly IA .C .

1 1 4 +2 2 2 2 1

0 . 9 0 . 9 5 . 5 1 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 8 0 . 9

IB .C . ! ! AC . IB .C . / I IA .C . IB .C . / II IA .C . IA .C . M T I / D I U 1V

5 +2 6 + 5 5 1 + 1 1 1 4+ 1 5

6 . 4 1 0 .0 4 . 6 1 . 8 0 . 9 1 3 .6 4 . 6

WM I / 1V I / IV I v /v I I 1 V /Vi f ! H e l l /Rm H el / IB .C . H el / IA .C .

7 4 +4 1 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 2 + 5

6 . 4 7 . 3 0 . 9 1 . 8 0 . 9 1 . 8 0 . 9 6 . 4

H el /i lA .C . L a t eH e l l / II I I mp e r i a l B yz B y z /V B y z /A r a b i c U nkn

1 3 + 1 2 1 1 1 9 + 1

0 . 9 3 . 6 1 . 8 0 . 9 0 . 9 0 . 9 9 . 1

T o t a l

D epo s i t6 : 1K -wa r e , 4C -wa re ,a nd 1D -wa r es h e rd .T he d a te sr un f r om 2 00 B .C .t op o s s ib ly a sl a te a st h ee a r ly f o u r th c en tu ry , b u t t h e c l o se p a ra l le l sd a te t ot h e s e cond o rf i r s t c en tu r ie sB .C .

8 6+24

4 8 .9% o f2 5

T ab l e1 . 12 : D i achron i cT o ta l so f C Wa r e

D epo s i t7 :4 K -wa re , 3C -wa re , 3D -wa r ei t em s . Mo s to f t h ei t em sd a te f r om t h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod t ot h ef i r s tc en tu r i e sB .C .o rA .C .

D a t e

T he b u lk o ft h e u t i l i ta r ian w a re s f o und i nt h e h a rbou r d a t e s f r om t h ef i r s tc en tu r ie sB .C . a nd A .C . u n t i lt h et h i rd c en tu ry A .C . T he d epo s i t si nA r ea J ,w i th m a te r ia lb eg in n i ng i nt h et h i rd t os e cond c en tu r ie sB .C .a nd e nd ing i nt h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,s e em t oi n c lud e ma te r ia lw h ich p r eda t e s t h eH e rod ian h a rbou r . I nt h et a b le st h a tf olow ,s ome e n t r ie sa r ei nt h ef o rm x +y . I n t h e se c a se s , xi n d ica te s t h e n umbe r o f v e s se l s c a ta logued i nt h i sv o lume ,w h i le yi n d ica t e st h en umb e ro f v e sse l s a cce s s ioned b y CAHEP b u t o n ly m en t ioned i n p a s s ing i nt h e e n t r ie s f o r o t he r , c a ta logued v e s se l s . T he c h rono log ica lb ounda r ie sa r eo f ten v e ry w id e . Whe r en ec e s s a ry , B .C . a nd A .C . h ave b een a dd ed f o rc l a r i ty , b u t i n g ene ra l ,d a te sn o tm a rked B .C .c an b ea s sumed t ob eA .C .

2 6

T o ta l

P e r c e n t( o f6 3 )

MA IB .C . 1 : 1B .C . / IA .C . I / 1B .C . IB .C . / IA .C . 1B .C .N IA .C . II 3 .C . IB .C . / IA .G . IB .C . / 1 1 1A .C . IB .C . / IV A .C . IA .C . I / 1V I V /V I l l VN I I H el H el / IA .C . H el /i lA .C . E a r ly R oma n B yz U nk n

2 1 6 + 1 1 1 1 6 + 1 1 1 2 + 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 1 1 1 7+6

3 . 2 1 . 6 1 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 6 1 . 6 1 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 6 4 . 8 1 . 6 1 . 6 1 . 6 6 . 3 6 . 3 3 . 2 1 . 6 1 . 6 3 6 .5

T o t a l

5 4+9

2 8 .0% o f2 5

I .C : U t i l i tar ian W ar e s t h e p o r t . A dam sheck ( 1 979 : 1 26 ) h a s a l so n o t iced ah i gh p ropo r t ion o fi mpo r t ed c oa r se w a re s f r om t h e u nderwa te r d epo s i ta tI s thm ia . B y w ay o fc on t r a s t , B e r l in ( 1 993 ) h a s c ommen ted o nt h ea ppea rance o fP ompe ian R ed Wa re l i d s a nd ma t ch ing o r b ob i f ido p an s a tT e l A na f a i n ad epo s i t d a t ing 1 00 -80 B .C . , b u t t h e se r ep r e sen t o n ly 1 % o f t h e H elen i s t ic c e ram ic sa tt h a ts i t e . S he c onc lude s t h a t t h e se w a r e sr ef l ec t ac hange i nc ook ing h ab i t s ,b u tt h a tt h ey w e r e i n t roduced b yo ne i n d iv idua la nd p robab ly r ef l ec t aG reek r a t he rt h an a nI t a l ian g roup o fu se r s .

T ab le 1 .13 : D iachron ic T o ta ls o f D Ware D a te

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f5 2 )

I I / IB .C . I / 1B .C . IB .C . / IA .C . IB .C . / IV A .C . IB .C . IB .C . / IA .C . IB .C . / II A .C . IB .C . / IV A .C .

1 2 2 1 1 7 +1 3 1

1 . 9 3 . 9 3 . 9 1 . 9 1 . 9 1 5 .4 5 . 8 1 . 9

IA .C . I / I I

8 2

1 5 .4 3 . 9

I / I I I IN

2 1

3 . 9 1 . 9

H e l l / IB .C . / IA .C .

3

5 . 8

H el / IB .C .

1

1 . 9

H e l l / IA .C . L a t eH e l l L a te H e l l / IA .C . U nkn

5 1 1 9

9 . 6 1 . 9 1 . 9 1 7 .3

T o ta l

5 1+1

T en ta t i ve P r ovenance o f the Ma ter ia lb yD epos i t /G roup . T he f o l low ing i s ap rov i s iona l a t temp t t og i ve a c l o se r i n d ica t ion o ft h eo r ig in o ft h ep o t te ry f ound i ne a ch g roup . I ti sl i ke ly t h a ta s mo r ew o rk i sd one o nu t i l i ta r ian w a re s ,t h i s l i s tw i l ln eed s ub s tan t ia lr e v i s ion . U n s tra t if i ed ( Tab le s1 . 14 -16 ) : K Wa r e : 7P a le s t in ian , 1 p o s s ib le C yp r io t , 6S y r ian , 6e a s ter n , 7I t a l ian , 4A f r ican a nd 1p o s s ib le i m i ta t ion , 4w e s te rn , 2u nde t e rm ined ( w ide s p read ) ; C Wa r e : 7P a le s t in ian , 6e a s t e rn , 2u nde te rm ined ( w id e sp r ead ) ; D Wa re : 1P a le s t in ian , 4e a s te rn , 4I t a l ian ,3 w e s t er n , 3u nde te rm ined ( w ide sp read ) .E xc ep tf o r Cw a r e , t h e r ei sab a lance b e tween e a s te rn a nd w e s ter nw a re si nt h e u n s t ra t i f ied m a t e r ia l .T h i se qua l i ty c ou ld b ea tl e a s tp a r t ia l ly ar e su l to ft h es e lec t ive p roce s so ft h ee xcava to r s ,w ho m ay h ave t e nded t o r e ta in i t em s d i f f e ren t f r om t h e d epo s i t m a t e r ia lo ru nu sua lp i ece s .W i th s uch as e lec t ion p roc e s s , m o r ew e s t er nm a te r ia lw ou ld t e nd t ob ek ep t ,s i nce t h e r ei s l e s sc ompa rab le m a t e r ia li nt h ed epo s i t s . D epo s i t 1( Tab le s1 . 17 ) . K Wa re : 1w e s t er n , 1u nde t e r m ined ( w ide sp r ead ) . D epo s i t 2( Tab le s 1 . 18 -20 ) . K Wa r e : 7P a le s t in ian , 1 S y r ian , 1e a s te rn , 1I t a l ian ; C Wa re : 6P a le s t in ian , 1P a le s t i n ian o r C yp r io t , 3e a s t e rn , 1w e s t e rn , 1u nde te rm ined ( w id e sp read ) ; D Wa re : 3P a le s t in ian , 2e a s t e rn , 2p o s s ib le I t a l ian , 1w e s t er n , 2u nd e te rm ined ( w ide sp r ead ) .T he b u lk o fm a t e r ia lc ome sf r om t h ee a s t e rn Med i te r ranean ,b u ts ma l l a moun t s o f a l t h r ee w a r e s c an b e a t t r ibu t ed t o w e s t e rn

2 3 .17 0o f2 25

P rovenance o ft h eU t i l i tar ian Wa r e s .D e te rm in ing t h e p rovenance o fu t i l i ta r ian w a r e s i sn o ta ne a sy t a sk f o ra ny s i te , u n le s s i to bv iou s ly h a sb een p roduced l o ca l ly . R i ley ( 1 975 : 5 0 )w ro te t h a t" l i t t le i sk nown a bou tc oa r se p o t t e ry a nd a mpho r a sf r om R oman P a le s t ine ," a nd much w o rk s t i l l n eed st ob ed one b e fo r et h ei d en t if i ca t ion o fw a r e sa sl o ca l o ri mpo r t ed c an b e m ade w i th e a se a nd a s su rance . Mo r e r e cen tw o rk b y s cho la r s s u ch a sH aye s ,D y son ,a nd R i ley h ims e l fh a sc r ea ted af ounda t ion u pon wh ich s ome p r ov i s i ona lc onc lu s ion sc an b eb a sed .I tf r equen t ly i si mpo s s ib le t oi d en t i f ys pe c if ic l o ca t ion s ,b u ti ti so f ten q u i t ep o s s ib le t o s ugge s ta ne a s ter no rw e s ter n Med i t e r r anean s ou rc e( R i ley 1 979 :9 9 ) . T he f o l low ing g roup ing s may t e n ta t ive ly b em ade f o rt h e o r ig in o ft h e2 25 u t i l i ta r ian -wa r ev e s se l si nt h ec a ta logue : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean , 16 v e s se l s( 5 1 .6% ) ;w e s t er n Med i t e r ranean , 5 1 v e s s e l s ( 2 2 .7% ) ; t y pe s c ommon t h roughou t t h e Med i t e r r anean b a s in ,b u to fu nknown o r ig in , 1 9v e s s e l s ( 8 .4% ) ; t y pe s l a ck ing c l o se p a ra l le l sa nd t h u s o fu nde t e r m ined o r ig in ,3 9v e s se l s( 1 7 .3% ) .T he e a s ter na nd w e s t e rn Med i t e r r anean g roup sm ay b ef u r the rd i v ided :e a s te rn Med i t e r r anean : 7 0P a le s t in ian , 8S y r ian , 2C yp r io t , 1E gyp t ian , a nd 3 5 w h ich c anno t b e l o ca ted m o re e xa c t ly t h an t h e e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean ;w e s te rn Med i te r ranean :2 9I t a l ian ,4 A f r ican ( a nd 1p o s s ib le i m i ta t ion , K 14 ) , a nd 1 8 v e s se l s w h ich c anno tb el o ca t ed mo re s pe c if i ca l ly t h an t h ew e s t e rn Med i t e r r anean . A s e xp ec t ed , t h em a jo r i ty o fm a te r ia l c ome s f r om t h e F as t( 5 1 .6% o ft o ta l ;6 9 .5% i fo ne e xc lude st h ev e s se l sf o r w h ich t h eo r ig in c anno tb ed e te rm ined ) .S u rp r i s ing ly t h e r e i s as ub s tan t ia la moun tf r om t h e We s t( 22 .7% o ft h et o ta l ; 3 0 .5% e xc lud ing t h e v e s se l s f o r w h ich n o o r ig in c an b e p o s tu la ted ) . T h i sl a t te rp e rc en tage i sv e ry h i gh ,e spec ia l ly f o r aw a r et h a ti su sua l ly c on s ide r ed al o ca lp roduc t( Dy son 1 976 ; 1 72 , A dam sheck 1 979 : 1 40 ,B e r l in 1 985 : 6 , Wr igh t 1 980 : 1 70 ,B e r l in 1 993 ;b u tc ompa r eR i ley 1 979 : 1 07 -8 f o r h i gh i mpo r tp e r cen tage sa tB engha z i ) .N od oub tt h es i gn i f i c an ta moun to fi mpo r t ed u t il i ta r ian w a r e sr e cove red b yt h e CAHEP e xped i t ion i sar e su l to ft h ei n te rna t iona ln a tu r eo f

S OUrCes .

D epos i t 3( Tab le s 1 .2 1 -23 ) . K Wa r e : 3P a le s t in ian , 1 e a s te rn , 2I t a l ian , 3w e s t e rn ; C Wa re ; 1I t a l ian , 1u nde te r m ined ( w ide sp read ) ; DWa r e : 1p o s s ib le w e s te rn , 1u nde te r m ined ( w ide sp r ead ) .T he r ei sab a lance b e tween e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn w a r e sw i th ac on s ide rab le a moun to f Kw a re a nd s ome C a nd D w a re si mpo r ted f r om t h e We s t . D epo s i t 4( Tab le s 1 .24 -26 ) . K Wa r e ; 6P a le s t in ian , 1 S y r ian , 3e a s t e rn ,1 0I t a l ian , 4w e s t e rn , 3w e s te rn -ea s te rn ;C Wa r e : 5P a le s t in ian , 1e a s ter n , 2w e s te rn -ea s te rn ; D Wa r e : 5P a le s t in ian , 1e a s t e rn , 2p o s s ib le I t a l ian . S u rp r i s ing ly , mo re K w a r ec an b e i d en t if i ed a so r ig ina t ing i nt h e We s t t h an i nt h eF as t .T he a moun t so f Ca nd D w a re sf r om e a ch r e g ion a r en o ts u rp r i s ing ,e xcep tf o rt h et o ta ll a ck o f Cw a r e f r om t h e We s t . D epo s i t 6( Tab le s 1 .28 -30 ) . K Wa r e : 1 .P a le s t in ian ; C Wa re : 3P a le s t in ian , 1e a s t e rn /Egyp t ian ; DWa r e : 1P a le s t in i a n .A l le a s te rn ( l a rge ly P a le s t in ian )w a re s . D ep o s i t 7( Tab le s1 . 31 -33 ) . K Wa re : 3e a s t e rn , 1u nd e t e rm ined ; C Wa r e : 1P a le s t in ian , 2e a s t er n ; D Wa r e : 3 e a s t e rn .A l le a s t er nw a r e s .

2 7

C hap ter I : U n s tra t if i ed C eram ic s l a rge r t o ta l s o f ap a r t icu la r w a re i n as pec if i c d epo s i t . P e rcen tage sa tt h eb o t tom o ft h er i gh th and ( "To ta l" )c o lu rm i

N o t et oT ab le sI .14 t o1 .33 .A sw i th T ab le s1 . 11 1 1 .13 , f o re n t r ies t h a tc on ta in t wo n umb e r s i nt h e f o rm x+ y ,x i nd ica te st h en umbe ro fc a ta logued i t em s , yt h en umbe ro f s uch i t ems a cce s s ioned b y CAHEP b u to n ly m en t ioned i n p e r t inen t c a ta logue e n t r ie s . I n c on sequence , t wo s e t s o f p e rcen tage s a r e c a lcu la ted , b a sed o n t h e s ma l le r a nd t h e

a r eb a sed o nt h et o ta l so fu t i l i ta r ian w a res f r om a l ld epo s i t sthe f i r s t c a lcu la t ion b ased o n t h e s ma l le r n umbe r o f c a ta logued i t ems ( 191 ) , t h e s econd b a sed o n t h e l a rge r n umbe r o f c a ta logued p l us a cce s s ioned i t em s ( 225 ) . I n a dd i t ion ,a l ll i ne sc on ta in ing n oi t em sh ave b een om i t t ed .

T ab le 1 .14 : D iachron ic S ummary o fK - Ware P rovenance , Un s tra t if i ed O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L , oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f4 3 )

D a te 1 1

1 1B .C . / 1A .C . H IB .CJ I IA .C . 1 / IB .C . IB .C A A .C . B .C .N A .C .

1 +2 1 1

IB .C . / IA .C . IB .C . / I IA .C .

1 1 +1 1 1

1 +1 -

4 1

D IAV I V /VI E

3 1

1 +4

1

0 + 1 1

I V /VI I H el / I IA .C . L a t eH el / I I IA .C .

-

1

I / IV

r v iv

-

1

IB .C . /i fA .C . IAC . IA .C . / I I

0 + 1 1 +2

1 0 + 1 1

I mpe r ia l U nkn

2 +1

T o ta l

6 +2

P e rcen t( 29 i t em s ) P e rcen t( 43 i t em s )

2 0 .7 1 8 .6

3 +3 1 0 .3 1 4

0 0 0

2 +4 6 . 9 1 4

0 0 0

4 1 3 .8 9 . 3

5 1 7 .2 1 .6

3 +4 1 0 .3 1 6 .3

6 +1 2 0 .7 1 6 .3

1 1 1 +2

2 . 3 2 . 3 7 . 0

1 1

2 . 3 2 . 3

0 + 1 2 +2

2 . 3 9 . 3

1 1 +1

2 . 3 4 . 7

1 4 +1 2

2 . 3 1 .6 4 . 7

5 2 +4 1

1 .6 1 4 .0 2 . 3

0 +1 1

2 . 3 2 . 3

1

2 . 3

0 +1 1 2 +1

2 . 3 2 . 3 7 . 0

2 9+ 14 1 5 .2 ( o f1 91 ) 1 9 .1 ( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .15 : D iachron ic S ummary o f Cw are P rovenanc e , Un s tra t i f ied O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t l

Unk

T o ta l

P e r cen t( o f2 6 )

D a t e I I / I IB .C . B .C A B .C .

2

2 1

IB .CA A .C . IA .C . H e l l / IA .C . B yz U nkn

7 . 7

0 +1 1

1 +1 3 +1 0 +1

7 . 7 1 5 .4 3 . 8

2

3 1 8 +5

1 .5 3 . 8 5 0 .0

5 +4

-

3 + 1

T o ta l P e rcen t( 18 i t em s )

4 +1 2 2 .2

6 +2 3 3 .3

0 O

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

8 +5 4 4 .4

1 8+8 9 . 4( o f1 91)

P e rcen t( 26 i t em s )

1 9 .2

3 0 .8

O

0

0

0

0

0

5 0

1 .6 ( o f2 25 )

2 8

RC : U t i l i tar ian W ar e s

T ab le 1 .16 : D iachron ic S ummary o fD - War eP rovenance , Un s tra t if ied O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e r cen t( o f1 8 )

D a t e IB .C . IB .C . / IA .C . IA .C . I / 1 1 MI H e IV IB .C . H el / IA .C . L a t eH el U nkn T o ta l P e rcen t( 17 i t em s ) P e rcen t( 18 i t em s )

1 2 + 1 -

1

-

-

-

-

1

1

1

1

2

1 .1

1 1

5 .6 5 .6

2

2 1 4

1 .1 5 .6 2 2 .2

1 4 1 5 . 9 5 . 6

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

1 5 . 9 5 . 6

3 +1 1 7 .6 2 2 .2

5 . 6 1 6 .7 1 6 .7

1 1

4 2 3 .5 2 2 .2

1 2 +1 3

8 4 7 .1 4 4 .4

1 7+1 8 . 9( o f1 91) 8 . 0( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .17 : D iachron ic S ummary o fK - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t1 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f2 )

D a te U LU T o ta l P e r cen t( 2i t em s )

1 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2

1 00 .0

2 1 . 0( o f1 91) 0 . 9( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .18 : D iachron ic S ummary o fK - War eP rovenanc e ,D epo s i t2 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f1 2 )

D a t e IB .C . / IA .C . I / 1 1 1

-

2

I / 1V 1 / 1 1 1 1 / IV

1 -

1 2 1

H el / IA .C .

-

1

1

U nkn T o ta l P e rcen t( 12 i t em s )

1 8 . 3

7 5 8 .3

0 0

1 1 8 . 3

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 8 . 3

2 2 1 6 .7

2 1

1 6 .7 8 . 3

2 2 1

1 6 .7 1 6 .7 8 . 3

1

8 . 3

3

2 5 .0

1 2 6 . 3( o f1 91) 5 . 3( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .19 : D iachron ic S ummary o fC - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t2 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f1 5 )

D a te I IB .C ./ IA .C . WI B .C .

1 1

1 1

6 . 7 6 . 7

IB .C . / IA .C .

1

1

6 . 7

IB .C .NA .C . IB .C .

1 -

1

1 1

6 . 7 6 . 7

IB .C ./ IA .C . 1B .C . / 1 11 A .C .

1

2

2 1

1 3 .3 6 . 7

1

1

2

1 3 .3

1 1 1 2

6 . 7 6 . 7 6 . 7 1 3 .3

IA .C . H el H e lU IA .C . E a r ly R oman U nkn

1 -

T o ta l P e r cen t( 15 i t em s )

3 2 0

1 1 1 7 4 6 .7

1 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 6 . 7

0 0

4 2 6 .7

1 5 7 . 9( o f1 91) 6 . 7( o f2 25 )

2 9

C hap ter I : U n s tra t i f ied C eram ic s

T ab le 1 .20 : D iachron ic S ummary o fD - War eP rovenance ,D epo s i t2 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f1 8 )

D a te WI B .C .

1

1

1B .C . / IA .C . IB .C AV A .C . IB .C . / IA .C . IA .C . UM H e l l / IA .C . L a t eH el / IA .C . Unkn T o ta l P e r cen t( 18 i t em s )

2

1 .1

1

5 . 6

1 1

1 3

5 . 6 1 6 .7

3 1

4 1

2 2 .2 5 . 6

3

2 1 3

1 .1 5 . 6 1 6 .7

1 -

1

-

1

1 1

1

1

2

3

0

0

0

0

1

2

1 .1

1 6 .7

0

0

0

0

5 . 6

1 .1

1 0

1 8

5 5 .6

9 . 4( o f1 91) 8 . 0( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .21 : D iachron ic S ummary o fK - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t3 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f1 2 )

D a te IB .C ./ IA .C . IB .C . /1 1A .C .

0 +1

IB .C . /BI A .C . I / 1 1

1 1

p uv r t

H e l l / IB .C .

1 -

B yz iA rab ic T o ta l P e r cen t( 1 1 i t em s ) P e rcen t( 12 i t em s )

1

1 -

1 0 +1 ( K64 )

-

1 2

8 . 3 1 6 .7

1

8 . 3

1

L a te H e l l / I I I I mp e r ia l B yz

-

2 1 1 1 9 . 1 8 . 3

1 3 2 7 .3 2 5

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

3 +1 2 7 .3 3 3 .3

1 9 . 1 8 . 3

3 2 7 .3 2 5

8 . 3 8 . 3

1

8 . 3

2 1

1 6 .7 8 . 3

1

8 . 3

1

8 . 3

1+1 5 . 8( o f1 91) 5 . 3 ( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .22 : D iachron ic S ummary o fC - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t3 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t l

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f4 )

D a te I / IV A .C . Unkn

1

T o ta l

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P e rcen t( 4i t em s )

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 2 5

1

1

2 5 .0

2

3

7 5 .0

3

4

7 5

2 . 1 ( o f1 91) 1 . 8( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .23 : D iachron ic S ummary o fD - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t3 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

Unk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f2 )

D a t e I I / IB .C . I / 1V A .C . T o ta l P e rcen t( 2i t em s )

1 1 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

3 0

0 0

1 5 0

0 0

1 5 0

1 1

5 0 .0 5 0 .0

2 1 . 0( o f1 91) 0 .9 ( o f2 25 )

I LC : U t i l i tar ian War e s

T ab le 1 .24 :D iachron ic S ummary o fK - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t4 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f3 0 )

D a t e 1 / IB .C . IB .C . / IA .C . IB .C .M IA .C .

iB . c . i r tA .C .

2 1

2 1

2

IB .C . / IA .C . IB .C . / I IA .C . IB .C . /B1 A .C . I / I I I I / 1V

1 1 2

B yz /V U nkn T o ta l P e rcen t( 27 i t em s ) P e r cen t( 30 i t em s )

2

6 . 7

1 +0

1

3 . 3

1 + 1 4 +2 1 +0

2 +1 4 +2 3 5 1

1 3

1

I / 1V L a te H el /H1

1

1 6 2 2 .2 2 0

0 0 0

1 3 . 7 3 . 3

0 0 0

0 0 0

3 1 .1 1 0

7 +3 2 5 .9 3 3 .3

1 0 .0 2 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 6 .7 3 . 3

1

1 1

3 . 3 3 . 3

2

1 3

3 . 3 1 0 .0

1 3 1 .1 1 0

6 . 7 3 . 3

7 2 5 .9 2 3 .3

2 7+3 1 4 .1 ( o f1 91) 1 3 .3 ( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .25 : D iachron ic S ummary o fC - War eP rovenance ,D epo s i t4 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e r cen t( o f1 0 )

D a t e IB .C ./ 1A .C . I V /V I I I V /V I I H el

1 1 1

1 1 1 3

1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 3 0 .0

3 +1

4 0 .0

1

2

T o ta l P e r cen t( 9i t em s )

2 2 2 .2

5 + 1 5 5 .6

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

2 2 2 .2

9 +1 4 . 7( o f1 91)

P e r cen t( 10 i t em s )

2 0

6 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2 0

4 . 4( o f2 25 )

U nkn

2 + 1

1

T ab le 1 .26 : D iachron ic S ummary o fD - War eP rovenance ,D epo s i t4 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f 1 0 )

D a t e 1B .C . / IA .C . IB .C . / IA .C .

1 1

IB .C . /H 1A .C . IA .C .

2

IN H e l l / IA .C . U nkn T o ta l P e rcen t( 10 i t em s )

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 0

5 5 0

1 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

2 2 0

2 2 0

1 1

1 0 .0 1 0 .0

3 1

3 0 .0 1 0 .0

1 1 2

1 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 .0

1 0 5 . 2( o f1 91) 4 . 4( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .27 : D iachron ic S ummary o fC - War eP rovenance ,D epo s i t5 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e r cen t( o f 1 )

D a t e U nkn T o ta l

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P e rcen t( 1i t em )

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1 00

1 00 .0

0 . 5 ( o f1 91) 0 .4 ( o f2 25 )

3 1

C hap t er I : U n s tra t if i ed C eram ic s T ab le 1 .28 : D iachron ic S ummary o fK - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t6 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f6 )

D a te H el / IA .C .

1 +5

1 +5 ( K82 )

T o ta l P e rcen t( 1i t em )

0 0

1 +5 1 00

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

P e rcen t( 6i t em s )

0

1 00

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 00 .0

1 +5 0 . 5 ( o f1 91) 2 . 7 ( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .29 : D iachron ic S ummary o fC - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t6 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f4 )

D a te WI B .C . I / 1V

2 1

H el / 1 1A .C .

1

T o ta l

1

P e rcen t( 4i t em s )

2 5

2 5 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 2 5

2 1

5 0 .0 2 5 .0

1( Egyp t ? )

2 5 .0

4 2 . 1 ( o f1 91) 1 . 8 ( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .30 : D iachron ic S ummary o fD - War eP rovenance ,D epo s i t6 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f1 )

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0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 . 5 ( o f1 91) 0 . 4( o f2 25 )

D a te IB .C . / IA .C .

1

T o ta l

0

P e rcen t( 1i t em )

0

1 1 00

1

1 00 .0

T ab le 1 .31 : D iachron ic S ummary o fK - War eP rovenance ,D epo s i t7 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L o '

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e r cen t( o f5 )

D a te I / IB .C . A .C . H e l l /Rm Unkn

1 1 1 + 1 1

T o ta l P e rcen t( 4i t em s )

3 + 1 7 5

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 2 5

P e rcen t( 5i t em s )

8 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2 0

1 1

2 0 .0 2 0 .0

1 + 1

4 0 .0

1

2 0 .0

4 + 1 2 . 1 ( o f1 91) 2 . 2( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .32 : D iachron ic S ummary o fC - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t7 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f3 )

D a te WI B .C .

2

H e 1 1 / 1 1A .C . T o ta l P e rcen t( 3i t em s )

1 2 6 6 .7

1 3 3 .3

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

2

6 6 .7

1

3 3 .3

3 1 . 6( o f1 91) 1 . 3 ( o f2 25 )

T ab le 1 .33 : D iachron ic S ummary o fD - Ware P rovenance ,D epo s i t7 O r ig in

EMed

P a l

L oc

S y r

A eg

NA f r W Med

I t !

U nk

T o ta l

P e rcen t( o f3 )

D a te H el / IB .C . / 1A .C . T o ta l P e rcen t( 3i t em s )

3 3 1 00

3 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

3 2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 00 .0

1 . 6 ( o f1 91) 1 . 3 ( o f2 25 )

I LC : U t i l i tar ian War e s O n ly D epo s i t s 6a nd 7i nA r ea Jl a ck s i gn if ican tq uan t i t i e s o fw a re s i mpo r ted f r om t h e w e s t . T h i s p a t te rn i sn o t s u rp r i s ing , s i nce A rea Jp robab ly p r eda te s t h e H e rod ian h a rbou r( s ee a bove )a nd r ep re sen t s ap ha se w hen t h et r a ff ic i nt h ea r ea w a s mov ing f o rt h e mo s tp a r ti n an o r th t os ou th d i rec t ion a l ong t he c oa s t . On ly a f te rt h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h e H e rod ian h a rbou rd oe st h ep o t te ry i n d ica te s t rong w e s t to -

u t i l i ta r ian w a re sh ave amuch w ide rg eog raph ica ld i s t r ibu t i on t h an p rev iou s ly t h ough t . R i ley ( 1979 : 4 00 , 4 02 ) h a s a l ready n o ted s t rong A egean l i nk si nt h eR oman c ook ing p o t a nd f r y ing p an s e r ie s a tB enghaz i , a nd t h e ma te r ia l f r om C ae sa rea i nd ica te s as im i la ri n te re s ti nt h eF as tf o rw e s ter n p ans .T he n a tu re o fo u rs i te a nd t h er e la t ive e a se b yw h ich d i f f e ren tw a re sc ou ld b et r an spo r ted t oi t ,h oweve r ,i sl i ke ly

e a s tt r a ff i c . T he l a rge p e rcen tage o fi mpo r t ed w a r e sf r om t h ew e s te rn Med i te r ranean h a sa l ready b een n o ted ,b u tt h ea lmo s tt o ta l l a ck o f Cw a re f r om s e cu re ly l o ca ted s i te s i nt h e We s t i s

t od i s to r ta na lys i so ft h es ou rce so fo u rs mal f i nd s .K -wa re a nd C -wa re v e s se l s a r e f unc t iona l a nd wou ld l i ke ly h ave b een k ep ta sl o ng a st h ey c on t inued t ob es e rv iceab le ,b e ing r ep la ced o n ly w hen d amaged . O ft h e Cw a re f o rw h ich a no r ig in c an b es ugge s ted ,v e ry l i t t le c ome sf r om t h ew e s te rn Med i te r ranean ( C19 ) .P a le s t i n ian j ug s( C8 ,C 9 ,C 22 ,C 27 ,C 40 ,C 41 ,C 43 a nd p o s s ib ly C 24 a nd C 25 ) a nd j a r s ( C46 , C 48 , C 49 , C 50 ) f o rm t h e ma jo r i ty o fi d en t if iab le C w a re .S eve ra lo the rt ype so fj ug s a l so o r ig ina te i nt h eE a s t( C25 , C 29 , C 51 , C 53 ) ,a nd o ne p o s s ib ly i nC yp ru s( C24 ) . As ub s tan t ia ln umbe ro fe xamp le so fDw a re c ome f r om t h e We s t :j a r s ,j ug s ,a nd mugs f r om I t a ly ( D8 , D9 ,D 21 ,D 23 ) a nd j a r so fw e s te rn o r ig in ( D4 , D 22 ) f o rm t h eb u lk o ft h i s g roup . An umbe ro fP a le s t in ian j ug s( D6 , D 27 ,D 28 , D 44 , D 45 ,D 46 ,D 48 )a nd j ugs a nd c up sf r om t h eE a s t( D2 ,D 13 )

d i ff icu l t t o e xp la in . I ts eem s r e a sonab le t o a s sume t h a t s im i la ra moun t so fK i tchen a nd C oa r se w a re sw ou ld b eu sed a nd t h e re fo re b ep resen ti no u rd epo s i t s ,s i nce t h ey r ep re sen t b as ic s hape sa nd f unc t ion s .T he K w a re may h ave s uf f e red mo re b reakage b ecau se o ft h ec on s tan th ea t ing a nd t h eu se t ow h ich i tw a ss ub jec ted ,b u tw es hou ld s t i l le xpec t mo re w e s te rn C w a re t ob ef ound . T he w a re sf r om I t a ly c ons i s t so f2 0p i ece so f Kw a re , 1 p i ece o f Cw a re a nd 8p i eces o fDw a re .F rom A f r ica ,o n ly 4K -wa re p i eces a re r ep re sen ted ( p e rhap st a ken o nb oa rd b y s h ip sf r om I t a ly w hen b reakage o ccu r red? ) .O ft h ei mpo r ted K -wa re p i ece s ,t h e ma jo r i ty a r ep an s( f rom I t a ly : K 5 ,K 10 K 12 ,K 45 ,K 66 ;f r om A f r ica : K6 ;f r om t h e We s t : K3 ,K 56 ,

p rov ide c ompa rab le D -wa re v e sse l sf r om t h ee a s te rn p a r to f

K 57 ) .O n ly af ew P a le s t in ian t ype sa r er ep re sen ted ( K9 a nd K46 )a nd o ne o the rt ype ( K67 )f r om t h ee a s te rn Med i te r ra n ean . Mo s t o f t h e l i d s t h a t c an b e i d en t if i ed c ome f r om w e s tern s ou rce s( f rom I t a ly : K42 ,K 78 , K 79 ;f r om A f r ica : K24 ;p o s s ib ly f r om t h e We s t :K 53 ) .I mpo r ted c ook ing p o t s f r om I t a ly , h oweve r , a r e r a re ( K31 ) a nd w e s te rn c ook ing p o t sa r en o tc ommon ( p e rhap sK 50 a nd K 51 ) .O nt h eo t he r h and , al a rge v a r ie ty o fP a les t in ian c ook ing p o t sa r ep re sen t ( K18 , K 22 , K34 , K36 , K 37 , K 39 , K 40 , K 41 , K47 , K48 , K 75 , K84 ) ,a sw el a s af ew o the r sf r om t h ee a s te rn Med i -

t h e emp i re . E xamp le so fv e sse l sw i th w ide -sp read d i s t r ibu t ion sy e t w i thou ts e cu re o r ig in i n c lude j ug s ( D11 a nd D 12 ) , ab ow l ( D18 ) ,c up ( D20 ) ,u nguen ta r ium ( D49 )a nd a mpho ra s t op p e r /mea su re r( K80 ) .T he se s hape sa r es oc ommon t h a to n ly ad e ta i led a na ly s i s o f f a b r ic w ou ld r e vea l t h e p l ace o f manuf ac tu re . E xamp le so fp a r t icu la rf a b r ic sf ound i nt h eh a rbou rt h a t h ave r e la t ive ly s e cu re p l ace so fo r ig in i n c lude f ou rp i ece so f A f r ican R ed S l ip c ook ing w a re ( K6 , K 24 ) a nd ap o s s ib le

t e r ranean ( K23 , K70 ) ,a nd p e rhap so ne C yp r io tc ook ing p o t ( K21 ) . H aye s( 1977 : 9 8 )n o ted as im i la r ly h i gh p ropo r t ion

i m i ta t ion ( K14 ) , f o u rp i ece so fP ompe ian R ed Wa r e( K66 , K 79 ) ,e i gh tp i ece so fo r bob i f ido ( K12 , K64 )a nd ap i ec eo f C ampan ian Wa re ( K78 ) . S eve ra lp i ece s / fab r ic st h a th ave r e ce ived s ome a t ten t ion i nt h el i t e ra tu re ,b u tf o rw h ich as pec if ic o r ig in h a sn o tb een d e te rm ined , i n c lude t h e e a s ter n Med i te r ranean p an a nd h and le ( K67 , K68 ) ,t h eb r az ie r( K85 ) , t h ej ug ( C29 )a nd a w e s ter n Med i te r r anean j a r( D4 ) .

o fl o ca lc ook ing p o t sa tP apho s ,a nd R i ley ( 1 975 : 5 2f . )a v e ry h i gh p ropo r t ion o fc ook ing p o t sa tC a e sa rea .O the rK w a re i so fe a s te rn manufac tu re : 8S y r ian mo r ta r ia ( K28 )a nd 3b ra z ie r s( K85 a nd K86 ) . T h is i mba lance i nK -wa re t ype s ( i . e . l a rge v a r ie t ie s o f w e s te rn p an sa nd l i d si nc on t ra s tt ol a rge v a r ie t ie so fe a s tern c ook ing p o t sa nd S y r ian mo r ta r ia )i sd i f f icu l tt oe xp la in .A p re f e r ence f o rs pec if ic t y pe so fv e s se l s i si n d ica ted ,p rob -

Ag roup o fj ugs ( C9 ,C 10 ,C 15 ,C 30 ,C 39 ,C 43 )r e cov -

a b ly b a sed o nt h ed i e to ft h es a i lo r su s ing t h eh a rbou r ,w ho w e r eo fm any d i f f e ren tc u l tu ra lo r ig ins .B e r l in ( 1990 ,1 993 )

e r ed f r om t h eh a rbou r ,f o rw h ich n op a ra l le lh a sb een f ound , may b e al o ca l ly p roduc ed p roduc t .T he g ray f ab r ic i ss im i la r t ot h a to fl amp sf o rw h ich al o ca lp roduc t ion h a sa l so b een

n o tes t h ea s soc ia t ion o f P ompe ian R ed Wa r el i d sa nd o r bo

s ugge s ted ( s ee S ec t ion WE ) .

b i f ido p an s( a so pposed t oc a s se ro le so rc ook ing p o t s )w i th I t a l ian a nd w e s ter nd i e ta ry h ab i t sa nd r e c ipe s b y A p ic ius ,

T he ma jo ra r ea o fo r ig in f o ru t i l i ta r ian w a re s i mpo r t ed f r om t h e We s ti sC en t ra lI t a ly ,w h ich i sn o ts u rp r i s ing ,s i nc e w ee xpec tR ome t ob e ama jo rp l aye ri nt h eE a s t - Wes tt r ade . I ti si n te re s t ing t of i nd s o f ew N o r th A f r ican a nd C yp r io t w a r es , a nd n oE gyp t ian p o t te ry ( un le s s C 51 i sE gyp t ian ) , b u tH aye s( 1977 : 1 00 )f ound as im i la rs i tua t ion a tP apho s , w he re t h e re w e re f ew P a les t in ian a nd E gyp t ian ampho ra s .

a nd s he a s soc ia te s t h e a ppea rance o ft h e se w a re s a tf i r s t c en tu ry B .C . T e l A na fa w i th a R oman ized i n d iv idua l o r i n d iv idua l s ,w ho may ,h oweve r ,h ave b een G reek b yr a ce . T he p a t te rn a tS eba s to s may w e l l b e t h e r e su l t o fs im i la r f a c to r s , p a r t icu la r ly t h e p resence o fI t a l ian s a i lo r s o n t h e t r ad ing s h ip s . Wr igh t ( 1980 : 1 70 ) r e ga rd s t h e v a r ie ty o f i mpo r ted c ook ing v e s se l s i n af l oo r d epo s i ta tC o r in th a s s u rp r i s ing , p o in t ing o u ta s mo s t p rom inen t t h e P ompe ian

T he a ppea rance o fc e r ta in f i ne w a re st h e re ,h oweve r , s ug g e s ted d i rec t t r ade l i nk s w i th C ampan ia , p re sumab ly r e f l ec t ing t h e d ua l r o le o fP apho s a s p rov inc ia l c ap i ta l a nd

R ed Wa r ea nd o r b ob if ido p i ece s . T h is a t t i tude o fs u rp r i se may v e ry w e l lc hange a s mo re w o rk i sd one o nt h eu t il i ta r ian

s t ag ing -po s to nt h ed i rec ts ea rou te f r om R ome t oA lexan d r ia a nd t h e E a s t . H aye s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e p re sence o r

w a r e s o f v a r iou s s i tes , s i nce w e m ay f i nd t h a t c e r ta in

a b sence o fs uch w a re s may i nd ica te ac hange i nt r ade r ou te s

3 3

C hap ter I : U ns tra t if ied C eram ic s s hape s( s ee T ab le 1 .34 )i sv e ry ma rked ,i n d ica t ing ac o l lec t i on o fv e s se l si n tended f o rp r iva te r a the rt h an c omme rc ia l

a nd p a t te rn s . Wr igh t( 1980 : 1 74 )h a sa l so s ugges ted t h a ti f mo s ti mpo r t so r ig ina te i nI t a ly ,t h en I t a ly s hou ld b ec on s id e r ed t h e ma jo rd es t ina t ion a sw el ( i . e . E /W t r ade i s mo re

u se .S hape sf o ra l ls t age so ff ood p repa ra t ion a r ef ound ,a n i n d ica t ion o ft h es e lf -con ta ined n a tu re o fs h ipboa rd l i f e .T he p redom inance o f Kw a re ( 48 .9% o fa l l u t i l i ta r ian w a r e ) i s t y p ica l o fs im i la r s i te s ( Dy son 1 976 : 1 4 ; R i ley 1 975 : 5 2 ; G ibb in s1 991 :2 31 ,2 38 ) ,a nd t h er e la t ive ly h igh n umbe r so f

i mpo r tan tt h an N /S ) . We may a pp ly t h ese s ame a r gumen t s t o C ae sa rea , w he r e t r a f f ic i n aN /S d i r ec t ion c on t inued t h roughou tt h eo ccupa t ion o ft h es i te ,b u tw he re an ew t r ade p a t ter nw a sc r ea ted i nt h el a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .w i th mo re i n tense t r a ff i ci na nE /W d i rec t ion .T h i sp a t te rn c an a l so b e

c ook ing v e sse l s( po t sa nd p ans ) i sn o ts u rp r i s ing .T he f a c t t h a tm any o ft h e se v e sse l sa r ef i re -b la ckened i nd ica te st h ey

s een i nt h e ampho ra sf r om t h eh a rbou r( s ee S ec t ion I .B . 1 ) . T he e v idence o ft h eu t i l i ta r ian w a re s ,w i thou tt a k ing t h e e v idence o ft h ef me w a re sa nd ampho ra si n to c on s ide ra t ion , s ugge s t st h a tt h e mo s ti mpo r tan to r ig in o rd e s t ina t ion f o rt h e s h ip s f r equen t ing C ae sa rea l a y i n I t a ly ( e spec ia l ly n ea r R ome )a nd t ha tc e ram ic v e sse ls t a ken o nb oa rd a tt h a tp o in t

w e r e a boa rd s h ip f o r u se r a the r t h an a s c a rgo f o r t r ade . S h ipboa rd u se i sa l so a s sumed f o rj ug s ,t h eo n ly o t he rs hape f ound i nh igh n umbe r s .T he o ccu r rence o fl ow t o ta ln umbe r s o f aw ide v a r ie ty o fs hape s o c cu r s a to t he r s i te s (W r igh t 1 980 : 1 70 ;G ibb ins 1 991 :2 31 ; Adam sheck 1 979 :1 26 ) .T h i s p a t te rn , t o o , l e ad s t o t h e c onc lus ion t h a t t h e u t i l i ta r ian p o t te ry w a su sed a boa rd t h e s h ip s i nt h e a r ea a nd w a s n o t b e ing t r anspo r ted a sa n i t em o fc omme rc e .

t e nded t ob ek ep t , mo s t l i ke ly b ecau se t h ey w e re t h ep e r s ona lp rope r ty o ft h ec r ew m embe r sa nd w e re i n tended f o r s h ipboa rd u se r a the rt h an f o re xpo r ts a le .O cca s iona lb reak a ge a nd s ub sequen t r ep lac emen t w ou ld a ccoun t f o r t h e

P i t ch o n V e s se l s . T he n a tu re o ft h e s i te e n su red t h a ta

r e la t ive ly s ma l ln umbe r so fp i ece so fA f r ican o r ig in . No d oub to t he rl o ca lt ype so fp o t te ry a nd s pec if ic c en t re s o fp roduc t ion w il e ven tua l ly b ed i scove r ed ,b u ta tt h i st ime o u rc ro ss -sec t ion o f ma te r ia ld emons t ra te s t h a td u r ing t h e e a r l ie rp e r iod o fh a rbou ru se ( a sr ep resen ted b yt h ef i nd si n D epo s i t s 6a nd 7 ) ,t h et r a ff ic moved n o r th t os ou th a l ong t h e e a s te rn c oa s to ft h e Med i te r ranean ,d epo s i t ing o n ly v e sse l s p roduced i nr eg ions o f t h e e a s ter n Med i te r ranean . T hen ,

l a rge n umbe r o f v es se l s h ad p rese rved t h e p i tch c oa t ing a pp l ied t o t h e i r i n te r io r s . Adamsheck ( 1979 : 1 37 ) a nd G ibb ins ( 1991 : 2 36 , f i g .11 .3 ) a l so n o te t h a ts ome o ft h e i r u nd erwa te rm a t e r ia lp re se rves e v idence o ft h is c oa t ing .C ur t B eck (Wh i tcomb & J ohn son 1 979 : 2 53 -56 )h a sc a r r ied o u t a na ly s i s o ft h e b l ack ma te r ia l ( "p i tch" ) f ound i n s ide s uch v e s se ls a nd h a sd e te rm ined t h a t i ti si n deed u sua l ly w ood p i tch ,t h ep roduc to ft h ed i s t i l la t ion o fr e s in o fc on if e rou so r B u r se racaean o r ig in . T he r e s in i t se lf a ppea r s l e s s o f ten . P la sma Em i s s ion S pec t rog raph ic a na ly s is o f as amp le o f

o nce t h e H e rod ian h a rbou r w a s c on s t ruc ted , t h e f l ow o f t r a f f ic moved f r om w e s t t oe a s t , w h i le s t i l l ma in ta in ing s ome n o r th t os ou th t r a ff ic i nt h ee a s t er n Med i te r ranean .T he e v idence o ft h eu t i l i ta r ian p o t tery f o rt h is p e r iod p o in t s t o

p i tch f r om aCAHEP a mpho ra w a sc a r r ied o u ta tt h eQ uan ta T race L abo ra to r ie si nB ur naby i n1 986 ( r ef .n o .4 739 -0 19 ) .

s ub s tan t ia lc on ta c tw i th c en t ra lI t a l ian p o r t sw he re s ome o f t h eu t i l i ta r ian w a res w e re l o aded o n to t h es h ip s . U nl ike s i t es l o ca ted f u r the ri n land , a nd n o ts up r i s ing ly f o r ap o r tc i ty o fi n te rna t iona li mpo r tance , ar e la t ive ly l a rge n umbe ro fi mpo r ted p i ece so fu t i l i ta r ian w a re w e re f ound i n t h eh a rbou r . Mo s to ft h ei mpo r ted w a re w h ich s u rv ive si sK w a re ,p o s s ib ly ar e su l to ft h eh eav ine s so ft h ef abr ic a nd t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s w a re w ou ld h ave b een u sed c ommuna l ly

T he ma jo re l emen t s ,e xp re s sed a so x ide s ,w e r ea sf olow s : s i l icon 2 . 21% ,a l um inum 0 . 33% ,i r on 0 . 16% ,c a lc ium 1 . 70% , m agne s ium 0 . 23% , s od ium 0 .004% , p o ta ss ium < 0 .0 1% , b a r ium < 0 .000 1% , manganese 0 .003% ,p hospho ru s< 0 .0 1% , s t ron t ium 0 . 007% ,t i t an ium 0 .025% ,z i rcon ium < 0 .0003% , l o s so ni g n i t ion 9 5 .0 1% . An umbe r o f u se s h ave b een s ugge s ted f o r t h i s r e s in / p i t ch /b i tumen l i n ing .J ohn son ( 1981 : 1 )n o te st h a ti nE gyp t i ti su sed n o to n ly o nt h ei n ter io ro fv e s se ls ,b u ta l so o nt h e

a boa rd s h ip a nd w ou ld h ave b een r e ad i ly d i sca rded w hen d amaged . E ven a s sum ing t h a t w ooden a nd me ta l v e sse l s may h ave b een u sed a boa rd s ome s h ip s( s ee G ibb in s 1 991 : 2 38 n . 14 f o rr e f e renc es ) ,t h en umbe r so f Ca nd D w a re s t i l l

o u t s ide a s ad eco ra t ion ; C o l ts e t a l . ( 1 977 : 18 ) h ave s ugge s ted t h a t i tw a s a pp l ied t op o t s u sed t os h ip g arum . B a s sa nd v an D oo rn inck ( 1982 : 1 65 n .1 9 )s ugge s tt h a tf i re

s eem r e la t ive ly l ow . Cw a re ,l a rge ly u sed a sc on ta ine r sf o r s t o rage a nd s e rv ing , wou ld b e l e s sn ece s sa ry a boa rd s h ip a nd m igh tb el e s si ne v idence b ecau se o fi t sr e la t ive r a r i ty i n t h eh a rd l i f e s ty le o fs a i lo r s . I ti sn eve r the le s ss u rp r i s ing t o f i nd s o f ew w e s ter n e xamp le s o f Cw a re i nt h e h a rbou r d epo s i t s .T he p ropo r t ion o fDw a re s e em sc u r ious ly l ow ,b u t t h es a i lo r s may e i the rh ave u sed f i ne w a re so rs ha red as ma l l

b l ackened p o t sw i th l a rge a moun t so fp i t ch i n s ide w e re u sed f o rs ome s h ipboa rd p u rpo se .I ti sn o ts u rp r i s ing t h a t mo s to f

n umbe ro fc ommuna lv e sse l s .

w ou ld f a c i l i ta te t h e f unc t ion o fs t o rage ( O le son & O le son 1 987 :2 40 ) .O ne K -wa re p an ( K55 )w h ich c on ta ined al a rge a moun to fp i tch w a sp e rhap su sed f o rm ix ing a nd p repa r ing

t h eu t i l i ta r ian -wa re v e s se ls a tC a esa rea w h ich a r et r ea ted i n t h is manne ra r eC -wa re a nd D -wa re c on ta ine r s :j ug sa nd j a r s ( C3 ,C 5 , C 20 , C 21 , D 10 ,D 14 , D 29 , D 30 , D 41 ,D 42 ) ,a nd b a se s ( C14 , C 32 , C 46 , D 32 , D33 , D 35 ) w he re t h e p i tch

U t i l i tar ian Ware S hapes a nd F unc t ion .E xam ina t ion o f

t h em a t e r ia lf o rs h ipboa rd u se .A na mpho ra f i l led w i th p i tch w a sf o und i nt h eL au ron s Wr eck I ( X im6me s & Moe rman

t h et ype so fu t il i ta r ian v e s se l sf ound i nt h eh a rbou re xcava t i ons h e lp st op rov ide a ne xp lana t ion f o rt h e i ra ppea ranc ei n t h e h a rbou r a r ea a nd t h e i r u se . T he v a r ie ty o fw a re s a nd

1 99 1 : 2 12 ) .

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N o t e :I nt h ee n t r ie s x+y , xi nd ica t e st h en umbe ro fc a ta logued i t em s , yt h en umbe ro fi t em sa cce ss ioned b y CAHEP b u to n ly men t ioned i np a s s ing i nc a ta logue e n t r ie sd ea l ing w i th o t he rs he rd s .

P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if ied ,b u tf o rg ene ra ls hape s e e H ay e s 1 972 :2 07 ,f i g .3 6 ,F o rm 1 94 . ;V ega s 1 973 :2 6 , T ipo 6 . 1 a nd 2 ;D y son 1 976 : 1 22 -23 , 2 2 1 15 0 ,f i g .4 7 , f l a t -bo t tomed p an C la s s 2 1 , w i th C a l igu lan -C laud ian d a te ; R i ley 1 979 : 2 67 , f i g . 1 05 .533 ( l a te f i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i t e r ranean? C h rono logy : f i r s t second c en tu ry?

I .C .2 . K i t chen Wa re . P an s( f ig s .6 -8 ) . K l . S aucepan .A rea R :g r ave lb e low r ubb le . Wa l lf r ag m en tw i th h o r izon ta lr im ;b road r e c e s si nt o po fr im a nd d i s t inc t b u lge o n i n ne r e dge ; f i r e b l a ckened . R im D 0 . 279 . V e ry c oa r se , r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 3 ) f a b r ic w i th l a rge t e r raco t ta i n c lu s ion s ,p a le y elow ( 5Y 7 / 3 ) s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n oe xa c tp a ra l le l ,b u tc ompa r eK 44 ( D e p o s i t 3 )a nd K 55 ( Depo s i t4 ) . R i ley ( 1 979 : 3 44 , f i g . 1 26 .904 -910 )h a s as e r ie so fs im i la rb ow l si nh i sl o ca l 1f a b r ic , d a ted s e cond th i rd c en tu ry . D uncan 1 965 : 1 51 , f i g .6 . 160 , F o rm 2 3 :A21 ;D y son 1 976 : 5 4 , 1 6 1V 1 8 , f i g . 1 3 , l e gged s k ile t C la s s 2 ,d a ted t ot h e m id s e cond c en tu ry B .C . R ob in son 1 959 : 5 3 , J2 2 , p l . 7 2 , d a t ed e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : i mpe r ia l? K 2 .

K 3 .

S aucepan .A rea DI:r ubb le l a ye r .F ragmen to fr im , o ne h and le a nd w a l l ; r im h a s s e a t ing f o r l i d ; f i r e b l a ck ened . R im D 0 . 212 . C oa r se , d a rk g r ey ( 5Y 4 / 1 ) f a b r ic w i th l a rge d a rk i n c lu s ion s ,p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 3 )s l ip . 3 5

S aucepan . A r ea F : r ubb le a nd s a nd f i l a ga in s t b l ock s .N ea r ly c omp le te p rof i le f r om r im t ob a se ;w id e , f l a tr i bb ing b e tween h o r izon ta l p ro jec t ion o fr im a nd c a r ina t ion ;f i r eb l ackened .R im D 0 . 250 . Med ium g r i t , s t rong b r own ( 7 .5YR 4/ 6) f a b r ic w i th s ma l ld a rk i n c lu s i on s ,y e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s : D y son 1 976 : 18 -19 , 2 2 1 1 1 9 , f i g . 4 4 , s a uc epan C la s s 1 5 ( Ca l igu lan -C laud ian ) , w h ich h e r e ga rd s a s u nu sua l f o r C o sa . R i ley 1 979 : 2 58 , f i g . 1 02 .492 , l a t eH e l len i s t ic /Augu s tan -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ; V ega s1 973 :2 0 ,f i g .5 . 3 ,T ipo 4 ,d a ted f i r s tt h i rd o ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . O r ig in : w e s t er n Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy :l a t ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l fo ff i r s t c en tu ry A .C .

C hap t er I : U n s t ra t if i ed C eram ic s K 4 .

K 5 .

K 6 .

K 7 .

y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )e x t e r io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 6a nd KS . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica . C h rono logy : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry o rl a te r .

S aucepan . A r ea F :s andy f i l l 1 . 5 mb e low b l o ck s . F ragmen to fr im a nd c a r ina t ed b ody w i th r o und b a se ; s ha rp ,e ve r ted r im p rov ide ss e a t ing f o rl i d ;f i r eb l a ck e ned .R im D 0 . 160 . Med ium g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 4 ) f a b r ic ,r ed -b rown ( 2 .5YR 4 /4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : c ompa r eK 30 ( Depo s i t1 ) , K 58 a nd K 59 ( Depo s i t4 ) .R i ley 1 975 :4 8 ,n o . 11 -115 ,T ype B( f i r s t h a l f o f s e cond c en tu ry ) ; L app 1 96 1 : 1 90 , T ype 7 2 ; D yson 1 976 : 1 4 1 -142 ,L S 1 2 , f i g . 5 ,s a ucepan C la s s 1 7( l a te f i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry ) ;L o f f reda 1 974 :7 3 , A 2 , f i g . 2 . 4 -7 ( f i r s t c en tu ry t ol a t e R oman p e r iod ) ; T u sh ingham 1 985 :6 2a nd 3 16 ,f i g .2 6 .5 ,l o ca le xamp le ( po s t7 0t oe a r ly B yzan t ine ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy :m id -f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry . S aucepan . A rea F :s andy f i l l 1 . 5 mb e low b l ock s . F ragmen to ft h ick r im ,v e r t ica lw a l la nd r i dged ,r o unded b a se ;t o po fr im h a ss ma l lr e ce s s ;f i re b l a ckened .R im D0 . 230 . Med ium g r i t ,l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l lw h i te i n c lu s ion s ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) i n te r io r . As im i la rp an ( C83 -F 1-48 ) w a sf o und i nt h e s ame c on tex t . P a ra l le l s :D y son ( 1 976 :1 4 1 ,L S6 10 ,f i g .5 4 ,s a uc e p an C la s s 1 3 )h a s ad e sc r ip t ion o ft h i st y p e ,w h ich h e d a te sf r om t h el a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry .O le son & O le son 1 987 : 2 44 -45 ,K 3 -K8 ( e spec ia l ly K 4a nd K 6 ) , F ig . X I -3 t o8 ,T ype 3( f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry ) . V ega s ( 1 973 : 2 2 f . ,f i g .6 . 5 ,T ipo 5 )h a s aw e s te rn Med i te r ra n ean p roduc to ft h e s e cond th i rd c en tu ry .T he t y p e i s r e la t ive ly c l o se t oH aye s 1 972 :2 09 ,f i g .3 6F o rm 1 97 ; A bad fa s 1 987 : 1 95 ,f i g . 5 4 .5 ,i st h ec l o se s tp a ra l le lo f h i s 3 9 p i ece s . F u lfo rd a nd P ea cock ( 1 984 : 1 81 , f i g . 6 7 .1 .1 -3 ) h ave av a r ia t ion d a t ed 1 50 -425 w h ich t h ey r e ga rd a sr a r ei nt h ee a s t er n Med i t e r ranean . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry .

1 ( 8 .

S aucepan .A r ea R :g r ave ll a ye rb e low r ubb le .F rag m en tw i th r im ,f l ange a nd p a r to fr ounded ,r i dged b a se ; i n te rna lr im ro l l ;f l ange s epa ra te sw a l lf r om f i r eb l a ck e ned b a s e .R im D 0 . 220 .F ine g r i t ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) i n t e r io r s l ip , b i ch rome e x te r io rs l ip :r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 4 )b and a tr im ,0 . 023 w ide ;l i gh tr edd i sh b rown ( 5YR 6 / 4 )s l ip o nr ema in ing e x te r io r . P a ra l l e l s : s e eK 6 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica . C h rono logy : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry o rl a t e r .

1 ( 9 .

S auc epan . A r ea HI:g r ave l l a ye r .F ragmen ta ry b u t c omp le t ep ro f i le w i th t wo h and le sf r om r im t oc a r ina t ion o fr ounded b a se ;v e ry c r ude ly m ad e ;r e ce s sed l i p ;f i r e b l ackened .R im D 0 . 250 ; H0 . 071 . Med ium g r i t ,l i gh t r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 6 / 4 )f a b r ic ,l i gh ty e l low i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 4 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s : c ompa r e K 32 ( D epo s i t2 )a nd K 61 ( D e p o s i t4 )( o fm uch f i ne rm anuf a c tu r e ) .K ap lan ( 1 964 :1 0 , f i g .3 . 11 ,p l .3 . 8 )h a st h in w a r ee xamp le sd a t ed 5 0 -67 . L app 1 96 1 : 1 74 , T ype 5 1 .6 , d a ted 5 0 -68 . R ob inson ( 1 959 :4 2 ,G1 95 ,p l .7 )h a s ap an w h i ch i sd eep e rt h an o u r sw i th ad a te f i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry .C o rbo 1 970 : 4 0 ,f i g .6 . 1 -7 ,T ipo A 16 ,h a s ad a t eo fs e cond t of o u r th c en tu ry . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tt of ou r th c en tu ry .

K 10 . S aucepan .A r ea H1: g r ave ll a ye r .F ragmen to fr im t o c a r ina t ion ; s ha rp , n a r row r e ce s s i nt o p o f r im ; f i r e b l a ckened . R im D 0 . 2 10 . F ine g r i t , r edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 8 ) f a b r ic , r e dd i sh y elow ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) i n t e r io r s l ip ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 /6 )e x t e r io rs l ip . P a r a l le l s : c ompa r e K 62 ( Depo s i t4 ) . D y son 1 976 : 1 4 1 ,L S 8a nd 1 0 ,f i g .5 4 ,S aucepan C la s s1 3( l a te f i r s t e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ) ; O le son & O le son 1 987 : 2 4445 , K 5 ,f i g .X I -5 ,T ype 3 ;C o rbo 1 970 :3 6 ,f i g .5 . 1 -9 ,T ipo A1 ( 6 3 B .C . -A .D . 3 00 ) ; S aue r 1 973 : 2 6 , f i g . 2 . 64 ( La t eR oman ) ;L o f f r eda 1 974 :6 6 ,f i g . 1 . 1-2 ( f i r s t th i rd c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : 6 3B .C . t ot h i rd c en tu ry A .C .

S aucepan . A r ea H2 :r ubb le . F ragmen t w i th r im , c a r ina t ion a nd p a r t o fr ounded , r i dged b a se ; i n te rna l r im ro l l ; f l ange s epa ra t e s w a l l f r om f i r e b l a ckened b a se .R im D 0 . 252 .F ine g r i t ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 4 / 4 )i n te r io ra nd e x t e r i o rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : c ompa re K 7 a nd K 8 . A f r ican R ed S l ip C ook ing Wa r e .H aye s1 972 :4 5 -48 ,f i g .7 . 23 -25 ,F o rm 2 3t y pe B ,i sc ommon i nt h e We s tf r om t h em id second / e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry .A bad f a s( 1 987 )h a s1 04 e xamp le s o fF o rm 2 3B .D y son 1 976 : 1 44 -45 ,L S 3 -36 ,f i g .5 7 , r ound -bo t tomed p an C la s s 4( e a r ly s e cond -ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ) ; B e l t rän L lo r i s 1 978 : 2 18 ,4 43 ,p l . XXXV I I ; G ibb in s 1 991 : 2 33 , 5 ,f i g .6 .1 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica . C h rono logy : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry o rl a te r .

K 11 . S auc epan . A rea R : r ubb le . F ragmen t w i th p ro f i le f r om r im t ob a se ;r im h a sr e ce s sf o rl i da nd s ma l lc onvex b and a r ound t o p e x te r io r ; f l ange p rov ide s t r an s i t ion f r om s i de t ob a se .R im D0 . 270 ;b a se D 0 . 230 .F i ne g r i t , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s : D y son 1 976 : 6 8 , V -D 5 ,f i g . 1 8 , f l a t b o t tomed p an C la s s 1( down t o7 0B .C . ) ;o t he re xam p l e so ft h ef o rm ( 4 0 , FG 4 ,f i g .7 ;9 0 , PD 1 9 ,f i g .3 0 )d a t e c a . 1 00 B .C . -A .D . 5 0 ; R i ley 1 979 : 2 44 , f i g . 9 8 .426 , c ook ing w a re ( He l len i s t ic ) . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : c a .2 00 B .C . -A .D .5 0 .

S aucep an .A rea R : g r ave lb e low r ubb le . F ragmen t w i th r im ,c a r ina t ion a nd p a r to fr o unded ,r i dged b a se ; i n t e rna lr im ro l l ;f l ange s e pa ra te sw a l lf r om f i re b l a ck e ned b a se .R im D 0 . 26 .F i ne g r i t ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ,l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )i n t e r io rs l ip ,r e dd i sh

3 6

I LC : U t i l i tar ian W ar e s K 12 . Ha t -Bo t tomed P an .A r ea H2: r ubb le .F ragmen tw i th p rof i le f r om r im t ob a s e ; r im h a s d e l ica t e , c oncave s e a t ing f o rl i d ;b a se h a sv e ry l ow r i ng a r ound e x te r io r ; f i r eb l a ckened . R im D 0 . 203 ;b a se D 0 . 145 ; H0 . 055 . Med ium g r i t ,y e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th t i ny d a rk i n c lu s ion s ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )i n t e r io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : c ompa re K 63 ; KM a nd K 65 ( D epo s i t4 ) h ave as ha rpe rr im .O r bob i f ido t y pe ,C ampan ian f a b r ic ; D y son ( 1 976 :2 1 )a nd R i ley ( 1 979 :2 47 f . )h ave l e ng thy d i scu s s ion s o ft h e h i s to ry o ft h i s w e s te rn Med i te r ra n ean f o rm ;s e ea l so B e r l in 1 993 f o ri t sa ppea r ance i nt h e e a s t .P roduc t ion i sg ene ra l ly t h ough tt ob eI t a l ian ,b u t o n t h e g round s o ff a b r ic R i ley p r opo se s a tl e a s t o ne o t he rc en t r eo fp roduc t ion i nT un i s ia .D y son 1 976 :6 8 6 9 ,V -D 5a nd 7 ,f i g .1 8 ,f l a t -bo t tomed p an C la s s1 ;8 9 , P D 1 0a nd 1 2 , f i g . 2 9 ( 100 B .C . -A .D . 5 0 ) ; O le son & O le son 1 987 :2 4647 ,K 22 -K25 ,F i g .X I -22 t o2 5 ,T ype 2 ;A bad fa s 1 987 : 1 88 ,f i g .5 1 .3 -5 ;R i ley 1 979 :2 47 -50 , f i g . 1 00 .446 -450 ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . t om id sec o nd c en tu ry A .C . ,r a r ea f t e rt h a t ) ;V ega s1 973 :4 5 ,f i g . 1 5 .4 ,T ipo 1 4a ( l a te R epub l ic -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ) ;V ega s &B r uckne r1 975 :9 2 ,A bb .3 . 7 ;H aye s 1 976a :6 0 ,f i g . x . 12 a nd 9 8 ,f i g .c . 18 . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t om id -s e cond c en tu ry A .C .

3 49 , f i g . 1 27 .936 , as im i la rp an ( s econd o rt h i rd c en t u ry ) ;R ob in son 1 959 :3 , G 12 ,p l .7 2 ,a nd P 8651 ,p l . 7 1 ,v a r ia t ion so ft h ef o rm ( f i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry ,G 12 ; f o u r th s ix th c en tu ry , P8 651 ) ;D y son 1 976 : 1 45 4 6 ,L S3 9 -41 ,f i g .5 8 ,f l a t -bo t tomed p an C la s s 1 8( l a te f i r s t t o m id th i rd c en tu ry ) ; G ibb in s 1 991 : 2 34 , 1 , f i g. 41 . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . I m i ta t ion o f A f r ican R ed S l ip Wa re? C h rono logy : l a t ef i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry . K 15 . F la t -Bo t tomed P an . A r ea R : g r ave l b e low r ubb l e . F ragmen tw i th c omp le te p ro f i le f r om l a rge ,f l a r ing r im t o f l a t b a se ; s ha l low c a r ina t ion b e low r im . R im D 0 . 350 ;b a se D 0 . 230 ; H0 . 070 . Med ium t oc oa r se g r i t , r e dd i sh y elow ( 5YR 6 / 8 ) f a b r ic w i th s ma l l d a rk a nd l i gh ti n c lu s ion s ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 976 -77 : 2 47 , f i g . 5 . 17 -18 , al ow , c a r ina t ed d i sh o f s e cond th i rd c en tu ry d a te , i st h e c l o se s tp a ra l le l f o und . H aye s 1 983 : 1 26 , f i g . 9 . 106 -9 a nd 1 38 , f i g . 1 8 .230 , T ype 2F ry ing P an w i th d a te o f m id / la t es e cond c en tu ry i sa l so c l o s e .E xamp le so ft h e g ene ra lf o rm :B e l t rän L lo r i s1 978 :2 2 1 ,6 02 ,p l . XL IX ; R i ley 1 979 : 3 51 , f i g . 1 28 .947 -948 ; H aye s 1 972 : 3 27 , f i g . 6 6 .2 , F o rm 2 ;R ob in son 1 959 : 6 7 , K8 9 , p l . 7 2 . T he se e xamp le s a l l d a te l a te f i r s t t o t h i rd c en tu ry . T ay lo r a nd Megaw ( 1 981 : 2 45 , f i g . 6 0 .459 ) h ave a " La te R oman C "d i sh ( Haye s 1 972 : 3 27 ,f i g .6 6 ,F o rm 2 a )f r om t h ef o u r th -f i f th c en tu ry t h a ti ss l igh t ly d if e r e n t . D y son ( 1 976 : 7 1 , V -D 1 8 , f i g . 1 9 , f l a t -bo t tomed p an C la s s 1 5 )h a sa ne a r ly v a r ia t ion w i th ad a t eb e fo re 7 0B .C . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy : f i r s tt of ou r th c en tu ry .

K 13 . F l a t -Bo t tomed P an .A rea F :r ubb le s a nd -f i l lb e low b l ock s . F ragmen t o f r im a nd c onvex w a l l ; i n c i sed g roove a r ound e x te r io ro ff l a tr im w h ich p ro jec t s i n w a rd s ; i n te r io r a nd e x te r io r f i r e b l ackened . R im D 0 . 230 . Med ium g r i t , d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 4 / 2 ) f a b r ic w i th s ma l lw h i te i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le l s : V ega s1 973 :2 6 ,f i g .7 . 3 ,T ipo 6 ,w i thou t i n c i sed g roove ( t h i rd c en tu ry ) ;L o f f r eda 1 974 :7 5 ,A 3 , f i g . 2 . 9 , p an w i thou t t h e i n c i sed g r oove a nd i n ne r p ro jec t ion o fr im ( f ou r th c en tu ry ) ;S aue r1 973 :2 6 ,f i g . 2 . 67 ( p o s tS econd R evo l tp e r iod ) ;R i ley 1 979 :3 49 ,f i g . 1 27 .936 ,s im i la rs hape ( s econd c en tu ry ) ;D y son 1 976 : 1 46 ,L S4 2 -45 ,f i g s .5 8 -59 ,f l a t -bo t tomed p an C la s s2 2 ( l a t e f i r s t -ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ) . B lake ly 1 987 : 8 4 , f i g . 2 9 .104 i s a n e xce l len t p a ra l le l f r om C ae sa rea , u n s t ra t if ied . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : l a t ef i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry .

K lb . P an .A r ea R :s u r fa ce .F ragmen tf r om r im t oe nd o f h and le ;i regu la rh o le a te nd o fh and le ;o ne d eep g roove f r om h o le t owa rd r im ;t wo o t he rs ha l low g r oove sf r om r im ,a lmo s ta r ound t h eh o le . MPL 0 . 136 Med ium g r i t , g r ey ( 2 .5YR NM ) f a b r ic w i th t e r raco t ta i n c lu s ion s , b rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 )e x t er io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 979 : 2 66 , f i g . 1 05 .528 , as im i la r h and le o f i mpo r ted f a b r ic -a h a rd , g r i t ty , b rown i sh g r ay f a b r ic w i th m ica ( s econd th i rd c en tu ry ) ; H aye s 1 976a :6 8 , f i g .9 . 55 , av a r ia t ion ( f ou r th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry .

K 14 . F l a t -Bo t tomed P an . A rea H2: r u bb le l a ye r . F rag m en tw i th c omp le t e p rof i le f r om r ounded , t h ickened r im t o f l a t b a se ; l owe r e x t e r io r w a l l h a s t wo l i gh t g roove s ;s eve ra lf i r eb l a ckened s po t so ne x t e r io r .R im D0 . 270 ;b a se D 0 . 2 10 ; H0 . 065 .F i ne t om ed ium g r i t , d a rk g r ey ( 5Y 4 / 1 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l lw h i t ei n c lu s ion s , d a rk y elow i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 4 / 4 )e x te r io r , y e l low i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 4 )t od a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 4 / 2 ) i n te r io r . P a ra l le l s :L ev ine & N e tze r1 986 :1 64 ,1 72 ,f i g .2 . 20 l a ck st h eg roove sa nd i st h icke rb u to t he rw i se c on fo rm s t oo u r s .H aye s1 972 :2 00 f . ,f i g .3 5 .12 -13 ,F o rm 1 8 1i s A f r ican R ed S l ip w i th ad a t ef r om t h es e cond h a lf o ft h e s e cond t ot h ef i r s tt h i rd o ft h et h i rd c en tu ry .R i ley 1 979 :

C ook ing P o t s( f ig . 8 ,p l . 1 ) . K 17 . C ook ing P ot A r ea J .F ragmen t so fr im , o ne c om p l e t eh and le a nd s t ub o fs e cond h and le ,c oncave n eck , s hou lde r a nd g l obu la r b ody ; l i gh t r e ce s s o n t o p o f t h ickened r im ; s ome f i re b l acken ing . R im D 0 . 107 . V e ry f i ne g r i t ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 5 / 4 ) s l ip . P a r a l le l s :n oe xac tp a ra l le l .S ee D y son 1 976 :2 7 ,C F 3 7 , f i g . 3 ,p o t s C la s s 9 ,n o h and le s s hown ( 2 75 -150 B .C . ) ;L app 1 978 : 1 02 ,p l .7 2 .19 ( 100 -63 B .C . ) ;L app 1 96 1 : 1 87 -88 ,T ype 7 1 .1 .N 1 w i th mo r es imp le r im ( 5 0

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C hap te rI : U n s t ra t if i ed C eram ic s B .C . -A .D . 7 0 . ) . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

a ppea ra sl a t ea st h es e ven th c en tur y :T ay lo r & Megaw 1 98 1 : 2 19 , f i g . 4 0 .335 ; C a t l ing 1 972 : 3 2 , P 148 a nd P 181 ,f i g .20 ;F u l fo rd & P eacock 1 984 : 1 87 ,f i g .7 0 .33 . O r ig in :C yp r io t . C h rono logy : H e l len i s t ic t os e cond c en tu ry A .C .

K 18 . C ook ing P o t .A r ea J .F ragmen to fr im ,h and le ,n eck a nd r i bb ed ,g l obu la rb ody ;r im l a ck se x te r io rp r o jec t ion o fK 65 ( Depo s i t4 )b u th as i n te rna lc oncav i ty . R im D 0 . 108 ;b ody D 0 . 2 15 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic .P l . 1 . P a ra l le l s :S t r ange ( 1 975 :4 9f . ,f i g . 1 4 .4 ,T ype 1 . 1 ) l i s t s t h i s a s aw e l l -known P a le s t in ian t y pe d a t ed s e c o nd f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ; Meye r s 1 976 : 1 95 ,p l . 7 . 14 , 2 ( 103 -37 B .C . ) ;L app 1 96 1 : 1 87 -88 ,T ype 7 1 .1 N 2( 5 0 6 8 ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

K 22 . C ook ing P o t .A r ea T .A lmo s tc omp le t e ;p rof i le w i th l a rge c oncave r im ,s ma l le rn eck ,a nd b ag shaped ,h eav i l yr i bbed b ody ;t wo l a rge h and le sl o op f r om t h et o po f t h er im t oj u s ta bove t h eb ely ;r i bs i ze i n c rea se st owa rd u n r ibbed ,r ounded b a se .R im D 0 . 116 ; H0 . 167 ;m ax i mum b ody D 0 . 182 . Med ium g r i t , b rown i sh y e l low ( 10YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s :K e l so a nd B a ramk i( 1 955 :3 4 ,n o .1 2 1 ,p l . 1 7a nd p l .2 7 ,N 22 a nd N 33 ,T ype 1 .a )h ave t h eb e s t d i scu s s ion o ft h i sc ommon P a le s t in ian p o to ft h eB yz a n t ine p e r iod .C a t l ing ( 1 972 :4 5 ,P 185 ,f i g .2 7 ;P 98 ,f i g . 7 ; P 184 , f i g . 2 8 ) h a s p o t s d a t ed 6 00 -750 . C a t l ing r e ga rd st h i sc ook ing p o tw i th s ha rp ly i n cu rv ing m ou th a nd c omp le te ly p l a in l i p mou ld ing a s ar a re v a r ian to n C yp ru s .H aye s( 1 978 :4 3 , f i g . 8 . 13 ;5 8 ,f i g . 1 5 .50 -51 ) c i te sC yp r io ti mpo r t so fs im i la rf o rm a tC a r thage ,d a t ed t ot h es e ven th c en tu ry .B a s sa nd v an D oo rn inck ( 1 982 : 1 77 ,P 53 a nd P 55 ,f i g .8 15 a nd f i g .8 17 )h ave s im i la r s hap e s d a ted t ot h e s e ven th c en tu ry , b u t m ad e o fa p u rp l i sh o ch r ef a b r ic .F u l fo rd a nd P eaco ck ( 1 984 : 1 85 , f i g .6 9 .19 -1 )h ave as im i la rp o tw i th c upped r im w h ich i sd a t ed 4 75 -500 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : l a te f o u r th t om id e igh th c en tu ry .

K 19 . C ook ing P o t .A rea DI: n o r th e x ten s ion r ubb le l a ye r . F ragmen tw i th f l a r ing r im a nd s hou lde r ;r a i sed r i dge a t t r an s i t ion f r om n e ck t os hou lde r ;f i r eb l a ck ened .R im D 0 . 130 . Med ium g r i t ,v e ry d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 2 .5Y 3 / 2 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l ld a rk i n c lu s ion s ,d a rk g r ay i sh b rown ( 2 .5Y 4 /2 )e x t e r io r . P a ra l le l s :n oe xa c tp a ra l le lw i th r i dge a tn eck b u tt h e f o rm i sr e la t ive ly c ommon : c f . H aye s 1 983 : 1 22 , f i g . 5 . 62 -63 a nd 1 38 , f i g .18 .226 , C ook ing P o t T ype 2 c ommon i nt h e A egean ( 160 / 170 -180 ) ; D y son 1 976 : 5 , 1 6 IV 2 9 , f i g . 1 4 , p o t s C la s s 2( 2 75 -150 B .C . ) ; K lone r &H e s s 1 985 : 1 28 , f i g . 2 . 20 ( c a . 1 50 B .C . ) ; R i ley 1 979 : 2 65 , f i g . 1 04 .520 , al a rge rp o ti nL o ca l 1 F ab r ic ( s econd th i rd c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : t h i rd o rm id second c en tu ry B .C . t o e nd o fs e cond c en tu ry A .C .?

K 23 . C ook ing P o t .A r ea Di: r ubb le j u s ta bove c l ay .C om p l e te r im , p a r t s o ft wo h and le s a nd p o r t ion o fn eck ; s ho r t , a lmo s tv e r t ica ln eck i sc oncave o ni n te r io r ; f l a t r im p ro jec t s h o r izon ta l ly . R im D 0 . 159 . F i ne g r i t , r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 4 / 3 )f a b r ic ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 4 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : n oe xa c tp a ra l le l ,b u tc ompa re K 83 ( De p o s i t7 ) ; K 49 ( Depo s i t3 )b e long st ot h es ame g ene ra l f o rm . W i l l iam s 1 989 : 6 4 , n o . 3 71 , f i g . 3 3 ( f i r s t th i rd c en tu ry ) ; D o than 1 971 : 4 8 , f i g . 1 0 .7 ( He l len i s t ic la t e s e cond c en tu ry B .C . ) ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 28 , f i g .4 1 .3 ; C o rbo 1 955 :3 2 ,f i g .3 . 1 ,2 ,a nd 4 ,T ipo A 5a nd A 6( 1 35 4 50 ) ;L o f f r eda 1 974 : 8 4 , f i g9 . 2( e nd o ft h ef i r s t -ea r ly s e cond t of o u r th c en tu ry ) ; C a t l ing 1 972 : 3 8 , f i g . 2 3 , P 472 ,v a r ian tf r om h i sB yzan t ine ,P e r iod I g roup . O r ig in : e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : l a te s e cond c en tu ry B .C . t of i f th c en t u ry A .C .

K 20 . C ook ing P o t .A rea Di: n o r th e x t en s ion r ubb le l a ye r . F ragmen to fr im w i th o ne h and le a nd r i bb ed b ody ;r im h a sc oncave s e a t ing f o rl i d .R im D0 . 080 .F i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny t e r ra co t ta i n c lu s ion s , l i gh t g r ey ( 10YR 7 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : R i ley ( 1 975 : 4 1 , n o .59 ) h a s ap o to ft h e s ame s i ze b u td if e ren tf a b r i cf r om t h el a t et h i rd -ea r ly f o u r th c en tu ry l e ve l sa tC a e sa rea .R ob in son 1 959 : 5 6 , J5 6 , p l . 1 , a nd 4 2 , G 1 92 , p l . 1 , t wo l a rge r p o t s ( s econd -ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ) ; R i ley 1 979 : 2 66 , f i g . 1 04 .521 ,o ne -hand led p o t( s econd th i rd c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : s e cond t oe a r ly f ou r th c en tu ry . K 21 . C ook ing P o t .A r ea F :r ubb le l a ye rn o r th o fp l a t fo rm . F ragmen to fr im w i th l o ng , s l op ing n eck , o ne h and le a nd r i bbed s hou lde r . R im D 0 . 130 . Med ium g r i t ,d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 4 /2 )f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i te i n c lu s i on s , l i gh ty elow i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : T ay lo r ( 1 980 : 1 95 , f i g . 2 4 .226 ) h a s t h e b e s tp a ra l le lf o und , ac ook ing p o t , P e r iod 3( He l len i s t i c -Roman ) d a te . R i ley ( 1 979 : 2 75 , f i g . 1 08 .575 a nd 2 46 ,f i g .9 9 .439 )h a sp o t so ft h es ame g ene ra lf o rm ,t h e f o rme rw i th a n A ugu s tan t os e cond -cen tu ry d a te , t h e l a t t e r am id t h i rd -cen tu ry d a te . V a r ia t ion so ft h ef o rm

l id s( f ig .9 ) . K 24 . L id .A r ea R :r ubb le l a ye r .F ra gmen to fr im a nd p a r t o fc u rv ing w a l l ; g roove s epa ra t e sw a l lf r om u p tu rned r im ; t r a ce s o f b u rn i sh ing o n t o p . D0 . 29 . F i ne g r i t , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic , l i gh tr edd i sh b r own ( 5YR 6 / 4 ) e x t e r io r , r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 3 ) s l ip o n r im . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 2 0 1 , f i g . 3 5 .22 , F o rm 1 82 , A f r ican R ed S l ip Wa r e i st h e c l o s e s tp a ra l le l b u th a s

3 8

I LC : U t i l i tar ian W ar e s Mor ta r ia ( f ig .9 ,p l . 2 ) . K 28 . Mo r ta r ium . A r ea K .C omp le t ep rof i le o fr im , w a l l a nd c oncave b a se ; i n c i sed l i ne a r ound i n s ide e dge o f r im . R im D 0 . 34 ; m ax imum D 0 . 46 ; b a se D 0 . 23 ; H 0 . 10 .V e ry c oa r se ,y e l low i sh r ed ( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th l a rge d a rk ,l i gh ta nd t e r ra co t ta i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le l s :K 29 ,K 43 ( Depo s i t2 ) ,a nd K81 ( D epo s i t 4 ) . An umbe ro fu nca ta logued mo r ta r ia f r agmen t sd i s c ove red i na r ea Y ( C85 -Y1-34 ;C 83 -Y1 -30 ;C 83 -Y1 3 1 )h ave t r ac e so fs t amp s . O ne o t he rf r agmen t( C82 G 1 -147 )f o und i nt h er ubb le a tt h ew e s tf a ce o ft h et owe r i nA r ea G i su n ique i nt h a ti th a sn o s t amp b u ts e ven p a i r so fh o le sp unched a l ong t h ef l a ts u r f ac eo ft h er im . G roh ( 1 978 : 1 65 -69 )p rov ide s af ul s t udy o f mo r ta r ia a tC a e sa r ea ,w i th b i bl iog raphy ,t ow h ich n ow mu s tb e a dded B lake ly e ta l .1 989 ,1 992 .H aye s( 1967a : 37 -47 ) p rov ide s ac omp le te d i scu s s ion o f S y r ian mo r ta r ia w h ich h e d a te s t o t h e t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry , a nd h i s d i s t r ibu t ion m ap ( f ig .4 )s how s ah eavy c oncen t ra t ion i n o u ra r ea .R i ley ( 1 975 :3 7a nd 4 1 ,f i g .2 . 65 -67 )d i scu ss e s e xamp le sf o und i nt h eC ae sa rea h i ppod rome .R ahman i ( 1 980 : 1 04 ,n .7 )s t a te st h a tt h et y pe c on t inue sa sl a te a s t h es e cond t h i rd o ft h ef ou r th c en tu ry . O r ig in : S y r ia . C h rono logy : l a te s e cond t os e cond t h i rd o ff ou r th c en tu ry .

m o r e s ha rp ly h ooked r im . H a ye s g i ve s as i ze r a nge f r om 0 . 220 -0 .330 a nd ad a t e f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o f s e cond -f i r s th a l fo ft h i rd c en tu ry .A b id fa s1 987 :2 9 ,f i g . 6 . 12 ; R i ley 1 979 : 3 66 , f i g . 1 32 .10 47 -48 , t wo b ow l s w i th s im i la rr im si nl o ca lf a b r ic 5 ;H aye s1 976a :8 6 ,2 6 2 7 ,F o rm 1 96 , t h icke rw a re f r om f ou r th -cen tu ry f i l l . O r ig in : N o r th A f r ica . C h rono logy : s e cond h a lf o fs e cond t of i r s th a l fo f t h i rd c en tu ry .

B a s ins /Deep B ow l s( f ig .9 ) . K 25 . B a s in /Deep B ow l . A rea Y : s po rad ic . F ragmen to f r im , w a l l a nd b a se ; h eavy r im u nde rcu to n e x t e r io r ; b road r i b so nw a l l ;c i rcu la ri n c i s ion a ti n te r io rc en t r e . R im D0 . 375 ;b a se D0 . 225 ; H0 . 104 . Med ium g r i t ,p ink ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic w i th t i ny ,d a rk i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le ls : n o p a rale l f o und , b u t c ompa r e K 26 . R ob in son ( 1959 :6 6 , K8 0 ,p l .1 4 )h a s ab a s in o ft h em id t h i rd c en tu ry w h ich m ay b e r e la ted . W il iam s ( 1 989 : f i g s . 1 2 -14 ) h a s v e s se l s o f t h e s ame g ene ra l s hape w h ich d a te s i x th -s even th c en tu r y . T u sh ingham 1 985 : 9 5 ,323 a nd 3 30 ,f i g s .3 1 .36 a nd 3 6 .19 -20 ,b a s in s( f rom f i r s tq ua r te ro ft h es e ven th c en tu r yt oe nd o ft h eB yzan t i ne p e r iod ) ; H aye s 1 983 : 1 32 , f i g s . 1 5 -16 .178 -190 , a s e r ie s o ff l a t -ba s ed b a s in s ( s econd c en tu ry ) ; Wa r ren 1 987 -88 : 9 3 ,f i g . 3 .G ( s econd c e n tu ry ) . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean? C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

K 29 . Mo r ta r ium .A rea Y :s po rad ic .F ragmen to fr im a nd w a l l ; r im h a s t wo r e c tangu la r s t amp s w i th n ame E PMOF IE NOTE i n t wo l i ne s ; i n c i sed l i ne a r ound i n te r io ro fr im . R im D > 0 .50 . V e ry c oa r se , y e l low i sh r e d ( 5YR 5 / 8 ) f a b r ic w i th l a rge d a rk a nd l i gh ti n c lu s i on s , v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 5YR 3 / 1 ) s l ip ( ? ) u nde rr im o n e x t e r io r .P l . 2 . P a ra l le l s : c ompa r e K 28 , a nd B lake ly 1 992 : 1 97 , C la s s 2 ,n o . 1 0 , 1 2 -13 . T he r im o ft h i s mo r ta r ium i s m uch h eav ie rt h an t h o se o ft h eo t he r CAHEP e xamp le s . A no the rf r agmen to f amo r ta r ium ( C85 -Y1 -34 )w i th a s i ng le s t amp o f H ennogene s w a s f o und i nA r ea Y , s h ipw r eck a r ea . T ha t v e sse l i ss l igh t ly s ma l le r , a nd t h e re i sas ma l lm a rk b e tween t h e Na nd 0 i nt h es t amp , a sw e l la st h es l a sh t e rm ina t ion .A no the rs po rad ic f i nd ( C83 -Y1 -30 )i nA r ea Yh a s af a in ts t amp w h ich c anno t b er e ad ,b u t af ew l e g ib le l e t te r ss ugge s tt h es t amp m ay h ave b een AAAATO, a no the rn ame f o und a tC a e sa rea ( G roh 1 978 : 1 66 ;H aye s 1 967a : 3 40 ) .R i ley ( 1 975 ; 3 7 a nd 4 1 , f i g . 2 . 65 ) h a s e xamp le s o f t h e H e rmogene s s t amp w h ich h e d a te s t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry . T he se a r e S y r ian mo r ta r ia mo s tl i ke ly p roduced a tR a se l -Ba s i t . H aye s( 1 967a : 37 -47 )g i ve st h e mo s tc omp le te d i scu s s i on o ft h et y pe . O r ig in : S y r ia . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry .

K 26 . B a s in /Deep B ow l . A rea Y : S h ipw r eck ; s u r f ace . F ragmen to fr im ,w a l la nd b a se ;h eavy ,s qua red r im h a s g en t le , c oncave e x t e r ior , l owe r i n te r io r a nd e x te r io r w al sh ave l i gh tb and ing .R im D 0 . 340 ;b a s e D0 . 220 ; H0 . 079 .F ine g r i t ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l l , d a rk i n c lu s ion s ,l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 )e x t e r io r( s l ip ? ) . P a ra l le l s : n o p a ra l le l f o und , b u t c ompa r e K 25 . A s im i la rv e sse l( C83 -Y1 -29 )w a sd i scove red i nt h es ame a r ea .T h i ss econd v e s s e lh a s am o r er ound ed r im u nde r c u tb y at h in , r e gu la r g roove . T h e f o rm s e em s l o ca l , b a sed u pon P e r s ian v e s se l se xcava t ed b yD o than ( 1 971 : 1 04 , f i g . 5 0 .1 ; 13 -114 , f i g . 5 9 . 11 ; 1 4 1 , f i g . 7 9 .1 ) . I t c on t inue s i n to t h e l a te R oman a nd B yzan t ine p e r iod : C o rbo 1 970 : 5 3 ,f i g . 1 2 : 1 6 ,T ipo C 1 2 . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . K 27 . B a s in .A r ea Y :s po rad ic .F ragmen to fb a se a nd h i gh w a l l ; h eavy r i ng a r ound b a se . B a s e Dc a . 0 . 30 . V e ry c oa r se , d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 4 / 2 ) f a b r ic w i th d a rk ,w h i t ea nd t e r ra co t ta i n c lu s ion s ,b rown ( 7 .5 YR 5 / 4 )e x te r io r . As im i la rb a s in ( C83 -Y 1 -33 )w a sf o und i n t h es am ea r ea . P a ra l l e l s :R ob in son 1 959 :3 1 , G9 9 ,p l . 6a nd p l .7 2 , b as in ( Augu s tan ) . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i t e r ran ean . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan?

1 .C .3 . C oar se Wa re . B ow l s /F i sh P la t e s( f ig . 1 0 ) . C l . B ow l /F i sh P l a te .A rea Y :S h ipw reck ;s u r fa ce .C om p l e te p rof i le o fs t eep s ided b ow l .R im D 0 . 232 ;b a se D 0 . 076 ; H0 . 077 .S andy ,f i ne g r i t ,g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR

3 9

C hap te rI : U n s tra t i f i ed C eram ic s 5 / 2 ) f a b r ic ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 4 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s :C o l t1 962 :2 90 ,p 1 .49 .30 A l( He l l en i s t ic ) ; K lone r &H e s s 1 985 : 1 96 ,f i g . 1 . 13 -14 , as im i la rf o rm ( f i r s th a l fo ft h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ,d i sappea r sa tb eg inn ing o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry B .C . ) ; J one s 1 950 : 2 13 , f i g . 1 78 .E ;Z ayad in 1 966 :6 2 ,p l . XXX .75 ,H e l len i s t ic f i sh p l a te . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry B .C .?

O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h ro no logy :H elen i s t ic t om id -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .?

J ar s( f ig . 1 0 ) . C 2 . J a r .A rea G :r ubb le l a ye ra r ound w ood .F ragmen to f r im a nd w a l l o f s qua tj a r ; r im h a s f l a t tened t o p a nd i n c i sed , n a r row b and a r ound e x te r io r . R im D 0 . 17 . Med ium g r i t , r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th s ma l lt om ed ium s i ze l i gh ta nd d a rk i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le l s :N oe xa c tp a ra l le lc ou ld b ei d en t if i ed ,b u t t h eg ene ra ls hape i sc ommon .D uncan 1 965 :1 6 1 ,f i g .7 , A 32 a nd A 33 ,F o rm 2 6( s econd o rf i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ; R ob in son 1 959 : 1 8 , F8 2 ,p l . 3a nd 7 2 ,t h es ame g ene ra l s hap e b u t t wo h and le s a nd n o i n c i s ion ( f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) . F o rg ene ra l s hape s e e t h e m uch l a rge rs t o rage j a r si nV ega sa nd B ruckne r1 975 :4 3a nd 7 1 ,T a f .2 8 .8 9 .D o than 1 97 1 : 1 40 , f i g . 7 7 .5 a nd 9 9 , f i g . 4 2 .7 ,j a r s ( hon I ) ; Meye r s 1 976 : 2 18 ,p l .7 . 19 ,2 -4 , ac on t inua t i on o ft y pe i n to A rab ic p e r iod . O r ig in : e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .? C 3 .

C 4 .

C 5 .

J a r .A r ea D l :r ubb le l a ye r .F ragmen to fr im ,s hou l d e ra nd h and le ;t h ickened r im h a ss l igh tc oncav i t yo n i n te r io r ;p i t ch c oa t ing o ni n te r io r .R im D 0 . 140 .S andy , f i ne g r i t , g r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic , l i gh tg r ey ( 10YR 7 / 1 ) s l ip .C ompa re C 21 ( D epo s i t2 )f o rg ene ra ls hape . P a ra l le l s :T homp son 1 934 :4 17 ,f i g . 1 03 .E 131 . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : l a t es e cond -f i r s tc en tur yB .C .

C 6 .

J a r .A r ea D1:r ubb le l a ye r .F ra gmen to fr im ,h and le a nd b ody ;f l a r ing r im l i gh t ly u nde rcu to ne x te r io r .R im D0 . 08 . Med ium g r i t ,g r ay ( 2 .5Y N 5 / )f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ay t og r ay ( 5Y 6 / 1 )s l ip (? ) .A no the re xamp le ( C84 -H1 -14 ) w a sf o und i nt h eg r ave ll a ye ro fA rea H1. P a ra l le l s : C o l t 1 962 : 2 96 , p l . LV I .134 .8 ; S t r ange 1 975 :4 9 ,f i g .1 3 .13 -15 ,T ype 1 . 2A ( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

J ug s( f ig s . 1 0 -11 ) . C 7 . J ug .A r ea J .F ragmen tw i th f l a r ing ,c i r cu la rr im ,o ne h and le a nd r i bbed b ody . R im D 0 . 087 . Med ium g r i t , y e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th t i ny ,w h i t ei n c lu s i on s .

J a r . A rea F : s a nd N o f P l a t fo rm , 2 . 0 m b e low s u r f a ce .F ragmen to fr im a nd w a l l ;t h ickened r im w i th s ha rp ,i n t e r io rr e ce s sa nd f l a r ing e x te r io rp r of i le ;l i gh t r i bb ing o nb ody ;h eavy p i tch c oa t ing o ni n te r io r .R im D 0 . 080 . Med ium g r i t ,d a rk r e dd i sh g r ey ( 5YR 4 / 2 )f a b r ic , p a le y e l low ( 5Y 7 / 3 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : n oe xa c tp a rale l . D y son 1 976 ; 1 05 , P D 1 30 , f i g . 3 9 ,j a r sC la s s 2 1 h a st h eg ene ra l s h ape b u ta d i f f e ren tl i pa nd i st w ice a sl a rge .V ega sa nd B ruck ne r 1 975 : 4 2 a nd 7 0 , T a f . 2 7 .20 i st h e g ene r a l s h ape b u t l a ck s t h e s e a t ing f o r al i d . T u sh ingham 1 985 : 9 1 a nd 3 18 ,f i g .2 7 .27 -28 ,s t o rage j a r( t h i rd q ua r t e ro ft h es i x th c en tu ry A .C . ) . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . J a r .A rea DI:r ubb le l a ye r .F ragmen to fr im ,h and le a nd b ody ;t o po ff l a r ing r im h a ss e a t ing f o rl i d ;c oncave b and b e tween r im a nd t o po fh and le .R im D 0 . 120 .F ine g r i t , g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 5 / )f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ey ( 5Y 7 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : D y son 1 976 : 1 23 , 21 1 5 3 , f i g . 4 7 , p o t s C la s s2 4 , ap o to fC a l igu lan -C laud ian d a t ew h ich i st h e g ene ra l t y pe b u t l a ck s h and le s . O le son a nd O le son 1 987 :2 50 ,K 51 ,F ig .X I -51 ,O vo id P o tT yp e7 ,as im i la r f a b r ic a nd t h e g ene ra l t y pe b u tl a ck sh and le s a nd h a s mo r es l ende rb ody . Wr igh t1 980 : 1 60 ,p l .3 2 . 105 ,i st h e c l o se s tp a ra l le la l though t h e r ea r ed i f f e rence so ff a b r ic a nd s hape o fh and le s , d a t ed e a r ly T ib e r ian .C row foo t 1 957 :3 06 ,f i g .7 2 .15 , ad i f f e r en tf a b r ic a nd t h eh and le s a t ta ch t ot h er im ,d a t ed t ot h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod .

4 0

P a ra l le l s : c ompa re C 38 ( Depo s i t4 ) , wh ich h a s a mo re s l end e r b ody . D o than 1 971 : 4 8 , f i g . 9 . 16 -17 ( t ran s i t ion p e r iod , l a t eH e l len i s t ic -Roman ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : s e cond h a lf f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t ot h i rd q ua r t e rf i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ( s ee C 38 ,D epo s i t4 ) . C 8 .

J ug .A r ea J .G lobu la rj ug w i th h and le ;n ea r ly c om p l e te ; s l igh t ly i r r egu la r r im f l a r e s ; l i gh t r i bb ing o n b ody . R im D 0 . 065 ; H0 . 119 . V e ry f i ne g r i t , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic ,b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 2 )s l ip . P a r a l le l s : f o rt h et y pe Do than 1 971 : 4 9 , f i g . 1 0 .17 a nd 2 0 ; 5 6 , f i g . 1 6 .24 a nd 2 5 ; 1 44 , f i g . 8 0 . 5a nd 6 , s im i la rv e s se l s( He l len i s t ic t of i r s tq ua r te ro ff i r s tc en t u ry B .C . ) ;D uncan 1 930 :p l .3 7 .X9 , a" mug" ( He l len i s t ic ) ;L app 1 961 :1 65 ,T ype 3 4 .1 . Aa nd B( 0 -A .D .6 8 ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : H e l len i s t ic -A .D .6 8 .

C 9 .

J ug .A r ea DI:r ubb le l a ye r ,n o r th e x ten s ion .N ea r ly c omp l e te ,r i bbed b ody ,w i th h and le s t ub a nd r i ng b a se ; r im a nd h and le m i s s ing .B a se D 0 . 055 ;b ody D 0 . 132 . F ine g r i t , g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 5 / ) f a b r ic w i th s ma l l w h i t e i n c lu s ion s ,l i gh tg r ey ( 10YR 7 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n op a ra l le lf ound ,b u tc ompa re C 10 ,C 15 ( u n s t r a t i f ied ) ,C 30 ( D epo s i t1 ) ,C 39 ,a nd C 43 ( D epo s i t 4 ) . T h i s g roup o fj ug s may b e al o ca l ly p roduced p rodu c t . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

MC : U t i l i tar ian W ar e s C 10 . J ug . A r ea F :s a nd a nd r ubb le N o fP l a t fo rm . F rag m en to fc omp le te r i ng f oo t ,r i bbed b ody a nd t r a ce o fo ne h and le .B a se D 0 . 056 .F ine g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 4 / 1 ) f a b r ic ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 4 ) s l ip . P a ra l le l s : s e eC 9 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

D0 . 055 .F ine g r i t ,y e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 5 / 4 )f a b r ic , w o rn ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 4 )e x t e r io r ,r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )i n t e r io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : as im i la rb as e( C8 1 -D 1-29 )w a sf o und i n A r ea D .D y son 1 976 :8 2 ,V -D 9 8 ,f i g .2 6 ,b ow lC la s s2 ; 8 2 , V -D 9 9 ,f i g . 2 7 ,j a rC la s s6 ;8 4 , V -D 1 06 , f i g .2 7 , b a se C la s s 3— s im i la rs hape so ff i ne rf a b r ic ( down t o7 0 B .C . ) . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

C 11 . J ug .A rea J .F ragmen to fr i bb ed g l obu la ri u g ;p rof i le f r om r im t ob a se ;s ma l lc i r cu la rr im ;f l a tb a se .R im D 0 . 029 ;b ody D 0 . 091 ;b a s e D0 . 04 1 ; H0 . 080 . Med ium g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 4 / 1 )f a b r ic w i th s a ndy i n c lu s ion s , d a rk r e d ( 2 .5YR 3 / 6 ) t ov e ry d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 3 / 1 ) e x t e r io r . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

C 17 . B a se . A r ea F : s a nd N o f P l a t fo rm , 1 . 0 mb e low s u r f a ce .F ragmen to fr i ng b a se a nd r i bbed b ody .B a se D 0 . 102 .F ine g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 5YR 4/ 1) f a b r ic ,g r ey ( 5YR 5 / 1 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :H aye s1 973 :4 55 ,p l .8 7 . 1 58 , ab eake ro f m u l t i r idge t y pe v ague ly s im i la ri ns hape . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

C 12 . J ug o rJ a r .A r ea J .C omp le te b ody o fl a rge j ug w i th c oncave b a se ; r im , n eck , h and le m i s s ing . Max imum m ea su r emen t s :b ody D 0 . 235 ;b a se D 0 . 080 ; Dh o le i n t o po fb ody 0 .077 ; H0 . 227 .F ine g r i t ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 4 )f ab r ic ,w h i te ( 10YR 8 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : F o rb a s ic s hape a nd f a b r ic , s e eE lgav i sh 1 976 :7 2 ,f i g .4 . 9 ,b u th i sH e l l en i s t ic j ug i so n ly h a lf t h e s i z ea nd d oe sn o th ave ac oncave b a se .S a l le r1 957 :2 13 , f i g .4 1 .7043 ,p l . 14 .5 i s aB yzan t ine j a rw i th al owe r s hou lde ra nd w ide rn eck w h ich i so t he rw i se q u i te c l o se . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : B yzan t ine?

C 18 . B a se a nd p a r to fw a l l . A rea F :s a nd f i l No fP l a t f o rm , 1 . 5 mb e low s u r f a ce . B a se D 0 . 06 . C oa r se g r i t , b rown t od a rk b rown ( 10YR 4 / 3 ) f a b r ic w i th l a rge i n c lu s ion s ,l i gh tb rown i sh g r ey ( 1 0YR 6 / 2 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 979 : 3 22 , f i g . 19 .766 a nd 7 70 , s ame g ene ra ls hape b u tt h inne rw a l l ;L app 1 96 1 : 2 06 , T ype 1 53 . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic -ea r ly f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

B a se s( f ig . 1 ) . C 13 . B a se .A rea H2: r ubb le .L owe rp o r t ion o ff l a r ing r i ng b a se o f s l igh t ly i regu la rj ug ; s ome r i bb ing a tm id b ody .B a se D 0 .065 .F ine g r i t ,y e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 8 ) f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s : Maza r1 971 :3 2 ,f i g .1 8 .22 i sab i ts ma l le r a nd m o r er e gu la r( He rod ian -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ) . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C . C 14 . B a se . A rea H2: r ubb le . L owe r p o r t ion o fj ug o r p i tche rw i th c omp le te r i ng b a se ;e ven c oa t ing o fp i t ch o n i n te r io r . B a se D 0 . 070 . V e ry f i ne g r i t , v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ,w h i t e( 5Y 8 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

I .C .4 .D ome s t i c War e . B ow l( f ig . 1 ) . D l . L ow , s ha l low b ow l . A rea D1:s a nd i nh a rbou rE n t r ance C hanne l .F ragmen tw i th s ha rp ly o u t tu rned r im . R im D 0 . 2 10 . F in e , s a ndy , r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th o cca s iona lw h i te b l i s t e r s . P a ra l le l s :f o rg en e ra ls hape s e eR ob in son 1 959 :4 2 , p l . 7a nd 6 7 ,G -185 ( f i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) ;V ega s 1 973 :47 ,f i g .1 6 .5 ,T ipo 1 5( Augu s tan ) ;R .B u l l( p r iva t e c onm iun ica t ion ) s ugge s t st h i rd c en tu ry . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy : A ugu s tan t oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry .

C up ( f ig . 1 ) . D 2 . C up /Skypho s? A r ea H2: r ubb le .F ragmen tw i th p a r t o fr im ,w a l la nd f l a t ,h o r izon ta lh and le ;s l igh t ly r a i sed b and o ne x te r io rs e t sr im o f ff r om b ody ;o ni n te r io ra n o t iceab le r e duc t ion i nt h ickne s sf r om t h eb a se t ot i po f r im ; h and le p ro je c t ing f r om j u s t b enea th r im h a s a r ounded ,t r i angu la rs hap ew i th as ma l lr e ce s s ion f o rt h e t h umb ( ? ) o n t h e t o p a nd at h icken ing f o r t h e i n dex f i nge r( ? )o nt h eb o t tom .R im D 0 . 160 ;h and le p ro jec t s 0 . 034 f r om b ody , h a s am in imum w id th o f0 . 0 17 a nd m ax imum o f0 . 022 .V e ry f me g r i t ,p a le y e l low ( 5Y 8 / 3 )f a b r i cw i th t i ny f l eck so ne x te r io ra nd i n te r io r ,p a le y e l low ( 2 .5Y 7 / 4 )e x t e r io r . P a r a l le l s : D o than 1 971 : 4 7 , f i g . 1 0 .4 , as ma l le r s kypho s ( He l len i s t ic f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ; J one s 1 950 :

C 15 . B a se .A rea F :s and a nd r ubb le N o fp l a t f o rm .C om p l e te b a se a nd p a r to fr i bbed b ody w i th r a i sed b and n ea r c oncave b a se .B a se D 0 . 045 .S andy t e x tu re t om ed ium g r i t ,v e ry d a rk g rey ( 7 .5YR N 3 / )f a b r ic ,p a le y e l low ( 5Y 8 / 3 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : s e eC 9 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . C 16 . B a se .A rea F :s a nd f i l No fP l a t fo rm , 1 . 5 mb e low s u r f a c e .F ragmen tw i th r i ng b a s ea nd p a r to fw a l l .B a se

4 1

C hap te rI : U n s tra t i f i ed C e ram ic s b e low s u r f ac e .F ragmen tw i th p a r to fr im ,w a l la nd o ne c omp le t eh and le ;i n c i sed l i ne a round r im ,r i dge a tm id h and le l e ve l , a nd c a r ina t ion j u s ta bove l owe r a t ta ch m en to fh and le .R im D 0 . 080 .F ine g r i t ,p a le y e l low ( 5Y 8 / 3 )f a b r i c . P a ra l le l s : n o e xac t p a ra l le l . F o r t h e t y pe D uncan 1 930 :p l .3 4 .E9 ;D o than 1 971 : 1 02 ,f i g .4 5 .23 -29 ;1 05 , f i g . 5 0 .20 ( Helen i s t ic ) . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic?

2 16 -2 17 ,f i g . 1 8 1 .82 -86 ,l o ca lp o t so ft h es ame g ene ra l s hape ( Helen i s t ic ) . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . D 3 .

C up /Kan tha ro s .A r ea F :s a nd f i l No fP l a t fo rm ,1 . 5 mb e low s u r f a ce .F ragmen tw i th f l a tb a s e ,o ne c omp le t e h and le a nd s t ub o fs e cond .B a s e D0 . 049 .V e ry f i ne g r i t , b rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i t e i n c lu s ion s , b rown t od a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n oe xa c tp a ra l le l .F o rt h et y pe s e e Wr igh t 1 980 : 1 57 , f i g . 6 . 87 ( T ibe r ian ) ; Moev s 1 973 : 1 64 , p l a te s3 2 ,74 a nd 7 5 ,n o .2 91 -99 ,F o rm LV I( Augu s tan t oT ibe r ian ) ; Maye t 1 975 : 1 32 f . ,p l . XX I I , 1 70 -171 , F o rm X I I I . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s th a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry?

J ar ( f ig . 1 ) . D 4 . J a r . A r ea G : SW c or n e r , s a nd f i l l b e low b l ock . F ragmen t w i th e ve r t ed r im a nd p o r t ion o fs hou lde r . R im D 0 . 105 . V e ry f i ne g r i t , l i gh t g r ey ( 2 .5Y 7 / 2 ) f a b r ic ,d a rk r edd i sh g r ey ( 5YR 4 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :c omp a r eD 22 ( D epo s i t2 ) .G r a ta loup 1 988 : 6 5 -67 , 1 62 .168 ,a nd 1 92 ,T ype XXX I I Ia , We s t Med i t e r ranean o r ig in ( T ibe r ian ) .D y son 1 976 : 1 23 -24 ,2 2 1 1 5 4 ,f i g .4 7 ,p o tC la s s3 0i sag ood p a ra l le lo fC al igu lan C laud ian d a te ;h ed i s cu s s e s( p .9 7 )t h ee a r l ie rd eve lop m en to ft h ef o rm . O r ig in : w e s ter n Med i te r r anean . C h rono logy : s e cond q ua r te ro ff i r s tc en tu ry .

J ug s( f ig s . 1 -12 ) . D 5 . J ug? A r ea F :s a nd f i l No fP l a t fo rm , 2 . 0mb e low s u r f ace . F ragmen t w i th h eavy , o ve rhang ing r im a nd w a l lw i th i n c is ed l i ne a ts hou lde r .R im D 0 . 080 .V e ry f me g r i t ,g r ey ( 10YR 5 / 1 )f a b r ic ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . D 6 .

D 7 .

J ug /Cup . A rea DI:r ubb le l a ye r , n o r th e x t en s ion . F ragmen t w i th c omp le t e r im , n eck , s t rap h and le a nd p a r to fs hou lde r .R im D 0 . 064 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 4 / ) f a b r ic , p a le y e l low ( 5Y 7 / 4 )e x t e r io rs l ip , l i gh ty e l low i sh b rown ( 2 .5Y 6 / 4 )i n te r io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : c omp a re D 25 ( Depo s i t2 )a nd D 39 ( D e p o s i t4 ) .K ap lan 1 964 :9 ,f i g .3 . 8 ,p l .3 . 3 ,j ug le tf r om a c on tex td a t ed t o5 0 -67 ; McN ico l l 1 982 : 1 44 p l . 1 32 .3 , a ne xce l len tp a ra l le lf o und i n at omb a tP ela ( Roman p e r iod ) ;L app 1 96 1 : 1 65 ,T ype 3 4 , as qua tj u g( 0 -68 ) ; H aye s 1 976b : 5 ,p l .3 4 .285 , as ma l lc ook ing p o ti na h a rd t h in r e dd i sh b rown P a le s t in ian w a re w i th s ma l l c ham f e red r im -mou ld ing ( c a .f i r s tc en tu ry ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry .

D 8 .

J ug /Mug . A rea R : g r ave l b e low r u bb le . F ragmen t w i th p a r to fr im ,b ody a nd o ne c omp le t eh and le .F l a r ing r im h a sr a i sed b and o ne x te r io ra tt r an s i t ion t ob ody . R im D 0 . 082 .V e ry f me g r i t ,r edd i sh y elow ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ey ( 5Y 7 / 1 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : G ra ta loup 1 988 : 9 4 , 1 74 .2 32 , 1 85 , a nd 1 95 ,T yp e LX I ,c en t ra lI t a l ian o r ig in ( T ib e r ian t os e c o nd c en t u ry ) ;C h iesa 1 985 : 3 97 i f . , t a vv . 8 3 .B .16 I I I , 3 7 ,g ood p a ra l le l( f i r s tt h i rd o fs econd c en tu ry ) .S im i la r v e s se l s w i th l owe r b e ll ie s t h a t d a t e f r om T ra jan t o A n ton inu s P i u sa ppea ro n t a vv . 2 4 .13 ,4 1 .2 a nd 7 4 .6 . H aye s 1 983 : 1 28 , f i g . 1 0 .118 , m ug o f " u r ne t ta a c o l la r ino "s h ape ( e a r ly t om id -second c en tu ry ) ;H aye s 1 976b : 1 ,f i g .6 . 44 ; Wa r ren 1 987 -88 :9 3 ,f i g .3 .E a nd F i g .3 5( e a r ly t om id -second c en tu ry ) ;R ob in son 1 959 : 3 4 , G 17 ,p l .7 ,s l igh t ly l a rge rp o tw i th c o a r se g r i ti nt h e t h in f a b r ic ( f i r s ta nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu r ie s ) . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy :T ibe r ian t om id -s econd c en tu ry .

D 9 .

J ug /Mug .A r ea H2: r ubb le l a ye r .I n ta c tb ag shaped v e s se l ;r o und l i pb u lge so ni n s ide ,s l igh t ly u nde r cu to n o u t s ide ; s ma l l c oncave b a se ; s ma l l r i ng h and le ; f o u r l i gh t ly i n c i sed l i ne sa r ound m idd le o fb ody , s i xm o r e b enea th b ely ; s l ip o n i n te r io r a nd e x t e r io r . R im D 0 . 063 ; b ody ( max imum ) D0 . 088 ; b a se D 0 . 039 ; H 0 . 113 . V e ry s moo th , v e ry p a le b r own ( 10YR 7 / 3 ) f a b r ic ,d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 4 / 2 )s l ip . P a r a l le l s :F o rb ag shaped b eake r sw i thou th and le s : Maye t1 975 : 5 ,p l . XXV .193 ,F o rm e XX ( Augu s tan C laud ian ) ;D uncan 1 965 : 7 4 , f i g . 7 . 3a nd 7( f rom 6 0 7 0 ) ; V ega s 1 973 : 7 6 f . , f i g . 2 5 . 5 6 , T ipo 3 1 ; Moev s 1 973 : 1 34 ,p l .2 4 .233 ,a no vo id b eak e rw i thou th and le ( l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t of i r s th a l ff i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ) , as hap e v e ry c l o se t oo u r p o t . S he d a te s o t he r b ag s haped m ug s( 2 41 ,p l .4 0 .368 a nd p l .4 7 .439 -440 )t ot h e f i r s th a l fo ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C .R ob in son ( 1 959 :9 0 , p l .2 1 M63 a nd 6 7 -6 8 )h a sj ug le t sw i th s im i la rs hape b u t d i f f e r en tr im t h a td a t et ot h es e cond h a l fo ft h es e cond c en tu ry . O r ig in :I t a ly? C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -A .D .7 0 .

D 10 . J ug . A r ea DI:r ubb le l a ye r ,n o r th e x ten s ion . F rag m en t o fr im , s hou lde r a nd o ne h and le ; p i tch a r ound mou th . R im D 0 . 032 .V e ry f i ne g r i t , g r ey ( 1 0YR 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic ,l i gh ty e l low i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

J ug /Cup . A r ea F : s and f i l No fP l a t fo rm , 2 . 0 m

4 2

I LC : U t i l i tar ian W ar e s D 11 . J ug .A rea DI: r ubb le l a ye r ,n o r th e x ten s ion .N ea r ly c omp le te ; f l a r ing r im , o i nocho e shaped b ody , r a i sed r i ng b a se ;s i ng le h and le ;h eavy i n c i sed l i ne j u s ta bove a ta chmen to fh and le t ob ody a nd al i gh t e ri n c i sed l i ne b e tween t h eb ody a nd b a se ;s e ve ra ll i gh t ly i n c i sed l i ne s a r ound b ely ;h and le a l so h a st wo v e r t ica li n c i sed l i ne s ; l i gh tr i bb ing r ema in s o n t h eo t he rw i se s moo th b ody ; p i nk s l ip n ea rr im a si fv e s se ld i pped o n ly p a r t ia l ly .R im D0 . 084 ; n eck ( m in . ) D0 . 069 ; b ody ( max . ) D0 . 134 ; b a se D 0 . 065 ; H0 . 2 18 .F ine , s moo th ,l i gh ty elow i sh b rown ( 10YR 6 / 4 )f a b r ic ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : c ompa r eD 12 ,w h ich h a st h es ame s hap e b u t ad i f f e ren tf a b r ic .T he s hap ei sac ommon o ne f r om t h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod t ot h et h i rd c en tu ry A .C . I nt h e e a rl ie re xamp le st h eh and le c onnec t s t ot h er im , l a te r e xamp le s s how a tachmen t b enea th t h e r im . V ega s 1 973 :f i g .3 6 .4 -5 ,T ipo 4 4 ;P r i t cha rd 1 958 :5 2 ,p l .5 8 .26 a nd p l .4 6 .1 ,e xamp le w i th d i f f e ren th and le ;L app 1 96 1 : 1 57 ,T yp e2 1 .1E ( 1 50 -100 B .C . ) ;R i ley 1 979 :3 75 ,f i g . 1 35 .1098 ,e xamp le w i th h and le w h ich m e rge sw i th r im ( aH elen i s t ic c ha ra c t e r i s t ic ) .C row f oo t( 1 957 )3 0 1 ,f i g . 7 0 .4 ,i ss qua t te rt h an o u re xamp le sa nd h a s aR oman 2 a d a t e ( f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ) . T he t r end t owa rd s qua tne s s c an b e s e en i ne xamp le s f r om D u ra E u ropo s ( Dy son 1 968 : 3 7 ,f i g .9 . 208 ,p l .3 . 208 )w h ich d a te t ot h em id t h i rd c en tu ry A .C . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

B a se s( f ig . 1 2 ) . D 15 . B a se . A r ea F :r ubb le a tNe dge P l a t fo rm , b e low P l a t fo rm s u r f ac e . F ragmen tw i th r a ised f l a tb a se a nd r i bbed b ody . B a se D 0 . 030 . F ine g r i t , r e dd i sh b r own ( 5YR 4 / 3 )f a b r ic w i th s ome s and i n c lu s ion s ,v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 3 / 1 )s l ip o ni n t e r io ra nd e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s : c ompa re D 34 ( Depo s i t 2 ) . F o r g ene ra l s hape s e eD y son 1 976 : 1 52 ,L S8 8a nd 8 9 ,f i g .6 2 ,b a s e C la s s 8( l a t ef i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry ) ;R ob in son 1 959 : 11 ,M2 95 ,p l .3 0( e a r ly f i f th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry? D 16 . B a se . A rea H2: r ubb le . F ragmen to ff l a tb a se w i th p a r to fl owe rb ody ;s l ip o ne x te r io rh a sb een m ixed w i th g r i tt og i ve r oughened t e x tu re .B a s e D0 . 050 .F ine g r i t , l i gh tr e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 6 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i t e a nd t e r ra co t ta i n c lu s ion s ,d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 4 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : c ompa r e D 38 ( D epo s i t 4 ) a nd a s h e rd f o und i nt h e r ubb le l a ye r o f A rea H2 ( C84 -H1 -46 ) , w h ich a l so h ave t h es a nd /g r i tt r ea tmen ti nt h e i re x te r io r s l ip . T h i s t r ea tmen t i sa l so u s ed o n RG16 , RG53 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , RG107 , RG110 , RG114 ( Depo s i t 2 ) , RG147 , RG158 , RG160 ( Depo s i t4 ) .L app 1 96 1 : 1 66 , T ype 3 8( 1 00 B .C . -A .D .7 0 ) ;D y son 1 976 :5 8 ,1 6 1V51 , f i g . 1 5 ,b a se C la s s 1( m id second c en tu ry B .C . ) ;D y son 1 976 :9 9 ,P D8 0 ,f i g .3 5 ,C la s s 1 ,a no the rs im i la rb a s e ( 1 10 -30 B .C . ) ;R ob in son 1 959 : 1 2 ,p l . 1 ,F 18 a nd 1 9 , b r i t t le w a re b eak e r s /cup s( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) .F o rd i s c u s s ion so ft h es a nd d eco ra t ion o ft h ee x te r io r , at e ch n i que b egun i nt h e We s ti nt h et h i rd q ua r t e ro ft h ef i r s t c en tu ry B .C . w h ich g a in s g r ea te s t p opu la r i ty u nde r T ibe r iu s ,s e eJ one s1 950 : 1 90 n . 17 ; Moev s1 973 : 1 27 f . , 1 33 -37 ; H aye s 1 976b : 7 . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -A .D .7 0 .

D 12 . J ug .A r ea Di:r ubb le l a ye r ,n o r th e x t en s ion .N ea r ly c omp le te o i nochoe shaped j ug ; f l a r ing r im , r i ng b a se a nd h and le a l l s l igh t ly d i f f e ren t f r om D ll a s i st h e s i ng le ,h o r izon ta l ly ,i n c i sed l i ne w h ich i sp l a ced c l o se r t ot h en eck ;r e ds l ip i sv e ry p a t chy .R im D 0 . 083 ;n eck m in . D0 . 063 ; b ody m ax . D0 . 136 ; b a se D 0 . 070 ; H 0 . 208 . Med ium g r i t ,l i gh ty e l low i sh b r own ( 1 0YR 6 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r i ti n c lu s ion s ,r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : s e eD 11 . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C . D 13 . J ug .A rea J .F ragmen tw i th c omp le t er im ,n eck ,p a r t o fh and le a nd p a r to fg l obu la rb ody ;r im s e to ff r om n e ck b yr i dge a nd f l a r e so u twa rd ;l i gh tr i bb ing o nb ody . R im D 0 . 062 . V e ry f i ne g r i t , l i gh t y e l low i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 4 )f a b r ic ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s : R i ley ( 1 979 : 3 96 , f i g . 1 42 .1198 ) h a s a mo r ee l onga ted f o rm w h ich i sc ommon i nt h ee a s ter n Med i te r r anean ( f i f th t os e ven th c en tu ry ) . L app 1 96 1 : 1 60 , T ype 2 1 .2 B i sq u i te s im i la r t oo u rj ug ( 5 0 -31 B .C . ) . •O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .? D 14 . J ug . A r ea D1:r ubb le l a ye r , n o r th e x t en s ion . F rag m en tw i th p a r to fr a i sed b a se a nd s ph e r ica lb ody ;l i gh t c oa t ing o fp i t ch o n i n te r io r . B a se D 0 . 066 ; b ody D 0 . 138 .F ine g r i t , y e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r i c ,p a le y e l low ( 5Y 7 / 3 ) s l ip . P a r a l le l s :n one i d en t if ied .

4 3

D 17 . B a se .A rea E :s a nd a d ja cen tt of a ce o fb r eakwa te r . B a se a nd p a r to fl owe rp o r t ion o fs ha rp ly r i dged f l a r ing b ody .B a se D 0 . 023 .F i ne g r i t ,l i gh tg r ay t og r ay ( 1 0YR 6 / 1 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny d a rk i n c lu s ion s , d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 4 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

C hap ter I : U n s tra t if i ed C eram ic s I .D . F ine War e s . [ S .E .S . ] I .D .1 . I n troduc t ion a nd A na l y s i s . T h i s r e po r t o n t h e f i ne w a re sf r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion si n c lude se xamp le s f r om b o th u nde rwa te ra nd l a nd e xcava t ion s( A rea sD ,E ,F , G ,H ,I ,J ,N ,R ,T ,a nd Z )a nd a l ls even d epo s i t s .A sw i th t h e o t he rc e ram ic s ,p rec i se d a t ing o ft h ef i ne w a re so nt h eb a s i s o fs t ra t igraphy was i mpo ss ib le . Loca lc u r ren ts wa te rt u rbu l e nce , _ __ a nd p o s s ib le d r edg ing o pe ra t ion s i na n t iqu i ty p r e c l uded as e cu re s t ra t ig raph ic c on t ex t . T he re fo r e , t h ed a t e s w h ich a ppea ri nt h ec a ta logue h ave b een d e r ived f r om m o re c l o se ly d a ted p a ra l le l sf r om e l sewhe re i nt h e Med i te r ranean b a s in .T he CAHEP e xcava t ion sd i dn o ti na ny w ay r e v is eo r r ef ine t h ed a t ing o fa ny o ft h ef i ne -wa r et y pe sf o und a tt h e s i t e . S t udy o f t h e c e r am ic s f r om C a e sa r ea d i d , h oweve r , p rov ide s ome i d ea o ft h ep eak p e r iod so fc e ram ic i mpo r ta t i on t o t h e p o r t a nd , b y a s soc ia t ion , o f t r ade i ng ene ra l ( c avea ti nP ucc i1 983 :1 06 , 12 )a nd a na pp rox ima t ei d ea o f t h e m a jo rc e ram ic m anu f ac tu r ing c en t re s w h ich s uppl ied C a e sa r ea w i th p o t te ry . T he c a ta logue c on ta in s2 10 e n t r ie s :2 0 1r e d -g lo s so rr e d s l ip ( a bbv . RG )a nd 9b l a ck -g lo s so rb l a ck s l ip ( a bbv . BG ) s he rd s a nd c omp le t e o r n ea r ly c omp le t e v e s se l s . T he s e r e p re sen to n ly ap o r t ion o ft h e t o ta ln umb e ro ff me -wa r e e xamp le s r e cove r ed . T he u nca ta logued p i ece s i n c luded s hap e s w h ich a ppea r i n. s i gn if i can t n umbe r s i nt h e c a ta l o gue :e . g .n ume rou sf r agmen t so f ARS ( A f r ican R ed S l ip ) w a r eF o rm 5 0A /La t e -50B f r om D epo s i t3 ,a nd f r agmen t so f mou ld -made ( p seudo -Mega r ian ) b ow l s f r om D epo s i t s 6 a nd 7 .O the ru nca ta logued f r agmen t sw e r en on -d iagno s t ic b ody s he rd so ro t he rs ma l lf r agmen t s . C hrono logy . I mpo r ted BG p l a t e s /bow l sw i th s t amped i n te r io rd eco ra t ion ,f i sh p l a te s ,a nd m ou lded r e l i e f( p seudo Mega r ian )b ow l sw e re t h ee a r l ie s td a tab le f i ne w a r e sr e cov e r ed b yt h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s .E xcava to r sf o und e xam p l e so ft h e se t y pe sm a in ly i nD epo s i t s 6a nd 7i nA r ea J( t he H elen i s t ic q uay n o r th o ft h el a t e rH e rod ian h a rbou r )a nd a t i ny q u an t i ty f r om D epo s i t 5i nA r ea I( l and e xcava t ion s a s soc ia ted w i th t h eI n ne rH a rbou r ) .T he se e xamp l e sd a te t o t h et h i rd a nd s e cond c en tu r ie sB .C . ,w hen t h es i t ew a sc a l led S t ra ton 's T owe r .T he se t h r ee v e ry d i s t inc t ive t y p e so ff i ne w a le w e re ,e xc ep tf o r af ew " r e s idua l" p i ece s ,a b s en tf r om t h ef i nd se xcava t ed f r om t h eo u t e rH e rod ian h a rbou r .T h i s p a t t e rn s ugge s t s t h a ts u ch s t amp ed p l a t e s /bow l s , mou lded r e l ie fb ow l sa nd f i sh p l a te sc ea sed t ob em anu f a c tu red a nd / o ri mpo r t ed i n to C a e s a r ea d u r ing a nd a f t e rc on s t ruc t ion o f t h eH e rod ian h a rbou r( 2 2 -10 /9 B .C . ) . T he t o ta ln umb e ro fc a ta logued p i ece sf r om t h i se r a( 3 1 , o r s l igh t ly u nde r 1 5% o ft h e t o ta l ) d oe s n o t r e p re s en t a n a c cu ra t e s t a t i s t ica l p i c tu re . Many s h e rd s f r om t h i s t i me P e r iod ( p r ima r i ly t h e mou ld -made " p seudo -Me s ta r i an" b ow l s o fD epo s i t s 6a nd 7 )w e re n o tc a ta logued b ecau se o ft h e l im i ted n a tu re o f t h e s ound ing s a nd t h e l a rge n umbe r o f i d en t ica ls hape s / typ e sw h ich a l r eady a ppea red i nt h ec a ta l o gue .T he p o t te ry f r om t h el im i t ed a r ea se xcava t ed u pt ot h e e nd o ft h e 1 984 s e a son s ugge s t s ag r ea td ea lo fa c t iv i ty a t S t ra ton 's T owe ri nt h ec en tu ry o rs op r eced ing t h ec on s t ruc t i on o ft h eh a rbou ra tS eba s to s .I tw a s ,h oweve r ,i mpo s s ib le t od e te rm ine t h ee x ten to ft h i sp r e -He rod ian a c t iv i ty . E xcava t ion s i n t h e H e rod ian h a rbou r i t se l f r e v ea led

4 4

p o t t e ry c on t empo r a ry w i th t h eH e rod ian f o unda t ion ( 2 2 -10 / 9B .C . ) .H e rod ian p e r iod p o t te ry w a se spec ia l ly c ommon i n A r ea s Da nd H ( Depo s i t s1 2 ,a nd 4 )a nd w a sr e p r e sen ted b y I t a l ian T e r ra S i g i l la ta ( i nc lud ing A r r e t ine ) a nd t h eE TS I ( Ea s te rn T e r ra S i g i l la ta I )w a re o fL evan t ine o r ig in . T he I t a l ian w a r e s w e r e v e ry d i s t inc t ive . ETS Iw a s p re sen t t h roughou tt h eN ea rE a s ti nt h el a te H elen i s t i ca nd R oman p e r iod s . T he l a rge s tp o r t ion ( t h r ee c a t ego r ie s )o ft h ef i ne w a r e s c on s i s ted o fw a r e sd a t ing t ot h ef i r s t -cen tu ry B .C .a nd f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . ( 106 p i ece s , o r s l igh t ly o ve r 5 0% o f t h e c a ta logued t o ta l ) .T h i sw a st h ee r ao ft h ec on s t r uc t ion a nd e a r ly u s eo ft h eh a rbou r ,a nd t h eq uan t i ty o fp o t t e ry a t t r ib u t ed t ot h i sp e r iod ( when s e en a s ap e rcen tage o fa l lc a ta l o gued f i ne w a r e sf o und i n1 980 -84 )i sc onc re te e v idence o f ag r ea td ea lo fa c t iv i ty ,c omme r c ia la nd o t he rw i se , d u r ing t h ee a r ly h i s to ry o fS eba s to s .I nt h i sr e spec t ,t h el amp sa nd f i ne w a re sc o r robo ra t ed t h ee v idence o fJ o sephu sa nd o t he r l i t e ra ry s ou r ce sa bou tt h ed a te so fc on s t ruc t ion a nd e a r ly u s e o ft h eh a rbou r . T he n o t iceab le d ea r th o fc a ta logued f i n ew a r e sf r om t h e l a t e r f i r s t t ot h i rd c en tu r ie s A .C . ( n ine p i ec e s , o rs l igh t ly m o r et h an 4% o ft h et o ta l )f r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion si s i n t r igu ing .T h i sp auc i ty i sp a ra l le led t os om ee x ten tb yt h e a b senc eo fc l ea r ly d a tab le s e cond -cen tu ry l amp sa tt h es i t e . A r chaeo log ica l a nd l i t e ra ry e v idence c on f i rm s t h a t t h e s e cond c en tu ry w a s ap e r iod o fg ene ra lp ea ce a nd p ro sp e r i ty t h roughou t mo s t o f t h e R oman Emp i r e . Why , t h en , w a s t h e re s u ch s l igh t c e r am ic e v idenc e f o r t h i s p ro spe r i ty a t C a e sa rea Ma r i t ima i n t h i s p e r iod? A cc iden t o f s u rv iva l c anno tc omp le t e ly e xp la in t h i sp henomenon . T he a r t if i c ia lb r eakwa te r so ft h eh a rbou rS eba s to ss a nk f i ve t oe i gh tm e t r es b e low s e al e ve ls ome t ime b e tween t h e f i r s ta nd t we l f th c en tu r ie sd ue e i the rt os e i sm ic a c t iv i ty o r g r adua lc ompa c t ion o fs ed imen t sb enea th t h eb r eakwa te r s ( O le son 1 984 :2 83 ;R aban e ta l .1 989 :3 -2 1 ,2 78 -86 ,2 89 -90 ) o r ,p e rhap s , ac omb ina t ion o fb o th o ft h e se f a c to r s . I th a s n eve r b e en d e te rm ined h ow r a p id ly t h e s e p roc e s se s o c c u r red .T he l amp sa nd f i ne w a r e sd i scove red b yt h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s m ay r e vea l w hen t h i s s ub s idence t o ok p l a ce . Mo s t o ft h e f i ne w a re s i mpo r ted t oC ae sa r ea c ame f r om I t a ly , t h e L evan t , a nd N o r th A f r ica ( Num id ia , A f r ica P rocon su la r i s a nd Mau r e tan ia ) . Much o f i tw ou ld h ave a r r ived b ym e r chan ts h ip a nd b een u n load ed , mo s tp robab ly , a tS eba s to s p rope r . T he d ea r th o fi mpo r t ed f i ne w a r e s a t C ae sa r ea f r om t h es e cond c en tu ry s ugge s t st h a td amage t o t h e h a rbou r w o rk s w a s a l ready s o s eve r e t h a t m a r i t ime a c t iv i ty t h e r e w a s g r ea t ly r educed o rc ea sed a l toge the ra t t h a tt ime .S ome t r a ff ic may h ave b een d i ve r ted t ot h eS ou th B ay ;s e et h ed i scu s s ion i nC hap t e rV . T he e v idence d i dn o ta low u st oe s tabl i sh w hen t h em a in h a rbou r a ga in b ecame f u l ly o p e ra t iona l . B y t h e t h i rd t o f o u r th , o r f o u r th t of i f th c en tu r ie s , h oweve r , f i ne w a re s , p r edom inan t ly t h e A f r ican R ed S l ip Wa re , a ppea red i n s ome q uan t i ty , e spec ia l ly i nA r ea F , D epo s i t 3 .T he 2 5 r e g i s te r ed s h e rd s o f t h i s p e r iod r e p re sen t 1 .9% o f t h e c a ta logued t o ta l .T h i sp e rcen tage i ss om ewha tm i s lead ing a nd c e r ta in ly i sl ow ,f o r al a rge n umbe ro fd i s t inc t ive ARS w a r e s h e rd s o ft h i s p e r iod f r om t h e A r ea F s he rd d epo s i t ( Depo s i t3 ) w e r en o tc a ta logued s epa ra t e ly b ecau se t h e i r

I LD : F ine W ar e s T ab le 1 .35 : S ummary o fF ine - Ware Chrono logy b y D epos i t D epos i t

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

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3

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r am B .C .

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1B .C . ! !A .C .

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1 2

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3

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4

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w in A .C .

1

1

I I / IV A .C . I VN A .C . VA .C .

2 2 1

2 1 3 1

E a r ly B yzan t ine

3

1 1

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7

3 . 3

2 1

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6

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1

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6 7

3 1 .9

3 2

1 5 .2

6

2 . 9

1

0 . 5

2

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1

6 1 6

2 . 9 7 . 6

1

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1 . 4 1 . 9

1

V /V IA .C .

1

1

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V /V I I A .C .

1

1

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0

1

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V I /VL IA .C . U nknown

1

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T o ta l P ercen t

1

2 1 8 8 4 1 .9

2 3 1 . 4

2

3

1

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2 8

2 7

2 9

1

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6 . 7

s hape s w e re a l ready a bundan t ly r ep re sen ted i nt h e c a ta l o gue .T he p resence o fq uan t i t ies o ft h es es he rd ss ugge s ted t h a tt h ep o r th ad b een s uff ic ien t ly r epa i r ed t ob ei nu se b y

2 10

1 00 1 00

T he l a rge s tp o r t ion ( ove r 4 7% ) o f t h e c a ta logued f i ne w a r ew a sc ompo sed o fL evan t ine ETS Iw a re ( Ea s t e rn T e rra S i g i l la ta I ;s ome t imes r e f e r red t oi no the rp ubl ica t ion s a s E TSA a nd E SA ) . T h is w a re h a s b een f ound a t many s i te s t h roughou t t h e e a s tern Med i ter ranean a nd N ea r E a s t ( Ch r is tensen & J ohansen 1 971 ; C o rne l l 1 980 ; G unneweg 1 983 :3 5 -57 ;H anne s tad 1 983a ,1 983b ;V ande rhoeven 1 989 )

t h a td a te ( t h i rd -four th c en tury ) . A s r ef lec ted i n t h e c a ta logued f i ne w a re s , t h e l a te r h i s to ry o f t h e h a rbou r ( f i f th -seven th c en tu r ie s ) d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave b een p a r t icu la r ly a c t ive : o n ly 1 2 s he rd s ( o r sl igh t ly l e ss t h an 6% o ft h ec a ta logued t o ta l ) b e long t o t h i s p e r iod . S ome C yp r io t e xamp le s f r om A rea T w e re

a nd a tl e a s ta sf a rw e s ta s Mo rgan t ina i nS i c i ly ( S tone 1 987 :

a mong t h e l a te s t " c la ss ica l" ( l a te R oman -Byzan t ine ) f i ne w a r e s f r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s . T he p e rcen tages a s s igned t ot h ev a r iou sc a tego r ie sd i s c u ssed a bove s hou ld b e c on s ide red a sa pp rox ima t e r a the r t h an p rec ise ,a nd f u tu r ew o rk a tC aesa rea w i l l ,u ndoub ted ly , r ef ine t h e se c onc lus ion s .

G unneweg ( 1983 : 8 , 1 -14 ) i d en t i f ied s ou th -ea s te rn C y p r u s , s pec if ica l ly t h e a r ea n ea r E nkom i -Sa lam is , a s t h e c en t re o f manuf ac tu re o ft h i sw a re . T h i s i d en t if i ca t ion h a s b een c ha l lenged r e cen t ly ( E lam , G la scock , S lane 1 989 : 1 79 -83 ;c f . V ande rhoeven 1 989 : 15 -23 ) , w i th ap re f e r red

T he c h rono log ica ld i s t r ibu t ion o fc a ta logued f i ne w a re s

c ommun ica t ion , 1 992 )b el ieve st h a tG unneweg 's a na lyse s w e r en o tc omp r ehen s ive e nough . B a sed o na bundan tf i nd s f r om H ama ( Ch r i s ten sen 1 971 )a nd A pamaea ( Vande rhoeven

8 8 , 9 6 , 9 8 -99 ) . T h rough n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na lys i s ,

p rovenance o f S y r ia f o r t h e w a re . D r . J .W . H aye s ( o ra l

f ound d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ions b e tween 1 980 -1984 w a si n s truc t ive , a nd T ab le 1 .35 s hou ld b ec ompa red w i th t h ec o r re spond ing t a b le o ft h ec h rono log ica ld i s t r ibu t ion o f l amp sa nd o the rw a res f r om t h ee xcava t ion s .

1 989 ) i nS y r ia , S ama r ia -Seba s te ( C rowfoo t 1 957 ) a nd T e l A na fa ( c f . C o rne l l 1 980 ) i nI s rae l a nd o the rN ea r E a s te rn S i t e s ,a nd c on s ide r ing t h el a ck o fk i ln s i tes f r om s ou thea s t -

[ Ed i to r 's No te : A t ar e la t ive ly l a te p o in ti nt h ep r epa ra t i on f o r t h is p ubl ica t ion In o t ic ed t h a t f ou r s he rd s w e re c a ta logued a s b o th u t i l i ta r ian w a re ( by A .N .S . ) a nd r ed g l o s sw a re ( by S .E .S . ) . B o th a u tho r s s t uck t ot h e i ra t t r ibu t i on s , s o Ih ave l e f t t h e e i gh t e n tr ies i n ta c t , w i th c r o s s r e f e renc ing b e tween t h e RG a nd t h e Ca nd D e n tr ie s . RG40 =D 12 , RG64 =D 1 , RG88 =D 19 ,a nd RG106 =C 29 .T he

er nC yp ru s o rI s rae l , H aye s b e l ieves as i te o rs i te s s ome w he re i nt h eL evan t ,p e rhap sL ebanon o rS y r ia ,m igh tb et h e c en t re o fp roduc t ion o fE TS Iw a re ( Haye s 1 985 : 1 0 , 1 3 ; p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion , 1 992 ;S lane ,p e r sona lc ommun i c a t ion 1 992 ) .T h i sf a b r ic i n c lude sn o to n ly v a r iou sr e d -g lo s s w a r e s ,b u ta l so b l a ck -g lo s sv a r ie t ies wh ich s e em t od a te a s e a r ly a st h et h i rd /s econd c en tu ry B .C .T he c h rono logy o ft h e e a rl ies tE TS Iw a re i s ,h oweve r ,d eba ted ( c f .V ande rhoeven 1 989 : 1 5 -16 ) .O ne s hou ld a l so e xe rc ise c au t ion i na cc ep t ing

n umbe r o f e n t r ies i n vo lved d oe s n o t m ake a s i gn if ican t d i f f e renc ei nt h es t a t is t ic sc oncern ing t h e se w a re s . J . P .0 . 1

m any o fG unneweg 's d a t es ( c f .H e rbe r t1 985 :3 65 -67 ) . ETS Iw a re ( a l so k nown a sE TSB o rE SB ) a ppea r so n ly o cca -

Wares a nd P rovenance .T he f i ne -wa re p o t te ry f r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ions f e l li n to t h ree ma jo ra nd s eve ra lm ino r

s i ona l ly i nt h eC ae sa rea c orpus ;i t sc en t re o fp roduc t ion h a s n o tb een s e cu r e ly i s o la ted b u t may h ave b een i nC yp ru so r , mo re l i ke ly , w e s te rn A s ia M ino r( Hayes 1 985 : 4 9 ) .

c a tego r ie s w i th r ega rd t op l ace o fm anu fac tu re ( s e eT ab le 1 .36 ) . 4 5

C hap ter I : U n s tra t if ied C eram ic s ( D epo s i t4 ) .

T he s econd mo s tp ro l i f ic c l a s so fc a ta logued f i ne w a re

L i s t o f I t a l ian o r G al ic T S w a re : RG60 -RG62 , BG2

f ound b y CAHEP ( ca . 1 2% )w a st h eA f r ican R ed S l ip w a re . T he b u lk o ft h i sc ame f r om D epo s i t 3i nA rea F( d i scus sed

( un s t ra t if ied ) , RG179 ( Depo s i t5 ) . L i s to fB e lg ic T e r ra N ig ra Wa re : BG3 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . L i s t o f f r agmen t s o f u n iden t i f ied f i ne w a re s : RG63 -

b e low ) a nd s ugge s t s c on tac t b e tween C ae sa r ea Ma r i t ima a nd ak i ln s i te o rs i te ss omewhe re i nA f r ica P rocon su la r i s ,

RG84 , BG4 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) , RG115 ( Depo s i t 2 ) , RG141 RG142 ( D epo s i t3 ) , RG169 -RG171 ( Depo s i t4 ) , RG172

N um id ia o r Mau re tan ia , e spec ia l ly f r om t h e t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry o n .T he mo s tl i ke ly No r th A f r ican c ondu i t sf o rt h i s w a r ew e r eC aesa rea ( Che rche l ) ,C a r thage ,o rH adn ime tum . At h i rd c a tego ry ,q uan t i ta t ive ly s ma l l( 4 .3% )c ompa red

( Depo s i t5 ) , RG190 -RG191 ( Depo s i t6 ) , RG201 ( D epo s i t 7 ) .

t ot h et wo a bove , i s ,n eve r the le s s , w o r thy o fm en t ion h e re b ecause o ft h er e la t ive e a se w i th w h ich i tc an b ei d en t if ied a nd d a ted .T h is i sI t al ian T e r ra S ig i l la ta ( a bbv .I t a l ian T S ) . S ome o ft h is w a re f r om C aesa r ea w a sc e r ta in ly " A r re t ine ."

Ana l y s i sb yA r ea a nd D epos i t . U n s tra t if i ed ( RG1 -RG84 , BG1 -BG4 ) . T h i s w a s t h e

S ome o ft h eI t a l ian T S f r om C ae sa rea w a s made i no t he r manuf ac tu r ing c en t re si nI t a ly .T h i sI t a l ian T S ,o fa l lt h ef i ne

l a rge s t g roup o fc e ram ic f i nd s , d e r iv ing f r om p o r t ion s o f A rea sD , D3, F , HI ,I ,I,1 2a nd Ja nd f r om a l lo fA rea sE ,G ,

w a re f r om C ae sa rea ,c ou ld b e mo s tc l ose ly d a ted a nd w a s , t h e re fo re ,e spec ia l ly u sefu li ne s tab l i sh ing at e rm inus p os t q uem f o r c on tac t b e tween C ae sa rea Ma r i t ima a nd t h e

N ,R ,T ,a nd Z .I tc on ta ined 8 8s he rd s ,t h eb u lk o fw h ich ( 43 , o rj u s tu nde r4 9% )w e re ETS I .T he se i n c luded s ome o ft h e e a rl ie s t s he rd s f ound d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion ( c a . t h i rd t o

p o t te r ie sa nd p o r t so fI t a ly .I tw a st h eI t a l ian T Sw h ich w a s mo s tc l o se ly d a ted o fa l l t h e f me w a re t ot h e t ime o ft h e

s econd c en tu r ie sB .C . ) .C h rono log ica l ly , mo s ts he rd sf r om t h is g roup w e r e c oncen t ra ted i n t h e p e r iod d u r ing a nd i mmed ia te ly f o l low ing c on s t ruc t ion o ft h ep o r to fS eba s to s i n2 2 -10 /9 B .C .T h i sc h rono log ica lc a tego ry ( IB .C . , IB .C . / IA .C . ,a nd IA .C . )c omp r i sed 3 8o ft h e s he rd s( o rs l igh t ly o ve r 4 3% ) . A l l o t he r u n s t ra t if ied c a tegor ie s ( c f . T ab le s 1 .35 -36 ) ,w i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h e" Un iden t i f ied /Unda ted" w e r ef ew i nn umbe r .

f ounda t ion a nd e a r l ie s tu se o ft h eh a rbou ra tC ae sa rea . O the rw a re s t h a th ad q uan t i ta t ive ly f ew r ep re sen ta t ive s amp le si n c lude ,p o s s ib ly , t h es o -ca l led C anda r l iw a re ( a n A s ia M ino r f ab r ic ) , ETS I w a re , s ome o the r , p robab ly Wes te rn ( Ga l l ic ,S pan ish o rG e rman? ) mou lded r e l ief w a r e s a nd T S ,a nd ac l a s so fv e ry t h in c up so rb ow ls ,s ome t ime s w i th a" sandy" e x te r io r , w h ich h a ss ome c l o se p a ra l le l si n b o th t h e We s t( Spa in ,n o r th I t a ly o rt h eR h ine land? )a nd i n t h eE a s t( Ta r sus , Ko so rK n ido s ) . As i ng le f r agmen to fs o -

A rea Ep roduced l i t t le d i agno s t ic f i ne w a re .T he o ne e x a mp le i nt h ec a ta logue ( RG44 )w a s ETS Iw a r ea nd w a sl a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -ea r ly f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . i nd a te . T he f i ne -wa re p o t te ry f r om A rea G ( RG6 -RG8 , RG20 , RG45 -RG46 , RG50 , RG60 -RG62 , RG67 -RG71 , RG83 ,

c a l led B e lg ic T e r ra N ig ra Wa re w a sa l so r e cove r ed . L i s t o f ETS IWa re : RG1 -RG42 , BG1 ( un s t rat if i ed ) ,

BG4 ) w a s d i spa ra te w i th r e spec t t o d a te a nd p l ace o f manuf ac tu re . ETS I , ETS I , a nd p o s s ib le C anda r l i w a re o ccu r .S ome We s te rn T S i n c lud ing f i r s t -cen tu ry A .C .G a l l i cfound i ns ome q uan t i ty a tA n t ioch (Waage 1 948 : 7 1 7 7 ) -a l so a ppea red . T he re w e re a l so s eve ra l p i ece s o f

RG85 -RG87 ( Depo s i t 1 ) , RG93 -RG102 ( D epo s i t 2 ) , RG116 -RG120 ( Depo s i t3 ) , RG143 -RG154 ( Depo s i t4 ) , RG175 -RG177 , RG180 -RG181 ( Depo s i t 5 ) , RG183 RG189 ,BG5 ( Depo s i t 6 ) , RG192 -RG200 , BG6 -BG9

u nknown p rovenance a nd d a te . A r ea N p roduced o n ly a s i ng le c a ta logued e xamp le

( Depo s i t7 ) . L i s to f ETS IWa re : RG43 -RG45 ( uns t ra t i f ied ) , RG103 RG109 ( Depo s i t2 ) , RG121 ( Depo s i t3 ) , RG155 -RG156 ( Depo s i t4 ) , RG182 ( Depo s i t5 ) .

( RG28 )o f aH e l len i s t ic r ed -g lo s sb ow lo fL evan t ine o r ig in ( ETS I ) ,w h ich r e vea led l i t t le a bou tt h eh i s to ry o ft h is a r ea .

L i s to fC yp r io t Wa re : RG46 -RG49 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) , RG157 ( Depo s i t4 ) .

T he p o t te ry f r om A rea R ( RG29 , RG51 , RG57 , RG77 , RG80 -RG81 ) d id n o t f o rm a d i s t inc t ive c h rono log ica l

L i s to fV anda r l i( ? ) Wa re : RG50 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) , RG122

g roup .O ft h es i xc a ta logued p i ece s ,t h ree c ou ld n o tb ed a t ed , t wo w e r el a te H e l len is t ic ,a nd o ne w a sa n ARS w a re f o rm o f

( Depo s i t3 ) . L is to fw a re f r om T a r su s ,K o s , K n ido s ,S pa in ,N .I t a ly , o rR h ine land . RG52 -RG53 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) , RG112 -RG114 ( Depo s i t2 ) , RG159 -RG161 ( Depo s i t4 ) .

t h et h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry A .C . Two o ft h ef ou rc a ta logued s he rd s( RG48 -RG49 , RG78 , RG82 )f r om A rea Tw e re a mong t h el a te s t" c la s s ica l" ( l a te R oman -Byzan t ine )e xamp les o ff i ne w a re f r om t h e CAHEP

L i s t o f I C n id ian o r i m i ta t ion w a re s : RG110 -RG111 ( Depo s i t2 ) , RG158 ( Depo s i t4 ) .

e xcava t ion s .T he se t wo ( RG48 -RG49 ) w e re f r agmen t so f l a rge ,C yp r io t -made b a s ins o ft h ef i f th -seven th c en tu ry A .C .

L i s t o f M i sce l laneous e a s ter n Med i te r ranean Wa re s : RG51 ( uns t ra t if ied ) .

A rea Z p roduc ed t h ree s po rad ic f md s ( RG13 , RG30 , RG47 ) w h ich v a r ied w ide ly i nd a t e f r om t h e f i r s tc en tu ry

L is to f ARS Wa re : RG54 -RG57 ( un s t ra t if ied ) , RG123 RG139 ( Depo s i t3 ) , RG162 -RG163 ( Depo s i t4 ) , RG173 ,

B .C . /f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . t ot h es i x th / seven th c en tu ry .

RG178 ( Der io s i t5 ) . L i s t o f w e s te rn ( non I ta l ian ) T S o r e a s te rn i m i ta t ion w a r e : RG140 ( Depo s i t3 ) , RG174 ( Depo s i t5 ) . L i s t o fI t a l ian T S ( non -A r r e t ine ) Wa r e : RG58 -RG59 ( uns t ra t i f ied ) , RG88 -RG89 , RG91 ( Depo s i t 2 ) , RG165 RG168 ( Depo s i t4 ) .

y i e lded t h ree f i ne -wa re s he rd s( a l l ETS I )( RG85 -RG87 ) , a l l d a t ing IB .C . / I A .C . , t h e p e r iod o fH e rod ian p o r tc on s t ruc t ion a nd e a r ly p o r tu se .

D epos i t 1( A r ea DI:S and b e tween r ubb le a nd c l ay )

D epos i t 2( A rea DI:C lay l a ye r ) y i e lded 2 8 f i ne -wa re s he rd s( RG88 -RG115 ) .T he re w e re b o th o pen a nd c l o sed

L i s to fA r re t ine Wa re : RG90 , RG92 ( Depo s i t2 ) , RG164

4 6

MD : F ine W ar e s T ab le 1 .36 : S ummary o fF ine - War eT ype s 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

T o ta l

ETS I( Sy r ia ? ) 4 3 ETS 1 ( Cyp ru s? ) 3 C yp r io t 4 V anda r l i( ? ) 1 T a r su s , K o s , K n ido s , S pa in ,N o r th I t a ly ,o r

3

1 0 7

5 1

1 2 2 1

5 1 — —

8

1 3 0

9 9 1 4 5 2

4 7 .1 6 . 7 2 . 4 1 . 0

8 3

3 . 8 1 . 4

1 2 5

0 . 5 1 .9

D epo s i t

P e rcen t

Wa re o rP rovenance

R h ine land K n ido s ,o rI m i ta t ion M i sc .e a s te rn Med . ARS T S( non I ta l ian )o r e a s ter nI m i ta t ion

1

2

3 2

— 1 4

1 7

2

—

I t a l ian T S( non -A r re t . ) 2 A r r e t ine I t a l ian /Gal ic T S 4 B e lg ic T e r ra N ig ra 1 U n iden t i f ied 2 3 T o ta l P e rcen t

3

3

4

2

1

1

2

3

8 8

3

2 8

2 7

2 9

4 1 .9

1 . 4

1 3 .3

1 2 .9

1 3 .8

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2

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1

9 3 5 1 3 3

4 . 3 1 . 4 2 . 4 0 . 5 1 5 .7

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2 1 0 4 . 8

1 1 4 6 . 7

2 10

1 00 1 00

t h e ARS w a sf o u r th -f i f th c en tu ry .T he re w e re o t he rt y pe so f w a r e s f r om t h e A r ea F s h e rd d epo s i t , b u t t h ese w e r e f a r f ewe ri nn umbe rt h an t h e ARS a nd i n c luded ma in ly ETS I a nd e xamp le so f ETS I ,p o s s ib le C anda r l i w a re , We s ter n ( n on I ta l ian )t e r ra s i g i l la ta ( ? )a nd t wo s he rd so fu nknown p rovenance . I n te r e s t ing ly ,t h i sL evan t ine c omponen t( ETS I )o ft h e A r ea Fs h e rd d epo s i tw a sa lmo s tc on s i s ten t ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .i nd a te , w i th t h eV anda r l iw a r e( ? ) e xamp le b e ing s e cond o rt h i rd c en tu ry . T he ARS c omponen to ft h e A rea F s he rd d epo s i tw a s r e cove r ed f r om av e ry c onf ined a r ea . Many o ft h ef r agmen t s w e r et i gh t ly p a ck ed o nt o po fo ne o t he r . We m igh ts pe cu la te o n t h e p r e sence o f s u ch aq uan t i ty o f ARS w a re i no ne l o ca t ion .P o s s ib ly t h i sc orpus r e p r e sen t s as h ipmen to f ARS w a r ep o t te ry w h ich w a s l o s to ve rboa rd d u r ing u n load ing . A l te rna t ive ly ,i n spec t ion o f ap ack ing c r a t eo fp o t te ry d e s t i ned f o rC ae sa r ea f r om aN o r th A f r ican s ou rce may h ave d e t e rm ined t h a tt h es h ipmen th ad b een b roken i nt r an s i ta nd t h e w o r th le s s c a rgo w a s t h en d i sca rded o ve rboa rd . T he s e w ou ld b ep o s s ib le e xp lana t ion sf o rt h es i zab le q uan t i ty o f F o rm 5 0A l a te t oF o rm 5 0B e xamp le s f ound i n al a rge c oncen t ra t ion i n ar e la t ive ly s ma l la r ea T he o t he r ARS w a re a nd , c e r ta in ly , t h e L evan t ine w a r e s w e re n o tp a r t o ft h i s d i s t inc t ive c o rpu sa nd w ec an o n ly s p ecu la te o nt h e i rp r e s e nce i nt h ea r ea o ft h i ss h e rd d epo s i t .

v e s se l s hape s , i n c lud ing c up s , b ow l s , p l a t e s /p la t te r s a nd p i tche r s .O ft h e se 1 0( c a .3 6% )w e r eE TS Ia nd s e ven ( 2 5% ) w e r e ETS I . T he re w e r e f i ve I t a l ian T S s h e rd s ( RGt 3 8 RG9 2 ,c f .D epo s i t 4RG 1 64 -RG 1 68 )w h ich c omp r i sed c a . 1 8% ,a nd t wo o ft h ese w e re A r r e t ine w i th p o t t e r 's s t amp s . T he o t he r s i gn if ican t c a tego ry w a s ag roup o ff i ve t h in w aled s he rd s( c a . 1 8% )f r om T a r su s ,K o s ,K n ido s , S pa in , N o r th I t a ly o rt h eR h ine land o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . T he p o t t e ry f r om t h i s a r ea a nd A r ea H1 ( D epo s i t 4 ) d e sc r ibed b e low , p rov ided ac o r robo ra t ive t e rm inus p o s t q uem ( a l r eady e s tabl i shed i nt h el i t e ra tu r eb yJ o sephu s )f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion a nd e a r ly u se o ft h eh a rbou ra tC a e sa r ea Ma r i t ima .T he e a r l ie s ts uch d a t ed v e s se l sf r om t h eH e rod ian h a rbou r w e re A r r e t ine ( RG9 0 a nd RG92 ) a nd s ugge s t ed i n i t ia l i mpo r ta t ion t oC a e sa rea s oon a f te r c omp le t ion o f c on s t ruc t ion .I n dependen td a t ing o f RG9 0a nd RG9 2f r om o t he r a r chaeo log ica l c on t ex t s p l a ced t h e e a r l ie s t d a te f o r t h e se e xamp le st oc a . 1 0B .C . ,w i th c on t inued m anu f a c tu r e a nd u se i n to t h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . S i n ce J o sephu sr e po r t s t h a tc on s t ruc t ion o ft h ep o r tw a sc omp le ted i n1 0 /9 B .C . ,t h e l i t e ra ry a nd a r cha eo log ica le v idence n i ce ly c or robo ra t eo ne a no the r .O ne I t a l ian T Se xamp le ( RG8 9 ) ,h oweve r ,w i th a m ake r 's m a rk d a t ing f r om t h et h i rd q ua r te ro ft h ef i r s tt ot h e s e cond q ua r te ro ft h e s e cond c en tu ry A .C . , s ugge s ted t h a t w a r e s f r om t h e L evan t a nd N o r th A f r ica d i d n o t t o ta l ly e c l ips et h et a s te f o rI t a l ian m ade p roduc t sa mong r e s id en t s o rv i s i to r st oC a e sa r ea a tt h a td a te .

D epo s i t 4( A rea HI: S and l a ye rb e low r ubb le )y i e lded 2 9 f me -wa r es h e rd s( RG143 -RG171 ) . O ft h i st o ta l , 1 2( o ve r 4 1% )w e r eE TS I( RG143 -RG154 )a nd 1 d a ted IB .C . / 1 A .C . ,t h ep e r iod o fH e rod ian p o r tc on s t ruc t ion a nd e a r ly u s e . T he r e w a s a l so as ma l l , b u t s i gn if ican t g roup o f f i ve I t a l ian T S s h e rd s ( RG164 -RG168 ) (ov e r 1 7% ) t h r ee o f w h i ch ( RG165 -RG167 )p rov ide t e rm inus p os tq uem d a t e s o f c a . 1 0 B .C . -f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . f o r H e rod ian h a rbou r c on s t ruc t ion a nd e a r ly u s e( c f .D epo s i t2 , RG88 -RG92 ) .

D epo s i t 3( A rea F : S and a nd r ubb le b e low p avemen t ) i n c luded 2 7c a ta logued f i ne -wa re s h e rd s( RG 16 -RG 1 42 ) . T h i sa r ea p roduced al a rge q uan t i ty o f ARS w a r e( RG 1 23 RG 1 39 ,p l u s al a rge n umbe ro fu nca ta logued p i ec e sw h i ch d up l ica t ed f o rm si nt h ec a ta logue ) . ARS F o rm 5 0A l a t et o F o rm 5 0B ( c a . 3 00400 a nd p e rhap s l a t e r ) d om ina t ed t h e s he rd d epo s i t . T he re w e r e a l so e xamp le s o f ARS w a r e F o rm s4 5A ,5 8A -B ,7 6a nd av a r ian to fF o rm 9 3B . Mo s to f

4 7

C hap t er I : U n s tra t i f i ed C eram ic s D epos i t 5( I nne r H a rbou r a r ea s II,1 2a nd 1 3 ) i n c lud ed o n ly 1 f i ne -wa re s he rd s ( RG172 -RG182 ) . F ive o ft h e s e ( RG175 -RG177 , RG180 -RG 1 81 )w e r eE TS Iw a r ed a t ing f r om t h es e cond c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .T he e a r l ie r E TS Ie xamp le s m ay r ef le c t a c t iv i ty i nt h i s a r ea o f t h e h a rbou r i n t h e p e r iod p r eced ing H e rod ian c on s t r uc t ion d u r ing t h et ime w hen t h er oad s tead w a sk nown a sS t ra ton 's T owe r . Two o t he r s he rd s w e r e ARS ( RG173 , RG178 ) d a t ing f r om t h el a t et h i rd /ea r ly f o u r th t ot h ef i f th c en tu r ie s , t h e r e s t w e re s i ng le e xamp le s o fE TS I , I t a l ian /Ea s te rn Med i te r ranean ,I t a l ian /Ga l l ic a nd o ne u n id en t i f ied . D epos i t 6( A rea Jl o c i2 0a nd 2 2 ) ,t h eH elen i s t ic q uay a r ea a s so c ia ted w i th S t r a ton 's T owe r , n o r th o fS eb a s to s , y i e lded t e nf i ne -wa re s h e rd s( RG183 -RG191 , BG5 ) .E igh t a r e ETS I ,t wo a r eu n iden t i f ied ,b u ta l lf a l li nt h ep e r iod I B .C . IB .C . / 1A .C .a nd r e p r e sen tp e r iod sb e fo re a nd d u r ing t h ee a r ly s t age so fc on s t ruc t ion o fS eba s to s( c f .D epo s i t7 ) . D epo s i t 7( A r ea Jl o c i2 1a nd 2 3 )i n c lude s 1 4f me -wa re s he rd s( RG192 -RG201 , BG6 -BG9 ) ,o fw h ich 1 3a r eE TS I ,a nd o ne i su n iden t if i ed a nd u nda ted . T he 1 3 E TS I e xamp le s f a l l i n to t h e p e r iod I B .C . I B .C . / I A .C . ( c f . D epo s i t6 ) . Ma te r ia lf r om A rea J( Depo s i t s 6a nd 7 :RG183 -RG201 , BGS -BG9 ,p l u su n s t ra t i f ied s h e rd s BG1 , RG27 -RG28 a nd an umbe ro fu nca ta logued e xamp le sw h ich d upl i ca t ed f o rm s i nt h ec a ta logue ) i n c luded t h ee a rl ie s tf me -wa r ec e r am ic s f ound b y CAHEP ( mo s t ly s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) a nd i n c luded an umbe ro ff i sh p l a t e s , mou lded r e l ie f( p seudo Mega r ian ) b ow l s a nd BG b ow l s a nd p l a t e s w i th i n te r io r d eco ra t ion ( s tamped p a lme t te s a nd r ou le t t ing ) (p robab ly s e cond c en tu ry B .C . ) .T he v a s t ma jo r i ty o ft h ew a re sc a ta l o gued f r om A r ea Ja ppea rt ob e ETS I . C onc lus ion s . We c an make s ome t e n ta t ive o b se r va t ion s a bou t t h e f me -wa r e p o t te ry d i scove r ed b y t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s .O ne mu s tk eep i nm ind t h el im i ted a r ea so ft h e h a rbou rt h a th ave b een e xcava t ed , a nd t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h ef me -wa re p o t te ry s of a rr e cove r ed m ay n o tr e p r e sen tb y i t se l fa ne n t i re ly a c cu ra te p i c tu re o ft r ad en e two rk sl e ad ing t oa nd f r om t h ep o r t .I tw a sc l ea rf r om aq uan t i ta t ive a na ly s i s o ft h ef i ne w a r e se xcava ted b y CAHEP f r om 1 980 -1984 t h a t t h e re w e r ec e r ta in p e r iod sw hen p o t te ry o f as pe c if i cp rov e nance w a sp a r t icu la r ly p opu la ra tt h ec i ty . L a te i n t h e h i s to ry o f S t ra ton 's T owe r ( s econd -f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) ,t h ef i ne -wa re p o t te ry mo s tp r e f e r red w a st h e L evan t ine E TS I .T h i s c i rcum s tanc e m ay i n d ica t e t h e e x i s tence o fd i r ec tl i nk sb e tween S t ra ton 's T owe ra nd t h e E TS Ip roduc t ion c en t re s omewhe r ei nS y r ia o rL ebanon . L a te i nt h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , i mmed ia t e ly a f te r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fS eba s to s ,t h i sp r e f e r ence f o rE TS Iw a r e —and t h e c on ta c t s b e tween C ae sa r ea a nd t h e L evan t ine E TS I m anu f ac tu r ing c ent r e —con t inued b u t w a s a ugmen ted b y i mpo r ted I t a l ian T e r ra S i g i l la ta p roduc t s .T he se l a t t e rw a r e s w e re b o th A r r e t ine a nd o t he rI t a l ian T Sw a r e s .T he i ra ppea r a nce i mp l ied m a r i t ime l i nk s b o th d i r ec ta nd i n d i r ec tw i th o ne o r mo re I t a l ian p o r t s , mo s tl i ke ly o nt h eT u scan c oa s to f I t a ly . T he re i s ag ene ra l d ea r th o f f i ne -wa r e p o t te ry o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry f r om t h e CA I -MP e xcava t ion s .D amage t o t h ep o r tr e su l t ing f r om t h es ub s idence o ft h eb r eakwa t e r si n 4 8

t h e s e cond c en tu ry m ay h ave b een af a c to ri nt h e l a ck o f i mpo r ted f i ne w a re si nt h i sp e r iod .T h i ss i tua t ion may h ave g i ven i mp e tu s e i the r t o t h e c r ea t ion o f an ew l o ca l o r r e g iona lp o t te ry i n du s t ry ,o rt h eg row th o fa ne x i s t ing o ne i n t h e v i c in i ty o f C ae sa r ea , t o mee t d emand s f o r p o t te ry p roduc t sp r ev iou s ly f i led b y i mpo r t s f r om o ve r sea s . I ti s a l so p o s s ib le t h a tf i ne w a r e sc on t inued t ob ei mpo r ted i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry t h rough at empo r a ry s ub s id ia ry h a rbou rt o t h es ou th o ft h et h en u nu sab le o rl i t t le -u sed ma in o ne ( s ee H oh l f e lde ri nR aban 1 989 : 2 06 -9 ) . F rom t h et h i rd c en tu ry u n t i lt h ea r r iva lo ft h e Mu s l im si n t h es e ven th ,t h ep r e f e r red f me p o t te ry w a s ARS w a r e .T h i s w a s ,o fa l lt h ep o t te ry p roduced i nt h eR oman p e r iod ,o ne o f t h e mo s t p r ol if i ca l ly m anufa c tu r ed a nd t h e mo s t w id e ly e xpo r t ed ( Ca rand in i1 983 : 1 46 ) .I ti s ,t h e r efo r e ,n o ts u rp r i s i n g t h a ti ta ppea r ed i nq uan t i ty f r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t i on s .T he r ew e r es eve ra lc en t re so f ARS w a r ep roduc t ion i n N o r th A f r i ca ( Ca r and in i1 983 :1 45 ;H aye s1 972 :1 3 -18 ) ;t h e p o r t sw h ich mo s tl i ke ly e xpo r ted t h i sw a re w e re C a e s a r ea ( Che rche l )i nMau re tan ia ,C a r thage ,o rH ad rume tum .S ome C yp r io tw a r e( h eavy d eco ra ted b ow l so rb a s in sa nd ad i sh ) w a si mpo r t ed i n to C ae sa r ea i nt h ef i f th -sev en th /ea r ly e i gh th c en tu r ie s ,b u tt h el im i ted n umbe ro fe xamp le sf ound i nt h e CAHEP e xcava t ion sd i dn o ta low u st os p ecu la te o nh ow s i gn if i can t t h e t r ade i n c e r am ic s b e tween C ae sa r ea a nd C yp ru sw a sa tt h a tp o in ti nl a t ea n t iqu i ty . T he o t he r t y p e s o f w a re s w h ich w e r e i d en t if i ed s ug g e s ted l i m i t ed c on tac t sb e tween C a e sa r ea a nd o t he r Med i t e r r anean p o r t s .T he se i n c luded ap o r to rp o r t si ns ou the rn G au li nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C .( t he We s te rn ,n on I ta l ian T S ) , c en t r e s e i the r i n t h e w e s te rn ( No r th I t a ly , S pa in o r t h e R h ine land )o re a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( Ta r su s ,K o so rI C n ido s ) i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C .w h ich s h ipp ed t h ef i ne ,t h in ,o f t en " s andy" w a r ew h ich a ppea r si nl im i t ed q uan t i t ie sf r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s ,a nd ap o r to nt h ew es tc oa s to fA s ia M ino ri nt h es e cond o rt h i rd c en tu ry A .C .( Vanda r l iw a r e? ) . G iv en t h es ma l lq uan t i t ie so ft h ea bove m en t ioned w a r e ss o f a r d i scove red b y t h e CAHEP e xcava to r s w e c ou ld n o t d e te rm ine i ft h e se r ef l ec ted p a r to f ar e gu la rt r ade n e two rk i nc e r am ic s , m e r e ly o ne t ime s h ipmen t s , o r p a r t o f t h e p e r sona lb agga ge o fs ome v i s i to rt oC ae sa rea i na n t iqu i ty . T he p roc e s so fm anu f a c tu re o fR oman c e r am ic sh a sb een w e l ls t ud ied ( c f . Wh i t e1 984 :3 7 -39 ;P eacock 1 982 :5 2 -74 ) . T he t r an spo r ta t ion , m e thod s o f d i s t r ibu t ion , s a le o f a nd p aymen tf o rf i ne i mpo r t ed c e ram ic si na n t iqu i ty a r el e s sw e l l u nde r s tood , b u t o u r m eag re k now ledge o ft h e s e a r ea s i s g r ow ing ( c f .P eacock 1 982 : 1 52 -59 ,C a rand in i 1 983 : 1 46 ; G r e ene 1 986 : 1 56 -67 ) .I th a sl o ng b een k nown t h a tt r ad ei n f i ne -wa r e p o t te ry , s ome t ime s o ve r g r ea t d i s tance s , w a s e x t en s ive t h roughou tt h eR oman Emp i r e . We k now s om e t h ing a bou t t h e s o c ia l s t a tu s o f t h e m anuf a c tu r e r s a nd s h ippe r so fs ome o ft h e se w a r e s ( P ra chn e r 1 980 : p a s s im ; P ucc i 1 983 : 16 -17 ;G r eene 1 986 : 1 66 -67 ) ,b u tw ou ld l i ke t ol e a rn mo r e . Many f i ne w a r e s w e re t r aded e x ten s iv e ly b ecau se o ft h e i rh i gh q ua l i ty .T he se c e ram ic sc ommand ed h i gh e nough p r ice s t h a t t h e l o ng -d i s tanc e t r an spo r ta t ion c o s t sw ou ld n o ta f f ec tt h es ub s tan t ia lm a rke t . I ti sd if i cu l t t od e te rm ine , h oweve r , w he the r t h e i r p opu la r i ty w a s d ue s o le ly t ot h eq ua l i ty o ft h ep o t te ry o rd ue , i np a r t , t ot h e i r r e la t ive a va i lab il i ty . T rade i n p r ima ry a g r icu l tu ra l c o r n -

I LD : F ine W ar e s mod i t ie ss u ch a sw ine ,o i la nd g r a in u ndoub ted ly p rov ided a s s i s tanc ef o rc omme rce i no t he rs e conda ry c a rgoe ss uch a s p o t te ry ; c a rgoe sa r e u n l ik e ly t oh ave c on s i s ted e n t i re ly o f p o t te ry ( c f .G reene 1 986 : 1 63 , 1 67 ,a nd G i l l 1 991 : 2 9 -47 ) . Ar e g ion i mpo r t ing q uan t i t ie so fa g r icu l tu ra lg ood sf r om a n a r ea t h a t a l so p roduced f i ne -wa r e c e ram ic s m igh t v e ry l i ke ly h ave i mpo r ted f i ne -wa re p o t te ry a s as e conda ry c a rgo . R oman l e g ion ss t a t ioned i nv a r iou sp a r t so ft h ee mp i r e b o th p roduced s ome o ft h e i ro wn c e ram ic s( P eaco ck 1 982 : 1 36 -50 ) a nd p rov ided ama rke t f o r i mpo r t ed f me w a r e s ( Ha r r is 1 980 :1 39 , Mo r e 11983 :6 6 -74 ;M idd le ton 1 983 :8 0 8 1 ) .R oman t r oop sg a r r i soned a tC a e sa r ea a nd e l sewhe r ei n J uda ea a l so m u s th ave m anuf a c tu red c e ram ic sa nd i mpo r ted a nd u sed f i ne c e ram ic s( c on t ra ry t oG unneweg 1 983 : 10 ; c f .d i scu s s ion o ft h el amp s ,S ec t ion I .E .1 ) ,b u tt h ee x ten to f t h e m a rke t t h a t t h ey c r ea ted a nd w ha t p ropo r t ion o f t h e e n t i re J udaean ma rke t i ni mpo r t ed f me w a r e s t h e l e g ion s c omp r is ed c anno tb ed e t e rm ined . F o rma t .T he c a ta logue a dop t s t h ef o l low ing f o rma t : 1 ) c a ta logue n umbe r ; RG = r e d g l o s s ( i nc lude s g l azed a nd s l ipped ) , BG =b la ck g l o s s( i nc lude sg l a zed a nd s l ipped ) ,2 ) v e sse lf o rm ,3 )e xcava t ion a r ea ,4 )c ond i t ion ,5 )d imen s ion s , 6 )c o lou ro ff a b r ic a nd s l ip ( b a sed u pon t h e Mun se l lS o i l C o lor C ha r t s ) ,7 )f o rm ( t ypo logy ) ,8 )p a ra l le l s ,9 )c h rono l o gy a nd p l a ce o f manu f ac tu r e ,i fd e t e rm ined .

37 ,f i g .8 1 :22 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -ea r ly f i r s tc en t u ry A .C . RG4 . C up .A r ea DI: r ubb le f i l li nh a rbou rE n t rance C han n e l .B roken ;p a r to fb ody a nd r a i sed b a se e x tan t G ra f f i to l i to no u t s id eo fc up n ea rb a se .B a se D 0 . 061 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;u neven r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS 1 23 :2 ;C row foo t1 957 : f o rm 2 3o r2 4 ;C h r i s tensen 1 971 :f o rm 2 3o r2 4 ;L app 1 96 1 : t y pe 2 51 .6A o r5 1 .1 ; f l a r ing c up w i th c oncave r im ,o f t en r o u le t ted o u t s ide ,a nd r i ng b a se ,o rc up w i th v e r t ica lr im ,f l ange a tb a se . P a ra l le l s :G unneweg 1 983 : 1 00 -1 ;C rowfoo t1 957 : 38 -39 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 1 66 -75 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG5 . C up .A r ea DI: r ubb le f i l li nh a rbou rE n t r ance C han n e l .B roken ;p a r t so fr im a nd b ody w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 089 . R edd i sh y elow ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; u neven b r own o rd a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 2 ) t or edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )s l ip .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l s , s e e RG1 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry .

I .D .2 .R ed -G lo s sa nd R ed -S l ip War e s . E a s t ern T er ra S ig i l la ta IWar e . C up s( f ig . 1 3 ) . RG1 . C up .A rea Di: r ubb le f i l li nh a rbou rE n t rance C han n e l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd b ody e x tan t .R im D 0 . 185 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic ; r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 3 :3 ;C row foo t1 957 : f o rm 2 4 ;C h r is tens en 1 971 :f o rm 2 4 ;c a r ina ted c up w i th v e r t ica lr im , f l ange a tb a se . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 3 37 -39 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 1 72 -80 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG6 . C up .A r ea G :g r ave lf i la bove b eam .B roken ;p a r to f r un a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 227 . N o Mun sel a va i l a b le . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 3 :3 ;C row foo t1 957 : f o rm 2 4 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : f o rm 2 4 ;c up w i th v e r t ica l r im , f l ange a tb a s e . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 37 -39 ; C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : 1 72 -80 . N egev 1 974 : n o s . 1 7 1 -72 s im i la r . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tury . RG7 . C up .A rea G :g r ave lf i l la r ound b eam a tNW c o rne r . B rok en ;p a r to fr im e x tan t . R im D 0 . 207 .N o Mun se l l a va i lab le . F o rf o rm ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd p rovenance s e e RG6 . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry .

RG2 . C up . A rea DI:r ubb le s p i l l i n h a rbou r e n t rance c hanne l . B roken ; b a se a nd p a r t o fb ody w a l l e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 049 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm : p e rhap s G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 1 :4 ; C row foo t1 957 :f o rm 1 6o r1 7 ;C h r i s ten s en 1 971 :f o rm 1 6o r1 7 ;h em i sphe r ica lb ow lw i th p l a in o r mou ld ed r im a nd r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 9 6 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 3 32 -35 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 13 117 ;c f . RG 14 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy :s e cond c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG8 . C up .A r ea G :m idpo in to fe a s ts i de o fb l ock ,g r ave l f i l la r ound b eam . B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D0 . 156 .D a rk y e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 4 / 4 )f a b r ic ; r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip . F o rf o rm ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd p rovenance s e e RG6 . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry . RG9 . C up .A rea HI:s a nd a bove r ubb le .B roken ;p a r t so f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 137 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : G unneweg 1 983 : ETS I2 3 :1 ; L app 1 96 1 : t y pe 2 51 .6 ;C row foo t1 957 :f o rm 2 3 ;C h r i s t ens en 1 971 : f o rm 2 3 ;c up w i th f l a r ing r im ,c oncave ,o f ten r ou le t ted o u t s ide ,r i ng b a s e .

RG3 . C up . A rea DI:r ubb le s p i l l i n h a rbou r e n t rance c hanne l .B roken ;p a r to fr im e x tan t . R im D 0 . 131 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 3 :3 ;C row foo tf o rm 2 4 ;c up w i th v e r t ica lr im , f l ange a tb a se . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 ; C row foo t 1 957 :

4 9

C hap t e rI : U n s t ra t if i ed C e ram ic s P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 9 5 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 2 23 -25 ;C a tl ing 1 972 : f i g . 1 5 ,P 462 s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry B .C .

P a ra l le l s : N egev 1 974 : n o s . 1 60 -70 ; G unneweg 1 983 : 1 00 ;C rowfoo t1 957 : 37 -38 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 1 66 -71 ;C o rne l l 1 980 :p l s .2 7 -28 ;F i tzge ra ld 1 931 :p l . , O CX IV ,n o . 1 9s im i la r ;V e s sbe rg & We s tho lm 1 956 : f i g . 3 0 :3 s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG 1 6 . B ow l . A rea D1:r ubb le f i l l i nh a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l . B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 120 . G rey ( 2 .5YR N 5 / ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy , u neven r ed ( 2 .5YR 4/ 62 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : n one e xa c t , b u tc f . G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I 2 1 :4 . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 3 8 , ANF33 .

RG 1 0 . C up .A rea H1: s a nd a bove r ubb le .B roken ;c omp le te p rof i le .R im D 0 . 126 ;b a se D 0 . 055 ; H0 . 066 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; p a t chy r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 ) t o r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )s l ip . F o rf o rm , p a ra l le l s , a nd p rovenanc e s e e RG9 .C f . RG 1 3a nd RG 16 ( D epo s i t3 ) . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG 1 7 . B ow l . A r ea DI:r ubb le f i l l i nh a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l .B roken ;p a r to fb ody a nd b a s ee x tan t .B a se D 0 . 063 .P a le b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 3 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy l i gh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 1 :4 ;C row f oo t1 957 : f o rm 1 7 ; C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 7 ; h em i sphe r ica l b ow l , mou lded r im ,r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 9 6 ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 14 17 ;C row f oo t 1 957 : 3 34 -35 ,( f ig . 8 0 :14 ) . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy :s e cond c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG 1 . C up .A r ea HI: s and a bove r ubb le .B roken ;b a se ,p a r t o fw a l l e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 047 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ;u neven r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :P e rhap sC row foo t1 957 :f o rm 2 4 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 2 4 ,c up w i th v e r t ica lr im ,f l ange a tb a s e . P ar a l le ls :C .mwfoo t1 957 :3 37 4 0 :C hr i s tens en 1 97 1 : 1 72 -80 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry? . RG 1 2 . C up .A rea HI: r ubb le l e ve l .B roken ;b a se a nd p a r to f b ody e x tan t .B a se D 0 . 057 .G r ey i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 2 ) f a b r ic ;r edd i sh y elow ( 7 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rf o rm ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd p rovenanc es e e RG 1 . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry?

RG 1 8 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i nh a rbou r E n t rance C hanne l .B roken ;p a r to fr im d eco ra ted w i th r o s e t te i n r e l ie f .R im D 0 . 188 .L igh tr e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 6 / 4 ) f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG 1 3 . C up .A rea Z :s po rad ic .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l l e x tan t .R im D 0 . 148 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS 1 23 :1 ;C row foo t1 957 : f o rm 2 3 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 2 3 ;L app 1 96 1 : t y pe 2 51 .6A ;c up w i th f l a r ing ,c oncave r im ,o f t en r o u le t ted o u t s ide ,r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s : c f . RG9 -RG 1 0 , RG 16 ( Depo s i t 3 ) , RG144 ( Depo s i t4 ) . G unneweg 1 983 : 1 00 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 37 -38 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 97 1 ;1 66 -71 ;C o rne 1 11980 : p l s .2 7 -28 ;F i tzge ra ld 1 931 :p l . XXX IV ,n o .1 4s im i la r ; H aye s 1 976b : 1 9 ,n o . 8 2 ;C o l t 1 962 : Jn o .2 ,c f .p l a t e ) (UV ;K e l so 1 955 : 2 4 =p l . 2 2 -A472 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG 1 9 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i nh a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd b ody e x tan t .R im D 0 . 141 .G r ey ( 5YR 5 / 1 )f a br ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 1 :4 ;C row f oo t1 957 : f o rm 1 6 o r 1 7 ; C h r i s t ensen 1 97 1 : f o rm 1 6 o r 1 7 ; h em i sphe r ica l b ow l , w i th mou ld ed o rp l a in r im , r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 9 6 ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 13 -17 ;C row foo t 1 957 : 3 32 -35 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy :s e cond c en tu r yB .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

B ow l s( f ig . 1 3 -15 ) . RG 1 4 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l .B roken ;p a r to fb a se a nd w a l le x tan t .B a s eD 0 . 042 .G rey f a b r ic .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l s ,a nd p rovenanc e ,s e e RG2 . C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tA .C .

RG2 0 . B ow l . A r ea G : g r ave l f i l l a r ound b eam a t NW c o rne r .B rok en ;p a r to fr im e x tan t .R im D 0 . 112 .V e ry p a le b r own ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; w or nr e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 ) s l ip . F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l l e l s : n one i d en t i f ied . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

RG 1 5 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t rance C hanne l . B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 10 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; p a t chy r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 /6 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS 1 2 1 :1 ;C row foo t1 957 : 2 24 ,f i g .3 8 ;b ow lw i th i n cu rved r im .

RG2 1 . B ow l .A r ea H1:s a nd a bove r u bb le .B rok en ;p a r to f r im e x tan t .R im D 0 . 098 .L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ; r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip .

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I LD : F ine W ar e s C h rono logy : t h i rd second c en tu ry B .C . RG2 7 . B ow l .A r ea J :s u r f a ce r ubb le .B roken ; p a r to fb a s e a nd w a l le x tan t ; i n t e r io ro fb a se w i th i mp re s sed s c a l l o p sa nd 2i n c i sed l i ne s .B a se D 0 . 112 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 4 )t oy e l low ( 1 0YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )t ov e ry d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 3 / 1 )m i sf i r ed s l ip . F o rf o rm ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd p rovenance s e e RG2 6 ,a nd c f . BG 1( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . C h rono logy : t h i rd -second c en tu ry B .C .

F o rm :C rowfoo t1 957 :f o rm 1 6 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 6 ;L app 1 96 1 :t y pe 2 51 .2 ;G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 1 :4 ;h em i sphe r ica lb ow lw i th p l a in r im ,r i ng b a se . P a r a l le l s : N egev :c f .n o s . 1 5 1 -55 ;R o l le r1 980 : n o . 1 7 ; F i tzge ra ld 1 931 : p l . XXX IV , n o s . 2 5 , 2 9 ; S t one 1 987 :9 8 ;c f . RG9 8( Depo s i t2 ) , RG 17 ( D epo s i t3 ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en t u ry A .C . RG2 2 . B ow l .A r ea H1: r ubb le l e ve l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l l e x tan t , mou ld ed i nr e l ie fw i th g r ape c l u s te ra nd l e ave s . R im D 0 . 166 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic ;u neven r ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )t od a rk r e d( 2 .5YR 3 / 6 ) s l ip . F o rm :p e rhap sG unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 1 :5 ;2 2 :2 o r 2 2 :7 ;b ow l . P a r a l le l s : c f .G unneweg 1 983 : 7 4 -75 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .?

RG2 8 . B ow l .A r ea N :r ubb le .B roken ;p a r to fi n tu rned r im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 16 .R edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 8 / 6 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 4/ 6)s l ip . F o rm : G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 1 .1 ; b ow l w i th i n tu rned r im . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 9 5 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 2 23 -25 . O r ig in :L evan t? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

RG2 3 . B ow l . A r ea I( no l o cu sd e s igna t ion ) . B roken ;b a se a nd p a r t o fb ody w a l l e x tan t ; b a se s l igh t ly c oncave . B a se D 0 . 07 .P ink ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm : c f . C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 24 ( f ig . 3 8 :7 ) , a nd p . 2 25 , n o . 7s im i la r ; B l i s s 1 902 : p l . 6 0 , n o s . 2 4 -26 , 2 9 s im i la r ;F i tzge ra ld 1 931 : p l . 3 , n o . 1 9 s im i la r ; b ow l w i th i n cu rved r im . P a ra l le l s : s e ef o rm . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined ( Levan t ? ) . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

RG2 9 . B ow l . A r ea R : s u r f a ce r ubb le . B roken ; c omp le te b a se a nd p a r to fb ody w a l le x tan t . B a se D 0 . 109 .P ink ( 5YR 8 / 3 )f a b r ic w i th l i gh tg r ey t og r ey ( 5YR 6 / 1 )c o r e ; p a tchy r e dd i sh y elow ( 5YR 6 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm : b ow l . P a r a l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in :p robab ly L evan t . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . RG3 0 . B ow l .A r ea Z : Moder nN o r th B r eakwa te r ,s u r f ac e . B rok en ;b a se a nd p a r to fw a l le x tan t .B a se D 0 . 06 1 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm : p robab ly G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 1 :4 ; C rowf oo t1 957 :f o rm 1 6o r1 7 ;C h r i s tens en 1 971 :f o rm 1 6o r1 7 ;h em i sphe r ica lb ow lw i th r i ng b a se a nd p l a in o r mou lded r im . P a ra l l e l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 9 6 ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 32 -35 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 13 17 ;C o rne l l 1 980 : p l s . 1 6 -18 ; N egev 1 974 : n o . 1 54 s im i la r ; S t er n 1 978 : f i g . 2 : 27 s im i la r ;F i tzge ra ld 1 931 :p l . XXX IV ,n o s .2 5 ,2 9 , 3 0s im i la r ;C o l t1 962 :p l . XL IV f o rm G ( 16 )o r H( 1 7 ) ; B l i s s 1 902 : 1 28 ,n o . 8=p l .6 1 ,n o . 8s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG2 4 . B ow l? A rea I ( no l o cu sd e s igna t ion ) .B roken ;p a r t o fe l abo ra te ly mou lded b a se .V e r yp a le b r own ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rm :b ow l? P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined ( Levan t ? ) . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . RG2 5 . B ow l .A rea I( no l o cu sd e s igna t ion ) .B roken ;p a r to f r im e x tan t .R im D 0 . 140 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic ;p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 4/ 6)s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 1 :4 ;C row foo t1 957 : f o rm 1 6 ; C hr is t en sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 6 ; h em i sphe r ica l b ow lw i th r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s :c f . RG 1 49 ( D epo s i t4 ) .G unneweg 1 983 : 9 6 ;C row foo t1 957 : 32 -34 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 13 -15 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

P la t e sa nd D i shes ( f ig s . 1 5 -16 ) . RG3 1 . P l a t e . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l . B rok en ; p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 16 1 .L igh ty e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 6 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 50 c o re ; w o rn r e d( 2 .5YR 4/ 6)s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 3 :4 ;C rowf oo t1 957 : f o rm 1 4 ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 4 ; d eep p l a t e w i th v e r t ica lr im . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 3 30 -32 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 9 9 -112 . O r ig in : p robab ly L evan t . C h rono logy :s e cond h a lf f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l f f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG2 6 . B ow l . A rea J :s u r f ac er ubb l e . B roken ; p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t ; 3r ow so fr o u le t t ing o ni n s ide c l o se t o b o t tom .R im D 0 . 177 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 7 / 4 )t o y e l low ( 1 0YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )t ov e ry d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N /3 )m i sf i r ed s l ip . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : 2 49 , f i g . 4 9 :5 ; b ow l w i th i n cu r ved r im . P a ra l le l s :c f . BG 1( u n s t ra t i f ied )a nd RG2 7f o rs im i l a rs hape .C row f oo t 1 957 : 2 49 ,f i g .4 9 :5 . O r ig in :L evan t .

RG3 2 . P l a t e . A r ea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r ance

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C hap te rI : U n s tra t if i ed C e r am ic s C row f oo t1 957 : 3 40 -42 ;C h r i s tens en 1 971 : 1 80 -88 . O r ig in :p robab ly L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

C hanne l . B rok en ; p a r t o fr im e x tan t . R im D 0 . 236 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 /6 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy w eak r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 2 )t or ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip . F o rf o rm ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd p rovenance s e e RG3 1 . C h rono logy :s e cond h a lf f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l f f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG38 . P i t che r . A r ea HI:s u r f ace .B rok en ;r im ,n eck ,h an d l e ,p a r to fs hou ld e re x tan t . R im D 0 . 051 . V e ry p a le b row n( 1 0YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;p a t chy r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS 1 22 :3 ;C row foo t1 957 : f o rm 2 6 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 :f o rm 2 6 ;p i tche rw i th s ho r t n eck ,o ne h and le ,r i ng f oo t . P a ra l l e l s :G unneweg 1 983 :9 8 -99 ;C rowfoo t1 957 : 3 4 1 ,f i g .8 2 :3 ( p .3 40 )s im i la r ;C h r i s ten sen 1 97 1 : 1 80 8 8 ;H aye s 1 976b : n o . 8 7 ,f i g . 5 ,a nd p l a te 6s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG33 . D i sh o rp l a te .A rea HI:s u r f ace .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 184 .N o Muns e l la va i lab le . F o rm :d i sh o rp l a te . P a ra l le l s : C om fo r t 1 938 : p l . 1 ,s e cond f r om t o p , s ame f o rm ;F i t zge ra ld 1 931 :n o . 3 9s im i la r . O r ig in :p robab ly L evan t . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . RG34 . P l a te .A r ea HI:s a nd a bove r ubb le .C omp le t e .R im D0 . 183 . P ink ( 5YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy r e d s l ip . N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : f o rm 1 4 ; L app 1 96 1 : t y pe 2 54 .2 ; C ox 1 949 : g roup V Ib ; J one s 1 950 : " Roman P e rgamene Wa r e" t y pe D ; G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I 2 3 :4 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 4 ;d eep p l a t ew i th v e r t i ca lr im . P a ra l le l s :C row foo t1 957 :3 30 -32 ;N egev 1 974 :n o . 1 46 s im i la r ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 9 9 -112 ; G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 ;C or nel 1 980 :p l .2 7 ,n o .P 2OTA70 ;H aye s 1 973 :n o s . 1 27 -28 ( Ne ron ian ) .c f . RG152 ( Depo s i t4 ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy :s e cond h a lf f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l f f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG35 . P l a te . A rea HI:s a nd a bove r ubb le .B roken ;p a r to f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 133 . V e ry p a l e b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;u neven d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 2 / 4 )t or edd ish y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )s l ip . F o rf o rm ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd p rovenance s e e RG34 . C h rono logy :s e cond h a lf f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l f f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG39 . P i tche r ?A rea H1: r ubb le l e ve l .B roken ;p a r to fb ody w a l le x tan t . MPL 0 . 054 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic ;u neven r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rf o rm ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd p rovenance s e e RG37 . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG40 . O inocho e .A rea DI:r ubb le f i l li nh a rbou rE n t r ance C hanne l . B rok en ; n ea r ly c omp le te ; mo s to fr im , o ne h and le , u nd eco ra ted b ody w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 083 ; b a se D 0 . 07 ; H0 . 208 .D u s ty ' b r own /g rey f a b r ic ;p a t chy r e ds l ip ;n o Mun se l la va i lab le .S ame s he rd a sD 12 ( s ee S ec t ion I .D .1 ) . F o rm : C row foot 1 957 f o rm 2 5 o r2 6 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : f o rm 2 5o r2 6 ;j ug w i th l o ng o rs ho r tn eck ,o ne h and le ,r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s : n one e xac t , C row foo t 1 957 : 3 40 -42 ; C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : 1 80 -88 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG4 1 . J ug? A rea D1: r ubb le f i l li nh a rbou rE n t rance C han n e l .B rok en ;p a r to fb ody a nd s hou ld e r( ? )e x tan t .V e ry p a le b r own ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;u neven r ed ( 2 .5YR 4/ 6) s l ip o nu pp e rp a r to fv es se l ; l owe rp o r t ion u n s l ipped . N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rm :c l o sed v e s se l( j ug? ) . P a r a l le l s :n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in :p o s s ib ly L evan t . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

RG36 . P l a te .A rea I I( no l o cu sd e s igna t ion ) .B rok en ;p a r to f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 143 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS 1 23 :4 ;C row foo t1 957 : f o rm 1 4 ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 4 ; d eep p l a t e w i th v e r t ica lr im . P a ra l le l s :c f . RG175 ( Depo s i t5 ) .G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 ;C rowfoo t 1 957 : 30 -32 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy :s e cond h a lf f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l f f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG42 . J ug .A r ea DI:r ubb le f i l li nh a rbou rE n t rance C han n e l .B roken ;p a r to fw a l la nd b a se e x tan t .B a se D0 . 095 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; r e d ( 2 .5YR 4/ 6) s l ip . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : f o rm 2 5 o r2 6 ;C h r i s t en s en 1 97 1 :f o rm 2 5o r2 6 ;G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 2 :3 ;j u g w i th l o ng o r s ho r t n e ck , o ne h and le , r i ng f o o t , r im , p o s s ib ly w i th l i p . P a ra l le l s : c f . RG85 ( Depo s i t 1 ) , RG102 ( D epo s i t 2 ) . G unneweg 1 983 : 9 8 -99 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 3 40 -42 ; C h r i s t ens en 1 971 : 1 80 -88 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

P i tcher s , O inochoa i ,a nd J ug s( f ig . 1 6 ) . RG37 . P i tche r? A r ea DI:r ubb le f i l l i nh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l . B roken ;p a r to fb ody o fc l o s ed v e s s e ld eco r a ted w i th r ou le t t ing . MPL 0 . 06 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm : p robab ly G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 2 :3 ; C rowf oo t1 957 :f o rm 2 5o r2 6 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 :f o rm 2 5o r2 6 ;j ug w i th l o ng o rs ho r tn eck ,o ne h and le ,r i ng b a se ,r im p o s s ib ly w i th l i p . P a ra l le l s :G unneweg 1 983 :5 0 ,n o s .J ERS 11 -112 ;

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MD :F ine W ar e s O r ig in :C yp ru s . C h rono logy :c a .5 80 /600 t oe nd o fs e ven th c en tu ry .

E a s t ern T er ra S ig i l la ta I War e . B ow l s( f ig . 1 6 ) . RG43 . B ow l . A rea D3 : g r ave lb e low c l ea rs a nd i np rob e . B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 194 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm : G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I 2 4 :2 ; b ow l w i th o u tf o lded r im . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 02 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 3 43 -44 ,f i g .8 3 :8 -10 s im i la r . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean ( SW A s ia M ino ro r C yp ru s? ) . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -ea r ly f i r s tc en t u ry A .C .

RG48 . B a s in . A r ea T : r ubb le f i l l a ga in s t s ou th f a c e o f T owe r . B roken ; p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t ; a r ea b e n ea th r im d eco ra t ed w i th p unch m a rk s a bove r i dge . R im D 0 . 247 . L igh t r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 6 / 3 ) f a b r ic w i th s ma l l l i gh t a nd d a rk i n c lu s ion s ; r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) t od a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 3 / 2 )s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 972 : C yp r io tf o rm 7v a r ian t ; H aye s 1 980b : C yp r io tf o rm 7v a r ian t ; l a rge b a s in . P a ra l le l s : C rowfoo t 1 957 : 3 59 , f i g . 8 4 :2 1 ( p . 3 6 1 ) s im i la r ; RG49 , s im i la rb u tl a rge r . O r ig in : C yp ru s . C h rono logy : f i f th c en tu ry? .

RG44 . B ow l . A rea E : s a nd 1 . 0m .b e low s u r f a ce .B roken ; p a r t o f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 10 1 . R edd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy , d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 3 / 4 )s l ip . F o rm : G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I 2 4 :1 ; h and le le s s , r ound -bo t tomed b ow lw i th c oncave r im . P a ra l le l s :G unneweg 1 983 :6 2 ,f i g . 1 4 ,J ERS 9 6 ,p . 1 02 ;C row f oo t1 957 :3 43 ,f i g .8 3 :9 s im i la r ;V e s sb e rg & We s tho lm 1 956 : f i g .2 7 :7 . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i t e r ranean ( SW A s ia M ino ro r C yp ru s? ) . C h rono logy :s econd h a lf f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l f f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG49 . B a s in . A r ea T :r ubb le a bove k u rka rl e ve l .B roken ; p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t ;w a l la nd r im d eco ra ted w i th r ow s o fr ou le t t ing ; t h ick , h eavy w a r e . R im D 0 . 287 . R edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 8 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 972 : C yp r io tf o rm 7 ;H aye s 1 980b : C yp r io tf o rm 7 ;R od z iew icz 1 976 : g roup D f o rm 1 ; l a rge b a s in . P a ra l le l s :L o f f reda 1 974 : t i po T S8 ( f ig . 1 6 :8 )s im i l a r ;H aye s1 972 :3 77 -79 ;H aye s1 980b :5 29 ;R od z iew ic z 1 976 :4 6 -47 ; Waage 1 948 : 5 2 -56 ; RG48 . O r ig in : C yp ru s . C h rono logy : f i f th -seven th c en tu ry .

RG45 . B ow l .A r ea G :s a nd f i l la ga in s tn o r th f a ce o fb l o ck . B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 131 .P i nk ( 5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ;p a t chy r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 3 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 4 :2 ;c a r ina ted b ow l w i th o u t fo lded r im . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 02 . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean ( SW A s ia M ino ro r C yp ru s? ) . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

M i sce l laneou sR ed -G lo s s War e s (W e s t ern a nd P o s s i b l yE a s te rn Med i t e rranean ) ( f ig . 1 7 ) . RG50 . C up . A rea G : N o r th T owe r , r ubb le a ga in s t w e s t f a ce .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 175 . P i nk ( 5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 972 : V anda r l i Wa re f o rm 3( ? ) . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 3 20 -2 1 ;R i ley 1 975 : 4 1 ,n o . 7 0( p la te o np .4 2 )s im i la r . O r ig in : A s ia M ino r( ? ) . C h rono logy : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry .

M i sce l laneou sC ypr io t War e s( f ig s . 1 6 -17 ) . RG46 . B ow l . A rea G : N o r th T owe r ,r ubb le a ga in s ts ou th f a ce .B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 24 . R edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :C a t l ing 1 972 : f i g . 5 ,P 37 ;b ow l . P a ra l le l s : Ca l l ing 1 972 :f i g .5 ,P 37 s im i la r ; RG109 ( D epo s i t2 )s im i la r . O r ig in : C yp ru s . C h rono logy : e a r ly B yzan t ine?

RG5 1 . B ow l .A r ea R :g r ave lb e low r ubb le .B rok en ;p a r to f w a l l . MPL 0 . 042 . Mou lded r e l ie f s how s h o r seman g a l lop ing l e f t , f i gu r e f a l len t ol e f t ; b e low , ar ow o f r a i sed d o t s b e tween p a i r s o fr i dge s . G rey ( 5YR 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic ;p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : b ow l . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if ied . We s t e rn ( n on I ta l ian ) T e r ra S i g i l la ta o rE a s te rn i m i ta t ion o f We s t e rn T e r ra S i g i l la ta . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

RG47 . D i sh . A rea Z : s po rad ic . B roken ;c omp le te p rof i le ; z i g -zag d e s ign o nr im ,r o u le t t ing o nw a l l .R im D 0 . 277 ; b a se D 0 . 158 ; H0 . 060 .P i nk ( 5YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;w o rn r e d ( 2 .5YR 4/ 6)s l ip . F o rm : H ayes 1 972 : C yp r io t f o rm 9 B ; d i sh w i th b road f l a tb a se , f l a r ing w a l la nd t h ickened v e r t ica lo r i n cu rved r im ,c onvex o no u t e rf a ce a nd p ro jec t ing f r om w a l la tb o t tom . P a ra l le l s :H aye s1 972 :3 78 -81 ;C a t l ing 1 972 :f i g .5 , P 88 a nd f i g . 2 7 ,P 147 ;c f . RG157 ( D epo s i t4 ) .

War ef rom T ar sus , K o s , K n id os , S pa in , N . I t a l y , o r R h ine land ( f ig . 1 7 ) . RG52 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t ranc e C hanne l .B roken ;c omp le te p rof i le ;u ppe rp a r to fb ow l h a sg r i t ty s u r fa ce .R im D 0 . 096 ;b a se D 0 . 038 ; H0 . 056 .

5 3

C hap t er I : U n s t ra t if i ed C e ram ic s N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm : Moev s 1 973 : XL I I /XL I I b i s , o ne o r t wo h and led c up w i th c u rv ing w a l l ,f l a tb a se ,p l a in r im . P a ra l le l s :c f . RG 12 -RG 14 ( Depo s i t2 ) , RG 1 59 RG 1 61 ( De po s i t4 ) . H aye s 1 973 : n o s . 3 8 -40 s im i la r ; H aye s 1 973 :4 63 , n o s . 1 99 -201 ; J one s 1 950 : 1 90 -91 ; Moev s 1 973 :n o s . 3 34 -37 s im i la r . O r ig in : N o r th I t a ly o r S pa in , o rp o s s ib ly T a r su s , K o s ,K n ido s ,o rt h eR h ine land . C h rono logy : c a .2 0 -50 o r4 0 -70 .

n o s .1 8 -21 ;R od z iew icz 1 976 :g roup A ,f o rm A 7 ;R i ley 1 975 : 3 9 -40 , 4 3 ; C ox 1 949 : 9 0 ; R ob in son 1 959 : K l , K 2 , M139 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a2 30 /240 -325 .

I t a l ian T er ra S i g i l la ta War e( f ig . 1 8 ) . RG5 8 . Cu p .A r ea H1: r ubb le l e ve l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd c a r ina ted w a l l e x tan t ; b ody d eco ra ted w i th g roove s . R im D 0 . 123 . P i nk ( 5YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 ) s l ip .

RG5 3 . B ow l . A r ea D1:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r anc e C hanne l . B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 096 .P ink ( 5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ;u neven d u sky r e d( 2 .5YR 3 / 2 )t ob rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 )s l ip . F o r f o rm , p a ra l le l s , a nd p rovenance s e e RG 5 2 ( un s t ra t if ied ) . C h rono logy : c a2 0 -50 ,o r4 0 -70 .

F o rm :H aye s1 973 :f o rm 2 0B ;D ragendo rf ft y pe 1 5 ; c up /bow lw i th c a r ina t ion . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 973 :n o s .6 2 -63 . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy :c a 1 0B .C . -ea r ly f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

A f r i can R ed S l ip Wa re ( f ig . 1 7 ) . RG5 4 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l .B roken ;p a r t so fc a r ina ted r im a nd b ody w a l l e x tan t .R im D 0 . 263 .L igh tr ed ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )t ob rown o rd a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 2 )s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 972 : f o rm 8 4 ;d eep d i sh . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 1 32 -33 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :4 40 -500 .

RG5 9 . Pl a t e .A rea HI:s and a bove r ubb le .B roken ;p a r to f r im ,w a l l ,b a se e x tan t ;r ou le t ted i n t e r io r ,r im d eco ra t ed i nr e l ief w i th r o se t te a nd q uad rup ed r unn ing l e f t .R im D 0 . 190 ; b a s e D0 . 091 ; H0 . 039 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm :D ragendo r f ff o rm 3 ;H aye s1 973 :f o rm 1B ; p l a te w i th b as ea nd v e r t ica lr im . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 973 :n o s .2 9 -33 s im i la r ;H awke s 1 947 : S 6a nd s u cc e s so r s . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : c a . 1 0B .C . -20 A .C .

RG5 5 . Pl a te o rb ow l .A rea I I( no l o cu sd e s igna t ion ) .B ro k en ; p a r t o f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t ; t o p o fr im d eep ly g rooved . R im D 0 . 340 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ; l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 972 : f o rm 6 6( r a r e ) , 6 7o r6 8 ; l a rge b ow lo rp l a te w i th t wo -pa r tf l a r ing r im . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 10 -18 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy : l a te f ou r th -f i f th c en tu ry .

G a l l i c( ? ) Wa re ( f ig . 1 8 ) . RG6 0 . C up o rb ow l .A r ea G :N o r th T owe r ,r ubb le a ga in s t s ou th f a ce . B roken ; p a r to fb ody w a l ld e co ra t ed w i th r e l ie fr o se t t ee x tan t . MPL 0 . 046 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm :c up o rb ow l . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in :p robab ly G au l . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry . RG6 1 . B ow l .A rea G :s a ndy f i l la r ound b eam a tSW c o rne r . B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t ; mou ld ed r e l ie fw i th i n de t e rm ina te p a t t e rn o ne x t e r io r .R im D 0 . 178 .L igh t r e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : mou ld -made b ow lw i th r e l ie fd eco r a t ion . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in :p robab ly G au l . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? .

RG 5 6 . P l a te . A r ea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r anc e C hanne l . B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 340 . L igh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 ) f a b r ic ; r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm :H aye s1 972 :f o rm 6 7 ;l a rge b ow lw i th c u rved , s l igh t ly s a gg ing b ody , f l a t b a se a nd t wo -pa r t f l a r ing r im . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 12 -16 ; R od z iew icz 1 976 : 3 5 ,B 6 ; Waage 1 948 :n o s .8 69 -73 ;H e l l s t röm 1 971 :n o . 3 23 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a 3 60 -470 ( a nd l a te r ? ) .

RG62 . B ow l . A rea G : N o r th T owe r , r ubb le a ga in s t w e s t f a ce . B roken ; p a r t o f w a l l d eco ra t ed i nr e l ie f w i th h uman f i gu r ea nd r ope mo t i f .R edd i sh y elow ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 /8 )s l ip .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l l e l s :n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in :p robab ly G au l . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry .

RG 5 7 . L a rge d i sh .A rea R :r ubb le l e ve l .B rok en ;c omp le t e p rof i le .R im D 0 . 246 ;b a se D 0 . 168 ; H0 . 043 ;T h0 . 003 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :H aye s1 972 :f o rm 5 0A ;l a rge -bo t tomed d i sh w i th h i gh ,s t ra igh tw a l lr i s ing a ta na ng le t o ap l a in r im ; t i ny b eveled r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 6 8 -71 ; L o f f r eda 1 974 : 6 8 ,

5 4

HD : F ine W ar e s 4 )f a b r ic ;w o rn r e d( 2 .5YR 4 /6 )s l ip .N oi lu s t ra t ion . F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t i f ied . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

Wa r e so fU nknown P rovenance ( f ig s . 1 8 -19 ,p l .2 ) . RG63 . C up .A r ea 11:r ubb le l e ve l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd c a r ina t ed w a l le x tan t ;b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion o ft e nd r i l s a nd l e ave s . P ink ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ; v e ry d a rk b rown ( 10YR 2 / 2 )t ob rown -da rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 4 )s l ip .P l . 2 . F o rm :J one s 1 950 : 1 88 -89 ;s kypho s -cup . P a ra l le l s :J one s1 950 : 1 88 -89 ,n o s .6 05 -14 s im i la r . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s t second c en tu ry .

RG70 . B ow l . A rea G : N o r th T owe r ,r ubb le a ga in s ts ou th f a ce . B roken ; p a r t o fr im e x tant R im D 0 . 18 1 . N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm :R odz iew icz 1 976 :p l .2 9 ,0 40d ( c o r r e spond i n gn umbe ro np .5 9i si n co r r ec t ) ;b ow l . P a ra l le l s :R od z iew icz 1 976 :p l .2 9 ,0 40d ;F i tzge ra ld 1 931 :p l .3 00 C IV ,n o .4 6s im i la r . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy :B yzan t ine? .

RG64 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r ance C h anne l . B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 2 11 .F ine ,s andy f a b r ic .N o Mun se l la va i lab le .S ame s he rd a sD 1 ( s ee S ec t ion I .D .1 ) .F i g . 1 . F o rm : b ow l . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

RG71 . B ow l . A r ea G : N o r th T owe r ,r ubb le a ga in s ts ou th f a ce . B roken ;p a r to fb a se a nd w a l le x tan t . L igh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) t o d u sky r e d ( 2 .5YR 3 / 2 )s l ip .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

RG65 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l .B roken ;p a r t so fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 25 .N o Mun sel a va i lab le . F o rm : b ow l . P a r a l le l s : F i tzge ra ld 1 931 : p l a t e XXX IV , n o . 4 8 , a nd p .3 8s im i la r . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : B yzan t ine? .

RG72 . B ow l . A rea HI:s a nd a bove r ubb le . B roken ; b a s e a nd p a r to fb ody w a l le x tan t .B a se D0 . 042 .N o Mun se l l a va i lab le .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

RG66 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l . B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 10 . G rey ( 2 .5YR N 5 / ) t op i nk i sh g r ey ( 7 .5YR 6 / 2 ) f a b r ic ;v e ry w o rn p a le r e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 2 )s l ip . F o rm : C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 59 ,f i g .5 3 ,h em i sphe r ica l b ow l . P a ra l le l s :C row foo t1 957 :2 59 ,f i g .5 3 ,n o . 1s im i la r . C f . RG201 ( Depo s i t7 ) . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : L a t eH e l len i s t ic .

RG73 . B ow l . A rea I I( n ol o cu sd e s igna t ion ) . B rok en ;p a r t o fr im a nd w a l l e x t an t ;r im m a rk ed w i th g roove sa nd r ou le t t ing .R im D0 . 311 .R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )f a br ic ;p a tchy d a rk r e d( 2 .5YR 3 / 6 )t or e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

RG67 . B ow l .A rea G :s a nd f i la ga in s tn o r th f a ce o fb l ock . B rok en ; b a se a nd p a r to fb ody w a l le x tan t . L igh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic w i th r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 3 )c o r e ; r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rm : b ow l . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

RG74 . B ow l .A r ea I I( n ol o cu sd e s igna t ion ) .B roken ;b a se a nd p a r to fw a l l e x tan t ; t wo g roove s i nw a l l . B a s eD 0 . 142 .R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l lw h i t ei n c lu s i on s ;p a t chy r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

RG68 . B ow l . A rea G : N o r th T owe r ,r ubb le a ga in s ts ou th f a ce .B roken ;p a r to fb a se a nd b ody w a l le x tant G rey ( 10YR 5 / 1 )f ab r ic ;v e ry p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip .N o i l u s t ra t ion . F o rm : b ow l . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

RG75 . B ow l .A r ea 1 2( n ol o cu sd e s igna t ion ) .B rok en ;p a r t o fr im a nd w a l le x tan t ;t o po fr im g rooved .R im D 0 . 23 . P a t chy , d a rk r edd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 2 / 4 ) t ol i gh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : B ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

RG69 . B ow l . A rea G : N o r th T owe r ,r ubb le a ga in s ts ou th f a ce .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .P i nk ( 5YR 7 /

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C hap te rI : U n s tra t if i ed C eram ic s RG76 . B ow l .A rea I I( no l o cu sd e s igna t ion ) .B roken ;p a r t o fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 270 .R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm :C o l t1 962 :2 88 ,s hape 1 4( p l .4 8 ) ;b ow lw i th " k ee led r im ."

O r ig in : u nd e t e rm ined . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . RG83 . P l a te . A r ea G : N o r th T owe r , r ubb le a ga in s ts ou th f a c e .B rok en ;p a r to fr im e x tan t .R im D 0 . 191 .S t rong b rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; r edd i sh ' y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) s l ip .

P a rale l s :C o l t1 962 :2 88 ,s h ape 1 4 ;F i t zge ra ld 1 931 : P l .3 1 ,n o . 1 6s im i la r ;C row foo t1 957 :3 59 ( f ig .8 4 : 1 , 1 6 )s im i la r( =P . 3 60 ,n o s . 1 , 1 6 ) . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry .

F o rm : p o s s ib ly C rowfoo t 1 957 : f i g . 5 1 ; f l a tp l a t e w i th t h ickened r im . P a ra l le l s : C row foo t1 957 : 2 52 -53 . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : t h i rd second c en tu ry B .C .? .

RG77 . B ow l .A rea R :r ubb le l e ve l .B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 254 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm : f l anged b ow l . P a ra l le l s : F i t zge ra ld 1 931 : p l . XXX IV , n o . 2( f o r f o rm o n ly ,n o tf a b r ic o rs l ip ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

RG84 . J ug . A r ea F : r ubb le a nd s a nd f i l l a ga in s t b l o ck s . B rok en ;p a r to fb ody w a l le x tan t . Da ts hou ld e r0 . 055 . B rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 3 ) f a b r ic ; r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) t ov e ry d u sky r e d( 2 .5YR 2 / 2 )s l ip . F o rm :j ug . P a r a l le l s :n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

RG78 . B ow l .A r ea T :r ubb le a bove k u rka r .B rok en ;p a r to f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 238 . R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) f a b r ic ;w eak r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 2 )t or e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

I .D .3 .B la ck -G lo s sa nd B la ck -S l ip Ware s . ETS IWa re ?( F ig .2 0 ) . BG1 . B ow l .A rea J :s u r f ace r ubb le . B rok en ;p a r to fb a se a nd w a l l e x tan t ; s t amped p a lme t t e ( ? ) o n i n t e r io r , s u r rounded b y 3f i ne i n c i sed l i ne s .B a se D 0 . 07 .V e ry p a le b r own ( 10YR 7 / 4 ) t oy elow ( 1 0YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 3 / 1 ) s l ip . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : 2 49 , f i g .4 9 :12 ; b ow l w i th i n cu rv ed r im . P a ra l le l s : c f . RG2 ,6 a nd RG27 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) f o r s im i la r s h ape . A l so C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 49 , f i g . 4 9 :12 . A l though t h eg l o s sy s l ip i sn ow b l ack ,t h i sc o lou rm ay b et h er e su l to fs t a in ing ,b u rn ing ,o rm i sf ir ing ,s i nce t h e p a ra l le l sa r ef ound i n ETS Iw a r e . O r ig in :L evan t ? C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry B .C .

RG79 . H and le o fc up , b ow l , o rk an tha ro s . A r ea HI:s a nd a bove r ubb le . B roken ; c omp le t e h and le e x tan t . N o Mun se l la va i lab le .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rm :c f .C rowfoo t1 957 : 2 41 -43 ( a nd f i g .4 6 ) ,p p . 3 41 -42 ( f ig .8 2 :8 -12 )s im i la r . P a ra l le l s : s e ef o rm . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . RG80 . B ow lo rp l a t e .A rea R :r ubb le l e ve l .B roken ;p a r to f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 310 . R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) f a b r ic ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : u nce r ta in . P a ra l le l s : RG8 1s im i la r ;R o s s e r1 985 :9 6 ,H 4( s im i l a r ) ;p o s s ib ly C row foo t 1 957 : 2 34 ,f i g .4 3 :8 s im i la r . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic .

I t a l ian o rG al i c War e( f ig .2 0 ) . BG2 . B ow l . A rea DI:r ubb le f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t ranc e C hanne l .B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd c a r ina ted w a l le x tan t ; t h in -wa l led ;c a r ina t ion d e f ined b yi n c i s ed l i ne .R im D 0 . 12 1 . L igh t g r ey -g r ey ( 5YR 6 / 1 ) f a b r ic ; l i gh t g r ey ( 5YR 7 / 1 )s l ip . F o rm : Moev s 1 973 : X I Io r LV I ,b eake ro rm ug . P a ra l le l s : Moev s1 973 :7 4( p l .9 ) ,n o .9 6o rp p .1 64 6 7( p l . 3 2 ) ,n o s . 2 91 -99 ( s im i la r ,b u tw i th r ou le tl ing ) . O r ig in : I t a ly o rG au l .

RG8 1 . B ow lo rp l a te .A r ea R :g r ave lb e low r u bb le .B rok en ; p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 179 .N o Mun se l l a va i lab le . F o rm : b ow lo rp l a t e . P a ra l le l s : p o s s ib ly C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 34 , f i g . 4 3 :8 s im i la r ; RG80 s im i la r ;R o s se r1 985 : 9 6 ,H 4s im i la r . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic .

C h rono logy : t h i rd q ua r te r f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t o T ibe r i an .

RG82 . L a rge p l a te o rs ha l low b ow l . A r ea T :r ubb le a bove k u rka r . B roken ; p a r to fb a se a nd w a l le x tan t . B a se D 0 . 9 . R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : 2 52 , f i g . 5 1 : 5a nd 7 ;f l a t p l a t ew i th t h ickened r un . P a ra l le l s : C row foo t1 957 : 2 52 ,f i g .5 1 : 5a nd 7 .

B e lg i c T e r ra N ig ra War e( f ig .2 0 ) . BG3 . B ow l . A rea HI:r u bb le l e ve l . B roken ; f r agmen to f w a l lw i th c arna t ion a nd r ou le t t ing .T h in w a re . Max .D 0 . 07 . G r ey ( 2 .5YR N 6 / ) f a b r ic ; p a t chy b l ack ( 2 .5YR N 2 / )s l ip .

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I LE :L amp s F o rm : Moev s 1 973 ,n o .4 06 ;c a r ina ted b ow l . P a ra l le l s : Moev s 1 973 :n o .4 06 . O r ig in : B e lg ic G au l . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -m id f i r s tc en t u ry A .C .

i m i ta ted A then ian t y pe s i n t h e t h i rd t o f i f th c en tu r i e s ( P e r lzwe ig 1 96 1 : 6 6 ) . C o r in th i m i ta ted N o r th A f r ican a nd A s ia M ino rt y pe si nt h ef i f th a nd s i x th c en tu r ie s( Pe r lzwe ig 1 96 1 : 6 7 ) . A lexand r ia i nE gyp t ( Haye s 1 980a : 9 3 ) a nd P a le s t ine ( Haye s1 980a :9 0 )a l so c op ied I t a l ian t ype si nt h e f i r s tc en tu ry . O bv iou s ly ,g i ven t h ee x ten s ive t r ade i na nd i m i ta t ion o f l amp sf r om o ne r e g ion t oa no the r ,a dd i t iona lm e thod s mu s t b e u sed t od e te rm ine p rovenance . E ven t h e s i gna tu r e s o f p o t t e r sa r en o ts e cu r ei n d ica t ion so fp l a ce o fm anuf a c tu r e , f o rs i gna tu re s ,t o o ,s e em t oh ave b een i m i ta t ed ( Ha r r i s1 980 : 1 38 ) .D e ta i led s t udy o ft h ef a b r ic u sed t om ake t h el amp c an b eo fs ome h e lp ,b u to ne mu s tb ec a ref u l . T oj udge p rov e nance b yt h ea ppa r en tc o lou ro ft h ef a b r ic c an b em i s lead i n g , f o rc o lou r sc hange a c co rd ing t ok i ln c ond i t ion s . T he s ame c l ay c an h ave v e ry d i f f e r en th ue si ff i red i n ar e duc ing a so ppo sed t oa no x id iz ing a tmo sphe re .C a re f u la na ly s i so f f a b r ic o f ten c an p rov ide o n ly n ega t ive e v idence ,r e vea l ing s imp ly t h a t al amp w a sn o tm ade i n as pe c i f ic l o ca t ion .L 24 ( D epo s i t1 )i sac a se i np o in t .O nt h eb a s i so fd eco ra t ion ,t h i s v o lu t el amp a pp ea r st ob eo fI t a l ian ,C yp r io t ,o r ,p o s s ib ly , C i l ic ian m anu f ac tu r e . T he f a b r ic o ft h el amp ,h oweve r , i s g r ey , w h ich a lmo s tc e r ta in ly e xc lude s i t sm anuf a c tu r e i n C yp ru so rC i l ic ia . C yp r io ta nd C il ic ian f a b r ic s , w h i le n o t r ema rkab ly d i s t inc t ive ,a ppea rt ob eg ene r a l ly b u f fo rr e d d i sh i nc o lou r( Haye s 1 980a : 7 2 ,7 5 ;G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 5 ) .T hu so u rl amp w a s , mo s tl i ke ly ,n o tm ade i nC yp ru so r C i l ic ia .Y e ts e ve ra lr e g ion si nt h e Med i te r ranean p roduced g r ey f a b r ic l amp s i n t h e G raeco -Roman p e r iod . T he se r e g ion si n c luded P a le s t ine ,C o r in th ( r a re ly ) ,I t a ly ,E phe su s , a nd K n ido s( How land 1 958 :1 66 -67 ,1 7 1 ; Wa l te r s1 914 :4 6 5 0n o s . 3 26 -49 ,5 0 -54 n o s .3 50 -89 ;B a i ley 1 975 : 1 30 -31 ) . I ti sd i f f icu l tt od i s t ingu i sh p rovenance o n t h eb a s i so f c l ay sa l one ,w i thou tn eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s is o ff a b r i c s . T h i ss c ien t if i cm e thod i ss t i l li ni t si n f ancy ,a nd m e thodo l o g ica l v a r ia t ion s i ni t s a ppl ica t ion c an s k ew t h e r e su l t s . F i nanc ia l c on s ide ra t ion s a l so o f ten l im i t i t s a pp l ica t ion . F u r the rmo r e , n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s o fa nc ien t c l ay s m u s t c ompa r e s e cu r e ly -p rovenanced moder n c l ay s o f a r e g ion t od e t e rm ine t h e i r o r ig in ; e ven t h i s p rocedu r e c an l e ad t ou nce r ta in t ie s( Ha r r i s1 980 : 1 37 ;R i ley 1 975 : 3 0 -31 ; G unneweg 1 983 : 5 9 , 10 -11 ;c f . P ea cock 1 977a : 2 5 -26 ) . D e sp i te t h el i m i ta t ion sm en t ioned a bove ,w ec an m ake s ome t e n ta t ive o b se r va t ion so nt h el amp sf o und a tC a e sa r ea . Mo s to ft h e3 8l amp sa nd l amp f r agmen t sf r om t h e CAHEP e x cava t ion s s e em t ob e i mpo r t s ; o n ly n i ne o rt e n ( c a . 2 3 2 6% o ft h et o ta l )a ppea rt ob eo fl o ca l ," Pa le s t in ian" m anu f a c tu r e . T he se " Pa le s t in ian" l amp sd a te f r om t h ef i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie s ,e xcep tf o rt h ree A rab l amp so ft h ee i gh th o rn i n th c en tu ry . L 22 ( D epo s i t 1 )i s as o -ca l led " He rod ian" l amp , a nd L i( u n s t ra t i f ied )s e em st ob e af r agmen to f a" He rod ian" t y p el amp a sw e l l . A l though v e ry w o rn ,L 2 ( un s t ra t if i ed ) , m ay a l so b eo ft h el a t te rt y pe . L 4( un s t ra t i f ied ) , L 27 ( D e p o s i t 2 ) , a nd L 31 ( Depo s i t 4 ) d if e r i n t h a t t h ey h ave d eco ra t ion :L 4h a sa co rn sa nd b e r r ie s ,a nd L 27 r o se t te s .T he a co rn so rb e r r ie s ,r o se t te s , a nd v o lu te so fL 31 ( Depo s i t4 ) f o rm ap a r t icu la r ly p l ea s ing p a t t e rn .T h i sl amp a nd L 4m ay b e r e la t ed t o t h e s o -ca l led S ou ther n a nd G e ra sa l amp s ( Ro sen tha l 1 978 : 8 2 ) . I ti si n t e re s t ing t on o te t h e f a b r ic s .

Ware o fU nknown P rovenance ( f ig .2 0 ) . BG4 . B ow lo rp l a t e . A r ea G : g r ave lf i l la r ound b eam a t NW c o rne r .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 217 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm :b ow lo rp l a te . P a ra l l e l s :n one i d en t i f ied . O r ig in :u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

I LE .L amp s . [ S .E .S ] I LE .1 .1n t r oduc t ionandAna l y s i s .T h i r ty -e igh tt e r r a co t ta l amp sa nd l amp f r agmen t sw e r ed i scove red i nt h e1 980 -84 CAHEP s e a son s , mo s ti nA rea sD ,E ,F ,G ,H ,a nd R i nt h e s ubme rged h a rbou r . S ome w e re f o und i nt h el a nd e xcava t i on sa s so c ia ted w i th t h eh a rbou ri nA rea s Ia nd J ,a nd o t he r s w e r e s po r ad ic f i nd sa t t r ibu ted t oA r ea s Ya nd Z .T he b u lk ( L1 -L21 ) w e r e u n s t ra t i f ied ; f ou r ( L22 -L25 ) w e r e f r om D epo s i t1 ,t wo ( L26 -L27 )f r om D epo s i t2 ,o ne ( L28 )f r om D epo s i t3 ,e i gh t( L29 -L36 )f r om D epo s i t4 ,a nd t wo ( L37 L 38 ) f r om D epo s i t 5 .O ne l amp h o lde r w a s f o und i na n u n s t ra t if ied c on tex t( TC2 ) . D e te rm in ing t h ep rovenanc eo fl amp sc an b ed i ff i cu l t . S cho la r su s ed t op l a ce l i t t le e mpha s i so nt h ei mpo r tance o f f a b r ic i nd e te rm in ing p rovenance ,b u tt h ey n ow r e a l ize t h a t i ti so f p a ramoun t i mpo r tance , s i nce i nm any c a se s w e c anno td e t e rm ine t h ep rovenance o f al amp o nt h eb a s i so f i t st y pe a nd d eco ra t ion a l one . An umbe ro fc r i t e r ia mu s tb e e va lua ted t o ge the r ,i n c lud ing t h ec l ay ( f ab r ic ) ,g l a ze ,s i ze , i n ten s i ty o ff i r ing ,t y pe o fh and le ,q ua l i ty o fw o rkman sh ip , a nd a r rangemen to fv en t s( Ha r r i s 1 980 : 1 31 ,n . 3) . T he r ea r es e ve ra ld i ff icu l t ie st h a t mu s tb eo ve rcome i n o rde rt od e t e rm ine p rovenance a ccu ra t e ly .O ne o ft h e mo s t t r oub le some i st h ee x i s tence o fa ne x ten s ive t r ade i nl amp s o rl amp mou ld sa nd ,e v iden t ly ,i m i ta t ion o ft y pe sf r om o ne r e g ion t oa no the ra c ro s s t h e Med i te r r anean i nt h eR oman i mpe r ia lp e r iod . T he e x i s tence o fb r anch w o rk shop s p ro d uc ing s im i la rp roduc t si ns e ve ra ld i f f e ren tr e g ion ss imu l t a neous ly a l so c on f use s t h e i s sue o f p rovenance ( Ha r r i s 1 980 : 1 39 f . ;c f . Mo re l1 983 :6 8 ) .T on ame j u s t af ew ,t h e r e w e r ef i r s t -c en tu ry C yp r io ti m i ta t ion so fI t a l ian v o lu t et y pe s ( Bronee r t y pe s XX I -XX IV ; H aye s 1 980a : 4 4 , 7 5 ; B a i ley 1 965 :1 4 ) .K n ido sa nd r e g ion so fC i l ic ia a l so i m i ta ted I t a l ian t y pe l amp si nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry ( Haye s1 980a :7 2 ) .C en t r e si n N o r th A f r ica p roduced i m i ta t ion s o f I t a l ian l amp s u p t o a pp rox ima t e ly t h e t h i rd q ua r te r o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry ( Ca rand in i1 983 : 1 47 ) .I t a ly i m i ta ted A f r ican R ed S l ip w a re l amp si nt h ef ou r th a nd f i f th c en tu r ie s( Haye s1 980a :5 6 -57 ) . I t a l ian F i rma lampen w e r ei m i ta t ed o u t s ide I t a ly i nP annon ia a nd D ac ia ( Haye s 1 980a : 5 8 -60 ; H a r r i s 1 980 : 1 32 -35 ) . I n A thens , a r ea s o fP annon ia , S ou th R u s s ia , t h e A egean i s l a nd s ,a nd E gyp t ,C o r in th ian l amp t y pe sw e re c op ied i nt h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en t tu ie s( P e r lzwe ig 1 96 1 :6 8 )a nd C o r in th

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C hap t er I : U n s t ra t i f i ed C eram ic s L 36 ( Depo s i t4 ) . T he r ei so ne c a tego ry o fl amp st h ep r ovenance o fw h ich i sl e s so bv iou s :f i ve l amp se i the rm ad ei nC o r in th o ri m i ta t i n g B ronee r 's C o r in th T ype XXV I I . T he se c omp r i se L 9 L 12 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) a nd L 33 ( D epo s i t 4 ) . B ronee r T yp e XXV I Iw a sf r equen t ly e xpo r ted f r om C o r in th a nd i m i ta t ed a to t he rl amp m anuf a c tu r ing c en t r e sa r ound t h e Med i te r ra n ean ( B ronee r 1 930 : 9 3 -94 ) . A l l f i ve CA liEP e xamp le s h ave ag r ey f a b r ic w h ich ,a l though n o tc ommon a tC o r in th , d oe s o cca s iona l ly a pp ea r t h e re ( c f . B a i ley 1 975 : 6 6 -67 , Q 108 ) .A l lh ave as im i la rd eco ra t ive mo t i f ,o ne w h ich w a s p a r t icu la r ly p opu la r a tt h e h e igh t o ft h e C o r in th ian l amp i n du s t ry i nt h es e cond o rt h i rd c en tu ry ( c f . B runeau 1 971 : 4 37 -50 1 ;B nmeau 1 977 :2 49 -95 ) .L 10 i ss omewha tc r ude r t h an t h eo t he r sa nd l a ck sc e r ta in r e f inemen t si nd e co ra t ive d e ta i l p r e sen t o n t h e o t he r f ou r . I tm ay n o t h ave b een m anu f ac tu r ed a tt h es ame l o ca le a st h eo t he r s .J .W .H aye s ( O ra lC ommun ica t ion )w a su nab le t oi d en t i fy t h eo r ig in o f t h e s e l amp s . T ha tf o u ro ft h el amp s / f ragmen t si nt h i sc a t e go ry a ppea rt oh ave b een made i nr e la t ive ly n ew mou ld s , a nd t h a tt h e se f ou ra ppea rt ob ef r om t h es ame p e r iod o ft i me ( t h i rd c en tu ry )s ugge s td i re c tl i nk sb e tween C ae sa r ea a nd l amp make r s e i the ri nt h er e g ion o fC o r in th o ri na n a r ea i m i ta t ing C o r in th ian p roduc t sa tt h a td a t e . T he c on ten t so f at omb d i scove r ed a tS a lam i si nC yp r u s p rov ide a m id t h i rd -cen tu ry d a te f o r t h i s t yp e o f l amp . A r chaeo log i s t s r e cove red c o ins o f T ra jan D ec iu s ( 2 49 2 51 ) , A em i l ian ( 2 53 )a nd aw o rn i s sue o fA n ton inu s P i u s a nd Ma rcu sA u r e l iu s( 140 )t o ge the rw i th al amp v e ry s im i la r t o t h o se f r om C ae sa r ea d e sc r ibed a bove ( Ka rageo rgh i s 1 978 :p l a t e XV I I ,n o . 1 ) . We s hou ld a s s ign as im i la rd a te t ot h o se f r om C ae sa r ea . T he r e may b eo ne o t he rl amp o f C o r in th ian m anuf a c tu re :L 13 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) .T h i s ,h oweve r , m ay b ea nA t t ic l amp . I fi ti s ,i ti st h eo n ly A t t ic e xamp le f r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s . G iven t h ep r e sence o fl a rge q uan t i t ie so fL evan t ine f i ne w a r ep o t te ry a tC ae sa r ea ( t he ETS Ia nd ,p e rhap sE TS I , a l though t h e l a t te r may h ave b een m ade i ns ou thwe s t e rn A s ia M ino r ) i ti ss u rp r i s ing t h a tL evan t ine ( ETS If a b r ic ) l amp sh ave n o ta ppea r ed i nl a rge n umb e r sa tt h ep o r t . N o p ecul ia r ly E TS Il amp s h ave b een i d en t if i ed . B a s ed u pon f a b r ic , h oweve r , t wo p o s s ib le c and ida t e s e me rge : L 7 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , af i r s t -cen tu ry B .C . o r f i r s t -cen tu ry A .C . I t a l ian o ri m i ta t ion o fI t a l ian , a nd L 23 ( D epo s i t 1 ) , w h ich m ay b e aC yp r io t o rC i l ic ian i m i ta t ion o fa n I t a l ian t y pe l amp .H ow d ow ee xp la in t h i sp a radox o fl a rge q uan t i t ie so f E TS It a b le w a r ea nd t h ea ppa r en td ea r th o fE TS It e r raco t ta l amp s? A cc iden t so fs u rv iva lo rd i scove ry m ay a ccoun tf o r t h el a ck o fL evan t ine ( ETS I )l amp sa tC a e sa rea .I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a tf o rr e a son so ft a s te t h e re w a s n om a rke tf o r s u ch l amp sa tC ae sa r ea .I nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry ,I t a l ian i mpo r t s a nd l o ca l ly p roduced l amp ss e em t oh ave s uppl ied t h en eed s o f t h e r e s id en t s . T he rea f te r , i mpo r t s c ame f r om f u r the r a f ie ld ,i n c lud ing I t a ly ,C o r in th ,a nd N o r th A f r ica .A l though i ti sh a za rdou st og ene ra l ize f r om t h e3 8l amp sd i scove red b y CAHEP ,i ts e em st h a t ETS Il amp ss imp ly d i dn o th ave am a rke ta tC a e s a r ea . ETS If i ne -wa re p o t t e ry w a sm uch i n d emand t h e r e ,b u tE TS Il amp sw e r en o t .I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t t h e ETS Im anu fa c tu r ing c en t re p roduced n o l amp s . P e rhap sw es hou ld r e eva lua te l amp sf r om C ae sa rea l a be l led

R o sen tha la nd S i van ( 1 978 : 8 0 -85 )c i t e an umbe ro fP a le s t i n ian t y p el amp ss im i la rt oo u r s ,b u tw i th f a b r i c so fb rown h ue s . Many o ft h e se c ome f r om t h ev i c in i ty o fJ e r u sa lem , s ugge s t ing t h a tb rown f a b r ic w a si n d igenou st ot h a tr e g ion . O u re xamp le s ,b yc on t ra s t ,h ave f a b r ic so fv a ry ing s h ade so f g r ey ,s ugge s t ing e i the rs t a in ing ,o ra no r ig in e l sewhe r et h an t h eJ e ru sa lem a r ea .P e rhap st h e re w a s ac l ay -p i ta nd l amp f a c to ry a to rn ea rC ae sa r ea . L 5 -L6 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) ,a nd L 38 ( Depo s i t 5 ) , b y c on t r a st h ave l i gh t c o lou red f a b r ic s . B y c ompa r i son w i th l amp so f as im i la r t y pe a nd f a b r ic f r om o t he re xcava t ion s , t h e se t h r ee e xamp le s h ave b een d e t e r m ined t ob eo fP a le s t in ian p rovenance ,a nd o ft h ee i gh th o r n i n th c en tu ry . T he p rovenance o f t h e l a s t l amp c on s id e r ed i n t h i s c a tego ry ( L3 ,u n s t ra t if ied )i sd ub iou s ,b u ti tm ay b e al o ca l i m i ta t ion o fa n I t a l ian v o lu te l amp . H aye s( 1 980a : 9 0 -91 ) c i te ss e ve ra lw i th al i gh tf a b r ic ,a nd o u r s may b eo ne o ft h e se . We c anno t , h oweve r , r u le o u t t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a ti ti sa n I t a l ian i mpo r t . I ti ss t r ik ing t h a ts om any o ft h e CAHEP l amp s( 2 8 -29 e xamp le s ,o rc a .7 5% o ft h et o ta l )s e em t ob ei mpo r t s .S u r e ly C a e sa r ea o rt h ea d jacen tr e g ion sm anu f a c tu r ed p o t t e ry ,a nd l o ca ll amp sc ou ld p robab ly h ave b een p u rchased much m o r e c heap ly t h an i mpo r t s .O nt h eo ne h and ,n oR oman -Byzan t i ne k i ln s i t eh a sb een l o ca t ed i no rn ea rC ae sa r ea ,a nd n o p ecul ia r ly R oman -Byzan t ine p e r iod C ae sa rean f a b r i c s e c u re ly i s o la t ed . R o l le r ( 1 980 : 3 5 -42 ) b e l ieve s t h a th e h a s i s o la t ed af a b r ic p ecu l ia rt oC ae sa r ea .R .B u l l( O ra lC ommu n i ca t ion )h a sf ound e v idence f o r as e ven th o re i gh th -cen tu ry A rab k i ln a tC a e sa r ea ,b u tt h es i t ea nd i t sc on t en t ss t i l la wa i t p ub l ica t ion . O n t h eo t he rh and , C ae sa rea w a s al a rge a nd b u sy e a s te rn -Med i te r ranean p o r t . A cco rd ing t oJ o sephu s ( AJ 1 5 .333 )C a e sa r ea w a so ne o ft h ef ew g ood h a rbou r so n t h eL evan t ine c oa s t ,a tl e a s ta sl a rge a sP i ra eu s( AJ 1 5 .326 3 41 ; B J 1 . 156 ; 1 408 -4 15 ) .L i te ra ry s ou r ce sr e f e rt os h ip s s a i l ing b e tween C ae sa rea a nd T y r e ,S idon ,T a r su s ,S amo s , E phe su sa nd R ome ( BJ1 .543 ,6 10 -13 ;A . /1 6 .62 ; 1 7 .86 -87 , 2 19 -23 ;A c t s 9 : 30 ; 1 8 :21 -22 ; 2 1 :7 -8 ; 2 7 :1 -13 ) . T rade b e t ween C a e sa rea , A lexand r ia , P e lu s ium a nd C yp ru s a nd c omme r c ia lt i e se a s twa rd w i th S ama r ia ,G a l i lee , t h ec a ra v an c i t ie so fT r an s jo rdan , a nd B aby lon ( L ev ine 1 975 : 1 7 ; R ouge 1 966 : 8 1 -105 ) m ad e C ae sa r ea a n e conom ic c r o s s r oad sb e tween t h ee a s t e rn a nd w e s te rn Med i t e r r anean a nd b e tween p o r t si nA s ia M ino r ,S y r ia a nd E gyp t .T h i sf a c tm ay e xp la in w hy s uch ah i gh p ropo r t ion o ft h el amp sf o und b y CAHEP a pp ea rt oh ave b een i mpo r t ed f r om o u t s id eP a le s t i ne . T he i mpo r ted e xamp le s f o und i nt h e CAHEP e xcava t i ons r a nge i nd a te f r om t h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o re a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry A .C .t ot h ef i f th o rs i x th c en tu ry a nd e i the rc l o se ly i m i ta te o ra c tua l ly c ome f r om s uch d i ve r se r e g ion sa sI t a ly , N o r th A f r ica ( n ea rC a r thage ) , s ou thwe s tA s ia M ino r , C y p ru s ,C o r in th ,a nd p o s s ib ly A t t ica . T he l a rge s tc a tego ry o fi mpo r ted l amp si st h a to fI t a l ian p rovenance a nd i m i ta t ion s o fI t a l ian t y pe l amp s . Mo s to f t h ese a r ef i r s t -cen tu ry B .C .t of i r s to rs e cond -cen tu ry A .C . i n d a te . T h i s c a t ego ry i n c lude s a t l e a s t 1 l amp s : L 3 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) ,w h ich m ay ,a sw en o t ed a bove ,b e aP a le s t in i a ni m i ta t ion ,a nd L 7 -L8 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) ,L 23 -L24 ( D epo s i t 1 ) , L 26 ( Depo s i t2 ) , L 28 ( D epo s i t3 ) , L 29 -L30 , L 32 ,a nd

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I LE :L amp s " I ta l ian" i nl i gh to ft h ef r equen ti m i ta t ion o fI t a l ian l amp si n C yp ru si nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry ( Haye s 1 980a : 7 5 -76 ) . L amp p roduc t so fo t he rr e g ion so ft h e Med i t e r r anean a r e a l so r e p re sen t ed o n ly s pa r se ly a tC a e sa r ea .L 23 ( Depo s i t1 ) m ay b e aC i l ic ian i m i ta t ion o fa nI t a l ian l amp t y pe ,a nd L 24 ( D epo s i t1 )m ay b e aI C n id ian o ra nE phe s ian i m i ta t ion o fa n I t a l ian t y pe l amp . N o r th A f r ican l amp sa r ea l so p oo r ly r e p r e sen ted .T h i si s o dd i nl i gh to ft h eg r ea tq uan t i ty o fA f r i can R ed S l ip w a r e f o und a tC a e sa r ea .L 32 ( D epo s i t4 )m ay b eN o r th A f r ican ( A f r ica P rocon su la r i so r Mau re tan ia )o r ,p o s s ib ly , I t a l ian , a nd L 14 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) i s ad i s t inc t ive ly A f r ican R ed S l ip w a r e l amp o ft h ef i f th o rs i x th c en tu ry . P e rhap s t h e s ame s i tua t ion a pp l ie st ol amp s made i nN o r th A f r ica a st ot h o se f r om t h e L evan t ( ETS If a b r ic ) ; w h i l e t h e re w a s g r ea t d emand f o rN o r th A f r ican R ed S l ip w a r ep o t te ry a tC ae sa r ea , t h e re w a sl i t t le o rn om a rk e tf o r A f r ican R ed S l ip l amp s . T he r ea r eo t he rl amp si nt h ec a ta logue t h ef r agmen ta ry o r p oo rc ond i t ion o fw h ich p r ec lude s d e t e rm ina t ion o ft h e i r p rovenance . We c anno td e te rm ine i ne ve ry c a se i ft h e se l amp sw e r e i mpo r t ed w i th t h ei n ten t ion o fc omm e rc ia lr e sa le i nC a e sa r ea . T he t r an spo r ta t ion , m e thod s o f d i s t r ibu t ion , s a le o f a nd p aymen t f o r l amp s a nd p o t te ry i na n t iqu i ty a r e n o t w e l l u nde r s tood .T he re a r ep robab ly s e v e ra lf a c to r st oc on s ide r w hen a t temp t ing t oi n te rp r e td i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn sa tC ae sa r ea . V i s i to r s o n b oa rd s h ip s m ay h ave d i sca rded d amaged o r b rok en c e r am ic sp u rpo se ly o rl o s ta c c iden ta l ly s ome o ft h e l amp sa nd p o t te ry f o und i nt h eh a rbou r .S ome o ft h el amp s a nd p o t te ry u ndoub t ed ly f o rmed p a r to ft h ep r iva t eb aggage o f an umbe ro fv i s i to r st ot h ec i ty o ve rt h ey ea r s . S ome o ft h e t e r ra co t ta p roduc t sm ay h ave b e longed t o s o ld ie r s s t a t ioned a tC ae sa rea ( Ha r r i s 1 980 : 1 39 ; Mo re l 1 983 :6 6 -74 ;M idd le ton 1 983 :8 0 -81 ) .T he l e g ion ss t a t ioned h e re i nt h ef i r s ta nd ,t o al e s se re x t en t ,i nt h es e cond c en tu r ie s w e r e c ompo sed ma in ly o fI t a l ian s . T he i rt a s te s i np o t te ry a nd l amp sm ay h ave t e nded t owa rd sI t a l ian p r oduc t so rl o ca l

i m i ta t ion so ft h em . T h i s c oncen t ra t ion o fI t al ian t r oop sa t C a e sa r ea m ay ,i ns ome m ea su r e ,e xp la in t h er e la t ive ly h i gh p ropo r t ion o fI t a l ian -made l amp so ri m i ta t ion s o fI t a l ian m ade l amp s f o und d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s . T he t r oop s may h ave b rough tt h el amp sa sp a r to ft h e i rp e r sona l b aggage f r om t h e i rl a s tp o s to r , mo r el i ke ly , ac omme r c ia l n e two rk d eve loped t os upp ly t h e t r oop s w i th t h e d e s i red p roduc t s . L oca l e n t r ep r eneu r s may h ave s ough t t op rof i t f r om t h em il i ta ry m a rke tb yp roduc ing i m i ta t ion so fI t a l ian p roduc t si nt h e i ro wn f a c to r ie s .P o s s ib ly ,t o o ,t h e se a ppa r en t P a le s t in ian i m i ta t ion s o fI t a l ian l amp s w e re p roduced i n l e g iona ry k i ln sf o rt h et r oop s( c f . P ea cock 1 982 : 1 36 -51 ) . T h i sm i l i ta ry m a rke tm ay e xp la in t h ec a tego ry w h ich H aye s i s o la t e s( Haye s 1 980a : 9 0 -91 )a nd c a l l sP a le s t in ian i m i ta t i on so fI t a l ian l amp s . G unneweg a cknow ledge st h et h eo ry t h a tf i ne -wa r ep o t t e ry w a sb r ough ti nb yo rf o rs o ld ie r si no t he ra r ea so ft h e R oman Emp i r e ,b u th ed i scoun t st h i sa s soc ia t ion f o rI s ra e l ( Gunneweg 1 983 : 10 ) .H ec i te sR oman g a r r i son sa tMa sada a nd J e ru sa lem ,n o t ing t h a tt h el o ca t ion so ft h e i rc amp sa r e k nown ,b u tt h a t" no w a r e so ft h i sk i nd ( i . e . E TS o r WTS ) h ave b een f o und a tt h e se s i te s" ( Gunneweg 1 983 : 10 ) .H e c on t rad ic t s h ims e lf , h oweve r , s i nce h e n o te s e a r l ie r t h e d i scove ry o ff i ne w a r e sa tMa sada ( Gunneweg 1 983 :8 1 ) .I n a ny c a se t h es i ze o ft h eR oman g a r r i son a t Ma sada p r io rt o 6 6a nd a f t e r7 3 /74 h a sn eve rb een e s tab l i shed ( Yad in 1 966 : 2 06 -207 ) .O u rs ke t chy k now ledge o ft h es i ze sa nd d a te so f a c t iv i t y o fR oman g a r r i son s a t Ma sada a f te r t h e f amou s s i ege p r ec lude sa ny a c cu ra te a na ly s i so ft h eu se o ff me -wa r e p o t te ry b yt h et r oop ss t a t ioned t h e re i nt h o se p e r iod s . T he s ame i st r ue a tJ e ru sa lem .L eg ion se nc i rc led t h ec i ty i nt h e s i ege o f 7 0 , b u t o nce t h e c i ty w a s t a k en a nd s t ab i l i ty r e e s tab l i shed , t h eg a r r i son w a sg r ea t ly r e duced i ns i ze . I n l i gh to ft h es e ve r i ty a nd r e la t ive ly s ho r td u ra t ion o ft h es i ege w es hou ld n o tb es u rp r i s ed t h a tl i t t le o rn of i ne w a r eh a sb een f o und a tt h eR oman e ncampmen t sa bou tt h ec i ty . T he R oman g a r r i son a tC ae sa r ea p o se s ad i f f e ren ts i tua t i on .T he l e g ion sw e r ee ncamped t h e r ei n ap ea cef u lc on t ex t

T ab le 1 .37 : S ummary o fL amp Chrono logy b yD epo s i t D epo s i t

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2

0

0

1 0 .5

5 . 3

2 . 6

2 1 .1

5 . 3

0

0

5 9

8 1

2 1 .1 2 . 6

6 7 2

1 5 .8 1 8 .4 5 . 3

2

5 . 3

5 1 1 1 3 1

1 3 .2 2 . 6 2 . 6 2 . 6 7 . 9 2 . 6

3 8

1 00 1 00

C hap ter I : U n s tra t if i ed C er am ic s L i s t o f P a le s t in ian /A rab l amp s : L i -L6 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , L 22 ( D epo s i t 1 ) , L 27 ( D epo s i t2 ) , L 31 ( Depo s i t4 ) , L 38 ( D epo s i t5 ) . L i s to f" Co r in th ian" l amp s :L 9 -L13 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) ,L 33 ( D epo s i t4 ) . L i s to fA egean ( ? )l amp s : L 34 -L35 ( D epo s i t4 ) . L i s to fI t a l ian l amp s :L 26 ( Depo s i t2 ) ,L 28 ( D epo s i t3 ) , L 29 -L30 ,L 36 ( Depo s i t4 ) . L i s to fw e s te rn Med i te r ranean l amp s :L 14 ( u n s t ra t if ied ) , L 32 ( Depo s i t4 ) . L is t o f l amp s o f u nknown o r ig in : L 7 , L 15 -L21 ( u n s t ra t if i ed ) ,L 23 -L25 ( D epo s i t 1 ) ,L 37 ( Depo s i t5 ) .

o ve r al o ng p e r iod o ft i me .S t a t ioned i no rn ea r al a rge ,a c t ive p o r t , t h e t r oop s h ad a cce s s t om a rk e t sp rov id ing f i ne i m p o r ted t a b le w a re sa nd l amp s . F rom t h e A ugu s tan p e r iod o n , c omme rc ia l n e two rk s d eve loped t os upp ly R oman l e g ion sa l ong t h eR h ine f r on t ie r w i th p o t t e ry p roduc t s .F a c to r ie si nI t a ly a nd l a te re n t r ep r e n eu r si nG au ls uppl ied t h eR h ine l e g ion s( M idd le ton 1 983 : 8 0 -81 ) .I tw ou ld n o tb es u rp r i s ing ,t h e r e fo r e ,t h a t as im i la r n e two rk f r om I t a ly , a nd a l so l o ca l ly , e vo lved t os upp ly R oman t r oop s a tC a esa r ea w i th I t a l ian o r i m i ta t ion s o f I t a l ian t e r ra co t ta p roduc t s . Am a jo r p rob lem i nd a t ing l amp s , o ra ny o ft h e f i nd s f r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s , i st h e l a ck o f as e cu r e s t ra t ig raph ic c on t ex t .T he v e ry n a tu r eo ft h es i t e ,a l ong w i th l o ca lc u r ren t sa nd w a t e rt u rbu lence p l u sd r edg ing a nd c l ean i n g o pe ra t ion s i nt h e h a rbou r i na n t iqu i ty h ave u p s e t t h e s t ra t ig raphy . I n c ons equenc e , w e a r e f o rced t od a te o u r m a t e r ia lb y c ompa r i son w i th mo re s e cu re ly d a ted p o t te ry g roup s f r om o t he ra r cha eo log ica l s i t e s , m any i nt h e N ea r F a s t . T he c h rono log ica ld i s t r ibu t ion o fl amp sf o und d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion sb e twe en 1 980 -1984 i sb o t hr e vea l ing a nd , a tt h e s ame t ime , s omewha t m i s lead ing ( s ee T ab le 1 .37 ) . Ah i gh p e r cen tage c on s i s t so fp roduc t so ft h ef i r s tc en t u ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .( 1 4 ,o rn ea r ly 3 7% o ft h et o ta l ) . T h i si st h ep e r iod o ft h ec on s t r uc t ion a nd e a r ly u s eo ft h e h a rbou r ,a nd o ne w ou ld e xpe , c tt of i nd s ub s tan t ia la r t e f ac tua l e v idence f o r t h e a s soc ia ted a c t iv i t ie s . T he r e a r e 1 0 o t he r l amp sw h ich m igh tb ef i r s tc en tu ry i nd a t e ,b u tt h ec h rono l o gy o f t h es e i su nc e r ta in . T he 1 0 l amp s o ft h i s c a t ego ry m anu f ac tu r ed i nt h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . t os e cond c en tu ry A .C . , f i r s t second c en tu ry o rf i r s t th i rd c en tu ry f o rm o ve r 2 6% o f t h e t o ta l . T he r e i s as ma l l p eak i nt h e m id th i rd c en tu ry f o rmed b yt h ef i ve C o r in th ian o rC o r in th ian i m i ta t i on l amp s . T h i s d i s t inc tc a t ego ry f o rm so ve r 1 3% o ft h e t o ta l f o und b y CAHEP . T he r ema inde ro ft h e c a t ego r ie s : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry ,t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry ,f o u r th s ix th c en t u ry , f i f th s ix th c en tu ry a nd o ne l amp o f u nk nown d a te c ompo se a lmo s t1 6% o ft h et o ta l .T h r ee A rab l amp so ft h e e i gh th -n in th c en tu ry a r et h el a te s tl amp sf o und d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion sa nd c ompo se a bou t 8% o ft h et o ta l . T he se f i gu re s may i n d ica te p eak a c t iv i ty a tt h ep o r ti nt h e e a r ly p a r to fi t sh i s to ry , f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C . , w i th a no the r b r ie f p eak i n t h e m id th i rd c en tu ry . T he r ea f t e r ,t h ea b sence o fl amp sm ay i n d ica t el i t t le a c t iv i ty . B ecause o f t h e s ma l l n umbe r o f l amp s d i s cove r ed , a ny a na ly s i so fp e r iod so fa c t iv i ty a tt h ep o r tb a sed s o le ly u pon t h em m ay b em i s lead ing .A na ly s i so ft h ef i ne -wa r ep o t t e ry f o und b y CAHEP p rov id e s as l igh t ly d i f f e r en tp i c tu r e .T he b u lk o ft h e f i ne w a re i se i the re a r ly ( f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .o r e a rl ie r ) ,c o r robo ra t ing t h ep i c tu re g i ven b yt h ee a r ly l amp s a tC ae sa r ea ) ,o rl a te r( t h i rd fou r th c en tu ry o rl a te r )c on t ra d i c t ing t h e e v idence t h ey p rov ide . G iven t h e q uan t i ty o f f i ne -wa r ep o t t e ry r e cove r ed i nc ompa r i son t ot h en umbe ro f l amp s ,c au t ion mu s tb eu s ed i na na lyz ing c omme r c ia la nd m a r i t ime a c t iv i ty a t t h e p o r t . A cc iden t s o f s u rv iva l o r d i scove ry may e xp la in t h e s e em ing ly s k ewed e v idence p rov ided b yt h el a te rl amp sf o und a tC ae sa r ea .

H .E .2 . C a ta logue . P a l e s t in ian l amp s( f ig .2 0 ,p l s .2 3 ) ) . L l . " He rod ian" l amp . A rea G : s a nd f i la r ound s ou th w e s tc ome ro fc onc re te b l ock .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;p a r t o fb ody w a l le x tan t . MPL 0 . 053 ; MPW 0 . 023 ; MPH 0 . 024 .D a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 4 )f a b r ic ;d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 4 )s l ip . T ype :L app 1 96 1 :t y p e8 2 .1 ;K ennedy 1 963 :t y pe 3 ; Sm i th 1 96 1 :t r an s i t iona lt y pe ;L o f f r eda 1 974 :t y pe L 2 ; " He rod ian ." P a ra l l e l s : S t r ange 1 975 : n o s . 1 0 -11 s im i la r ; L app 1 96 1 : 1 93 ; H aye s 1 980a : n o . 5 0 s im i la r ; K ennedy 1 963 : 7 1 -72 ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 3 68 , n o . 3 ;L o f f r eda 1 974 :c f .n o s .2 5 ;N egev 1 974 :c f .p p .2 7 -28 ;K ap lan 1 964 : 1 2 ,f i g .4 . 1 ,p l .4 ,n o . 6s im i la r ;R o sen tha l1 978 : 8 0 -8 1a nd n o . 31 ;N e t ze r1 981 :p l . 1 0 ,n o .2 6s im i la r . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy :c a . 3 5 -50 .

6 0

L 2 .

" He rod ian" l amp . A rea H2: s a nd b e low r ubb le . B rok en ,i n comp le te , b ad ly w o rn ;p a r t so fr im ,d i scu s , b ody w a l l s ,a nd b a se e x tan t . MPL 0 . 07 ; MP W 0 . 043 ; MPH 0 . 028 .G r ey ( 2 .5Y N 5 / )t od a rk g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 4 / ) f a b r ic ;P a tchy y e l low i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 4 )s l ip .D i scu s u ndeco ra ted , b roken a nd p a r t ia l ly m i ss ing ; r im u ndeco ra ted ;b ody w a l l sc u rve t of l a tb a se .P l .2 . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l s , s e eL l . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : c a . 3 5 -50 .

L 3 .

I t a l ian o rP a le s t in ian i m i ta t ion o fI t a l ian l amp .A r ea J :s po rad ic f i nd . B roken , i n comp le t e ; p a r t s o fd i scu s , r im ,b ody w a l l s ,b a se a nd n ozz le e x t an t . MPL 0 . 103 ; MPW 0 . 038 ; MPH 0 . 0 18 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic ;v e ry p a t chy r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip .D i scu sd eco r a t ed w i th f i gu r es t and ing l e f te ngaged i ni n de t e rm ina te a c t iv i ty ; f i l l h o le t o l e f t ; d i scu s s epa ra t ed f r om u ndeco ra ted r im b y 3g r oove s ;p a r t so fb ody w a l lc u r ve t ob a se w i th r i ng f oo t ; s hove l shaped n ozz le s how s e v idence o fb u rn ing .P l . 3 . T ype : B ronee r 1 930 : t y pe XX I I ;L oe schck e 1 9 19 : t y p eI ;B a i ley 1 980 : t y pe A . P a ra l le l s : P o s s ib ly I v äny i 1 935 : n o . 2 0 ,p l . 2n o .6 ( wa t e rb a s in f l anked b y n aked m an a nd w oman ) ; c f . D eneauve 1 969 :n o . 34 f o rs im i la rd i scu s( ? )a nd n o . 6 15 s im i la r ; L e ibundgu t 1 977 : n o s . 1 43 -144 s im i la r

I LE :L amp s ( no . 1 43 i sT ibe r ian ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine? C h rono logy : A ugu s tan f i r s tc en tu ry . L 4 .

r a t ion ; Ma r sa 1 973 : n o . 9 5 s im i la r ( made i nI t a ly ) ; V ega s 1 966 : n o . 1 80 s im i la rd i scu sd e co ra t ion ; S h ie r 1 978 :n o .3 08 ( 24 p e ta l so n ly ) ;B a i ley 1 980 :n o .Q 788 ( 2 8p e ta l s , made i nI t a ly ,l a te A ugu s tan -ea r ly F lav ian ) ; n o . Q 831 ( 2 5 p e ta l s , m ade i nI t a ly , l a te A ugu s tan N e ron ian ) ; B a i ley 1 965 : n o . 2 30 ( 2 3 p e ta l s , made i n I t a ly ) ; F reme r sdo r f 1 922 : p .1 03 t y p e 5 1 ( 2 9 p e ta l s ) ; I v äny i1 935 :n o s .7 -8 ( 2 8r o se t t e s ) ;n o .5 25 ( 26 p e ta l s ) ; N egev 1 974 : n o . 8 1 s im i la r ( made i nO boda ? ) ; f o r g r a ff i to s e eN egev 1 974 : n o .9 1 . O r ig in : I t a ly o rC yp ru s . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan -f i r s tc en tu ry .

P a le s t in ian l amp . A r ea HI:S and , 0 . 20m . b e low s u r f a ce . B roken , i n comp le te ; s ma l l f r agmen t so fr im , d i scu s , b ody w a l l , a nd c omp le te p i e rc ed r i ng h and le e x tan t . MPL 0 . 032 ; MP W 0 . 048 ; MPH 0 . 037 . D a rk g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 4 / )t ov e ry d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 3 f )f a b r ic a nd s l ip .D i scu s( m i s s ing )s e pa ra ted f r om r im b yr i dge ;r im d eco ra t ed w i th a co rn ( ? ) a nd l e a f mo t if , b ody w a l l s s l op et ob a s e( m i s s ing ) .P l .3 . T ype :L app 1 96 1 : t y pe 8 2 .2 ( d eco ra ted ) . P a r a l le l s : R o sen tha l 1 978 : n o s . 35 -339 a nd 3 43 3 45 s im i la r ;N egev 1 974 :p l . 1 7 :86 s im i la r . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s t second c en tu ry .

L 5 .

A rab l amp . A rea I :s po rad ic f i nd . B roken ,i n com p l e t e ;s ma l lf r agmen to fd i scu sa nd b ody w a l le x tan t . N om ea su r emen t sa va i lab le . Wh i t e( 10YR 8 / 2 )f a b r ic ; l i gh tg r ey ( 10YR 7 / 2 )s l ip .N oi l u s t ra t ion . T ype :L o f f reda 1 974 : t y p eL 9 ,L 10 o rL 11 . P a ra l le l s : L o f f reda 1 974 : 8 9 ,9 4 -96 p ho to 2 7 : 1 3 ; p ho to 2 7 :4 , 5 ,7 ;p ho to 2 7 :6 ;K e l so 1 955 :p l .1 4 ,n o .A 7 A 8 ;C o l t1 962 :p .6 3 ,n o s .1 6 -21 s im i la r ;B a ramk i1 942 : 7 3a nd p l s . XV I I -XV I I Is im i la r . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy :e i gh th -n in th c en tu ry .

L 6 .

A rab l amp .A rea Z :s po rad ic f i nd ,h a rbou rs u r f ac e . B rok en ,i n comp le t e ;p a r t so fr im ,b ody w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t . MPL 0 . 051 ; MP W 0 . 033 ; MPH 0 . 024 . P a le y e l low ( 2 .5Y 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;e i the rn os l ip o rs l ip w or no f f . D is cu ss e pa ra t ed f r om r im b y 2r i dge sa nd 1g roove ;r im d eco ra t ed w i th g eome t r ic p a t t er n s ;r i ng b a s ew i th r i dge c on t inu ing u pt oh and le ( ? )o rn o zz le .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e eL 5 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy :e i gh th -n in th c en tu ry .

I mpor t ed L amp s( f ig s .2 0 -21 ,p l s .4 5 ) . L 7 . I t a l ian o rC yp r io tv o lu te l amp .A rea J :s po rad i cf i nd . B rok en , i n comp le te ; p a r t so fd i scu s , r im , b ody w a l l s , b a se a nd n ozz le e x tant MPL 0 . 084 ; MPW 0 . 072 ; MPH 0 . 021 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 3 )f a b r ic ;p a t chy r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) s l ip . D i scu s d eco ra t ed w i th 3 2 -36 p e ta l s r a d ia t ing f r om c en t r e ; c en t ra l f i l l h o le o u t l ined b y 3 r a i s ed b and s ;d i scu ss e pa r a ted f r om n a r row ,u ndeco ra ted r im b y 2g roove s ;b ody w a l l ss l op et or a i sed r i ng b a se w i th g r a ff i to H . V o lu te n oz z le s hows e v idence o f b u rn ing .P l .4 . T ype :B ronee r1 930 : t y pe XX I I ;B a i ley 1 980 :t y pe A ; L o e schcke 1 919 : t y pe I B ; D eneauve 1 969 : t y pe I VA ;I v äny i 1 935 : t y pe I . P a ra l le l s : D eneauve 1 969 : n o s . 3 65 , 3 68 s im i la r d i scu sd e co ra t ion ,b u tf ewe rp e ta l s ;B ronee r1 930 :n o . 3 93 s im i la r d i scu s d eco ra t ion ( on ly 2 8 p e ta ls ) ; L oe s chcke 1 919 :n o .5 79 s im i la rd i scu sa nd r im d eco -

L 8 .

I t a l ian o rN ea rE a s ter nl amp? A r ea E :s u r fa ce s a nd . B rok en , i n comp le te ; p a r t s o f d i scu s , r im , a nd b ody w al s e x tan t . MPL 0 . 057 ; MPW 0 . 023 ; MPH 0 . 0 15 . P ink ( 5YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ; d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 3 / 2 ) s l ip . D i scu s s epa ra ted f r om r im b y 2g roove s ; r im d eco ra t ed w i th e gg a nd t o ngue p a t t e rn .P l .4 . T ype : u nde te rm ined . P a ra l le l s : P e r lzwe ig 1 961 :n o . 1 33 s im i la r( s econd c en tu ry ) ; Menze l1 969 : many s im i la r ,b u tn o s .2 86 -291 c l o se s t ;B runeau 1 965 :n o s .4 651-4652 ;H aye s1 980a : n o s .2 97 ,2 99 ,3 00 ,3 01 s im i la r( C il ic ian t y pe s ) ;P on s ich 1 96 1 :n o .2 27 f o rr im o n ly ;H aye s1 980a :n o s .3 51 a nd 3 53 ( f rom S y r ia ,P ho en ic ia ,m aybe N .P a le s t ine ) ;H aye s 1 980a :n o s .3 78 ,3 81 ,3 82 ,3 84 s im i la r( A lexand r ian? ) ; F a rka 1 977 :n o s .6 6 1 ,6 70 ,6 92 ,7 04 f o rr im o n ly ;B a i l ey 1 980 : m any p a ra l le l s A ugu s tu s t om id th i rd c en tu ry , Q 854 , Q 950 , Q 957 , Q 960 -96 1 , Q 963 -964 , Q 1200 1 20 1 ,Q 1203 -1207 ,Q 1209 12 12 ,Q 1222 ,Q 1230 -1231 , Q 1239 ,Q 1242 ,Q 1331 ,Q 1399 -140 1 ,Q 1403 ,Q 14 19 . O r ig in : I t a ly o rN ea rF a s t . C h rono logy : f i r s t second c en tu ry .

L 9 .

C o r in th ian o ri m i ta t ion o fC o r in th ian l amp . A r ea DI:r ubb le s p il i nh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l .B roken , i n comp le t e ; h and le , p a r t so fd i scu s , r im e x tan t . MPL 0 . 074 ; MPW 0 . 074 ; MPH 0 . 032 .D a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 4 ) f a b r ic ; l i gh t g r ey ( 10YR 7 / 1 ) s l ip . D i scu s d eco ra t ed w i th p e ta l s( 9e x tan t ) ;f i lh o le ;d i scu ss epa r a ted f r om r im b y r a is ed b and ; r im d eco ra ted w i th h e r r ingbone p a t te rn b roken b y 2r e c tangu la rb oxe s ;p i e r ced h and le d eco ra t ed w i th 2g roove s . P l .4 . T ype : B ronee r1 930 : t y p e XXV I I . P a ra l le l s : B e rnha rd 1 955 :n o .3 03 ;W i l l iam s 1 981 : n o s . 1 88 -189 s im i la r ; C ahn -K la ibe r 1 977 : n o . 39 ( f rom A lexand r ia ) ; Wa ldhaue r 1 914 : n o . 4 83 v e ry s im i la r ; B a i ley 1 965 : n o s . 1 66 -167 ( s o l id h and le s , d i f f e r en t f a b r ic s , C yp r io t i m i ta t ion s o f C o r in th ian l amp s ) ;K a rageo rgh i s 1 978 :p l a te XV I I ,n o . 1 . O r ig in : C o r in th? C h rono logy :m id th i rd c en tu ry .

L 10 . C o r in th ian o ri m i ta t ion o fC o r in th ian l amp . A r ea DI:r ubb le f i l l i nh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l . B rok en , i n comp le t e ; h and le , p a r t s o fd i scu s , a nd r im e x tan t . MPL 0 . 04 ; MP W 0 . 03 ; MPH 0 . 031 .G rey ( 7 .5YR N 5 ) f a b r ic ; l i gh ty e l low i sh -b rown ( 2 .5Y 6 / 4 ) s l ip . D i scu s d eco ra t ed w i th p e ta l s( 4e x tan t ) ;d i scu ss epa ra ted f r om

6 1

C hap ter I : U n s t ra t if i ed C eram ic s r im b y r a i sed b and ; r im d e co ra t ed w i th h e r r ingbone p a t t e rn ;p i e rc ed l u gh and le .P l .4 . F o rt y pe a nd p a rale l ss e eL 9 . O r ig in : C o r in th? C h rono logy :m id th i rd c en tu ry .

r a ted w i th 1 4i n c is ed c i r c le s , 7o ne ach s i de o ft h eu n p i e r c ed l u gh and le ;r im s epa ra ted f r om b ody w a l l sb y r i dge ;w a l l sc u r ve t or i ng b a se . T ype : H aye s 1 972 : ARS l amp t y p e IB ( p p . 3 10 3 11 )w i th r e v i sed d a te si nH aye s 1 976a : p p . 1 20 123 ; A bb ian i 1 969 : t y pe Iv a r ian t A ; B ronee r 1 930 : t y pe XXX I . P a ra l le l s : E nnab l i 1 976 : n oe xa c tp a rale l sb u ts e e n o .5 74 f o rs im i la rd i scu s ,n o .6 49 f o rs im i la rd i scu s ,n o . 4 53 f o rr im w i th 1 0i n c ised c i r c le s ,n o .6 65 f o rr im w i th 1 6 i n c i sed c i r c le s , n o . 7 60 f o r r im w i th 1 2 i n c i sed c i r c le s ,n o . 8 39 f o rr im w i th 1 0i n c i sed c i rc le s . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy : c a .4 30 s ix th c en tu ry .

L 11 . C o r in th ian o ri m i ta t ion o fC o r in th ian l amp . A r ea HI:r ubb le . B roken , n ea r ly c omp le te ; p a r t so fd i scu s , h and le , a nd n ozz le m i s s ing . MPL 0 . 086 ; W 0 . 078 ; MPH 0 . 037 .D a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N4 / )f a b r ic ; v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 3 )p a tchy s l ip .D i scu sd eco ra ted w i th 2 4p e ta ls ;d i scu sd ef ined f r om r im b yr a i sed b and ;r im d eco ra ted w i th h e r r ingbone p a t te rn b roken b y 2r e c tan g u la rb oxe s ;p i e r ced h and le d eco ra t ed w i th 2g roove s ; b ody w a l l s s l ope t ob a se ; b a se s e pa ra t ed f r om b ody w a l l sb y 2g roove s . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e eL 9 . O r ig in :C o r in th? C h rono logy :m id th i rd c en tu ry .

L 15 . K n id ian ,E phe s ian o rI t a l ian l amp? A rea DI: r ubb le i nh a rbou rE n t r ance C hanne l .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;p a r t s o f d i s cu s a nd r im e x tan t . MPL 0 . 045 ; MPW 0 . 070 ; MPH 0 . 03 .G rey ( 7 .5YR N 50 f a b r ic ;v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 ) s l ip . D i s cus d eco ra t ed w i th p e ta l s ( 8e x t a n t ) ; d i scus s epa ra t ed f r om u nd eco ra ted r im b y 2 g roove sa nd r a i sed b and ;p i e r ced h and le d eco ra t ed w i th 2g roove s .P l . 5 . T ype :B ronee r1 930 :p robab ly t y pe XXV ;P on s ich 1 96 1 :h and le t y pe I B2 ( f i r s t th i rd c en tu ry ) . P a ra l le l s : I v äny i 1 935 :p o s s ib ly n o .7 28 f o rd i scu s o n ly . O r ig in : K n ido s ,E phe so s ,o rI t a ly ? C h rono logy :m id t ol a te f i r s tc en tu r y .

L 12 . C o r in th ian o ri m i ta t ion o fC o r in th ian l amp .A rea R : s u r f a ce . B roken , n ea r ly c omp le te ; p a r t so fb ody w a l l a nd b a se m i s s ing . L0 . 106 , W 0 . 082 ; H0 . 046 . L igh t g r ey t og r ey ( 2 .5Y N6 / ) f a b r ic ; w h i te ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 ) s l ip . D i scu s d eco ra ted w i th 2 4 p e ta l s ; f i l l h o le i nc en t r e s u r rounded b y 2r a i sed r i dge s ;a i rh o le b e tween f i l lh o le a nd w ick h o le o nd i scu s ;d i s cu ss e pa ra ted f r om r im b y r a i sed b and ; r im d eco ra ted w i th h e r r ingbone p a t t er n b rok en b y 2r e c tangu la rb oxe s ; p i e r ced h and le d eco r a ted w i th 2g roove s ;r ound ed n ozz le w i th w ick h o le ; b ody w a l l ss l ope t ob a se d e f ined b y 2g roove s . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e eL 9 . O r ig in : C o r in th? C h rono logy :m id th i rd c en tu ry .

L 16 . K n id ian ,E phe s ian o rI t a l ian l amp .A r ea DI:n i bb le f i l li nh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l .B roken ,i n comp le te ; p a r t s o fd i scu s , r im a nd n ozz le e x tan t . MPL 0 . 046 ; MPW 0 . 03 .G r ey ( n o Mun sel t a ken )f a b r ic ;b rown r ed ( no Mun se l lt a ken )s l ip .D i scu sd eco ra ted w i th p e ta l s( 4 e x tan t ) ; f i l l h o le ; d i scu s s epa ra ted f r om u nd eco ra ted r im b y 2r a i s ed b and sa nd g roove ;r o und ( ? )n o zz le a nd w ick h o le . T ype :B a i ley 1 980 :t y pe 0 g roup i ;B ronee r1 930 : p robab ly t y p e XXV ;L oe schck e1 9 19 :t y pe 8 ;D eneauve 1 969 : t y p eV I IB . P a r a l le l s :S zen t le leky 1 969 :n o .1 0 1f o rd i scu so n ly ; R o sen tha l 1 978 :n o .7 3f o rd i scu so n ly ; Menze l1 969 : n o . 2 93 , A bb . 4 4 , n o . 1 6 f o r d i scu s o n ly ; D eneauve 1 969 :n o .8 21 f o rs im i la rd i scu sa nd r im ;B a i ley 1 980 : n o s .Q 1203 -1205 ;F a rka 1 977 :n o .6 66 s im i la r ;V ega s 1 966 :n o .2 40 f o rs im i la rd i scu s ; Wa ldhaue r1 914 :n o s . 1 59 ,3 11 b o th f o rd i scu so n ly .

L 13 . C o r in th ian o rA t t ic l amp . A rea HI:S and , 0 . 20m . b e low s u r f a ce .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;p a r t so fd i scu sa nd r im e x tan t . MPL 0 . 062 . Wh i te ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 )t og r ey ( 2 .5Y N 6 / ) f a b r ic ; w h i t e ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 ) s l ip . D i scu s d eco ra t ed w i th g eome t r ic p a t ter no ft r i ang le s( i nd i s t inc t ) ;d i scu s s epa ra ted f r om r im b yr a i sed b and ;r im d eco ra ted w i th s p i ra l mo t i f .P l .4 . T ype :B ronee r1 930 :t y pe XXV I I IB ;B ronee r1 977 : t y pe XXV I I IB ; P e r lzwe ig 1 96 1 : r im p a t te rn n o . 1 6 ( s im i la r ) . P a ra l le l s : B ronee r 1 930 : n o s . 2 969 -2976 s im i la r ; P e r lzwe ig 1 96 1 :n o s .7 50 -752 ,7 57 ,7 67 ,7 84 ,9 08 ,9 24 , 1 007 , 1 017 , 1 022 a l ls im i la r . O r ig in : C o r in th o rA t t ica . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry .

O r ig in : K n ido s ,E phe so s ,o rI t a ly . C h rono logy :s e cond h a l ff i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry .

L 14 . N o r th A f r ican R ed S l ip Wa re l amp .A r ea DI: r ubb l e f i l l i nh a rbou r E n t rance C hanne l . B roken , c omp le t e ; b ad ly w o rn . L0 . 109 ; W 0 . 062 ; H 0 . 034 . R edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) p oo r , t h i ck f a b r ic ; s l ip w o rn o f f . D i scu s d eco ra t ed w i th b l u r r ed p eacock w a lk ing t o w a rd s h and le ; f i l l h o le a bove a nd b e low p ea cock ; d i scu s s epa ra ted f r om b ro ad , d eco ra t ed r im b yr a i sed r i dge w h ich c on t inue sa r ound t h el o ng n ozz le ,f o rm ing ac hanne lc onnec t ing w ick h o le a nd d i scu s ;r im d eco -

L 17 . I t a l ian l amp ? A r ea DI:r ubb le f i l i nh a rbou rE n t r ance C hanne l . B roken , i n comp le t e ;r i ng h and le a nd p a r t so fr im a nd b ody w a l le x tan t . MPL 0 . 038 ; MPW 0 . 045 ; MPH 0 . 036 . D a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 4 / ) f a b r i c ; p a tchy w h i t e ( 10YR 8 / 2 ) s l ip . D i s cu s l o s t ; r im d eco r a ted w i th i n d i s t inc td o t so ri n den ta t ion s ;r i ng h and l e . P l .5 . T yp e :B ronee r1 930 :t ype XX I I I4O CV I I I ;P on s ich 1 96 1 : h and le t y pe I B2 ( f i r s t th i rd c en tu ry ) ; B a i ley

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I LF :M i sce l laneou sT er raco t ta s 1 980 ;t y pe A o r Bo n ly ;Q 944 -954 ,Q 960 -964 ,Q 968 9 69 , Q 971 -992 , Q 1098 -1100 , Q 1112 -1117 , Q 1192 198 ,Q 1203 12 16 ,Q 122 1 1224 ,Q 1226 -1232 ,Q 1234 1 238 ,Q 1241 1247 ,Q 1249 1322 ,Q 1324 -1335 ,Q 1337 1 346 ,Q 1348 1351 ,Q 1353 -1406 ,Q 1409 1425 . P a ra l le l s : s e eT ype . O r ig in : I t a ly? C h rono logy : f i r s t th i rd c en tu ry .

t h i s h e te rogeneou s g roup , o t he r t h an t h a t t h e v e ry s ma l l n umbe r o f t e r raco t ta f i gu r ine s r e cove red i nt h e CAHEP e xcava t ion sp robab ly r ef lec t sb o th t h eu t i l i ta r ian c ha rac t e r o ft h eh a rbou rp r ec inc ta nd t h el ow p robab i l i ty o fs u rv iva l f o r s u ch r e la t ive ly f r ag i le o b jec t s i n t h e h o s t i le m a r ine e nv i ronmen t . T he e n igma t ic c ha ra c te r o fb o th s u rv iv ing f i gu r ed t e r ra co t ta sm ak e st h e i ri s o la t ion a l lt h e mo re r e g r e t t a b le .T he r oo f t i le a nd v au l t ing t u be sa r e ,o rc ou r se ,b u i ld i n gs upp l ie st h a tm ay h ave f o und t h e i rw ay i n to t h eh a rbou r e i th e rt h rough t h ed i s in t eg ra t ion o ft h es t ruc tu re so nw h ich t h ey w e r e moun t ed o ra s ar e su l to fl o s sd u r ing o f f load ing f r om as h ip .T he v au l t ing t u be sa r ea lmo s tu npa ra l le led i n t h eN ea rF a s ta nd p rov ide i mpo r tan te v idence f o rt r ade i n b u i ld ing m a t e r ia l sa nd c on s t ruc t ion t e chno log ie sf r om t h e We s ti nt h eB yzan t ine p e r iod .

L 18 . L amp . A rea G : g r ave l f i l a r ound b eam . B rok en , i n comp le te ;p a r t so fd i scu s ,r im a nd n oz z le e x tan t . MPL 0 . 088 ; MP W 0 . 025 .L igh tb rown i sh g r ey ( 1 0YR 6 / 2 ) f a b r ic ;p a tchy ,y elow i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 4 )s l ip ( wo rn ) . D i scu su ndeco ra ted e xcep tf o r 3g r oove sn ea rc en t re ; d i scu ss epa ra ted f r om u nde co ra t ed r im b y 2g roove s ; p a r to fn ozz le e x tan tN oi l u s t ra t ion . T ype ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd o r ig in u nd e t e rm ined . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan -f i r s tc en tu ry ( ? ) .

I LF .2 . C a ta logue . F igur ine . TC1 . F i gu r ine . A rea HI:r ubb le l e ve l . B roken ; i n com p l e te ;s u r f ac ee r oded . MPH 0 . 095 ; MP W 0 . 046 .P l .5 . H o l low , mou ld -mad ef i gu r ine o f as t and ing h uman f i gu r ew i th as qua t t ing monkey c l ing ing t ot h el e f tl e g . O n ly t h em onkey ,l owe rp o r t ion o ft h el e go ft h eh uman , a nd t h ea d ja cen tp o r t ion o ft h es moo th ,o va lb a se h ave b een p r e se r ved . T he f a b r ic i s av e ry f i ne , l i gh t g r ey ( 1 0YR 7 / 1 )c l ay w i th ag r ey ( 10YR 5 / 1 )c o r e . P a ra l le l s : T he l o ng c a ta logue o fa pe f i gu r ine sa nd r e p re sen ta t ion so fa p e si nv a se -pa in t ing si nMcDe rmo t t ( 1 938 ) d oe s n o t m en t ion a ny e xamp le s o f s uch a n a n ima l c l ing ing t o am an 's l e g . A s ar e su l t o f t h e K e rkope s l e gend , H e rak le s i so f ten a s soc ia ted w i th a p e s ( McD e rmo t t 1 938 : 6 0 -65 , 16 ) , b u t Ih ave n o t b een a b le t of i nd a ny p a ra l le l s f o ra n a pe o r monk ey c l ing ing t oh i sl e g . As e cond -cen tu ry t e r raco t ta f i gu r ine f r om My r ina i nt h eL ouv r es how sa nE ro sh o ld ing t h e h and o f as ma l l ,p o s s ib ly s im ian f i gu r et h a ts qua t sb yi t s l e f t l e g ( Mo l la rd -Be sque s 1 963 : 5 8 , n o . M 4 2b i s , p l . 7 1c ) . T he s c a le a nd d e s ign o ft h e b a se a r e s im i la rt o t h o se o f t h e C a e sa r ea e xamp le . W in te r ( 1903 : Ip . 2 98 .8 )d e sc r ibe s at e r raco t ta f r om T a r en tum s how ing a y ou th w a lk ing t ot h er i gh ta c compan ied b y ac h i ld o r m onkey t h a tc l u tche sa ti t sc l oak .T he re a r en of u r the r p a ra l le l si nt h es e c t ion so n monkey s( I ,p p .2 22 -25 )o r H e rak le s( I I , p p . 3 78 -81 ) . As ma l lt e r ra co t ta f i gu r ine o f as qua t t ing N eg ro c a r ry ing amonkey o nh i ss hou ld e r w a sf o und i nat umu lu st omb a tA bde ra d a t ed t ot h ef i f th c en tu ry B .C .( S l ca r la t idou 1 984 ;C a t l ing 1 988 :4 4 ,f i g . 7 6 ) .A cco rd ing t oL angdon ( 1990 )t h es qua t t ing mon k ey w a s amo t if a dap ted b y G reek G eome t r ic a r t i s t s f r om N ea rE a s te rn a nd E gyp t ian s ou r ce s ,a nd i t sp opu l a r i ty c on t inued i n to l a te rp e r iod sb ecaus eo fi t sc onnec t i on w i th f e r t i l i ty , a nd a s as a t i r ic m i r ro r o f h uman b ehav iou r . T he My r ina f i gu r ine r e p re sen t s t h e b e s t p a ra l le lf o r TC1 ,b u ti ti ss t i l ln o t ac l o se o ne . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy :s e cond c en tu ry? [ J .P .0 . ]

L 19 . L amp . A rea G : g r ave l f i l l a r ound b eam . B roken , i n comp le t e ;p a r t so fr im a nd b ody w a l l se x tan t . MPL / MPW 0 . 062 .D a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 4 / )f a b r ic ;s l ip t o ta l ly l o s t . D i scu s mo s t ly m i s s ing , p o s s ib ly u nd eco ra ted ; d i scu s s epa ra ted f r om u ndeco ra t ed r im b y 2g roove s . P l .5 . T ype ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd o r ig in u nd e te rm ined . C h rono logy : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry? . L 20 . L amp . A rea HI:r ubb le . B roken , i n comp le t e ;p a r t s o f d i s cu s a nd r im e x tan t . MPL /MPW 0 . 066 . B la ck ( 7 .5YR N 2 / )f a b r ic ;b rown t od a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 4 ) s l ip .D i scu sw i th e r o t ic s c ene ;f i l lh o le t ol e f t ;e v idence o fb u rn ing o n d i scu s a nd r im ; d i scu s s epa ra ted f r om u nd eco ra ted r im b y 2o r 3g roove s .P l . 5 . T ype : t o of r agmen ta ry t od e te rm ine . P a ra l le l s : B ronee r1 930 : n o . 199 f o rs im i la rp o s i t i on o fm an a nd w oman o nd i scu s . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s t th i rd c en tu ry . L 21 . L amp . A rea Y : S h ipw r eck , s u r f ace s a nd . B roken , n ea r ly c omp le t e ; p a r t s o f b ack , b a s e a nd h and le ( ? ) m is s ing ; v e ry w or n . MPL 0 . 082 ; MPW 0 . 056 ; MPH 0 . 026 .R edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6t o7 . 5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ; s l ip l o s t . R im d eco ra ted w i th v e ry f a in t , w o rn r i dge s , c hanne lt on ozz le ( ? ) ; w ick h o le ; w a l l sc u rve t ow o r n b a se ;l amp f i l led w i th l e ad p ou r ed i nw h i le m o l t en .P l . 5 . T ype ,p a ra l le l s ,a nd o r ig in u nd e t e rm ined . C h rono logy : f ou r th -s ix th c en tu ry .

I LF .M i sce l laneou s T er raco t ta s . [ J .P .O . ,A .N .S . ] I LF .1 . I n t roduc t ion a nd Ana ly s i s . O n ly s i x o b jec t s w e r e c a ta logued i nt h i s c a tego ry : ah o l low c a s t , m ou ld made f i gu r ine ( TC1 ,u n s t ra t i f ied ) , al amp h o lde ro rl a n te rn ( TC2 ,u n s t ra t if ied ) , ap an the r -headed r h y ton ( TC3 ,D epo s i t 2 ) , ar oo f t i le ( TC4 , D epo s i t 3 ) , a nd t wo v au l t ing t u b e s ( TC5 -TC6 ,D epo s i t4 ) .T he r ei sl i t t le t os a yi ng ene ra la bou t

L amp H o ld e r TC2 . L an t e rn o r l amp h o lde r . A rea H2,r ubb le l a ye r .

6 3

C hap te rI : U n s t ra t i f i ed C eram ic s F ragmen t w i th r i ng t o p , c oncave n eck a nd p a r t o f r ounded c on ica lb ody ;r i ng i sh o r se shoe s h ape ,f l a r ing s l igh t ly o n o u t s ide a nd c u rv ing i nwa rd o n i n t e r io r ; f l a r ing b ody p i e rced b y s e ven h o le s ; f i r e b l a ckened i n t e r io r a nd e x te r io r . R ing D e x t e r io r 0 . 056 ; i n t e r io r 0 . 027 ; Da tc a r ina t ion 0 . 070 .V e ry h a rd , f i ne g r i t ,r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 /6 )f a b r ic ,e x te r io ra nd i n te r io rv e ry d a rk g r ey ( 5Y 3 / 1 ) .F ig .2 1 . P a ra l le l s : B au r( 1947 : 7 3 ,f i g . 3 5a nd 3 6 ,n o .4 17 4 21 ) a nd D y son ( 1 968 : 3 5 , f i g . 8 . 193 a nd 1 96 ) h ave e xamp le s ( A .D . 2 56 g roup ) w h ich a r e n o t t h e s ame s hape b u th ave t h e p e r fo ra t ed b ody a nd r i ng h and le . L oe schcke ( 1909b :3 70 -430 )i n c lude sn oc l o se p a ra l le l i nh i s e x ten s ive d i scu s s ion o fl a n te rn s . B a i ley ( 1 975 : 2 25 f . ,p l .9 8 .Q495 a nd 4 96 )a nd T ay lo r( 1 980 : 1 80 ,p l . 2 7 .6 ,1 a nd 5 )h ave C yp r io t t y pe s o ft h e f o u r th th i rd c en tu ry B .C .w h ich a r e as im i la rt y pe .C o rbo 1 955 :8 1 , t a y .2 5 ,f o t .7 3 ,n o . 4a nd n o .7 ,a r et h ec l o se s tp a ra l le l s f ound ,d a t ed t ot h eB yzan t ine p e r iod . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy : B yzan t ine . [ A .N .S . ]

CH APTER I I. NO N -CE RAM IC FI NDS : GE NERAL DI S CUSS ION O F TY PE SA ND CA TALOGUE SO F UN STRA T I F IED EX AMPLE S I I .A .I n t roduc t ion . L I .P .01 T he n on -ce r am ic o b jec t sf o und i nu n s t ra t i f ied c on t ex t s a r e c a ta logued i n t h is c hap te r , p r efa ced —a s f o r t h e u n s t ra t i f ied c e ram ic s —w i th g ene ra ld i scu s s ion sa nd a na ly s e so fa l lt h e CAHEP f i nd si ne a ch c a tego ry ,b o th s t ra t if i ed a nd u n s t ra t i f ied . I ne ve ry c a s et h e re i sc a re f u lc r o s s re f e r e nc ing t ot h eo b jec t sc a ta logued w i th t h ec l o sed d epo s i t si n C hap te rI Va nd t h es h ip i nC hap t e rV I . A st h el a rge s ta nd mo s tv a r ied c l a s s ,m e ta lo b jec t sa r ep r e sen ted f i r s t( p r ef ix c ode f o rc a ta logue n umbe r s , M ) , f olowed b yc o in s( c od e N ) , w h ich a r ec l a s s if ied a s as ep a ra t ec a t ego ry b ecau se o f t h e i rs pe c ia lc ha rac t e ra nd v a lue f o rd a t ing . Wo rked S t one ( c ode S ) i sa n i mpo r tan t c a tego ry l a rge ly b ecaus e o ft h e p r e sence o fs t one a ncho r s ,w h i le ar e la t ive ly s ma l ln umbe r o f o b jec t s a ppea r i n t h e c a tego r ie s o f G la s s ( Code G ) , Wo rked B one ( Code B ) ,a nd Wo rk ed Wood a nd C o rk ( Cod e A sw i th c e ram ic s ,t h ec ha ra c te ra nd p r e se rva t ion o ft h e n on -ce ram ic o b jec t sh ave b een a f f ec ted b yt h e i rd epo s i t ion i na ni n unda t ed h a rbou re nv i ronmen t( f o r af u l ld i scu s s ion s e eS ec t ion V .A .1 ) . Mo s to ft h em e ta lo b jec t sa r ea s soc ia t ed w i th n ava l a r ch i tec tu re , f i sh ing , a nd t r ade , a s o ne m igh t e xpec t i n aw o rk ing h a rbou r , a nd t h e v a s t m a jo r i ty a r e c ompo sed o fl e ad ,w h ich r e s i s t st h ec o r ro s ive p owe ro ft h e m a r ine e nv i ronmen tb e t te rt h an b ronze o ri r on .F o rt h es ame r e a son ,t h ec o in s ,a l lc ompo s ed o fb ronze ,w e r ea l so r e cov e r ed f o r t h e mo s tp a r t i np oo r c ond i t ion . B ecau se o ft h e f r ag il i ty o ft h e i rm a te r ia l s , o b jec t sm anu f ac tu r ed i ng l a s s , b one ,a nd w ood o rc o rk , h ave s u rv ived i nr e la t ive ly s ma l l n umbe r s , a nd f o r t h e mo s tp a r to n ly i nt h ep r o tec t ed a nd a nae rob ic e nv i ronmen to fD epo s i t2 .G la s so b jec t si np a r t i cu la r ,w h ich s u rv ive i nl a rge n umbe r so nl a nd a tC ae sa r ea ( Ho lum e ta l .1 988 :7 9 , 18 , 1 67 ,2 11 ) ,a r es t r ik ing b yt h e i r r e la t ive r a r i ty i nt h eh a rbou r ,w he r et h ey h av ed eg rad ed t o m ush o rb een g round t op owde rb yt h es ha rp s a nd p a r t ic le s .

Whe r e c ond i t ion s a r e a pp rop r ia te , h oweve r , w ooden o b j e c t ss u ch a s as heave b l ock (W2 ,D epo s i t2 )c an s u rv ive i n m uch b e t t e rs hape t h an w ou ld h ave b een p o s s ib le o nl a nd . S i nce o u r c orpu s o f c a re fuly e xcava t ed R oman a nd B yzan t ine s h ipw r eck sa nd h a rbou r si ss t i l l much l e s se x t en s i ve t h an t h a to fl a nd s i t e s ,i th a sb een d i f f icu l tt od e t e rm ine t h ep r ec i se c h rono logy a nd o r ig ina lp rovenance o fm any o f t h ea r t i f a c t st h a ta r ep a r t icu la r ly c ha ra c te r i s t ic o fS eb a s to s : t h ef i sh ing w e igh t s ,s h ip s 'f i t t ings ,a nd s t one a ncho r s .T h i s u nce r ta in ty i sa ugmen t ed b yt h eu t i l i ta r ian a nd a nonymou s c ha ra c te ro fm any o ft h e se a r t i f ac t s . N eve r the le s s , a n a t t emp th a sb een made t os e tu pc l a s se sa nd s ugge s tc h rono l o gy w he reve rp o s s ib le , a nd , a tt h e v e ry l e a s t , t h e se c a ta l o gue s w il s e rve a s ac orpus o fr aw ma te r ia l t ob ed a t ed mo r e p r ec i se ly a s p a ra l le l m a te r ia l a ppea r s i nw e l l -p r e s e rved s h ipw r eck s ,h a rbou rc on tex t s ,o rl a nd e xcava t ion s . T he o b jec t sn o td ec ided ly ma r i t ime i nc ha ra c te rh ave b e en e a s ie rt op l ace i nt h e i rc h rono log ica la nd c u l tu ra lc on t ex t , a l though i ti s mo r e d i ff i cu l t t od ec ide e xa c t ly w ha t t h e i r r e la t ion t ot h eh a rbou rw a s . I I .B . Me ta lO b j ec t s . [ J .P .0 . ] T he m e ta l o b jec t s f o und i n t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s c on s t i t u te a n i n te re s t ing m i sce l lany r e p r e sen ta t ive o ft h e e ne rge t ic c omme r c ia l a nd m a r i t ime c ha ra c te r o f t h e h a r b ou r .T he mo r es p ec ta cu la ro b jec t s —R ing sa nd Me ta lS cu lp t u r e— a r e p r e sen t ed f i r s t , f o l lowed b y t h e e a s i ly d ef ined c l a s se s o f F i shhook s a nd F i sh ing o r N e t We igh t s . T he s e c t ion o nM i sce l laneou sN au t ica lE qu ipmen ta s semb le sa f ew o b jec t s t h a t c l ea r ly c on s t i tu t ed e qu ipmen t u s ed o n b oa rd s h ip , w h i le t h es e c t ion o nM i scelaneou s Me ta lO b j e c t sa s semb le sa r t i f a c t st h a ta r en o td i s t inc t ive ly n au t ica li n c ha r a c te rb u th ave t od ow i th t r ade ,c on s t ruc t ion ,d ome s t ic , o ru nde t e rm ined a c t iv i t ie s . Whe r e a pp rop r ia t e , i n d iv idua l s e c t ion i n t roduc t ion sh ave b een p rov ided .

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C hap te rI I : U n s t ra t if i ed N on -C eram ic F ind s I I .B .1 .R ing s . Ml . G o ld f i nge rr i ng .A r ea Di:u ppe rs u r f a ce o fr ubb le s p il i n c hanne l . I n ta c t ; s u r f a ce s l igh t ly s c ra t ched . O u t s ide D0 . 02 ;i n s ide D 0 . 0 15 ;b and a tb ez e l ,W 0 . 006 , T h0 . 002 ;b and a tb as e ,W 0 . 003 ,T h0 . 002 .W t8 . 2g . F ig .2 1 ,p l .6 . Sma l lg o ld f i nge rr i ng w i th at h ick b and ,o c tagona l o n t h e e x te r io r a nd c i rcu la r o n t h e i n t e r io r , t a pe r ing s l igh t ly f r om b eze lt ob a se .T he b e ze lc a r r ie st h en ea t ly e ng raved i n sc r ip t ion P KTK/ FAMT . T he e x te r io r o f t h eb a se i si n sc r ibed w i th A[ FYI .S i nce n e i the ro ft h e se i n sc r ip t ion sm ake sa ny o bv iou ss e n se , i ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h ey r e p re sen te i the rG no s t ic o rm ag ica l f o rmu la e o r a bb rev ia t ion s .G .L uck ( p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion )s ug g e s ted t h a tr e ad ing t h ei n sc r ip t ion sb ackwa rd sp rov ide s • t h e t a n ta l iz ing r oo t s g ay - a nd s ome th ing r e la ted t o s i g i l ( lum ) .The G reek i n sc r ip t ion sa nd t h es hape a c co rd w i th a ne a s te rn Med i t e r r anean o r ig in i nt h eL a t eR oman p e r iod . P a ra l le l s :A c co rd ing t o Ma r sha l l( 1 907 :p .x l v i i )t h e o c tagona l r i ng w a s ac ommon t y pe i nR oman t i me s . T he c l o se s tp a ra l le li nh i sc a ta logue f o rt h es h ape a nd s t y le o fl e t te r ing o ft h eC a e sa rea e xamp le i sn o .6 40 ,p . 1 07 , aL a te R oman r i ng w i th a no c tagona l g o ld b and t a pe r ing s l igh t ly f r om b e ze l t ob a se , a nd c a r ry ing t h e i n sc r ip t ion APO /MON .F o ro t he ri n s c r ibed o c tagona l b and s s e en o . 6 39 ( t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry ) , a nd n o .6 41 ( La te R oman ) . We i tzmann 1 979 : 3 02 n o . 2 74 i sa n o c tagona l g o ld r i ng o ft h e s e cond o r t h i rd c en tu r ie s f r om t h ee a s te rn Med i te r ranean ,e ng r aved o nt h ee x te r i o rw i th a s t ro log ica la nd m ag ica ls i gn sa nd a ni mage o f A sk lep io s ; c f . a l so p . 2 15 , n o . 1 91 . H enke l ( 1 913 ) c a ta logue s s e ve ra l s i lve r a nd b ronz e o c tagona l r i ng s f r om R oman G e rmany :n o s .3 09 -10 ,6 51 -68 .U nda t ed , o c tagona l g o ld a nd c oppe rr i ng s w i th o b scu r e G r e ek a nd L a t in ( r e spec t ive ly ) i n sc r ip t ion s w e r e f o und i n I b i za ;s e eC a s t el6 1 988 : 8 2 -84 ,n o s .2 2 -23 ,p l s .11 12 . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry . M2 .

( t h i rd fou r th c en tu ry ) ;Y ad in 1 963 :9 2 -94 .T he p e r fo r a ted p l a t ei sc l a s s i f ied i nR ich te ra s" Type 3 " C h rono logy :L a te R oman? I I .B .2 . S cu lp tur e . T he f r agmen t s o fm e ta l s cu lp tu r e r e cove r ed f r om t h eh a rbou rd on o tf o rm ac ohe ren tg roup o r s ugge s ta ny n ece s sa ry c onnec t ion w i th t h eh a rbou rc on tex t . T he g od si n vo lved — Jup i te r ,A ph rod i te /Venu s ,a nd T yche o rI s i s -Fo r tuna —a r ea l lr e levan tt ot h ec o smopo l i tan w o r ld o ft h ee a s t e rn Med i te r ranean d u r ing t h eR oman a nd B yzan t i ne p e r iod s ,a nd a r ea tl e a s ta pp rop r ia te t oah a rbou ra nd p o r t c on tex t . M3 .

l i on r i ng k ey . A rea DI:s and i nh a rbou rE n t r ance C hanne l . B roken ; p a r t o fp l a te m i s s ing ; s u r f a ce c o r r oded . Do fr i ng 0 . 0 17 ; p l a t e , W 0 . 0 17 , L0 . 006 , T h 0 . 002 .F i g .2 1 ,p l .6 . T he s ma l l ,c i r cu la rr i ng ,w i th ar ound c r o s s -s ec t ion , i sa t tached d i r ec t ly t ot h e p e r fo ra ted p l a t e w i thou ta s hank ,t h et r an s i t ion m a rked o n ly b y as h a rp ,p r o jec t ing s hou lde ro n e i the rs i de . T he s ho r t , w ide p l a t e , w h i ch o r ig ina l ly c a r r ied 3o r 4s ma l l ,c i r cu la rp e r fo ra t ion s ,l i e s i nt h e s ame p l ane a st h er i ng . T h i so r ien ta t ion w ou ld h ave made i tp o s s ib le t ou se t h ek ey w i thou tr emov ing i tf r om t h e f i nge r , b u tt h e p ro jec t ing p l a t e mu s th ave m ade t h er i ng u ncomfo r tab le a nd p rone t od amage .A l l o t he rR oman r i ng k ey sh ave p l a t e sa tr i gh ta ng le st ot h e p l ane o ft h er i ng ,a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h i se xamp le w a s i n tended t ob e ap endan tr a the rt h an ar i ng . P a ra l le l s :R ing k ey sw i th as ho r ts h ank o rn os hank a ta l l ,a nd ap l a te a tr i gh ta ng le st ot h er i ng w e re v e ry c ommon d u r ing t h ee mp i re : s e eH enk e l 1 913 : p l . 7 2 ; R ich te r1 915 : 3 61 -65 ;D av id son 1 952 :p l .7 0 ,n o .9 77

6 6

S t a tue t t eo fA ph rod i t e /Venu s . A r ea D : s a nd f i l li n h a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l . B roken ; h ead , r i gh t f o r e a rm ,l e f th and m i s s ing ;s u r f a ce e nc ru s t ed . H0 . 035 ;W a th i p s ,0 . 0 1 ;T h0 . 003 .F ig .2 1 ,p l .7 . L ead s t a tue t t e o f af ema le , p robab ly A ph rod i te , n aked a bove t h ew a i s t .T he f i gu r eh a sb een c a s tu p s ide d own i n at wo -p iece mou ld w i th v e ry s ha l low , c r ude c a rv ing .T he h eavy o va lb a se c a r r ie s as ha l low c oncav i t yr e su l t ing f r om t h ec on t rac t ion o fm e ta la tt h es u r f ac e o ft h e mou ld d u r ing c oo l ing . T he f i gu re s t ood f a c ing f o rwa rd , l e g s t o ge the r , h e r a rm s h e ld o u t s t re tched t o e i the r s i de , b en ts l igh t ly a tt h e e l bow s . T he i r r egu la r s t ub l e f tb yt h el o s so ft h eh ead may i n co rpo ra te t r a ce s o f am a s so fh a i r . Ah eavy g a rmen tw i th m a rk ed v e r t ica l f o ld sh ang sj u s tb e low t h eh i p s , e xpo s ing t h eb r ea s t s , n ave l ,d o r sa lf u r row ,a nd b u t tock s .T he f e e ta r eh i dden , b u t s ome u n iden t if iab le o b jec to rs ma l l a n ima l i sa t t a ched t ot h eb a se a nd l owe rl e f ts i de o ft h eg a rmen t . P a ra l le l s :T he o n ly a pp rox ima te p a ra l le l Ik now o f i n t h e a r ea o f a nc ien t P a le s t ine i s av e ry r ough ly f i n i shed , f l a t , c a s tl e ad f i gu r ine o fA ta rga t i s o rs ome o t he r my tho log ica l f i gu r e f o und i na n I r on A ge I c on tex ta tA shdod ( Do than 1 971 :6 5 ,f i g .2 7 .5 ,p l .2 1 .1 ) . T he t e chn ique ,r ough f i n i sh ,a nd g ene ra la ppea r anc eo f M3 c an b ec ompa r ed mo r ec l o se ly w i th t h et h ous and s o fs t a tue t te sf o und a tt h es a nc tua ry o fA r t em i sO r the ia n ea rS pa r ta ( S ee D awk in s 1 929 ; C avanagh & L ax ton 1 984 ) , b u t t h e se a r e a l so mo s t ly p r e -Roman i nd a t e ( s ix th c en tu ry B .C . ) .T he a s s emb lage d oe sn o tc on ta in a ny A ph rod i te t y pe s ,b u tt h e re a r es ome " f ema le v o ta r i e s "t h a ts e em t ob en ak ed f r om t h ew a i s tu p( Cavanagh &L ax ton 1 984 : p l . 2 ) . T he r e i s as ma l l l e ad g roup m anu f ac tu r ed i nt h es ame m anne ri na nu nma rked c a se i nt h eN a t iona lA r cha eo log ica l Mu seum i nD ama scu s : ag od o rg odde s ss t and so nt wo b u l l so r at a b le .T he r e s t o ft h em a te r ia li nt h ed i sp lay c a se i sR oman i nd a te .A s ma l l ,t h in ,l e ad f i gu r ine r e p r e sen t ing ag l ad ia to r ,f o und a t My t i lene ( W i ll i am s &W i ll iam s 1 988 : 5 9 , f i g . 7 6 ) , a l so s e em s t oh ave b een c a s t i n t h i s m anne r . I ti s p robab ly R oman i nd a te .A no the rp a ra l le l ,a nd ap o s s i b l ee xamp le o ft h ec on tex to ft h eC a e sa r ea f i gu r ine ,a r e t h es ma l l s h r ine sa s semb led f r om s epa ra te ly c a s ta nd c u tl e ad s h ee t sf o und o nt h eV a l le P on te w re ck ( Be r t i 1 986 : 3 0 , f i g .2 6 ) .T he l ow r e l ie fd eco r a t ion g i v e st h e s ame e f f ec t ,a nd t h ed i v in i ty i n vo lved m ay h ave b een A ph rod i te . T he d a te i st h e l a s t q ua r t e r o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . T he C ae sa rea f i gu r ine h a s t h el o ok o fa

1 1 .B : Me ta lO b jec t s ma s s -p roduced v o t ive i mage made a va i lab le a ts ome s anc tua ry o f Aph rod i te ,w i th o rw i thou t al i t t le s h r ine ,

f r om at h i rd -cen tu ry s h ipw reck a tH a if ah ave s im i la r b a se sa sw e l l( Ga l i l ie ta l . 1 991 : 1 62 -63 ) .

s ot h e re s hou ld b ep a ra l le le xamp le se l sewhe re .I nv i ew o ft h e ma r i t ime c on tex t , t h e S h r ine o f A ph rod i te o n A c roco r in th i s ap o ss ib le s ou rce , b u t t h e c onnec t ion c anno ty e tb ev e r if ied . O r ig in : A egean?

O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . B ib l iog raphy : H o lum e ta l . 1 988 : 1 44 , f i g . 1 02 . C h rono logy : s e cond o rt h i rd c en tu ry . MS .

C h rono logy : R oman? M4 .

A rm f r om s t a tue t te .A rea G :s and f i l lb enea th s ou th w e s tc o rne ro fb lock . I ncomp le te ; b ody m i ss ing ; s u r f a ce c o r roded . MPL 0 . 112 . P l . 8 . L ef ta rm o f as t a tue t te o fT yche o rI s i s -Fo r tuna .T he a rm i ss ol id c a s t i nb ronze , w i th as qua re , f l a t -ended t a ng a tt h ep rox ima le nd d e s igned t of i ti n to t h es hou l d e r .T race so fc o r ro s ion a tt h i sp o in tp robab ly r ep re sen t

S ta tue t te o fJ up i te r .A rea G :s and f i l la round n o r th e a s tc o rne ro fb lock .S pea rl o s t ;s u r f a ce c o r roded ;r i gh t a nk le m i s s ing ;f i gu re b en ts l igh t ly b a ckwa rd . H0 . 081 ; b a se , H0 .0 16 , D0 .03 . P l . 7 . B ronze s t a tue t t eo fJ up i te rs t and ing o n al ow ,c y l in -

t h e r ema in s o f t h e s o lde r c onnec t ing t h e a rm t o t h e b ody .T he s o f t ,f em in ine a rm i sc l ad i n al i gh ts l eeve t h a t r e ache s t h e e l bow . I ti sb en ta nd t h e f o rea rm t w i s ted s l igh t ly t oe mb ra ce t h el o ng , s i nuous h o rn o f ac o rnu -

d r ica l b a se w i th c oncave s i de s : t h e re i s ah a lf round b e low af i l le ta tt h eb o t tom , as imp le h a lf round a tt h e t o p .T he s t a tue h a sb een s ol id c a s ti nb ronze t o ge the r w i th t h eb a se ,t h ec oncave u nde rs u r f ace o fw h ich h a s

o u tt ot h a ts i de .H ei sn ude e xcep tf o r ac l oak w rapped a round t h en eck a nd r i gh ts hou lde ra nd h ang ing f r om t h e r i gh t a rm . A n e ag le p e rche s o n t h e o u t s t re tched , s l igh t ly l owe red r i gh th and ,w h i le t h eu p ra i sed l e f th and g r ipped s ome o b jec t n ow l o s t —p robab ly a s pea r . A s ocke tf o rt h es ha f tr ema in si nt h eh and .N o ma rk o ft h e

c op ia t h a tr e s t so ni t .T he f i nge r so pen g racefu l ly t oh o ld t h et i po ft h eh o rn ,t h eo pen e nd o fw h ich p ro jec t sw e l l a bove t h eu ppe re nd o ft h ea rm .B unche so fg rape sh ang o ve rt h er im o ft h eh o rn ,f r am ing s eve ra lp omeg rana t e s . Two s ho r t , s ha rp , t r iang le s p ro jec t u pwa rd f r om t h e b a ck e dge o ft h er im . P a ra l le l s :H i l l( 1982 )d esc r ibe s aR oman s y s tem f o r ma s s -p roduc ing s t a tue t t e si nd i f f e ren tp o ses b yp i ec ing t o ge the ru n ifo rm t o r so sw i th l imb si nv a r iou sp o s i t ion s .

b u t te nd s urv ive so nt h eb a se ,b u tt h eg od a ppea r st ob e l e an ing o nt h es ha f t .H eh a s at h ick h ead o fh a i ra nd f u l l

I s o la ted l e f t a rm s a r e f ound mo re o f ten t h an r i gh t , b ecause t h ey t e nd t ob el e s sa c t ive a nd t h e re fo re u sua l ly

b ea rd ,a nd a ppea r st ob eg az ing t ot h er i gh ta nd s l igh t ly u pwa rd .

c a r ry s ome s o r to fd rape ry t h a tc an v e i l aj o in t .S he c i te s 2 3e xamp le s ,i n c lud ing t wo t h a th o ld c o rnucop iae ( pp . 2 82 -83 ) . T he d a te s a r e u sua l ly i mpe r ia l . A b ronze s t a tue t te o fT yche , w i th ar udde ri nh e rr i gh th and a nd ac o rnucop ia i nt h e l e f t , w a s f ound a t Do r i nt h e l a te n i ne teen th c en tu ry ,b u tt h es ca le i ss ma l le ra nd t h es t y le much l e s s r ef ined t h an t h a to ft h e C ae sa rea e xamp le . O vad iah ( 1966 )d a te st h a ts t a tue t te t ot h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry .T he b e s tp a ra l le ls a r eI s is -Fo r tuna s t a tue t te so f f i r s t -c en tu ry I t a l ian o r ig in : s e eF le ische r 1 967 : 8 9 -90 , n o . 1 07 , p l . 5 8 ; Wa rd -Pe rk ins & C la r idge 1 978 : 1 80 , n o . 1 81 . C ompa re B ouche r 1 973 : 3 7 -39 , n o s . 6 0 -62 ( f i r s t o r s e cond c en tu ry ) . T he a r che type o f t h is i c on

b een p a r t ly f i l led w i th l e ad .T he g od s t and se r ec tw i th h i sw e igh tc a r r ied b yt h er i gh tl e g ,h i sr i gh th ip t h rown

P a ra l le l s : T he t ype i s ad e scendan t o f af o ur th c en tu ry B .C . o r ig ina l , p e rhap s t h e Z eus B ron ta io s o f L eocha r es , w i th a n e ag le r ep la c ing t h e t h unde rbo l t . S ome o f t h e b es t p a ra l le l s f o r t h e f i gu ra l t y pe c ome f r om s e cond o rt h i rd -c en tu ry A .C .c on t ex t si nE u rop e : s e e Höc lanann 1 972 :3 3 ,p l . 1 9 ,n o .6 7( t h i rd c en tury ) ; R e ina ch 1 906 -10 :v o l .2 ,p . 8n o .8 . 6 ;D eR idde r1 913 : 6 6 ,n o .4 29 ,p l .3 5 ;M i t ten & Doe r inge r1 967 :2 74 ,n o . 2 66 ( s econd th i rd c en tu ry ) . P ou lsen 1 984 d e sc r ibe s o ne s uch f i gu re i nt h eL ouv re a nd a s semb le sa r ound i t ar e la ted g roup o fs t a tue t te s i nt h e We s t , a l l a pp rox i ma te ly 0 .079 m h igh . As t a tue t te o fJ up i te rv e ry s im i la r

p robab ly o r ig ina ted i nt h e s e cond h a l f o f t h e f o u r th

i ns t y le a nd s i ze ,o n t h es ame t y pe o fs poo lb a se , w a s f ound o n t h e m id f i r s t -cen tu ry C ava l lo IWreck o f f

c en tu ry B .C . ( F le i sche rp .9 0 ) . T he p e r son if ica t ion o f t h ec i ty o fC ae sa rea i sa n Amazon ian v a r ian to fT yche , b u th e rl e f th and h o ld s as t anda rd r a the rt h an ac o rnuco p i a ; s e eR inge l 1 972 -75 . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tury .

C o r s ica ( Co r s i -Sc ia l lano & L iou 1 985 : 1 28 -29 ) . T he g od 's r i gh th and h o ld s ap a te ra , w h i le t h ed rape ry h a s b een t r an sf e r red t oh i sl e f ta rm ,w h ich i ss l igh t ly b en t , b u th o ld sa nu p r igh ts pea r .F o rw e s ter ne xamp le so ft h e s poo l -shaped b a se ,s e eF le ische r1 967 :7 6 -77 ,n o s .8 5 8 6 ,p l .4 9 ; Wa rd -Pe rk ins & C la r idge 1 978 : 1 81 ,n o .1 83

1 1 .1 3 .3 . F i sh -Hook s . F ragmen t s o fb ronze f i sh -hook s

( f i r s t c en tu ry ) ; Menze l 1 966 : 3 6 , n o . 7 7 ; A damo Musce t to la 1 984 : f i gs .2 4 -25 ( f i r s tc en tu ry ) .T h i st y pe

w e r ef o und f r om t ime t ot ime i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l so ft h es a nd f i l la nd r ubb le s p il a r ound t h eh arbou r .O n ly t wo r e la t ive ly

o fb a se ,h oweve r ,c an a l so b ef ound o n many s e cond o r t h i rd c en tu ry s t a tue t te s o f R oman d i v in i t ie s i n t h e e a s te rn Med i te r ranean :f o re xamp le ,A bdu lHak 1 951 :

w el -p reser ved e xamp le s w e re r e cove red , w h ich a r e c a ta -

1 38 ,n o .8 926 ,p l .5 4 .1 .F ou rb ronze s t a tue t tes f ound i n t h es ea o f f Ho fH a -Ca rme lj u s tn o r th o fC ae sa r ea s t and o nb a se so fp rec ise ly t h es ame d e s ign a st h eC a esa r ea p i ece ; s ee R aban 1 969 -71 : 6 4 -65 , p l . 1 ( s econd c en t u ry ) . Two b ronze f i gu r ine s o f Me rcu ry a nd S e rap i s

l o gued h e re s i nc e t h ey s how t h es hape a nd m e thod o fl i ne a t ta chmen tc ha rac te r is t ic o fa nc ien th ook s .h on f i sh -hook s m us t h ave b een u sed a s w e l l , b u t t h ey h ave b een l o s t t o c o r ro s ion ( c f . K un ihol in 1 982 : 3 08 ) . M6 .

6 7

B ronze f i sh -hook . A rea D : s and f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t rance C hanne l . I n tac t ; s u r fa ce c o r roded . L0 . 055 ;

C hap te rI I : U n s t ra t if i ed N on -C e ram ic F ind s d a t ed w i th a ny p r ec i s ion . Many o ft h e s hape s f o und h e re o c cu rt h roughou tt h e Med i te r ranean w o r ld f r om t h eB ronze A ge t h rough t h er e cen tp a s t , ar ef l ec t ion o ft h e i re s sen t ia l s imp l ic i ty a nd e f f ec t ivene s s . F u r the rmo r e , o n ly a s ma l l p o r t ion o ft h ec olec t ion ( 3 3e xamp le s ;2 1 .3% o ft h ew ho le ) w a sr e cove r ed f r om c ohe ren t ,d a tab le d epo s i t s ,a nd o n ly t h e i n sc r ibed a nd d eco ra ted w e igh t so fC la s s1 2B c an b ea t t r ib u t ed w i th a ny c onf idence t ot h eR oman o r By zan t ine p e r iod s o nt h eb a s i so fi n t e rna le v idence a l one .N eve r the le s s ,B yz a n t ine , R oman , a nd e a r l ie rp a ra l le l s w i l lb e c i ted h e r e , t o g i ve a n i d ea o ft h e p o s s ib le c u l tu ra l r e la t ion sh ip s o f t h e

s ha f t ,T h0 . 004 .F ig .2 1 . H eavy b ronze f i sh -hook .T he s t rong ly c u rved s ha f t , s l igh t ly s qua r ed i ns e c t ion ,c a r r ie sa ni nwa rd b a rb a to ne e nd a nd a na t ta chmen tp l a t ea tt h eo t he r .T he s p read ing , t r iangu la rp l a te t ow h ich t h ef i sh ing l i ne w a sl a shed w a s p roduced b y f l a t ten ing t h e h i gh e nd o ft h e s ha f ta nd a dd ing l ow n o t che sa l ong t h ee dge sf o rt h el i ne t og r ip . P a ra l le l s : T h i s t y pe o fh ook , w i th aw e l l -ma rked b a rb a nd af l a t , t r i angu la ra t ta chmen tp l a t e , s e em s t o h ave e vo lved i nt h eM idd le B ronze A ge a nd t oh ave r ema ined i nu se e s sen t ia l ly u nchanged i nt h e e a s t e rn Med i t e r ranean t h rough t h eB yzan t ine p e r iod .N ume r o u s B ronze a nd E a r ly l i on A ge p a ra l le l sa r ec i ted i n B rewe r &F r iedman 1 989 : 2 6 -31 ;B uchho lz ,J öh ren s , Mau 1 11973 :1 70 -71 ;B a s se ta l .1 989 :5 ,f i g .9 ,p .7 ,n o t e 2 1 . H e l len i s t ic a nd R oman e xamp le sc an b ef o und a s w e l li nR adc l i f f e 1 92 1 : 2 37 -38 ; R ob in son 1 94 1 : 3 65 7 4 ;D eonna 1 938 :2 0 1 -202 ;C havane 1 975 : 1 09 ;M i l le r 1 976 : 1 84 ,p l . 3a . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine? M7 .

B ronze f i sh -hook . A rea D : s a nd f i l l i n h a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l . I n ta c t ; s u r f ace b ad ly c o r roded . L 0 . 065 ; s ha f t ,T h0 . 003 .F ig .2 1 . H eavy b ronze f i sh -hook .T he s t rong ly c u rved s ha f t , s l igh t ly s qua r ed i ns e c t ion ,c a r r ie sa ni nwa rd b a rb a to ne e nd a nd a na t ta chmen tp l a t ea tt h eo t he r .T he s p r ead ing , t r i angu la rp l a te t ow h ich t h e f i sh ing l i ne w a s l a shed , w a sp roduced b yf l a t t en ing t h eh i gh e nd o ft h es ha f ta nd a dd ing l ow n o tche sa l ong t h ee dge sf o rt h el i ne t og r ip . P a ra l le l s : s e e M6 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine?

I I .B .4 . F i sh ing a nd N e t We igh t s . Sma l ll e ad f i sh ing n e ta nd f i sh ing -l ine w e igh t sw e r e av e ry c ommon f i nd i nt h e h a rbou r e xcava t ion s i n b o th c l o sed a nd o pen c on t ex t s . O ve ra l l ,1 55 e xamp le sw e r ea c ce s s ioned .T he w e igh t sw e r e m anu f ac tu red i n aw ide v a r ie ty o fs h ape ss e lec t ed b o th f o r e a se o fc a s t ing a nd f o rt h ef a c i l i ty w i th w h ich t h ey c ou ld b e a t ta ched t ol i ne sa nd n e t s . Mo s to ft h es hape n ame sa r es e l f e xp lana to ry , e xcep tp o s s ib ly " f o lded s h ee t " ( C la s s 1 2 ) , a c ommon t y pe o ff i sh ing -ne tw e igh tm anuf a c tu r ed b yf o ld i n g as ma l lr e c tangu la rs h ee to fl e ad a l ong i t sl o ng a x i so ve r t h el owe rr ope o f an e t .T h i st y pe o fw e igh ts e rved t ok eep t h en e th ang ing f r ee w h i le t h eu ppe re dge w a ss uppo r ted b y f l oa t s ( f o rd r i f t -ne t s ) ,o rb y t h e t e n s ion o n t h er op em a in t a ined b yt h ef i she rmen ( f o rc a s t ing -ne t so rd r aw -ne t s ) .I ti s mo re d i f f icu l tt or e s to re t h eo r ig ina la pp l ica t ion o ft h eo t he r t y pe so fw e igh t s , b u t t h ey a l lc a r ry h o le s t h a tc ou ld h ave e a s i ly a cconunoda ted f i sh ing l ine sa nd s ma l lr ope s . Mo s to f t h e w e igh t sa r ec a s ti n as p ec ia l s hap e ,b u tt wo o fc la s se s l i s t ed b e low a r em ade u po fl e ad s t r ip sa nd s h ee t sr o l led o r c o i led a r ound al i ne .T he b e s tg ene ra ld i scu s s ion o ff i sh ing w e igh t s a nd f i sh ing t e chn ique i n a n t iqu i ty a ppea r s i n K un iho lm 1 982 . T he w e igh t sr e cove r ed f r om t h eh a rbou ra tC a e sa rea c an b ec la s s if ied i n to t we lve f a i r ly d i s t inc tc l a s se so nt h eb a s i s o fs hape ,w i th o c ca s iona ls ub -ca t ego r ie sd ef ined b ys i ze o r d eco ra t ion . U nfo r tuna te ly , n one o f t h e se c l a s se s c an b e

6 8

v a r iou sc l a s s e s . S ome o ft h ef i sh ing w e igh t s w e r ef o und i ng roup sa nd w e r eg i ven ac o l lec t ive a cqu i s i t ion n umbe r .B ecaus eo ft h e c ha ra c te ro ft h es ed imen t si nw h ich t h ey w e re f o und ,t h e se g roup sd on o tn ece s sa r i ly r e p r esen ta ny o r ig ina lc on t ex to r p a t t e rn o fu s e . Bu ti no rd e rt oa vo id r e pe t i t ion ,w e igh t so ft h e s ame c l a s s t h a tw e r eo r ig ina l ly c a ta logued i n ag roup a r e r e co rd ed b e low i nac o l lec t ive e n t ry u nde r as i ng le c a ta logue n umbe r , u sua l ly w i th i n d ica t ion o fi n d iv idua ld im en s ion s , w e igh t ,a nd d eco ra t ion .A s ar e su l t ,d i s cu s s ion sb e low o ft h e w e igh t s c a ta logued a s M20 a nd M24 , f o r e xamp le , c an i n vo lv eu pt o3 7e xamp le s . T ab le 1 1 .2 : N umber o f We igh t sb yC la s s C la s s

T o ta l

C la s s l A C la s s C la s s C la s s C la s s C la s s C la s s C la s s

1 B 2 3 4 5 6 7

C la s s8 C la s s9 C la s s 1 0 C la s s 1 C la s s 1 2A C la s s 1 2B T o ta l

2 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 9 6 5 9 5 3

P e r cen t 1 . 3 9 . 0 1 . 3 0 . 7 0 . 7 1 . 3 1 . 3 0 . 7 1 . 3 0 . 7 5 . 8 3 . 9 3 8 .1 3 4 .2

1 55

C la s s1 .C y l ind e r .T ype A ( l eng th g r ea t e rt h an t w ice t h e d i ame t e r ) : M59 -M60 ( D epo s i t2 ) .T ype B ( l eng th l e s st h an o r e qua l t ot w ice t h e d i ame t e r ) : M8 - M10 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , M6 1 - M63 ( Depo s i t2 ) , M87 ( Depo s i t4 ) .T o ta ln umbe ro f e xamp le s :A ,2 ;B ,1 4 .T he se w e igh t sa l la ppea rt oh ave b een c a s t ,o r ig ina l ly w i th w a l l sa tl e a s ta st h ick a st h ed i ame t e ro f t h ep e r fo ra t ion .T he v e ry t h in w a l l ss e en o ns e ve ra le xam p l e s ( M8 ) a pp ea r t ob e t h e r e su l t o fe r o s ion o ft h e o u t e r s u r f a ce d u r ing u s e .T he e xamp le sv a ry d r ama t ica l ly a mong t h em se lve si nw e igh t . Mean w e igh t :T yp eA ,8 6 .4 g ;T yp e B , 6 9 .1 g .F o r T ype B , m ed ian w e igh t 5 6 .8 g ,s t anda rd d ev ia t ion 4 6 .3 .P a ra l le l s : We igh t sm ade f r om s h ee t sr o l led a r ound ar op er a the rt h an f o lded o ve ri to cca s iona l ly r e sem b l e t h i s c l a s s , b u t a l t h e C ae sa rea e xamp le s a r e c a s t a s c y l inde r s .C ompa re S t au ropou l lo s 1 938 :2 1 ( A t t ica ,f o u r th c en tu ry B .C . ) , C le rgue s 1 972 : 6 3 ( An t ib es , f ou r th c en t u ry? ) ,v an D oo rn inck 1 988 : 9( S e rve L iman i ,9 21 /22 -1024 / 2 5 ) . C la s s2 .D oughnu t . M11 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) , M64 ( Depo s i t2 ) .

1 1 .B : Me ta lO b jec t s T o ta l n umbe r o f e xamp le s : 2 .T he b ody o f t h i s t y pe o f w e igh ti sf a te nough i nr e la t ion t oi t se x t e rna ld i ame te rt h a t i ts hou ld n o tb et e rmed ar i ng ,a nd t h ei n t e r na ld i ame t e ri st o o s ma l lf o ri tt oh ave s e rved a s ac onnec to rf o rs e ve ra lr op e s . Mean w e igh t :6 0 .3 g . C la s s 3 .T r unca ted c one . M65 ( Depo s i t2 ) . T he s i ng le e xamp le o ft h i sc l a s sh a s al ow s l ope a nd a nu ppe rd i ame te r a pp rox ima t e ly h a l ft h el owe r . T he c en t r a lp e r f o ra t ion h a s b e en c a s ti n .W t1 03 .4 g .P a ra l le l s : f o rc on ica lw e igh t s ,s e e D eonna 1 938 : 2 03 ( D e lo s ) , G ibb in s 1 991 : 2 29 -30 , a nd K un iho lm 1 982 : 2 98 -99 ( Ya s s iA da ;s e ven th c en tu ry ) . C la s s4 .D oub l et r unca ted -cone . M12 ( u n s t ra t if ied ) .T he s i ng le e xamp le o ft h i s c l a s s i sl o ng a nd n a r row , t a pe r ing t owa rd e i the re nd ,w i th aw ide l o ng i tud ina lp e r fo ra t ion c a s t i n .W t2 6 .8 g . • C la s s 5 .B u l l e t . M13 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , M66 ( D epo s i t 2 ) . T o ta ln umbe ro fe xamp le s :2 .T he se a r el o ng ,h eavy w e igh t s w i th ac i r cu la rc r o ss -sec t ion ,f l a ta to ne e nd a nd r o unded a t t h e o t he r . T he n a r row l o ng i tud ina l p e r fo ra t ion i sc a s t i n . Mean w e igh t : 9 8 .4 g .P a ra l le l s : B eno i t 1 96 1 : 1 79 ( G r and C ong loue w r eck s ; 1 80 -150 o r e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) , K un iho lm 1 982 : 2 97 -98 ( Ya s s i A da w re ck ; s e ven th c en t u ry ) . C la s s6 .P yram id . M14 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , M78 ( D epo s i t3 ) . T o ta l n umbe ro fe xamp le s : 2 .S t eep , f o u r s ided p y r am id s w i th af l a tb a s e a nd t r an sve r se p e r fo r a t ion n ea rt h ep eak . Mean w e igh t : 8 6 .1 g . P a ra l le l s : B a s s 1 967 : 1 3 1 ( Cap e G el idon ia w r eck ,t we l th c en tu ry B .C . ) ;E i seman & R idgway 1 987 : 3 3 , G 17 -18 ( Po r t ice l lo w reck , 4 15 -385 B .C . ) ; R ob in son 1 94 1 : 4 72 , n o . 2 481 ( O lyn thu s , f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . ; aw e igh tn ea r ly i d en t ica li ns hap ea nd s i ze w i th M14 , b u ti d en t if i ed a s a" l ead l o om w e igh t " ) ,C haf f in e ta l . 1 979 : 5 1 -52 ( Ba le d eC ava l ie r ew r eck , 1 00 B .C . ) ;D eonna 1 938 : 2 03 ( De lo s ) ;P ala re s 1 986b : p l . V I ILb ( Spa rg iw r eck ,l a s t q ua r t e ro ft h es e cond c en tu ry B .C . ) . C las s 7 .S pher e . M67 ( D epo s i t 2 ) . T o ta l n umb e r o f e xamp le s : 1 .A s l igh t ly -f la t tened l e ad s phe r ew i th an a r row p e r fo ra t ion a l ong t h e s ho r t a x i s . W t 1 03 .3 g .P a ra l le l s : C l e rgue s1 972 :6 2 -63 ( An t ibe s ;f ou r th c en tu ry? ) ,K un iho lm 1 982 : 2 97 -300 ( Ya s s iA da ; s e ven th c ent ur y ) . C las s8 .H em i spher e . M50 ( Depo s i t1 ) , M88 ( D epo s i t4 ) . T o ta l n umbe ro fe xamp le s : 2 .B o th e xamp le s a r e s l igh t ly e l onga t ed a nd h ave ac en t ra lp e r f o ra t ion . Mean w e igh t :5 0 .7 g .P a ra l l e l s : C ha r l in e ta l . 1 979 : 5 1 -52 ( Bak d eC ava l ie r e w r eck ; 1 00 B .C . ) . C la s s9 .C ube . M89 ( Depo s i t4 ) .T o ta ln umbe ro fe xam p l e s : 1 .T he s l igh t ly i regu la rc ube s e em st oh ave b e en c a s t a r ound as qua re -sha f ted n a i l .W t7 3 .3 g . C la s s 1 0 . C o i l ed s t r ip . M15 - M16 ( u n s t ra t if ied ) , M68 ( Depo s i t 2 ) . T o ta l n umbe r o fe xamp le s : 9 .L ong , n a r row s t r ip so ft h in l e ad s hee t ing a r ec o i led s p r ing l ike a r ound a l i ne .T he t h ickne s sa nd l e ng th o ft h es t r ip c an v a ry s i gn if i c an t ly b e tween e xamp le s , b u tt h ew id th i sf a i r ly u n i fo rm . S t r ip sw e r ec u tl o ng e nough t oa l low f o rt wo t of i ve r e vo lu t i on sa r ound t h er ope ,p r e sumab ly a c co rd ing t ot h ea moun t o fw e igh t n e eded i n ap a r t icu la r s i tua t ion . Mean w e igh t : 1 7 .8 g ;m ed ian w e igh t 1 5 .8 g ;s t anda rd d ev ia t ion 8 . 4 . C la s s1 .R o l led s h ee t . M17 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , M51 ( D epo s i t 6 9

1 ) , M69 - M70 ( Depo s i t 2 ) , M79 - M80 ( Depo s i t 3 ) . T o ta l n umb e r o fe xamp le s : 6 .W ide r ol s o ft h in l e ad s h ee t ing w rapp ed f ou rt oe i gh tt i me sa r ound ar ope .T he d imen s ion s a nd w e igh to ft h es er ol s ,t h ep r e sence o fl o ng i tud ina lh o le s , a nd t h e i r c on t ex t i nt h e h a rbou r s ugge s t t h a t t h ey w e r e d e s igned t os e r ve a sf i sh ing -we igh t s .S eve ra lw e re p a r t ia l ly u n ro l led d u r ing c on se rva t ion t oc heck f o rt h ep r e senc eo f i n sc r ip t ion so ro t he rc oncea led f e a tu r e s . Mean w e igh t :7 4 .1 g ;m ed ian w e igh t7 5 .0 g ;s t anda rd d ev ia t ion 5 0 .1 . C la s s 1 2 . F o ld ed s h ee t . T ype A ( u ndeco ra ted ) : M19 , M20 , M24 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , M71 ( Depo s i t2 ) .T ype B ( d eco r a t ed ) : M18 - M27 , M52 ( Depo s i t1 ) , M72 - M74 ( Depo s i t2 ) , M81 - M83 ( D epo s i t3 ) .T o ta ln umbe ro fe xamp le s :A ,5 9 ;B , 5 3 .T he s ma l lr e c tangu la rs hee t sf r om w h ich t h es ew e igh t s w e r ef o rmed v a ry s i gn if i can t ly i ns i ze , t h ick ne s s , a nd t h e p r e sence o rc ha rac te ro ft h e i rd eco ra t ion . A l though m any e xamp le s h ave s u f f e red p a r t ia l o r c omp le te l o s s o f t h e o r ig ina l o u t e r s u r f a ce t h rough a b ra s ion , i ti ss t il i n mo s t c a s e s p o s s ib le t o r e cogn ize a t h ickened o r r a i sed e dge i n d ica t ing t h a te a ch w e igh tw a sc a s ta s as ep a ra te u n i t ,n o t c u tf r om al a rge rs h ee t .A ne xcep t ion i sM73 .C la s sA :m ean w e igh t 1 7 .4 g ;m ed ian w e igh t 1 6 .4 g ;s t anda rd d ev ia t ion 5 . 04 .C la s sB :m ean w e igh t2 0 .7 g ;m ed ian w e igh t 1 6 .4 g ; s t anda rd d ev ia t ion 8 . 59 . T he l a rge s ta nd mo s tv a r ied c l a s so fw e igh t sa tC a esa rea i st h a to ft h ef o lded s hee tw e igh t s( C la s s1 2 ; 12 e xamp le s , 7 2 .3% o ft h ew ho le c o l lec t ion ) .T he mo s tr ema rkab le c ha r a c t er i s t ic o ft h i s c l a s s i st h e h i gh p ropo r t ion o fd eco ra t ed w e igh t s( Type B ;5 3e xamp le s ,4 7 .3% o ft h ec l a s s )a nd t h e v a r ie ty a nd f i n i sh o f t h e d eco ra t ive mo t if s . O ne w e igh t ( M18 ,u n s t ra t if i ed )e ven c a r r ie sa ni n sc r ip t ion c a s ta sp a r to f t h ed eco ra t ion .W i th t h ee xcep t ion o f M73 , w h ich w a sc u t f r om a l a rge r s h ee t c a r ry ing a d i agona l n e t p a t t e rn , t h e d eco ra t ion h a sa lway sb e en d e s igned t of i tt h ew e igh ti ni t s f i na l s i ze , a nd mo s te xamp le s a r e f r amed b y ar a i sed l i ne a r ound t h e p e r iphe ry . O ne e xamp le ( M52 ) h a s o n ly a p e r iphe ra l l i ne f r am ing ab l ank f i e ld . T he o t he r c ommon m o t i f sa r es imp le ,b u te f f ec t ive :d oub le o rt r ip le c r o s s -ba r s e x tend ing f r om s i de t os i d e ( s even e xamp le s : M19 , M22 , M82 ) ,l a dde r mo t if ( n ume rou sp a ra l le lc r o s s -ba r s )( 1 1 e x a mp le s : M20 , M24 ) , l a rge c hev ron ( t wo e xamp le s : M20 ) , f i shbone p a t te rn ( f ive e xamp le s : M18 , M25 , M27 , M83 ) , l a rge Xa l one ( o ne e xamp le : M81 )o rf r amed b yt i pped rung l a dde rp a t t e rn s ( o ne e xamp le : M72 ) , l o ng i tud ina l c en t ra l l i ne f r amed b yl o op s( o ne e xamp le : M19 )o rz i gz ag s( o ne e xamp le : M23 )o r thogona ln e tp a t te rn ( f ive e xamp le s : M19 ) , a nd a ppa ren t ly r a ndom p a t t e rn so fl o op sa nd c u rv e s( e igh t e xamp le s : M20 , M24 ) .T h r ee w e igh t sc a r r ied mo re e l abo r a t ep a t te rn si n vo lv ing c omb ina t ion so f mo s to ft h e mo t i f s m en t ioned a bove ( M21 , M26 , M74 ) .T he c l a s se so fw e igh t s t h a t e ncompa s s ed mo r e t h an 2 e xamp le s s howed s ome v a r ia t ion i ns t anda rd d ev ia t ion o fs t a t i s t ic sf o rw e igh t .F o r C la s s 1 B t h es t anda rd d ev ia t ion w a s4 6 .3 a nd f o rC la s s1 , 5 0 .1 ,b o th s t a t i s t ic sr e f lec t ing e x t reme v a lue sa tt h eh i gh a nd l ow e nd o ft h es c a le .C la s se s1 0 ,1 2A ,a nd 1 2B s howed m uch g r ea t e ru n i fo rm i ty : 8 . 4 , 5 . 04 , a nd 8 . 59 ,r e spec t ive ly . Ag ood s amp le o ft h ed eco ra ted a nd u ndeco ra ted f o lded n e t -we igh t sw a sr e cove r ed f r om c l o sed c on tex t st h a tc an b e d a ted f r om t h ee a r ly R oman t h rough t h eB yzan t ine p e r iod s :

C hap t er I I : U n s t ra t if i ed N on -C e ram ic F ind s M52 ( D epo s i t 1 ) , M71 - M74 ( Depo s i t2 ) , M81 - M83 ( De p o s i t 3 ) . T h i s f a c to r , c omb ined w i th t h e a b sence o fa ny

T he l ow r e l ie f d eco ra t ion f o und o n t h e w e igh t s a t C a esa r ea , a nd o cca s iona l ly e l sewhe re , s e rved n o o bv iou s p r a c t ica lp u rpo se .T he mo t if sd on o ts e em t oc o r r e spond t o a ny s t anda rd s i ze s , a nd t h ep r e s ence o fr e l ie fl i ne so n t h e e x t e r io rd oe sn o ts e em e s sen t ia lo rh e lp fu lt ot h ef u n c t ion o f t h e w e igh t s . T he n e t p a t ter n s c l ea r ly a r e r e levan t t ot h e i n tended a ppl ica t ion o ft h ew e igh t s ,t h ef i shbone mo t i fm ay h ave b e en t h ough t t oc a r ry s ome s ympa the t ic p owe r i n a t t ra c t ing f i sh t ot h en e t s ,w h i le i n aB yzan t ine c on t ex tt h e c r o s s m ay h ave b een d e s igned t op r o t ec t t h e n e t f r om s nagg ing a nd t h e f i shermen f r om l o s s o r d i sa s t e r . T he i n sc r ip t ion o n M18 ( u n s t ra t if ied ) m u s t h ave h ad s ome s i gn if i cance f o ri t sc r ea to r ,b u tt h em ean ing i sn ow o b scu re . I ng ene ra l ,t h e mo t if so nt h ew e igh t sm u s ts imp ly r e p r e sen t

t r ad i t ion o fd eco ra ted f i sh ing w e igh t s a l ong t h e c oa s t i n r e cen tt ime s ,s ugge s t st h a t mo s t ,i fn o ta l l ,o ft h ef o lded n e t w e igh t s c a ta logued f r om o pen c on tex t s a r e a l so R oman , B yzan t ine ,o re a r ly I s lam ic .U n fo r tuna t e ly ,p a ra l le l s f r om a r chaeo log ica le xcava t ion e l sewhe r ei nt h e Med i t e r r anean a r en o to fm uch h e lp i nd a t ing t h i st y pe o fw e igh t .T he f o lded s hee td e s ign a pp ea r ed i nt h eL a te B ron ze A ge a nd r ema ined i nu se u n t i lv e ry r e cen t ly .T he b e s ts u rvey o ft h eB ronze A ge a nd A rcha ic ma te r ia li sc on ta ined i nB uchho lz 1 973 : 1 76 7 8 ;f o rL a t eB ronze A ge ma t e r ia ls e ea l so P u lak 's d i scu s s ion o ft h eU lu B u run w r eck , w h ich c on ta ined o ve r3 00 f o lded s hee t w e igh t s ( 1988 : 4 , 3 2 -33 ; 1 989 : 8 ) , s ome o f t h em c l u s te r ed a si fd e r ived f r om af o lded n e t .P u lak c i te sB ronze A ge p a ra l le l s a t E nkom i , A th ienou , T e l l e l -A ju l , a nd G el idon ia .S ee a l so B a s s1 967 : 1 35 , 1 986 :2 74 , 1 987 :7 2 1 , D aux 1 962 : 6 59 . T hese e xamp le s a l l a ppea r t o b e u ndeco ra ted .S im i la rr ough ly t r inuned ,u ndeco ra ted f o lded n e t -we igh t sw e re f o und i n as even th c en tu ry B .C .c on t ex ta t H e r ak le ia ( Bu chho l z1 973 ) , af ou r th c en tu ry B .C .c on tex ta t O lyn thu s( Rob in son 1 941 : 33 ) , af i r s tc en tu ry B .C .c on tex t o nt h eT a ila tw r eck ( J onche ray 1 987 :1 39 , L0 . 08 ,m ean w t . 3 3 g ) , i n af i r s to r s e cond c en tu ry A .C . c on tex t a tL ucca ( Mena cc i 1 982 : 1 90 , 4 36 ) , a nd i nB yzan t ine c on t ex t s a t C o r in th ( Dav id son 1 952 : 1 93 ) , S a lam i s ( Chavane 1 975 : 10 -111 ) , A nemu r ium ( J ame s R u s se l l , o r a l c ommun ica t i on ) ,C ape rnaum ( Ru sse l l ) , A n t ibe s ( C le rgue s 1 972 : 6 2 ) , a nd o n t h e Y a s s i A da w r eck ( Kun iho lm 1 982 : 3 03 -7 ) . V i r tua l ly a l lt h eC ae sa rea e xamp le sa nd t h e i rc omparanda h ave as l igh t ly I n na t es hape ,r e su l t ing f r om t h et e n s ion o ft h e r op eh e ld i nt h ef o ld a st h en e t so rl i ne sw e re p u l led ,h ung , o rf o lded . Mo s te xamp le sa r eb e tween 0 . 065 a nd 0 . 075 m l o ng ,a nd a r ound 2 0 -25 gi nw e igh t . D eco ra ted e xamp le sa r er a r es of a ra to t he rs i t e s .O ne o f t h ew e igh t so nt h eY a s s i A da w reck w a sc u tf r om al a rge r s hee td eco ra ted w i th a na ng led n e tp a t t e rn ,a nd a tl e a s tt wo o ft h ew e igh t sr e cove r ed a tA n t ibe sc a r r ied an ea ta r range m en to fl a rge a nd s ma l lb oxe so ne i the rs i de o f am ed ia ll i ne , f i l led b yX 's a nd c r o ss e s w i th a rms o fe qua l l e ng th . T h i s mo t i fa l so a ppea r sa sd eco ra t ion o nt h e mou ld -ca s th and le o f al e ad p i t che rf r om D epo s i t 4( M84 ) ,w h ich s hou ld d a t et o t h ef i r s tc en tu ry . A tl e a s to ne o ft h ew e igh t so nt h eT a i l la t w r eck w a se dged w i th ar a ised l i ne ( J onche ray 1 987 : 1 39 ) . Al a rge n umbe ro fd eco ra ted n e tw e igh t sw a sf o und o nt h e S e rve L iman i s h ipw reck , w h ich d a t e st o1 02 1 /22 o r1 024 / 2 5 .T he mo s tc ommon mo t i ft h e re i st h er o se t te s u r rounded b yc oncen t r ic a nd o ppo sed c i r c le sa nd s e gmen t so fc i r c le s , b u tt h e r ea r ea l so e xamp le sw i th w ide spac ed c r o s sha t ch i n g , n e t , a nd monog ram mo t i f s , a ppa ren t ly i n c lud ing t h e C h i -Rho ( v an D oo rn inck 1 988 : 4 -9 ; N . P i e r cy , G . B a s s , p r iva t ec ommun ica t ion ) .T he l o op ing mo t i f sf o und o ns ome o ft h e w e igh t sc a ta logued a s M20 a nd M24 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) s l igh t ly r e semb le p o r t ion s o f t h e mo s t e l abo ra t e S e rv e L iman ir o se t te p a t te rn ( no . GW1089 ) ,a nd t h en e t mo t if o n M73 ( Depo s i t2 )s upe r f ic ia l ly r e semb le st h a to ft h eS e rv e L iman iw e igh t s GW 1630 a nd 8 32 . I ti si n t e r e s t ing t h a ta l t h eS e re L im a n iw e igh t s Ih ave s e en w e r ec u tf r om l a rge r d eco ra ted l e ad s h ee t s ,t h ed eco ra t ion sg ene ra l ly d e s igned t o b et w ice a sl a rge a st h ew e igh tf i na l ly p u tt ou s e .

ar e spon se t ot h ed e s i re t o embe l l i sh t h e t o o l so fe ve ryday l i v ing ,c omb ined w i th t h ef a c i l i ty w i th w h ich d e s ign sc ou ld b ei n t roduc ed i nt h es imp le o pen mou ld su sed t op roduc et h e w e igh t s . I ti su n l ike ly t h a t t h e l e ad -wo rke r s o fC a e sa rea w e r eu n ique i nt h e i rc r ea t iv i ty ,a nd f u r the rd eco ra t ed f o lded n e t -we igh t so ft h eR oman ,B yzan t ine ,a nd I s lam ic p e r iod s m u s ts u r e ly r ema in t ob ef ound a nd p ubl i shed a to t he rs i te s a r ound t h e Med i te r ranean .I nf a c t ,i ti sn o ta ta l lc e r ta in t h a t a lt h ef i sh ing w e igh t sf o und i nt h eh a rbou ro fC a e sa r ea w e r e l o s tb yl o ca lf i she rman .T oj udge f r om t h ee xcava t ed p a r a l l e l sc i ted i ns ome o ft h ee n t r ie sb e low , mo s tm e r chan ts h ip s i na n t iqu i ty f r om t h eL a te B ronze A ge o nwa rd c a r r ied s ome f i sh ing n e t s o r l i ne s , w i th t h e a pp rop r ia t e l e ad w e igh t s a t ta ched t ot h em . G ibb in s ( 1 991 : 2 42 n .6 )c a lcu la t e st h a t f i sh ing w e igh t s h ave b e en r epo r ted o n a bou t 3 0 a n c ien t w r eck s .P a rke r1 992a l i s t sf i sh ing w e igh t s( w i thou td e sc r ip t i on )a sp a r to ft h ef i nd sf r om 1 3 w r eck si nh i sc a ta logue : w r eck n o s .7 7 , 1 53 ,2 00 ,2 82 ,3 04 ,3 47 ,3 64 ,4 77 ,8 34 8 74 , 8 79 ,9 25 , 1 239 . H el i s t sn e tw e igh t sa tf i ve w r eck s : w r eck n o s .5 63 ,6 23 ,8 20 , 1 070 , 193 .T h i ss o r to fe qu ipmen tm ay r e p r es en te i the rp e r sona lg ea rb e long ing t ot h es a i lo r s ,o ra t y pe o fs u r v iva l g ea rc a r r ied o n b oa rd t oa l low f i sh ing f o r f r e sh o re me rgency r a t ion s .S ome o ft h i sf o r e ign g ea rc ou ld e a s i ly h ave b een d i sca rded o r l o s to ve rboa rd w h i l e s h ip s w e r ei nh a rbou r .

7 0

M8 .

L ead f i sh ing w e igh t s . A rea E : r ubb le f i l l 1 . 5 m b e low t o p o f s ub s id ia ry b r eakwa te r . I n tac t ; s u r f a ce s w or na nd n i cked .A vg . L0 . 028 ;a vg . D0 . 0 18 ;a vg . Do f h o le 0 . 0 12 . A vg . w e igh t2 8 .3 g .F i g .2 2 ,p l . 8 . Ag r oup o fs i x mo r eo rl e s si d en t ica lf i sh ing l ine o r n e t -we igh t si nt h ef o rm o fi regu la r ,t h in -wa l led c y l in d e r s .T he w a l l sa r ev e ry t h in i nr e la t ion t ot h ed i am e t e r o ft h el o ng i tud ina lh o le f o rt h er op e ,p o s s ib ly a s ar e su l t o fa b ra s ion o nt h ei n te r io ra nd e x t e r io rs u r f a ce sd u r ing u s e .T he w e igh t sw e re m anuf a c t u r ed b yc a s t ing r a the r t h an b yr o l l ing as h ee t , s t rong ly s ugge s t ing t h a to r ig i n a l ly t h ey h ad much t h icke rw a l l s . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 B . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

M9 .

L ead f i sh ing w e igh t s .A rea HI:s a nd a bove r u bb le . I n ta c t ;s u r f a ce s l igh t ly w o rn a nd n i cked .E xamp le a :L 0 . 03 ; D0 . 0 17 .W t7 8 .6g .E xamp le b :L0 . 035 ; D0 . 0 15 . W t 1 09 .4 g .D o fc en t ra lp e r fo ra t ion ,0 . 002 . Two f i sh ing l ine w e igh t si nt h ef o rm o fs ho r t ,t h ick -

1 1 .1 3 : Me ta lO b jec t s E n t rance C hanne l . I n tac t ; o ne e xamp le c r u shed ; s u r f a ce s e nc r u s ted w i th m a r ine o rgan i sm s . Do f r o l l s , 0 . 02 -0 .025 ;W o fs t r ip s ,0 . 07 -0 .0 1 ;T ho fs t r ip s ,0 . 00 1 0 . 002 .A vg .w e igh t : 1 5 .8 g .P l .9 . F ive f i sh ing w e igh t s c on s i s t ing o f t h in , n a r row s t r ip so fl e ad o r ig ina l ly c o i led a r ound ar op e .T he w id th o ft h e s t r ip si sf a i r ly r e gu la r , b u tt h e t h ickne s s v a r ie s s i gn i f ican t ly ,e ven a l ong as i ng le e xamp le .S t r ip sl o ng e nough f o rt wo t of i ve r e vo lu t ion sw e r ew rapped a r ound ar op ew i th ad i ame t e ro fc a .0 . 01 m ;t h ev a r ia t ion si n l e ng th c o r r e spond ing t ot h er e qu i r ed w e igh t .T he d i am e t e ro ft h er ope s ugge s t s t h a t t h e se w e re d e s igned a s w e igh t sa tt h eb as eo f af i sh ing n e t . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 0 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine .

w a l led c y l inder s t a pe r ing s l igh t ly a te i the re nd . E a ch h a s av e ry n a r row c en t ra lp e r fo ra t ion . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 B . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M10 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t s .A r ea D1:s a nd f i l li nh a rbou r E n t r ance C hanne l . I n ta c t ; s u r f a ce w o rn a nd n i cked . E xamp le a : L0 . 043 ; D0 . 015 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 003 .W t8 4 .2 g .E xamp le b : L0 . 031 ; D0 . 0 16 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 003 .W t 6 3 .5 g .F i g .2 2 ,p l . 8 . T wo c y l ind r ica l f i sh ing l ine o rn e tw e igh t s i nt h e f o rm o fi regu la r ,t h ick -wa l led c y l inde r sw i th r ounded e nd s . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 B . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M11 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . A r ea HI:s a nd , 0 . 5 mb e low s u r f a ce .I n tac t ;s u r f ac es l igh t ly c o r roded . D0 . 03 ; Do f h o le ,0 . 0 15 ;T h0 . 009 .W t4 6 .6 g .F ig .2 2 ,p l .8 . D oughnu t shaped l e ad f i sh ing l ine o rn e t w e igh t . T he s moo th -s ided c en t ra lp e r fo ra t ion h a sb een c a s ti n . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s2 . C h rono logy : R oman? M12 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t .A r ea HI:R ubb le l e ve l .I n ta c t ; s u r f a ce s l igh t ly w o rn . L0 . 028 ; Da te nd s ,0 . 007 ; Da t c en t r e ,0 . 013 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 003 .W t2 6 .8 g .F i g . 2 2 ,p l . 8 . L ead f i sh ing l ine o rn e tw e igh ti nt h e f o rm o ft wo t r unca t ed c one ss e tb a se t ob a se ,w i th aw ide l o ng i tud i n a lp e r fo ra t ion . Am a rked r i dge a r ound t h ew ide s tp o in t m ay r e p re sen t t h e r ema in s o f ac a s t ing f l ange . T he r e gu la rs hape a nd s moo th s u r f a ce g i ve t h ei mp r e s s ion o f ar e cen to r ig in . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s4 . C h rono logy : mode rn? M13 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t .A r ea G :s a nd f i l la r ound n o r th e a s tc o rne ro fb l ock .S u r f ace w o rn a nd n i cked . L0 . 03 ; D0 . 0 18 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 004 .W t6 4 .2 g .F i g .2 2 ,p l .8 . B u l le t -shaped l e ad f i sh ing l ine w e igh t w i th o ne r o unded a nd o ne f l a t tened ,s l igh t ly s p r ead ing e nd .T he w id el o ng i tud ina lp e r fo ra t ion t a p e r sm a rk ed ly f r om t h e f l a tt ot h er ounded e nd . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s5 . C h rono logy : R oman?

M17 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t .A rea N :r ubb le l e ve l .B rok en ; e dge sa b raded a nd s ome f r agmen t sl o s t . L0 . 0 17 ; Do f r o l l ,0 . 0 12 ;T ho fs h ee t ,0 . 00 1 . W t 1 .3 g . A n i regu la r , s l igh t ly f l a t tened r o l l o f t h in l e ad s h ee t ing p r obab ly w rapped a r ound ar ope f o ru s ea sa w e igh tf o r af i sh ing -ne t . P a ra l le l s :T h i se xamp le h a s as ma l le rd i ame te rt h an t h eo t he rr o l led shee tw e igh t sf o und a tC a e sa r ea . S ee g ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine? M18 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t . A rea D1:s a nd f i l li nh a r b ou rE n t ranc eC hanne l .B rok en o rc u t ;i n comp le te ;o ne e nd l o s t ;s u r f ace w o rn . L0 . 051 ;W0 . 032 ;T h0 . 002 .W t 2 9 .7 g .F i g .2 2 ,p l .9 . R e c tangu la rl e ad s h ee ti n tend ed f o ru s ea s af o lded f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t . I n s t ead o fb e ing f o lded a l ong i t s l o ng a x i s , o ne e nd w a s b roken o r c u t o f f , a nd t h e r ema inde rw a sb en tl e ng thw i se i n to ah a lf -c i r c le . T he u pp e rs u r f ace i sd e co ra ted w i th as t anda rd m a rg in a nd f i shbone p a t t e rn c a s ti nr e l ie f ,b u tw i th t h ea dd i t ion o f a n i n s c r ip t ion i nG reek l e t te r s a to ne e nd : p o s s ib ly 8 1 1 134 ) 1 10A ( t he H a nd P l i ga tu r ed ) o r 1 M c DHOA N e i the ra l t e rna t ive m ake so bv iou ss e nse a s an ame o r d e sc r ip t ive t e rm , b u t i ti sa tl e a s t p o s s ib le t h a t t h e i n sc r ip t ion s e rved a s am ag ic s p el i n tended t oa t t ra c t f i sh .T he d imen s ion s ,w e igh t ,a nd p r e senc eo f af i shbone p a t t e rn s im i la rt ot h a to no t he rf o lded n e t -we igh t sf r om C ae sa r ea ( M25 , M27 , u n s t ra t if ied , M83 D epo s i t 3 ) i n d ica t e t h a ti tw a s i nf a c ti n t ended t os e rve a s an e t w e igh t ,d e sp i te t h ea t yp ica li n sc r ip t ion . P a ra l le l s : Ih ave n o t f o und a ny o t he r p ubl i shed

M14 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . A r ea G : s a nd f i l lj u s tb e low s o u thwe s t c o rne r o f b l ock . I n tac t ; s u r f a ce w o rn . H 0 . 046 ;b a se 0 . 02 s q . ; Do fh o le ,0 . 005 .W t 10 .5 g .F i g . 2 2 ,p l . 8 . L ead f i sh ing l ine w e igh ti nt h ef o rm o f af o u r s ided p y r am id w i th ap e r fo ra ted ,s l igh t ly r o unded p eak .T he p e r fo ra t ion s e em st oh ave b een c a s ti n ,b u tt h ea b senc e o fb u r r so rd i s to r t ion m ay b et h er e su l to fe r o s ion o ft h e o r ig ina ls u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s6 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine? M15 .

M16 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t s .A r ea K :s a nd f i l la r ound s ou th f a ce o fE a s tT owe r .I n ta c t ; s u r f a ce ss l igh t ly e nc r u s ted w i th m a r ine o r gan i sm s .E xamp le a :D o fr o l l ,0 . 02 ;W o fs t r ip ,0 . 007 ;T ho fs t r ip ,0 . 002 .W t1 3g .E xamp le b : Do fr o l l ,0 . 0 15 ;W o fs t r ip ,0 . 007 ;T ho fs t r ip ,0 . 00 1 .W t 6 . 9g .E xamp le c :D o fr ol ,0 . 022 ;Wo fs t r ip ,0 . 007 ;T h o fs t r ip ,0 . 002 .W t2 4g . T h r ee l e ad f i sh ing l ine o rn e tw e igh t s manuf a c tu red b yc o i l ing t h in l e ad s t r ip sa r ound ar ope . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 0 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine?

L ead f i sh ing w e igh t s . A r ea D : s a nd f i li nh a rbou r

7 1

C hap ter I I : U n s tra t i f ied N on -C e ram ic F ind s e xamp le s o ff i sh ing w e igh t s c a r ry ing i n sc r ip t ion s o f t h i s l e ng th , e i the r c a s tw i th t h e d eco ra t ion o rs imp ly s c ra tched i n to t h e s u r f ace a f te rm anuf ac tu r e . S eve ra l

M23 . L ead f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t . A r ea G : No r th T owe r , r ubb le a d ja cen tt os ou th f a ce . I n tac t ; s u r f ace w o rn . L 0 . 075 ;W o fs h ee t ,0 . 047 ;T h0 . 002 . Wt 4 1 g .F i g .2 2 . F o lded s h ee t f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t . T he o u t s ide s u r f a ce i sd eco ra ted i nl ow r e l ie fw i th t wo b o ld z i gz ag s r unn ing b e tween am ed ia ll i ne a nd ap e r iphe ra lr i dge . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yz an t ine?

w e igh t s f o und a tS e r 9e L ünam w e r e d eco ra t ed w i th i n i t ia l s ,o r aC h i -Rho f r amed b yi n i t ia l s ,b u tn one w i th at e x to ft h i sl e ng th .F o rt h ef i shbone mo t if ,s e eg ene ra l d i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine?

M24 . 2 1l e ad f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t s .A r ea K :s a nd f i la tb a se o fF a s t T owe r . I n ta c t ; s u r fa ce s v e ry w o rn . L0 . 063 0 . 074 ; W o fs hee t , 0 . 021 -0 .023 ; T h o f s hee t , 0 . 002 . A vg .w e igh t : 1 6 .2 g . Ag r oup o ff o lded l e ad f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t s .T he s e w e igh t s a r e s omewha t l i gh te r t h an t h e a ve rage a t C ae s a r ea .A l lb u tf i ve e xamp le s ,t h es u r f a ce so fw h ich w e r ec a s to rh ave b een w o rn s moo th ,c a r ry l ow r e l ie f d eco ra t ion o nt h e i ro u t e rs u r fa ce s :n i ne h ave t h el a dde r mo t i f ,a nd s e ven ap a t ter no fa ppa r en t ly r a ndom l o op s a nd w avy l i ne s .N ea r ly a l lt h ew e igh t sh ave b een b en t a l ong t h e i rl o ng a x i s i n to ag en t le a r c , p robab ly a sa r e su l to ft e n s ion a l ong t h el owe rn e tl i ne t ow h ich t h ey w e r ef a s t ened . P a ra l le l s : s e e g ene ra l d i scu s s ion , C la s s 1 2A a nd 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t in e?

M19 . 5 4 l e ad f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t s . A rea D : s a nd f i l i n h a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l . 9e xamp le s b roken ; f r ag m en t s m i s s ing ; 4 5 e xamp le s i n ta c t , s u r f a ce s s l igh t ly w o rn . I n ta c t e xamp le s : L0 . 066 -0 .078 ; W o f s h ee t , 0 . 019 -0 .023 ;T ho fs h ee t ,0 . 002 .A vg .w e igh t : 1 6 .4 g . F ig .2 2 ,p l .9 . F o lded s hee tf i sh ing -ne tw e igh t s . A l though w o rn , mo s to ft h el e ad s hee t sa ppea rt oh ave h ad u ndeco ra ted o u t s ide s u r f ace s ; 1 5( 30% )c a r ry r el i e fd eco ra t ion c a s t o nd u r ing m anufa c tu r e :f i ve e xamp le sw i th t h ed oub le c r o s sba r mo t i f ,f i ve w i th t h eo r thogona ln e t mo t i f ,a nd f i ve w i th t h ep endan tl o op mo t i f . P a ra l le l s : s e e g ene ra l d i scus s ion , C la s s 1 2A a nd 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine? M20 . 1 6 l e ad f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t s . A r ea D : s a nd f i l l i n h a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l . I n ta c t ; s u r f ac e s g ene ra l ly w o rn . L0 . 066 -0 .07 ; W o fs h ee t , 0 . 0 18 -0 .022 ; T h o f s hee t ,0 . 00 15 . Wt 1 3 .2 -15 .8 g( a vg .1 4 .9 g ) .F ig .2 2 ,p l s . 9 10 . F o ld ed s hee tf i sh ing -ne tw e igh t s . Mo s to ft h el e ad s hee t sa ppea rt oh ave h ad u ndeco ra t ed o u t s ide s u r f a ce s , b u t f i ve ( 3 1% ) c a r ry r el ie fd eco ra t ion c a s to n d u r ing m anuf ac tu r e :t wo e xamp le sh ave t h el a dde r mo t i f ,t wo t h ec hev ron mo t if ,a nd o ne ( v e ry w o rn )a na ppa r en t ly i regu la rg roup o fl o op sa nd w avy l i ne s . P a ra l le l s : s e e g ene ra l d i scu s s ion , C la s s 1 2A a nd 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine?

M25 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .A r ea K :s a nd f i la tb a s eo f F a s tT owe r .I n ta c t ;s u r f a ce w or n . L0 . 065 ;Wo fs h ee t , 0 . 02 1 ;T h0 . 002 .W t 1 8 .9 .F ig .2 2 ,p l .9 . F o ld ed s h ee tf i sh ing -ne t w e igh t . T he o u t s ide s u r f a ce c a r r ie s l ow r e l ie f d e co ra t ion i nt h e f o rm o f a f i shbone mo t i ff r amed b y ap e r iphe ra lr i dge . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scus s ion ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t in e? M26 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t . A rea K : s a nd f i l lb yE a s t T owe r . I n ta c t ; s u r f a ce s l igh t ly w o rn . L0 . 077 ; W o f s h ee t ,0 . 031 ;T ho fs hee t ,0 . 003 .W t3 .5 g .F ig .2 2 . F o ld ed s h ee t f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t . T he o u t s ide s u r f a ce i sd eco ra ted i nl ow r e l ie fw i th ac en t ra l , c r o s sed f i shbone m o t i f , f r amed o ne i the rs i de b yt wo c hev ron p a t ter n sb e tween b o rde r s .T he re a r ed o t si nt h et r i angu l a rf i e ld sf o rmed b yt h ec r o s s ,a nd t h ep e r iphe ra lb o rd e r i sr e in fo r ced b yq ua r t e rc i rc le sa tt h ec o rne r s . P a ra l l e l s : f o rt h e f r amed c en t ra lX , s e e M70 ( D e p o s i t2 )a nd t h eg ene ra ld i scus s ion ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine .

M21 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t . A rea DI:s a nd f i l l i nh a r b ou rE n t r ance c hanne l . I n tac t ; s u r f a ce w o rn . L0 . 073 ; Wo fs hee t ,0 . 025 ;T h0 . 00 12 .W t1 8 .4 g .F ig .2 2 ,p l .1 0 . F o lded s h ee t f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t . T he o u t s ide s u r f a ce i sd eco ra ted i nr e l ie f w i th amod i f ied f i shbone mo t i ff r amed a te i the re nd b y az i g -zag b e tween p a ra l le l l i ne s . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine? M22 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t . A rea E :s a nd f i l la d jacen t t of a ce o fS ou ther nB reakwa t e r .I n ta c t ;s u r f a ce w o rn .L 0 . 062 ;W o fs h ee t ,0 . 038 ;T h0 . 0035 .W t4 4 .2 g . F o ld ed s he e t f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t . T h i s w e igh t i s s i gn if i can t ly t h icke ra nd h eav ie rt h an t h ea ve rage e x a mp le . T he o u t s ide s u r f a ce i sd eco ra ted i nh igh r e l ie f w i th t h ree c r o s sba r sb e tween ah eavy p e r iphe ra lr i dge . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine?

7 2

M27 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t s . A rea N : s u r f ace r ubb le . I n ta c t ;s u r f ac es l igh t ly w o rn a nd n i cked .O u te rw e igh t : L0 . 07 ;W o fs h ee t ,0 . 03 ;T ho fs hee t ,0 . 003 .C omb ined w e igh t :4 9 .9 g .F ig .2 2 ,p l .9 . Two f o lded s h ee t f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t s . B o th h ave b een f o ld ed a l ong t h e i rl o ng a xe s ,t h es ma l le rw e igh ts e t i n s ide t h e l a rge r . T he o u t s id e s u r f a ce o f t h e l a rge r w e igh ti sd eco ra t ed i nl ow r e l ie fw i th af i shbone p a t t e rn . P a ra l le l s : F o r t h e c omb ina t ion o fs e ve ra l w e igh t s ( a l so c a r ry ing t h e f i shbone p a t te rn ) t of o rm as i ng le

I LB : Me ta lO b jec t s u n i t ,s e e M83 ( Depo s i t3 ) ,a nd t h eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion , C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t in e .

I I .B .5 . M i s ce l laneous N au t i ca lE qu ipmen t . N ume r o u si t em so fs h ip 's f i t t ing so re qu ipmen tw e r ef o und s c a t t e r ed a r ound t h e h a rbou r i no p en c on tex t s , b u t c e r ta in ly a nc ien ti nd a te . Mo s to ft h e se i t em sc an b ep a ra l le led i no t he r s h ipw r eck a nd h a rbou r e xcava t ion s : t h e n e t f re e ing r i ng ( M28 ) , t h e b r a il ing r i ng ( M29 ) , a nd t h e s ound ing lead ( M30 ) . T he l e ad c i rc le ( M86 , D epo s i t 4 ) , a l though s t i l l e n igma t ic i nf u nc t ion , s hou ld h ave s ome th ing t od o w i th s h ip s , s i nce as e cond e xamp le ( Pb24 ) w a s f o und o n t h e S h ipw r eck i nA r ea Y ( Sec t ion V I .B . 6 ) ,a nd n ume rou so t he r s a l ong t h ec oa s t l ine o fI s rae l .T he n au t ica le qu ipmen tf o und i na s soc ia t ion w i th t h eS h ipw reck i sc a ta logued i nC hap t e r V I . M28 . L ead l i ne o r n e t -f re e ing r i ng . A r ea A : s po rad ic s u r f a ce f i nd . B rok en , t i po fo ne e nd l o s t ; s u r f a ce c o r r oded . L0 . 09 ;W 0 . 115 ; max .T h0 . 027 ; Do fp e r f o ra t i on ,0 . 009 .W t7 80 g .P l . 1 0 . A n i regu la r r i ng f o rmed f r om at h ick l e ad s t r ip , s l igh t ly s qua red i ns e c t ion , t h a t t a p e r s t owa rd e i the r e nd .B o th t e rm ina t ion sc a r ry as m a l lp e r fo ra t ion .T h i s a r t if a c t mo s t l i ke ly i sa n a nc ien t a ncho r l i ne o rn e t f r ee ing r i ng .S uch r i ng sw e r eb en to pen s u ff i c ien t ly t o a l low af o u led a ncho ro rn e tl i ne t ob ef o r ced i n s id ea nd w e re t h en l owe r ed d own t ot h eo b s t ru c t ion ,w he r et h ey w e r em an ipu la ted b ym ean so f as e cond l i ne t i ed t ot h e r i ng i t se l f— in t h i sc a se t h rough t h ep e r fo ra t ion s .S om e e xamp le sm ade o fs t one o rm e ta la r ec omp le t ec i r c le s , r e qu i r ing t h a t af r ee e nd o ft h el i ne b ep a s sed t h rough t h ec i r c le b e fo re l owe r ing . P a ra l le l s :T he o pen a nd c l o sed ,m e ta la nd s t one l i ne f r ee ri s ar e la t ive ly c ommon a r t i f ac ti n Med i t e r ranean w a te r s .D a ted e xamp le sb e long t ot h eH e l len i s t i ca nd R epubl i can R oman p e r iod ,b u tm any mo r eh ave b e en r e cove r ed w i thou tc on t ex t . T he r e levan tb i bl iog raphy i sc o l le c ted i nP u lak a nd T own s end 1 987 : 3 9 -40 ;s e e a l so F oe r s te rL au r e s 1 985b , S imo s s i 1 991 : 2 85 , 2 91 , n o . 1 0( S amo sh a rbou r ) . C h rono logy : R oman? M29 . L ead b r a i l ing r i ng . A rea G : s a nd f i l lb e low s ou th w e s tc o rne ro fb lo ck .I n ta c t ;s l igh t ly b en t ;s u r f a ce w o rn a ts e ve ra lp o in t s . D0 . 091 ;T h0 . 005 -0 .007 .P l . 1 0 . O ne f a ce o ft h er i ng i ss l igh t ly f l a t t ened a s ar e su l t o fm anuf a c tu re i na no pen -f a ce mou ld .A pp rox ima te ly o ne th i rd o ft h e c i rcum f e rence o ft h e r i ng i ss l igh t ly t h inne rt h an t h er e s t ,p robab ly a s ar e su l to fw ea rf r om t h el o op a t tach ing i tt ot h es a i lo rt h eb r a i l ing r op et h a t p a s sed t h rough i t . P a ra l le l s : L ead b ra i l ing r i ng s w e r ei nu s e i nl a rge n umbe r so n mo s ta nc ien ts a il ing s h ip sf r om a tl e a s tt h e l a t e f o u r th c en tu ry B .C . O ve r 1 00 w e r ef ound o n t h e K y r en ia w reck ( Sw iny & K a tzev 1 973 :3 51 ) .R ing so f l e ad , w ood , o rr ope a pp rox ima t e ly 0 . 05 t o0 . 10 m i n d i ame te r w e r e s ewn i nv e r t ica l r ow s a l ong t h e f r on t

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s u r f a ce o f as a i lt oh o ld i np l ace t h el i ne su s ed t or a i se , l owe r , a nd s hap e i t( Ca s son 1 986 : 2 34 , 2 43 -44 , 2 59 , 2 6 1 ,2 63 ) .T he l e ad r i ng sh ave s u rv ived i nl a rge n um b e r si nw reck s ,h a rbou r s ,a nd a ncho rage s ,b u tn oo bv i o u sc h rono log ica ld eve lopmen th a sy e tb een i d en t if i ed . F o re xamp le s ,G ianf ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 2 87 ;B eno i t 1 952 : 2 74 ; 1 96 1 : 1 78 -79 ; Moucho t 1 970b : 3 11 -13 ; F io r i &J onche ray 1 973 :8 8 -89 .T he C ae sa rea e xamp le i se s sen t ia l ly u nda tab le ,b u ti ti smo s tl i ke ly R oman o r B yzan t ine i nd a t e .C f . P b14 -Pb23 ,p p . 1 69 ,2 10 -11 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine? M30 . L ead s ound ing w e igh t . A r ea N : s u r f a ce r ubb le . I n ta c t ;e nc ru s t ed w i th m a r ine o rgan i sm s . H0 . 12 ;l owe r D0 . 105 ; t a l low c up ,0 . 02 d eep ;p e r fo ra t ion , D0 . 025 . W t4 . 9k g .F ig .2 3 . C one shaped l e ad s ound ing w e igh t w i th a t h ick , s qua r e l u gp e r fo ra t ed f o rs u spen s ion . T he re i s ad e ep t a l low -cup i nt h eb a se ,m a rked w i th f ou rh eavy s ep ta w a l l ss p r ing ing f r om ac en t ra lb o s s . P a ra l le l s : H a i f a Ma r i t ime Mu seum s t o re room ,n o . 1 75 -T ( f ound o f fP a lmach im ) ; B eno i t 1 96 1 : 1 79 -80 , f i g . 9 5 ( C ro s -d e -Cagne s ) , p .1 79 , p l . 3 1 .17 ( Souque t w r eck ;s e cond c en tu ry A .C . ) ;F o e r s t e r &P a scua l1 970 : 2 85 , f i g . 8( Sa N au P e rduda w reck ; 1 00 -50 B .C . ) ; G ibb in s &P a rke r 1 986 : 2 99 -30 1 , f i g . 3 0 ( P lenun i r io w r eck ;2 00 A .C . ) .F o r af ul d i scu s s ion o ft h i st y pe o f a r t i f ac ts e eO le son 1 988 a nd 1 994 . B ib l iog r aphy :O le son 1 988 : 3 8 ,n o . 3 . C h rono logy : R oman .

I I .B .6 .M i sce l laneou sO b j ec t s . N one o ft h e se o b jec t s i sd i s t inc t ive ly n au t ica l i n c ha rac te r , w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o ft h ec oppe rn a i l s( M37 - M39 ,u n s t ra t if ied ; M55 M58 ,D epo s i t2 ; M75 - M77 ,D epo s i t3 )a nd l e ad s h ee t ing ( M41 - M43 , u n s t ra t i f ied ) . T he u se o fc oppe r f o r t h e n a i l s s ugge s t st h a tt h ey w e r ei n tend ed f o rs h ip -bu i ld ing , w h i ch r e qu i r ed f a s tene r sr e s i s tan tt oc o r ro s ion .I nS ec t ion V I .F .4 t h e r ei sal o ng d i scu s s ion o fi r on a nd c oppe rn a i l sf ound w i th t h e S h ip i nA r ea Y . Wh i le mo s to ft h en a i l s f o und i nt h e h a rbou rb a s in p robab ly w e r el o s to rd i sca rd ed i ni s o la t ion , s om e may h ave b een c a r r ied t ot h eb o t tom i n co rpo ra t ed i n w ood t h a tl a te rw a sc on sumed b yw o rm so rb roken u pb yt h e a c t ion o ft h ew ave s .A l lt h ee xamp le sa r ev i r tua l ly i d en t ica l i nd e s ign . Mo s to ft h ea r t if a c t sp robab ly r e p r e sen tr u bb i sh d i sca rded h aphaza rd ly i nt h eh a rbou r , o rm a t e r ia lt h a th a s g r av i ta ted i n to t h e h a rbou rb a s in a f t e rb e ing e r oded f r om s t ra ta o r s t ruc tu r e s a l ong t h e s ho r e . I n as en se , M44 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , al e ad s e t t ing f o r al a rge i r on C -c lamp ,s t em s f r om as e a led s t ra tum s i nce i tw a s f o und i ni t s o r ig ina l p o s i t ion o no n eo ft h eg r ea tk u rka rb l ock sa tt h eh ead o ft h e N o r ther n B reakwa t e r , i n A rea D . T he se b l ock s s hou ld b e long t ot h eH e rod ian c on s t ruc t ion p e r iod . N eve r the le s s , t h ec l amp i sc a ta logued h e re a su n s t ra t i f ied ,s i nce t h eb l ock h a sf a l len f r om p o s i t ion ,a nd t h ec h rono logy o ft h es e t t ing c anno t b e v e r if ied . T he o t he r t h ree l e ad c l amp s e t t ing s ( M45 -47 ,u n s t ra t if ied )w e r ef ound l o o se i nt h es a nd o ft h e h a rbou r b a s in . T he s t ee lya rd ( M35 , u n s t ra t if ied ) a nd t h e s t ee lya rd w e igh t s ( M36 , u n s t ra t if ied ; M85 , D epo s i t 4 ) ,

C hap t er I I : U n s t ra t if i ed N on -C e ram ic F ind s h oweve r , a r e a r t i f ac t sa pp rop r ia t et ot h e s ma l l sca le c om m e rc ia l t r ansa c t ion s t h a t mu s t h ave t a ken p l ac e o n s h ip b oa rd o ra l ong t h eq uay s ,a nd t h ef o ld ing t a b le f o und n ea r t h e S h ipw r eck ( M34 , u n s t ra t if ied ) i so f at y p ica l ly I t a l ian t y pe a nd m ay r e p re sen tp a r to ft h eo r ig ina lc a rgo o rf u rn i sh i n g s . T he b ronze r i ng ( M53 , D epo s i t2 )m ay h ave b een a f i t t ing f o re i the rh a rne s s° T r igg ing ,w h i le t h eb ronze a r yba l lo s ( M54 ,D epo s i t2 )a nd l e ad p i tche r( M84 ,D epo s i t4 ) ,r e p r e s e n tc on ta ine r si nc ommon ,e ve ryday u s e . M31 . B ronze h and le .A rea D :s a nd f i l li nh a rbou rc hanne l . V e s se ll o s t ;s u r f a ce b ad ly c o r roded ( c leaned ) .H and le , L0 . 11 ; max .W 0 . 0 15 ;v e s se la t ta chmen t ,W 0 . 09 . Ab ronz e r od h and le f o r ap i t che r o ro t he r s ma l l v e s se l .T he h and le i smou lded w i th t wo g r oove sf r am i n g ac en t ra lk nob a nd t a pe r st ob u t ton l ik et e rm ina t ion s a te i the re nd . S ho r ts t ru t sp e rpend icu la rt ot h eh and le c onnec ted i tw i th n a r row b ronz es t r ip sc u rved t of i tt h e s hape o ft h ev e s se la nd a t ta ched t oi tw i th s o lde r .O n ly t h e u ppe r o ft h e t wo a t tachmen t s t r ip s h a s b een p r e s e rved . C h rono logy :U nde t e rm ined . M32 . B ronze c o sme t ic i n s t rumen t . A rea D : s a nd f i l l i n h a rbou r c hanne l . I n tac t ; s u r f ace s l igh t ly c o r roded ( c leaned ) . L0 . 138 ;s pa tu la , L0 . 02 ,W 0 . 008 .F i g .2 2 . B ronze c o sme t ic i n s t rumen tw i th mou lded b u t ton t e rm ina t ion ,t a pe r ing s ha f t( h exagona li ns e c t ion ) ,a nd l o ng ,n a r row s pa tu la . P a ra l le l s :T h i st y pe o fd i ppe rw i th s poon shap ed o r s pa tu la te t e rm ina t ion w a s i nv e ry c ommon u s ei nt h e R oman w o r ld f o r d i sp en s ing c o sme t ic a nd m ed ica l s ub s tanc e s :s e eD eonna 1 938 :2 2 1 -22 ,p l .7 4 . At o o lo f t h es ame b a s ic s hap ew a sf o und a tS ama r ia i n at omb o f t h es e cond o rt h i rd c en tu r ie s :C rowfoo t1 957 :4 37 ,n o . C 905 , f i g . 1 0 1a . C h rono logy :L a te R oman . M33 . B ron ze h and le . A rea Z ( s po rad ic ) : s ha l low w a t e r s ou th o f mode rn N o r th B r eakwa te r . V e s se l m i s s ing ; s u r f a ce b ad ly c o r roded . L0 . 19 ; max .W 0 . 11 .F ig .2 3 . C u rved b ronze h and le f o r ap i tche ro ro t he rw id e b od ied v e s se l u sed f o r p ou r ing . T he s o l id , s l igh t ly s qua red h and le r i se s v e r t ica l ly f r om t h e o va l l owe r a t ta chmen tp l a te t h en b end s b a ck d own i n as moo th s em ic i rc le t o as ma l le ru ppe ra t ta chmen tp l a te . T he re i s as im i la rh and le o n aR oman o eno cho ei n C om s tock a nd V enneu le 1 971 : 32 ,n o .4 68 . C h rono logy : R oman? M34 . B ronze f o ld ing t a b le . A rea Y : S h ipw reck , s u r f a ce s and . B roken , i n comp le t e :p o r t ion so f 3l e g s , 2c r o s s s t ru t s ;s u r f a ce b ad ly c o r roded .L eg n o . 1 :L0 . 85 ( c om p l e te? ) ;f oo t ,W 0 . 0 13 ,T h0 . 006 . ;b u s t , H0 . 085 ;h ook , L0 . 024 .L eg n o . 2 : MPL 0 . 725 ; b u s t , H0 . 082 ; s t ru t , MPL 0 . 315 .L eg n o .3 :MPL 0 . 60 ;l u gf o ra t tachmen to f b u s t , W 0 . 0 1 ,T h0 . 009 ; s t ru t , L0 . 635 ( c omp le t e ) , W 0 . 0 16 , T h 0 . 005 . L eg n o . 3w a s f o und i n1 981 i nt h e c ou r se o f as u rvey c a r r ied o u tb yS . Wa ch smann a nd K . R aveh o ft h eD ep a r tmen to fA n t iqu i t i e sa nd Mu s eum s ;

i ti si n c luded h e r e b y t h e i r p e rm i s s ion . I n 1 985 t h i s p i e ce o ft h et a b le w a si ns t o rage a tt h eh eadqua r t e r so f t h e U nde rwa te r A rcha eo log ica l B u r eau i n K ibbu t z N ah sho l im ;c a t .n o . CAE M11 . P l . 1 . F o ld ing b ronz et r ipod t a b l e .E ach l e gc on s i s t so fa l o ng , t a pe r ing b a r , r e c tangu la ri ns e c t ion ,t e rm ina t ing a bove i n ab u s ta nd b e low i n af l a t , r e c tangu la rf oo t . A l though b ad ly c o r roded ,t h eb u s t ss e em t oh ave r e p r e s e n ted l o ng -ha i r ed ma le s , p robab ly B a cchu so rs ome o t he rD iony s iac f i gu re s . Ab r acke tp ro jec t ed f r om t h e b a ck o fe a ch ,d e s igned t os uppo r t ar emovab l et a b le t o p . L eg n o . 3r e vea l st h a tt h eb u s t sw e r ec a s ts e pa ra t e ly a nd s o lde r ed t ot h ick l u g s t h a t f i ti n s ide s o cke t s i nt h e i r b a se s .E a ch l e gc an ied aV shaped l u g0 . 19 m b e low t h e b u s t ,t h ea rm so pen ing t owa rd t h ei n s ide o ft h et a b le . T he u pp e re nd o f ac r o s s s t r u tw a sf a s tened t ot h eo u te r f a ce o fe ach am io ft h e se l u g sb ym ean so f ar i ve tt h a t a l lowed t h es t ru tt op i vo tf r ee ly .T he l owe re nd o fe a ch s t ru tw a sa t tached b ym ean so f as im i la rV shaped p i vo t j o in tt oas t ou ts qua r eb racke tt h a tf i tl o o se ly a r ound t h e a d jo in ing l e ga nd w a sd e s igned t os l ide f r e e ly u pa nd d own i t sl owe rt h i rd . Whe r ep a i r so ft h e se s t ru t sc r o s sed , t h e i r s h a f t s w idened s l igh t ly a nd w e r e a t ta ched i na s c i s so r sj o in tb ym ean so f ar i ve tp a s s ing t h rough b o th . T h i sm e thod o fa t tachmen tm ad ei tp o s s ib le t of o ld u p t h e t a b le f o r s t o rage o r t r an spo r t b y r emov ing t h e c i r cu la rt a b le s u r f ace a nd p u sh ing a l lt h r ee l e g st owa rd t h ec en t re :a st h el e g sd r ew t o ge the r ,t h es c i s so r sj o in t s w ou ld c omp r e s sa nd t h es l id ing l u g sd e scend . P a ra l le l s :T he b e s td i scu s s ion o ft h i st y p eo fR oman t a b le a ppea r s i n Wu i l leum ie r 1 928 , b u t s e e a l so S chwendemann 1 92 1 .O ve r 1 00 e xamp le sa r ek nown f r om t h roughou tt h e Med i te r ranean w o r ld a nd E u rope . O ft h e2 8i n Wu i l leunnee sc a ta logue ,h oweve r , 1 0a r e f r om P ompe i io rt h eN ap le sa r ea ,s ot h eo r ig ina lw o rk s hop m ay h ave b een l o ca ted i nc en t ra lI t a ly ,a nd i tw a s a c t ive b ya tl e a s tt h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C .F o rP ompe ian e xamp le s , s e e O ve rbeck & Mau 1 884 : 4 29 -30 , f i g . 2 30B ;T a rbe l l1 909 : 1 03 -104 ,p l .4 5 -46 ;R ich t e r1 966 : 11 , f i g . 5 63 . T he b u s t s u sua l ly r e p re sen tD iony s ia c f i gu r e s —Bacchu s ,P r iapus ,P an ,s a ty r s ,a nd m a enad s— b u tp an the r , g oa t , a nd l i on p ro tome s ,t h eu r aeu s ,g r i f f i n s ,T r i ton s ,a nd N e re id sa pp ea ra sw e l l .S ome o ft h e t a b le s h ave 4l e g s i n s t ead o f3 ,b u ta l l r e p roduce t h e a r rangemen to ff i xed u ppe rl u g s ,s c i s so r s jo in ted s t ru t s , a nd s l id ing l owe rl u g s .T he e xamp le c l o se s ti nd e s ign a nd d eco ra t ion t ot h eC ae sa r ea t a b le i si nt h eL ouv r e : D eR idd e r1 915 :9 9 100 ,n o .2 577 ,p l .9 3( f rom L yaud ) ; s e ea l so n o s .2 576 ,2 578 .N ume rou sv e ry s im i la rt a b le s h ave b een f o und i nE gyp ta nd N ub ia :E dga r1 904 :4 8 4 9 ,n o s .2 7 .817 -18 ,p l . 1 3 ; Eme ry & K i rwan 1 938 :v o l . I ,p p . 3 50 -51 , n o s . B .80 -75 , 3 24 , p l . 9 0 . H il 1 951 d e sc r ibe s ag roup o ff o ld ing t r ipod t a b le sw i th c onvo l u t ed l e g st h a ti ss i gn if ican t ly l a te ri nd a te ( t h i rd c en t u ry ) . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? M35 . B ron ze s t e e lya rd . A rea Z ( s po rad ic ) : s u r f a ce o f N o r the rn B reakwa te r a t 7 0 m m a rk o f G eo log ica l S u rvey L ine . B roken , i n comp le te ; s u spen s ion c ha in s

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AB : Me ta lO b jec t s a nd h ook s ,p an ,a nd s l id ing c oun te rwe igh tl o s t ;s u r f a ce c o r roded . L0 . 235 ;T h0 . 005 ;b a l lt e rm ina t ion , D0 . 0 13 . F ig .2 2 . S t ee lya rd .O n ly t h es ma l lc omb ina t ion f u lc rum b a r a nd b eam s c a le h a ss u rv ived .T he s ho r t ,f l a tf u lc rum b a r w a sc a s ti no ne p i ece w i th t h el o ng ,t a pe r ing b eam s c a le , l o zenge shaped i ns e c t ion . Ar i ng h a sb een c a s ti n to o ne e nd o f t h e f u lc rum b a r f o r a t ta chmen t o f t h e c ha in s h o ld ing t h e w e igh ing p an . As e cond r i ng p r o jec t ing f r om t h ea d ja cen tl owe rs u r f a ce w a si n tended f o rc ha in s c a r ry ing ah ook ,w h i le t h es u spen s ion r i ng s e r v ing a sa f u lc rum p ro jec t sf r om t h eu ppe rs u r f ac e ,n ea rt h ej unc t i on w i th t h e b eam s c a le . T he t a pe r ing b eam s c a le t e rm ina t e s i n ar ound b u t ton i n t ended t op r even t t h e c oun t e rwe igh ts u spen s ion r i ng a nd i n d ex f r om s l id ing o f f .A ny s c a le m a rk so r ig ina l ly e ng raved o nt h eb eam h ave b een l o s tt oc o r ro s ion . P a ra l le l s :T h i st y p eo fs mal ,p o r tab le b eam b a lance o rs t ee lya rd i sac ommon t y pe o fa r t i f ac tt h roughou tt h e Med i te r r anean d u r ing t h eR oman i mpe r ia lp e r iod ; f o r g ene ra ld i scu s s ion sa nd b i bl iog raphy ,s e eD eonna 1 938 : 1 40 -41 , D av id son 1 952 : 2 14 -16 , a nd C havane 1 975 : 4 2 -43 .D ev ice so ft h i st y pe w ou ld h ave b een f o und i n mo s t s hop s , a nd w ou ld h ave b een c a r r ied b y s h ip s e ngaged i ns ma l l sca le c oa s t ing t r ade . P a rke r( 1 992a : 3 0 , 1 80 , 1 97 , 2 12 , 3 19 , 3 79 ) c i te s 1 4 e xamp le s f r om R oman s h ipw r eck s . A s ma l l b ronze s t ee lya rd a nd w e igh t , v e ry c l o se t ot h eC ae sa r ea e xamp le i nd e s ign a nd d imen s ion s , w a s f ound o n t h e l a t e f i r s t -cen tu ry B .C . V a l le P on t i w r eck ( Be r t i 1 986 : 3 1 , f i g . 3 9 ) . A n o t he re xamp le w a sf o und o nt h ee a r ly s e ven th c en tu ry w re ck a tY a s s iA da :B a s s &v an D oo rn inck 1 982 :2 19 , B 2 , f i g . 1 0 -20 . Am uch l a rge r b ronze s t ee lya rd w a s r e cove red f r om aB yzan t ine s h ipw r eck a tn e ighbo r ing D o r( Raveh & K ing s ley 1 991 :2 03 ) .B e s ide st h eV a l le P on t i s p ec imen , t h ee xamp le sc l o se s tt ot h eC a e sa r ea s t ee lya rd i nd e s ign a nd d imen s ion sa l lo r ig ina t e f r om P ompe i i , H e rcu laneum , a nd B o sco rea le : s e e M ichon 1 904 : 1 228 ,f i g .4 478 -79 ;O ve rbe ck & Mau 1 884 :4 47 4 8 ,f i g .2 45 ;T a rbel 1 909 :1 39 -40 ,p l .1 08 -9 ;D eR idde r 1 915 : 1 60 ,n o .3 256 ,p l . 14 ;R ich te r 1 956 :4 0 -42 ,n o . 2 2 ,p l . 1 6B ; Wa rd -Pe rk in s &C la r idge 1 978 : 1 95 -96 , n o . 2 34 . T he r e i s as t ee lya rd o f v i r tualy i d en t ica l d imen s ion sb u t as l igh t ly d i f f e r en td e s ign i nt h eC a i ro Mu seum : We iga l l1 908 :6 3 ,p l .9 .T he c oncen t ra t ion o f c l o se p a ra l le l si nt h eB ay o fN ap le sr e g ion s ugge s t sa c en t ra lI t a l ian o r ig in a nd f i r s tc en tu ry d a te . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? M36 . L ead s t ee lya rd c oun te rwe igh t . A rea H2: s a nd a nd g r ave ll a ye r0 . 50 m b e low s u r f a ce .S u r f ac ev e ry b ad ly c o r roded ; s u spen s ion r i ng l o s t . H0 . 08 ; W 0 . 05 . W t 4 03 .5 g .P l . 1 . Ac oun te rwe igh tf o r ab eam b a lanc e ,i nt h ef o rm o f af ema le s hou lde rb u s t . T he h ead , s u r rounded b y t h e r ema in so f am a s so fh a i r ,i st i pped u pa nd t ot h el e f t , p o i sed o n al o ng ,t h in n eck .T he m a t e r ia li sl e ad ,b u tt h e c ond i t ion o ft h es u r f a ce a nd t h ec ha r ac t e ro ft h ep a ra l le l i nB o s ton , s ugge s t s t h a t i tmay o r ig ina l ly h ave b e en c l ad i nb ronze ( c f . M85 , D epo s i t4 ) . T he f i gu r em ay h ave b een A thena , o r— in t h e a b sence o f ah e lme t—

T yche o rN ike . P a ra l le l s : E l io t 1 976 p rov ide s al i s t o f 7A thena c oun t e rwe igh t s o ft h e B yzan t ine p e r iod , b u t t h ey a l a ppea rt ol o ok s t ra igh ta head . T he N ike i nC om s tock a nd V e rmeu le 1 971 : 4 39 n o . 6 43 l o ok s u pa nd t ot h e l e f t ,a nd t h eb ack o ft h eb ronze b u s ti sf i l led w i th l e ad . A no the rw a sf o und i n aR oman w re ck o fA .D .2 00 o f f G rado ( Pa rk e r 1 992a : 1 97 ) . T he r ea r e f u r the rR oman p a ra l le l s i nt h e L ouv r e : D e R idde r 1 915 : 1 62 -63 , p l . 15 ,n o s . 3 278 ,3 284 -85 , 3 298 . C h rono logy : s e cond o rt h i rd c en tu ry . M37 . C opp e rn a i l .A r ea D :r ubb le f i l li nh a rbou re n t rance c hanne l .I n ta c t ;s u r f ac ep i t ted . L0 . 078 ;h ead , D0 . 0 15 , T h0 . 007 ;s ha f t ,0 . 006 s q .a th ead .P l . 1 2 . C oppe rn a i lw i th at h ick ,s t rong ly t a pe r ing , s qua r e s haf ta nd af a ce t ed c on ica lh ead . P a ra l le l s : s e e E i seman & R idgway 1 987 : 1 3 -16 , f i g s . 2 -6 , 2 7 , 4 15 -385 B .C . ; B eno i t 1 96 1 : 1 89 -93 , s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ;F io r i &J onche ray 1 973 :8 1 , p l . 3 ,f i r s tc en tu ry ;F i t zge ra ld , S ec t ion V I .B . 4 ,b e low , l a te IB .C . N a i l so ft h i s t y pe a r ev e ry c ommon i nt h e m ixed d epo s i t so fa nc ien ta r t if a c t sf ound i nt h es ha l low w a t e rj u s to ft h ec oa s t l ine s ou th o fH a i f a .F o re xam p l e s ,s e eR aban 1 969 /71 : 6 4 ,p l . 1 2 . C h rono logy : R oman . M38 . C opp e rn a i l .A rea F :r ubb le n o r th o fp l a t fo rm e dge . I n tac t ,b en t ;s u r f a ce c o r roded . L0 . 084 ;h ead , D0 . 0 13 , T h0 . 004 ;s ha f t ,0 . 007 s q .a th ead .P l . 1 2 . C oppe r n a i l w i th a t a pe r ing s qua r e s ha f t a nd a s l igh t ly f l a t t ened h em i sphe r ica lh ead . P a r a l le l s : s e e M37 . C h rono logy : R oman . M39 . C oppe rs p ike .A r ea G :g r ave lf i la ts ou thwe s tc o r n e ro fb l ock .B roken ,p o in tm i s s ing ;s u r f ace c o r roded . MPL 0 . 14 ;h ead , D0 . 035 ,T h0 . 004 ;s ha f t ,0 . 009 s q .a t h ead .P l . 1 2 . C opp e rs p ike w i th al o ng ,t a pe r ing s qua re s ha f ta nd ah eavy ,r o und ,f l a th ead . P a ra l le l s : A l though s p ike s o f t h i s s i ze h ave b een f o und a s so c ia ted w i th R oman s h ip s( s ee B eno i t 1 961 : 1 90 ) , i tm ay n o t b e c o inc idence t h a t t h i s s p ik e— the l a rge s tr e cove red i nt h eh a rbou r —wa s f ound i na s so c i a t ion w i th t h ec onc r e te b l o ck i nA rea G .I tm ay h ave b e en u s ed i nc on s t ruc t ion o ft h ew ooden f o rmwo rk i n to w h ich t h ec onc re t ew a sp ou r ed . C h rono logy : R oman . M40 . L ead c y l inde r .A rea D :s a nd f i li nh a rbou rc hanne l . I n ta c t ;s u r f a ce d en t ed . D0 . 055 ; H0 . 034 . P l . 1 2 . As ho r t , h o l low l e ad c y l inde r w i th c oncave e nd s , m anuf a c tu r ed f r om t h in l e ad s hee t ing . T he c i r cu la r o u te r e dge s o f t h e t wo e nd p ane l s m ee t t h e o u t s ide e dge so ft h ec y l inde ra t af o lded j o in t . At h ick m ed ia l s e am a l ong t h eo u t s ide o ft h ec y l inde rw a l li ss l igh t ly r a i sed a nd s how sd i s t inc tr ema in so fs o lde r . When t h e a r t if ac ti ss h aken , l i qu id c an b eh ea rd g u rg l ing i n s ide . T he r ea r en op e r fo ra t ion si nt h ew a l l ,b u t af ew s e c t ion s o f t h e s o lde r ed j o i n t a ppea r s pongy a nd m ay h ave

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C hap te rI I : U n s tra t if i ed N on -C eram ic F ind s a l lowed w a te rt op a s si n to t h ei n t e r io rs i nce m anu f a c t u re .T he f unc t ion o ft h i sa r t i f a c tr ema in so b scu r e .I ti s t o oh eavy t of l oa t , a nd t h ee x ter io r , a l though d en t ed , s how sn oo bv iou ss i gn so fw ea r . C h rono logy : R oman? M41 . L ead s hee t . A r ea R : g r ave l b e low r ubb le . I n ta c t ; f o lded ;s u r f ac ec o r roded . D0 . 2 1 ;T h0 . 22 . Ac i r cu la rl e ad s hee t . T he r ea r en op e r fo ra t ion so r m a rk so fw ea ro rm anuf ac tu r eo t he rt h an t h r e e s ho r t , d eep c u t sn ea ro ne e dge . P a ra l le l s : T he a r t i f a c t i st o o u nd i s t ingu i shed i n c ha ra c te r t or e vea l i t so r ig ina l a ppl ica t ion . I nt h ea b s enc eo f ah and le ,i tw ou ld h ave m ad ea na wkwa rd l i d . T he h a rbou r c on t ex t s ugge s t s t h a t i tm ay h ave b e en i n tended a s ap a t ch f o rt h el e ad s h ea th ing o f ah u l lb u t w a sl o s tb e fo re i tc ou ld b en a i led i n to p l ace . C h rono logy : R oman?

M45 . L ead s e t t ing f o ri r on c l amp .A r ea F :r ubb le f i ln o r th o fp l a t f o rm .B roken ,i n comp le t e ,i n c ru s ted b yt h es e a . L0 . 14 ;W 0 . 05 ; H0 . 075 . P l . 1 3 . T he l e ad p r e ser v e st h ef o rm o fo ne e nd o f al o ng C c l amp .T he b a rw a sW 0 . 03 xT h0 . 02 ,a nd t h ec l amp ing e nd w a sa tl e a s t L0 . 07 . S i nce t h i s c l amp s e t t ing a nd M46 w e r ef o und s ome d i s tanc ea way f r om A r ea D ,t h ey m ay h ave s e rved t oc l amp b l o ck sf o rm ing t h es upe r s t ruc tu r eo ft h eS ou the r nB r eakwa t e r( c f . M49 ) . P a ra l le l s :F o rd e s ign ,f u nc t ion ,a nd c h rono logy ,s e e M44 . C h rono logy : H e rod ian? M46 . L ead s e t t ing f o ri r on c l amp .A r ea F :r ubb le f i l ln o r th o fp l a t fo rm .B roken ,i n comp le te ,i n c ru s ted b yt h es e a . L0 . 24 ;W 0 . 06 ; H0 . 07 . P l . 1 3 . T he l e ad s e t t ing p r e se rve s t h e f o rm o ft h ec en t ra l p o r t ion o f al a rge i r on C -c lamp : MPL 0 . 23 ;W 0 . 0 3 ;T h 0 . 02 . P a ra l le l s :F o rd e s ign ,f u nc t ion ,a nd c h rono logy ,s e e M44 . C h rono logy : H e rod ian?

M42 . L ead s hee t ing .A r ea H2: r ubb le l a ye r .B en ta nd t o rn , o ne c o rne rl o s t ;s u r f a ce c o r roded . L0 . 095 ; MPW 0 . 09 ; T h0 . 002 . As qua re p i ece o fl e ad s h ee t ing . T he s u r f a ce d o e s n o tp r e se rve a ny t r a ce so fu se o rt h ep roce s so fm anu f a c tu r e . P a ra l le l s : s e e M41 . C h rono logy : R oman?

M47 . L ead s e t t ing f o ri r on c l amp .F ound l o o se i nt h es a nd b y t h e s ou th f a ce o ft h e mod er nb r eakwa te r . I n com p l e te ,w o r na nd i n c ru s t ed b yt h es e a . L0 . 13 ;W 0 . 09 ;T h 0 . 055 .P l . 1 3 . T he s e t t ing p r e se rve st h ei mp r in to f al a rge ,i r on C c l amp w i th d own tu rned e nd s : MPL 0 . 13 ;W 0 . 03 ;T h 0 . 025 . P a ra l le l s :F o rd e s ign ,f unc t ion ,a nd c h rono logy ,s e e M44 . C h rono logy : H e rod ian?

M43 . L ead s h ee t ing . A r ea H2: r ubb le . I n comp le t e ; b en t a nd t o rn ;s u r f ace c o r roded . MPL 0 . 15 ; MPW 0 . 08 ;T h 0 . 02 . Af r agmen to fl e ad s h ee t ing .C lo se t ot h eo ne o r ig i n a l ,s t ra igh te dge t h e r ea r et wo r ow so ff o u rn a i lh o le s e a ch ; t h er ow sa r ep a rale lb u tt h en a i l sa r e s pa ced a t u neven i n te rva l s . P a ra l le l s : T h i sf r agmen to fl e ad s h ee tm ay c on s t i t u te o ne e dge o ft h eh ul s h ea th ing o f as h ip ,o rp o s s ib ly p a r to f ap a tch f o rs uch s h ea th ing .E xamp le so ft h i st y pe o f p a tch w e re f o und a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e P o r t ice l lo s h ipw r eck s i t e( E i seman & R idgway 1 987 : 1 6 ,f i g s .2 8 ,2 9 ) . C h rono logy : R oman? M44 . L ead s e t t ing f o ri r on c l amp .F ound s t il s e ti nl a rge c onc re te b l ock s a tw e s te nd o fN o r ther n B reakwa t e r ( A rea D ) .I n comp le te ,w o rn a nd i n c ru s t ed b yt h es e a .L 0 . 13 ; H0 . 085 ;W 0 . 095 .P l . 1 3 . T he l e ad w a sp ou r ed a r ound o ne e nd o f al a rge i r on C -c lamp t h a t h e lped h o ld i np o s i t ion t h e e no rmou s k u rka rb lock sa tt h eh ead o ft h eN o r ther nB r eakwa t e r . T he c l amp l e f t ac av i ty W 0 . 055 , 0 . 035 d eep a s i t c o r roded a way . T he o t he r l e ad s e t t ing s c a ta logued b e low ( M45 , M46 , M47 ,c f . M48 , M49 )s how t h a tt h e c l amp st h em se lve sw e r em ade o ft h ick ,f l a ti r on b a r s( L > 0 .13 ; W 0 . 03 -0 .055 ; T h 0 . 02 -0 .035 ) w i th a s ho r t , b l un tp ro jec t ion ( L> 0 .025 )a te i the re nd .B ecau se o fi t s l o ca t ion ,i ts e em sl i ke ly t h a tt h i s( a nd t h eo t he rc l amp s e t t ing ss t i l lv i s ib le i np o s i t ion )b e long t ot h eo r ig ina l c on s t ruc t ion p e r iod o ft h eh a rbou r . C h rono logy : H e rod ian? [ R .L .V . ,J . P .0 . ]

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M48 . L ead s c rap . A r ea D : s a nd f i l l i nh a rbou re n t ran ce c hanne l .I n tac t ;b en t ;s u r f a ce s l igh t ly c o r roded . L0 . 14 ; W 0 . 04 ;T h0 . 03 .W t1 . 965 k g . A n i regu la r p i ece o f l e ad , t h e s u r f ace o f w h ich i n co rpo ra te s as ma l ll ump o fk u rka r .T he m e ta ls e em s t ob et h es p il o rt h et r imm ing f r om ap ou ro fl e ad u sed t of a s ten t h el a rge i r on c l amp si n to t h eb l ock sf o rm ing t h eh ead o ft h eN o r the rn B r eakwa t e r ( s ee M44 ) . T he s ma l lf r agm en to fk u rka ri n co rpo ra t ed i nt h ep ou rs t em s f r om o ne o ft h e se b l ock s . P a ra l le l s : s e e M44 , M49 . C h rono logy : H e rod ian? M49 . L ead c l ipp ing sa nd p udd le s .A rea F :r u bb le n o r th o f p l a t fo rm , b e low b l ock s . I n tac t ; s u r f ace s s l igh t ly c o r r oded .I r r egu l a rs hape s : L0 . 03 t o0 . 09 ;W0 . 02 t o0 . 04 ; T h0 . 0 1 t o0 . 03 .C o l lec t ive w e igh t : 0 . 845 k g . M iscelaneou s l e ad c l ipp ing s a nd p udd le s , mo s t l i ke ly t h e t r imm ing sa nd t h e s p il a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s e t t ing o f i r on c l amp s i n k u rka r b l ock s d u r ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h eH e rod ian h a rbou r , p o s s ib ly a l ong t h eS ou the rn B r eakwa te r . P a ra l le l s : s e e M44 , M48 .

MC : C o in s I I .C . C o ins . [ R .L . 1-1 . ] II .C .1 . I n troduc t ion . I nt h ec ou r se o f CAHEP 's e xca v a t ion s f r om 1 978 -1984 , h und red s o f b ronze o r c oppe r c o in sa nd c o in f r agmen t sw e re f ound i np ra c t ica l ly a l la r ea s o fe xcava t ion .W i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h ef i nd sd i scove red i n A rea HI,ad epo s i tw h ich s eem st oh ave b een as ma l ls a i lo r 's p u r se ( s ee b e low ) ,a l lt h ec o ins w e re r e cove red i nd iv idua l ly a nd w e re p robab ly l o s t w h i le i n u se s omewhe re i n t h e h a rbou rp rec inc t . No p r ec iou s me ta li s sue sw e re f ound ,b u t t h is g ap i n CAHEP 's n um i sma t ic r e co rd i sn o tu nexpec t ed . T he a b sence o fg o ld o rs i lve rc hance f i nd si sc ommon i na n

i n te rna t iona la nd l o ca l ma r i t ime t r ade .O ne mu s t ,o fc ou r se , a pp roa ch t h i s s ma l l c o rpu s w i th c au t ion . I ti s at o ta l ly r a ndom a s semb lage a nd c anno tb ea na lyzed a s ac on t ro l led s amp le .E ven s o , i th a ss ome v a lue . E xcava t ion c o ins a r e b o th h i s to r ica l d ocumen t s a nd d a tab le a r t if ac t s .I nt h e i rf i r s tr o le ,t h ey c an p rov ide u n ique i n fo rma t ion t h rough t h e i rf i e ld d e ta i l sa nd i c onog raphy a nd a l so o f e r c l ues t oc u r rency i nc i rcu la t ion a nd p reva il ing e conom ic c ond i t ion sa tt h es i te w he re t h ey w e re d i scove red . A sa r t ifa c t st h a tc a r ry ad ef in i te d a te ,t h ey c an o f ten p rov ide s ome c h rono log ica l b ounda r ie s f o r d a t ing o t he r ma te r ia l c u l tu re d i scove red i na s soc ia t ion w i th t h em .

e xcava t ion c o rpus ,f o rs uch c o in su sua l ly o cca s ioned mo re s t renuou sr e cove ry e f fo r t s f o l low ing t h e i ra cc iden ta l l o s s t h an d id b ronze o rc oppe rc o in s . T he CAHEP c o in f i nd s ,b o th t ho se f r om a r ea so nl a nd ( A rea sI Ia nd J )a nd f r om t h eu nde rwa te re xcava t ion a r ea s ( A rea sD , D3, H , HI,K ,a nd 1 ) ,h ad a l lb een e xpo sed t ot h e r avage s o f ah o s t i le e nv i ronmen t . A s m igh tb e e xpec t ed , w i th o n ly af ew e xcep t ion s t h ey w e r e d i scove red i ne x -

T he c o in sf ound i nt h es ea b y CAHEP h ave b een o fl i t t le v a lue i n t h is r ega rd . T he h a rbou r f l oo r a t C aesa rea i s c ons i s ten t ly t oo d i s tu rbed t op e rm i t t h e p re serva t ion a nd e xcava t ion o fd i s t inc ts t ra ta .S ea led l o c ia r er a re ;s ea led l o c i c on ta in ing c o in sa r ee ven r a re r ,a l though t h ep i ece sd i scov e r ed i nD epo s i t 4 may w e l l q ua l i fy . U n le s s t h e d epo s i t n umbe ri si nd ica ted ,t h ec o in sd i scus sed b e low w e re f ound i nu n s t ra t if ied c on tex t s . T he c o in su ncove red i nA rea sK ,D , D3,a nd H p robab ly

t r eme ly p oo r c ond i t ion . Many o f t h e p i ece s w e re t o ta l ly i leg ib le a nd b a re ly r e cogn izab le a sc o in s . S ome h ad b e en s cou red b yt h es h if t ing s and st ot h ep o in tw he re t h ey w e re f ound w i thou t c o r ro s ion , b u t w i th s h iny s u r face s a lmo s t d evo id o ff i e ld d e ta i l s .T he se c o ins e me rged f r om t h es e aa s i ft h ey h ad b een s oaked i mp rop e r ly i na na c id c l eane r . S co r e so ff i nd sw e re t oo m inuscu le a nd i n s ign if ican tt o w a r ran t c l ean ing a nd w e re s o f r agmen ta ry t h a t a n a c tua l a ccoun t ing w a si mpo ss ib le . Many w e re i ns uch p oo rc ond i t i on t h a t t h ey d id n o t s u rv ive e l ec t ro ly t ic c l ean ing a tt h e Un ive r s i ty o fH a ifa . When t h ey d id ,c r i t ica ld e ta i l s ,s uch a s t h e m in t s i te i nt h e e xe rgue , o f ten w e re m i s s ing o r w e re t o ta l ly i l eg ib le , mak ing a ne xac ti d en t if ica t ion i mpo s s ib le . Twen ty -f ive c o in sw e re a cce s s ioned t h a tc ou ld n o tb ec om -

w e r ed ropped a c c iden ta l ly i n to t h eO u te rB a s in f r om aq uay , moo red s h ip ,o rl o ad ing d ock a nd w e re t h en s wep ta l ong b y c u r ren t sa nd s t o rm su n t i lt h ey l odged i no ra ga ins tt h er ubb le a bu t t ing o ne o ft h eb reakwa te r s o ro the r s t ruc tu re s o ft h e h a rbou rc omp lex .T he c o in sf ound i nA rea Tw e re p robab ly l o s ta l ong t h e c oa s t , e ven tua l ly w a shed t os ea a nd f i na l ly l o dged a ga ins tt h et owe rf ounda t ion .T hus ,u n l ik e as im i la r s it uat ion o n l a nd , t h e a c tua l l o ca t ion o f af i nd w a s n o t n ece ssa r i ly t h ep l ace w he re i tw a sl o s t ,a l though i tmay h ave b een .I ns ome i n s tance s , ac o in may h ave s imp ly s unk i n to t h eo cean f l oo rw he re i tw a sd ropped u n t i li tc ame t or e s to n

p l e te ly i d en t if ied ; t h ree o ft h em ( C81 -D4 -64 , C 82 J4 -85 , C 84 -T4 14 ) p roved t ob e t o ta l ly u n readab le a nd a r e n o t

ah a rd s ub -bo t tom s t ra tum .S ince t h e re i sn ow ay t or ecove r t h e s pec if ic c i rcum s tance so fl o s sf o ra ny g i ven p i ece , t h e f i nd s po to f as i ng le c o in ,u n le s sd i scove red i n as ea led l o cu s ,

c a ta logued h e re . O f t h e r ema in ing 2 2 , 2 1 f r om t h e c o in

c an n eve rb ed ec i s ive .

d epo s i ti nD epo s i t 4c ou ld b ea s s igned a pp rox ima te d a te s ; t h ey a r el i s ted w i th t h ec a ta logued c o in si nt h a ts e c t ion .C o in C 84 -H4 -26 ,f ound i nt h es u r face s and i nA rea HI,p robab ly d a te sf r om t h em id t ol a te f our th c en tu ry . Wh i le e xcava t ion c orpora f r om I s rae l is i te sa r eo f ten i n as im i la rs t a te ,n a tu re c an e xac ta ne ven g r ea te rt ol o nm e ta l o b jec t st h a ta r el o s tu np ro tec ted i nt h es e ao ro n ac oa s t l ine

I I .C .2 . Ana l y s i so ft he C o in F ind s .S even ty -s ix o ft h e a pp rox ima te ly 2 00 -300 c o ins a nd c o in f r agmen t s t h a t CAHEP u ncove red f r om 1 978 -1984 c ou ld b ei d en t if i ed i n s ome f a sh ion .A l though t h i sn um isma t ic r eco rd i ss ma l l ,i t a f fo rd ss ome g ene ra la nd e voca t ive i n s igh t si n to t h ee bb a nd f l ow o fl i f e i nt h ec i ty 's h a rbou r s( Hoh lf e lde r 1 984 : 2 68 ) . S ince t h ey a r eo n ly p a r to f al a rge r mo sa ic o fa r chaeo log ica l

t h a th as s h i f ted n ume rous t ime s s i nce C a esa r ea 's f ounda t i on .I nt h a tr ega rd ,i ti sr ema rkab le t h a t CAHEP u ncove red a s many c o ins a si td id . I na n o b l ique w ay , t h e 7 6l e g ib le c o ins may o f f e r at e s t imony t ot h e e no rmous v o lume o f c u r rency t h a t mus th ave d a i ly e xchanged h and s a l ong t h e

a nd l i t e ra ry d a ta ,t h ec o in si nt h em se lve so f f e rn od ef in i t ive a n swe r s t ot h eo pe ra t iona l c h rono logy o ft h i s i n s ta l la t ion , b u tt h ey a r es ugge s t ive o fp a t te rn so fr e la t ive u se .

q uay sa nd p i e r so fC ae sa rea o ve rt h ec en tu r ie si t sh a rbou r f a c i l i t ie sw e re i nu se . T h is c o l lec t ion o ff i nd s ,s ma l la nd i n s ign if ican tb yc om p a r ison t ol a nd e xcava t ions a tC a esa rea o re l sewhe re i na

t ol i gh td u r ing CAHEP 's e xcava t ions . T ha tg ap i sn o tt o o s i gn if i can t , f o re xp lo ra t ion o ft h e No r th H a rbou r , w h ich i s b e l ieved t oh ave b een p a r t o f t h e H e l len i s t ic s e t t lemen t ( Hoh l f e lde r 1 983 : 6 7 ; R aban e ta l . 1 988 : 1 43 -49 , 2 71 -74 ) ,

c i ty o fc ompa rab le i mpo r tance , o f f e r s a n u nd i s t ingu i shed n um i sma t ic r e co rd .T he re a r en os u rp r i se sh e re ( A r ie l1 986 ;

o re x ten s ive i n ve s t iga t ion so ft h eI nne rH a rbou r( Raban e t a l . 1 988 : 1 31-43 , 2 75 -76 ) , h ave n o t y e t b een u nde r taken . F u r the r , f o r a l l t h e l a nd a nd u nde rwa te re xcava t ion s c on -

N oc o ins f r om St r a ton ' sT owe ro rt h eH e rod ian e ra c ame

H oh l f e lde r1 981 , 1 984 ) .T he i mpo r tance o ft h ec orpus l i e s n o ti nt h eu n iquene s so fi t si n d iv idua ls pec imen s ,b u ti ni t s v e ry c ommonp lace c ha rac te r . I ta f fo rd s ag l imp se o f t h e

d uc ted t od a te , H e rod 's c i ty h a s p roven t ob e a n e l u s ive q ua r ry ( Ho lum e ta l . 1 988 : 7 2 -89 ) , b u t s e e L ev ine a nd

mundane c omme rc ia la c t iv i t ie so fC ae sa rea 's h a rbou r sa nd p rov ide sa no the rv i ew o ft h ec u r rency i nc i rcu la t ion i nt h i s

N e tze r 1 986 : 1 49 -77 f o rt h ep o s s ib le d i scove ry o fH e rod 's p a la ce .

p o r td u r ing t h ec en tur ie sC aesa rea s t ood o n ac ro s s road so f

O n ly s even c o in sf r om t h ef i r s tt h ree c en tu r ie so fR oman

7 7

C hap ter I I : U ns tr a t if i ed N on -C eram ic F ind s r u le w e re u ncove red ( N1 -N6 ,u n s t ra t if i ed ;N 76 ,D epo s i t5 ) . Two ( N6 a nd N 76 )w e re f ound o nl a nd i nt h eI n ne rH a rbou r ; o ne o ft h em ( N6 ) w a s d i scove red w he r e i th ad b een l o s t d u r ing t h eB yzan t ine e r aw h i le i nu se a s ap endan t .T he o t he r f i ve w e re f r om v a r iou sl o ca t ion st h roughou tt h eO u t e rB a s in ( A r ea K ,H , Da nd D3) . F ou ro ft h e se u nde rwa te rf i nd s( N1 -N4 )c an b ea s s igned s pec if i cd a te sa nd c on sequen t ly a r ep a r t icu la r ly s i gn if i can t . A l though t h ey a r en og auge o ft h ei mpo r tan tr o le t h eO u t e r B a s in p l ayed i nt h el i f eo fC a esa rea w hen i ts e r ved a sR oman P a l e s t ine 's p r em ie re n t repö t( Ho lum e ta l . 1 988 : 1 07 -154 ; R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 2 83 -90 ) , t h e i rv e ry p r e sen ce a tv a r iou s l o ca t ion si nt h i sh a rbou rs how st h a tt h ef a c i l i ty r ema ined i n s om es o r to fu se t h roughou tt h eR oman e r a .V a r iou ss c ho l a r s ,a ccep t ing a nh ypo the s i sa dvanc ed b yF r i t sch a nd B en D o r( 1 961 )t h a tt h eO u te rB a s in may h ave f a l len i n to d i su se f olow ing e a r thquake d amage i n1 30 ,h ave c on t ended t h a t t h eH e rod ian H a rbou rw a sn o ti ns e rv ice d u r ing t h es e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s( e .g .F oe r s te r1 975 : 1 7 ) .T he d i scove r y o ft h e s er a ndom f md sf r om d i f f e ren te xcava t ion a r ea ss ug g e s t s t h a t t h i s b a s in , t h e m a jo r i n s ta l la t ion o fC a e sa r ea 's m a r i t ime c omp lex , w a s s t i l l f u nc t ion ing d u r ing t h e t wo c en tu r ie sw hen i ta l leged ly h ad f a l len s i len t . T he c o in sc ou ld h ave a r r ived a tt h e i rf i nd s po t si nv a r iou s w ay s .T hey m igh th ave b een d ropped b ys a i lo r sf r om b oa t s moo r ed n ea ro ro ve rc omp le t e ly s ubme rged r u in s .T hey m ay h ave b een l o s ti nt r an sac t ion sc onduc ted b e tween m e r chan t s h ip sa ta ncho ra nd l i gh te r s ,a sc a rgo w a st r an s f e r r ed t oa nd f r om s ho re w i th in t h ec on f ine so f ad e rel i c tf a c i l i ty .T hey m ay h ave w a shed o u tt os e ah und r ed so fm e t r e sf r om t h e i r f i r s tr e s t ing p l a ce so nl a nd .S uch s c ena r io s ,h oweve r ,s e em s t ra ined w hen c ompa red t ot h es imp le s ta nd mo s to bv iou s o ne , t h a t t h ey a cc iden ta l ly s l ipped f r om s omeone 's h and d u r ing c omme rc ia la c t iv i t ie sc onduc ted o n aq uay s id ea nd w e r en o tr e cove red .I ft h i sc on jec tu re i sc o r r ec t ,t h eh a rbou r m u s th ave b een i nu se l o nge rt h an B en -Do ra nd F r i t sch a nd o t he r sh ave a r gued . E qua l ly c ompel ing a r eb a s ic g eopo l i t ica la nd e conom ic r e a l i t ie s o f t h e L evan t ine c oa s t d u r ing t h e R oman e r a . C a es a r ea 's c omme rc ia l r a i son d 'ê t r e w a s i t s h a rbou r s . W i thou tt h em ,t h ep o r tw ou ld h ave c ea sed t of u nc t ion i nt h e c apa c i ty f o r w h ich i th ad b een c on s t ruc t ed a nd t h rough w h ich i tf l ou r i shed . W i th t h e l o s s o fi t sg r ea t , a l -wea the r O u te rB a s in ,t h ee conomy o ft h ec i ty a nd t h er e g ion i ts e r ved w ou ld h ave d r ama t ica l ly f a l te r ed , as i tua t ion n o tc ompe l l i ng ly s ugge s ted b ya ny a va i lab le l i t e ra ry o ra r cha eo log ica l e v idence .E ven i t sp o l i t ica lr o le a sc ap i ta lo fP a le s t ine w a s e nhanced b yi t ss t ra t eg ic l o ca t ion a tt h e ma jo rt r an spo r ta t ion m a t r ix i nt h ep rov inc e : aj unc t ion o ff i ve c oa s ta la nd i n te r io r r oad sa nd i n te rna t iona l s e a l a ne s l e ad ing w e s t , n o r th a nd s ou th .I t sv a lue a nd u n iquene s sa s ap rov inc ia lc en t e rw ou ld h ave d im in i shed s i gn i f ican t ly i ft h eO u te rB a s in h ad b een a l lowed t of a l li n to d i su se .A tn ot ime ,w i th t h ee xcep t ion o f t h e e x t reme ly t r oub led l a te r d ecad e s o ft h e f i f th c en tu ry , m igh ts u ch as i tua t ion h ave o c cu r r ed , a nd e ven t h en o ne c anno tb ea b so lu t e ly s u re . P rocop iu so fG aza 's a c coun to f t h e s o r ry s t a te o ff a c i l i t ie s b efo r e A na s ta s iu s ' r e nova t ion m igh th ave b e en h yp e rbo le t oe xagge ra te i mpe r ia lb enef i c ence ( f o r at r an s la t ion ,s e eO le son e ta l . 1 984 :2 94 ,n .2 0 ) . O f p a r t icu la r n o te w a s t h e d i scove ry o f t h e c o in o f

T rebon ianu sG a l lu s( N4 ) .I tw a sf o und i nas a nd p ock e tn ea r t h et e rm inu so ft h eS ou the rn B reakwa te r ,i na na r ea u ncha r a c te r i s t ica l ly d evo id o ft h eu sua lv o lume o fa r t if a c t sf o und e l sewhe r e i n CAHEP 's u nde rwa t e r t r enche s . T h i s s a nd c oncen t r a t ion h a s b e en i n te rp re t ed b y A vne r R aban a sa h o l low ,c on sc iou s ly c r ea ted b yt h eb u i lde r so fC ae sa r ea t o c a t ch w ave -bo rne s a nd ( Raban e ta l . 1 989 : 2 81 , 2 86 -88 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h i st h eo ry ,w hen t h eh o l low w a sf i led ,i tw a s c app ed w i th r ubb le a nd p ave r st of onn p a r to ft h eb r eakwa t e r i t se l f .T h i sb u i ld ing t e chn ique ,w h ich e n l i s t ed n a tu re 's h e lp i nf a c il i ta t ing t h er a p id c on s t ruc t ion o ft h eb r eakwa t e r s , i s n o ta t t e s t ed i nt h es u rv iv ing l i t e ra tu r eo ri na r cha eo log ica l d a ta r e cove r ed a to t he rh a rbou re xcava t ion s .T he p r e sence o ft h ec o in i nt h i sf i l lp o s e sp rob lem sf o rt h ea ccep tance o f t h i st h eo ry ,a l though t h ep i ece m ay b ei n t r u s ive. T he m in ts i te mo s tc ommon ly r e p r e sen ted i nt h e CAHEP f i nd si sA n t ioch .W i th t h e mone ta ry r e fo rm so fD ioc le t ian a nd C on s tan t ine , i tw a s c l ea r ly t h ei mp e r ia lp l an t h a tt h i s m in tw ou ld b e ama jo rs upp l ie ro fc ommon c u r r ency t oo t he r c i t ie sa nd p rov ince si nt h ee a s t .T he h i gh c oncen t ra t ion o f A n t io ch i s sue s i n t h e C ae sa rea c o rpu s f r om t h e f o u r th c en tu ry o n h a s b een n o t ed e l s ewhe r e a sw el ( Hoh l f e lde r 1 984 :2 74 ;A r ie l1 986 : 1 46 w he re A n t ioch i ss e cond o n ly t o C on s tan t inop le ) . f i le p reponde rance o fc o ins f rom Me r e ign o fC on s tan t iu s Im i r ro r s ap a t te rn n ow f am i l ia ra tC a e sa rea a nd e l sewhe re i nR oman P a le s t ine .T he v o lume o fs ma l lc o inage i nc i r cu l a t ion d u r ing h i sr e ign , w hen i nf la t ion w a sd r ama t ic ,m u s t h ave b een t r emendou s . ( Hoh l f e ld e r 1 984 : 2 67 , 2 69 -270 ) . F i f teen o ft h e2 7c o in so ft h i se mpe ro rw e r eu ncove red i n A r ea J ,n ea rt h es ynagogue e xcava ted b yM .A v i -Yonah a nd A .N egev w he r e ah oa rd o f3 , 700 c o in so fC on s tan t iu sw a s d i scove red i n1 962 ( Av i -Yonah & N egev 1 963 ) .T hey m ay h ave b een a s soc ia ted i ns ome w ay w i th t h a tb u i ld ing w hen i tw a si nu s e .P e rhap st h ey h ad b een l o s ti n s ide a nd wa shed t h rough i t s d r a in s o r m i shand led i na ny o f t h e v a r iou s mone ta ry a c t iv i t ie st h a tt r an sp i r ed a r ound t h eb u i ld ing . T en o t h e ri s sue so ft h i s e mpe ro rw e r ea l so f o und c on c r e ted t o ge the ri n al ump i nw ha ta pp ea r s t oh ave b een a d epo s i to fc o in sf r om as ma l lp ouch d r opp ed f r om t h ei n ne r q uay o ft h e N o r the rn B reakwa te r o rp e rhap s f r om as h ip moo r ed t h e r e( N59 -N63 ,N 66 -N70 ,D epo s i t4 ) .I t sc ompo s i t ion , w i th s e ve ra l p i ece s f r om m in t s o fA s ia M ino ra nd e ven f a r the r w e s t , s ugge s t s t h e l a t te r— the v e ry mode s t s a v ing so rc a sh -on -hand o f as a i lo rv i s i t ing C a e sa r ea o na s h ip t h a th ad c a l led a tC on s tan t inop le o ni t sv oyage t ot h e L evan t . T he se 1 0 c o in s w e re u ncove red a l ong w i th a bou t 5 0 o t he rc o in sa nd f r agmen t si nt h i sc oncen t ra t ion ( D epo s i t4 ) . O ft h et o ta ln umbe ro fp i ece s ,o n ly 2 6c ou ld b ed a t ed w i th c e r ta in ty . T he c l o s ing d a t e i ss ome t ime a f t e r t h e r e ign o f J u l ian ( 3 6 1 -363 ; s e eN 71 -N74 ,D epo s i t4 ) . A ts ome p o in t w el a f t e r t h a t , mo s t l i k e ly a f t e r t h e e a r thquake o f 5 02 , d u r ing t h e r e ign o f A na s ta s iu s ( 4 91 -518 ) , t h e N o r ther n B r eakwa t e rw a sr e pa i red b yd redg ing r u bb le f r om i t sn o r th e r nf a ce a nd h eap ing t h i sd eb r i sa l ong t h eh i ghe s ts p ine o n i t ss ou the rn s i de ( Hoh l f e lde r1 985 ;H oh l f e ld e r1 988 ) .S ome d e t r i tu ss p iled o ve ro n to t h eo cean f l oo rw he r et h ep u r se h ad b een d ropp ed a nd s e a led i ti na l ong w i th t h e r e s t o f t h e d epo s i t . Ab ad ly w o rn h a lf fo l l i so fA na s ta s iu sf ound i nt h i s

7 8

MC : C o ins d epo s i t( N75 ,D epo s i t4 ) mu s th ave b een i s sued b efo re t h e r ebu i ld ing p rog ram b egan . T he B yzan t ine c o ins f ound i nt h eg ene ra lr e g ion o ft h e h a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l a r gue f o rce fuly f o rt h ec on t in u ed u se o f t h e Ou te r B a s in d ur ing t h e s i x th c en tu ry ( Hoh l f e lde r 1 985 ) . T he c o in s ( N18 , N 37 , N 40 -N42 , a nd N44 -N48 ) , r ecove red i nd iv idua l ly a nd p robab ly l o s t t h a t w ay w h i le c hang ing h and sa l ong t h ei n ne rq uay sa nd d ock s , w e r e w a shed s eawa rd b y c u r ren t s a nd s t o rm s u n t i l t h ey l odged w he re t h ey w e re d i scove red . Wh i le i ti sp o ss ib le t o

s h ipmen tp o in t , a nd n ava l b a se , w a s f o reve rc hanged . I t s n ex ti n ca rna t ion w a sa s ar i ba t ,o rc oa s tgua rd s t a t ion ,f o ra n A rab w o r ld w i th v e ry d i f f e r en tg eopo l i t ica la nd e conom ic r e a l i t ie s .L a te r ,f o l low ing 101 a nd i t sc ap tu re b yF rank i sh k n igh t s , i t s u rban s t a tu s d im in i shed e ven f u r the r . I t s f i na l r o le i nt h ep re -mode rn e r aw a st ha to fm i l i ta ry o u tpo s tf o r w e s ter nk n igh t s i nt h e H o ly L and u n t i l t h e C rusad ing e r a e nded i n1 291 ( Ho lum e ta l . 1 988 : 2 01-36 ) . A l lt h ew h i le ,t h eO u te rB a s in a ppea r s t oh ave p rog re s s i ve ly s uccumbed t ot h eu n re len t ing f o rce so fn a tu re , f o s t e red b y h uman n eg lec t o f i t s i n s ta l la t ions . T h i s h uge ,

c r ea te o the re xp lana t ions f o rt h e i rd i scove ry b o th i n s ide a nd o u t s ide t h e ma in h a rbou r , t h e s imp le s t o ne i st h a t t h e E n t r ance C hanne lw a ss t i l lo pen a nd t h a tc omme rc ia la c t iv i t yw i th in t h eb a s in ,w h ich w ou ld mo s te a s i ly a ccoun tf o rt h e

e xpen s ive to -ma in ta in f a c i l i ty h ad b ecome a r e l ic o f a d i f f e ren tw o r ld a nd s imp ly w a sn o tn eeded b yi t sA rab a nd F rank i sh o ccupan t s . T hu s , t h e a bsenc e o fc o ins f r om t h e

p re sence o f t h e c o in s , w a s t h r iv ing t h roughou t t h e s i x th

M idd le A ge s i n CAHEP 's c o rpu s i sn o ts u rp r i s ing . Wh i le

c en tury , f olow ing i t sr e s to ra t ion b yA na s ta s ius a f te r5 02 . T he l a tes tc o in d i scove red w a s ah a l f -fo l l is o f Mau r ice ( N47 ) , d a t ing f r om s ome t ime a f te r 5 91 . I n t h e y ea r s t h a t f o l lowed , momen tous e ven t so ve r took C a e sa r ea . T he c i ty w a sb r ief ly c ap tu red b yt h eP e r s ian si n6 14 ,r e taken b yt h e empe ro rH e racl ius i n6 29 ,o n ly t ob el o s to nce a ga in i n6 40 o r6 41 t ot h eA rab s .T he rea f t e r ,t h ep o r t 's s t a tus a sp rov in -

ma r i t ime t r ade c e r ta in ly c on t inued ,i tw a s mo re l im i ted a nd l o ca li ni t sc ha rac te ra nd p robab ly i n c rea s ing ly a vo ided t h e d e te r io ra t ing ,d ange rou s ,a nd s ubme rg ing r u in so ft h eO u te r B a s in .T he d ay so fC aesa rea 's i n te rna t iona lp rom inence h ad p a ssed . Me rchan ts h ip sf r om a round t h e Med i te r ranean n o l o nge rc a l led o n t h i s p o r t . U l t ima te ly , t h e s ea c l a imed t h e o nce magn if i cen tO u te rB a s in o ft h eh a rbou rc omp lex ,a nd t h i se ng inee r ing w ond e rw a sf o rgo t ten .

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A rea D : A rea D3 :

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A rea K : A rea T : T o ta l :

t e n ta t ive .T he l o cu sw a sd evo id o fo t he ra r t i f ac t s . P a ra l le l s :c f .K adman 1 957 : 2 13 ,n o .2 06 .

P e r cen t 5 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 6

N 5 .

U n iden t if i ed .S econd o rt h i rd c en tu ry . D2 3 mm .W t 6 . 33 g .A r ea D :s a nd f i l li nh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l . T he d a t ing i sb a s ed o nt h ep r e sence o f ab ea rd ed i mpe r ia lp o r t ra i tf a c ing r i gh ta nd o nt h es i ze o ft h ef l an . N of u r the ri d en t if i ca t ion i sp o s s ib le .

N 6 .

U n iden t if ied . S econd o r t h i rd c en tu ry . M in t : C a e sa r ea ? D2 1 mm . W t 6 . 35 g .A r ea I I:l o o se f i l l a ga in s tq uay ,a tl e ve lo f moo r ing r i ng . T h i sc o in w a sp e r fo ra ted f o rr e us ea s ap endan t , p rob ab ly i nB yzan t ine t ime s .

N 7 .

C ons tan t ius I .3 05 -306 . R ev : CONCORDIA M IL ITVM .M in t :A lexand r ia . D2 1 mm .R ev .d i e1 2 :00 . W t2 . 13 g .A r ea J :s u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s :R IC V I ,p .6 70 ,n o . 5 9a .

N 8 .

C on s tan t ine . 35 -337 .R ev : GLOR IA EXERC ITVS . ( 1 )M in t :A n t ioch . D1 6m in .R ev .d i e4 : 00 .W t1 . 28 g . A rea J :s u r f ac e . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .3 1 ,n o . 1 363 .

N 9 .

C on s tan t ine . 35 -337 .R ev : GLORIA EXERC ITVS . ( 1 ) .M in t :A n t ioch . D1 5 mm .R ev .d i e1 2 :00 . Wt 1 . 50 g .A r ea J :s u r f ac e . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .3 1 ,n o . 1 363 .

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1 1 .C .3 . C a ta logue . T he e n t r ie s p r e s en t i n fo rma t ion ( whe re i ti sk nown ) , i n t h e f o l low ing o rde r : c a ta logue n umbe r , i s su ing a u tho r i ty , d a t e o f i s sue , d enom ina t ion , r e ve r se t y pe , i s su ing m in t , d i ame te r ( i n m il ime t r e s ) , r e v e r se d i e p o s i t ion ( i n t e rm s o f at we lve -hou r c l ock f a ce , om i t ted w hen n o t r e cove rab le ) , w e igh t ( i n g r am s ) , t h e e xcava t ion a r ea i nw h ich i tw a sf o und ,a nd c ommen t so ra r e f e rence t o as t anda rd c a ta logue .T he o bve r s et y pe c an b e a s sumed t ob e ap o r t ra i t o f t h e i s su ing a u tho r i ty u n le s s o t he rw i se s t a ted . I f ac o in c anno t b e i d en t if i ed b ecau se c r i t ica ld e ta i l so ft h eo bve r se o rr e ve r se a r eo b l i t e ra ted o r i l eg ib le , n o r e f e renc e i sc i ted . I fa n i d en t if ica t ion s e em s p robab le b a sed o ns u rv iv ing d e ta i l so ft h et y p ea nd l e gend , ac ompa rab le r e f e rence i sc i t ed . T he f o l low ing a bb rev ia t i on sa r eu sed : DO I=B e l l inge r1 966 ;L RBC=C a r son e ta l . 1 960 ;R IC =Ma t t ing ly e ta l .1 923 .T he c o in sw e r et o ob ad ly d eg raded t oj u s t ify i lu s t ra t ion . N i .

J u l ia D omna . 1 96 -211 .R ev :F EL IC ITAS S C ?D 2 8 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . W t 1 2 .22 g .A rea HI:s a nd f i l l a bove r ubb le . P a ra l le l s :c f .R IC 4 . 1 ,p .2 08 ,n o . 8 53 .

N 2 .

C a ra cala .2 11 -2 12 .R ev :A l ta ra nd T emp le o fZ eu s . M in t : T r ipo l i s . D2 7 mm . R ev . d i e6 :00 . W t 1 4 .08 g . A r ea D : s and f i li nh a rbou rE n t r ance C hanne l . P a ra l le l s : H i l l 1 9 10 : 2 16 ,n o .7 9 .

N 3 .

T ra jan D e c iu s? 2 49 -251 .R ev :V ic to ry s t r id ing l e f t . D2 7 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t8 . 42 g .A r ea K :s a nd a tb a s e o fE a s tT owe r . T h i sc o in i st o ob ad ly w o rn f o r ap o s i t ive i d en t i f ica t ion , a l though t h e r e ve r se r e semb le s K adman 's n o . 1 47 .

N 11 . C on s tan t iu sI . 35 -337 .R ev : GLOR IA EXERC ITV S . ( 1 ) . D 1 6 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . W t 1 . 16 g .A r ea J : s u r f a ce . T he m in t i d en t if ica t ion i so f f t h e f l an . T he c o in p robab ly w a s s t ruck a tA n t ioch , l i ke o t he r c o in s o f C on s tan t iu sf o und i nt h eA rea Js u r f ace r ubb le . P a r a l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .3 1 ,n o . 1 363 . N 12 . C on s tan t iu sI . 35 -337 .R ev :G LOR IA EXERC ITV S . ( 1 ) . D 1 6 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . W t 1 . 52 g .A rea J : s u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .3 1 ,n o . 1 365 . N 13 . C on s tan t iu s I . 3 4 1-346 . R ev : VOT XX . M in t : A n t io ch .D1 7n un .R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t1 . 26 g .A r ea J : s u r f ace . P a ra l le l s :L RBC p .3 1 ,n o . 1 398 .

P a ra l le l s :c f . K adman 1 957 : 2 05 ,n o .147 . N 4 .

N 10 . C on s tan t iu sI . 35 -337 .R ev :G LOR IA EXERC ITV S . ( 1 ) .M in t :A n t io ch . D1 5 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 . Wt 1 . 09 g . A rea J :s u r f ac e . T he o bve r se l e gend c anno tb er e ad w i th c e r ta in ty ,s o e xac ti d en t if ica t ion o ft h ei s su ing a u tho r i ty i si mpo s s i b l e .G iven t h el a rge n umbe ro fc o in so fC on s tan t iu sI f o und a tC a e sa r ea ,a na s s ignmen tt oh im i sp robab le . P a ra l le l s :c f .L RBC ,p .3 1 ,n o s . 1 363 -1367 .

T rebon ianu s G a l lu s . 2 51 -253 . R ev : S ea ted Z eu s . M in t :C ae sa rea? D 1 7 mm .W t3 . 06 g .A rea D3 :s u r f ac e s a nd . T he s u r f ace o ft h i sc o in ,f o und l o o se i nt h es a nd , h a sb een b ad ly s cou red , a nd t h ei d en t if i ca t ion i so n ly

N 14 . H ou se o f C ons tan t ine . 3 41-346 . R ev : I VST V ENMEM .M in t : C yz icu s . D1 5 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . W t1 . 57 g .A r ea J :s u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .2 9 ,n o . 1 299 . 8 0

MC : C o in s N 15 . C on s tan t iu sI . 3 51 -354 . R ev : FH .4 .A e s2 .M in t : A n t io ch . D2 0 mm .R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t3 . 35 g .A r ea J : s u r f a ce . P a r a l le l s :L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o .2 627 .

g .A r ea J :s u r f ace . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o .2 658 . N 29 . V a len s . 3 64 -375 . R ev : GLOR IA ROMANORVM ( 8 ) .C yz icu s . D1 6 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t2 . 71 g .A r ea J :s u r fa ce . P a ra l le l s :c f .L RBC ,p .9 7 ,n o .2 518 .

N 16 . C on s tan t ius I . 3 51 -354 . R ev : FH . 3o r4 .A e s 2 . M in t : A n t ioch . D2 0 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . Wt 4 . 06 g . A r ea J :s u r f ac e . B ib l iog raphy : c f .L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o s . 2 623 ,2 625 .

N 30 . V a len s .3 67 -375 .R ev :S ECVR ITAS RE IPVBL ICAE ( 8 ) .A lexand r ia . D1 6 mm .R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t1 . 84 g . A r ea J :s u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .1 04 ,n o .2 863 .

N 17 . C on s tan t ius I .3 51 -354 .R ev : FH 3 .M in t :A n t ioch . D1 8 mm .R ev . d i e6 : 00 . Wt 1 . 75 g .A r ea J :s u r f ac e . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o .2 632 .

N 3 1 . Un iden t if ied . 3 67 -375 . R ev : GLORIA ROMANORVM ( 8 ) . D1 4 mm .R ev .d i e1 2 :00 . Wt 1 . 81 g .A r ea J :s u r f ac e . P a ra l le l s :c f .L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o s .2 658 -62 .

N 18 . C on s tan t ius I .3 51 -354 .R ev : FH .3 .M in t :A lexan d r ia . D1 7 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t1 . 47 g .A rea K :s a nd f i l la tb a s eo fE a s tT owe r . T he h i s to r ica ls i gn i f icance o ft h i sc o in a nd o fN 65 , N 68 -N70 , a nd N 72 -N73 i sd i scu s sed i n H oh lf e lde r 1 985 . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .1 03 ,n o . 2 844 . B ib l iog raphy : H oh l f e lde r 1 985 .

N 32 . U n iden t if ied . 3 83 . R ev : VOT X MULT L I C ( 8 ) . A n t ioch . D1 4 mm . R ev . d i e6 :00 . W t 1 . 09 g .A r ea J : s u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s :c f .L RBC ,p .1 0 1 ,n o s .2 732 -35 .

N 19 . C ons tan t ius I . 3 51-354 . R ev : FELTEMR/ E PARAT IO . FH 3 .D 1 6 mm . R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t2 . 31 g .A r ea J :s u r face . T he r e ve r se l e gend i sau n ique v a r ia t ion n o tc i ted i n L RBC . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .8 7 ,n o .2 039 .

N 33 . V a len t in ian I .3 83 -392 .R ev :S ALV SRE IPVBL ICAE ( 1 ) . D1 3 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t1 . 73 g .A r ea J :s u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .9 4 ,n o .2 42 1 .

N 20 . C on s tan t ius I .3 51 -36 1 .R ev : FH 4 .M in t :A n t io ch . D1 6 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . Wt 2 . 36 g .A rea J :s u r f ac e . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o . 2 632 .

N 35 . U n iden t i f ied .3 83 -395 .R ev :S ALVS R E IPVBL ICAE ( 1 ) . D 1 4 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . W t 1 . 24 g .A r ea J : s u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .1 02 ,n o s .2 76 1 f .

N 34 . U n iden t if ied .3 83 -395 .R ev :S ALVSRE IPVBL ICAE ( 1 ) . D1 6 mm .R ev .d i e6 :00 .W t1 . 92 g .A rea J :s u r f ace .

N 21 . C on s tan t iu sI .3 51 -36 1 .R ev : FH 3 .D 1 9n un .R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 .W t2 . 17 g .A r ea J :s u r f a ce .

N 36 . J u s t in I .5 18 -527 . F o l l i s . M in t : C on s tan t inop le . D 2 9 mm . R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t 1 3 .15 g .A rea T :r ubb le f i l l a ga in s ts ou th f a c eo fT owe r . T he o f f ic ina m a rk b enea th d enom ina t ion s ymbo li s i l eg ib le . P a ra l le l s : c f . DO I ,p .3 9 , 8a . 1 f .

N 22 . C on s tan t ius I .3 51 -36 1 .R ev : FH 3o r4 .D 1 7n un . R ev .d i e6 : 00 . Wt 1 . 76 g .A r ea J :s u r f a ce . N 23 . C on s tan t ius I .3 55 -36 1 .R ev : FH 3 .M in t :A n t ioch . D1 5 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . Wt 2 . 35 g .A rea J :s u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o .2 6 32 .

N 37 . J u s t in ian .5 27 -538 .F o l l i s .M in t :C on s tan t inop le .D 3 0 mm .R ev .d i e6 :00 .W t1 2 .51 g .A rea D :s a nd f i l li n h a rbou rE n t r ance C hanne l . P a ra l le l s : DO I ,p .7 8 ,n o s .2 8a . 1 f .

N 24 . C on s tan t ius H .3 55 -36 1 .R ev : FH 3 .D 1 7g .R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t2 . 76 g .A r ea J :s u r f a ce .

N 38 . J u s t in I .5 74 -575 .F o ll i s .M in t :A n t ioch . D2 8 mm . R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t9 . 6 1 g .A r ea T :f i la bove k u rka r . P a ra l le l s : DO I ,p .2 45 ,n o . 1 57 a . 2 .

N 25 . C ons tan t ius I . 3 55 -36 1 . R ev : FH 3 . M in t : N icomed ia . R ev .d i e6 : 00 .D1 7 mm .W t 1 . 37 g .A r ea T :f i l la bove k u rka r . P a ra l le l s : LRBC ,p .9 2 ,n o .2 3 13 .

N 39 . T ibe r iu s I .5 78 . H a l f -fo l l i s . M in t : A n t ioch . D2 1 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t4 . 81 g .A rea T :r ubb le f i l la ga in s t s ou th f a ce o fT owe r . P a ra l le l s : DO I ,p .2 84 ,n o .4 6 .1 .

N 26 . C on s tan t ius I .R ev : FH 4 .D 1 6 mm .R ev .d i e1 2 :00 . W t2 . 18 g .A rea J :s u r f a ce . N 27 . C on s tan t ius I .R ev : FH 3o r4 .D 1 8 mm .R ev .d i e 6 : 00 .W t 1 . 03 g .A rea J :s u r f a ce .

N 40 . T ibe r iu sI .5 80 -581 .F ol i s .M in t : C on s tan t inop le . D2 7 mm .R ev .d i e1 2 :00 .W t5 . 36 g .A r ea K :s a nd f i l l a tb a s eo fE a s tT owe r . P a ra l le l s : DO I ,p .2 71 ,n o . 1 3d .

N 28 . V a len t in ian I . 3 64 -375 . R ev : GLORIA ROMANORVM ( 8 ) .D1 7 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t2 . 47

8 1

C hap t er I I : U n s t ra t if i ed N on -C e ram ic F ind s m a rb le .T he p e r fo ra t ion c l o s et oo ne e dge o ft h es t one s e em st ob e t h ew o rk o r am a r in eb o r e r , b u tt h e r ea r e t r a ce s o fp eck ing w i th at o o l a r ound b o th o pen ing s . S t one w e igh t so ft h i st ype a r ee s s en t ia l ly u nda tab le ,b u t t h eu s eo f as e a -wo rn f r agmen to fm a rb le a st h em a te r ia l s u gge s t sa no r ig in i nt h ep o s t -c la s s ica lp e r iod ,a f te rt h e d e s t ruc t ion o ft h ec i ty . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

N 41 . T ibe r iu sI .5 80 -581 .F ol i s .M in t :C on s tan t inop le . D2 5 mm .R ev .d i e1 2 :00 .W t5 . 17 g .A r ea K :s a nd f i l l a tb a se o fE as tT owe r . P a ra l le l s : DO I ,p .2 71 ,n o . 1 3d . N 42 . T ibe r iu sI .5 81 -582? F o l l i s .M in t :N icomed ia . D2 5 mm .R ev .d i e7 :00 . Wt 6 . 73 g .A rea K :s a nd f i la tb a s e o fE a s tT owe r . P a ra l le l s :c f . DO I ,p .2 79 ,n o s . 3a . 1 -31 a . 5 .T he se c o in sh ave t h e i rd i e so f f -cen te ra sw e l l .T he l i gh tw e igh t o ft h i sp a r t icu la ri s sue i sd ue t oi t sc ond i t ion .

S 2 .

N 43 . Mau r ice .5 85 -586 .H a lf -fo l l i s .M in t :T he s sa lon ica . D1 9 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 . Wt 3 . 96 g .A r ea J :s u r f a ce . P a ra l le l s : DO I ,p .3 2 1 ,n o . 7 6 .

F ragmen to fm a rb le c o lumn ,t r immed t os e rve a sa n a n cho r .A rea D3 :r u bb le l e ve l . MPL 0 . 29 ;T h0 . 13 -0 .21 . W t1 8k g .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;g r oove f o rs u spen s ion r o pe c u tr ough ly a c ro s sm idd le .N oi l u s t ra t ion . As e c t ion o f ac o lumn s haf to fg r ey s t r eak ed w h i t e m a rb le , f r ac tu red l e ng thw i s ea nd t r immed t os e rve a s a na n cho r . P a ra l le l s :c f .S 19 ( Depo s i t2 )a nd t h ed i s cu s s ion o f s t on ea ncho r s( b e low ) ,C la s s2 . C h rono logy : T he c o lumn m ay b e L a t e R oman o r B yzan t ine i nd a te ;i t sr e use a sa na ncho rm ay b ep o s t c l a s s ica l . [ R .L .V . ,J . P .01

N 44 . Mau r ic e .5 86 -587 .F o l l i s .M in t :A n t io ch . D2 6 mm . R ev . d i e6 : 00 . W t6 . 59 g .A r ea K : s a nd f i l la tb a se o f F a s tT owe r . P a ra l le l s : DO I ,p . 39 ,n o s . 1 56 .1 -156 .2 . N 45 . Mau r ice .5 88 -589 .F o l l i s .M in t :A n t io ch . D2 9n un . R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t9 . 84 g .A r ea K : s a nd f i la tb a se o f E a s tT owe r . P a ra l l e l s :c f . DO I ,p .3 40 ,n o . 1 58 c .

S 3 .

B a se o r c r own mou ld ing . A r ea D : R ubb le l e ve l . MPH 0 . 19 ; MPL 0 . 165 ;T h .0 . 09 .F ragmen to fc o rne r . F i g .2 3 . Af r agmen to f ab a se o rc r own ing mou ld ing c u tf r om af i ne -g ra ined g r ey m a rb le ;p o s s ib ly f r om as a rcopha g u s . T he o r ig ina l b a s e o rc r own i sp r eser ved , b u t t h e s i de sa nd b a ck a r ei n comp le te .S equence o f mou ld ing s : f a sc ia ,t o ru s ,L e sb ian k yma t ion ,f a s c ia . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . [ R .L .V . ]

S 4 .

F r agmen to fm a rb le s l ab w i th i n sc r ip t ion . S u r f a ce f i nd n ea r A rea D . B roken ; n o o r ig ina l e dge s . MPL 0 . 095 ; MP W 0 . 09 ;T h0 .031 . P l . 1 4 . At h in s l ab o fw h i t e ma rb le w i th l a rge c r y s ta l s .O ne s u r f a ce c a r r ie s ap o r t ion o f aG r eek i n sc r ip t ion i nl e t te r s 0 . 031 h i gh : .R IAN [ . . . / . . . ]KT 11 . . . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . [ R .L .V . ]

S 5 .

P e s t le .A r ea H : r u bb le l a ye r .B roken ; t i po fh and le m i s s ing ; f o o tc h ipped ; s u r f ac ea b r aded . MPL 0 . 05 ; H 0 . 06 ;T h0 . 04 . P l . 1 4 . S ma l lp e s t le c a rved f r om f i ne -g ra ined , w h i t em a r b l e . T h e s ho r t b ody , o vo id i ns e c t ion , t a p e r s s l igh t ly f r om t h es moo th ,c onvex f oo tt o ar o und ed t e rm ina t ion f r om w h ich p ro jec t ed as ho r th o r izon ta l h and le ( n ow l o s t ) . P a ra l le l s :T h i st y p eo fp e s t le ,u s ed a l ong w i th s ma l l s t one b ow l s a nd t r ipod mo r ta r s i np r epa r ing c ond i m en t sf o rh ou seho ld u s e , w a s av e ry c ommon a r t i f a c t t h roughou t t h e Med i te r ranean w o r ld f r om t h e f i f th c en tu r yB .C .t ot h el a t eR oman p e r iod .T he b en t -ove r h and le f r equen t ly w a sd eco ra ted w i th ak nuck le a nd a n a i lt og i ve t h ei mp r e s s ion o f ah uman f i nge r .B r uneau ( 1 970 )2 22 n o .C 44 ,p l .3 3d e sc r ibe se xamp le sa tD e lo s a st y p ica l ly H e l len i s t ic ,w h i le D eonna ( 1 938 ) 17 -118 , p l .4 7a t r ibu te st h em t ot h eG r eco -Roman p e r iod a nd c i t e sn ume rous p a ra l le l s . Dav id son ( 1 952 )n o s . 1 430 , 1 432 ,p l .8 6d e sc r ibe st h es im i la rp e s t le sa tC o r in th a s R om an a nd By zan t ine .S eve ra le xamp le sw e re f o und i n

N 46 . Mau r ic e .5 89 -590 .F o l l i s .M in t :A n t ioch . D2 7n un . R ev . d i e6 : 00 . W t5 . 92 g .A r ea K : s a nd f i l la tb a se o f E a s tT owe r . P a ra l le l s : DO I ,p .3 40 ,n o s . 1 59 b 159 c . 3 . N 47 . Mau r ic e .P o s t5 91 .H a l f -fo l l i s .M in t :A n t ioch . D2 1 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . Wt 2 . 0 1 g .A r ea D : s a nd f i l l i n h a rbou rE n t r ance C hanne l . P a ra l le l s : DO I ,p p . 3 47 -49 ,n o s . 1 84 f . N 48 . T ibe r iu s Io r Mau r ice .L a te s i x th c en tu ry .F o l l i s .D 2 4 mm . R ev .d i e6 : 00 . Wt 4 . 36 g .A rea K : s a nd f i l la t b a se o fE a s tT owe r .

I I .D . Worked S t one . [ J .P .O . ,R .L .V . ] T he w o rked s t one a r t i f a c t s r e cove r ed b y t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s p r e sen t t h e s ame h e t e rogeneou s c ha rac t e r a s t h e m e ta l a r t if a c t s . T h ree c a t ego r ie s , t h e p o s s ib le f i sh ing w e igh t( S i ,u n s t ra t i f ied ) ,t h eb a l la s tb l ock ( S6 ,u n s t ra t i f ied ) a nd t h e a ncho r s ( S 10 -S15 , u n s t ra t if ied ; S 19 , D epo s i t 2 ) , r e la ted t ot h em a r i t ime c ha ra c te ro ft h es i te ,w h i le t h er e s to f t h ef md sa r es imp ly t h ed e t r i tu so f aR oman a nd B yzan t ine c i ty . T he n on -ma r i t ime f i nd s i n c lude b u i ld ing m a t e r ia l s ( S2 -S3 , u n s t ra t i f ied ; S 18 , D epo s i t 2 ) , a n i n sc r ip t ion ( S4 , u n s t ra t if ied ) ,a na l ta ro rs t a tue b a se ( S9 ,u n s t ra t i f ied ) ,h ou se h o ld v e sse l sa nd t o o l s( S5 ,S 7 -S8 ,u n s t ra t i f ied ;S 16 ,D epo s i t 2 ) ,a nd ab ead ( S17 ,D epo s i t2 ) . I I .D .1 . M i sce l laneou sO b je c t s . S i . F i sh ing w e igh t ?A rea D :s a nd f i l li nc hanne l .I n tac t . Max . L0 . 14 ;m ax . D0 . 095 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 02 .W t1 . 05 k g . N oi l u s t ra t ion . P o s s ib le f i sh ing o rn e t -we igh t f o rmed f r om a n i r r e gu la r ,s e a smoo thed p i e ce o ff i ne -g ra ined ,l i gh t -g r ey 8 2

I LD : Worked S t one t h eB yzan t ine S hop sa tS a rd i s( C rawfo rd 1 990 :5 0 ,6 5 6 ,f i gs . 1 96 , 3 01 , 3 09 -10 ) . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine . S 6 .

S 7 .

B a l la s tb lock? A r ea N1:r e s t ing o ns u r fa ce o fr ubb le s p il f r om S ou the rn B reakwa te r , 3m N o f Ee nd o f t r ench .I n tac t ;h eavy ma r ine i n c ru s ta t ion r emoved m e c han ica l ly . L0 . 585 ;W a te nd s ,0 . 4 15 ;W a tw a is t ,0 . 31 ; T h0 . 24 . Wt 1 52 k g . P l . 1 4 .

at o uch o fb rown ish y elow .T he ma te r ia ld oe sn o th ave t h e c r y s ta l l ine s t ruc tu re o f ma rb le . T he s u r face w a s

L ong , t h ick b a l la s tb lock ( ? ) w i th i n curved s i de s , c arved f r om af me -g ra ined ,d a rk g ray s t one ( p robab ly

c a re fu l ly f i n i shed a nd p ol i shed . T he b a se i ss moo th , w i th b eve l led e dges . Two l i ne s p a ra l le l t ot h e o u te r e dges h ave b een e ng raved i nt h es l op ing s i de sa nd ap a i r o fd i agona l s o n t h e u ppe r s u r fa ce , i n te r sec t ing a tt h e c en t ra lh o le . T he re a r e t r ace so fc o r ro s ion a round t h e p e r fo ra t ion o nb o th f a ce so ft h ep l aque . P a ra l le l s : E xcep t f o r t h e p re sence o f t h e c en t ra l p e r fo ra t ion a nd t h e i n c ised d eco ra t ion , t h e o b jec tr e s emb le s ap igmen t o r m ed ic ine -gr ind ing t a b le t ; s e e A la rcäo & E t ienne 1 979 : p l . 3 6 , n o s . 2 77 -78 ; K ünz l 1 984 : p l s . 1 6 -19 . T he re i sa l so a r e semb lanc e t oa

b a sa l t ) .T he o b jec tw a sc l eaned o f ma r ine i n c ru s ta t ion , r evea l ing as u r face c ove red w i th s ma l lp ock ma rk sl e f t b yt r imm ing w i th ap unch ,b u ta ppa ren t ly w i thou ta ny i n sc r ip t ion so ri n ten t iona l ma rk s .T h ree o t he rb lo ck so f t h es ame s hape a nd d imens ion sl a ys ca t te red o ve rt h e b reakwa te rs u r face n ea rt h i se xamp le . P a ra l le l s :I ti so dd t h a tt h e re a r en oo bv iou sp a ra l le l s f o rt h e se l a rge ,d i s t inc t ive ,a nd v i r tua l ly i n de s t ruc t ib le o b jec t s .T he c a re e xpended o ns hap ing t h eb lock sa nd f i n i sh ing t h e i rs u r f ace ss ugge s t st h a tt h ey a r et h ep rod u c to fa ne s tab l ished t r ad i t ion ,w h i le t h e i rg r ea tw e igh t a nd r e la t ive ly c ommon ma te r ia l i n d ica te a n o r ig in

t r unca ted p y ram ida l s t one w e igh t f ound a t D e lo s : D eonna 1 938 :1 42 ,f i g .1 69 .I fa l lowance i smade f o rt h e m i s s ing c h ip a nd a l i gh t m e ta l s u spen s ion r i ng , t h e w e igh t o f t h e o b jec t i sc l o se t o a n " O sc an" p ound ( 272 .88 g ) o r 1 0 R oman u nc ia e ( 2 72 .9 g ) . H e sna rd ( He sna rd e ta l . 1 988 :9 2 )i d en t if ie s av ery s im i la rs t one p l aque f r om t h eA ugus tan G rand R ibaud Wr eck Da sa t o uchs tone ,u sed t oc heck t h ep u r i ty o fp re c iou sm e ta l s

w i th in r each o f Med i te r ranean s h ipp ing .T he c oncave s i de sg ive t h eb lock s as hape r em in i scen to ft h ec oppe r " ox h ide i ngo t s" t r aded a round t h ee a s t er n Med i te r ra n ean d u r ing t h eL a te B ronze A ge ,b u tt h ec on tex t( s uch a s i ti s ) i mp l ie s amuch l a te r d a te ( s ee b e low ) . T he a ppea rance o f ac l u s te ro ft h e se o b je c t so nt h es u r fa ce o ft h eb reakwa te ri mp l ie ss t rong ly t h a tt h ey w e r ei nu se a sb a l la s tb lock sw hen t h es h ip c a r ry ing t h em b roke u p o n t h e p a r t ly s ubme rged b r eakwa te r s t ruc tu re . T he re a r en ume rous p i le so fb a l la s t ,h e ld t o ge the rb ym a r ine c onc re t ions a nd o f ten a ccompan ied b yB yzan t ine p o t t e ry ,i nt h is a r ea o ft h eb r eakwa te r ,s oi tmu s th ave b een an av iga t iona lh a za rd .I na lo t he rc a s e s ,h oweve r ,t h i s b a l la s ti sc ompo sed o fr ounded s t one sw i th amax imum d i ame t e ro fa pp rox ima te ly 0 . 20 m .T he s haped b lo ck s s eem l a rge a nd o ve r ly -heavy f o r p r e -mode rn b a l la s t b lock s , s i nce e ven t wo m en h ave d i ff i cu l ty mov ing t h em ,b u ti ti sd i ff icu l tt op ropo se a ny o t he rf unc t ion . T he n a r row s i de s may h ave b een g i ven a s l igh t ly

b y t h e s t reak t e s t . H e c i te s a n i mp re s s ive n umbe r o f u npub l i shed p a ra l le l s f r om o t he r R oman w reck s i te s , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h i s t y pe o f a r t i fac t w a s f r equen t ly c a r r ied o nm e rchan ts h ip sf o rt h ep u rpo se o ft r ade .I ti s a l so p o s s ib le t h a tt h ep l aque s imp ly s e rved a s af u rn i t u re a t ta chmen t . C h rono logy : R oman? S 8 .

P a ra l le l s :T he t y pe i sv e ry c ommon i nt h eH e l len i s t i ca nd R oman Med i te r ranean .S ee C havane 1 975 : 1 2 1 6 ;D eonna 1 938 : 11 . C h rono logy : R oman .

c ou ld t h en h ave b een u sed t o l i f t t h em . A l though a wkwa rd t o move ,b lock so ft h i sw e igh tp l a ced w i th in

c o l lap se o ft h eS ou the rn B reakwa te r .T he se a r ea ppa r e n t ly t h ec ond i t ion st h a tp r eva i led f o ra nu nde te rm ined p e r iod b efo re t h e r e con s t ruc t ion o f ap o r t ion o f t h e b reakwa te rb y A na s ta s iu s ( 4 91 -518 ; s e eO le son e ta l . 1 984 : 2 94 ;R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 1 57 -59 , 2 90 ) .

Mo r ta r ium . A rea Y : S h ipw reck a r ea ,s u r fa ce . B ro k en ; h a lf t h eb ody l o s t ; s u r f ace e roded b y t h e s ea a nd e nc ru s ted w i th ma r ine o rgan ism s . O r ig ina l D0 . 46 ; H 0 . 145 ;r im H 0 . 045 , T h0 . 045 . P l . 1 4 . W ide ,l ow ,t r ipod mo r ta r ium w i th at h ick r im c a r ry i n g as i ng le p ro jec t ing s pou t . T he o b je c t h a s b een s hap ed c a re fu l ly f r om ag ranu la rw h i te l ime s tone a nd f i n i shed w i th ap o in t .

c oncave s hape i no rde rt of a c i l i ta te t h ep a ssage o fr ope s a round t h em e ven w hen t h eb lock sl a yw i th o ne o rt h e o t he ro ft h e se f a ce sa ga in s ts ome s u r fac e— such a st h e p av ing o f aq uay o r t h e f l oo r ing o f ah u l l . T he r ope s

ah u l lw ou ld h ave h ad t h ea dvan tage so fc ompac tne s s a nd o fr e s is tance t os h if t ing . I ft h is h ypo the s i si sc o r r e c t ,t h eb lo ck ss hou ld d a te t o ap e r iod w hen t h eh a rbou r w a ss t i l li nu se , b u ta f te rt h e s ubme rgence a nd p a r t ia l

T ouch s tone , w e igh t , o r a pp l iqué . A rea R : r ubb le a nd g rave ll a ye r .C h ip m is s ing f r om o ne c or ne r ;s u r f ace e nc ru s ted .B a se L0 .087 s q . ;t o p0 .053 s q . ; H0 . 017 .W t 2 53 g( i ncomp le te ) . F ig .2 3 . F la t b a se o r p l aque i n t h e f o rm o f af ou r s ided t r unca ted p y ram id w i th as ma l lc en t ra lp e r fo ra t ion ,c u t f r om ad en se ,v e ry f i ne -g ra ined b la ck s t one v e ined w i th

S 9 .

A l ta ro rs t a tue b a se . A rea Y : S h ipw reck a r ea , s u r f a ce . I n tac t ; v e ry s e a -wo rn a nd e ncru s ted w i th ma r ine o rgan i sm s .K u rka rs t a ined g r ey . H0 . 30 ;0 . 24 s q . ;b ody H0 . 12 ,0 . 22 s q . ;u ppe rr e c es s0 . 20 s q . ,0 . 015 d eep .P l . 1 5 . As ma l l , a nep ig raph ic a l ta ro rs t a tue b a se r ough ly s haped f r om k u r l ca r w i th ap o in ted c h ise l . T he l ow , s qua re b ody e xpand s t o ap ro je c t ing t o rus a tt h eb a se a nd ma lted f a sc ia a tt h et o p . Al ump o fs t one h a sb een

B ib l iography : R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 1 58 . C h rono logy : l a te R oman o re a r ly B yzan t ine?

l e f tu nf in ished o nt h eb a se o ft h eb lock ,w h i le t h eu ppe r s u r f ace c a r r ie s as ha l low s qua re r ec e s s . P a ra l le l s :T he s hape i st h a to f aR oman a l ta r ,b u tt h e 8 3

C hap ter I I : U ns tra t i f ied N on -C eram ic F ind s mou ld ings a r et oo r ough t oa l low p rec i se c ompa r i son w i th p o s s ib le p a ra l le l s . C h rono logy : R oman?

b lock ,S 2h a sb een a dap ted f r om ap iece o f ama rb le c o lumn . I nc on sequence , t h el a t te ri sc a ta logued a bove a sa na r ch i t e c tu ra lm embe r . Mean w e igh t 1 5 .5 k g .

Anchor s . D e sp i te ag rea td ea lo fr e sea rch a nd

C las s3 :R ec tangu la rb lock w i th p e r fo ra t ion a to ne e nd ( S10 , S 11 , u n s t ra t if ied ) . T he o r ig ina l r e c tangu la rs hape o f

p ub l ica t ion i nt h e l a s t f ew d ecades , t h e s t udy o fa nc ien t s t one a ncho r ss t il p re sen t sn ume rous p rob lem s . T h i st y pe o fo b jec ts e ldom i sf ound i n as ea led , d a tab le c on tex ta nd u sua l ly a ppea r sa s ar andom s u r fac ef i nd .I na dd i t ion ,s t one a ncho r s a r e o n ly r ough ly f i n ished , i n as ma l l v a r ie ty o f s imp le ,l o g ica ls hape st h a th ave r ema ined e s sen t ia l ly u na l t e red f r om t h eL a te B ronze A ge t ot h er e cen tp a s t . O n ly a s ma l lm inor i ty o ft h ek nown a nc ien te xamp le sc a r ry i d en t i f y ing ma rk so fa ny s o r t .A s ar e su l t ,s cho la r sa r el im i ted t o t h er epo r t ing o fs hape sa nd f i nd -spo t s ,o r —occa s iona l ly — t h e' a t t r ibu t ion o f af ew w e l l -def ined c l a s se s o fs hape s t o s pec if ic c u l tu re s o r p e r iod s ( See D im i t rov 1 979 ; F ro s t 1 963a , 1 970 , 1 974 , 1 979a ; K ap i tän 1 984 ; McCa s l in 1 980 ; N ibb i1 991 ;G a l i l ie ta l . 1 993 :6 4 ) .I ti su n fo r tuna te t h a tt h e c o l lec t ion o fe i gh ta ncho r s f r om t h e h a rbou ro fC a e sa rea i n c lude s o n ly o ne e xamp le f r om a s ea led c on tex t : S 19

t h eb l ock h a sb een r e ta ined i nt h ea ncho r so ft h is c l a s s .A vg . w e igh t 1 3 .5 k g . C las s4 :B lock w i th o ne r ounded e nd c a rry ing ap e r fo ra t i on ( S12 , u n s t ra t if ied ) . O ne e nd o f t h e b lock h a s b een t r immed t oar ounded s hape ,p e rhap st or e duc et h ei n c idenc e o fs nagg ing d u r ing r e cove ry . We igh t5 . 9k g . C la s s 5 :P e r fo ra ted d i sk ( S13 , S 14 , u n s t ra t i f ied ) . T he t h ick , f l a t s ided d i sk s h ave b een c a refu l ly t r immed a nd p rov ided w i th as ma l l ,c en t ra ls u spen s ion h o le . T h i ss hape i smo re d i f f icu l tt op roduce t h an t ho se o ft h eo the rc l a s se s , b u tr emova lo fa l lf ou rc or ne r s may h ave f a c i l i ta ted r e cove ry a nd e l im ina ted a s ou rce o f d amage t o t h e b oa t d u r ing s t ow ing . Mean w e igh t5 . 93 k g . C la s s 6 :T h ree -ho led s and a ncho r ( S15 , u n s t ra t i f ied ) . T he f l a t , r e c tangu la r s l ab c a r r ie s as u spens ion h o le a to ne e nd a nd t wo h o le sf o rw ooden f l uke sa tt h eo t he r . We igh t9 . 3 k g .

( Depo s i t2 ) .T he o the r sw e re a l lr e cove red f r om t h es u r f a ce o ft h eb r eakwa te r s , i nt h el oo se u ppe rl e ve l so ft h er ubb le f o rm ing t h e b reakwa te r s , o ro n t h e s andy s ea f l oo r o ft h e S ou th B ay . None o ft h ee xamp les f r om t h i sl a t te rg roup c an

C a ta logue o fS t one Anchor s .

b ed a ted w i th a ny c er ta in ty , a l though af ew p o s s ib le d a t es

S 10 .

a r es ugge s ted o nt h eb a s is o fp a ra l le ls . As im i la rc o l lec t ion h a s r e cen t ly b een r e co rded f r om t h e n ea rby h a rbou r o f

A ncho r . A r ea E : s u r face s and . C omp le te ; s u r f a ce e nc ru s t ed w i th ma r ine o rgan ism s . L0 . 38 ;W 0 . 31 ;T h 0 . 12 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 02 . Wt 2 0 .9 k g . P l . 1 5 .

A po l lon ia ( Ga l in e ta l . 1 993 :6 3 -65 ) . Wh i le i ti sl i ke ly t h a t

A r o ugh ly -f in ished , r e c tangu la r b lock o f k u rka r

a tl e a s ts ome o ft h ea ncho r sa nd w e igh t sa r ea nc ien t ,i ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a ta l lw e re manufa c tu red a nd u sed i nt h er e c en t p a s t .T he a ncho r sa r ea l lf a i r ly s ma l l ,r ang ing i nw e igh tf r om 5 . 9t o2 0 .9 k g ,w i th a na ve rage o f9 . 1k ga nd amean o f6 . 35 k g .J udg ing f r om t h e i rd imen s ions ,t h ey mu s ta l lh ave b een

p rov ided w i th as u spens ion h o le c l o se t oo ne e nd .T he s u spen s ion h o le h a s b een o n ly v e ry r ough ly p ecked t h rough t h eb lock ,w h ich h a sl o s t mo s to fi t se dge sa nd c o rne r st h rough a b ra s ion . P a ra l le l s :C la s s3 .T he s hape c l ea r ly r ef lec t s am in i ma lc onc e rn f o rf i n ish a nd c an b eo fv i r tua l ly a ny d a te . T he p ubl i shed p a ra l le l s ,h oweve r ,a r ee a r ly :F ro s t1 963a : 8 ,f i g . 2( 1900 B .C . ) ; 1 970 : 3 82 -83 ,f i g . 4( twen ty th i rd

u sed b y s ma l l c oa s ta l c r a f t , p e rhap s l o ca l f i sh ing b oa t s . I h ave a s s igned t h e ma te r ia l t of i ve d i f f e r en tc l a s se so n t h e b a s i s o fs hape , b u t i nf a c t a l l b u t o ne o ft h e a ncho r s a r e s imp le " r ock a ncho r s" o r" we igh ta ncho r s" ( F ro s t1 963a :7 ;

c en tu ry B .C . ) ; G a l in e ta l . 1 993 : 6 4 , f i g . 5 .A , E( La te B ronze A ge ; t h ese a ncho r s , h oweve r , f r om Apo l lon ia n ea rC ae sa rea ,w e re n o tf ound i na ny d a tab le c on tex t ) .

McCa s l in 1 980 : 1 8 -20 ) t h a t f unc t ion b y m eans o fs l id ing f r ic t ion o nt h eb o t tom .T he e xcep t ion ,S 15 ( un s t ra t i f ied )i s a" sand a ncho r" : af l a ts l ab o fs t one p e r fo ra ted w i th o ne h o le f o rt h es u spens ion r ope a nd t wo h o le sf o rw ooden f l uke s .I n t h e d i scus s ion b e low , a n u ns t ra t if ied c on tex t c an b e a s s umed u n le s s ad epo s i tn umbe ri sc i ted .

C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . S 11 .

C las s 1 : N a tu ra l s t one w i th n a tu ra l o r a r t if ic ia l ly e n l a rged n a tu ra ls u spen s ion h o le . B ecause o fi t sl ow w e igh t ,

A ncho r . A rea E : s u r f ace s and . P a r to fb a se b roken o f fa nd l o s t ;s u r face c h ipped a nd a b raded . L0 . 255 ;W 0 . 17 ;T h0 . 085 ; Do fh o le , 0 . 025 . W t6 . 10 k g . P l . 1 5 . Aw e l l t r in runed r e c tangu la rb lo ck o fg rey i sh -y e l l ow k u rka r p rov ided w i th ar ough ly f i n ished s u sp en s i on h o le a to ne e nd .T he e nd o ft h eb lock c l o se s tt ot h e

t h eo ne c a ta logued e xamp le o ft h i sc l a s sh a sb een d e scr ibed a bove a s af i sh ing w e igh t ( Si , u ns t ra t if ied ) . U n shaped

h o le m ay h ave b een i n ten t iona l ly g i ven a s l igh t ly r ounded p rof i le . O the rw i se , t h e f r on t , s i de s , a nd b a ck

s t ones w i th n a tu ra lh o le st h a tw ou ld make t h em s u i tab le f o r u se a s a ncho r s a r e c ommon i nt h e r ubb le o ft h e h a rbou r

a r eq u i te s moo th a nd p a ra l le lt oo ne a no the r ,s ugge s t ing t h a tt h ea ncho rh a sb een c u tf r om ab u i ld ing b lo ck .T he

b reakwa te r s ,a nd a tl e a s ts ome o ft h ee xamp le so b se rved b u t l e f t i n p o s i t ion mu s t h ave s e rved s uch a f unc t ion . T he CAHEP e xcava to r s n o t i n f requen t ly made u se o f s u ch

c on t r a s tb e tween t h er egu la rd imen s ions o ft h eb l ock a nd t h er ough g oug ing o ft h es uspen s ion h o le r e info r ce t h i si n te rp re ta t ion . P a ra l le l s : C la ss 3 .S e e S 10 , a nd c ompa re S 12 .

n a tu ra la ncho r st h emse lve s .S ee S haw a nd B l i tze r1 983 :9 3 f o r aL a te M inoan e xamp le . We igh t 1 . 05 k g .

C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

C las s2 :B lock w i th p e r iphe ra lg roove ( S2 ,u n s t ra t if ied ; S 19 , D epo s i t 2 ) . T he o ne a ncho r f r om ad a tab le c on tex t ( S19 , H e rod ian t om id -f i r s tc en tury ) b e long s t ot h is c l a s s .

S 12 .

Wh i le t h is e xamp le h a sb een f o rmed f r om as imp le k u rka r

8 4

A ncho r . A rea E : s ou th e nd o f t r ench , i n s u r f a ce r ubb le .S u r f ace a b raded b yt h es ea . L0 . 28 ;W 0 . 185 ;T h

I LD : W or k ed S t one 0 . 075 .W t5 . 9k g .P l . 1 5 . Ar o ugh ly r e c tangu la rb l ock o fl i gh t -b rown k u rka r w i th o ne s qua re a nd o ne r ounded e nd .T he r ounded e nd h a sb een p rov ided w i th ar ough ly p ecked s u sp en s ion h o le t h a tc a r r ie sa na b ra s ion g r oove o no ne s i de f r om a r ope . P a ra l le l s :C la s s4 .A l though t h es hape i sa ne a sy o ne t op roduce ,t h ep ub l i shed p ar a l le l sa r ea l le a r ly a nd h ave b e en f o und i n t h e e a s te rn Med i te r r anean . S ee F ro s t 1 963a :6 ,f i g s . 2a nd 7( 1 900 B .C . ) ;1 970 :3 81 -83 ,f i g s . 3( e ) , 7( a )( La te B ronze A ge ;f o u r t een th c en tu ry B .C . ) ; McCa s l in 1 980 :f i g . 1 0n o .N 9042 ,f i g s . 1 5 ,2 2 ,2 8 .6 7 ,3 5n o .F l ( a l l B ron ze A ge i nd a te ,a nd mo s tm uch l a rge ri ns i ze ) ;B a s s 1 986 : 2 91 -92 ,i l .2 3( f ou r teen th c en tu ry B .C . ) . C h rono logy : L a te B ronz eA ge , R oman ,o rB yzan t i ne? S 13 .

S 14 .

S 15 .

A ncho r .A rea D :s a nd f i li nh a rbou rc hanne l .S ome s u r f ace a b ra s ion :e dee sc h ipp ed :m ix e r oove w o rn i n to e dge o fh o le . D0 . 25 ;T h0 . 10 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 025 .W t5 . 5 k g . P l . 1 6 . At h ick c i rcu la rs t one w e igh tw i th c en t ra lp e r fo ra t i on , c u t a nd c a re fu l ly f i n i shed f r om al i gh t c r eam c o lou r ed s and s tone o rk u rka r . T he ma te r ia l l a ck s t h e s pongy c on s i s tency o f mo s tk u rka ra nd s e em ss l igh t ly h a rde r .T he s u r fac eh a sb een c a r e fu l ly f i n i shed ,e r a s ing a l lt o o lm a rk s . P a ra l le l s :C la s s5 .A c i rcu la ra ncho ra pp rox ima te ly t w ice t h i s s i ze , w i th ap ropo r t iona te ly s l igh t ly l a rge r c en t ra lp e r fo ra t ion ,w a sf o und i nt h eh a rbou ro fA ncona ( Ba lde l l i 1 986 :4 9 ,f i g .2 ) .I tmay b eR oman i nd a te .A f ew o ft h ea ncho r sf o und i nt h eC ape A nd r ea ss u r vey o n C yp ru sh ave ac i r cu la ro u t l ine ,b u tn one i sa sr e gu la ri n s hap eo ra sf i n i shed a sS 13 a nd S 14 ( McCa s l in 1 980 : f i g . 1 5 . 1 02 , 1 03 , 1 09 ) . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine?

A ncho r . A rea E : s u r fa ce r ubb le . E dge s c h ipped ; s u r f a ce h eav i ly e nc r u s t ed w i th m a r ine g row th . D0 . 23 ; T h0 . 10 ;h o le D 0 . 025 .W t6 . 35 k g .P l . 1 6 . At h ick ,c i rcu la ra ncho rc u tf r om al i gh tg r ey k u rka r . T he s ma l ls u spen s ion h o le i ss l igh t ly o f fc en t r e .O the r w i se ,t h es hape h a sb een c a r e f u l ly f i n i shed . P a ra l le l s : C la s s5 .S ee S 13 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine?

B ronze A ge ( F ro s t 1 970 : 3 82 -83 , f i gs . 7 -8 ; McCa s l in 1 980 :6 5 -68 ) ,b u ti tc on t inued t ob ep roduced i ns ma l le r e xamp le si nt h eG reco -Roman p e r iod a nd u pu n t i lt h e r e cen tp a s t( s ee F ro s t1 963a :6 -8 , 1 3 -15 ,f i g s .9 ,2 1 -25 ; 1 979 :1 37 ;D im i t rov 1 979 :7 5 -9 ,f i g .9 ; McCa s l in 1 980 : 1 8 -20 ;G ianf ro t ta 1 983 ;B a ldel i1 986 ) .I tu s ed t ob ef e l t t h a tt h i sd e s ign w a st y p ica l ly e a s ter n Med i te r r anean i n c ha r ac t e r ,b u tT usa ( 1 973 : 4 17 -19 ) c i te s an umbe ro f e xamp le sf r om t h ew a te r sa r ound S i c i ly ,A ya la ( 1 986 : 2 11 -12 ) 1 8e xamp le sf r om t h eB ay o fN ap le s ,B a lde l l i ( 1 986 ) t wo f r om t h eh a rbou ro fA ncona t h a ts e em t o h ave b een a s so c ia ted w i th aR oman w reck , a nd D ean ( 1 989 ) s e ve ra l f r om B r i t i sh w a te r s . T he re a r e a l so s e ve r a l e xamp le s i nt h e mus eum o fC ap d 'Agde t h a t w e r ef o und i nt h en ea rby w a t e r so ft h eF r ench c oa s t .A t h r ee -ho le a ncho rr e cove r ed n ea rt h ea nc ien th a rbou ro f G ae ta c a r r ie s at y p icaly R oman d e s ign o f ad o lph in a nd t r i den t o n o ne s i de ( D i B a r to lomeo 1 986 : 2 10 , p l . X I I .c ) .A ne xamp le v e ry s im i la rt ot h eC aesa r ea a ncho r i ns i ze a nd d e s ign w a sf o und a tA th l i t : McCa s l in d a te s i tt ot h eL a te B ronze A ge ( McCa s l in 1 980 : 4 1 -3 , f i g . 2 5 .22 ) .T h ree a ncho r so ft h i st y pe f o und a tA polon ia n ea rC a e sa rea a r ed a t ed b yG a i lü e ta l .( 1993 :6 4 ,f i g .5 ) t ot h eL a t eB ronze A ge ,w i th w i thou ta ny r e a le v idence . A long t h i sc oa s t l ine , aL a te B ronze A ge d a te i sj u s ta s l i ke ly a s aG reco -Roman o rr e cen td a te . C h rono logy :L a te B ronze A ge? R oman?

I I .E . G la s s . [ . IP .0 . ] I I .E .1 . I n t roduc t ion a nd A na ly s i s . B ecau se o f t h e d e s t ruc t ive e nv i ronmen t , o n ly f ou r g l a s s a r t i f ac t s w e r e r e cove r ed f r om t h e u n s t ra t if ied c on tex t s i nt h e h a rbou r . E ven t h es e a led d epo s i t sy i e lded o n ly e i gh t mo r e ,a nd t h o se a li nv e ry d amaged c ond i t ion .T he t h r ee c hunk so fr aw g l a s s ( G1 , u n s t ra t i f ied ; G 8 , D epo s i t3 ,G 12 ,D epo s i t7 )s ugge s t t h e p r es ence o f ag l a s s m anuf a c to ry i nt h e p o r tc i ty . T he c hu r ch l amp p o s s ib ly r e p re s en ted b yG 4( un s t ra t if ied )i sa n i n te r e s t ing i t em , a si st h en e s to fc up s f ound i nD epo s i t4 ( G10 ) ,p o s s ib ly t h er ema in so f as h ipmen to fg l a s swa r es e n t b ys e a .T he r ema in ing f r agmen t sc ome f r om t y p ica lR oman a nd B yzan t ine v e s se l sa nd b ra ce le t s . I I .E .2 . C a ta logue . G l .

A ncho r . S ou th B ay : i ns a nd a d ja cen tt ot i po fb ed r o ck p ro jec t ion i nc en t re o ft h eb ay .S u r f ace s moo thed b yt h es e a . L0 . 375 ;W a tu ppe re nd ,0 . 20 ;Wa tl owe r e nd ,0 . 24 ;T h0 . 085 ;u ppe rh o le , D0 . 03 ;l owe rh o le s ,D 0 . 025 .W t9 . 3k g . P l . 1 6 . At h r ee -ho le s a nd a ncho rc u tf r om af l a t ,t r apezo ida l s l ab o fg r ey i sh -b rown k u rka r .T he s i ng le h o le c l o se t o t h e n a r rowe r e nd h e ld t h e s u sp en s ion r ope ; t h e t wo h o le sc l o se t ot h ew id e re nd h e ld r ound w ooden s t ake s t h a tf u nc t ioned a sf l uke s .T he s u r f a ce o ft h es l ab s how s t h e s pongy t e x tu re a nd i regu la r f i n i sh t y p ica l o f u n t r immed f l ake so fk u rka r . P a ra l le l s :C la s s6 .T h i ss hap ei st y p ica lo ft h eL a t e

8 5

C hunk o fg l a s s .A r ea D :s a nd f i l li nh a rbou re n t rance c hanne l .B roken ; s u r f a ce a b raded . L0 . 07 ;W 0 . 04 . A n i regu la rc hunk o fd a rk g r een g l a s s . T he p i e ce h a sb e en b roken f r om al a rge rb l ock ,a nd a l lt h ec u r r en t s u r f a ce sa r ef r a c tu r e s .T he re a r en ume rou sb ubb le si n t h e g l a s s , b u t o t he rw i se i ts e em s t ob e s u i tab le r aw m a t e r ia lf o rt h ep roduc t ion o fv e sse l s . C hunk so fr aw g l a s s o f t h i s s ame g ene ra l s i ze a nd s l igh t ly l i gh te r c o lou ra ppea ri nD epo s i t s 3( G8 ) ,a nd 7 (G12 ) ,a nd h ave t u rned u pa ss u r f ac ef i nd sa tv a r ious p o in t so nt h el a nd a r ea o fC a e sa rea .S ome o fi ti sa s soc ia t ed w i th I s lam ic g l a s s -wo rk ing ,b u tt h ee xamp le sf r om D epo s i t s 3a nd 7 m u s tb ee a r l ie ri nd a te . C h rono logy : R oman ,B yzan t ine ,o rA rab .

C hap te rI I : U n s t ra t if i ed N on -C e ram ic F ind s G 2 .

G 3 .

G 4 .

B ra ce le t .A rea R :s a nd l a ye rb e low r ubb le .B roken , h a lf o fr i ng m i s s ing ; s u r f a ce p i t ted . D0 . 06 ;W 0 . 0 18 . F ig .2 3 . Sma l l b ra ce le t o f d a rk g r een g l a s s , w i th v e r t ica l e x te rna lr i bb ing . Wh i le s o f t , t h er i ng ( s em ic i rcu la ri n c r o s s sec t ion ) w a s p inched r e pea ted ly w i th at o o l t o p roduce t h er e gu la rp a t t e rn o fr i dge sa nd f u r row s .T he i n te r io rs u r f a ce i ss moo th . P a ra l le l s :N ume rou se xamp le so ft h i st y pe o fg l a s s b race le tf ound i nI s ra e la nd t h e We s tB ank a r ec i t ed i n S pae r 1 988 : 5 5 -6 T ype B .1 , w i th d a t e si nt h e t h i rd t o f ou r th c en tu r ie s .F o re xamp le so nC yp ru s ,s e eC e sno la 1 885 -1903 : v o l . H I , p l . 7 6 ( 1 2 e xamp le s ) ; V e s sbe rg 1 952 :p l . 1 0 .23 ;V e s sbe rg & We s tho lm 1 956 : 1 75 ,f i g . 5 1 .23 .T hese a l ls e em t od a t et ot h eR oman p e r iod ,a nd av e ry s im i la re xamp le w a s f o und a tT y r e i n at omb c on ta in ing c o in so fT a c i tu s( 2 75 -76 )a nd C on s tan t ine ( 3 16 -24 ) :C h6hab 1 986 : 1 54 ,p l . XV .g .2 .T he b ra ce le t s r a nge i nd i ame te rf r om 0 . 048 t o0 . 06 m ,s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e i ru se w a sr e s t r ic ted t oc h i ld r en a nd y oung f ema le s ( c f . S pa e rp .6 0 ) .S pae rn o te st h a tt h i st y pe o fb r ace le t m ay h ave b een m anu tac tu r ea a tan umbe ro tw o rk shop s i nt h ee a s te rn Med i t e r ranean . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ran ean . C h rono logy : t h i rd o rf ou r th c en tu ry . B ra ce le t . A rea T : s u r f a ce r ubb le . B roken , h a lf o f c i r cumf e rence l o s t . D0 . 045 ;T h0 . 003 .F i g .2 3 . Sma l lb ra ce le t made f r om ar od o fo paque ,l i gh tb l ue g l a s s( s em ic i r cu la ri ns e c t ion )d e co ra t ed o nt h ee x te r io r w i th d o t so fw h i te g l a s s .T he i n te r io rs u r f a ce i sf l a ta nd s moo th .S pa e r1 988 :6 0n o te st h a t mu l t ico lou r ed b r ac e l e t sa r er a re b e fo re t h eI s lam ic p e r iod .T he f r e sh a pp ea r a nce o ft h es u r f ace s ugge s t st h a tt h i sb r a ce le tm ay b e f a i r ly r e cen ti nd a te . C h rono logy : modem?

P h i lon ;s e ven th c en tu ry? ) . C h rono logy : f ou r th -seven th c en tu ry .

I I .F . Worked B one . [ J .P .0 . ] I I .F .1 .I n troduc t ion a nd Ana l y s i s . A sw i th g l a s sa nd f e r rou s m e ta l s , t h e m a r ine e nv i ronmen t h a s a pp a r en t ly d e s t royed mo s to ft h eb one a r t i f a c t sl o s ti nt h eh a rbou ro f C a esa r ea .O n ly t h r ee w o rked b one a r t i f ac t sw e re r e cove r ed : t wo t o i le ta r t ic le s ( B1 , u n s tr a t if ied ;B 2 , D epo s i t3 ) , a nd a f r agmen to f as c u lp ted b one l a t t ice -wo rk o b jec t( B3 , D e p o s i t4 ) . I I .F .2 . C a ta logue . B l . T ube o rh o l low h and le . A r ea R :r ubb le l a ye r .N a r r ow t e rm ina t ion b roken , l o s t ; s u r face e r oded . MPL 0 . 091 ; D0 . 009 ; k nob L 0 . 006 . F i ne -g ra ined b one , s t a ined al i gh tg r ey .F ig .2 4 . As ma l lb one h and le o rl i gh tc yl ind r ica lc a se .T he s moo th w a l l s o f t h e u ndeco ra ted t u be t a pe r s l igh t ly f r om t h ef l a tt e rm ina t ion , w h i ch c a r r ie s as ma l lk nob . P a ra l le l s : Mo s to ft h ep a ra l le l sa r e mo re e l abo r a t e ly d eco ra t ed w i th mou ld ing s a nd i n c i s ion a nd s e r ved a s h and le s f o r m i r ro r s o r c o sme t ic t o o ls . S ee D eonna 1 938 : 2 45 -47 , p l s . 7 8 -9 ; D av id son 1 952 : p l . 8 6 , n o s . 1 422 , 1 428 -29 . C h rono logy : R oman?

S t emmed " w ineg la s s" o r C hu r ch L amp . A rea T : s u r fa ce .B rok en ,c up l o s t . MPH 0 . 035 ; Do fb a se ,0 . 055 . F ig .2 3 . T he b a se a nd s t em o f a" w ineg la s s" b l own f r om a v e ry l i gh tg re en g l a s sc on ta in ing af ew s ma l lb ubb le s . T he h o l low ,b u lbou ss t em f l a r e so u tt o ac i r cu la rd i sk b a se w i th h olow ,b eaded r im . P a ra l le l s :T h i st y pe o f" s t emmed g ob le t "o r" w ine g l a s s" ( I s ing s1 957 :5 0 -53 ,F o rm 3 6 )w a sv e ry c ommon i nt h ee a s te rn Med i te r ranean a nd t h eN ea rE a s tb e tween t h ef ou r th a nd s even th c en tu r ie s . E xamp le sa ppea ra t K a r an i s ,S ama r ia ,N e s sana ,A pama ea ,S a rd i s ,G e r a sa , P a lmy ra ,S a lam is ,S amo s ,K e ra r' A ra ,a nd A y io sP h i lon . I C ra e l ing 1 938 : 5 17 s ugge s t st h a tt h ef ou r th -f if th c en t u ry e xamp le sa tG e r a sa w e r eu s ed a sc hu r ch l amp s ,a s ugge s t ion t a ken u p b y C row foo t r e ga rd ing s im i la r c up sa tS ama r ia ( C rowfoo te ta l .1 957 :4 15 16 )a nd b y C havane i nh i s l o ng d i s cu s s ion r e ga rd ing e xamp le s f ound a tS a lam i s( 1 975 :5 7 -59 ;s e ven th c en tu ry? ) .S ee a l so T ö l le -Ka s t enbe in 1 974 : 1 64 ( Samo s ; i mpe r ia l ) ; v on S a ldem 1 980 :5 8 ,n o .3 51 ( S a rd i s ;f o u r th c en tu ry ) ; H aye s 1 978 : 1 90 -93 ( Ca r thage ; f i f th s ix th c en tu ry ) ; S u s sman 1 976 : 9 2 -101 ( Ke f a r ' A ra ; f o u r th s ix th c en t u ry ) ;T ay lo r & Megaw 1 98 1 : 2 27 ,n o s .2 5 -32 ( Ay io s 8 6

I I .G : Worked Wood a nd C ork . [ J .P .0 . ] I I .G .1 . I n t roduc t ion a nd Ana l y s i s . A l though w a t e r l o gged w ood a nd c o rk c an s u rv ive i mme r s ion i nt h es e ai f p ro tec t ed f r om m echan ica l d amage a nd t h e a c t iv i ty o f t e r edo w o rm s ,l i t t le w ood o t he rt h an f o rmwo rk a nd s h ip s ' t i mbe r sh a sb een r e cove r ed f r om t h eh a rbou rc omp lex . Mo s t l i ke ly a s ar e su l to ft h ea c t iv i ty o fw ave s ,c u r ren t s ,a nd t i de s , i ts e em st h a tf ew w ooden a r t if a c t sr ema ined t r app ed i n s ide t h eh a rbou rb a s in l o ng e nough t ob e com ew a te r logged a nd s i nk t o ap ro t ec ted l o ca t ion . O nce i n s u ch a s i tua t ion , h oweve r , p r e se r va t ion c ou ld b e s up e rb . A l l t h ree a r t i f a c t s r ef l ec tt h em a r i t ime c ha ra c te ro ft h es i t e : an e tf l oa t( W1 , u n s t ra t i f ied ) , as h eave b lo ck (W2 , D epo s i t2 ) , a nd al a rge c o rk s t oppe r (W3 ,D epo s i t4 ) . I I .G .2 . C a ta logue . Wl . N e t f l oa t . A r ea G : f i l a round t h e c r o s s ing o ft h e f o rmwo rk b eam sa tt h eS Ec o rne ro ft h ec onc r e t eb l ock . B rok en , w a te r logged ; o ne h a l f m i s s ing . L0 . 0 4 ; W 0 . 032 ; T h 0 . 02 ; Do f l o ng i tud ina l p e r fo ra t ion 0 . 008 . F ig .2 4 . O vo id n e t f l oa t , c a rved f r om as o f t , l i gh t b r own , c oa r se -g ra ined w ood .T he d imen s ion so ft h ef l o a ta nd t h ed i ame t e ro ft h el o ng i tud ina lh o le s ugge s ti t su s eo n an e tr a the rt h an af i sh ing l i ne .T he c i r cu la rs e c t ion a nd s l igh t ly f l a t tened e nd sa r ev e ry c l o s et ot h ose o f mode rn n e tf l oa t s , b u t t h e o b jec t w a s f o und i n ac on t ex tt h a t p robab ly h a sb een s t ab le s i nce a tl e a s tt h el a te B yzan t i ne p e r iod .I fi nf a c tt h ef l oa ti sc on tempo ra ry w i th t h e f o rmwo rk , i tm ay h ave b een u sed a sp a r to ft h ec on s t ruc t ion a ppa ra tu s . C h rono logy : R oman?

CH APTER I V. CL O SED DE POS IT S : AN ALYS I SA ND CA TALOGUES

I V .A .I n t roduc t ion . [ J .P .0 . ] T he f md sf r om e ach o ft h es e ven d epo s i t s( o r ,i nt h ec a s e o fD epo s i t5 ,t h es even d epo s i t se ncompa s s ed b yt h a tt e rm w i th in A r ea I )a r ep re sen t ed h e r ec l a s sb yc l a s s ,i nt h es ame o rde ra st h eu n s t ra t if ied f i nd sw e r ep r e sen t ed i nC hap te r sI a nd I Ib u tw i thou ta ny g ene ra ld i scu s s ion o fe ach c l a s so f a r t i f a c t . F o ra n a na ly s i s i nt h ec on t ex to fa l l t h e CAHEP f i nd s o f at y pe o f a r t ifa c t o r c e r am ic w a r e f o und i n a p a r t icu la rd epo s i t ,s e et h ea pp rop r ia te s e c t ion o fC hap t e r sI I I .E a ch d epo s i tc a ta logue i si n t roduced b y ad e sc r ip t ion o f t h es t ra t ig r aph ic c on t ex ta nd f o l lowed b ya na na ly s i so ft h e c ha ra c t e ro ft h e d epo s i t , s upp lemen t ed b y at a bu la rs um m a ry o ft h ea r t i fac t s . D i scu s s ion s o ft h e s ou r ce s o ft r ade o b jec t s i nt h e v a r iou s d epo s i t s a r e b a sed l a rge ly o n t h e c e ram ic f i nd s ,s i nce s of ew o ft h en on -ce ram ic f i nd sc an b e a s s igned ap rovenance .O le son h a sw r i t t en t h ed e sc r ip t ion o f e a ch c on tex t ,a nd h eh a sc ompo sed t h ed epo s i ta na ly se so n t h eb a s i so fi n fo rma t ion s uppl ied b yh im se l f ,S he rwood ,a nd S idebo tham . I nc on sequence , t h e a na ly se s a r e c o s igned , a l though n o t a l l t h e c o -au tho r s m ay a g r ee w i th a l l t h e c onc lu s ion s .A si nt h ec a se o ft h eu n s t ra t i f ied f md s ,O le son h a sc ompo sed t h ee n t r ie sf o ra mpho ra s ,m e ta l ,s t one ,g l a s s , b one , w ood a nd c o rk , S he rwood t h ee n t r ie s f o ru t i l i ta r ian w a r e s ,S i debo tham f o rf i ne w a re sa nd l amp s ,H oh l f e lde rf o r c o in s , a nd V ann f o rf ou re n t r ie so n as t one r e ve tmen t ,t wo v au l t ing t u b e s ,a nd ar oo f t i le .

l o gued i nC hap t e r sI I I I ) ,a l ong w i th s ome mode rn r ubb i sh t h a ta ppea r ed e ven i nt h el owe s tl e ve l s . T h rough t h eu s eo ft empo ra ry c a i s son s ,t h el a ye ro fs a nd w a sr emoved a l ong t h ew e s te dge o ft h ec hanne l i n1 982 , r e vea l ing t h eu ppe rs u r f ac eo ft h el a ye ro fk u rka rr ubb le t h a t f o rmed t h e h ead o ft h e S ou the rn B r eakwa t e r . T he u ppe r s u r f ace o ft h i sr ubb le s l oped d own f r om w e s tt oe a s t ;a tt h e e a s tf a ce o ft h et r ench t h eu ppe rs u r f a ce l a ya t 8m b e low m .s . l .E xcava t ion o ft h e 1m t h ick l a ye ro fr ubb le e xpo sed a n i regu la r ,a pp rox ima t e ly 1m t h ick l a ye ro fs and ,s h e l l s ,a nd s ma l ll e n se so f af me ,s t icky g r ey c l ay .T he b o t tom s u r f ac e o f t h i s s t ra tum , w h ich c on ta ined t h e f i nd s d e sc r ibed a s D epo s i t 1 ,r e s ted o n a0 . 20 m t h ick s t ra tum o fc oa r s es and f r om w h ich n oa r t i f a c t sw e r er e cove r ed .D i rec t ly b enea th ,a t ad ep th o f 9m B SL w a s t h e l a ye r o ff i ne g r ey c l ay t h a t c on ta ined t h e a r t i f ac t s c on s t i tu t ing D epo s i t 2 .H oh l f e lde r ( 1 993 : 1 0 1 ) o b jec t s t ot h e u se o ft h e t e rm " c lay" f o r t h e m a t e r ia lc on s t i tu t ing t h e se l a ye r sa nd l e n se s ,w h ich h er e f e r s t oa s" mud ." B o th t e rm sa r ea l lowed i nE ng l i sh f o rt h i st y pe o fm a te r ia l ,e ven i fi ti st h er e su l to fh uman a c t iv i ty r a the r t h an ag eo log ica lp roce s s . Ip r ef e rt h et e rm c l ay i nv i ew o f t h e e x t r eme ly s mal s i ze o f i t s c on s t i tuen t p a r t ic le s , i t s u n i fo rm t e x tu re ,a nd i t sv i sco s i ty a nd r e s i s tance t oe r o s ion w hen e xpo s ed t ot h es e aw a te r .T he s ma l ll e n se so fc l ay i n t h eD epo s i t 1s t ra tum a r ec ompo sed o ft h es ame s ub s tance t h a tf o rm st h eb u lk o ft h eD epo s i t 2s t ra tum . [ J .P .0 . ]

I V .B .D epo s i t 1( Ar ea DI:S and F i l lb e tween R ubb l ea nd C lay L ayer s ) . I V .B .1 .D e scr ip t ion o fC on t ex t .B e tween 1 980 a nd 1 982 ac once r ted e f fo r tw a s made t od ef ine t h ew id th a nd d ep th o f t h eE n t rance C hanne lt ot h eh a rbou r( s ee t h ed i scu s s ion b y R aban a nd O le son i nR aban e ta l . 1 989 : 13 -19 ,a nd f i g . 1 h e r e ) .E xcava t ion r e vea led t h a tt h ec hanne lw a sf i l led w i th al o o se , mob i le l a ye r o fw h i te s a nd a pp rox ima te ly 2 . 0m t h ick , f r amed o n t h ee a s tb yt h es t e ep r ema in so ft h eg r ea t b l o ck sf o rm ing t h eh ead o ft h eN o r the rn B r eakwa t e r ,a nd o n t h ew e s tb y as l op ing m a ss o fs ma l lk u r I ca rr u bb le f o rm ing t h eh ead o ft h eS ou the rn B r eakwa t e r .T he t h ickne s so ft h i s s a nd f i l l , a nd c onsequen t ly t h e a ppa r en tw id th o ft h eE n t r ance C hanne l ,c hange s ma rked ly f r om y ea rt oy ea ra cco rd i n gt ot h ep a t t e rn o fw in te rs t o rm sa nd t h e movemen to fs a nd a l ong t h ec o a s t l ine .I n1 982 t h eu pp e rs u r f a ce o ft h es a nd i n t h ec en t r eo ft h ec hanne ll a ya t7 . 6 mB SL ;a tt h i sp o in ti tw a s 2 . 5 -3 .0 m t h ick . E xcava t ion i nt h e c en t r e o ft h e c hann e l y i e lded n ume rous b ad ly a b raded a nc ien t a r t i fa c t s ( c a ta -

I V .B .2 . C a ta logue o fC e ram i c s . Amphora s( F ig .2 4 ) . [ J .P .0 . ] A 45 . B rok en , i n comp le t e ; f r agmen t o f n eck a nd r im , u pp e r h and le s t ub s . R im D 0 . 15 . S andy , f l aky , l i gh t b rown i sh g r ey ( 1 0YR 6 / 2 )c l ay w i th v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 3 )s u r f ace s ,p o s s ib ly s l ipped . C la s s : C la s s 1 0 . P a r a l le l s : s e eA 8( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : S pa in . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t oe a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry A .C .

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A 46 . B rok en , i n comp le t e ; r im , h and le s , u ppe r t h i rd o f b ody .I n te r io rp i t ched .F t im D 0 . 10 .H a rd g r ey ( 2 .5Y 5 / 0 )f a b r ic t empe r ed w i th q ua r tz s a nd , c on ta in ing o cca s i ona lw h i t el ump s . Wh i t e( 10YR 8 / 1 )s u r f a ce . C la s s :C la s sE . P a ra l le l s : S ee i n t roduc t ion t oC la s sE ,p p . 1 9 -20 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : r u s tc en tu ry?

C hap ter I V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s K i t chen War e( F ig .2 4 ) . [ A .N .S . ] K 30 . S aucepan .F ragmen to fr im a nd c a r ina ted b ody w i th r ounded b a se ; s ha rp ,e ve r t ed r im p rov ide ss e a t ing f o r l i d ;f i re b l ackened .R im D 0 . 190 . Med ium g r i t ,s t rong b rown ( 7 .5YR 4/ 6) f a b r ic ,b rown t od a rk b rown ( 1 0 YR 4 / 3 ) s l ip . C omp a r e K 4 ( u n s t ra t if ied ) , K 58 -K59 ( D e p o s i t4 ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 4 . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : m id f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry .

F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e eL i ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : c a . 3 5 -50 . L 23 . I t a l ian , C yp r io t , K n id ian o rC i l ic ian v o lu te l amp . B rok en ,i n comp le te ;p a r t so fd i scu s ;r im ,n oz z le ,b ody w a l l s e x tan t . MPL 0 . 076 ; MPW 0 . 021 ; MPH 0 . 020 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 3 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy l i gh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 ) t o d a rk r edd i sh b rown ( 5YR 3 / 2 ) s l ip ( m i sf i r ed ) . D oub le v o lu te n o zz le . U nd eco ra ted r im s ep a ra t ed f r om u ndeco ra ted ( ? )d i scus b yt h re eg r oove s ; s l op ing b ody w a l l s ; a i r h o le t y p ica l o f I t a l ian l amp s n ea rd i scu s r im b ounda ry . P l . 1 7 . T ype : O z io l 1 969 : t y pe 1 0 ;L oe schcke 1 9 19 : t y pe I V ;P on s ich 1 961 :t y pe f o rm I B I ;D eneauve 1 969 :t y pe VA ; B ronee r 1 930 : t y pe XX II ; B ronee r 1 977 : t y pe XX I I I . P a ra l l e l s :D eneauve 1 969 :n o s .4 03 -542 f o rv o lu t e s o n ly ;O z io 11969 :n o s . 10 128 f o rv o lu te so n ly ;P on s ich 1 96 1 : n o s . 3 5 -119 f o r v o lu te s a nd n o zz le o n ly ; S zen t l6 leky 1 969 : n o s . 9 2 -106 ; R o s en tha l & S i van 1 978 : n o s . 7 8 -107 f o r s im i la r n o zz le , v o lu t e s a nd u ndeco ra ted r im ;H aye s 1 980a :n o s .3 09 -322 ( Cyp r io t o rI t a l ian ) ; B ronee r 1 930 : n o .4 54 f o rs im i la rn ozz le , v o lu te sa nd r im ;B runeau 1 965 :n o s .4 588 -46 11 ( made i nK n ido s ) ; I c onomu 1 967 : n o . 2 2f o rv o lu t e s ,n o zz le a nd a i r h o le o n ly ; Ma r sa 1 973 : n o . 1 05 f o r s im i la r n oz z le a nd v o lu t e so n ly ; B a i ley 1 980 : n o s .Q 855 -916 ( made i nI t a ly ) ;B ronee r1 977 :n o s .2 372 -2373 :D e r inge r 1 965 : n o . 37 f o r n ozz le , v o lu te s a nd a i r h o le o n ly ; B a i ley 1 965 :n o s . 1 4 -73 f o rv o lu t e so n ly ( f i r s tc en tu ry , m ade i nC yp ru s ) ;D unand 1 939 :n o s .1 309 ,6 060 ,6 509 f o rv o lu t e so n ly . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( Cyp r u s , K n ido s , C i l ic ia )o rI t a ly . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry .

K 31 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen to ff l a r ing r im ,w i th s t ub o f h and le a nd s hou lde r .R im D 0 . 190 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 3 / ) f a b r ic , l i gh tg r ey ( 5Y 7 / 2 ) s l ip . C ompa re K 50 ( Depo s i t3 ) ,w h ich h a sc oa r se rf a b r ic . P a ra l le l s :D y son 1 976 :1 49 ,L S6 7 ,f i g .6 0 ,p o tC la s s 4 7 ,s im i la r . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i t e r r anean . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry . F ine Wa re s( F ig . 2 4 ) . [ S .E .S . ] E a s tern T er ra S i g i l la ta IW ar e . RG85 . J ug . B rok en ; p a r t o f w a l l e x tan t , d eco ra ted w i th i regu la r ly s pa ced , h o r izon ta l w h i t e l i ne s ; r i ng b a se . B a se D 0 . 092 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o r f o rm , p a ra l le l s , a nd p o s s ib ly p rovenance , s e e RG42 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , RG102 ( D epo s i t2 ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG86 . J ug . B roken ; p a r to fr im a nd n eck e x tan t . R im D 0 . 06 . L igh t b rown f a b r ic ; p a t chy s l ip ; n o Mun se l l a va i lab le . F o rm : G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 2 :3 ; p robab ly C row f oo t 1 957 : f o rm 2 5 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 97 1 : f o rm 2 5 ; j ug w i th l o ng n eck ,o ne h and le , l ow r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s :C rowf oo t1 957 :3 40 -4 1 ;C h r i s t en s en 1 97 1 : 1 80 -88 ;G unneweg 1 983 :9 8 -99 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

L 24 . K n id ian ,E phe s ian ,o rI t a l ian v o lu te l amp .B roken , i n comp le t e ; p a r t s o f d i scus , r im , b ody w a l l s , b a se , n ozz le a nd v o lu t e se x tan t . MPL 0 . 064 ; MPW 0 . 062 ; MPH 0 . 020 . G r ey ( 7 .5YR N 5 / ) f a b r ic ; y e l low i sh r e d ( 5YR 5 / 6 ) t op a tchy r e dd i sh b r own ( 5YR 5 / 3 ) s l ip . U nd eco r a t ed ( ? )d i scu ss epa ra ted f r om r im b y 2i n c i s ed l i ne s .R im d eco ra ted w i th e gg o rt o ngue p a t t e rn ;w a l l s c u r ve t os l igh t ly r a ised b a se d ef ined b y i n c i sed l i ne ; d oub le v o lu te n ozz le ( vo lu te so nr im -d is cu sb ounda ry i nf o rm o f 2d o t sw i th in c i rc le s ) ;a i rh o le o nd i scu s r im b ounda r y ; w ick h o le .P l . 1 7 . T yp e :B ronee r1 930 : t y pe XX IV ;L oe schcke 1 9 19 : t y pe V ;D eneauve 1 969 :t y pe VD ;B a i ley 1 980 :t y pe C g r oup i . P a ra l le l s : R o sen tha l & S ivan 1 978 : n o . 15 f o r s im i la rn oz z le ,v o lu te a nd r im d eco r a t ion ;H aye s1 980a : n o .3 23 f o rs im i la rn ozz le a nd r im d eco ra t ion ( Cyp r io t ) ; D eneauve 1 969 :n o s .6 24 ,6 29 ;B a i ley 1 980 :n o .Q 957 s im i la r ; n o . Q 96 1 w i th e x t ra g roove a nd r i dge o n d i scu s ;n o .Q 960 f o re x t ra g roove a nd r i dge o nd i scu s ; n o . Q 964 s im i la r ; B ronee r 1 930 : n o . 4 63 f o r s im i la r n ozz le , v o lu te s , a i r h o le a nd r im d eco ra t ion ; Menz e l 1 969 :n o .2 46 ,A bb .3 2 ,n o . 1 9f o rn o zz le ,v o lu t e s ,r im

RG87 . J ug . B roken ; p a r to fr im , s hou lde r , h and le e x tan t . R im D 0 . 066 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 ) s l ip w i th f i nge r m a rk s . P i t ch o r r e s in a dhe re st ot o po fr im a nd i n s ide o fn eck . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS 1 22 :3 ;C row f oo t1 957 : f o rm 2 5 ;C h r i s tensen 1 971 :f o rm 2 5 ;j ug ( l agyno s )w i th l o ng n eck ,o ne h and le ,l ow r i ng b a s e . P a ra l le l s :G unneweg 1 983 :9 8 -99 ;C row foo t1 957 : 3 4 1 , f i g .8 2 :1 -2 s im i la r ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 1 80 -88 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . L amps ( F ig . 2 5 ,p l . 1 7 ) . [ S .E .S . ] L 22 . " He rod ian ." l amp . B roken , n ea r ly c omp le t e ; p a r t s o fd i scu s a nd f i l lh o le m i s s ing . L0 . 081 ; W 0 . 055 ; H 0 . 027 .G r ey ( 2 .5YR N 5 / )f a b r ic ;v e ry p a l eb r own ( 1 0YR 8 /3) s l ip . U ndeco ra ted d i scus s epa ra ted f r om u ndeco ra t ed r im b yr a i sed b and ;s hove l shaped n o zz le ; b ody w a l l sc u rve t of l a t tened b a se . P l . 1 7 .

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I V .B :D epos i t1 d eco ra t ion a nd a i rh o le ( I ta l ian ) . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( I Cn ido s , E phe su s ) o rI t a ly . C h rono logy : s e cond h a lf f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en t u ry .

M52 . L ead f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t . I n ta c t ; s u r f a ce s l igh t ly w o rn a nd n i cked . L0 . 077 ;W o fs hee t ,0 . 04 ;T ho fs h ee t , 0 . 003 .W t5 1 .5 g .F ig .2 5 ,p l . 1 0 F o lded s he e tf i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .T he o u te rs u r f a ce o ft h el e ad s h ee ti sf e a tu r e le s sa nd s moo th ,e xcep tf o ra h eavy r ounded m a rg in . P a ra l le l s :T h i si st h eo n ly e xamp le a tC ae sa rea o fa f o lded s h ee tn e t -we igh tw i th ad i s t inc t ma rg in f r am ing o n ly ab l ank f i e ld . S ee g ene ra ld i scu s s ion , p p . 6 8 -69 , C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

L 25 . L amp . B roken , w o rn , i n comp le t e ; p a r t so fd i s cu s , r im ,b ody w a l l se x tan t . MPL 0 . 048 ; MP W 0 . 029 ; MPH 0 . 0 17 .G r ey ( 7 .5YR N 5 / )f a b r ic ;y elow i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 4 )t ov e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 )s l ip .D i scu sd ef ined f r om r im b ys i ng le g r oove .R im d e co ra ted w i th i n c i sed l i ne sa nd d o t s( i nd i s t inc t ,v e ry w o rn ) . P l . 1 7 . T ype a nd p a r a l le l su nde te rm ined . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

I V .B .3 . C a ta logue o fN on -C e ram i cF ind s . [ J .P .0 . ] L ead F i sh ing a nd N e t -W e igh t s .S i nc et h e se w e igh t sa r e s ma l l a nd v e ry d en se , t h e q ue s t ion o ft h e i r i n t r u s ion i n to s uppo sed ly s ea led c on tex t s i s a n i mpo r tan t o ne . A s Muck e l roy ( 1 978 : 1 76 ) p o in t s o u t , s e d imen t s i ns ha l low w a te rc an r ema in i np a r t ia ls u spen s ion a nd b es u s cep t ib le t o movemen tf o rs eve ra lm e t r e sb e low t h es u r f a ce ,s c ramb l ing a ny a r t if a c t sh e ld w i th in t h em a nd a l low ing h eavy a r t i f ac t s t of a l lt om o r ec ompa c to rs t ab le s t ra ta .A s ar e su l t ,o ne mu s t c on s id e r w he the r t h e l e ad w e igh t s f o und i n D epo s i t 1 r e ached i tl o ng a f te rt h ed epo s i t ion o fs a nd b egan t or e s t r ic t t h em ovemen to fp o t te ry a nd o t he ra r t i f a c t s .F o r tuna t e ly ,t h e d epo s i tw a s s e a led a bove b y ar u bb le " c ap" w h ich w ou ld h ave s e r ved a s ab a r r ie rt oe ven h eavy l e ad o b jec t s .S eve ra l w e igh t sw e r ef ound i nt h es and a ccumu la ted o nt o po ft h e r ubb le ( M10 , M15 , M18 - M21 , u n s t ra t if ied ) . I n c on s e q uenc e ,t h ew e igh t si nt h i sd epo s i ts hou ld b en ol a t e rt h an t h e r e s to ft h e m a te r ia l , o fw h ich t h e l a te s t d a tab le c e r am ic s p robab ly b e long t ot h e l a t e f i r s to rp o s s ib ly e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . I n t ru s ive a cce s s t oD epo s i t 1s u re ly w a s c u to f f f r om a tl e a s tt h ef i f th c en tu ry ,w hen r u bb le s p i ll ing o f ft h e N o r the rn B r eakwa te r , a nd p o s s ib ly r ubb le d ump ed i na n a t temp tt or e bu i ld t h eh a rbou r ,f o rmed as o l id l a ye ra c ro s s t h eb o t tom o ft h eh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l( O le son 1 984 : 2 94 ) . M50 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n tac t ; s u r f a ce d en t ed a nd n i ck ed . H0 . 02 ; Do fb a se ,0 . 025 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 002 .W t 6 9 .3 g .F ig .2 5 ,p l .8 L ead f i sh ing l ine w e igh t i nt h e f o rm o f as l igh t ly e l onga ted h em i sphe r ew i th as ma l lp e r fo ra t ion f r om t h e t o pt ot h eb ase . P a ra l le l s :s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p p .6 8 -69 ,C la s s8 . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . M51 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . B roken ; e dge s f r ayed a nd s om e f r agmen t s l o s t . L0 . 083 ; Do fr o l l , 0 . 032 ; Do f l o ng i tud ina lh o le ,0 . 02 .W t1 71 g . A n i r regu la r , s l igh t ly f l a t tened r ol o f t h in l e ad s h e e t ing ,p robab ly w rapped a r ound ar ope f o ru s ea sa w e igh tf o r af i sh ing -ne t .N oi l u s t ra t ion . P a ra l le l s : s e ed i scu s s ion ,p p .6 8 -69 ,C la s s 1 . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

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I V .B .4 .A na ly s i so fD epo s i t1 .T he l owe rc h rono log ica l b ounda ry f o rt h ec e ram ic s( s ee T ab le I V .! ) ,t h eo n ly i n t r in s i ca l ly d a tab le a r t i f ac t si nD epo s i t1 ,i st h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , u ndoub ted ly t h eH e rod ian c on s t r uc t ion p e r iod . T he u ppe r b ounda ry i ss e tb yL 24 ,w h ich S id ebo tham d a te sf r om t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry t ot h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry , a nd K 30 -K31 , w h ich S he rwood d a t e sm id o rl a te f i r s tt o m id th i rd c en tu ry . T he u nda t ed a r t i f ac t s f i tp l au s ib ly i n to t h i s s pan o f t i me . S ince s e ven o f t h e c e r am ic a r t if ac t s ( 6 3 .6% )d a t et ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C . ,a nd t h el a t e r o b jec t sa r eo n ly a pp rox ima te ly d a tab le ,i ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h e d epo s i t w a s c l o sed d u r ing t h e s e cond h a l f o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry , o r a tl e a s t n o t l o ng a f t e r . T he a b sence o f t h e B yzan t ine c e r am ic ss op l en t i f u li nt h eu n s t ra t i f ied d epo s i t s i n d ica te st h a tt h i sd epo s i tw a ss e a led b yt h el a ye ro fr ubb le s om e t ime i nt h es e cond o rt h i rd c en tu ry .A tl e a s tt h el owe r p o r t ion o ft h i sr u bb le p robab ly r e p re sen t sb u i ld ing m a te r ia l s w a shed o f f t h e S ou the rn B r eakwa te r d u r ing ap e r iod o f d e cay ,w h i le t h er e s tm ay h ave b een l a id d own a sp a r to ft h e e mp e ro rA na s ta s iu s ' r e con s t r uc t ion o ft h eh a rbou ra r ound 5 02 ( O le son e ta l . 1 984 : 2 94 ; s e e S ec t ion V .C .3 b e low ) . H oh l f e lde r( 1 993 )s ugge s t st h a tt h i sd epo s i ta nd D epo s i t2 w e re n o ts e a led u n t i lw e l li n to t h eB yzan t ine o re a r ly I s lam ic p e r iod s ,s i nce h ef o und c e r am ic sh ed a t e st ot h o se p e r iod si n ap robe i nt h i sa r ea i n1 988 .H ei n d ica t e st h a tc e ram ic sf r om h i ghe rs t ra ta m ay h ave d r if t ed i n to t h et r ench d u r ing e xca v a t ion , a nd h e n o t e s t h a th i s c e r am ic s i n c luded " s eawom i n t r u s ive p i e ce s" ( 1 993 : 1 03 ) .I nf a c t ,t h ec e ram ic sf o und i n D epo s i t s 1a nd 2a r en o ts e awo rn ,b u ts t a ined b yt h el a ye ro f c l ay o n w h ich t h ey r e s ted o r i nw h ich t h ey h ad b ecome i n co rpo ra t ed .F u r the rmo r e ,t h ec h rono log ica lr a nge f o rb o th d epo s i t s —bu t p a r t icu la r ly f o r D epo s i t 2— i s r ema rkab ly r e s t r ic t ed a nd t h e c u l tu ra l m a t e r ia l c h rono log ica l ly q u i te c ohe s ive . H oh lf e lde r 's o wn e xcava t ion p robe m ay h ave b een c on tam ina t ed ,h em ay h ave b een r e -excava t ing t h es i t e o fa ne a rl ie r CAHEP o rp r e -CAHEP t r ench ,o rh em ay h ave c ome a c ro s sa na noma ly i nt h eb r eakwa te rs t ruc tu r e . T he w ide d a t er a nge f o r t h e K i tchen w a re r e f lec t s t h e r e la t iv e s t ab il i ty o fs h ape s i nt h i sc e ram ic c l a s so ve rl o ng p e r iod s o ft i me . T he p rovenance s o ft h e c e ram ic o b jec t s r ef le c tt h e p r ed i lec t ion o fH e rod ian C a e sa r ea f o ri mpo r t s f r om t h e We s ta nd f r om t h ee a s te rn Med i te r ranean o u t s id e o fP a le s t ine . Two o ft h ev e s se l s( 1 8 .2% )o r ig ina ted i nS pa in a nd t h ew e s t e rn Med i t e r ranean i ng ene ra l , t wo ( 1 8 .2% )i n P a le s t ine ,a nd t h re e( 2 7 .3% )i nt h eE a s te rn Med i te r ranean i n g ene ra l .T he p r ovenance o ff o u rv e s se l s( 36 .4% )c ou ld n o t b ed e t e rm ined .

C hap ter I V : C los ed D epo s i t s p rov enance sr a ng ing a c ro s st h e Med i t e r r anean ,i sam ic ro c o sm o fh a rbou rl i f e .I ti n c lude sb o th p e r sona lp o s s e s s ion s a nd c omme r c ia l ly i mpo r t ed o b jec t s ,m ixed i nw i th e qu ip m en ta pp rop r ia te t o am a r i t ime e nv i ronmen t .T he s amp le i s i nk e ep ing w i th t h ec ha ra c t e ro ft h ea d ja cen tD epo s i t 2( s ee t h ed i scu s s ion ,S ec t ion I V .C .4 ) . A .N .S . ,S .E .S . ]

T he a r t i f ac tt y pe s( Tab le I V .2 )f olow n oc l ea rp a t te rn : t h e re a r e t wo a mpho r a s ( 14 .3% o ft h e t o ta l ) , t wo K -wa r e v e s se l s ( 1 4 .3% ) , t h ree ETS Ij ug s ( 2 1 .4% ) , f ou r l amp s ( 28 .6% ) , a nd t h ree l e ad f i sh ing w e igh t s ( 2 1 .4% ) . I fa ny t h ing , t h e m ix o f s t o rage w a re , k i tchen w a r e , f i ne w a r e , l amp s ,a nd f i sh ing w e igh t s ,a l ong w i th t h eg r ea tv a r ie t yo f

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WC :D epo s i t2 I V .C .D epo s i t 2( Ar ea DI: C lay L ayer ) . I V .C .1 .D e scr ip t ion o fC on t ex t .T he C lay L aye ri nA rea DI,w h ich y i e lded D epo s i t2 ,l a yb e low t h es a nd a nd c l ay l a ye rt h a tc on ta ined D epo s i t1 ,s epa ra t ed f r om i tb y a0 . 20 m t h ick l a ye r o f c oa r se s a nd d evo id o f a r t i f a c t s ( s ee t h e d i scu s s ion i nI V .B .1 ;f o rt h eC lay L aye ri t s e l fs e eO le son i n R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 17 -18 ,a nd f i g . 1h e r e ) .T he C lay L aye r i saw el -ma rk ed s t ra tum o ff i ne ,v i scou sg r ey c l ay i n co rpo r a t ing l e nse so fq ua r tz s a nd s t a ined g r ey .T he s t ra tum v a r i ed i nt h ick ne s sf r om c a . 1 . 0mt o0 . 25 m a nd t h eu pp e rs u r f a ce s l oped f r om 1 0 .5 t o 1 .0 m b e low MSL a tt h i s p o in t . E xcava t ion t h rough t h ec l ay r e vea led t h a ti to ve r lay c l ean , w h i t eq ua r t zs a nd t h a tp robab ly r e p re s en t st h eo r ig ina ls e a f l oo ra tt h i sp o in t , s i nce e xcava t ion 0 . 40 m i n to i td i dn o t y i e ld a ny e v idence f o ra r t i fa c t so rf u r the rs t ra ta .E xcava t ion o fa n a r ea a pp rox ima te ly 2 . 0 m s qua r e r e vea led al a rge n umbe ro fa r t if ac t sr e s t ing o nt h eu ppe rs u r f a ce o ft h ec l ay , o ri n co rpo ra ted i n to i t . Many o ft h ec e ram ic v e s se l s w e r e i n tac t ,c omp le te ,o rn ea r ly c omp le te ,a nd v e ry f ew s howed s i gn so fm a r ine i n c ru s ta t ion o ra b ra s ion . Mo s to ft h ec e r am i c sh ad b een s t a ined ad a rk g r ey b yt h ea s so c ia t ed s e d imen t , b u tt h em echan ica lp rope r t ie so ft h ec l ay h ad s a ved t h em f r om b e ing b roken ,d i spe r sed ,o rw o rn b yt h ea c t ion o ft h e w av e s a nd c u r r en t s . T he c l ay a l so p rov ided a n a na e rob ic e nv i ronmen ta l low ing t h ep r e se rva t ion o fw ood . U n fo r tu n a te ly ,t h ei n t e r sec t ion so ft h i sl a ye rw i th t h eo r ig ina lf a ce s o ft h et wo b r eakwa te rh ead sw a so b s t r uc t ed b yh eavy d eb r i s a nd c ou ld n o tb er e ached . [ J .P .0 . ]

p rof i le , s e e H aye s 1 983 : 1 44 -45 , n o . A 22 ( Typ e 4 , s e cond th i rd c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? A 49 . B rok en ,i n comp le t e ,e nc ru s t ed ;r im ,n e ck ,h and le s , f r agmen to fs hou lde r . I n te r io rp i t ched . R im D 0 . 105 . S andy ,l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th g r ey ( 5YR 6 / 1 )c o r e . C la s s :C la s s4 0 . P a ra l le l s :R i ley 1 979 :1 79 ,f i g .8 1 ,n o .D 2 16 ( f i r s tt o m id th i rd c en tu ry ) ;B lake ly 1 987 :4 2 ,4 6 -47 ,n o . 1 3 ,p . 5 6 ,8 7 -88 ,2 47 ( l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B. C .t om id -f i r s tA .C . ) . T he re i s ag ene r ic s im i la r i ty w i th Z eme r1 978 : 7 0 -72 , n o . 5 9 ( Byzan t ine ) , a nd Wh i t comb & J ohn son 1 979 : 6 8 ,7 8 -79 ,p l . 2 3p .( l a te R oman ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -m id -f i r s tA .C . A 50 . B rok en ,c omp le t ee xcep tf o r af ew s ma l lb ody w a l l f r agmen t s .I n te r io rp i tched . H0 . 635 ,m ax . D0 . 30 ,r im D0 . 11 .C apac i ty 2 2 .6 1 .H a rd , p oo r ly l e v iga ted , l i gh t g r ey ( 7 .5YR 7 / 0 ) f a b r ic t empe r ed w i th q ua r tz s a nd c on ta in ing n ume rou s p ebb le s . Wh i t e ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 ) s u r f a ce .S hape v e ry i r r egu la r ;s u r f ace s how ss e ve ra lb ub b l e s ,a nd s pa ll ing .P l . 1 8 . C la s s :C la s sE . P a r a l le l s :S ee i n t roduc t ion t oC la s s E( S ec t ion I .B . 3 ) . a nd J onche ray 1 973 :2 2 -23 ,T ype I I ,p l .V .l a -b .T he r e w e r e f i ve o t he re xamp le so ft h i s a mpho ra c l a s s f r om t h i sc on t ex t ,t h r ee o ft h em o ft h es ame f a b r ic b u t al i gh t r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 6 / 4 )i nc o lou r .O ne ( A50a ,p l .1 8 ) h ad ac apac i ty o f2 3 .7 1 ;a no the r h ad ar i ng o fc l ay p a ck ing b e low t h er im . B ib l iog raphy : H o lum e ta l . 1 988 : 1 90 ,f i g . 1 38 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry?

I V .C .2 . C a ta logue o fC e ram i c s . Amphora s( F ig s .2 5 -26 ,p l . 1 8 ) . [ J .P .0 . ] A 47 . B rok en ,i n comp le te ;r im ,n eck ,u ppe rh and le s t ub s . R im D 0 . 12 . H a rd , w h i te ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th b l ack s and .T he w id eu ppe rh and le s t ub p r e se rve st h eb eg inn ing o f ac en t ra lg r oove ,p robab ly i n d ica t ing t h eu se o fd oub le r od h and le s . C la s s :C la s s 1 . P a ra l le l s : R ob in son 1 959 :4 3 ,p l s .8 ,4 2 ,n o . G1 98 ( w id e rn eck , b u tc f . r im a nd o f f se to nn eck , l a t ef i r s t e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) ; R i ley 1 979 : 1 47 , f i g . 7 3 , n o . D 106 ; c f . H aye s 1 983 : 1 50 , f i g . 2 3 , n o . A 53 ( m id s e cond c en tu ry? ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry?

A 51 . B roken ,i n comp le te ;r im ,n eck ,h and le s ,a nd s ma l l p o r t ion o fs hou lde r .I n te r io rp i t ched .R im D 0 . 12 .H a rd , s l igh t ly s a ndy , l am ina r , g r ey ( 2 .5YR 6 / 0 ) f a b r ic c on t a in ing s ome b l a ck s a nd a nd f r equen t w h i te s p eck s . Wh i te ( 5Y 8 / 2 )s l ipped (? )s u r f a ce . C la s s :C la s sH . P a ra l le l s : T he p ro f i le o fa n a mpho ra f ound o n t h e A n t iky the ra Wreck i sv e ry s im i la re xcep tt h a tt h eo f s e t a tt h eb a se o ft h en eck a nd t h eg roove a l ong t h eh and le a r ea b sen t ;E . Wi l li nG race 1 965 : 1 ,f i g s . 1a nd 4 ,n o . 1 . T he f a b r ic d oe sn o tm a tch . W il a s s ign s t h i s a m p ho ra aS ou th I t a l ian o r ig in ,n ea rT a ran to o rB r ind i s i . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy : l a t ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .?

A 48 . B rok en ,i n comp le te ;r im ,n eck ,u ppe rh and le s t ub s . I n te r io r p i tched . R im D 0 . 09 . F i ne , h a rd , d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR 4 )c l ay v e ry h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th f i ne ,r ounded g r a in so fb l ack s and . Wh i t e( 10YR 8 / 1 )s u r f a ce . C la s s :C la s s 1? P a ra l le l s :s e eA 47 .T he r im D i ss ma l le rt h an f o rt h e e xamp le s c i t ed , b u t g ene ra l s hap e i sc o r rec t , a nd t h e p eak so nt h eh and le sw e re p roduced i nam anne rs im i la r t ot h a t o f t h e e xamp le s i nR ob in son a nd H aye s : t h e d oub le r od h and le s ( now m i s s ing ) w e re s queezed t o g e the ra tt h e i ru ppe re nd st oj o in w i th t h es i ng le r od o f c l ay t h a tf o rmed t h e u ppe ra t ta chmen t w i th t h e n e ck ( s ee R ob in son 1 959 : p l .4 2 ,n o . G1 98 ) .F o rt h es ame t y pe o fp i nch ing o n av e ss e lw i th av e ry d i f f e ren tr im

A 52 . B rok en ,i n comp le te ;r im ,n eck ,u pp e rh and l es t ub s . R im D 0 . 115 .H a rd ,s a ndy ,r e dd i sh y elow ( 7 .5YR 7 / 8 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th w h i t es a nd g r a in s .O cca s i ona ls ma l lb ubb le s .S a l t -wh i tened ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 )s u r f a ce . C la s s : u nc la s s if ied . P a ra l le l s : T he t h ick , s l igh t ly o f f se t r im w i th f l a t

9 1

C hap te rI V : C lo sed D epo s i t s K i t chen War e . [ A .N .S . ] P an s( F ig . 2 6 ) . K 32 . S aucepan . F ragmen to fr im , o ne h and le a nd w a l l ; h and le f r om r im t oc a r ina t ion o fr ounded b a se ;r e ce s si n r im f o rl i d ;f i r eb l ackened .R im D 0 . 270 .F i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 1 0YR 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic w i th f i ne s a ndy t e x tu r e , b rown i sh y e l low ( 10YR 6 / 6 )e x te r io r .C ompa re K 9( u n s t ra t i f ied ) a nd K 61 ( D epo s i t4 ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 9 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tt of ou r th c en tu ry .

o u te rs u r f a ce c an a l so b es e en o nB lake ly 1 987 :4 3 -45 , 4 7 ,5 0 ,5 2 ,n o s .1 6 ,2 8 ,4 0( Ca e sa r ea M i th ra eum ,P ha s e s 1 2 , l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . t om id -f i r s tA .C . ) , a nd o n P ane l la 1 970 : 1 37 , n o . 6 2 ( Ma inz , D r e s se l 7 11 , A ugu s tan -T ib e r ian ) . T he b e s tm a t ch f o rs c a le , s h ap e , a nd f a b r ic i sw i th n o . 4 0 ( pp .4 5 , 5 2 ) , w h ich B lake ly a s s ign st oC la s s1 5 , am id f i r s t -cen tu ry B .C .t om id f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . B a e t ican a mpho ra p o s s ib ly u s ed t os h ip d ef ru tum ( p . 5 ; c f . P eacock & W i ll iam s 1 986 : 15 1 6 ) .T he c h rono logy o ft h i sc l a s sf i t si nw i th t h ed a te p ropo sed f o rt h eC lay L aye ri nA rea DI, b u ti nv i ew o f t h ea b sence o fs ub s tan t ia lh and le a nd b ody f r agmen t s , t h ei d en t if ica t ion mu s tr ema in c on jec tu ra l . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tA .C .?

K 33 . S auc epan . F ragmen t w i th p a r t o f c oncave w a l l , f l ange a nd b a se ; f i r e b l a ck ened . D a t f l ange 0 . 20 . Med ium g r i t ,v e ry d a rk b rown ( 10YR 2 / 2 )f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s :n one i d ent if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

A 53 . B roken , i n comp le te ; r im , n eck , h and le s . R im D 0 . 115 . I n t e r io r p i tched . H a rd , mo t t led , l i gh t r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 6 / 4 )f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe red w i th c l ea r q ua r tz s and . C la s s : u nc la s s if ied . P a ra l le l s : Ic ou ld f i nd n oe xa c tp a ra l le l sf o rt h i sv e ry d i s t inc t ive a mpho ra . A f i r s t -cen tu ry a mpho ra f r om K a land ia h a s as im i la rs hape ( Magen 1 984 :6 9 ) ,b u tt h e u pp e rh and le a t ta chmen ti sc l o se rt ot h er im .T he s h ape a nd t h in ,h a rd f a b r ic a r ea l so s im i la rt ot h os eo fL ev ine a nd N e tze r 's M isce l laneou s Ampho ra t y p e 1( 1 986 : 1 05 -6 ,i l s . 11 -12 ,f i g s .3 . 4 -5 ) ,f r om aL a te B yzan t ine c on tex t ,b u tt h i st y pe i sl e s sc a r e fu l ly f i n i shed t h an A 53 , t h e l i p i sd i f f e r en t , a nd t h e o f f se t b e low t h e r im i s a b sen t . T he re a r e a l so s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e s h ape o f K eay ' sT ype XXXb i s( 1 984 :2 28 -230 ) , af ou r th t oe a r ly f i f th -cen tu ry S pan i sh t y p e ,b u tA 53 i ss ma l le ra nd l e s s h eav i ly c on s t ruc ted ,a nd i t sf a b r ic l a ck st h ei n c lu s ion s o f i r on o r e t y p ica l o f T ype XXXb i s ( p . 4 56 ) . T h i s a mpho ra m ay b ep a r to f al o ca lP a le s t in ian t r ad i t ion t h a t e vo lved t h rough t h eE a r ly R oman t oB yzan t ine p e r i o d s . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

C ook ing P o t s( F ig s .2 6 -27 ) . K 34 . C ook ing P ol F ragmen t o f r im , o ne h and le a nd s hou ld er , r im f l a r e s s l igh t ly ; f i r e b l a ck ened . R im D 0 . 130 . Med ium g r i t ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 5 / 4 )f a b r ic , y e l low i sh r ed ( 5YR 4 / 6 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s : Meye r se ta l . 1 976 : 1 93 ,p l .7 . 13 , 1 5a nd 1 7 ,d a t ed 3 06 -4 19 ;f o rt h et y pe s e eL ev ine a nd N e tze r 1 986 : 1 63 , 1 72 ,f i g .2 . 12 ,d a ted 6 3B .C . -A .D .4 50 ;t h e p o t sc l o se s tt oo u rv e s se ld a te 1 35 -300 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy :f i r s tt h i rd o fs e cond t of o u r th c en t u ry? K 35 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen to fr im ,o ne h and le a nd w a l l ; r im c oncave o ni n te r io r , s ma l lc onvex l i po ne x t e r io r ; s ho r tv e r t ica ln eck ;f i re b l a ckened .R im D 0 . 115 . Me d i um g r i t , y e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th s a ndy i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . K 36 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen to fr im ,o ne h and le a nd w a l l . R im c oncave o n i n t e r io r ; t r an s i t ion f r om s hou lde rt o r im v i ac oncav e n eck ; f i r e b l a ck ened . R im D 0 . 180 . Med ium g r i t ,b rown t od a rk b rown ( 10YR 4 / 3 )f a b r ic w i th s a ndy t e x tu r e ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n oe xa c tp a ra l le l .T he g ene ra lf o rm c an b e s e en i nK ahane 1 952 : 1 30 -31 ,p l . 7 .E , T ype B ,d a ted H elen i s t ic t oH e rod ian ; L app 1 96 1 : 1 90 , T ype 7 2 .2 ; S t r ange 1 975 : 4 9 , f i g . 1 3 .4 ,10 ,12 , a nd 2 2 , T yp e 2 , w h ich d a te t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry ;T u sh ingham 1 985 : 5 6 , f i g s .2 2 .28 -29 a nd 2 3 .5 ,d a ted 4 0 -70 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

A 54 . B roken , i n comp le te ; r im , n eck , h and le s . R im D 0 . 09 . I n te r io r p i t ched . H a rd , s a ndy , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic h eav i ly t emp e r ed w i th d a rk a nd c l ea r q ua r tz s a nd .T he w h i t e( 2 .5Y 8 / 0 )s u r f ac ei sc ompo sed a lmo s te n t i re ly o fq ua r t zs and . C la s s : u nc la s s if ied . P a ra l le l s :T he s hape o ft h es u rv iv ing p o r t ion o ft h i s r e la t ive ly s ma l la mpho ra i sn o ts u ff i c ien t ly d i s t inc t ive t oa l low r el iab le i d en t if i ca t ion . AL a t eB yzan t ine ( ? ) a mpho ra c a ta logued b yZ i eme r( 1 978 : 5-47 ,n o .4 4 )i s g ene ra l ly s im i la ri ns c a le a nd p ro f i le , b u tt h eh and le s j o in t h en e ck c l o se rt ot h er im ,t h er i dge a tt h eb a se o f t h en eck i sm i s s ing ,a nd t h ef a b r ic i sq u i te d i f f e r en t . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

K 37 . C ook ing P o t .N ea r ly c omp le t el owe rp o r t ion o fp o t ; r im ,n eck a nd mo s to ft h et wo v e r t ica lh and le sm i s s ing ; b ody i regu la r s phe r ica l s hape ; f i re b l a ck ened . MPD 0 . 138 .F i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 10YR 6 / 1 )t oy e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 8 )f a b r ic . P a r a l le l s : C o rbo 1 955 : 3 2 , f i g . 3 . 10 , T ipo A 7 i s

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I V .C :D epo s i t2 l a rge r a nd m o r e p rom inen t ly r i bbed , b u to t he rw i se a g ood p a ra l le ld a ted 1 35 -300 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : 1 35 -300? K 38 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen to fr im ,o ne h and le a nd p a r t o fb ody ;t h ree h eavy r i dge sf o rm t r an s i t ion f r om n eck t os hou lde r ;o ne o the rp rom inen tr i dge a r ound n eck a t l e ve lo fu pp e rh and le a t tachmen t ;f i r eb l ackened .R im D0 . 270 .F ine t om ed ium g r i t ,l i gh to l ive -g rey ( 5Y 6 / 2 ) f a b r ic w i th d a rk i n c lu s ion s , y elow i sh r e d ( 5YR 5 / 6 ) s l ip . P a ra l le l s : n o e xac t p a r a l le l . V ega s a nd B ruckne r ( 1975 :3 9f .a nd 6 8 ,T a f .2 3 .9 )h ave a ne xamp le w i thou t h and le so rr i dg ing .L app ( 1 96 1 : 1 90 ,T ype 7 2 .2A )h a s aS hou lde r type P o t ( A .D . 1 70 ) w h ich i sv ague ly s im i la r ;C row foo t( 1957 :3 06 ,f i g .7 2 .14 )s a y st h es ha rp a ng le a tt h es hou lde r ,t h ew id th o ft h em ou th i np ropo r t i on t ot h eb ody a nd t h eg roove o n t o po ft h er im a r e c ha ra c te r i s t ic o f h i s R oman 4 p e r iod p o t te ry ( e a r ly f ou r th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy : f i r s tt of ou r th c en tu ry . K 39 . C ook ing P o t . F ragmen t o f r im , o ne h and le a nd r i bbed b ody ; r im t u rn s s ha rp ly i nwa rd a bove s t ra igh t n eck .R im D 0 . 100 .F ine t om ed ium g r i t ,g r ey ( 1 0YR 5 / 1 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l l w h i te i n c lu s ion s , g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 5 / 2 )e x te r io rs l ip (? ) . As im i la rf r agmen t( C82 G 1 -10 1 )w a sd i scove r ed i na r ea G ,i nt h es a nd f i l lb e low t h e SW c o rne ro ft h eb l ock . P a ra l le l s :n oe xac tp a ra l le li d en t if ied ;c f .L app 1 96 1 : 1 84 -87 , T yp e 7 1 , G lobu la rC ook ing P o t s , d a t ed 2 00 B .C . -A .D .7 0 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : 2 00 B .C . -A .D .7 0 ?

P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if ied , b u tc f .L app 1 96 1 : 1 84 8 7 ,T ype 7 1 ,G lobu la rC ook ing P o t ,2 00 B .C . -A .D .7 0 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : 2 00 B .C . -A .D . 7 0 ? L id -P la te ( F ig . 2 7 ) . K 42 . L id -P la te . R im f r agmen t ; l i gh tr i bb ing a nd t h ick e ned r im . R im D 0 . 220 . F ine g r i t , l i gh t o l ive -b rown ( 2 .5YR 5 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny d a rk i n c lu s ion s , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 ) s l ip . P a ra l le l s :D y son 1 976 : 1 26 ,2 2 1 174 -75 ,f i g s .4 8 -49 , l i d -p la te C la s s1 ,( e xamp le sf r om s eve ra ld epo s i t s ) .T he f o rm i s mo s t c ommon f r om C a l igu la t o m id th i rd c en tu ry . O r ig in : I t a l ian . C h rono logy : C a l igu la t om id th i rd c en tu ry . Mor tar ium . K 43 . Mo r ta r ium .F r agmen to fr im ,w a l la nd s pou t .R im D 0 . 330 . V e ry c oa r se , d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 4 / 2 ) f a b r ic w i th l a rge t e r ra co t ta a nd d a rk i n c lu s ion s .C om p a r eK 28 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) .N oi l u s t ra t ion . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 28 . O r ig in : S y r ian? C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . C oa r se War e . [ A .N .S . ] J a r s( F ig . 2 7 ) . C 19 . J a r . F ragmen to fr im a nd w a l l ; f o lded r im c r ea te s d e ep g roove a r ound t o pp rov id ing c on t inuou sh and le ; s ome f i re b l acken ing .R im D0 . 170 .F ine g r i t ,y elow i sh r e d ( 5YR 4 / 6 ) f a b r ic w i th s a ndy t e x tu r e , l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 ) s l ip .C ompa re C 34 ( D epo s i t3 ) . P a ra l le l s : n o e xa c t p a ra l le l . L o f f ra la ( 1 974 : 6 9 ) r e ga rd s l a rge rp o t s o ft h i s t y pe a sc omme r c ia l r a the r t h an h ous eho ld c on ta ine r s .D y son 1 976 :9 5 ,P D5 7 ,f i g . 3 ,P o tC la s s3 ,d a t ed 10 -30 B .C . ,l a ck st h es h a rp ly d own tu rned r im .C row foo t1 957 : 3 43 , f i g .8 3 .3 ,d a t ed f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . Meye r s ( 1 976 : 2 05 -6 , f i g . 7 . 17 :15 2 0 )h a s as e r ie so fb a s in sw i th f o lded r im sw h ich d a t e f ou r th o rf i f th c en tu ry a tK h i rbe tS hema ,t h i rd t os i x th c en tu ry e l sewhe re .O le son a nd O le son ( 1 987 :2 49 -50 , K 50 -K55 , f i g . X 1 -50 -55 , P o t sT ype s 7a nd 8 )h ave a s e r ie so fw ide -mou thed o vo id p o t so fs im i la rf a b r ic a nd f o rm . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy :l a te s e cond c en tu ry B .C .t os i x th c en t u ry A .C .?

K 40 . C ook ing P o t .N ea r ly c omp le te r i bbed p o tw i th s ho r t c onvex n eck ;e x te r io ro fr im f l a re s ,i n te r io ri ss t epped u pwa rd ;p a r to fb a se m i s s ing . R im D 0 . 118 .F i ne g r i t , d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 4 / )f a b r ic ,l i gh to l ive -g r ey ( 5Y 6 / 2 ) s l ip .C ompa r e K 71 ( D epo s i t4 ) ,a ne a r l ie rf o rm . P a ra l le l s :L app a nd L app 1 974 :5 3 ,p l .2 9 .6 a nd p l . 7 9 a r e P a le s t in ian p o t s f r om t h e S e cond R evo l t w i th b od ie st h a td on o tf l a re a sr a p id ly ;L ev ine a nd N e t ze r 1 986 :1 63 a nd 1 72 ,f i g .2 . 12 a r ep o t sw i th s t ra igh t e rr im t h a td a t e6 3B .C . -A .D .4 50 ,b u tt h eb e s tp a ra l le l sd a t e 1 35 -300 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : 1 35 -300? K 41 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen tw i th o ne h and le ,p a r to fr im a nd w a l l ; t r an s i t ion f r om n eck t ob ody m a rked b y a w ide g roove ;n eck s l igh t ly c onvex o ne x t e r ior ,e x t e r io r o fi nwa rd s l op ing r im s epa ra t ed f r om n e ck b yt h ickened b a se .R im D 0 . 138 .F ine t om ed ium g r i t ,b rown o rd a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 /4 ) f a b r ic , s t rong b rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 6 ) s l ip .C ompa re K 69 a nd K 72 ( D epo s i t4 ) . As im i la rp o t ( C82 -D 1 -50 )f ound i nA rea D ,r ubb le l a ye r ,h a s as ha rp r i dge a tt h eb a se o ft h en eck .

9 3

C 20 . J a r .P a r to fw a l la nd r im w i th i n te r io rr e ce s s ;g r oove a ts hou lde r ; l i gh t p i tch c oa t ing o n i n t e r io r . R im D 0 . 105 . F ine g r i t , g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 6 / ) f a b r ic , l i gh tg r ey ( 2 .5Y 7 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : R i ley 1 979 : 2 47 , f i g . 1 00 .445 , w i th t wo h and le s , d a t ed f r om l a te H elen i s t ic /Augu s tan -end o f f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .( r a r eb yt h em id -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ) . D y son 1 976 :6 0 , 1 6 IV 6 3 ,f i g . 1 6 ,J a rC la s s3 ,i st w ice a sl a rge a nd d a te s2 75 -150 B .C .D o than 1 971 : 1 08 ,f i g . 5 .14 , i sa l so l a rge ra nd d a te st ol i on I . O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i t er r anean? C h rono logy :t h i rd c en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

C hap t er I V : C lo sed D epo s i t s C 21 . J a r .B rok en ,b a se ,o n eh and le ,p a r to fw a l la nd r im , g i v ing c omp le te p rof i le o ft h ick -wa l led j a r ; p i t ch a d h e re st oi n t e r io r .R im D 0 . 107 ;b a se D 0 . 06 1 ; H0 . 185 . F ine g r i t , l i gh tb rown i sh g r ey ( 2 .5Y 6 / 2 ) f a b r ic , l i gh t g r ey ( 2 .5Y 7 / 2 )s l ip .C ompa r eC 5( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eC 5 . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : l a te s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

1 0 1 ,M 1 91 -92 ,p l .2 6 ;6 5 , K6 2 ,p l . 1 3 ; 5 2 , J1 ,p l .9 , w h ich a r ea l ls l igh t ly d if e r en ta nd d a te f r om t h es e cond t oe a r ly f o u r th c en tu ry . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy :m id -f i r s tc en tu ry . C 26 . Mug .F ragmen to fc o l la r l ike r im ,c omp le t eh and le a nd r i bbed b ody .R im D 0 . 078 . Med ium g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 5Y 4 / 1 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l ld a rk a nd w h i t ei n c lu s ion s , l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 /4 )s l ip . C ompa re C 25 w h ich i s n o ta sr e gu la ro ro fa sf i ne af a b r i c . P a ra l le l s :s e eC 25 ;H aye s1 976b :6 1 ,p l .3 6 .333 h a s as ma l le r ,r i b le s s mug o fo range c l ay w i th s a nd a nd l ime f r om C ae sa r ea ( ? )w h ich h ed a t e sE a r ly R oman ( ? ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy :E a r ly R oman?

J ugs ( F ig s .2 7 -28 ) . C 22 . J ug .F ragmen to fo u t tu rned r im ,h and le a nd n eck o f t h in -wa l led v e s se l .R im D 0 . 08 .F ine g r i t ,l i gh tg r ey ( 5Y 7 / 1 )f a b r ic a nd s l ip .C ompa re C 23 . P a ra l le l s : Ma za r( 1 971 :3 0 ,f i g . 1 7 .14 ,h a sa ne xam p l ew i th b uf fs l ip w h ich d a te st ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . C row foo t( 1 957 :3 02 ,f i g .7 0 .7 )h a s ag ood p a ra l le lw i th c oncave b a se o fR oman 2 ad a te ( f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ) . E lgav i sh ( 1976 :7 2 ,f i g .4 . 8 ,p l .1 5a )h a s aj u go fc oa r se r f a b r ic w i th aH elen i s t ic d a te . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

J ugs ( F ig .2 8 ) . C 27 . J ug .F ragmen to ff l a r ing r im a nd n eck .R im D0 . 115 . F i ne g r i t ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 3 )f a b r ic w i th t wo t o ne s l ip : d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 4 /2 ) t og r ey i sh b rown ( 2 .5Y 5 / 2 )u pp e rs l ip ,p a le y e l low ( 5Y 7 / 3 )l owe r s l ip . P a ra l le l s :C row foo t1 957 :2 32 ,f i g .4 2 .7 i st h ec l o s e s tc , ompa r i son ,w i th ad a te o f2 00 -150 B .C .L app 1 96 1 : 1 57 -59 ,T ype 2 1 .1 ,l a rge j ug sw i th w ide n eck ,l a ck sa g ood p a ra l le l . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .?

C 23 . J ug .F ragmen tw i th c omp le t e ,o u t ta rned r im , mo s t o fs t r ap h and le ,n eck a nd p a r to fs phe r ica l ,r i bbed b ody . R im D 0 . 075 ;m in imum n eck D 0 . 057 ;m ax imum b ody D0 . 155 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1 )f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ey ( 5Y 7 / 1 )s l ip .C ompa re C 22 . P a ra l le l s : s e eC 22 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

C 28 . J ug . F ragmen t o fr im , o ne h and le a nd b ody ; r im s e pa ra t ed f r om b ody b y s e t o f i n c i sed l i ne s . R im D 0 . 106 .S andy t e x tu r e ,f i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 1 0YR 5 / 1 )f a b r ic , p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 3 )t op a le y e l low ( 5Y 8 / 3 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :R ob in son ( 1 959 :5 2 , J1 0a nd 1 ,p l .9 ;5 3 , J1 9 , p l . 9h a s s l igh t ly s ma l le r e xamp le s f r om t h e s e cond -ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry .D o than 1 971 :4 9 ,f i g .1 0 .17 a nd 2 0 , p i tche r s d a t ed t ot h e f i r s tq ua r t e ro ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ;1 44 ,f i g .7 4 .13 , aH e l len i s t ic p o t .F u l fo rd a nd P ea co ck ( 1 984 : 1 85 , f i g . 6 9 , 2 4 .1 ) h ave al a t e r v a r ia t ion , 50 t os e ven th c en tu ry . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy :f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry A .C .?

C 24 . J ug .I n tac t ;s i ng le h and le ;l i gh tr i bb ing f r om s hou l d e rt ob a se ;c i rcu la rf l a tb a se ;c oncave n eck a nd s l igh t ly i n tu rned r im .R im D 0 . 050 ;b a se D 0 . 06 1 ;g r ea te s tb ody D0 . 105 ; H0 . 223 .F ine , g r anu la rf a b r ic v a ry ing f r om r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 8 )t ol i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) . P a ra l le l s : n o e xa c t p a ra l le l ; c f . L app 1 96 1 : 1 65 , T ype 3 .1 .B ,d a ted 5 0 -68 .T he f o rm i s mo r ec ommon i nC yp ru s ,a nd o u re xamp le may b ea ni mpo r t :V e s sb e rg a nd We s tho lm ( 1 956 : 6 0 , f i g . 2 4 .16 -18 )a nd G je r s tad ( 1 934 :p l .7 3 .2 a nd 7 4 .5 )h ave s im i la rj ug sw h ich d a t e f r om t h e H elen i s t ic t oe a r ly R oman p e r iod . D y son ( 1 968 :3 7f . ,f i g .9 . 233 a nd 9 . 24 1 )h a se xamp le so fm id t h i rd -cen tu ry d a te f r om D u raEu rono sw h ich a r ev a f zue lv s im i la r .H aye s( 1 976b :6 1 ,p l .3 .330 )h a s as ma l le rj ug w i thou tb a se i nP a le s t in ian Wa r ew h ich h ed a te sH e l l e n i s t ic o rE a r ly R oman ( ? ) . O r ig in :C yp ru so rP a le s t ine . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .? C up s /Mugs ( F ig .2 8 ) . C 25 . Mug .I n tac to ne -hand led g l obu la rm ug w i th r i bb ed b ody w a l l , s l igh t ly f l a r ing r im a nd i regu la r ,f l a tb a se . R im D 0 . 078 ; g r ea t e s tb ody D 0 . 092 ; b a se D 0 . 035 0 . 040 ; H0 . 090 . S andy t e x tu re ,m ed ium g r i t ,g r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1) f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i te i n c lu s ion s . C ompa r eC 26 , w h ich i ss im i la rb u to ff i ne rf a b r ic . P a ra l le l s : D ava ra s 1 985 : 1 43 , f i g . 9 b , p l . 4 1e i sa v e ry c l o se p a ra l le l , f o und i n at omb w i th ac o in o f V e sp a s ian . F o r t h e g ene ra l t y pe s e e R ob in son 1 959 :

9 4

C 29 . J ug . F ragmen to fr im , n eck a nd s t ub o fh and le o f t r e fo i lj ug ; t wo i n c i sed l i nes i mmed ia te ly b e low r im , t wo mo r ea tm id -neck ,a nd a no the ra tb a se o fn eck .H f r om b a s eo fn eck t ot o po fr im 0 . 065 ; L( max imum ) mou th 0 . 09 1 .F ine g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 5Y 4 / 1) f a b r ic w i th v e ry s ma l ls a nd i n c lu s ion s . P a r to fa no the rj ug ( C82 D 1 -314 )w i th t r e fo i l mou th w a sf o und i nt h ec l ay / sand l a ye ro fA r ea D . P a ra l l e l s :R i ley ( 1 979 :3 84 ,f i g .1 38 .1145 ;3 85 ,f i g . 1 38 .1146 )s ugge s t s ad a te o ft h es e cond th i rd c en tu r ie s f o rt r e fo i lj ug si nt h eE a s t ,a l though t h ey a ppea ri nt h e l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry i nI t a ly . H i s t y p e w i th t h e p i nched m ou th i sq u i te d if e r en tf r om o u ro pen mou th .C row f oo t ( 1 957 :2 69 ,f i g .5 8 .7 )h a s ac l os e rp a ra l le lw i th ad a t eo f t h i rd t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry B .C . A dam sheck ( 1 979 :

WC :D epo s i t2 1 32 , p l . 3 6 .RC63a ) h a s a n e xce l len tp a ra l le l i ng r i t ty o r ange c l ay , f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . H aye s 1 973 : 4 66 , p l . 7 9 .235 ,N e ron ian .N e i the rH aye sn o rA dam sheck s ug g e s t ap o s s ib le o r ig in f o rt h et y pe ,t h ough b o th c i t ef i nd s i nA then sa nd t h eB la ck S ea a r ea . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .?

XXX I I I -XXX IV , F o rme XXX I I I i sa n A ugu s tan T ibe r ian d a t e , b u t i sn o tq u i te a ss imp le . L app 1 96 1 : 1 75 ,T ype 5 2 .1 .B i sd a ted 5 0 -68 . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan -A D .6 8 . D 19 . B ow l .F ragmen tw i th r im ,w a l la nd c a r ina t ion ;t h r ee r ow s o f s ho r t , i n c ised s t roke s o n e x te r io r b e tween o u t turned r im a nd c a r ina t ion . R im D 0 . 10 . V e ry f i ne g r i t , b rown t od a rk b rown ( 10YR 4 / 3 ) f a b r ic , d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 4 / 2 )t ov e ry d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 3 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : Moev s1 973 :f o rm XL ;s ha rp ly c a r ina t ed t wo -hand led c up w i th e ve r ted r im a nd r ou le t te -de co r a t ed w a l l . O r ig in :I t a ly . C h rono logy :m id -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

C 30 . J ug . A lmo s tc omp le te ;r i bbed b ody a nd r i ng b a s e ; r im a nd h and le m i s s ing .B a se D 0 . 054 ;b ody D 0 . 125 . F ine g r i t ,g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 5 / )f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ey ( 1 0YR 7 / 2 ) s l ip .C ompa r eC 9( un s t ra t if ied ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eC 9 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . B a ses ( F ig .2 8 ) . C 31 . B a se . C omp le te r i ng b a se a nd p a r t o f w a l l ; h o le d r i l led ( ? )i nv e s se ln ea rb a se .B a s e D0 . 063 .F i ne g r i t , p a le b rown ( 10YR 6 / 3 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i t e i n c lu s i on s , l i gh t y e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 6 / 4 ) e x te r io r . A s im i la rb a se ( C82 -G 1 -12 )o ff i ne rf a b r ic w a sf o und i n t h er ubb le a tt h es ou th f a ce o ft h et owe ri nA r ea G . P a ra l le l s : D y son ( 1 976 ) 4 7 , FG 5 6 , f i g . 1 0 , B a se C la s s2 ,w i th d a t eo fc a .2 00 B .C .i so ft h es ame t y p e ; ab i tc l o se ra r e8 2 ,V -D 9 9 ,f i g .2 7 ,J a rC la s s6 ,a nd 8 4 , V -D 1 07 ,f i g .2 7 ,B a se C la s s3 ,w h ich d a t eu pt o7 0B .C . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .?

J a r s( F ig s .2 8 -29 ) . D 20 . J a r /Cup . P a r t o f r im a nd o ne v e r t ica l w i shbone h and le w i th p a r to fb ody a nd r a i sed r i ng b a se ;c a r ina t ion t owa rd sl owe rp o r t ion o fv e s se l ;t wo g roove so ne x t e r i o rb e tween t o po fh and le a nd f l a r ing l i p .R im D 0 . 125 ; b ody D 0 . 132 ;b a se D 0 . 059 ; H0 . 092 .F ine g r i t , l i gh t o l ive -g r ey ( 5Y 6 / 2 )f a b r ic a nd s l ip . P a ra l le l s : R ob in son 1 959 : 8 4 ,M3 ,p l s . 1 8a nd 7 0 , d a t ed t ot h em id f i r s tc en tu ry ,i ss ma l le r ,b u to t he rw i se t h e b e s tp a ra l le l i d en t i f ied . F o r g ene ra l t y p e : B e l t rän L lo r i s 1 978 :2 23 ,n o .7 10 -13 ;V ega s1 973 :8 0 ,f i g .2 7 , T ipo 3 4 ; Maye t 1 975 : 4 4 , p l . XV I -XD C , F o rme X . H aye s ( 1 976b : 3 1 , f i g . 9 . 146 ) h a s aN o r th I t a l ian k an tha ro sw i th s im i la rh and le sb u td i f f e r en tb a se . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy :m id -f i r s tc en tu ry .

C 32 . B a se .F ragmen to ff l a tb a se a nd p a r to fw a l l ; l i gh t p i tch c oa t ing o ni n te r io r .B a se D 0 . 042 .F i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 10YR 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic w i th s andy t e x tu r e , p a le b rown ( 10YR 6 / 3 )s l ip .C ompa re C 37 ( Depo s i t3 ) . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

D 21 . J a r /Cup . T h in -wa l led f r agmen t w i th p a r t o f r im , w a l l a nd as i ng le o dd ly s haped h and le ; r a is ed r i dge s a r ound r im e x t e r io r , i n c i sed t h in b and j u s tb e low t o p h and le a tachmen t .R im D 0 . 129 .O l ive -g reen ( 5Y 6 / 3 ) f a b r ic a nd p a tchy s l ip . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . T he o dd shaped h and le may h ave a ccommoda t ed mou ld -made d eco ra t ion . McCann ( 1 987 :2 30 , TW24 ,f i g .X -38 t o4 0 )h a s at h in w a l led c up w i th h and le so fs im i la rs hape w h ich h ave w o rn mou ld -made d eco ra t ion ,L a te R epub l ic t oE a r ly Emp i r e . O r ig in : I t a ly? C h rono logy :L a t eR epub l ic t oE a r ly Emp i r e?

C 33 . B a se .F ragmen to ff l a tb a se a nd b ody .B a se D0 . 085 . F ine g r i t ,g r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1 )f a b r ic w i th s a ndy t e x tu r e ,l i gh t g r ey ( 5Y 7 / 1 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : D uncan ( 1 930 :p l .2 9 .Z )h a s ad eep b ow l o fH elen i s t ic d a te . D y son 1 976 : 4 7 , FG 5 , f i g . 1 0 , B a se C la s s 1 ,d a ted c a .2 00 B .C . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic? D ome s t i c War e . [ A .N .S . ] B ow l s( F ig .2 8 ) . D 18 . B ow l .F ragmen tw i th e n t i r ep rof i le ;l i gh tr i bb ing o n u pp e rt wo th i rd so fw a l l ;f l a t ,r a is ed b a se .R im D 0 . 10 ; b a se D 0 . 040 ; H0 . 064 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 4 / 1 )f a b r ic ,l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : Ac ommon s hape t h a t o ccu r s f r om t h e R h ine land t oP a le s t ine .C h ie sa ( 1 985 :3 95 ,t a y .8 2 .B .6 ) h a s as im i la rb ow ld a t ed C laud ian -Ne ron ian . K ap lan ( 1 964 : 1 ,f i g . 3 . 1a nd 3 . 2 )h a se xamp le sd a t ed 5 0 -67 . H er e ga rd st h et y pe a sc ommon i nP a le s t ine .V e s sbe rg a nd We s tho lm ( 1956 :6 8 ,f i g .3 0 .8 )h av es im i la re xam p l e sd a ted t ot h eA ugu s tan p e r iod . Maye t1 975 :6 7 ,p l .

D 22 . J a r .F ragmen tw i th r im a nd w a l l .R im D 0 . 080 .V e ry f i ne g r i t , d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 3 / 4 ) f a b r ic , l i gh t y e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 6 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : n oe xa c tp a ra l le l . D y son 1 976 : 7 4 , V -D 4 1 -43 ,f i g .2 1 ,P o tC la s s 1 6 ;9 4 , PD 4 6 -47 ,f i g .3 2 ,P o t C la s s1 6 ,d a t ed 10 -30 B .C . Maye t( 1 975 :2 7 ,p l anche 1 .8 ,F o rme I )d a te st ot h el a s tq ua r te ro ft h es e cond f i r s tq ua r t e ro ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .D uncan 1 965 :1 50 , f i g . 6A .16 ,F o rm 2 0w i th ad a t ef r om t h es e cond h a l fo f t h e s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . i sn o tq u i te t h e s ame a s o u r s .

9 5

C hap t er I V : C los ed D epo s i t s O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : 1 25 -30 B .C .

h and le a nd r ounded b a se ; s ome t r a ce so fs l ip . R im D 0 . 059 ; b ody D 0 . 086 ; H0 . 082 . V e ry s moo th , l i gh t b rown i sh g r ey ( 2 .5Y 6 / 2 ) f a b r ic , d a rk b rown i sh g r ey ( 2 .5Y 3 / 2 )s l ip . P a r a l le l s :L app ( 196 1 :1 65 ,T ype 3 4 ,w ide -mou thed , s qua tj ug le t s ,d oe sn o tc on ta in ag ood p a ra l le l .H ed oe s h ave ag l obu la rc ook ing p o t( 1 87 ,T ype 7 1 .1 .L )o ft h e s am es hap eb u ti ti st w ice a sl a rge . H aye s( 1 976b : 5 , p l . 3 4 .284 ) h a s as ma l l P a le s t in ian c ook ing p o t o f m a roon c l ay ,d a ted s e cond h a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t o e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .I fD 27 w a s ac ook ing p o t ,i tw a s n eve ru s ed a ss u ch . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : s e cond h a l fo f f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t o e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

0 23 . J a r .P a r to fe ve r ted r im ,w a l la nd s t ub o fh and le .R im D0 . 070 .V e ry f i ne ,s moo th ,l i gh tb rown i sh g r ey ( 10YR 6 / 2 )f a b r ic ,l i gh ty elow i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : n o e xac t p a ra l le l s b u t s om e v e ry c l o se e xamp le sf r om I t a ly :D y son 1 976 :5 ,1 6 1V 2 2 ,f i g .1 3 , P o tC la s s1 ,w i th ad a te o ft h em id -second c en tu ry B .C . ; D uncan ( 1965 : 1 50 ,f i g . 6A 4 13 ,F o rm 2 0 )h a sb eake r s o ft h es e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .w i thou th and le s ;C h ie sa ( 1 985 : 2 79 , t a y .6 5 .11 )a l so h a sa ja rw i thou th and le s b u to t he rw i se a ne xce l len tT ibe r ian p a ra l le l . O r ig in : I t a l ian . C h rono logy :s e cond c en tu ry B .C .t of i r s th a l fo ff i r s t c en tu ry A .C .

0 28 . J ug .I n ta c ts pou ted j ug w i th c oncave b a s ea nd s i ng le h and le .R im D 0 . 085 ;b ody D 0 . 126 ;b a se D 0 . 0 36 ;H 0 . 128 .F ine g r i t ,l i gh to l ive -b rown ( 2 .5Y 5 / 4 )t ob rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 3 ) f a b r ic w i th s ma l l d a rk i n c lu s ion s , s ome d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 4 / 1 )d i sco lo ra t ion . P a ra l le l s : L app 1 96 1 : 1 65 , T ype 3 4 .A a nd 3 4 .B , w h ich a r e d a t ed A .C . 1 68 , d o n o th ave t h e c oncave b a se .D uncan ( 1 930 :p l .6 1 .N )h a s aj ug le tw i th af l aue r b a se t h a td a te st ot h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ? C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

0 24 . J a r /Cup .F ragmen tw i th p a r to fr im ,n eck ,b ody a nd o ne c omp le te s t rap h and le ;r i bb ing o nl owe rw a l l ;v e ry t h in ,f r ag i le p o t t e ry .R im D 0 . 070 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 10YR 5 / 1 )f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ey ( 1 0YR 7 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed ,a l though a n Umayyad j a r o ft h em id -e igh th c en tu ry a ppea r st ob e al a te rv a r ia t ion o fo u rt y pe : McN ico l l 1 982 : 1 68 ,p l . 1 44 .6 . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . J ugs ( F ig .2 9 ) . 0 25 . J ug .F ragmen to fr im ,n eck ,w a l la nd o ne c omp le t e s t r ap h and le ;r im s e to f ff r om n eck b ys l igh tr i dge .R im D0 . 052 .F ine g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 4 / 1 ) f a b r ic , l i gh t r e d( 2 .5YR 6 /6 )e x te r io rw i th s ome l i gh tb rown i sh g r ey ( 10YR 6 / 2 )t or edd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 3 )d i s co lo ra t ion . C ompa re 0 6( un s t ra t i f ied )a nd D 39 ( Depo s i t4 ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eD 6 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry . D 26 . J ug . I n ta c t o ne -hand led j ug ; n eck a nd r im f l a r e s l igh t ly ; i n c i sed l i ne s a r ound n e ck a nd s hou lde r o f b a r r e l b ody ; r i ng b a se ; s t rap h and le w i th t w i s t n ea r a t ta chmen tt or im .R im D 0 . 065 ;b ody D 0 . 091 ;b a se D 0 . 042 ; H0 . 117 . V e ry f me , s moo th , g r ey ( 1 0YR 4/ 1) f a b r ic w i th s i gn so fb u rn i sh ing ,d a rk y e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 4 / 4 )s l ip i n s ide r im a nd n e ck . P a ra l le l s : n o p o t t e ry p a ra l le l , b u t H .A . a nd D .B . T homp son s ugge s t( o ra lc ommun ica t ion )t h a tt h eb a r r e l s hape i ss im i la r t o g l a s s v e ss e l s f r om t h e f i r s t c en tu ry . Ma the son 1 980 :5 2 ,n o .1 31 .F o r ag ob le tw i th s ame g ene ra lb ody p ropo r t ion sb u t amo r es qua tb a r r e l s hape ,s e e McCann 1 987 :2 27 , TW10 ,f i g .X -12 ,1 3a nd c o lo rf i g . 5 . Wa r r en ( 1 987 -88 : 9 4 , f i g . 4 7 .46 a nd 4 7 ) a l so h a s an umbe ro ft wo -hand led c ook ing p o t sw i th a s im i la r b a r re l b ody w h ich h e c i t e s a s af i r s t c en tu ry f o rm .B .J ohn son a nd S .H e rbe r t( p r iva te c ommun ica t i on )s ugge s t aL a te R oman /A rab ic d a te . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . D 27 .

J ug /Po t .A lmo s tc omp le te ,p a r to fr im m i s s ing ;s t rap

9 6

0 29 . J ug . F ragmen to fc omp le te r im , h and le , n eck a nd p a r to fs hou lde r ;h eavy r im f l a re so u twa rd o ni n t e r io r a nd i ss h a rp ly u nde r cu to n e x te r ior , t wo s ma l lr a i sed b and si mmed ia te ly b e low r im o nn eck ;m ed ium p i tch c oa to n i n t e r io r . R im D 0 . 057 . F i ne , s moo th , g r ey t o d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic w i th af ew l a rge , d a rk i mpu r i t ie s ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 7 / 4 )s l ip .C omp a r e 0 41 ( D epo s i t4 ) . P a r a l l e l s :L app 1 96 1 :2 10 ,T ype 2 28 .1 .A ,w i th d a t e f r om 7 5 -25 B .C . ;R i ley 1 979 :3 83 ,f i g .1 38 .1132 ,d a t ed l a t eH e l len i s t ic /Augu s tan t oe nd o ff i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ; D y son 1 976 : 1 34 , 2 2 1 1 1 24 , f i g . 5 2 , P i tche rC la s s 7 , d a t ed C a l igu lan o rC laud ian ; D uncan 1 930 : p l . 6 5 .T , H e l len i s t ic .A dam sheck ( 1979 :6 3 ,p l s .1 7a nd 3 6 .ER39 ) h a s e xamp le s o f mo r e s l ende rC yp r io t S i g ila ta j ug s , d a ted H e l len i s t ic t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic t om id -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . 0 30 . J ug .F ragmen tw i th c omp le t er im ,n eck ,h and le a nd p a r to fs hou lde r ; r im f l a re so ne x te r io rb u ti ss l igh t ly c oncave o ni n te r io r ;r a i sed b and so nl owe re x te r io ro f r im s e pa r a t ei tf r om n eck ;l i gh tc oa to fp i tch o ni n t e r io r . R im D 0 . 046 . F ine g r i t , p i nk ( 5YR 6 / 4 ) f a b r ic , l i gh t r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 6 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : p a ra l le l sw i th o u rt y pe o fr im n o tf o und . K ap lan ( 1 964 :8 ,f i g .2 . 4 ,p l .3 . 2 ,h a s ar e la ted t y p et h a t d a te sf r om 5 0 -67 .D y son ( 1976 : 1 34 ,2 2 1 11 2 1 -25 ,f i g . 5 2 , P i tche r C la s s 7 )h a sj ug s s im i la r t oK ap lan w i th C a l igu lan o rC laud ian d a te .C row fdo t( 1 957 : 3 40 ,f i g . 8 2 .1 -2 )h a se xamp le st h a th ed a te sf i r s tc en tu ry B .C . f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . V e s sbe rg a nd We s tho lm ( 1 956 :6 8 ,

I V .C :D epo s i t2 f i g . 3 0 .18 ) a nd T homp son ( 1 934 : 3 77 , D 30 ) h ave s l igh t ly e a r l ie rf o rm sf r om t h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

C h rono logy : m id second t ol a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . F ine Wa re s . [ S. E .S I t a l ian T er ra S i g i l la ta ( F ig s . 2 9 -30 ,p l . 1 9 ) . RG88 . T h in -wa l led c up . B roken ;p a r t so fe ve r ted r im a nd c a r ina t ed w a l le x tan t ,d eco ra ted w i th r ou le t t ing .R im D 0 . 10 .V e ry f i ne b rown t od a rk b rown ( 10YR 4 / 3 )f a b r ic ; d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 4 / 2 ) t ov e ry d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 3 / 2 )s l ip .S ame s he rd a sD 19 ( s ee S ec t ion I .D .1 ) ,f i g .2 8 . F o rm : Moev s 1 973 : f o rm XL ; s ha rp ly c a r ina t ed t wo -hand led c up w i th e vened l i p a nd r ou le t t e -deco r a t ed w a l l ;i no r ig in aL aT bne f o rm . P a ra l le l s : Moev s 1 973 : 13 14 , n o . 2 02 ( p l . 2 0 ) s im i la r . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : m id -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

B a se s( F ig .2 9 ) . D 31 . B a se . P eg b as e t os ma l l v e s se l . B a se D 0 . 0 1 . Me d i um g r i t , r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 4 / 3 ) f a b r ic , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s :C o l t1 962 :2 99 ,p l . LV I I Ib a s e .37 a nd p l . I V .7 -8 ;' Gone r &H e s s1 985 : 1 32 ,f i g .4 . 8 ,d a t ed e nd o f s e cond c en tu ry B .C . ;D y son ( 1 976 : 1 3 1 ,2 2 1 1 1 02 ,f i g . 5 0 .F u s ifonn B o t t le C la s s3 )h a s amo r es l end e rf u s i fonn b o t t le w i th aC a l igu lan -C laud ian d a t e .H aye s1 976b :5 p l . 3 5 .282 i s aP a le s t in ian u nguen t -po t , d a ted s e cond h a l fo ff i r s to rs e cond c en tu ry A .C . ; P . 5 8 ,p l .3 5 .310 3 11 ,i saP a le s t in ian p o in ted j ug le t ,d a t ed t h i rd t of o u r th c en tu ry A .C . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : e nd o fs e cond c en tu ry B .C . t of o u r th c en tu ry A .C . D 32 . B a se . C omp le te r i ng b a se a nd p a r t o fb ody w i th l i gh t ly i n c i sed l i ne s ; l i gh t p i tch c oa t ing o n i n te r io r . B a se D 0 . 050 .F ine g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 4 / 1 ) f a b r ic , l i gh to l ive -g r ey ( 5Y 6 / 2 )s l ip .C ompa r eD 33 . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed ;f o rg ene ra ls h ape D y son 1 976 :4 8 ,F G6 6 ,f i g .1 0 ,B a se C la s s2 ,ab a se w i th ad a t e o fc a .2 00 B .C .B lake ly ( 1 987 :6 3 -65 ,f i g . .2 0 .49 )h a sa b a se o f aj ug ( ? )f o rw h ich n op a ra l le lw a sf o und ,d a t ed t op ha se 4( l a t ef i r s t second c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? D 33 . B a se . C omp le te r i ng b a se a nd p a r t o fb ody w i th l i gh t ly i n c i sed l i ne s ;t r a ce o fp i tch c oa t ing o ni n t e r io r . B a se D0 . 042 .F ine g r i t ,o l ive -g rey ( 5Y 5 / 2 )f a b r ic ,p a le b rown ( 10YR 6 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : s e eD 32 . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? D 34 . B a se . F ragmen t w i th r a is ed f l a t b a s e a nd r i bb ed b ody . B a s e D0 . 034 . F ine g r i t ,g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 5 / ) f a b r ic w i th s a ndy t e x tu re , l i gh tg r ey ( 2 .5Y N 7 / )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : s e eD 15 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry?

RG89 . B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fw a l lm i s s ing .B a se D 0 . 049 . L igh t r e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 ) s l ip . S t amp i np lan ta p ed i s :C .P .P . ,I t a l ian p o t t e rf r om N o r th E t ru r ia .P l . 1 9 . F o rm :D ragendo r f ff o rm 2 4o r2 5 ;L oe schck e1 909a : f o rm 8 ao r8 b . P a ra l le l s :( f o rs t amp )O xe -Com fo r t1 968 :n o . 191 ; G ue ry 1 972 : n o s . 1 0479 , 4 1 ( 1 ) (4 ) ; C omf o r t 1 982 : n o te 6 4 ,n o .6 8 ; n o . 7 5 ( r e t ro ) ;G oud ineau 1 968 : 3 62 ; Moev s 1 980 : 3 19 -27 . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : t h i rd q ua r te rf i r s t second q ua r te rs e c o nd c en tu ry . RG90 . B ow l . B roken ;p a r to fw a l lm i s s ing . R im D 0 . 115 . B a se D 0 . 054 ; H0 . 063 .L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ; r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip .S t amp i np lan taped i s :C .CLO .SAB ( AB l i ga tu r ed ) =C a iu sC lod iu sS ab inus , I t a l ian p o t t e r f r om A r ezzo . P l . 1 9 . F o rm :D ragendo r f ff o rm 8 ;L oe sc l icke 1 909a :f o rm 1 5b . P a ra l le l s : ( f o rs t amp )O xe -Comfo r t 1 968 :n o .4 55 ; G ue ry 1 972 : n o . 2 2645 , 1 06g ; I l i f f e 1 939 : 4 3 ; H aye s 1 973 : n o .6 2 ; P l e sn iea r -Gec 1 972 : 2 49 g r ave 7 15 ( T . C LX IV ) ,n o .4 . B ib l iog raphy : H o lum e ta l . 1 988 : 8 0 ,f i g .4 6 . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy :c a . 1 0B .C . -A .D .6 5 . RG9 1 . B ow l .B roken ;b a se a nd p a r to fw a l lm i s s ing .F l ang ed r im w i th a s i ng le r o se t te . R im D 0 . 122 . L igh t r e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :D ragendo r f ff o rm 2 5 . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t i f ied . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . f i r s t c en tu ry A .C .

D 35 . B a se .C omp le t ef l a tb a se a nd p a r to fb ody ;m ed ium p i t ch c oa t ing o n i n te r io r . B a s e D0 . 042 . F i ne g r i t , g r ey i sh b rown ( 2 .5Y 5 / 2 )f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ey ( 2 .5Y 7 / 2 ) t og r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : f o r g ene ra l t y pe , D y son 1 976 : 5 7 -58 , 1 6 1V43 a nd 5 0 ,f i g .1 5 ,P o tC la s s1 5a nd B a se C la s s 1— t wo e xamp le sw h ich a r e mo r eo vo id ,w i th ad a te o fm id s e cond c en tu ry B .C .O the re xamp le so ft h et y pe ,D y son 1 976 : 7 6 , VD 6 2 ,f i g .2 3 ,B a se C la s s1 ,a nd 9 8 ,P D7 9 , f i g . 3 5 , B a se C la s s 1 ,d a te f r om 10 -30 B .C . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined .

RG92 . P l a te o rp l a t te r .B roken ;p a r to fr im m i s s ing .B a s eD 0 . 088 . L igh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 ) s l ip .S t amp i np lan taped i s :P .CLO .PR= P ub l iu sC lod iu s P ro cu lu s? ;I t a l ian p o t te ro fS ab ine o r ig in f r om A r ezzo .

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C hap te rI V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s P a ra l le l s :F i tzge ra ld 1 931 :p l a te XXX IV ,n o s .7 ,1 9 s im i la r ;C o rnel 1 980 :p l s .2 7 -28 s im i la r ;V e s sbe rg & We s tho lm 1 956 : f i g . 3 0 ,n o . 3s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

P l . 1 9 . F o rm :D ragendo r f ff onn 1 7 ;L oe schcke 1 909a f o rm l a ,2 a ,o r5 a . P a ra l le l s : ( f o rs t amp )O xe -Com fo r t 1 968 :n o .4 54 ; I l i f f e 1 939 : 4 4 =C omf o r t & Waage 1 936 : 2 2 1 -24 ; C om fo r t 1 938 : 4 9 ; G ue ry 1 972 : n o s . 2 2645 , 1 05b 1 05e , p o s s ib ly n o s . 1 0479 , 1 6a ( 1 ) (2 ) , 1 0479 , 1 6b ; S ch ind le r &S che f f enegge r1 977 : 34 ,3 54 p l s .9 6 -97 ; H aye s1 973 :n o .6 1 ;p o s s ib ly S imone t t1 94 1 :1 6a nd 8 8 g r ave n o .2 3 ;J one s1 950 :2 57 ,n o .5 95 =2 94 ,n o .3 ,b u t p l .1 48 ,n o .5 95 m ay n o tb es ame p o t t e r ;B r u la ie r1 981 : 5 4 ,n o . 1 8 =p l . 1 ,n o . 1 8 =p l .5 ,n o .8 a -8b =5 8T abu la 5 ,n o . 8 . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy :c a . 1 0B .C . -A .D . 5 0 .

RG97 . B ow lo rc up . B roken ; b a se e x tan t . B o t tom c a r r ie s g r a f f i to ä .B a se D 0 . 0 44 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic ;u neven r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 3 :1 ( ? ) . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 00 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . RG98 . B ow l . B roken ; p o r t ion so fr im , w a l l , a nd r i ng f o o t e x tan t .R im D 0 . 138 ;b a se D 0 . 053 ; H0 . 055 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 )f a b r ic ;p a t chy r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG21 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

E a s t ern T er ra S i g i l la ta IWar e( F ig s . 3 0 -31 ,p l . 1 9 ) . RG93 . C up . B roken ; p a r t o f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t ; s p i ra l d eco ra t ion o nr im .R im D 0 . 11 .B a se D .0 . 06 1 . H0 . 058 . Y elow ( 10YR 8 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 ) s l ip ,t i nged g r een i np l a ce s . F o rm :C row foo t1 957 :f o rm 2 3 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : f o rm 2 3 ; G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 3 , 2 ;c up , f l a r ing , c oncave r im ,o f ten r o u le t ted o u t s ide ,r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s : V e s sbe rg & We s tho lm 1 956 : f i g .3 0 ,n o . 3s im i la r ;N egev 1 974 :c f .n o s .1 60 -70 s im i la r ;R ob in son 1 959 :J 29 a nd M33 s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG99 . B ow l .B rok en ;f r agmen to fr im e x tan t .R im D0 . 109 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 10 YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm : Waage 1 948 :A n t ioch s h ape 6 70 . Ac ommon f o rm ,a te s ted a tP ompe i i . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 976b : 7 5 ,n o . 8 4s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy :c a . 7 0 -100 / 120 .

RG94 . C up . B roken ; p a r t o fr im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 119 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; u neven r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 4 / 4 )s l ip . F o rm :C row foo t 1 957 :f o rm 2 4 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 97 1 : f o rm 2 4 ;L app 1 96 1 :t y p e2 51 .6 ;c up w i th v e r t ica lr im , f l ange a tb a se . P a ra l le l s : C row foo t 1 957 : 37 , f i g . 8 1 :18 s im i la r ; N egev 1 974 :n o . 1 7 1 s im i la r ;F i tzge ra ld 1 931 : 3 9a nd p l . XXX IV ,n o .2 0s im i la r ;K e l so & B a ramk i1 955 :2 4 , p l .2 2 -A40 s im i la r . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry .

RG100 . P l a t e . B roken ; b a se a nd p a r t o f w a l l e x tan t ; s t amped p a lme t te i n s ide . B a se D 0 . 089 . N o Mun se l l a va i lab le . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : f o rm 1 ;G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 1 :3a -c ;C o rne l l1 980 :f o rm 1 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 ;p l a te o rs ha l low b ow l w i th i n cu rved r im a nd r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s :C row foo t1 957 :3 13 ,f i g .7 3 :5 ;G unneweg 1 983 :9 5 -96 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . RG101 . P l a t e .C omp le t e .B a se D 0 . 064 ;r im D 0 . 138 ;H 0 . 032 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 )f a b r ic ;p a t chy r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l in .L ozen2e shaned s t amp i nc en t re ,w i th n ame XAP IC . P l . 1 9 . F o rm : J one s 1 950 : t y p eG ; G unneweg 1 983 : f o rm E TS I2 1 :3c ;p l a t ew i th r im a nd r a is ed r i ng f o o t . P a ra l le l s :T h i ss t amp i se x t reme ly c ommon t h rough o u tt h eN ea rE a s ti nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C .F o rs t amp s e e C ox 1 949 : 1 4 ,n o s .8 6 -87 a nd p l .5 ;I l i f f e 1 936 :5 0 -53 ; I l i f f e 1 939 : 7 2 ;C omfo r t 1 938 :4 5 -46 ;L app 1 96 1 : 6 8 ; J one s 1 950 : 2 4 1 , n o s . 3 73 , 3 74 , 3 75 , 3 76 ( ? ) ; p .2 42 , n o s . 3 84 , 3 89 ; p .2 44 , n o . 4 21 ;p .2 45 , n o s .4 24 ,4 32 , 4 33 ,434 ( ? ) ,4 35 ( ? ) ,4 36 -42 ;p .2 46 ,n o s .4 43 -50 ,4 54 , 4 59 ;p .2 47 ,n o s .4 73 -79 ,p .2 48 ,n o s .4 80 -91 ;f o rs t amp s o n ly =p p .2 86 -89 ,n o s .9 27 -65 ;f o rs hape o fs t amp s e e e spe c ia l ly p .2 88 , n o s . 9 50 -52 , 9 55 -59 ; C h r i s ten s en 1 971 : 1 02 -112 , 1 67 , 1 71 , 1 76 -78 ; Waage 1 948 :3 2 -36 .

RG95 . C up . B roken ; p a r t o f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t ; b a se m is s ing . R im D 0 . 094 . V e ry p a le b r own ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : C rowfoo t 1 957 : f o rm 2 4 ; G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 3 :3 ; c a r ina ted c up w i th v e r t ica lr im , f l ange a t b a se . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 3 37 -39 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : 1 72 -80 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry? RG96 . C up . B roken ; p a r t o fr im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 15 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic / s l ip ;u neven r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :C row foo t 1 957 :f o rm 2 3 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 2 3 ; L app 1 96 1 : t y p e 2 51 .6A ; s p r ead ing c up , c oncave r im ,o f ten r o u le t ted o u t s ide ,r i ng b a se .

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I VC :D epo s i t2 RG107 . G lobu la rc up . N ea r ly c omp le t e ; b a se m i s s ing . R im D 0 . 065 .L igh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy , d u sky r e d( 2 .5YR 3 / 2 )t or edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 )s l ip w i th " s andy" e x t e r io r . F o rm : Mo ev s 1 973 :I V ;j a rw i th o vo id b ody ,v e r t i c a l ,s we ll ing l i p . P a ra l le l s : Moev s 1 973 , n o s . 3 6 -54 s im i la r ( b u t s ma l le r ) . O r ig in :P e r hap sC yp r io ti m i ta t ion o fI t a l ian o rG a l l i cp ro to type . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry . RG102 . P i tche r . B roken ; p a r t o fb a se a nd w a l l e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 09 .G rey ( 2 .5YR N 5( )f a b r ic ( f i red i nr e duced a tmo sphe re ;p robab ly i n t ended t ob ev e ry p a le b rown ) ; u neven r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : f o rm 2 5o r2 6 ;C h r i s tens en 1 971 :f o rm 2 5o r2 6 ;G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 2 :3 ;j ug w i th l o ng o r s ho r t n eck , 1h and le , r i ng f o o t , r im , p o s s ib ly w i th l i p . P a ra l le l s : c f . RG42 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) , RG8 . 5 ( D epo s i t 1 ) , RG153 ( Depo s i t 4 ) . G unneweg 1 983 : 9 8 -99 ; C row foo t1 957 : 3 40 -42 ;C h r i s ten s en 1 971 : 1 80 -88 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG108 . B ow l .B rok en ;f r agmen to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 136 .B rown ( 10YR 5 / 3 )f a b r ic ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :p o s s ib ly L app 1 96 1 :t y pe 5 1 .1 ; Waage 1 948 : A n t io ch s hape 6 70 ; s ma l l , d eep b ow l w i th i n cu r ved r im . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 976b : 1 9 ,n o . 8 4 =Waage 1 948 : s hap e6 70 . O r ig in :E . Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy : c a . 7 0 -100 / 120 .

E a s tern T er ra S i g i l la ta Io r I( F ig . 3 1 ) . RG103 . P i tche r .B roken ;p a r to fb a se a nd r ou le t t ed w a l l e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 042 . P a le b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 3 ) f a b r ic ; p a t chy r edd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 4 / 4 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 2 :3 o rE TS I 2 4 :5 , l a gyno sw i th l o ng n eck a nd s a gg ing b ody . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 5 0 -51 ,J ERS 11 -12 . O r ig in :L evan t( ETS I ) ,S .W .A s ia M ino r ,o rC yp ru s ( ETS I ) . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG109 . B ow l .B rok en ;f r agmen to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 232 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l s ,s e e RG46 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in :C yp ru s . C h rono logy :e a r ly B y zan t ine?

RG104 . P i t che r .B roken ;r im a nd h and le m i s s ing .B a se D 0 . 059 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :C rowfoo t1 957 :f o rm 2 5 ;C o rne l l1 980 :f o rm 2 5 ;C h r i s t ensen 1 971 :f o rm 2 5 ;G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 4 :5 ; l a gyno s w i th l o ng n eck a nd s a gg ing b ody , 1 h and le , l ow r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 976b : f i g . 5 , n o . 8 6 s im i la r ; G unneweg 1 983 : 1 03 . O r ig in :L evan t( ETS I ) ,S .W .A s ia M ino r ,o rC yp ru s ( ETS I ) . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

K n id ian o rI t a l ian W ar es ( F ig . 3 1 ) . RG110 . C up .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 07 .R ed f a b r ic a nd d a rk r e d -b rown " s andy" s l ip .N o Mun s e l la va i lab le . F o rm : Moev s 1 973 : f o rm XLV I I ; b ag s hap ed c up w i th e ve r ted l i p . P a ra l le l s : Moev s1 973 :v a r ian to fn o .3 07 ,T ibe r ian o re a r ly C laud ian .H aye s( o ra lc ommun ica t ion ) :p rob a b ly K n id ian ,c a .4 0 -75 . O r ig in : K n ido s? C h rono logy : T ib e r ian t o7 5 . RG111 . B ow lo rt h in -wa l led c up .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 10 .F ine b uf ft od ul r e ds l ip ;n o Muns e l la va i lab le . F o rm : Moev s 1 973 : f o rm XXV I Is im i lar ,i n den ted b ow lo rc up .H aye s( o ra lc ommun ica t ion ) :p robab ly o f K n id ian o rI t a l ian d e r iva t ion . P a ra l le l s : Mo ev s 1 973 :n o s . 1 32 -33 ,2 17 ,2 89 ,s e c o nd q ua r te rf i r s tc en tu ry t oC laud ian ;R o s se r1 985 :9 5 , n .4 8a nd p .9 6( H7 ) ;H e l l s t röm 1 971 :n o . 2 89 ; H aye s ( o ra lc ommun ica t ion ) :m id -f i r s tc en tu ry . O r ig in : K n ido so rI t a ly . C h rono logy :m id -f i r s tc en tu ry .

RG105 . P i tche r . B roken ; p a r to fr im a nd w al , a nd o ne c omp le te h and le e x tan t .R im D 0 . 08 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a br i c ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : P i tche r . P a ra l le l s : N one i d en t if ied . O r ig in :L evan t( ETS I ) ,S .W .A s ia M ino r ,o rC yp ru s ( ETS I ) . C h rono logy : u nd e te rm ined . RG106 . P i tche r .B rok en ;f r agm en to fl a rge p ou r ing s pou t o fo i nochoe .D a rk b rown -b la ck s l ip .N o Mun se l la va i l a b le . N o d raw ing . S ame s h e rd a s C 29 ( s ee S ec t ion I .D .1 ) ,f i g . 2 8 . F o rm :p e rhap sC row foo t1 957 :f o rm 2 6 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 2 6 ; j ug w i th s ho r t n eck , c o l la r ed r im , p o s s ib ly w i th l i p . P a ra l le l s : C row foo t 1 957 : 3 4 1 , f i g .8 2 :3 s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t( ETS I ) ,S .W .A s ia M ino r ,o rC yp r u s ( ETS I ) . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

W ar ef r om T ar su s ,K o s ,K n idos ,R h ine land ,N or th I t a ly , o rS pa in ( F ig s .3 1 -32 ) . RG112 . B ow l . C omp le te . C a r ina t ed b ody w a l l ; r a i sed , s l igh t ly c onvex b a s e ;v e ry t h in w a r e .R im D0 . 10 3 ;b a se D0 . 044 ; H0 . 055 . L igh t b rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; y e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip .S ome d a rk d i sco lo ra t ion . F o rm : S ame a s RG52 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . 9 9

C hap t er I V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s P a r a l le l s : S ee RG52 . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( Ta r sus , K o s , K n ido s? )o rw e s te rn Med i te r r anean ( No r th I t a ly ,S pa in , R h ine land? ) . C h rono logy :c a .2 0 -50 ,o r4 0 -70 . RG113 . B ow l . B roken ; p a r t so fr im a nd c a r ina ted w al e x tan t ; v e ry t h in w a re . R im D 0 . 09 . R edd i sh b rown ( 5YR 4 /4 )f a b r ic ;u pp e rp a r to fb ow ls l ipped r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) ;b o t tom p a r tv e ry d u sky r e d( 2 .5YR 2 / 2 ) . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG52 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : e a s tern Med i te r ranean ( Ta r sus , K o s , K n ido s? )o rw e s t e rn Med i te r r anean ( No r th I t a ly ,S pa in , R h ine land? ) . C h rono logy :c a .2 0 -50 ,o r4 0 -70 . RG114 . B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fr im e x tan t ;b a se m i s s ing ; v e ry t h in w a r e w i th " s andy" e x te r io r . R im D 0 . 11 . B rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 )f a b r ic ; u ppe rp a r to fb ow ls l ipped y e l low i sh r ed ( 5YR 5 / 6 ) ,b o t tom p a r ty e l low ( 1 0YR 7 / 6 ) . F o rm : S e e RG52 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . P a ra l le l s :S ee RG52 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) .S ame p r ovenan ce a s RG52 ,b u ts e ee sp ec ia l ly J one s 1 950 : 1 90 -91 . O r ig in : e a s tern Med i te r ranean ( Ta r sus , K o s , K n ido s? )o rw e s t e rn Med i t e r r anean ( No r th I t a ly ,S pa in , R h ine land? ) . C h rono logy : c a 2 0 -50 ,o r4 0 -70 . W ar eo fU nknown P rovenanc e( F ig . 3 2 ) . RG115 . B ow l . B roken ; f r agmen to fr im ,b ody w a l la nd b a se .O ppo sed s p i ra l mo t i fa pp l iqué o nr im w a l l . R im D0 . 139 . R edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; w or nr e d ( 2 .5YR 4 /6 ) s l ip . F o rm :n o tc l ea r . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . L amp s( F ig . 3 2 ,p l . 1 8 ) . [ S. E .S L 26 . I t a l ian v o lu te l amp . B rok en , i n comp le te : p a r t s o f d i scu s , r im , n ozz le ,b ody w a l l sa nd b a s ee x tan t . MPL 0 . 085 ; MP W 0 . 072 ; MPH 0 . 022 .G r ey ( 2 .5YR N 5 / )t o d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 4 / )f a b r ic ;r e dd i sh -ye l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )t od a rk r e dd i sh -b rown ( 5YR 3 / 2 )s l ip .D oub le v o lu t e n ozz le ; u ndeco ra ted r im s e pa r a t ed f r om d i scu s b y 3 g roove s ;d i scu sw i th T h rac ian t y p eg l ad ia to ra dvanc ing r i gh t ; f i l l h o le b e tween f e e t ; a i r h o le a tn ozz le r im b ounda ry ;t r ace so fb u rn ing a r ound n ozz le ;w a l l sc u rve t op a r to fb a se d ef ined b yi n c i sed l i ne .P l . 1 8 . T ype :s im i la rt oB ronee r1 930 :t y p e XX I I ;D eneauve 1 969 : t y pe I VA ;B a i ley 1 980 : t y pe A g r oup i i . P a ra l le l s : B ronee r 1 930 : n o . 4 25 s im i la r ; H e re s 1 972 :n o .3 0s im i la r ;D eneauve 1 969 :n o .3 20 s im i la r ; B a i ley 1 980 : n o . Q 783 s im i la r ; L oe schcke 1 9 19 : n o . 1 35 s im i la r ;F a rka 1 977 :n o .8 17 s im i la r ;C ahn -K la ibe r 1 977 : n o . 1 60 s im i la r( w i th i n sc r ip t ion ) ; F r eme r sdo r f 1 922 : t y pe s 1 7 -19 s im i la r . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan -T ibe r ian .

1 00

L 27 . P a le s t in ian l amp .B roken ,i n comp le t e :p a r t so fd i s c u s ,r im ,b ody w a l l sa nd b a se e x tan t . MPL 0 . 06 1 ; MPW 0 . 043 ; MPH 0 . 038 .G rey ( 2 .5YR N 6 / )f a b r ic ;v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 3 / ) s l ip . U ndeco ra t ed d i scu ss e pa ra t ed f r om r im b yr i dge ;r im d eco ra ted w i th 6r o se t t e s ;b ody w a l l sc u rve t ob a se d ef ined b yr i dge .P l . 1 8 . T ype :L app 1 96 1 : t y pe 8 2 .2 ( d eco ra t ed ) . P a ra l le l s : R o sen tha l 1 978 :n o .3 45 s im i la r . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy :f i r s t second c en tu ry . M i sce l laneous T e r raco t ta . [ J .P .0 . ] TC3 . F i gu r ed v e s se l? B roken , i n comp le te , s l ip e r oded ; e ye s , p a r t o f f o r ehead , a nd muzz le p r e se rved . MPH 0 . 042 ; MP W 0 . 07 .P l .2 0 . Af r agmen to f af i gu red t e r raco t ta v e sse l ,p o s s ib ly a r hy ton , w i th as pou ti nt h e f o rm o f as na r l ing p an the r h ead . F i ne , v e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 ) c l ay w i th o c ca s iona lw h i te s p eck s .T he r ea r et r a ce so f ap a t chy , d a rk b r own ( 7 .5YR 4 . 2 )s l ip o nt h es u r fac eo ft h ef a c e , e x t end ing o ve rt h ef r on to ft h e muzz le t ot h ei n t e r io r . T he p r e senc eo fs l ip a tt h i sp o in tr e vea l st h a tt h em ou th w a so pen ,p o s s ib ly t od i scha rge l i qu id f r om t h ei n t e r io r o ft h ev e s se l .T he f a ce s e em st oh ave b een f a sh ioned i n as ha l low mou ld t h a tl e f tt h ef a c ia ld e ta i l si mp r e s sed i n b road s t roke s : t h e a lmond shap ed e ye s a r e f r amed a bove b ya r ch ing b row sa nd b e low b yt h ew r ink le so f t h es n a rl ing m uzz le . P a ra l l e l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

I V .C .3 . C a ta logue o fN on -C eram i cF ind s . [ J. P .0 . ] Me ta l . M i sce l laneou s Me ta lO b jec t s . M53 . B ronze r i ng .S u r f a ce c o r roded a nd p i t t ed . D0 . 048 ; T h0 . 006 . P l . 2 0 . Sma l lb ronze r i ng w i th c i r cu la rc r o s ss e c t ion . T he r i ng m ay h ave s e rved a sp a r to f af i t t ing o n as h ip o ra p i ec e o ff u rn i tu r e . I nv i ew o ft h e s ma l l d i ame te ra nd r e la t iv e ly e xp en s ive ma te r ia l ,i ti su n l ik e ly t h a ti tw a s u s ed a s ab r a i l ing r i ng ( s ee M29 ,u n s t ra t if ied ) . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M54 . B ronze a r yba l lo s .I n tac t ;c omp le t ee xcep tf o ro r ig i n a ls u spen s ion c ha in o rs w ing h and le ;s u r f a ce p i t t ed b y c o r ro s ion a nd p e r fo ra ted a to ne p o in t . H0 . 105 ;m ax .D 0 . 081 ; Do fb a se ,0 . 0 44 ; Do fr im ,0 . 0 3 .F ig .3 2 ,p l .2 0 . A s ma l l , g l obu la r a r ybalo s w i th a c omp r e s sed , s poo l -shap ed r im , t wo h and le s , a nd ar i ng b a s e . T he m a te r ia l i s as o f t b ronze w i th a s l igh t ly s oapy f e e l p robab ly r e su l t ing f r om t h e a dd i t ion o f as i gn i f ican t a moun to fl e ad t ot h ea l loy .T he r im a nd n eck a nd t h e b ody a nd b a se w e r ep r oduc ed i nt wo s epa ra te s e c t ion s b y c a s t ing , p l an i sh ing , a nd t u rn ing o n al a the , t h en j o ined w i th s o lde ra tt h eb a s eo ft h en eck .T he h and le s , s haped l i ke d o lph in so rf e l ine l e g s ,w e r ec a s ts e pa ra t e ly a nd a t ta ched t ot h e l owe r e dge o f t h e r im a nd t h e

1 V .C :D epo s i t2 s hou ld e rw i th s o lde r .T hey t e rm ina t eb e low i nas p read i n g l e a fo r t a i l , a nd a bove i n as ma l l p e r fo ra t ed l u g d e s igned t oh o ld r i ng sf o r ac ha in o rs w ing h and le ( n ow l o s t ) .T he c ha in w ou ld a l so h ave c a r r ied as ma l l ,b u t ton l i ke m e ta ll i dt h a tf i tt i gh t ly a ga in s t as ma l ll e dge j u s t b e low t h ei n s ide e dge o ft h er im ( s ee Mau 1 902 : f i g . 2 09 ) .I n s ide t h el ow ,t h ick b a se r i ng , as e r ie so fc oncen t r ic mou ld ings w e re p roduced b yt o ol ing a st h ev e s se l t u rned o nt h el a the . P a ra l le l s : T h i s t y pe o fs ma l l m e ta l a r yba l lo s wa s v e ry c ommon t h roughou tt h e Emp i re i nt h e f i r s ta nd s e cond c en t u r ie s ,u sed a s ac on ta ine rf o ro i lr ubb ed o n t h eb ody b efo re a nd a f t e re xe r c i s e ;s e eB ro t rune r1 969 : G roup I lb .V i r tua l ly i d en t ica le xamp le sc omp le te w i th l i da nd s u sp ens ion c ha in h ave b een f o und a tP ompe i i a nd t h en e ighbo r ing c i t ie s :O ve rbeck & Mau 1 884 :452 , f i g . 2 51 ; Mau 1 902 : 3 77 ,f i g .2 09 ;T a rbe l l 1 909 : 1 37 , f i g . 1 04 ; Wa rd -Pe rk in s &C la r idge 1 978 : 1 92 ,n o .2 2 1 ; B r i l l ian t 1 979 : 1 89 ( s ome o ft h e se m ay i l u s t ra te t h e s ame a r t i f a c t ) .A no the rv e ry c l o s ep a rale lw a sf o und a t H ag io sN iko lao si nG reece ,i n at omb c on ta in ing ac o in d a ted A .D .3 7 /38 ( Dava ra s1 985 : 1 73 -74 ,f i g .2 1 .a ,p l . 4 8 .g ) .S im i la re xamp le s ,b u tf o rt h e mo s tp a r tl a ck ing t h eh and le s ,w h ich a r ee a s i ly s e pa ra ted f r om t h eb ody b yc o r ro s ion ,h ave b een f o und i nt h ee a s t e rn Med i te r r a nean :H ö c lanann 1 972 :3 9 ,n o .9 3 ,p l .2 8( Mady to si n A s ia M inor ,f i r s tc en tu ry ) ;R ich t e r 1 9 15 : 1 96 ,n o .5 16 ( Sy r ia ) ; C om s tock & V e rmeu le 1 971 : 3 42 , n o . 4 80 ( Me lo s? ) , s e e a l so P . 3 21 , n o . 4 49 . T he r e a r e t h r ee e xamp le s w i thou t i n d ica t ion o f p rovenance i n t h e R ock e f ele r Mus eum ,J e rusa lem ,N o r th G a l le ry ,B ay 3 , C a se Q ,n o s . 1 00 -2 ;s e ea l so H aye s 1 984 :9 3 ,n o . 1 47 . T he r e i s ad i scu s s ion o f R oman b ronze v e s se l s i n P a le s t ine w i th ah i gh l e ad c on t en t( 7 .5% -24% )i nY ad in 1 96 3 :4 8n .2 1 ,p .7 8n .9 1 .A cco rd ing t oC a ley ( 1 970 ) t h e r ei sat e ndency i nt h eH e l len i s t ic a nd R oman p e r i o d s f o r t h e p e r cen tage o f t i n i n s t a tua ry b ronze t o d ecl ine ( f rom c a . 1% t oc a . 6 % ) a nd t h a to fl e ad t o i n c r ea s e( f rom c a .5 %t oc a .3 5% ) .T he a dd i t iona ll e ad w a sp robab ly i n tended t of a c i l i ta t ej o in sa nd t op rov ide ac heap s ub s t i tu te f o rt i n . B ib l iog raphy : H o lum e ta l . 1 988 : 9 3 ,f i g .5 7 . C h rono logy : f i r s th a lf o ff i r s tc en tu ry . N a i l s . Af ew c oppe rs p ike so rl o ng n a i l sw e r ef o und m ixed i n w i th t h ed epo s i ti n co rpo ra t ed i nt h ec l ay l a ye r . Mo s to ft h e se w e r e o n ly s l igh t ly a f ec t ed b y c o r ro s ion a tt h e t i me o f d i scove ry , b u tn one w a s f o und a s soc ia t ed w i th w ood . N o i r on n a i l s o r c onc re t ion s f o rmed a r ound i r on n a i l s w e r e f ound i nt h i ss t ra tum ,s ugge s t ing t h a tt h es e d imen t sf o s te r ed v e ry r ap id o x ida t ion o ft h a tm e ta l . M55 . C oppe r n a i l . B en t ; c o r roded . L0 . 117 ; h ead , D 0 . 0 15 ,T h0 .006 ; s haf t ,0 . 008 s q .a th ead . P l .2 1 . L ong ,t a pe r ing c oppe rn a i lw i th as qua r es ha f ta nd s l igh t ly f a ce ted , f l a t tened h em i sphe r ica lh ead . P a ra l le l s : s e e M37 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . M56 .

C oppe rs p ike .B roken ;s u r f ac ec o r roded . MPL 0 . 156 ; 1 0 1

h ead , D0 . 021 ,T h0 . 009 ;s ha f t ,0 . 008 s q .a th ead .P l .1 2 . L ong ,t a pe r ing c oppe rs p ik ew i th as qua r es ha f ta nd s l igh t ly f l a t tened h em i sphe r ica lh ead . P a ra l le l s : s e e M37 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . M57 . C oppe r s p ik e . I n tac t ; b en t ; s u r f a ce s l igh t ly c o r r oded . L0 . 146 ;h ead , D0 . 0 16 ,T h0 . 005 ;s ha f t ,0 . 006 s q .a th ead .P l .2 1 . L ong ,t a pe r ing c oppe rs p ik ew i th as qua r es ha f ta nd s l igh t ly f a ce ted ,c on ica lh ead . P a ra l le l s : s e e M37 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . M58 . C oppe rs p ike .I n ta c t ; s l igh t ly b en t ;s u r f a ce s l igh t ly c o r rod ed . L0 . 14 ;h ead , D0 . 0 17 ,T h0 . 005 ;s ha f t ,0 . 008 s q .a th ead . P l . 1 2 . L ong ,t a pe r ing c oppe rs p ik ew i th as qua re s ha f ta nd s l igh t ly f a ce ted h em i sphe r ica lh ead . P a ra l le l s : s e e M37 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . L ead F i sh ing a nd N e tW e igh t s . F o r c on s ide ra t ion o f t h e p o s s ib il i ty t h a t t h e se s ma l l , h eavy o b je c t sa r ei n t ru s ive i nD epo s i t2 ,s e et h ed i scu s s ion o ff i sh ing a nd n e tw e igh t si nD epo s i t1 .I nf a c t ,t h e s ew e igh t s s hou ld b en ol a t e rt h an t h ec l o s ing d a te f o rD epo s i t 1( l a te f i r s tc en tu ry t op o s s ib ly e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) , s i nce t h a t d epo s i ti ss e a led a bove b y al a ye r o fr u bb le . I ti sa tl e a s t p o s s ib le t h a ts ome o ft h ew e igh t sf o und i nD epo s i t 2f i l t e r ed d own i n to D epo s i t 2d u r ing t h ef o rma t ion o fD epo s i t1 ,b u t i nf a c tt h ed epo s i t sa r ev i r tua l ly s ynch ronou s ,a nd t h e r ea r e n om a jo rt y po log ica ld i f f e r ence sb e twe en t h et wo g roup so f w e igh t s . M59 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n tac t ; s u r f ac e a b raded a nd n i cked . L0 . 051 ; D0 . 0 15 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 003 . Wt 8 3 .5 g . F i g .3 2 . L ead f i sh ing l ine w e igh t i n t h e f o rm o f al o ng p e r fo ra t ed c y l inde r t a pe r ing s l igh t ly f r om o ne e nd t o t h eo t he r .T he s l igh t ly o f f -cen t r e ,l o ng i tud ina lp e r f o ra t i on h a sb een c a s ti n ; ac i rcu la rd ep re s s ion ( D0 . 007 ; d ep th 0 . 003 )a tt h ew ide re nd m ay p r es er ve t h es hap eo f t h eb a s ef o rt h em and r i lu sed t of o rm t h eh o le . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion , p .6 8 ,C la s s 1 A . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . M60 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n tac t ; s u r f ac e n i cked a nd w o rn . L0 . 046 ;W 0 . 0 15 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 003 .W t8 9 .2 g .P l . 8 . L ead f i sh ing l ine w e igh t i nt h e f o rm o f al o ng , p e r fo ra ted c y l inde r t a pe r ing s l igh t ly f r om o ne e nd t o t h eo t he r .T he s l igh t ly o f f -cen t r e ,l o ng i tud ina lp e r f o ra t i on h a sb een c a s ti n . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion , p .6 8 ,C la s s 1 A . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M61 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n tac t ; s u r f ac e n i cked a nd w o rn . L0 . 025 ; D0 . 0 16 ; Do fh o le , 0 . 004 .W t5 0 .1 g . F i g .3 2 ,p l . 8 . L ead f i sh ing l ine w e igh t i nt h e f o rm o f as ho r t ,

C hap ter I V : C lo sed D epo s i t s p e r fo ra ted c y l inde rw i th r ound ed e dge s .T he l o ng i tud i n a lp e r f o ra t ion h a sb een c a s ti n . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 8 ,C la s s 1 B . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 9 ,C la s s 1 0 . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

M62 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n tac t ; s u r f ac e n i cked a nd w o rn . L0 . 023 ; D0 . 022 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 008 .W t9 5g . L ead f i sh ing l ine w e igh t i nt h e f o rm o f as ho r t , p e r fo ra ted c y l inde r . Aw id e l o ng i tud ina l p e r f o ra t ion h a sb een c a s ti n . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i s cu s s ion ,p .6 8 ,C la s s 1 B . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M63 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n tac t ; s u r f ac e n i cked a nd w o rn . L0 . 038 ;W 0 . 024 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 005 .W t1 33 .7 g . F ig .3 2 ,p l . 8 . L ead f i sh ing l ine w e igh ti nt h ef o rm o f as ho r t ,v e ry t h ick ,p e r fo ra ted c y l inde r . Aw ide ,l o ng i tud ina lp e r fo r a t ion h a sb een c a s ti n ,t h eb a se o ft h em and r i ll e av ing a ni regu la rd ep re s s ion a to ne e nd o ft h eh o le . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 8 ,C la s s 1 B . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M64 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n ta c t ; s u r f a ce c o r rod ed . D 0 . 03 ;T h0 . 018 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 0 1 . Wt 7 4g . L ead f i sh ing l ine w e igh ti nt h ef o rm o f ad oughnu t . T he s moo th s ided c en t ra lp e r fo ra t ion h a sb e en c a s ti n . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 8 ,C la s s2 . M65 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t .I n tac t ;s u r f a ce w o rn a nd n i cked . H0 . 03 ; Da tb a se ,0 . 025 ; Da tt o p ,0 . 0 12 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 0 1 . W t 1 03 .4 g .F ig . 3 2 ,p l .8 . L ead f i sh ing l ine w e igh ti nt h ef o rm o f at r unca ted c one w i th r ounded e dge s . T he t a p e r ing o u t e rs u r f ac e h a s s e ve ra l s l igh t f a ce t s , a si fw o rked l i gh t ly w i th a h amme r .T he l o ng i t ud ina lp e r fo ra t ion h a sb e en c a s ti n . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 8 ,C la s s3 . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . M66 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t .I n ta c t ;s u r f a ce w o rn a nd s l i gh t ly c o r roded . L0 . 057 ; Do fb a se ,0 . 022 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 005 . W t 1 32 .6 g .F ig . 3 2 ,p l .8 . B u l le t shaped l e ad f i sh ing l ine w e igh t .T he s l igh t ly o f f -cen t re l o ng i tud ina lp e r fo ra t ion h a sb een c a s ti n . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 8 ,C la s s5 . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

M69 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . B rok en ; e dge s f r ayed a nd s ome f r agmen t s l o s t ; s u r f a ce c o r roded i n s po t s . L 0 . 105 ;W0 . 027 ;T h0 . 01 -0 .0 15 ;T h' o fs hee t ,0 . 00 1 ;D o fh o le ,0 . 006 . Wt 7 9 .1 g . A n i regu la r , s l igh t ly f l a t t ened r ol o f t h in l e ad s he e t ing p robab ly w rapped a r ound ar ope f o ru s ea sa w e igh tf o r af i sh ing -ne t . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 9 ,C la s s 1 . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M70 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t .E dge sf r ayed ,s ome f r agm en t s l o s t ;s u r f a ce c o r roded . L0 . 028 ; D0 . 0 15 ;T ho fs h ee t , 0 . 00 1 .W t3 g . A n i regu la rp i ec e o ft h in l e ad s hee t ing f o lded i n h a lf a nd r o l led u p ,p robab ly f o ru s ea s aw e igh to nt h e l owe rr o pe o f af i sh ing -ne t . P a ra l l e l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 9 ,C la s s 1 . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M71 . L ead f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t s . I n ta c t ; f o lded ; s u r f a ce s w o rn a nd n i cked . L0 . 07 -0 .075 ;s he e t ,W0 . 032 -0 .035 , T h0 . 002 .A vg . w e igh t : 3 6g . F ou r f o lded s h ee t , f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t s . T he o u t e r s u r f a ce s d o n o t c a r ry a ny d eco ra t ion , b u t t h ey m ay s imp ly h ave b een w o rn s moo th b yt h es a nd d u r ing u s e . T he t e n s ion o ft h er ope a l ong t h en e th a sb en tt h em i n to as l igh t ly c r e scen ts hape . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,P . 6 9 ,C la s s 1 2A . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M72 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .I n ta c t ;f o lded ;s u r f a c ew o rn a nd n i ck ed . L0 . 07 ;s h ee t ,W 0 . 033 ,T h0 . 00 15 .W t3 0 .7 g .F i g . 3 2 ,p l .9 . F o lded s h ee tf i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .O ne s i de o ft h el e ad s h ee t c a r r ie s g eome t r ic d eco ra t ion f o rmed b y t h ick l i ne sc a s ti nr e l ie f : al a rge c en t ra l Xi sf r amed o no ne s i de b ys i ng le a nd o nt h eo t he rb yd oub le l a dd e rm o t i f s w i th t i pp ed r ung s . P a ra l l e l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,P . 6 9 ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . M73 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .I n tac t ;f o lded ;s u r f ac ew o rn a nd n i cked . L0 . 042 ; s hee t , W 0 . 027 , T h 0 . 00 15 . W t 1 7 .5 g .F i g .3 2 . F o lded s h ee tf i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .T he o u t e rs u r f a ce c a r r ie sg eome t r ic d eco ra t ion f o rmed b yt h ick l i ne sc a s t i nr e l ie f :t wo s e t so fl i ne sc ro s se a ch o t he ra ta lmo s t9 0 ° a ng le s ,f o rm ing an e tp a t te rn .T he p i ec eo fl e ad w a sc u t f r om al a rge rs h ee tw i th as l igh t ly t h ickened e dge ;t h i s m a rg in s u rv ive sa to ne e nd o ft h ew e igh t . P a ra l le l s : t wo v e ry s im i la rw e igh t sc u tf r om al e ad s h ee t w e r e f o und o n t h e Y a s s i A da B yzan t ine w re ck ( Kun i l aohn 1 982 : 3 03 -304 )a nd am o re d i s tan tr e la t ive o nt h eS e r v eL iman iw re ck ( van D oo rn inck 1 988 ) .S ee a l so t h eg ene r a ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 9 ,C la ss 1 2B . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

M67 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n ta c t ; s u r f ac e n i cked a nd s l igh t ly w o rn . H0 . 0 19 ; D0 . 028 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 005 .W t 1 03 .3 g .F ig . 3 2 ,p l .8 . L ead f i sh ing -l ine w e igh ti nt h ef o rm o f af l a t t ened s phe re w i th as moo th h o r izon ta l b and a r ound i t sc i r c um f e r ence .T he c en t ra lp e r fo ra t ion h a sb een c a s ti n . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,P . 6 8 ,C la s s7 . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . M68 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n ta c t ; s u r f ac e s l igh t ly c o r r oded . D0 . 029 ;W 0 . 009 -0 .0 1 .W t3 7g . C o i led l e ad s t r ip ,p robab ly w rapped a r ound af i sh i n g l ine o rn e tr ope a s aw e igh t .

1 02

1 V .C :D epo s i t2 M74 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .I n ta c t ;f o ld ed ;s u r f a ce w o rn a nd n i ck ed . L0 . 08 ;s h ee t ,W0 . 032 ,T h0 . 002 .W t4 0 .7 g .F i g .3 2 . F o lded s hee tf i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .T he o u te rs u r f a ce o ft h er e c tangu la rl e ad s hee tc a r r ie sg eome t r ic d eco ra t i on f o rmed b yt h ick l i ne sc a s ti nr e l ie f :o ne l a rge a nd o ne s ma l l c ompa r tmen t o ccupy m o s t o ft h e s u r f a ce . T he l a rge r b ox i sf i led b y t wo p a lm f r ond s o r f i sh s ke le ton se x tend ing d i agona l ly f r om c o rn e rt oc or n e r , t h e s male r b y ac i r c le a t tached t op o in ted o va l s . A c on t inuou sr a ised l i ne r un sa r ound a lf ou re dge so ft h e s hee t . P a r a l le l s : T he p o in ted o va l sm ay b er e la t ed t ot h e r o se t te m o t i f f ound o n m any o f t h e w e igh t s o f t h e e l ev en th -cen tu ry S e r £ , eL iman iw r e ck ( v an D oo rn inck 1 988 ) .S ee t h eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,S e c t .I I .B . 4 ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . Worked S t one . S 16 . S t one b ow l . B roken ;b a se m i s s ing ( r e s to red ) ; s u r f a ce e r oded a nd s l igh t ly c ha lky . H0 . 065 ;r im D0 . 13 .P l . 2 1 T he b ow l h a s b een s haped f r om as o f t , v e ry f i ne g r a ined w h i te l ime s tone b y m ean s o f al a the . T he s t r a igh tw a l ls r i se s t eep ly f r om af l a tb a se ( r e s to r ed )t o at h ick p ro jec t ing r im m a rked w i th t wo s ha l low h o r i z on ta lg roove s .T he u ppe rs u r f ac eo ft h er im i sc oncave a nd p r o je c t ss l igh t ly o ve rt h ei n s ide o ft h eb ow l . P a ra l le l s : I nh i ss t udy o ft h et e chn ique so fp r oduc t i on , Mu tz ( 1978 )a s se r t st h a ts t one b ow l so ft h i st y pe a r et y p ica lo ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C .P a le s t ine .N e s t so fc up s a nd b ow l s w i th o p en , s p read ing s hape s w e r e c a r ved f r om as i ng le b lock o fs t one o n al a the b y m ean s o f s p ec ia l t o o l s . G ib son ( 1 983 ) a t t r ibu te s t h e b ow l s t o p roduc t ion c en t re s a r ound J e ru sa lem a nd s ugge s t s a f l o r u i to fA .C .0 70 .I nt h i sr e g ion ,s t one v e s se l sw e r e p r e f e r r ed t op o t te ry f o r s ome p u rpo se s b ecau se t h ey w e r e n o t s ub jec t t or i tua l d ef i l emen t . T he r e a r e n o p a ra l le l sf o rt h es h ap eo ft h eC ae sa r ea b ow li n Mu tz o r G ib son , a nd t h e c a rve r p robab ly w a s i m i ta t ing i m p o r t ed t e r ra s i g i l la ta .T he s hape s e em st ob et y p ica l ly A ugu s tan :c f .H a l t e rn T ype 1 0A ( c f .G o se 1 950 :1 0 11 , p l .5 . 73 ) . C h rono logy : A ugus tan . S 17 .

S 18 .

S phe r ica l b ead . I n tac t e xcep t f o r o ne s ma l l c h ip ; s u r f a ce s t a ined . D0 . 0 11 ; Do fp e r fo ra t ion ,0 . 00 1 . S phe r ica lb ead w i th c en t ra lt r an sve r se p e r fo ra t ion , c a rved f r om av e ry f i ne -g ra ined s t one ,p o s s ib ly l i me s t one .T he s phe r eh a sb een s l igh t ly f l a t t ened a te i the r e nd o ft h ep e r fo ra t ion ,e i the ri n t en t iona l ly f o rt h es a ke o fa c commoda t ing a d jac en tb ead so n as t r ing ,o rf r om w ea rd u r ing u se . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rf i r s tA .C .

s u r f a ce i ss moo th ,w h i le t h eb a ck s u r fa ce h a sb een l e f t r ough ly t r immed . T he t h ree o r ig ina l s i de s h ave b een g i ven as moo th ,b eve l led e dge ;t h ef ou r th s i de i sr ough a nd p e rhap sb roken .T he re a r en ot r a ce so fd eco ra t ion o ra ni n sc r ip t ion . C h rono logy :u nde te rm ined . [ R .L .V . ] S 19 .

G la s s . G 5 . C u rved h and le . Br oken a tb o th e nd s , i n comp le te , s u r f a ce s l igh t ly h yd ra t ed . MPL 0 . 0 44 ; max . D0 . 005 . F ig .3 . Sma l l , c u rved h and le t o ac up o r s ma l lj ug . T he h and le h a s b een m anu f a c t u r ed f r om at w i s t ed r od o f c l ea rg l a s sc on ta in ing as i ng le f i l amen to fy e l low s p i r a l l i ng i nt h eo ppo s i te d i r ec t ion f r om t h ee x te r io ro ft h e r od .T he s u r f ace o ft h er od ,w h ich t a p e r ss l igh t ly f r om o ne e nd t ot h eo t he r ,i sh eav i ly s co r ed w i th f o ld sf r om t h et w i s t ing .T he p a ra l le l sc i t ed b e low a r ea l la rm r i ng s , b u tt h i s e xamp le d o e sn o tf o rm t h ea r co f ac omp le t e c i r c le ,a nd t h et a pe ri st o om a rked f o r ac i r cu la ro b je c t . P a ra l le l s :B ra ce le t sm ade f r om t w i s t ed r od so fg l a s s w i th i n te r io rs p i ra l sa r ec ommon i nt h ee a s t er n Med i te r r a nean d u r ing t h eR oman p er iod . My re s1 9 14 :5 13 ,n o s . 5 768 -75 ( Cyp ru s ) ; T ö l le -Ka s tenb e in 1 974 : 2 78 , A vP I X1 25 ,n o .1 8 ,p l .6 0c ( Samo s ;i mpe r ia lc on tex t ) ;v on S a ld er n 1 980 : 3 4 , n o . 2 33 , p l . 1 0 ( Sa rd i s ; R oman ) . S pae r 1 988 : 5 8 -59 c i te ss eve ra le xamp le so fl a t e R o m an a nd B yzan t ine d a t ef r om I s ra e la nd t h e We s tB ank . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te rr anean? C h rono logy : R oman . G 6 .

S t one r eve tmen tp l aque .B roken? S l igh t ly w o rn b y t h es e a . L0 . 143 ;W 0 . 035 ;T h0 . 0 13 . At h in s t one p l aque c u tf r om af i ne -g ra ined , l i gh t g r ey i sh b l ue m a rb le s t r eaked w i th b l ack . T he f r on t

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S tone a ncho r .I n ta c t ;s u r f ace e nc ru s t ed w i th m a r ine o r gan i sm s .L 0 .31 ; W0 .2 1 ;T h0 .13 .W t1 2 .9 k g .P l .2 1 . As t one a ncho rm anuf ac tu r ed b yp rov id ing ar o ugh ly r e c tangu la rb l ock o fk u rka r —mo s tl i ke ly ad i s ca rd ed b u i ld ing b l ock —w i th a c i rcum f e r en t ia l g r oove ( W 0 . 035 ;0 . 0 15 d eep )f o r as u spen s ion r ope .T he s t one h a s b een s t a ined al i gh tg r ey ,b u tw h i t es t reak sa r ev i s ib le w he r et r imm ing h a sb een c a r r ied o u tw i th ap unch . P a ra l le l s : B ou sca ra s ( 1 964 ) 2 81 -86 , f i g s . 2 9 -32 r e po r t s 1 4 s imp le b l o ck a ncho r s o f t h is t y pe f r om u nda t ed c on t ex t s .T hey h ave m ed ia lr op eg r oove sa nd v a ry i nl e ng th f r om 0 . 35 t o0 . 55 ,i nw id th f r om 0 . 15 t o 0 . 35 . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h i s t y pe o f a ncho r h a s b een p roduced a nd u sed i n t h e Med i t e r ranean f r om t h e B ronze A ge t ot h ep r e sen t .T he C ae sa r ea e xamp le c an b ed a ted o n ly f r om i t sc on tex t .S e et h eg ene ra ld i scu s s i on ,S ec t .I I .B . 4 ,C la s s2 . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

B o t t le . B roken , i n comp le te , s u r f a ce h eav i ly h y d r a ted .B a se : D0 . 04 ;T h0 . 005 .F i g . 3 . B a se o f af r ee -b lown b o t t le o fl i gh tg r een g l a s s .T he t h ick , s o l id b as e d i sk h a s af l a t b o t tom a nd r ounded e dge s t h a t p ro jec t m a rked ly b eyond t h e s t eep , t h in w a l l so ft h eb ody .T he r ei sar o unded b o s so nt h ei n ne r s u r f a ce o ft h eb a se . P a ra l le l s :T he f o rm o ft h eb ody mu s tr ema in c on jec t u ra l , b u t t h e re a r e p a ra l le l s f o r t h e b a se a tS amo s : T ö l le -Ka s t enbe in 1 974 : 1 65 , p l . 2 78 B -D ; c f . I s ing s

C hap ter I V : C los ed D epo s i t s 1 957 : 8 5 ,f o rm 6 6a ( Impe r ia l ) . C h rono logy : R oman . G 7 .

B o t t le . B roken , i n comp le te , s u r f a ce h eav i ly h y d ra ted . MPH 0 . 04 ;R im D 0 . 03 .F ig .3 . T he r im a nd n eck o f at h in -wa l led ,f r ee -b lown b o t t le o fl i gh tb l ue -g reen g l a s s .T he w a l l so ft h ev e s se lt h icken s l igh t ly j u s tb e low t h er im a nd t e rm ina te i na ne ve r t ed , s ha rp -edged l i p , u n ifo rm a r ound t h e c i rcum f e r ence . T he s h ape p robab ly w a st h a to ft h el o ng -necked " t o i le t b o t t le" w i th o vo id b ody a nd f l a t b a se , t y p ica l o ft h e Med i te r r anean d u r ing t h ee mp i r ea nd v e ry c ommon i n P a le s t ine . P a r a l le l s :T h i sf r agmen ti sd i f f icu l tt od a te b ecau se o ft h ea b senc eo ft h eb ody ,b u ts e eC row foo te ta l .1 957 : 4 12 ,f i g .9 5 .6 ,p l .2 5 .9 f o rl a t e re xamp le sw i th t h es ame g ene ra ls hape . C h rono logy : R oman .

o f Ma rma ra : P u lak 1 985 . Two b ad ly d amaged s heave b l o ck sw e r er e cove red f r om t h ee a r ly f i r s t -cen tu ry R iou 3w r eck ( Long & X im6ne s 1 988 : 1 8 1 , f i g . 2 3 ) . A w ooden s h eave w a s f ound o n t h e f i r s t -cen tu ry B .C . T a i l la tw r eck ( J onche ray 1 987 : 1 50 ) ,a nd an umbe ro f b ron ze s h eave s w e r e f ound o n t h e f i r s t o r s e cond c en tu ry Ma r r i tza w reck ( Gando lf i1 986b : 7 1 -72 , f i g s . 7 8 ;P a l la re s1 986a :7 9 ,f i g .8 ) .T he d ead -eye sr e cen t ly f o und o nt h eA p a v eL au ron s I( X im6nb s & Mo em ian 1 990 :6 8 )a r ev e ry s im i la ri nd e s ign t ot h eb l ock o f W2 . P a rk e r ( 1 992a ) l i s t s s heave b l o ck s o r s h eav e s ( b u t w i thou td e sc r ip t ion )a sp a r to ft h ef i nd sf r om 1 5o ft h e w r eck si nh i sc a ta logue :w r eck n o s .1 53 ,2 47 ,2 82 ,3 04 , 3 12 , 4 04 , 5 31 , 5 63 , 6 59 , 7 55 , 8 31 , 8 51 , 8 75 , 1 007 , 1 035 . B ib l iog raphy :O le son 1 983 ;H o lum e ta l . 1 988 :9 3 , f i g .5 6 . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rf i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

Worked Wood . W2 .

Wooden s h eave b l ock .C omp le te ;s u r f ac ed en t ed o r a b raded a ts e ve ra l p o in t s ; c r ack e x t end ing f r om o ne c o rne r o f s wa l low ( t he l o ng c en t ra l o pen ing f o r t h e s heave a nd r ope ) t oo u t e r e dge o fb l o ck . T he w a te r l o gged w ood h a s b een c on se rved w i th p o lye thy lene g l yco l .B lock , L0 . 13 ;W 0 . 09 ;T b0 . 03 ;r ound p o r t ion o fs wa l low , D0 . 037 ,s qua r ep o r t ion ,W0 . 028 , L0 . 038 ; s heave , D0 . 038 ,T h0 . 027 .F i g . 3 ,p l . 2 2 . T he t e a r -d rop s haped s he l l i sc on s t ruc t ed o f t wo s ymme t r ica l p i ece s o fd a rk -b rown b oxwood ( Buxu s ) w i th af i ne ,e ven g ra in o r ien ted n o rma lt ot h el o ng a x i s o ft h eb lock .T he t wo h a lve sa r ef i tt o ge the ra r ound t wo s ma l l ,t r an sve r se d owe l so fb e echwood ( F agu ss i lva t ica ) j u s ti n s ide t h eu ppe ra nd l owe re nd so ft h eb l ock ,a nd a r ound e i the re nd o ft h ea x le o ft h es h eave ,c u tf r om o ne p i ece o f y e l low i sh -b rown c ommon o ak ( Quercus c a l l ipr ino s ) .T he s heave ,t h eg r a in o fw h ich i so r ien ted a c ro s st h ea x i so ft h eb l o ck ,i ss e ti n to t h el owe rp o r t ion o ft h ek eyho le shaped s wa l low .T he c i r cum f e r enc eo f t h es h eave c a r r ie s aw ide g roove 0 . 004 d eep t og u ide t h e r ope r ove t h rough t h e u pp e rp o r t ion o ft h e s wa l low . Two s ma l lh o le sj u s ta bove t h es wa l low ,o ne i the rs i de o ft h ec en t ra ls e am ,w e re e mp ty a tt h et i me o fd i scov e r y .T hey m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave h e ld al a sh ing i n t ended t oh o ld t h e t wo h a lve s o ft h e s h e l l t o ge the r u n t i l t h e b l ock w a sm oun ted i nt h er i gg ing a nd b ound u pb yt h e s t rop a r ound i t s c i rcum f e renc e . T he b l ock m ay h ave b een u sed a s ap uley i nt h er unn ing r i gg ing o f aR oman s h ip ,b u ti t ss hape r e semb le st h a to fa nc ien ta nd Med i e va l" hea r tb l ock s" u sed i nt h es t and ing r i gg ing ,e s pe c i a l ly t h es h roud s . P a ra l le l s :T h i st y pe o fb l ock a pp ea r sa se a r ly a st h e l a t e f o u r th c en tu ry B .C . , o n t h e K y r en ia w r eck , b u t mo s t o ft h e s u rv iv ing e xamp le s , a nd t h o s e c l o se s ti n d e s ign a nd d imen s ion s ,d a t et ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o r A .C .S ee O le son 1 983 ;a dd n ow t wo v i r tua l ly i d en t ica l b u t m uch l a rge r s heave b l ock s f r om t h e A ugu s tan G rand R ibaud D w r eck ( He sna rd e ta l . 1 988 : 13 -115 , p l . XL IV ) . A no the r b l o ck o f t h e K y ren ia t y pe w a s r e cen t ly f o und o n af o u r th c en tu ry B .C .w r eck i nt h eS ea

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I V .C .4 .A na l y s i so fD epo s i t2 .T he d a tab le a r t i f a c t ss e t t h el owe rc h rono log ica ll i m i to fD epo s i t 2a tt h es e cond t o f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,b u t ,g i ven t h ep o s i t ion o ft h ed epo s i ti nt h e H a rbou rE n t rance c hanne l ,i ti sl i ke ly t h a td epo s i t ion b egan d u r ing o ri mmed ia te ly a f t e rt h eH e rod ian c on s t ruc t ion p e r i od . T he s t ra tum o fc l ay i s made u po ff i ne p a r t ic le sv e ry d i f f e r en tf r om t h ew h i t eq ua r tz s and f o rm ing t h es e ab o t tom . T he s e p a r t ic le s m ay h ave o r ig ina ted w i th d r edge -and -f i l l o pe ra t ion s c onnec ted w i th c on s t ruc t ion o f S eba s to s , f o r e xamp le e xcava t ion o ft h eI nne rB a s in .T he c l ay m ay a l so h ave b een p roduced a s ar e su l to fh a rbou rp olu t ion a s so c i a t ed w i th m a r i t ime a nd u r ban a c t iv i t ie s .I ne i the rc a se ,t h e f me p a r t ic le so fw h ich t h ec l ay i sc ompo s ed c ou ld o n ly h ave c ome t or e s t i na n a r ea o f m in ima l k i ne t ic e ne rgy f o r e xamp le t h eh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne lo rt h eO u te rB a s in , a tat i me w hen t h eo r ig ina lb r eakwa t e r ss t i l lp rov ided ac a lm a n cho rage .T he s ame c l ay l a ye r ,b u tu n fo r tuna te ly w i thou t t h er i ch a s soc ia ted d epo s i to fa r t i f ac t s ,w a so b se r ved e l se w he r ew i th in t h eb a s in a t8 . 0 -9 .0 m b e low MSL ,a tA r ea sH 1 a nd N2 ( s e eR aban e ta l . 1 989 : 17 -18 , 1 3 1 , 1 57 -58 ) . I ti sm o r ed i ff icu l tt os e tt h eu pp e rc h rono log ica lb ound a r yo fD epo s i t2 ,b u tt h e l a te f i r s to re a r ly s e cond c en tu ry s e em s t h e mo s t l i ke ly t e rm ina t ion , b a sed o n t h e d a tab le f i nd s( Tab l eI V .3 ) .O ft h e9 0c e ram ic o b je c t s ,6 3( 70% )c an b e d a ted f r om t h e s e cond / f i r s t c en tu r y B .C . t ot h e f i r s t / s e cond c en tu ry A .C .T he c h rono logy o f1 3c e ram ic o b jec t s ( 1 4 .4% ) r ema in s u nde t e rm ined . I ti ss i gn if ican t t h a t t h e u pp e rc h rono log ica ll i m i tf o rt h e mo r ep r e c is e ly d a ted r e d g l o s s w a r e s i st h e e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ( RG89 , RG99 , RG108 ) ,a nd t h a to n ly o ne o ft h e se ( RG89 )h a s ar a nge t h a t d oe sn o te x t end d own i n to t h ef i r s tc en tu ry ( f i r s tq ua r t e ro f s e cond c en tu ry ) .O ne o ft h et wo l amp sf o und i nt h i sd epo s i t c ou ld p o s s ib ly b e l a te r t h an t h e f i r s t c en tu ry ( L27 , f i r s t / s e cond c en tu ry ) .T he o t he rf i ne w a re s ,t h ea r yba l lo s( M54 ) , a nd t h es t on eb ow l( S 16 )a r ea l lf i rm ly d a t ed w i th in t h ef i r s t c en tu ry A .C .o rs l igh t ly e a r l ie r .H ighe rd a t e sa r ep o s s ib le f o r 1 0o ft h eU t i l i ta r ian -wa r ev e s se l s ,b u tt h e s et y p e sc an o n ly b e a pp rox ima te ly d a t ed : K 32 ( f i r s t / fou r t h c en tu ry ) , K 34 ( s e cond / fou r th c en tu ry? ) ,K 37(135 -300? ) ,K 38 ( f i r s t / fou r th

MC :D epo s i t2 c en tu ry ) , K 40 ( 1 35 -300 ) , K 42 ( f i r s t / th i rd c en tu ry ) , C 19 ( s econd c en t u ry B .C . / s ix th A .C .? ) ,C 28 ( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . / t h i rd A .C . ) , D 31 ( s econd c en tu ry B .C . / f ou r th A .C . ) , a nd D 34 ( f i r s t / th i rd c en tu ry? ) . Many o ft h e se d a te r a nge s a r e s imp ly s ugge s t ion sb a sed u pon a pp rox ima t ep a ra l le l sw i th m a te r ia lf r om av a r ie ty o fs i t e ss c a t t e red a r ound t h e Med i t e r r a nean w o r ld .T ak ing a l lt h e se f a c to r st o ge the r ,a nd n o t ing t h ea b sence o fa ny d emon s t rab ly l a te ra r t i f ac t si nD epo s i t1 a sw e l l ,t h ec l o s ing d a t ef o rD epo s i t 2c an b es e ta sn ol a te r t h an t h ef i r s tq ua r t e ro ft h es e cond c en tu ry . T he p rovenance o ft h ec e ram ic a r t if a c t sr e vea l st h ew ide r a nge o f C a e sa r ea 's t r ade c on ta c t s d u r ing t h e H e rod ian p e r iod a nd t h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ,a nd a na ly s i so ft h ep a t te rn s o fp rovenance a c ro s st ime p rov ide si n d i r ec tr e info r cemen t f o rt h ec h rono log ica lb ounda r ie sp ropo sed a bove ( s ee T ab le I V .3 ) . T he p r ovenance o f 2 9 o f t h e c a ta logued c e r am ic v e sse l s( 3 2 .2% )c ou ld n o tb ed e te rm ined ;1 0o ft h e s eo b jec t s w e r e o f u nde te rm ined d a t e a s w e l l , b u t o n ly 3 o f t h e r ema in ing 1 9c ou ld p o s s ib ly b el a te rt h an t h eH e rod ian /f i r s t c en tu ry p e r iod .N ov e s se l sc ou ld b ei d en t i f ied p o s i t ive ly a s l o ca li no r ig in ,b u t2 3( 2 5 .6% o ft h ec e r am ic si nt h ed epo s i t ) o r ig ina ted i nP a le s t ine .I nv i ew o ft h es ub s t an t ia lp e r cen tage o fu n s t ra t i f ied a mpho r a so ft h e H e rod ian /f i r s tc en tu ry p e r i od t h a to r ig ina ted i nt h eA egean ( 9o r1o u to f 12 ,8 . 0% 9 . 8% ) ,i tm ay s e em s u rp r i s ing t h a tD epo s i t 2d i dn o ty i e ld a ny c e ram ic sc l a s s if ied a sc om ing f r om t h a ta r ea . I nf a c t , s ome i mpo r t s f r om t h e A egean h ave m o s t l i ke ly b een s ub sumed w i th in t h el a rge ( 26 v e s se l s ,2 8 .9% )c a tego ry o f o b jec t s t h e o r ig in o f w h ich c ou ld o n ly b e n a r rowed t o " ea s ter n Med i t e r r anean ," mo s tn o tab ly t h em i sce l laneou s f me w a r e s . O f t h e c e r am ic s p o s i t ive ly d a ted b e fo r e t h e s e cond c en tu ry , 1 7 ( 27% ) o r ig ina ted i nP a le s t ine , a nd 2 0 ( 3 1 .8% )i nt h ee a s te rn Med i te r ranean . I ti si n t e re s t ing t h a t a l lb u to ne o ft h ev e s se l si d en t if ied a sI t a l ian ( 9e xamp le s , 1 0% ) o r w e s te rn Med i t e r ranean ( 3 e xamp le s , 3 . 3% ) i n o r ig in m ay b ed a t ed f r om t h es e cond / f i r s tc en tu ry B. C .t ot h e f i r s t / s econd c en tu ry A .C . T he e xcep t ion ( K42 ) m ay d a t e a nywhe r ef r om t h ef i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry .T aken t o ge the r ,t h e v e s se l sf r om I t a ly a nd t h ew e s te rn Med i t e r r anean c on s t i tu te

1 05

1 7 .5% o f t h e c o rpu s o f6 3 v e s s e l s t h a t d a te b e tween t h e s e cond / f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .a nd t h ef i r s t / se cond c en tu ry A .C . , a sc ompa r ed w i th t h o se f r om P a le s t ine a t2 7% a nd f r om t h e e a s t e rn Med i te r ran ean a t3 1 .8% .I ts e em su n l ike ly t h a tt h e c omme rce w ou ld h ave a l lf l owed f r om w e s tt oe a s t ,a nd a t l e a s t s ome o f t h e P a le s t in ian c e ram ic s— such a s t h e s i x a mpho ra so fC la s s E( A50 ) —may h ave b een i n tended f o r e xpo r t i n t h e o ppo s i te d i r ec t ion ( s ee t h e d i scu s s ion i n C hap t e rV ) . C on s ide ra t ion o ft h ep ropo r t ion so ft h ed i f f e ren tt y pe so f a r t i f ac t sf o und i nD epo s i t 2( Tab le I V .4 )d oe sn o ty i e ld a ny i mmed ia te r e ve la t ion sa bou tt r ade p a t ter n so rh a rbou ru s e , b u t t h e p ropo r t ion s make g ene ra l s ens e i nt h e c on tex to f c onune rc ia lh a rbou ra c t iv i ty .T he mo s tp opu la ted c a tego ry w a st h a to fu t il i ta r ian w a r e s( 3 8 .2% ) ,f o l lowed b yf i ne w a r e s ( 2 3 .6% ) , f i sh ing w e igh t s ( 1 3 .6% ) , a nd a mpho r a s ( 9 .3% ) . T aken s epa ra te ly , Kw a r e( 1 0 .2% ) , Cw a r e( 1 2 .7% ) ,a nd D w a r e( 1 5 .3% )o c cupy a ni n c r ea s ing p ropo r t ion o ft h et o ta l d epo s i ta c co rd ing t oi n c rea s ing f i nene s s .T he re i sp o s s ib ly ag r ea t e rt e ndency f o r Dw a re t oo r ig ina t ei nt h e We s t( D21 D 23 ) t h an f o r Kw a re ( K42 ) o r Cw a r e ( C20 ) , b u t t h e s t a t i s t ic s d o n o tn ece s sa r i ly s ugge s tc omme r c ia l i mpo r ta t i on . Among t h e f i ne w a r e s , E TS I( 1 1 .8% o ft h ed epo s i t t o ta l ) , mo s tl i ke ly p roduced i nS y r ia ,c l ea r ly c on s t i tu t e sa n i mpo r tan t i mpo r tw a r e , b u tt h e I t a l ian t e r ra s i g ila ta w a r e t h a tc on s t i tu ted 4 . 2% o ft h ed epo s i t may a l so h ave a r r iv ed a s c omme r c ia lc a rgo r a the rt h an p e r sona lp rope r ty .T he 1 6l e ad f i sh ing w e igh t s ( 1 3 .6% ) , c l ea r ly a pp rop r ia t e t o ah a rbou r e nv i ronmen t , m ay h ave b een l o s t e i the r b y s ma l l l o ca l f i sh ing b oa t so rb yf o re ign c a rgo s h ip s( s ee t h ed i s cu s s ion o f p a r a l le l s , S ec t ion I I .C ) , a nd t h e n a i l s m ay h ave r e su l t ed f r om e i the r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o rt h e r e pa i r o f s h ip s i nt h e h a rbou r .T he s t one a ncho r( S 19 )s hou ld b el o ca l ,g i ven i t s s i ze a nd m a te r ia l ,b u tt h es h eave b l ock (W2 ) may h ave c ome f r om v i r tua l ly a nywhe r ei nt h e Med i t e r ranean .T he a r ybalo s ( M54 ) may w e l lh ave o r ig ina t ed i nc en t ra lI t a ly . T h i sa nd t h er ema in ing n on -ce r am ic f i nd sh ave t h el o ok o fp e r sona l p o s se s s ion sl o s to rd i sca rded i na nu rban e nv i ronmen t . [ J .P .O . ,A .N .S . , S .E .S . 1

Chap ter I V : C losed Depos i t s T ab le I V3 : D iachron ic S ummary o fC eram ic P rovenance ,D epo s i t2 O r ig in :

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I V .D :D epo s i t3 I V .D . D epo s i t 3( Ar ea F : S and a nd R ubb l eL eve lb e l ow P avemen t ) . I V .D .1 . D e scr ip t ion o fC on t ex t . As t i l l u nexp la ined f e a tu re w i th in t h e O u te r B a s in i st h e S unken P avemen t , l o ca ted w i th in t h es ou thea s tq uad ran to ft h eb a s in ,5 0m w e s t o ft h et i po ft h e moder nb r eakwa t e r( Rab an e ta l .1 989 : 1 24 2 7 , a nd f i g . 1h e r e ) . I tc on s i s t s o f ar o ugh ly r e c tangu la r s e c t ion o fp avemen t ( 8 .2 m F JW x4 . 2 mN /S ) b u i l t o fa s i ng le l a ye r o f k u rka r b l ock s o f a pp rox ima te ly r e gu la r d imen s ion s( c a . 1 . 05 x0 . 05 x0 . 45 m ) .T he b l ock sl a id a s h eade r sa l ong t h en o r the rn a nd e a s t e rn e dge so ft h ep ave m en t may r e p r e sen ts u rv iv ing p o r t ion so ft h eo r ig ina le dge s o ft h ef e a tu r e ,s i nce t h eb l ock si nt h ei n te r io rs e c t ion a r el a id i n amo r ei regu la rf a sh ion .T he u ppe rs u r f a ce o ft h ep ave m en ts l ope sf r om 4 . 9mt o5 . 05 m b e low MSL . I n1 983 ,e xcava t ion w a sc a r r ied o u ta l ong t h en o r th a nd s ou th e dge so ft h ep avemen tt oe xam ine t h es t ra ta i mmed i a t e ly b enea th i t .T he s l ab sw e re 0 . 3t o0 . 4 mt h ick ,l a id o na c u sh ion o fs ma l lk u rka rr ubb le ( a vg . D0 . 1 -0 .25 m )0 . 3m t h ick .T he k u rka rr ubb le o ve r lay al a ye ro fg r ey s a nd 0 . 1 -0 .2 mt h ick w h ich c on ta ined af ew v e ry b ad ly a b rad ed s h e rd so f s t o rage w a r e ,a bove as t ra tum o fk u rka rr ubb le 0 . 1 mt h ick . E xcava t ion b e low t h i s l a ye r r e vea led o n ly s t e r i le q ua r tz s a nd w i th af ew b roken s h e l l s . As e cond p robe w a sc a r r ied o u t a t t h e m idd le o f t h e p r e sen t s ou the rn e dge o f t h e p avemen t ,w he re s eve ra lo ft h eb l ock sh ad b een d i s tu rbed a nd l i f t ed o u to fp o s i t ion o ve ra na r ea o fa pp rox ima t e ly 2x 3m . T he k u rk a rr ubb le b edd ing f o r t h ep av ing h ad b een d en se ly c emen ted b ym a r ine i n c r u s ta t ion ,a nd t h es a nd a nd r ubb le s t ra tum b e low i t ,f r om 6m t o7 . 3 mb e low MSL , c on ta ined t h er i ch d epo s i to fp o t she rd sa nd o t he ra r t if a c t s c a ta logued h e re a s D epo s i t 3 .T he d epo s i t r e s t ed o n a s t ra tum o f f i ne , w h i te s a nd c on ta in ing af ew b roken s e a s h el sb u tn op o t te ry . A t ad ep th o f7 . 9 mb e low MSL t h e s t ra tum o fg r ey c l ay i n d ica t ive o ft h eo r ig ina lh a rbou rf l oo r w a se ncoun t e red ( s ee S ec t ion sI V .B . 1 ,I V .C .1 a bove ) .B e c au se o ft h ed i ff i cu l ty o fe xcava t ing i nt h el o o se s a nd ,o n ly as ma l lp a tch o ft h ec l ay s t ra tum ( c a .0 . 25 m s q . )c ou ld b e e xpo sed ,a nd n oa r t if ac t sw e r eo b se rved . A l though a tt h et ime o fr e cove ry t h ea r t i f a c t so fD epo s i t 3w e re w e l lp ro tec t ed f r om d i s tu rbance ,i ti sn o tc omp le te ly c e r ta in t h a tt h ed epo s i tp r eda te so ri sc on tempo ra ry w i th t h e c on s tr uc t ion o ft h eS unken P avemen t .T he c ha rac t e ro ft h e s t ruc tu re i sn o te n t i r e ly c l ea r ,a nd i t sc on s t ruc t ion d i r ec t ly o n k u rka rr ubb le a nd s and ,w i thou ta ny r e ta in ing w a l l sa l ong t h es u rv iv ing o r ig ina le dge s ,s e em st ol e ave i tv e ry v u lne r a b le t od amage .T he l o s so fa ny o r ig ina lc onnec t ion w i th t h e n ea rby S ou the rn B r eakwa t e rm ake s i ti mpo s s ib le e ven t o d e t e rm ine w he the rt h ep avemen tw a sb u i l ta nd i n t ended t o f unc t ion a to ra bove s e al e ve l ,o rw a sb u i l tb e low s e al e ve l a st h ef o unda t ion f o rs ome o t he rs t ru c tu re .I ft h ep avemen t w a sb u i l ta to rn ea rs e al e ve l ,i ti sd i f f icu l tt or e con s t ruc tt h e p roce s sb yw h ich i tc ou ld h ave r e a ched i t sp r e sen td ep th i n s uch g ood c ond i t ion . A t t h e s ame t i me , i ti sd i ff icu l t t o r e con s t ruc t af unc t ion t h a tw ou ld r e qu i r e as ubma r ine p ave m en to ft h i sd e s ign . I ft h ep avemen tw a sb u i l ta ts e al e ve l , D epo s i t 3m ay r e p r e sen th a rbou rr ubb i sh d umped i nw i th t h e r e s to ft h ef i la sb edd ing .I f ,o nt h eo t he rh and ,t h ep avemen t w a sb u i l td i r ec t ly o nt h ef l oo ro ft h eO u t e rB a s in ,b e tween 3a nd 5 m b e low t h e MSL o f t h e t i me , D epo s i t 3m ay

1 07

r e p r e sen t as amp le o fl o s to rd i sca rded c e ram ic sa nd o t he r a r t i f a c t st h a th ad c olec ted i n as and h o l low i nt h eh a rbou r f l oo ro ve r w h ich t h e b edd ing f o r t h e p avemen t w a s l a id . F ina l ly , i ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t t h e a r t i fa c t s o fD epo s i t 3 r e a ched t h e i rf i na lp o s i t ion l o ng a f te rt h ep avemen th ad b e en b u i l t , a f t e r d i sp la cemen t o f t h e b lock s a l ong i t s p r e sen t s ou ther ne dge .T he r ubb le s e a l ing t h ed epo s i tc l o se ly r e sem b l ed t h e b edd ing r ubb le o b se rved e l sewhe r e a r ound t h e p avemen t ,b u ti ti sa l so at y p eo fd eb r i sv e ry c ommon i nt h e w ho le h a rbou ra r ea ,a nd c onc re t ion sc an f o rm v e ry r a p id ly i nt h i sm a r ine e nv i ronmen t .D epo s i t 3may ,t h en ,h ave b een f o rmed i nt h ep o s t -an t ique p e r iod ,b u tp robab ly n o ti nt h e p a s tc en tu ry ,s i nce n o mode rn a r t if a c t sw e re f o und i ni t . [ J .P .0 . ]

I V .D .2 . C a ta l ogue o fC e ram i c s . Amphora s( F ig s . 3-35 ) . [ J .P .0 . ] A 55 . B roken ,i n comp le te ,e nc ru s ted ;p o r t ion o fr im ,n eck , u ppe rh and le s t ub s .R im D 0 . 225 .V e ry f i ne ,h a rd ,l i gh t o l ive b r own ( 2 .5YR 5 / 4 )f a b r ic ,w i th s ma l lb rown a nd r e d i n c lu s ion s a nd f l eck s o f m ica . P ink ( 5YR 8 / 4 ) s u r f a ce s . C la s s :C la s s 8o r6 1? P a ra l le l s : P eacock & W il iam s 1 986 : 2 15 ; H aye s 1 983 : 1 48 -49 ,f i g .2 2 ,n o .A 49 ( s econd th i rd c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : w e s ter n Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry? A 56 . B rok en , i n comp le t e ; h and le . MPL 0 . 26 , D0 . 034 . V e ry f i ne ,g r ey ( 5YR 5 / 1 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing o cca s iona l w h i t es p eck s . S u r f a ce s l ipped ( ? )w h i t e( 10YR 8 / 2 ) . C la s s :C la s s9 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA l ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy :f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C . A 57 . B rok en ,i n comp le te ;f r agmen to fr im ,h and le ,n eck . R im D 0 . 08 . V e ry f i ne , h a rd , d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR 4 / 0 ) f a b r ic t empe red w i th b l ack s and c on ta in ing o cca s iona l w h i t es p eck s .S u r fa ce s l ipped ( ? )w h i te ( 10YR 8 / 2 ) . C la s s :C la s s9 ? P a ra l le l s :T h i sv e s se la ppea r st ob e as ma l la nd l a t e v e r s ion o ft h e R hod ian s hape , w i th m a rk ed ly p eaked h and le ss e tc l o se t ot h en eck a nd c u rv ing i nwa rd s i gn i f i c an t ly a st h ey d e scend t ot h es hou lde r .T he s ma l ls c a le o ft h e v e s se l a nd t h e f i nene s s o ft h e f a b r ic r e s emb le t h o se o fC la s s 3 9 , b u t t h e h and le s o f t h a t c l a s s a r e d oub le r o da nd l e s sm a rked ly p eaked .T he p o s i t ion ing o ft h e v e r t ica l f a l l o ft h e h and le s c l o se t ot h en eck i s p a ra l le led i nt h eC la s s1 ,P seudo -Koan a mpho r a s( s e e A 47 ,D epo s i t2 ,a nd e sp . R i ley 1 979 : 1 46 -47 , f i g . 7 3 , n o . 1 06 ) ,b u tt h e s ev e ss e l s , t o o , h ave d oub le r od h an d l e s ;c f .R ob in son 1 959 :4 3 ,p l s .8 ,4 2 ,n o .G 198 ( l a t e f i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) .B o th C la s s3 9a nd C la s s1 d a t et ot h ef i r s to rs e cond c en tu ry , ar a nge t h a tf i t si n w i th t h a to ft h e l a te r R hod ian a mpho r a s . F o r a n a p p rox ima t ep a ra l le l t ot h e s hape , s e eR i ley 1 979 : 1 49 , f i g .7 4 ,n o . 13 .N one o ft h es i xR hod ian c l a s sf a b r ic s d ef ined b yP ea co ck ( 1 977a : 2 66 -69 )c an b ei d en t if i ed

C hap te rI V : C lo sed D epo s i t s w i th t h ef a b r ic o fA 57 . O r ig in : A egean? C h rono logy : l a t ef i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . A 58 . B rok en ,i n comp le t e ,e nc ru s t ed ;r im ,n eck ,h and le s , p a r to fs hou lde r .R im D 0 . 09 .H a rd ,l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )c l ay h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th c l ea r q ua r t z s a nd a nd s ma l lp ebb le s .P ink ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 )s u r f ace . C la s s : C la s s2 3 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 9( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i t e r r anean . C h rono logy : l a te t h i rd t om id f i f th c en tu ry . A 59 . B roken ; c omp le te e xcep tf o rb a se a nd s ma l lb ody f r agmen t s . MPH 0 . 42 , b ely D 0 . 28 , r im D 0 . 115 . C apa c i ty : 1 4 .8 1( w i th r e s to r ed b a se ) . S andy , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic w i th n ume rou sw h i t es pe ck s . C la s s : C la s s3 1? P a ra l le l s : B e r t ie ta l . 1 969 : 1 40 , 1 56 , n o s . 1 28 -32 ( e xamp le so fD re s se l2 8f o rm sf r om av a r i e t yo ff i r s t c en tu ry c on tex t s ) ;P ea cock & W i ll iam s1 986 : 1 49 ,f i g . 7 5( Obe raden ,f i r s tc en tu ry ) ;L iou & D ome rgue 1 990 : f i g .3 2 .3 ( T ibou len d e Mak ew r eck ,f i r s tc en tu ry ) . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? A 60 . B rok en , i n comp le te , e nc ru s t ed ; a mpho ra p eg f o o t w i th p a r t o f b ody w a l l . I n te r io r p i tched . MPH 0 . 28 , m ax . D o f f oo t 0 . 05 . L igh t r e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing s ha rp g r ey a nd b l a ck s a nd g r a in s ,a nd o cca s i ona lr ounded p ebb le s . C la s s : C la s s3 4 . P a ra l le l s : Z ev i & T che rn ia 1 969 : 1 76 , f i g . 2 ; C a rand in i &P ane I la 1 977 :2 57 ,n o s .1 3 -15 ;K eay 1 984 : 2 10 -11 , T ype XXV v a r . 2a nd 5 ( f ou r th c en tu ry ) ; G ibb in s & P a rke r 1 986 : 2 86 , n o s . 1 7 ( e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ) ;P eacock & W il iam s 1 986 : 1 55 ,f i g .8 1 . O r ig in : N o r th A f r ica . C h rono logy : l a t es e cond fou r th c en tu ry . A 61 . B rok en , i n comp le t e ; n eck , h and le , mo s t o fb ody , f oo t . I n te r io rp i tched . MPH 0 . 46 , b a se D 0 . 04 . F i ne , g r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1 )m ica ceou sf a b r ic . C la s s : C la s s4 5 . P a ra l le l s : L ev ine & N e tz e r 1 986 : 1 0 1 , 1 24 n o . 3 ; B lake ly 1 987 :1 36 ,1 39 -40 ,n o .1 80 ;P ea co ck &W i l l iam s 1 986 : 1 88 -89 . O r ig in : A egean (We s t e r nA s ia M ino r ,S a rd i s? ) . C h rono logy : f i r s tt of ou r th c en tu ry . A 62 . B roken a nd w or n ,i n comp le t e ,e nc ru s ted ;b a se .I n t e r i o rp i tched .B a se D 0 . 07 .H a rd ,s a ndy ,l i gh tr e d( 10R 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ,r e dd i sh g r ey ( 10R 6 / 1 )c o r e . C la s s :C la s s4 7 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 24 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry .

h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th d a rk s and c on ta in ing o cca s iona l w h i t es p eck s . P i nk i sh g r ey ( 7 .5YR 6 / 2 )s u r f ac e . C la s s :C la s s4 8 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 30 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry . A 64 . B rok en ,i n comp le t e ,e nc ru s ted ;r im ,h and le ,p o r t ion o f s hou lde r . I n te r io r p i tched . R im D 0 . 095 . C oa r se , s a ndy ,l i gh tr e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 6 / 4 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing n ume rou s b ubb le s , p ebb le s , a nd o cca s iona l w h i t e s p eck s . C la s s :C la s s4 8 /49 . P a ra l le l s :Z eme r1 978 :6 1 ,6 4 -65 ,n o .5 3 ;L ev ine & N e t ze r 1 986 : 1 34 -35 , n o . 7( Type 2 ) ; B lake ly 1 987 : 10 -11 ,n o . 15 ,p p . 1 25 , 1 39 ,n o .2 00 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry . A 65 . B rok en , i n comp le te ; p eg f oo t a nd l owe r t h i rd o f b ody .I n te r io rp i t ched .P eg D 0 . 04 .H a rd ,l i gh tr e d( 1 0R 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic t empe r ed w i th q ua r t zs a nd a nd c on ta in ing o cca s iona lw h i te i n c lu s ion s .C r eam ( 10YR 8 / 2 )s u r f ac e ( s e l f s l ipped? ) . C la s s :C la s sE . P a ra l le l s :S ee i n t roduc t ion t oC la s sE ,p p .1 9 -20 .F o r p ro f i le o fp eg ,s e eA 50 ( D epo s i t2 ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? A 66 . B rok en , i n comp le te ; r im , h and le s , s hou lde r . I n te r i o rp i t ched .R im D 0 . 10 .8 .H a rd ,g r ey ( 2 .5Y 5 / 0 )f a b r ic t empe r ed w i th q ua r tz s a nd ,c on ta in ing o cca s iona lw h i t e s p eck s . C la s s :C la s sE . P a ra l le l s :S ee i n t roduc t ion t oC la s sE ,p p .1 9 -20 .F o r r im a nd s hou lde r p rof i le s e e C la s s 4 9 e xamp le i n B lake ly 1 987 : 1 22 , 1 30 -31 ,n o . 1 55 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? A 67 . B rok en ,i n comp le t e ;r im ,h and le s ,s hou lde r .R im D 0 . 115 . H a rd , g r ey ( 7 .5YR 5 )f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th q ua r t zs a nd . Wh i te ( 10YR 8 / 1 )s u r fa ce . C la s s :C la s sE . P a ra l le l s :S ee i n t roduc t ion t oC la s sE ,p p .1 9 -20 .F o r r im a nd s hou lde rp rof i le s e eC la s s4 9e xamp le si nR i ley 1 975 : 3 1 -32 , n o . 1 4 , T ype 2 ;L ev in e &N e tze r 1 986 : 1 22 -23 ,n o s .8 9 ;B lake ly 1 987 : 1 23 , 1 32 ,n o . 1 64 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? A 68 . B rok en , i n comp le t e , s u r f ace w or na nd e nc ru s t ed ; f r agmen to fr im ,n eck ,h and le s ,s hou ld e r .R im D 0 . 095 ( r e s to r ed ) . V e ry f i ne ,h a rd ,r edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing o cca s iona l g r a in s o fd a rk a nd c l ea r q ua r tz s a nd . C la s s : u nc la s s if ied . P a ra l le l s :T he s u r f a ce r i bb ing a nd f i ne ,h a rd f a b r ic r e ca l lt h eP a le s t in ian b ag a mpho ra so fC la s s4 6 /62 ( s e e

A 63 . B rok en ,i n comp le te ,e nc ru s ted ;r im ,h and le s ,s hou l d e r . R im D 0 . 105 . S of t , d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR 4 / 0 ) f a b r ic

1 08

N .D :D epo s i t3 a bove ) ,p a r t icu la r ly R i ley 's T ype 1 A , b u tt h en eck o f A 68 i sm uch t a l le r ,a nd t h eh and le sh ave moved u pt h e s hou lde rt oj o in t h en eck .T he f a b r ic a nd p ro f i le a r ev e ry s im i la r t ot h o se o f A 54 ( D epo s i t 2 ) , b u t t h e r i bbed s u r f a ce i san ew f e a tu r e .H au tunun ( 1 98 1 1 86 ,n o . 1 4 , f i g . 3 5 ) p ub l i she s as im i la rv e s s e l f r om S amo s , w i th r i bb ing o nt h en eck a sw el a st h es hou lde r( t he s u r f ac e o f t h e n eck o f A 68 h a s b een l o s t t o e r o s ion ) . H e c ha rac t e r i ze st h is p i ece a s as i x th -cen tu ry o i la mpho ra t y p ica lo ft h eA egean .T he c l ay i sd e sc r ibed a sd a rk t o r ed b rown . O r ig in :u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : B yzan t ine ? Küchen Wa r e . [ A .N .S . ] P ans ( F ig . 3 5 ) . K 44 . S auc epan .F ragmen to fh o r izon ta l ly p ro jec t ing r im a nd w a l l ;b road r e c e s si nt o po fr im ;d i s t inc tb u lge o n i n ne re dge o fr im ; f i r eb l a ckened . R im D 0 . 305 .F i ne g r i t , d a rk g r ey ( SY 4 / 1 ) f a b r ic w i t h s ma l l t e r raco t ta i n c lu s ion s , g r ey ( SY 5 / 1 ) e x te r io r s l ip . C ompa re K 1 ( un s t ra t if ied )a nd K 55 ( Depo s i t4 ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eK l . O r ig in :w e s te rn Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy : i mpe r ia l? K 45 . F la t -Bo t tomed P an . F ragmen to fr ounded r im a nd w a l l ;f i r eb l ackened .R im D 0 . 260 . Med ium g r i t ,b rown t o d a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 4 ) f a b r i c w i th s ma l l w h i t e i n c lu s ion s ,r edd i sh y e l low ( SYR 6 / 6 )i n te r io r . P a ra l le l s : Dy son 1 976 :1 22 ,2 2 1 146 -48 ,f i g .4 7 ,F l a t b o t tomed P an C la s s2 0i sap an w i th s t eepe rw a l l ,d a ted C a l igu lan -C laud ian ; p p . 1 46 -47 , L S 5 0 , f i g . 5 9 , F l a t b o t tomed P an C la s s 2 4 , d a ted l a t e f i r s t t om id th i rd c en tu ry ;O le son a nd O le son 1 987 :2 47 ,K 27 ,f i g .X I -27 , T ype 4i st h es ame a sD y son 's F l a t -bo t tomed P an .R i ley 1 979 : 3 51 , f i g . 1 28 .944 , a n i mpo r ted p an w i th al e s s s t eep w a l lf r om t h el a te f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry A .C . O r ig in : I t a l ian . C h rono logy : m id -f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry . P an H and l e( F ig . 3 5 ) . K 46 . H and le .W i shbone shaped h o l low h and le w i th p a r t o fr im a nd b ody w a l lt oc a r ina t ion ; s ma l lh o le i ne nd ; f i re b l ackened . R im D o fp an c a .0 . 240 . Med ium g r i t , y e l low i sh r ed ( SYR 4 /6 )f a b r ic w i th s andy i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le l s : L ev ine & N e tze r 1 986 : 1 07 a nd 1 25 , f i g .3 .22 ; 1 33 a nd 1 35 , f i g .1 .19 ,T yp e 1 B ( l a t eB yzan t i ne -ea r ly A rab ic ) ;K e l so & B a ramk i1 955 :3 7 ,n o .142 , p l . 2 9 .Y40 ( l a te B yzan t ine -ea r ly A rab ic ) ; W i l l iam s 1 989 : 7 0 n o . 4 11 , f i g . 3 2 ( l a t e s i x th -ea r ly s e ven th c en tu ry ) ; T ush ingham 1 985 : 9 2 a nd 3 18 , f i g . 2 7 .30 ( t h i rd q ua r te r s i x th c en tu ry ) . P e rhap s ad eve lopmen t f r om t h eR oman t u bu la rh and le ,R i ley 1 979 : 2 52 ,f i g . 1 0 1 .462 -471 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : l a t eB yzan t ine -ea r ly A rab ic . C ook ing P o t s( F ig . 3 5 ) . K 47 . C ook ing P o t . F ragmen t o fr im a nd s hou lde r w i th

1 09

v e ry l i gh t r i bb ing ; r im s l ope s i nwa rd a nd t h icken s t owa rd t o p .R im D 0 . 080 . Med ium g r i t ,y e l low i sh r e d ( SYR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s :D o than 1 971 :4 4 ,f i g .3 2 .11 ( He l len i s t ic ) ; Meye r s 1 976 : 1 95 ,f i g . 7 . 14 ,9 ( 1 03 -37 B .C . ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic la t ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . K 48 . C ook ing P o t? F ragmen t o fr im a nd s hou lde r ; r e c e s sed l i ne s e pa ra te st h ickened r im f r om v e r t ica ln eck . R im D0 . 100 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5Y 4 / 1 )f a br ic , y e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 5 / 4 )s l ip . As im i la rf i r eb l a ck e ned p o t( C82 -D 1 -238 )w a s f o und i nA rea D , r ubb le l e ve l . P a ra l le l s : Meye r s1 976 : 1 93 ,p l .7 . 13 .13 ( 306 -4 19 ) ; C o rbo 1 955 :4 4 ,f i g .9 . 4 -5 ,T ipo C l ( 4 50 -638 ) .H aye s ( 1 978 : 4 1 , f i g . 7 . 8 )h a sa n a mpho ra n eck o ft h e s ame s i ze ( h i sl a te C la s s 5P a le s t in ian S andy B rown Wa r e ) t h a ti sq u i te s im i la r . O r ig in :P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f ou r th t os e ven th c en tu ry . K 49 . C ook ing P o t . F ragmen t o f r im , o ne h and le a nd b ody ;r im t h icken st owa rd t o pw h ich p ro jec t so u twa rd a lmo s th o r izon ta l ly ; h eav i ly r i dged b ody ; f i re b l a ck e ned . R im D 0 . 132 . Med ium g r i t , r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic .C ompa re K 23 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) ,w h ich b e long st o t h es ame g ene ra lf o rm . P a ra l le l s : N o e xa c tp a ra l le l . C row foo t 1 957 : 3 03 , f i g . 7 1 .5 ; C o rbo 1 955 : 1 3 1 , f i g . 4 5 .7 , T ipo A 6 ; s am e g ene ra lf o rm .T u sh ingham 1 985 :9 4a nd 3 21 ,f i g .3 0 .28 ( l a s tq ua r te ro fs i x th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy : B yzan t ine? K 50 . C ook ing P o t . F ragmen t o f e ve r t ed r im a nd w a l l . R im D 0 . 160 . Med ium g r i t , y e l low i sh r e d ( SYR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic w i th s ma l ld a rk i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le l s : N oe xac tp a ra l le l . S ee D y son 1 976 : 1 49 , L S 6 7 f i g . 6 0 , P o t C la s s 4 7 ( l a t e f i r s t t om id th i rd c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i t e r ranean? C h rono logy : l a t ef i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry? K 51 . C ook ing P o t . F ragmen to fr im a nd w a l l ; l i gh tr i b b i ng o ns hou lder ,c oncave r e ce s si nt o po fr im w h ich f l a re so u twa rd . R im D 0 . 145 .F ine g r i t , y e l low i sh r e d ( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s :D y son 1 976 :1 48 ,L S6 1 ,f i g .6 0 ,P o tC la s s 4 6 ,w i thou tr i bb ing a nd p robab ly w i th o ne h and le ( l a te f i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry ) ; R ob in son 1 959 : 1 9 , F8 4 , p l s . 3a nd 7 2( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy :f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t om id th i rd c en tu ry A .C .? B ow l( F ig . 3 5 ) . K 52 . B ow l .F ragmen tw i th r im ,v e r t ica lw a l la nd c a r ina t ed b ody ;r e la t ive ly t h in -wa l led r im h a si nwa rd p ro jec t ion ; r i dge a tc arnat ion ; f i re b l a ckened . D0 . 230 . Med ium

C hap ter I V : C lo sed D epo s i t s g r i t , y elow i sh r e d ( 5YR 5 / 8 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i te i n c lu s ion s ,l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s :N oe xa c tp a ra l le l .L app 1 96 1 : 1 80 ,T ype 5 4 .2 ( 50 B .C . -A .D . 6 8 ) ; H aye s 1 972 : 3 05 , f i g . 6 0 .1 , F o rm 1 ,h eav ie rb ow lw i th s im i la rs hape . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .?

O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nd e te rm ined . C 36 . J ug /Cup .C omp le te c oncave b a se , l a rge p o r t ion o f h eav i ly r i dged ,b u lbous b ody ,s t ub o fw ide h and le a nd t r an s i t ion t on eck . B a se D 0 . 035 ; b ody D 0 . 084 . Me d i um g r i t ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )f ab r ic w i th s a ndy t e x tu r e . P a ra l le l s : v ague r e semb lance t oD y son 1 976 : 1 52 ,

L id s( F ig . 3 5 ) . K 53 . L id .A lmo s ti n tac t ,s l igh t ly i regu la rl i dw i th a sym m e t r ica l ,f l a tk nob ;l i gh tr i bb ing f r om k nob t or im .R im D0 . 119 .F ine g r i t ,l i gh to l ive -g r ey ( 5Y 6 / 2 )f a b r ic a nd s l ip .C ompa r eK 54 a nd K 77 ( D epo s i t4 ) . P a ra l le l s : R ob in son 1 959 : 1 9 , F8 6 -87 , p l . 4( f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ) .R i ley 1 979 :3 2 1 ,f i g . 19 .762 , L id T ype l c , d a ted l a te H e l len i s t ic t om id t h i rd c en tu ry A .C . , i sp a r t o f ad i s cu s s ion ( 3 19 -2 1 ) a bou t aw ide v a r ie ty o fl i df o rm s .H ec onc lude st h a tl i d s w i th c r ude ly m ade k nob sw e r et h er e gu la rR oman f o rm . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te H elen i s t ic t om id th i rd c en tu ry A .C .

L S 8 -89 ,f i g .6 2 ,B a se C la s s8 . O r ig in : I t a l ian? C h rono logy : u nd e te rm ined . B a s e( F ig . 3 6 ) . C 37 . B a se .F ragmen tw i th f l a tb a s ea nd p a r to fw a l l .B a se D0 . 032 .F ine g r i t ,y e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th m ica i n c lu s ion s , s t rong b rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 6 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s : C ompa re C 32 ( Depo s i t 2 ) , w h ich h a s c oa r se rf a b r ic a nd h i ghe rb a se . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . D ome s t i c Wa r e . [ A .N .S . ] B ow l( F ig . 3 6 ) . D 36 . B ow l .F ragmen tw i th r im a nd w a l l ;b and o fd a rke r s l ip j u s tb e low t r an s i t ion f r om s t ra igh tt oc u rved w a l l ; t wo i n c i sed l i ne so n l owe ri n te r io rw a l l . R im D 0 . 30 . V e ry f i ne g r i t , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 /6 ) f a b r i c ,g r ey ( 10YR 5 / 1 )t or e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )e x t e r io rs l ip , v e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 7 / 4 )l owe rb and ,r e dd i sh y elow ( 5YR 6 / 6 )i n t e r io r . P a ra l le l s :D y son 1 976 : 1 00 -1 ,P D9 6a nd 9 9 ,f i g .36 , B ow lC la s s 1 ,u ndeco ra ted b ow l( 1 10 -25 B .C . ) .R i ley 1 979 :2 91 ,f i g . 11 .649 ,h a sa nu ndeco ra ted b ow li nh i s l o ca lF ab r ic 4w i th aH elen i s t ic d a t e . O r ig in : w e s t er n Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : t h i rd c en tu ry t o2 5 B .C .?

K 54 . L id . E n t i r ep rof i le o fl i d w i th i regu la r , f l a tk nob . R im D 0 . 152 . F ine g r i t , g r ey i sh b r own ( 10YR 5 / 2 ) f a b r ic ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 7 / 3 )s l ip .C ompa r eK 53 a nd K 77 ( D epo s i t4 ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 53 . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : l a t e H elen i s t ic t om id th i rd c en tu ry A .C . C oa r se War e . [ A .N .S . ] J a r s( F ig . 3 6 ) . C 34 . J a r .R im , p a r to fs hou lde ra nd h and le ;r im s h a rp ly s e to f ff r om s hou lde rb yd eep g roove ; t r ac eo fh and le s t ub ( ? )j u s tb e low r im i ng roove .R im D0 . 185 . Med ium g r i t ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic w i th t e r raco t ta i n c lu s ion s , v e ry d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 3 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :C row foo t1 957 :3 06 ,f i g .7 2 .15 ,w i th t wo h and le sa nd s l igh t ly d i f f e ren ta ng le t os hou lde ri st h e c l o se s tp a ra l le l f o und , R oman 4p o t te ry ( e a r ly f o u r th c en tu ry ) ;p .2 30 ,f i g .4 1 .7 d emon s t ra t e sl o ca la nce s t ry o fe a rl i e rH e l len i s t ic f o rm ;V ega sa nd B r uckne r( 1 975 : 3 6 a nd 6 4 , T a f . 1 8 .8 -17 )h ave as im i la rt y p ew i thou t h and le s( Ha l t e rn T yp e5 7 ) ; I s le r 1 969 : 2 16 ,T a f .9 3 .2 s how s B yzan t ine c on t inua t ion o f t y p e i n t h e E a s t ; D uncan 1 930 :p l .3 2 .C2 L is how sH elen i s t ic f o r e run n e r ;R ob in son 1 959 : 1 8 , F8 1 ,p l s . 3a nd 7 2 ,i ss im i la r a nd d a te st of i r s tc en tu ry B .C .C ompa r eC 19 ( Depo s i t 2 )w i th f o lded r im . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy :f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -ea r ly f ou r th c en tu ry A .C .

J a r( F ig .3 6 ) . D 37 . J a r .F r agmen to fe ve r ted r im a nd b ody ;s ome r i bb ing o nl owe rp o r t ion o ff r agmen t .R im D 0 . 070 .V e ry f me g r i t , d a rk g r ey ( 5Y 4 / 1 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny b l a ck i n c lu s i on s ,y elow i sh b rown ( 10YR 5 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : n oe xac tp a ra l le l .D y son 1 976 : 1 35 ,2 21 1 30 , f i g . 5 3 , P i tche r C la s s 1 ( Ca l igu lan -C laud ian ) ; R i ley ( 1 979 :2 59 ,f i g .1 02 .498a )h a sa ni mpo r t ed c ook i n gp o t( l a te H elen i s t ic /Augu s tan t oe nd o ff i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ) w i th s im i la r f a b r ic , b u t i ti st w ice a s l a rge ; R ob in son ( 1 959 :6 7 -68 , K9 7 ,99 , 10 1 ,103 ,p l . 1 4 ; 1 09 , M2 69 ,p l . 2 9 )h a s an umbe ro fj a r s ( m id th i rd t ol a t e f ou r th -c en tu ry ) w h ich a r es omewha t mo re s qua tt h an o u re xamp le b u tf r om t h es ame t r ad i t ion . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy :s e cond h a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t ol a t e f o u r th c en tu ry A .C .

J ugs ( F ig . 3 6 ) . C 35 . J ug .C omp le te b a se a nd p a r to fr i bbed b ody .B a se D 0 . 031 .F ine g r i t ,l i gh tr e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 6 / 4 )f a b r ic , p a le y e l low ( 5Y 7 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed .

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F ine Wa r e s . [ S .E .S . ] E a s tern T er ra S i g i l la ta IWar e( F ig . 3 6 ) . RG116 . C up .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 16 1 .P i nk i sh g r ey ( 7 .5YR @2 )f a b r ic ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 4 /

I V .D :D epo s i t3 P a ra l l e l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 02 . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i t e r ranean ( s ou thwe s tA s ia M i n o ro rC yp ru s? ) . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s t c en tu ry A .C .

6 )s l ip . F o rf o rm , p a ra l le l s , a nd , p e rhap s , p rovenance s e e RG13 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) ;c f . RG9 a nd RG10 . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG117 . B ow l . B roken ; p a r t s o f r im , w a l l s , r i ng f oo t e x tan t .R im D 0 . 152 ;b a se D 0 . 062 ; H0 . 063 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 )f a b r ic ;p a t chy r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 1 :4 ;C rowfoo t1 957 : f o rm 1 6 o r 1 7 ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 6 o r 1 7 ; h em i sphe r ica lb ow lw i th mou lded r im ,r i ng b a se . P a r a l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 9 6 ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 3 34 -35 ; F i tzge ra ld 1 931 : p l . XXX IV , n o . 3 0 ; N egev 1 974 : n o . 1 54 s im i la r ; S t e rn 1 978 : f i g . 2 ; 27 s im i la r ; C o l t1 962 :p l .‚ an tf o rm G ( 1 6 )o r H( 1 7 ) ;B l i s s1 902 : 1 28 ,n o . 8=p l .6 1 ,n o . 8s im i la r ;C o rne l l1 980 :p l s .1 6 1 8 .C f . RG21 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) , RG98 ( Depo s i t2 ) , RG183 ( D epo s i t6 ) , RG193 ( Depo s i t7 ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . f i r s tc en t u ry A .C .

C andar l i( ? ) W ar e( F ig . 3 7 ) . RG122 . B ow lo rd i sh .B roken ;p a r to fb a se a nd b ody w a l l e x tan t . B a s e D0 . 10 . L igh t g r ey t og r ey ( 10YR 6 / 1 ) f a b r ic w i th l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 ) c o re ; p a tchy r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm :H aye s1 972 :C anda r l i( ? )f o rm 1o r2 ;p o s s i b l y C row foo t 1 957 : f o rm 7 ;b ow l o r d i sh w i th l ow h eavy f oo t ,w a l ls l op ing a t4 5d eg r ee s . P a ra l le l s :H aye s1 972 :3 18 -2 1 ( ? ) ;C rowfoo t1 957 : 3 25 -27 ,f i g . 7 7 :10 . O r ig in :A egean ( we s t e rn A s ia M ino r ,P e rgamum o r T rale s? ) . C h rono logy : s e cond th i rd c en tu ry . A f r ican R ed S l ip W a r e( F ig s . 3 7 -39 ) . RG123 . B ow l . B roken ; f r agmen to fr im e x tan t . R im D 0 . 32 .R ed ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 972 : f o rm 4 5a ; l a rge t h in -wa l led b ow l w i th s ha l low c u rv ing b ody a nd b road , f l a t r im d eco ra t ed w i th r ou le t t ing ; f l a t b a s e , w i th a s ha l low t r i angu la r f o o t a te dge m a rked o f fb y s t ra igh t i n se t . G ene ra l ly t h in -wa l led . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 6 2 -65 ; H aye s 1 980b : 4 94 ; C ox 1 949 : 1 4 -15 ,n o s .9 2 -93 ;H aye s 1 976b :n o .9 7( = L ambog l ia 4 2 ; Waage 1 948 :8 12 ;C on imbr iga 5 ,1 966 , 8 7 ,f i g .2 9g r ave 4 02 .2 ) ;C row foo t1 957 :f i g .8 4 ,n o .3 ; R od z iew ic z 1 976 : g r oup A , f o rm A l . O r ig in : N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a .2 30 t oe a r ly o rm id -fou r th c en tu ry .

RG118 . P la te o r s ha l low b ow l . C omp le te ; s l igh t ly c h ipp ed .N o Munse l lo rd raw ing a va i lab le . F o rm :C rowfoo t1 957 : f o rm 1 2 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 2 ;s ha l low b ow lw i th s l op ing w a l l . P a ra l le l s :C row f oo t1 957 :3 29 -31 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 97 1 : 9 2 -94 ;J one s1 950 :n o s .2 57 -58 ; Waage 1 948 :n o s .1 20 2 6s im i la r ;K e lso 1 955 : 2 4a nd p l .2 -A 106 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s t th i rd c en tu ry . RG119 . P l a te .B roken ;p a r to fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t . R im D 0 . 188 ;b a se D 0 . 104 .N o Muns el a va i lab le . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 :4 ;C row f oo t1 957 : f o rm 1 0 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 :f o rm 1 0 ;L app 1 96 1 ; t y p e 2 53 .1 ;s ma l lp la te w i th mou lded r im a nd f l a to rl ow r i ng b a s e . P a ra l le l s ; G unneweg 1 983 : 9 9 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 3 29 -30 ;C h r i s tensen 1 971 : 8 8 -9 1 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : b e fo r e3 0B .C .

RG124 . B ow l .B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D0 . 278 .L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm :H aye s1 972 :v a r ian to ff o rm 9 3B ;l a rge b ow l w i th o pen ,c u r v ing b ody ,f l a tr im a nd h i gh f l a r ing f oo t . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 1 46 -47 ,n o . 1 9s im i la r . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy : c a . 5 00 -540 .

RG120 . P l a te .N ea r ly c omp le t e ;c h ipp ed .R im D 0 . 267 ; b a se D 0 . 145 ; H0 . 055 .N o Muns e l la va i lab le . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 3 :4 ;C row f oo t1 957 : f o rm 1 4 ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 4 ; d eep p l a t e w i th v e r t i ca lr im . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 30 -32 ; C h r i s tens en 1 971 : 9 9 -112 ; C o rne l l 1 980 : p l . 2 7 , n o . P 2OTA70 s im i la r ; J one s 1 950 : 2 4 1 , n o . 3 72 s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : l a t e f i r s t c en tu r y B .C . f i r s t c en tu ry A .C .

RG125 . D i sh .B roken ;f r agmen t so fw a l la nd r im e x tan t . R im D 0 . 338 ;b a s e D0 . 255 ; H0 . 035 ;T h0 . 004 -0 .005 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 972 : v a r ian to ff o rm 5 8a -58b ; d i sh w i th c u rved w a l la nd s ho r t , f l a tr im . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 :9 3 -96 ;L o f f reda 1 974 : t y po T S16 ( f ig . 1 7 :32 ) ;H aye s 1 980b :4 99 a nd 5 4 1 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a .2 90 /300 -375 .

E a s t ern T er ra S i g i l la ta I W ar e( F ig . 3 6 ) . RG121 . B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D0 . 178 .N o Mun sel a va i lab le . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 4 :2 ;s ha l low b ow l w i th o u t -fo lded r im .

RG126 . D i sh .B roken ;p a r to fb a se ,w a l l ,r im e x tan t .R im D0 . 255 ;b a se D 0 . 157 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ; l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :H aye s1 972 :f o rm 7 6v a r ian t .L a rge d i sh w i th f l a tb a s e ,l ow c u rved w a l l ,b road f l a tr im r i s ing g en t ly

11

C hap t er I V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s t ok nobbed e dge . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 1 24 -25 ;L o f f r eda 1 974 : 7 2 , n o s . 1 6 -17 s im i la r . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a .4 25 -475 .

F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in : N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a te r .

RG127 . L a rge d i sh . B roken ; p a r t o f b a se , w a l l , r im e x tan t .R im D 0 . 334 ;b as e D0 . 248 ; H0 . 053 ;T h0 . 004 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 972 : f o rm 5 0A l a t e , 5 0B . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 6 9 -73 ; L o f f r eda 1 974 : 6 8 , n o s .1 8 -21 ;R odz iew icz 1 976 :g r oup A ,f o rm A 7 ;R i ley 1 975 : 3 9 -40 , 4 3 ; C ox 1 949 : 9 0 ; R ob in son 1 959 : K ! , K 2 , M139 . Do zen so ff r agmen t so ft h i s s ame t y pe o f l a rge p l a te w e re d i scove red i nt h eA r ea Fs he rd d epo s i t . T he se i n c lude t h ef olow ing :C 83 -F 1 -2 1 ,3 4 ,4 3 ,6 4 ,6 5 , 6 6 ,7 0 ,7 1 ,7 2b i s ,8 8 ,9 0 ,9 1 ,9 6 ,9 9 ,1 00 ,1 0 1 ,1 03 ,1 04 , 1 38 , 1 60 , 1 63 , 1 64 , 1 65 , 1 68 , 1 69 , 1 72 . Many o t he r s im i la rf r agmen t sw e r el e f tu nnumbe red . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r . RG128 . L a rge d i sh .B roken ;p a r to fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t .R im D 0 . 293 ;b a se D 0 . 178 ; H0 . 048 ;T h0 . 004 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 .

RG134 . L a rge p l a te .B roken ;p a r to fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a se e x ta n t .R im D 0 . 375 ;b a se D 0 . 290 ; H0 . 060 ;T h0 . 005 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y p ea nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a .3 00 -400 a nd l a te r . RG135 . L a rge d i sh . B roken ;p a r to fr im , w a l l ,a nd b a se e x t an t .R im D 0 . 362 ;b a se D 0 . 264 ; H0 . 051 ;T h0 . 004 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy : c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r . RG136 . L a rge d i sh .B roken ;p a r to fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t .R im D 0 . 269 ;b a se D 0 . 180 ; H0 . 042 ;T h0 . 004 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ;w o rn l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r . RG137 . L a rge d i sh . B roken ;p a r to fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t .R im D 0 . 337 ;b a se D 0 . 239 ; H0 . 0 44 ;T h0 . 004 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy : c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r .

O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r . RG129 . L a rge d i sh .B roken ;p a r to fb a se ,w a l l ,a nd r im e x tan t .R im D 0 . 355 ;b a se D 0 . 257 ; H0 . 052 ;T h0 . 004 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a .3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r .

RG138 . L a rge d i sh .B rok en ;p a r to fw a l la nd b a se e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 26 ; T h 0 . 004 . R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) f a b r ic ; r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy : c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r .

RG130 . L a rge d i sh .B roken ;p a r to fr im , w a l l ,a nd b a s e e x tan t .R im D 0 . 241 ;b a se D 0 . 168 ; H0 . 04 1 ;T h0 . 005 . R ed ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r .

RG139 . L a rge d i sh . B roken ;p a r to fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t .R im D 0 . 295 ;b a se D 0 . 184 ; H0 . 040 ;T h0 . 004 0 . 005 . L igh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 ) f a b r ic ;r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rt y p ea nd p a ra l le ls s e e RG127 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy : c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r .

RG131 . L a rge d i sh .B roken ;p a r to fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a s e e x tan t .R im D 0 . 345 ;b a se D 0 . 253 ; H0 . 052 ;T h0 . 005 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy : c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r .

W e s te rn ( n on -I ta l ian? )T er ra S i g i l la ta ( F ig . 3 9 ) . RG140 . B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fw a l lw i th f i gu re si nr e l ie f d eco ra t ion e x tan t . MPL 0 . 036 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rm : b ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i ter ranean . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry?

RG132 . L a rge d i sh .B roken ;p a r to fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t .R im D 0 . 2 15 ;b a se D 0 . 122 ; H0 . 039 ;T h0 . 005 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG127 . O r ig in : N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a . 3 00 -400 a nd l a t e r .

W ar e so fU nknown P rovenance ( F ig .3 9 ) . RG141 . B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D0 . 255 . B rown t od a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 2 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 4 /6 )s l ip .

RG133 . L a rge p l a te .B rok en ;p a r to fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t .R im D 0 . 235 ;b a se D 0 . 150 ; H0 . 044 ;T h0 . 004 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip .

12

I V .D :D epo s i t3 F o rm :b ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t i f ied . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

M76 . C opp e rn a i l . I n tac t , s l igh t ly b en t ; s u r f ace p i t t ed .L 0 . 082 ;h ead , D0 . 0 13 ,T h0 . 003 ;s ha f t ,0 . 005 s q .a th ead . P l . 1 2 C oppe rn a i l w i th t a pe r ing s qua re s ha f t , a nd af l a t t e ned h em i sphe r ica lh ead . P a ra l le l s : s e e M37 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine .

RG142 . J ug . B roken ;p a r to fh and le , n eck a nd w a l le x t a n t . Da tb a se o fn eck 0 . 08 . D a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 4 / ) f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )t od a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 4 / ) s l ip " ( m i sf i red ) . F o rm :j ug . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . L amp s( F ig . 3 9 ) . [ S .E .S . ] L 28 . I t a l ian ( ? ) v o lu t e l amp . B roken , n ea r ly c omp le t e ; p a r t so fn ozz le a nd w ick h o le m i s s ing ; p o s s ib le b u rn m a rk s a tw ick h o le . MPL 0 . 083 ; W 0 . 068 ; H0 . 027 . G r ey ( 2 .5YR N 5 / )f a b r ic ;d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 3 / 2 ) p a tchy s l ip . D i scu s d eco ra ted w i th 1 6 r o se t te s / p a lme t t e sr ad ia t ing f r om c en t ra lf i l lh o le ;d i s cu ss e pa r a ted f r om n a r row ,u nd eco ra ted r im b yt h r ee c oncen t r i c g roove s ;v o lu te n o zz le ,i n den ta t ion n ea rr im f o ra i rh o le ( i ncomp le te ly p e r fo ra ted ) ;b ody w a l l sc u r ve t or a i sed r i ng f oo t . G r a f f i to ( wo rn ) i n s ide b a s e r i ng : G A I4 .11 1 ( ? ) .

T ype : B rone e r 1 930 : t y p e XX I o r XX I I . P o s s ib ly m ade i nI t a ly . P a ra l le l s : F a r l ca 1 977 : n o . 3 76 s im i la r f o r d i s cu s o n ly ( Augu s tan -ea r ly T ibe r ian ) ;B ronee r1 930 :n o .4 09 s im i la r ; Wa ldhaue r1 9 14 :n o . 1 59 s im i la ro ve ra l l( o n ly 1 0 p e ta l s o n d i scu s , f o und i nS ou th R u s s ia , m ad e i n I t a ly , t i me o fC laud iu s ) . F o rg r a ff i to s e e : B a ll 1 968 : 4 1 -42 , G AV IN I , GAV IN IA , GAB IN I ,p o s s ib ly av a r ia t i on . O r ig in : I t a ly? C h rono logy : A ugu s tan -f i r s th a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry .

M i sce l laneou s T er ra co t ta s . [ R .L .V . ] TC4 . P an t i l e . B roken , i n comp le t e . MPL 0 . 225 ; MPW 0 . 23 ;T h0 . 022 .F ig . 3 9 . F ragmen to ft h ec o rne ro f ah eavy p an t i l e . L owe r s u r f a ce f l a te xcep tf o r ar a i sed r i dge ( W0 . 0 15 , H0 . 004 m )a r ound p e r ime te r .T he r ei sas l igh tr i dge T h0 . 025 , p e rp end icu la r t of i r s ta nd 0 . 063 f r om t h e l o nge rp r e s e rved e dge . C h rono logy : R oman .

M77 . C oppe rn a i l . I n tac t , s l igh t ly b en t ; s u r f ace p i t t ed .L 0 . 069 ;h ead , D0 . 008 ,T h0 . 003 ;s ha f t ,0 . 003 s q .a th ead . C opp e rn a i l w i th t a pe r ing s qua re s ha f t , a nd af l a t t e ned h em i sphe r ica lh ead . P a ra l le l s : s e e M37 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine . F i sh ing W e igh t s . M78 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n ta c t ; s u r f ac e v e ry w o rn . H 0 . 038 ;Wo fb a se ,0 . 02 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 003 . Wt 6 1 .7 g . Sma l l ,p y r am ida ll e ad f i sh ing l ine w e igh tw i th s q ua r e b a se a nd s u spen s ion h o le a tc r e s t . P a ra l le l s : s e et h eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 8 ,C la s s6 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine . M79 . R o l led l e ad s h ee t . E dge s f r ayed , f r agmen t s l o s t ; s u r f a ce c o r roded ; f l a t tened . L0 . 109 ; W 0 . 021 ; T h o f s h ee t< 0 .00 1 .W t7 5 .5 g .P l .2 3 . An ea t , t i gh t ly roled s t r ip o f t h in l e ad s hee t ing . A l though n op rom inen tl o ng i tud ina lh o le s u r v ive s ,t h e r o l lh a sb een f l a t tened ,a nd p a ra l le l sf o rt h ed e s ign a nd d imen s ion ss ugge s tt h a ti tp robab ly w a sw rapped a r ound ar op ef o ru s ea s aw e igh to n af i sh ing n e t . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 9 ,C la s s 1 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine . M80 . R o l led l e ad s h ee t . E dge s f r ayed , f r agmen t s l o s t ; s u r f a ce c o r roded ; f l a t tened . L0 . 099 ; W 0 . 0 15 ; T h o f s h ee t< 0 .00 1 .W t7 4 .5 g .P l . 2 3 . An ea t , t i gh t ly ro l led s t r ip o f t h in l e ad s h ee t ing . S i nc et h er o l lh a sb een f l a t tened ,n op rom inen tl o ng i tu d i na l h o le s u rv ive s , b u t p a ra l le l s f o r t h e d e s ign a nd d imen s ion ss ugge s tt h a tt h es h e , e tp robab l yw a sw rapp ed a r ound ar ope f o ru se a s aw e igh to n af i sh ing n e t . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 9 ,C la s s 1 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine . M81 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .I n tac t ;f o lded ;s u r f ac ew o rn a nd n i cked . L0 . 05 ;s h ee t ,W0 . 027 ,T h0 . 003 .W t3 1 .5 g .F i g .4 0 . F o lded s hee t f i sh -ne t w e igh t . T he o u te r s u r f a ce c a r r ie sg eome t r ic d eco ra t ion f o rmed b yt h ick l i ne sc a s t i nr e l ie f :t wo d i agona ll i ne ss p r ing f r om t h ec o rne r sa nd c r o s sa tt h ec en t e ro ft h ef i e ld .T he l e ad s h ee ti se dged o na l f o u rs i de sb y ar a ised l i ne . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 9 ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine .

I V .D .3 : C a ta logue o fN on -C eram i cF ind s . [ J .P .01 Me ta l . N a i l s . M75 . C opp e r n a i l . I n ta c t ; p o in t b en t ; s u r f a ce s l igh t ly c o r roded . L0 . 10 ;h ead , D0 . 0 12 ,T h0 . 003 ;s h a f t ,0 . 004 s q . a th ead .P l .2 3 . L ong c opp e rn a i l w i th at a p e r ing s qua r es ha f ta nd s l igh t ly f a c e ted h em i sphe r ica lh ead . P a ra l le l s : s e e M37 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine .

M82 . L ead f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t .I n tac t ;f o lded ;s u r f a ce w o rn a nd n i cked . L0 . 06 1 ; s h ee t ,W 0 . 039 ,T h0 . 002 .W t3 7 g .F i g .4 0 ,p l . 1 0 .

13

C hap ter I V : C losed D epos i t s F o lded s hee tf i sh ing -ne tw e igh t . T he o u te rs u r fa ce c ar r ies g eome t r ic d eco ra t ion f o rmed b yt h ick l i ne sc a s t i nr e l ief :t h ree l i ne se qualy s paced a l ong t h el e ad s hee t r un a c ro s s i tf r om s i de t os i de , b e tween t h e l i ne t h a t e dges a l lf ou rs i de s . P a ra l le l s : s e e t h eg ene ra ld i scu ss ion , S ec t . I I .B .4 , C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine .

t u ry ) ;K enyon i nC row foo te ta l . 1 957 :4 60 ,f i g . 14 .9 1 5 ," bone p in sT ype A " ( Roman o ru ns t ra t if ied ) ;C o l t 1 962 :5 1 ,p l .2 1 .24 ( unda t ed ) ;G o ldman 1 950 :3 90 ,n o . 1 8 , 3 0 , 3 1 f .( "Helen is t ic -Roman" ) ; C havane 1 975 : 1 70 -71 , n o s . 4 87 , 4 89 -90 ( f i r s t -seven th c en tu r ie s ) ; R ob in son 1 959 : 8 1 ,L 73 ,p l . 5 6( uns t ra t i f ied ) ;A la rcäo 1 979 : 1 31 ,n o . 1 0 1 -105 ,p l .2 9r e co rd st h es ame t ype i n t h e We s ta tC on imb r iga , A . R icc i i nC a rand in i 1 968 :

M83 . L ead f i sh ing w e ight I n tac t ; f o lded ; s u rf ace w o rn a nd n i cked . L0 .06 ;W 0 .02 . Wt 7 3 .7 g .P l .2 3 . F i sh -ne t o r l i ne w e igh t manuf a c tu red f r om t h ree s epa ra te l e ad s hee t s d es igned a s f o lded -shee t n e t w e igh t s .T he c o re i s as hee t0 .06 m l o ng a nd 0 .035 m w ide , f o lded a l ong i t s l o ng a x i s a r ound a t h in r ope ,

19 ,p l .6 5 a tO s t ia ( s econd th i rd c en tu ry ) . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine .

I V .D .4 . Ana ly s i so fD epos i t .D epo s i t 3i sv e ry d if e ren t i nc ha ra c te rf r om D epo s i t s 1a nd 2 .T he c e ram ic st h a tc an b e a s s igned ad a te a nd /o rp rovenanc eb e long t oa l lp e r iod so f a nc ien t ma r i t ime a c t iv i ty a tt h es i te a nd o r ig ina ted f r om a l l

' p o s s ib ly t h e b a se o f an e t . I tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t o d e te rm ine w he the r o rn o t t h i s w e igh tw a s d eco ra ted . Two mo re w e igh t so ft h i st ype ( MPL 0 . 045 ,W 0 . 029 ,

p a r t s o ft h e e mp i re w i th r ema rkab le c on s i s tency t h rough t ime . T he e a r l ie s t c e ram ic f md s a r e K 47 , ac ook ing p o t

T h0 .002 ; L0 .06 ,W 0 .03 ,T h0 .002 )b u tb o th d eco ra ted w i th ar a i sed f i shbone p a t te rn o nt h e i re x te r io rs u r f ace s ,

d a ted H e l len i s t ic /f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,a nd D 36 , ab ow ld a ted t h i rd c en tu ry t o2 5B .C . ,b u tt h ep a ra l le l sc i ted i nb o th c a se s

w e r ew rapped l e ng thw ise ,s i de b ys i de ,a round t h ef i r s t w e igh t .T he s ho r te ro ft h ese o u te rw e igh t sw a sb roken a to ne e nd a nd i n comp le te .T h i sc omb ined u se o fn e t w e igh t si sr a re a tC aesa rea a nd s ugge s t st h a tt h ew e igh t s w e re b e ing u sed f o rs ome a pp l ica t ion o t he rt h an t h a tf o r w h ich t h ey w e re d e s igned , p e rhap sf o r af i sh ing l i ne . P a ra l le l s : f o rt h ec omb ined u se o fs eve ra l w e igh t s

f a vou r ac h rono logy l a te ri nt h er ange .S ince af i r s t -c en tu ry B .C .d a te i s mo re p robab le t h an s u rv iva l i nt h i sc on tex to f s he rd sc onnec ted w i th t h eH elen i s t ic h a rbou ro fS t ra ton 's T owe r ,t h el owe rc h rono log ica ll im i tf o rt h ed epo s i tm igh t b et h ec omp le t ion o fS eba s to si nt h el a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . T he e a r l ie s to ft h ef i ne -wa re v e sse l s , w h ich c an u sua l ly b e mo re p r ec i se ly d a ted ,i sRG119 ,a n ETS Ip la te d a ted b e fo r e

( a lso c a r ry ing t he f i shbone p a t tern ) s ee M27 ( uns t ra t if ied ) , a nd t h e g ene ra l d i scu s s ion a bove , S e c -

3 0B .C .T he c h rono logy o ft h eo t he rf i ne w a re sb eg in sw i th t h e A ugu s tan p er iod . T he l a te s t v e s se l s i nt h e d epo s i ta r e

t i on I I .B .4 ,C la s s 1 2B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine .

K 46 , al a te B yzan t ine o re a r ly I s lam ic h and le ,a nd K48 , a f ou r th t os even th -c en tu ry c ook ing p o t .T he l a te s tf i ne -wa r e p i ece i s RG124 , as i x th -cen tu ry ARS b ow l ,b u tD epo s i t3

G la s s . G8 .

C hunk o fg l a s s .B rok en ;s u r fa ce s l igh t ly h yd ra ted .L 0 . 11 ; max .W 0 .06 . A n i r regu la rc hunk o fl i gh tg r een g l a s s . T he p i ece h a sb een b roken f r om al a rge rb lock ,a nd a l lt h ep r e sen t s u r face sa r ef r a c tu re s .T he re a r en ume rou sb ubb le si n t h e g l a s s , b u t o therw i se i ts e em s t ob e s u i tab le r aw ma te r ia lf o rt h ep roduc t ion o fg l a s sv e s se l s .C hunk so f r aw g l a ss o ft h i ss ame g ene ra ls i ze a nd c o lou ra ppea ri n

t h i rd / fou r th t h rough f i f th c en tu r ie s( 20 i t ems , 3 6 .4% ) . T he

A rea D ( G1 ,u ns t ra t if ied ) ,A rea J( G12 ,D epo s i t7 ) ,a nd

e x ten to ft h el a te rp eak i sd i s to r ted b yt h ep re sence o f al o ad

h ave t u rned u pa ss u r fa ce f i nd sa tv a r iou sp o in t so nt h e l a nd a r ea o fC a esa rea . S ome o ft h et e r re s t r ia lm a te r ia l

o ff o u r th o rp o s s ib ly e a r ly f i f th -cen tu ry ARS d i she s( RG123 RG139 )i nt h ed epo s i t .I nf a c t ,n o ta l lt h ed i shes i nt h el o ad

i sa s soc ia ted w i th I s lam ic g l a s s -wo rk ing ,b u tG 8 may b ee a r l ie ri nd a te ,a nd G 12 mu s tb e . C h rono logy : R oman , B yzan t ine , o rI s lam ic .

w e r e c a ta logued , s o t h e t r ue e x t en t o f t h e a noma ly i s s omewha t d im in ished . T he f a c t t h a t s o many o ft h e ARS d i she si nD epo s i t 3a r ev i r tua l ly i d en t ica ls ugges t st h a tt h ey a r et h er ema in so f as i ng le s h ipmen tt h a ts omehow w a sl o s t i nt h eh a rbou r ,o rw a sd i sca rded w hen i ta r r ived i nd amaged

Worked B one . B 2 .

m ay w el n o th ave c l osed u n t i l t h e s even th c en tu ry , a tt h e t ime o f e i the r t h e P e r s ian o ccupa t ion ( 6 14 -627 /8 ) o r t h e d i sa s t rou s A rab a t ta ck o f6 40 / 1 ( Ho lum e ta l . 1 988 : 2 02 2 04 ) . T he p a t te rns o ff r equency a c ro s st ime r e semb le t h o se o f t h ee n t i re c orpus o f CAHEP c e ram ic s( Tab le I V .5 ) .T he re i s amode s tp eak i nt h ef i r s tc en tu r ie sB .C .a nd A .C .( 1 1i t em s , 2 0% o ft h e c e ram ics ) , a nd amo re s ub s tan t ia l p eak i nt h e

R ound -headed p in . B roken ;p o in tm is s ing ;s u r fa ce

c ond i t ion . A s s uch , t h ey d o n o t h ave t h e s ame v a lue i n

e roded . MPL 0 .065 ; max .s ha f tT h0 . 004 ;h ead D0 . 005 . L igh t g rey -wh i te , f i ne -g ra ined b one . T he s l igh t ly c a r ina ted , s phe r ica lh ead c ap s at h in ,r ound s ha f tt h a t

c ha r t ing t h ee x ten to ft r ade a s as ca t te ro fd i f f e ren tf o rm sa nd w a r e sf r om aw id e rt ime s pan .I f1 2o ft h e1 3 ARS d i she sa r e i g no red ,t h es e cond p eak o fa c t iv i ty d ec l ine sd ra s t ica l ly ,t o

s we l ls s l igh t ly t o as hou lde r ,t h en t a pe r st o a( m i s s ing ) p o in t .F ig .4 0 . H a i r -p in o r p e r fume d ippe r o f as hape t y p ica l

1 8 .6% o ft h er ev ised c o rpu so f4 3v e sse l s .A s ar e su l to ft h e s ame a d ju s tmen t , t h e p e rcen tage o f v e sse l s i n t h e f i r s t

t h roughou tt h ee a s te rn Med i t e r ranean f r om t h ef i r s tt o

c en tu ry B .C . /f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . p eak wou ld i n c r ea se t o 2 4 .6% . O n ly o ne v e sse l ( 1 .8% ) d a te s t ot h e f i r s t / second

s even th c en tu r ie s .T he re a r ea l so p a ra l le l si nt h e We s t . P a ra l le ls :H o lum e ta l .1 988 :1 68 ,f i g .1 20 ;D av id son

c en tu ry ,a nd n one a ta l lt ot h es e cond c en tu ry a l one .S eve ra l o t he ri t em sa r ed a ted t ow ide r a nges t h a ti n c lude t h es e cond

1 952 : 2 83 , n o . 2 303 -2304 , p l . 18 ( t h i rd -fou r th c en -

c en tu ry ,b u tt h ei mp re s s ion g i ven b yt h i sd epo s i t ,l i ke t h a to f

14

MD :D epos i t3 t h eo ve ra l lc a ta logue o fc e ram ics f r om t h eh a rbou r ,i so fa ma rked d ec l ine i nt h es econd c en tu ry ,a nd p o ss ib ly t h et h i rd

p e r iod . O n ly c e ram ic so fP a les t in ian o r ig in o ccu ri ne ve ry p e r iod , b u t t h ey f o rm as ma l le r p ropo r t ion o f t h e o ve ra l l c o rpu st h an o ne m igh te xpect 1 2 .7% ( o r 1 6 .3% o f4 3 ) . I n

a sw el . T he g roup o f ARS p la te sa l so d i s to r t st h es t a t i s t ic sf o rt h e p rovenance o ft h ed epo s i t( Tab le I V .5 ) .A si ts t and s , 1 8o f t h ec a ta logued v e s se ls ( 32 .7% )o r ig ina ted i nN o r th A f r ica , a so ppo sed t o 7( 12 .7% ) ,f o re xamp le ,f r om P a le s t ine .I f1 2 o ft h e 1 3 p la te s a r e i gno red , t h e p e rcen tage o fv e sse l s o f No r th A f r ican o r ig in d ec rea se st o1 .6% ( o f an ew t o ta lo f 4 3 ) ,w h i le t h ep e rcen tage o ft ho se f r om t h eE a s ter n Med i t e r -

f a c t , t h i s s ma l l p e r cen tage i sd i s to r ted b y t h e t e ndency o f f i ne w a re st ob ei mpo r ted f r om o u t s ide t h er eg ion o fP a le s t i ne .C on s ide ra t ion o ft h eD epo s i t 3a mpho ra sa lone , ab e t te r g auge o fc omme rc ia lp roduc t ion i nt h i sr eg ion , s hows t h a t 3 5 .7% o ft h em a r eP a le s t in ian i no r ig in ( s ee T ab le 1 .7 ) . C e ram ic s c on s t i tu te 8 2 .1% o f t h e c a ta logued a r t ifa c t s f r om D epo s i t 3( Tab le I V .6 ) .O ft h ec e ram ic f i nd sa l one ,t h e p ropo r t ion so ft h ev a r ious w a re sw e re a mpho ra s ,2 1 .8% ( o f

r anean , P a le s t ine , a nd t h e w es t e rn Med i t e r ranean r i s e s t o 1 6 .3% e a ch ,t h a to ft he A egean t o1 .6% ,a nd t h a to fI t a ly t o4 .7% .E i the rw ay ,h oweve r ,t h er e la t ive ly e ven s p read o f

5 5 , o r2 7 .9% o f4 3 , i f1 2o ft h e ARS d i she s a r e i g no red ) , u t i l i ta r ian w a its 2 7 .3% ( o r 3 4 .9% ) , f me w a re s 5 0 .9% ( o r 3 7 .2% ) . T he h igh p ropo r t ion o f u t i l i ta r ian w a re s -mo re t h an h a l fo fi tK w a re -p robab ly r e su l t sf r om t h ev e ry f a c t

p rovenance a c ro ss t he e mp i re f o r t h e e n t i re t e rm o f t h e d epo s i t i sr ema rkab le . A na ly s i s o fp rovenance b y p e r iod , h oweve r ,s how st ha ta l lb u to ne o ft h ee i gh td a tab le v e s se l s

t h a ti tw a sn o ti mpo r ted c omme rc ia l ly ,b u tw a su sed i ns h ip b oa rd k i tchen s a nd t h rown o ve rboa rd w hen i tb roke . T he

o r ig ina t ing i nI t a ly o rt h e w e s te rn Med i te r ranean ( 8 7 .5% ) w e re i mpo r ted b e fo re t h ef ou r th c en tu ry ,f ou ro ft h em ( 50% ) d u r ing t h e mo s ta c t ive p e r iod o fc omme rc ia la c t iv i ty i nt h e h a rbou r ,t h el a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .a nd f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .A l l b u to ne o ft h ed a tab le v e sse l sa t t r ibu ted t o ag ene ra le a s te rn Med i t e r r anean o r ig in ( 83% )w e r ea l so i mpo r t ed d u r ing t h i s p e r iod . T he re i s ad i sce rn ib le t e ndency -d iff i cu l tt oq uan t i fy a ccu ra te ly i nv i ew o f t h e d a te r a nge s p ropo sed fo r v e sse l s o f A egean o r ig in t o o ccu r b e fo re t h e B yzan t ine

a mpho ra sa nd f i ne w a r es , a l though i mpo r ted i nv e ry l a rge amoun t s , w e r e l e s sl i ke ly t ow ind u pi nt h eh a rbou rb a s in , s i nce t h ey w e re o f f loaded w i th c a re a nd emp t ied o ru sed o u t s ide t h ei mmed ia te h a rbou ra r ea .T he l o ad o f ARS p la t e s RG123 -RG139 i st h e e xcep t ion t h a tp rove s t h e r u le . T he o t he rm i sc elaneous f i nd s -na i ls , f i sh ing w e igh t s , ap i ec e o fg l a s sc u l le t ,a nd ab one c o sme t ic t oo lo rp in -a re c on so n an tw i th r ubb ish w i th in a nu rban h a rbou rb a s in . [ J. P .O . , A. N .S S. E .S . ]

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! VE :D epos i t4 I V .E .D epos i t 4( Area HI:S and L aye rb e low R ubb le ) . I V .E .1 .D e scr ip t ion o fC on t ex t .T he N o r the rn B reakwa t e r o fS eba s to s w a s p ro tec ted f r om t h e f u l l f o rce o f mo s t s t o rm w aves b y t h e S ou the rn B r eakwa te r , e ven a f te r t h e l a t te rh ad f a l len i n to r u ins .B yt h et ime b o th b reakwa te ra rm s h ad s unk b e low t h e s u r face o f t h e s ea , t h e ma ss o f t h e

f ou r th c en tu ry ) ; H i r sch f e ld & B i rge r 1 988 : 1 03 , f i g . ( 450 -500 , R ama tH anad ive ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : t h i rd -four th c en tu ry? A 71 .

B roken , i n comp le t e , f a b r ic s t a ined ; f r agmen t s o f

S ou the rn B reakwa t e rh ad b een v e ry b ad ly s ca t te r ed ,b u tt h e No r the rn B reakwa te rp re se rved ar e gu la ro u t l ine ,e spec ia l ly

r im ,s hou lde r ,h and le s . R im D 0 . 112 . I n te r io rp i tched . H a rd ,g r i t ty ,r edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 8 )f ab r ic c on ta in -

a long i t s s ou ther n f a ce a nd a ti t s w e s t e nd . Much o f t h e n o r the rn f a ce i sn ow o b scu red b ys ed imen t sd epo s i ted b yt h e l ong -sho re c u r r en t s t h a t e ddy b eh ind t h e s t ruc tu r e . T he r egu la r i ty o ft h ev i s ib le r ema in s ,a nd t h es u rv iva lo fn ume r o us b lock so ft h eb reakwa te rh ead v i r tua l ly i ns i tu ,p rov ided h ope t h a ts i gn if ican tt r ace so ft h eo r ig ina lf a c ing m igh ta l so

i n g f me q ua r t zs and .L igh tg rey ( 10YR 6 / 1) c o r e . C la s s : C la s s4 6 /62 P a ra l le l s :B lake ly 1 987 :6 7 ,n o .6 1 ,p p .1 24 ,1 36 ,n o . 1 79 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : s e cond t ol a te f ou r th c en tury .

s u rv ive a l ong t h e s ou the rn p o r t ion o f t h e s t ruc tu r e ( s ee R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 1 30 -31 ,f i g . 1 1 .64 ,a nd f i g . 1h e re ) . I n1 984 at r ench w a sl a id o u ta c ro s st h es ou ther ne dge o f t h eb reakwa t e rr ema in s ,4 0me a s to ft h eb r eakwa te rt i p ,a t ap o in t w he r e t h e p rof i le o ft h e h eav i ly c onc re ted k u rka r r ubb le w as s t eep a nd i t so u t l ine r egu la r . At r ench 2m w ide wa sc u tt h rough t h er ubb le ,w h ich p roved t ob ec omposed o f s ma l le r , i regu la r ma sse s o f k u rk a r ( D 0 . 2 -0 .8 m ) , a nd t umb led o rb roken b lock so ft h es ame ma te r ia l( 0 .6 x0 . 3 x 0 .2 m ) , m ixed w i th g rave l a nd s and . T he re w a s as ma l l amoun to fv e ry wor nc e ram ic ma te r ia li nt h en ibb le i t se l f , d a t ing f r om t h eE a r ly R oman t h rough t h eB yzan t ine p e r iod s ( s ee A 7 , A 14 , A 16 -A17 , RG12 , RG33 e t c . ) , b u tt h eo n ly s ea led d epo s i tr evea led w a s at umb led ma s so fc e ram ic sa nd o the ra r t if ac t si n al a ye ro fg rey , s t a ined k u rka rg rave la nd q ua r t zs and s andw iched b e tween t h et umb led r ubb le a nd t h e

A 72 .

B roken ,i n comp le te , e nc rus ted ,c l ay s o f tened ;r im ,

n eck ,h and le s t ub s .I n te r io rp i tched . R im D 0 . 07 . S of t , f r iab le , s andy , r edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 ) f a b r ic w i th p ebb ly i n c lu s ion s . Two o t he r e xamp le s ( C84 -H1 -10 a nd 7 2 )f r om t h i sl o cu sw e re n o tc a ta logued .N oi lu s t r a t ion . C la s s : C la s s4 7 . P a ra l le l s : s ee A 24 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tury . A 73 . B roken , i n comp le te , e nc rus ted ;r im , u ppe rp o r t ion o fn eck .R im D 0 . 06 . H a rd , s andy , l i gh tr ed ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic . No i lu s t ra t ion . C la s s : C la s s4 7 .

l a ye ro fg r ey c l ay r ep resen t ing t h ea nc ien th a rbou rb o t tom . T h is w a st h es ame t ype o fc l ay l a ye ra st h a tf ound i nD epo s i t

P a ra l le l s : s e eA 24 ( uns t ra t if ied ) . O r ig in : A egean .

2( s ee S e c t ion I V .C .1) .A l though t h et r ench w a se xcava ted w i th e no rmous e f fo r tf r om t h eu ppe rs u r fa ce o ft h eb r eakwa t e rr ema ins a t3 . 4mB SL d own t ot h ec l ay l a ye ra t9 . 0m B SL , a nd 2 . 5 m i n to t h e ma s s o f r ubb le , n o c ohe ren t s t ruc tu ra lr ema ins w e re f ound .T he c l ay l a ye rd i sappea red b enea th t h e r ubb le s p i l l a tt h e n o r th e dge o f t h e t r ench , p robab ly c on t inu ing n o r th t ot h eo r ig ina ls ou th f a ce o ft h e s t ruc tu re . [ J .P .0 . ]

C h rono logy : t h i rd -fou r th c en tu ry . A 74 . B roken ,i n comp le te ;r im ,h and le s ,s hou lde r ,p a r to f b ody w a l l . R im D 0 . 10 . H a rd , d a rk g rey ( 10YR 4 / 1 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe red w i th f i ne ,d a rk s and c on ta in ing o c ca s iona lp ebb le sa nd w h i te s peck s . C la s s : C la s s4 9 . P a ra l le l s : Z eme r 1 978 : 6 1-63 , n o .4 9 , f r om s ea o f f A th l i t ; L ev ine & N e tze r 1 986 : 1 22 -23 , n o . 1 4 . O r ig in : P a les t ine ( Gaza r eg ion ) .

I V .E .2 . C a ta logue o fC eram ics . Amphora s( F ig s .4 0 -42 ,p l . 2 3 ) . [ J .P .0 . 1 A69 .

C h rono logy : f our th -s ix th c en tu ry .

B roken ,i n comp le te ,e nc ru s ted ;r im ,n eck ,h and le s ,

A 75 . B roken ,i n comp le te ;p a r to fr im ,o ne h and le ,s hou l d e r . I n te r io rp i t ched ; e x te r io rs t a ined b y p i tch a r ound r im . R im D 0 . 12 . S andy , f r iab le , l i gh tg r ey ( 2 .5Y 7 / 0 ) f a b r ic w i th w h i te ( 2 .5Y 8 / 0 )s u r fa ce .

p a r to fs hou lde r . I n te r io rp i tched . R im D 0 .091 . F ine , p a le y e l low ( 5Y 7 / 3 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe red w i th r ounded q ua r t zs and . C la s s : C la s s3 9 .

C la s s : C la s s4 9 .

P a ra l le l s : s e eA 14 ( un s t ra t if ied ) . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry .

P a ra l le l s : T he s hou lde r o ft h e T ype 2a mpho ra i n L ev ine & N e tze r 1 986 : 1 22 -23 , n o s . 8 -9 i sa lmo s ta s s t eep a st h a to ft h i se xamp le ,b u tt h ew ho le v e sse li sn o t

A70 . B roken ,i n comp le te ;r im ,n eck ,h and le s ,p o r t ion o f s hou lde r . I n te r io r p i tched . R im D 0 . 08 . F ine , h a rd , s l igh t ly s andy ,l i gh tg rey ( 5Y 7 / 2 ) f a b r ic . C la s s :4 2? P a ra l le l s : R ob inson 1 959 : 1 8 , n o .F 72 , p l . 2( 75 -0 B .C . ) ; R i ley 1 979 : 1 97 , f i g . 8 5 , n o . D 256 ( m id th i rd c en tury ) ;P eacock & W i l l iam s1 986 :1 80 ,f i g .9 9( t h i rd -

17

a se l onga ted , a nd t h et yp ica l ly t h ick ,w e l ld ema rca ted c o l la rr im i sa b sen t .V e s se lT /6 / 190 i nK eay 1 984 :2 85 , f i g . 1 23 .5 may h ave h ad t h es ame l o ng ,s t eep ly s l op ing s hou lde r .A l though t h er im p ro jec t s ab i t mo r e ,a nd t h e h and le sa r eh ighe r ,a na mpho ra f ound i nt h eh a rbou ro f S amo si ss im i lar S imo ss i 1 991 : 2 84 , 2 88 -89 ,n o . 5 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ( Gaza r eg ion ) . C h rono logy : f our th -s ix th c en tu ry?

C hap t er I V : C lo s ed D epos i t s A 76 . B rok en ,i n comp le t e ,s u r f a ce b ad ly a b raded ;p a r to f r im , o ne h and le , s hou lde r . I n t e r io r p i tched ; e x t e r io r s t a ined b yp i tch a r ound r im .R im D 0 . 11 .S o f t ,l am ina r , s l igh t ly s a ndy ,l i gh tg r ey ( 2 .5Y 7 / 0 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing o cca s iona lw h i te s p eck sa nd b ubb le s . Wh i t e( 2 .5Y 7 / 2 ) s u r f a ce .N oi lu s t ra t ion . C la s s :C la s s4 9 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 75 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ( Ga za r e g ion ) . C h rono logy : f ou r th -s ix th c en tu ry? A 77 . B rok en , i n comp le t e ; r im , h and le s , s hou lde r . I n t e r i o rp i t ched ;e x te r io rs t a ined b yp i tch a r ound r im .R im D0 . 10 .S o f t ,l am ina r ,s l igh t ly s a ndy ,d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR 4 )f a b r ic w i th l i gh tg r ey ( 2 .5Y 7 / 2 ) s u r f a ce . C la s s : C la s s4 9 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 75 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ( Ga za r e g ion ) . C h rono logy : f ou r th s ix th c en tu ry? A 78 . B roken ,i n comp le t e ;f r agmen to f r im ,h and le s ,s hou l d e r ,p a r to fb ody w a l l .R im D0 . 09 .H a rd ,b r own ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t emp e r ed w i th b ad ly s o r t ed q ua r tz s a nd a nd c on ta in ing o c ca s iona lw h i te i n c lu s ion s . Wh i t e ( 7 .5YR 8 / 0 )c o r e ,r edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) s u r f a ce . C la s s : C la s sE . P a ra l le l s : S ee i n t roduc t ion t o C la s s Ea nd A 46 ( Depo s i t1 ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry?

A 82 . B rok en , i n comp le te ; r im , n eck , o ne h and le , f r ag m en to fs hou lde r .I n t e r io rp i tched .R im D 0 . 145 .H a rd , s a ndy ,b rown ( 10YR 4 / 3 )f a b r ic . C la s s :C la s sH . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 81 . O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i te r ranean? ' C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? A 83 . B rok en , i n comp le te ; r im , n eck , h and le , p o r t ion o f o ne h and le a nd s hou lde r .I n te r io rp i tched .R im D 0 . 08 . H a rd , g r ey ( 2 .5Y 6 / 0 ) f a b r ic h eav i ly t empe r ed w i th l a rge g r a in so fw h i t e ,g r ey ,a nd b l a ck s and . Wh i t e( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 )s u r f ace . C la s s :C la s sI . P a ra l le l s : G o ldman 1 950 : 2 68 , p l . 1 58 , n o . 7 12 ( Ta r su s ;h a rd r ed c l ay w i th b u f fs l ip ,c on ta in ing s a nd , l i me ,a nd m ica i n c lu s ion s ;" Roman ," f i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) , R ob in son 1 959 : 1 8 , p l . 2 ,n o . F 72 a nd F 73 ( Ago r a ,f me ,h a rd ,r e dd i sh b u f f ,m icaceous c l ay ,s e l f s l ipped ,7 5 -0 B .C . ) ,c f .p .8 5 ,p l . 1 8 ,n o . M12 ( Ago r a , g r i t ty g r ey -buf fc l ay , b u f f s l ip , i n t e r io r p i tched , f i r s t h a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry ) . F o r s im i la r s hape , b u td i f f e r en t r im a nd f a b r ic , s e eZ eme r 1 978 : 7 0 -72 , n o . 5 7 ( t h i rd s i x th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C . A 84 . B rok en ,i n comp le te ;f r agmen to fr im a nd o ne h an d l e .I n t e r io rp i t ched .R im D c a .0 . 09 .V e ry s andy ,h a rd , w h i te ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 )f a b r ic . C la s s :C la s sI . P a ra l le l s : i d en t ica lt oA 83 . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy :f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

A 79 . B rok en ,i n comp le te ;r im ,p o r t ion o fn eck w i th u ppe r h and le s t ub s .I n t e r io rp i tched .R im D 0 . 10 .C rumb l ing , l am ina r ,d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 4 / 1 )f a b r ic . C la s s : C la s sH . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 51 ( Depo s i t2 ) . O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i t e r ranean? C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry?

A 85 . B rok en , i n comp le te ; r im , h and le s , n eck . I n t e r io r a nd r im s t a ined w i th p i tch . R im D 0 . 12 . F ine , h a rd , w h i t e ( 1 0YR 7 / 2 ) f a b r ic t emp e red w i th b l ack s a nd . G r ey ( 1 0YR 7 / 1 )c o r e . C la s s :C la s sJ . P a ra l le l s : R ob in son 1 959 :4 3 ,G 199 ,p l . 8( A then s , l a t ef i r s t /ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry ,c oa r s er e dd i sh c l ay w i th w h i te s l ip ) ;K ap lan 1 964 :6 -7 ,f i g .2 . 3 ,p l .4 . 8( J a f f a ,5 0 6 7 A .C . , b uf f w a r e ) ; D o than 1 971 : v o l . 2 , f i g . 1 3 .1 ( A shdod , l a t e s e cond /ea r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , b u f f w a r e ) ; Z em e r 1 978 : 5 2 -53 , 1 20 n o . 4 1 ( f rom s e ao f f A th l i t , " s econd th i rd c en tu ry ," f i n e ly l e v iga ted , w e l l f i r ed g r ey c l ay ; a l so c i te s u npub l i shed e xamp le f r om H ad e ra ) ; W il iam s 1 989 : 9 3 , f i g . 5 4 , n o . 5 48 ( f i r s t c en tur yo rA n ton ine ) .T he p r of i le a nd p ropo r t ion sc l o se ly r e semb le t h o se o f R i ley 's M id -Roman Ampho ra 4

A 80 . B rok en ,i n comp le t e ;r im ,n eck ,h and le s ,a nd p o r t ion o fs hou lde r a nd b ody . I n te r io r p i t ched . R im D 0 . 12 . H a rd ,s l igh t ly s a ndy ,g r ey ( 10YR 6 / 1 )f a b r ic . C la s s : C la s sH . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 51 ( D epo s i t2 ) . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? A 81 . B roken ,i n comp le t e ,e nc ru s t ed ;r im ,n eck ,o ne h an d l e . I n te r io r p i tched . R im D 0 . 13 . G ranu la r , f r iab le , p i nk i sh g r ey ( 5YR 6 / 2 )f a b r ic f u l lo fb l a ck s a nd . P ink ( 5YR 8 / 4 ) s u r f ac e . C la s s : C la s sH . P a ra l le l s :R i ley 1 979 :1 69 ,f i g .7 8 ,n o .1 68 ( Augu s tan t os e cond h a l ff i r s tc en tu ry ,p ro f i le c l o se ,h and le f l u t ed r a the r t h an g rooved , f a b r ic a pp rox ima t e ly s im i la r ) ; G eva 1 983 : 6 4 , f i g . 4 .G ( J e rusa lem , b e fo r e A .D . 7 0 , h and le f l u ted r a the rt h an g rooved ,f a b r ic n o td e sc r ib ed ) . O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry?

( 1 979 : 1 86 -87 , f i g . 8 3 , n o . D 236 ) , b u t t h e h and le e l bow s o fA 85 d o n o t s how t h e p i nch ing s a id t ob e c ha ra c t e r i s t ic a tB e r en ice . R i ley a s sume s a n e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean o r ig in ,a nd s eve ra lc en t re so f manu f a c t u re ( p .1 86 ) .C ompa r ea l so L ev ine & N e tze r1 986 :1 66 n o .3 ,p .1 73 n o . 7( "By zan t ine" ) . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i t e rranean . C h rono logy : f i r s t -s econd c en tu ry .

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A 86 . ( B roken ,i n comp le t e ;f r agmen to fr im ,n eck ,u pp e r h and le s t ub s .R im D 0 . 11 .F ine ,c ha lky ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing n ume rou ss ma l la i rp o ck e t sa nd o cca s iona lw h i te s p eck s . C la s s : u n iden t if ied . P a ra l le l s : T he t r unca ted c ond i t ion o f t h i s v e s se l m ak e si d en t if ica t ion d i ff i cu l t . T he b e s t ma tch f o r t h e r im p rof i le i sR i ley 1 979 :2 09 ,f i g .8 9 ,n o .D 314 ,t h er im o f aM i scelaneou s M id -Roman a mpho ra f r om ad e p o s i t o f t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he f a b r ic ,w h ich R i ley t e rm sl o ca l ,i sag ood m a t ch ( o range [ 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ] ,c on ta in ing amod e ra te p ropo r t ion o fw h i t e g r i t s ) ,b u tt h el o s so fb ody a nd h and le sf o rb o th v e s se l s m ake sv e r if ica t ion i mpo s s ib le .T he v e s se lm igh th ave l o oked s ome th ing l i ke K eay 1 984 : 2 59 , 2 6 1 , T ype XLV I I , f i g s . 3 0 .5 , 13 .1 ( f ou r th -f i f th c en tu ry , o r ig in u nd e te rm ined ) , b u tt h er im p rof i le d oe s n o th ave t h e d ownwa rd s l op ing o u te r e dge , a nd t h e g r oove a tt h e b a se o ft h e r im i sm i s s ing o ri l -d e f ined . T he f a b r ic m a t ch ( p .4 62 )i sn o tc omp e ll ing .T he o u t s ide p rof i le o f B lake ly 1 987 : 4 3 ,4 7 ,n o . 1 6i ss im i la rt ot h a to fA 86 , e xcep tt h a tt h eh and le ss l ope d own o nn o . 1 6 ;f u r the r mo r e ,t h er im l a ck st h ed ownwa rd s l op ing o u t e re dge . B lake ly a s s ign sh i sf r agmen tt oC la s s 8( f i r s tc en tu ry , I s t r ian ) . T he t h ick , s l igh t ly o f f se tr im w i th f l a t o u t e r s u r f a ce c an a l so b es e en o nB lak e ly 1 987 :1 22 ,1 30 ,n o . 1 56 ( Ca e sa rea M i th raeum , P ha s e 1 , f o u r th -s even th c en tu ry ) ,b u tt h es ha rp -edged g roove b e low t h er im i s n o tp r e sen t ,a nd t h ef a b r ic i sn o tt h es ame . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry? A 87 . B rok en , i n comp le te ; f r agmen t o f r im , n eck , o ne h and le ,s hou lde ra nd p o r t ion o fb ody .R im D0 . 15 .F i ne , h a rd ,w h i te ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 )c l ay c on ta in ing o cca s iona ls ma l l p ebb le sa nd b ubb le s .R edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )c o r e . C la s s : u n iden t if i ed . P a ra l le l s : Ih ave n o tb een a b le t oi d en t i f ya ny c l o s e p a ra l le l s f o r t h i s v e s se l . T he f o rm i sr em in i scen t o f f e a tu r e ss e en i nC la s s2 3a mpho r a s( c f .K eay 1 984 :1 74 , n o s . 1 3 ) ,b u tt h en eck s e em s t o o w ide a nd t h e u pp e r h and le j o in t st o of a rb e low t h er im t oa low i n c lu s ion i n t h i sc l a s s .T he f a b r ic ,t o o ,i sn o t ac l o se m a t ch .T he f i ne c l ay a nd c r i sp s hape s ugge s t aR oman d a te . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : R oman? A 88 . B rok en , i n comp le t e , e nc ru s ted ; f r agmen t o f r im , n e ck ,o ne h and le .R im D 0 . 09 .F i ne ,h a rd ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing o c ca s iona l p a r t ic le s o f b l a ck s a nd a nd m ica . C la s s : u n iden t if i ed . P a ra l le l s : I n s hape , t h i s a mpho ra m a t che s w e l l a B yzan t ine a mpho ra c i t ed b yZ eme r( 1 978 : 7 0 -72 ,n o . 5 8 ) ,b u tt h ef a b r ic i sd i f f e r en t ,a nd A 88 s e em st ol a ck r i dge so ni t sn eck .T he r ei sag ood m a tch o fs hape a nd f a b r ic w i th aM i sce l laneou s L a te R oman a mpho ra a t B enghaz i( R i ley 1 979 :2 34 ,f i g .9 5 ,n o .D 390 ,f r equen t i n t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie s ) . T he p a ra l le l s i n t h e m a t e r ia lr e cove red f r om t h eC ae sa rea M i th raeum a r e

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o n ly a pp rox ima t e :B lake ly 1 987 :4 2 ,4 6 ,n o . 1 2 ,a nd p . 1 2 1 -129 ,n o . 1 49 . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : t h i rd fou r th c en tu ry? A 89 . C omp le te . D0 . 085 .I n ne r( c oncave )s u r f ac ep i tched . C o a r s e , s a ndy w h i t e ( 7 .5YR 8 / 0 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing n ume rou sc av i t ie s .P l .2 3 . C la s s :a mpho ra l i d . P a ra l le l s : B a s s &v an D oo rn ick 1 982 : 1 60 -6 1 , f i g . 8 . 7 .T he f a b r ic r e semb le s mo s tt h a to fC la s s4 9A ,w h i ch c an b ed a t ed f o u r th t ol a te s i x th c en tu ry . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : B yzan t ine? K i t chen War e . [ A .N .S . ] P an s( F ig s .4 2 -43 ) . K 55 . S aucepan .F ragmen to fh or i zon ta l ly p ro jec t ing r im , b ody t oc a r ina t ion a nd p a r to fc onvex b a se ;b road ,f l a t r e ce s s i nr im ; d i s t inc t b u lge o n i n ne r e dge o f r im , g r oove a r ound o u t s ide e dge ; f i re b l ackened ; l a rge a moun t so fp i tch a dhe re t oe x te r io ra nd i n te r io r .R im D 0 . 40 .F i ne g r i t ,r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic w i th t e r raco t ta i n c lu s ion s , o l ive -g rey ( 5Y 4 / 2 ) e x t e r io r a nd i n te r io r s u r f a ce s .C ompa r eK 1( u n s t ra t i f ied )a nd K 44 ( Depo s i t 3 ) . P a ra l le l s :n oe xa c tp a ra l le l .S ee V ega s1 973 :2 0 ,f i g . 5 . 1 -2 ,T ipo 4( l a te R epub l ic ) . O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t o t h i rd c en tu ry A .C .? K 56 . S auc epan . F ragmen t w i th r im , h and le , a nd b ag s h aped b ody ; h o r izon ta l ly p ro jec t ing r im h a s aw ide , c oncave r e ce s s . R im D 0 . 279 . Med ium g r i t , r e dd i sh b r own ( 5YR 5 / 4 ) f a b r ic , l i gh t b rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 ) t o b r own ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 )i n te r io ra nd e x t e r io rs u r f ac e s P a ra l le l s :P a ra l le l sw i thou t ac a r ina t ion a r er a re :c f . R i ley 1 976 -77 : 2 47 , f i g . 5 . 11 , c a r ina t ed c ook ing p o t T yp eB 1 ( s econd th i rd c en tu ry ) .R i ley ( 1 979 :2 6 1 ,f i g . 1 03 .505 ,5 03 )h a ss im i la rp o t so fs e cond th i rd c en tu ry d a t ei nh i s l o ca l f a b r ic 4 .D y son 1 976 : 16 -17 ,2 2 1 18 a nd 1 , f i g .4 3 ,S auc epan C la s s 7a nd C la s s9 ,p . 18 , 2 1 115 ,f i g .44 ,S auc ep an C la s s1 2( Ca l igu lan -C laud ian ) . V e ry f ew o ft h e se p a ra l le l sh ave h and le s ,w h ich R i ley ( 1 976 -77 : 2 47 )r e ga rd sa ss u rp r i s ing . O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy :m id -f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry . K 57 . S aucepan .L a rge f r agmen to fh eavy r im a nd c onvex b ody ;r im c oncave o ni n s ide , s e pa ra ted f r om b ody o n e x t e r io rb yt h ickened b and ;s ome f i re b l a cken ing .R im D0 . 290 .F ine g r i t ,p a le y e l low ( 5Y 8 / 3 )f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s : D y son 1 976 : 1 4 1 ,L S 1 , f i g . 5 , S auce p an C la s s 1 6( l a te f i r s tt om id t h i rd -cen tu ry )i st h eb e s t p a ra l le lf o und .V ega s1 973 :2 2 ,f i g .6 . 3 ,T ipo 5h a st h e g ene ra lf o rm ( e nd o ft h ef i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) ; V ega s &B ruckne r 1 975 : 3 9 a nd 6 8 , T a f . 2 3 .10 ( f i r s t c en tu ry ) ;F u l fo rd & P ea cock 1 984 : 1 59 ,f i g .5 6 .7 , ap o t o fr e dd i sh b rown f a b r ic ( f i r s tt os i x th c en tu ry ) .

C hap te rI V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s O r ig in : w e s t e rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : f i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry?

r i ng b a s ea lmo s ti mpe rc ep t ib le ;f i r eb l ackened .R im D 0 . 246 ;b a se D 0 . 180 ; H0 .063 .F i ne g r i t ,y elow i sh r e d ( 5YR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny d a rk i n c lu s ion s , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 /6 ) i n te r io r s l ip . C ompa re K 12 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) ;K 64 -K65 a r ev e ry s im i la rb u th ave s h a rp e r r im . P a ra l l e l s : s e eK 12 . O r ig in : I t a l ian . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t om id se cond A .C .

K 58 . S aucepan ,F ragmen to fr im a nd c a r ina ted b ody w i th r ounded b a se ; s ha rp ,e ve r ted r im p rov ide ss e a t ing f o r l i d ;e x t en s ive f i re b l acken ing . R im D 0 . 220 . Med ium g r i t ,r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 4 / 4 ) i n t e r io rs l ip .C ompa re K 4( u n s t ra t if ied ) ,K 30 ( D epo s i t 1 ) ,a nd K 58 . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 4 . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy :m id -f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry . K 59 . S auc epan .F ragmen to fr im ,c a r ina t ed b ody r o unded b a se a nd o ne h and le ;e ve r ted r im n o ta ss ha rp a so t he r e xamp le s ( K4 , K 30 , K 58 ) ; f i r e b l ackened . R im D 0 . 230 .F ine t om ed ium g r i t ,s t rong b rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic ,r edd i sh y elow ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )i n te r io ra nd e x t e r io r s u r fa ce s .C ompa r eK 4( un s t ra t i f ied ) ,K 30 ( D epo s i t1 ) , a nd K 58 . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 4 . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy :m id -f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry . K 60 . S auc epan . F ragmen t o fr im , s l igh t ly c onvex w a l l a nd r o unded b a se ;i n te r io ro fr im h a ss ha l low r e c e s s ;a n i n c i sed g roove s epa ra te sr l in f r om w a l l ,w h ich h a st wo i n c i sed l i ne s ; f i re b l a ckened . R im D 0 . 190 . F i ne g r i t , g r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1 )f a b r ic ,y elow i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )e x t e r io r a nd i n te r io rs u r f a ce s . P a ra l le l s : n op a ra l le l f o rf a b r ic . F o rg ene ra l s h ap e s e eD y son 1 976 : 1 4 1 ,L S8 10 ,f i g .5 4 ,S aucepan C la s s 1 3 ,l a te f i r s tt om id th i rd c en tu ry .T he i n c i sed g r oove a nd l i ne sa r er em in i scen to fd eco ra t ion o nf i ne rw a r e s s uch a sA f r ican R ed S l ip Wa re ;s e eH aye s1 972 :3 5 -36 , f i g .4 . 20 ,F o rm 9 B . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry?

K 64 . F l a t -Bo t tomed P an .A lmo s tc omp le te ;s ma l lr e c e s s i nr im ;b a se h a sv e ry l ow r i ng ;e x t en s ive f i r eb l a ck en i n g . R im D 0 . 230 ; B a se D 0 . 166 ; H0 . 057 . V e ry f me g r i t . , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny b l a ck i n c lu s ion s .C ompa r eK 12 ( un s t ra t if i ed ) ,K 63 ( l e s ss h a rp r im ) a nd K 65 . S im i la r p an s w e r e f o und i nt h e s ame c on t ex ti nA r ea H2 ( C84 -H1 -40 a nd C 84 -H1-43 ) ,A r ea G ,a r ound t h eb l o ck o nt h ew ood b eam ( C82 -G 1 -113 ) , A r ea F ,S he rd D epo s i t( C83 -F 1 156 ) ,a nd a nu nbu rned s h e rd w i th s l ip i nt wo c o lou r ed b and si nA r ea D ,r ubb le l a ye r( C82 -D 1 -337 ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 12 . O r ig in : I t al i an . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t om id se cond A .C . K 65 . F l a t -Bo t tomed P an .A lmo s tc omp le te ;s ma l lr e ce s s i nr im ;l ow r i ng b a s e ;e x ten s ive f i r eb l acken ing .R im D 0 . 234 ;b a se D 0 . 168 ; H0 .063 . V e ry f i ne g r i t , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny b l ack i n c lu s ion s . C ompa r eK 12 ( u n s t ra t i f ied )a nd K 63 -K64 . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 12 . O r ig in : I t a l ian . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t om id s econd A .C . K 66 . F l a t -Bo t tomed P an . A bou t t h r ee -qua r te r s e x tan t ; i n t e r io r h a s s moo th , b u rn ished s u r f ace w i th i n c i sed c oncen t r ic c i r c le si ng r oup so f 2t o 5f r om t h ee dge t o c en t r eo ff l a tb a s e ;i n te r io ro fr im t h ick en ss l igh t ly a tt h e t o p .R im D0 . 313 ;b a s e D0 . 240 ; H0 . 050 .V e ry f i ne g r i t , d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 4 / 2 ) f a b r ic , v e ry d a rk g r ey i sh b r own ( 2 .5Y 3 / 2 )i n te r io r ,g r ey ish b rown ( 2 .5Y 5 / 2 )e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s : P ompe ian R ed Wa r e .R i ley 1 975 :4 6 ,n o . 9 0i sa ne xamp le o fI t a l ian o r ig in f r om t h eh i ppod rome a tC a e sa r ea , d a t ed f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t om id second c en tu ry A .C . B lake ly ( 1 989 : 2 05 f . , f i g . 2 . 2 ) h a s a d i scu s s ion a nd f u l l b i bl iog raph ic r e f e r ence s o f t h i s w a r ea tC a e sa r ea .T u sh ingham 1 985 : 5 6a nd 3 16 , f i g . 2 5 ,2 2 ,3 5 -36 a r ei m i ta t ion s ;p p .1 85 ,1 92 ,f i g .6 0 .13 -14 a r et r ue P ompe ian R ed Wa re p an s ,d a ted A ugu s tan t o m id f i r s t -cen tu ry . Wr igh t ( 1980 : 1 70 , f i g . 5 . 73 -75 ) d i scu s s e s T ibe r ian p an s a tC o r in th , i n c lud ing l o ca l i m i ta t ion so ft h e I t a l ian o r ig ina l ( Ha l t e rn T ype 7 5A ) . V ega sa nd B ruckne r( 1 975 :6 3 ,T a f . 1 6 .6 a nd 1 )h ave a nA ugu s tan e xamp le .C row foo t( 1 957 :2 98 ,f i g .6 8 .10 ) a nd L app ( 1 96 1 : 2 19 , T yp e 3 53 .3 .A ) h ave e xamp le s d a t ed f r om 2 0B .C . -A .D . 2 0 . O r ig in : I t a l ian .

K 61 . S auc epan . H a lf o fp an w i th o ne h and le p r e s e rv ed ; h and le f r om r im t oc a r ina t ion o fr o unded b a s e ; r im f l a re s ;f i r eb l a ckened .R im D 0 . 150 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1 ) f a b r ic , e x t e r io ra nd i n t e r io r s l ipped ( ? ) g r ey ( 5Y 6 / 1 ) .C ompa r eK 9( u n s t ra t i f ied )a nd K 32 ( D epo s i t 2 ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 9 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s t -fou r th c en tu ry . K 62 . S aucepan . F ragmen t o f r im t oc a r ina t ion ; s h a rp , n a r row r e ce s si nt o po fr im ;s ome f i r eb l a cken ing .R im D 0 . 220 . F ine g r i t , g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 6 / ) f a b r ic , l i gh t r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 6 / 3 )e x te r io rs l ip ,r e dd i sh b r own ( 5YR 5 / 4 )i n te r io rs l ip .C ompa re K 10 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 10 . O r ig in : I t a l ian . C h rono logy : 6 3 B .C . th i rd c en tu ry A .C . K 63 . F la t -Bo t tomed P an .F ragmen tw i th p rof i le f r om r im t ob a se ; r im h a s d e l ica te c oncave s e a t ing f o rl i d ; l ow

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I V .E :D epos i t4 C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t om id -second c en t u ry A .C . K 67 . Ha t -Bo t tomed p an . F ragmen t p r e se rv ing p ro f i le f r om r im t ob a se ; i mp r e s sed f i nge ri n d en ta t ion so n a t h ickened a r ea o f t h e r im ; t wo i n c i sed l i ne s a r ound l owe re x te r ior ,e x ten s ive f i r eb l acken ing .R im D 0 . 27 ; b a se D 0 . 22 ; H0 . 044 .C oa r se g r i t ,g r ey i sh b rown ( 2 .5Y 5 / 2 )f a b r i cw i th t e r raco t ta i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l l e l s : H aye s 1 983 : 1 26 ,f i g .9 . 99 -102 a nd 1 38 , f i g .1 8 .228 ,T ype 1F ry ing P an ,A egean c en t re ,1 07 ( c a . 1 60 /170 180 ) . Wr igh t( 1 980 :1 55 ,p l .3 1 .77 )h a s ac l o se p a ra l le l w i th mo re r ounded l i p a nd n o m en t ion o f i n c i sed l i ne s ,d a ted t oa ne a r ly T ibe r ian d epo s i t .P o s s i b l y am ou ld -made p an ( 1 70 ,n .3 6 )o fu nknow no r ig in . R ob in son ( 1 959 :3 3 , G 13 ,p l .7 2 )h a s ap an w i th s ho r t t u bu la rh and le o ft h ef i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry .R i ley ( 1979 : 2 53 -55 , f i g . 1 0 1 .471 -473 ,E a r ly R oman C ook i n g Wa r e6 )h a s al e ng thy d i scu s s ion o ft h et y pe w i th o ne t u bu la rh and le a nd o cca s iona l ly i mp re s s ed f i nge r i n den ta t ion s o n t h e r im ( f ig . 1 0 1 .473 ) . T he t y p e w a s w ide ly u s ed i n t h e e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean f r om t h e H elen i s t ic p e r iod t of o u r th c en tu ry A .C . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic t of o u r th c en tu ry A .C . P an H and l e( F ig .4 3 ) . K 68 . H and le .F ragmen to fp an w a l lw i th h olow h and le ; r a i sed s p i ra lb and b e tween e dge o fp an a nd e n la rged c i rcu la re nd o fh and le ,w h ich h a s as ma l le rp ro jec t ing r i ng a r ound t h e h o le . L0 . 051 . Med ium g r i t , b rown ( 10YR 5 / 3 )f a b r ic w i th s a nd a nd s ma l lt e r raco t ta i n c lu s i on s .C ompa r eK 67 , ah eavy p an w h ich p robab ly h ad as i mi la rh and le . P a ra l l e l s : J one s 1 950 : 2 75 , p l . 2 06 .803 a nd p l . uche l t 1 63 .A ,m id -Roman ( s econd la te t h i rd c en tu ry ) ;T 1 984 :2 46 ,A bb .9 . 7 ,o ne o ft h eb e s tp a ra l le l s( 200 B .C . t ot h i rd c en tu ry A .C . ) . A dam sheck 1 979 : 1 44 -45 , p l . 3 8 . RC100 , e spec ia l ly P 588 a nd P 35 a r e e xce l len t p a ra l le l si nas im i la rf a b r ic w h ich i st h el o ca lK ench rea i c ook ing f a b r ic . H ay e s 1 983 : 1 26 , f i g . 9 . 99 a nd 1 02 , T ype 1F ry ing P an ,d a ted c a . 1 60 / 170 -180 .C o l t1 962 : 2 94 , p l . 5 2a nd 7 6 .1 a nd 2 ,h a sh and le so fB yzan t ine d a t e t h a ts e em al a t e rd eve lopmen t . C row foo t ( 1 957 : 2 32 , f i g .4 1 .23 a nd 2 3a )h a ss t anda rd e xamp le so ft h e t y pe d a t ed t ot h e l a te s e cond c en tu ry B .C . R ob in son ( 1 959 : 3 ,G 114 15 ,p l .7 )h a se xamp le so ff i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry A .C .R i ley ( 1 979 :2 52 ,f i g .1 0 1 .462 -72 ) h a s as e r ie s o fh o l low h and le st h a td a te f r om t h el a t e H elen i s t ic t ot h i rd c en tu ry A .C . Mo s to fh i sh and le sa r e i n al o ca lf ab r ic ,b u ts ome a r ei mpo r t ed .N one h a st h e s p i ra lb and o fo u re xamp le . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy : 2 00 B .C . t ot h i rd c en tu ry A .C .

5 / 6 )f a b r ic ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 5 / 4 )s l ip (? ) .C ompa r e K 41 ( D epo s i t2 )a nd K 72 . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 41 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : 2 00 B .C -A .D .7 0 . K 70 . C ook ing P o t . F ragmen tw i th r im , n e ck a nd t o po f s hou lder ,r im h a si n te r io rl e dge f o rl i d ;r e la t ive ly l o ng n eck .R im D0 . 190 . Med ium g r i t ,g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 5 / 1 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l lt om ed ium s i zed t e r raco t ta ,d a rk a nd l i gh ti n c lu s ion s ,g r ey ( 5Y 6 / 1 )s l ip (? ) . P a ra l le l s : R i ley ( 1 979 : 2 71 , f i g . 1 06 .550 ) h a s a n i mpo r t ed e xamp le w i th h and le t h a td a te st ot h el a t ef i f th c en tu ry .F u l fo rd a nd P ea co ck ( 1984 : 1 87 ,f i g .7 0 .35 .1 ) h ave ap o tw i th t wo h and le sd a t ed c a .5 00 -535 .L ev ine a nd N e tze r 1 986 : 1 07 -8 , 1 27 , f i g . 4 . 1 ,T ype 2 Ah a sa B yzan t ine d a t e .I s le r1 969 :2 18 ,K 3784 ,T a f .9 3 ,7 ,A bb . 3 7i st h es ame g ene ra lt y pe ,B yzan t ine d a te . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i t e r ranean? C h rono logy : B yzan t ine / la te f i f th c en tu ry . K 71 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen to fr im ,n eck ,o ne h and le a nd p a r to fr i bbed s hou lde r ;c onvex n e ck i st o pped b yr im w i th s ma l lf l a r ing l i p .R im D 0 . 110 .F ine g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 4 / )f a b r ic ,b rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 3 )t od a rk g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 40 e x te r io ra nd i n te r io r .C ompa r eK 40 ( D epo s i t2 ) , w h ich i s al a t e rf o rm . P a ra l le l s : C rowf oo t 1 957 : 2 99 -300 , f i g . 6 9 .7 ( 2 0 B .C . -A .D . 2 0 ) ; K ap lan 1 964 : 1 2 , f i g . 2 . 9 ( 50 -67 ) ; D o than ( 1 971 )6 1 , f i g . 2 4 .1 ( f i r s th a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . )l a ck st h ef l a r ing l i p . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . t oA .D .6 7 . K 72 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen to fr im ,n eck ,h and le a nd t o p o f s hou lde r ; s t ra igh t n eck s e pa ra t ed f r om b ody b y r e ce s sed b and ;r im h a st h ick ened b and o ne x t e r io r .R im D0 . 123 .F i ne t om ed ium g r i t ,s t rong b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 6 )f a b r ic ,s t rong b rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip .C ompa r eK 41 ( D epo s i t2 )a nd K 69 . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . K 73 . C ook ing P o t / Ja r . F ragmen to fr im a nd w a l l ; s ma l l r e ce s si nt o po ff l a r ing r im .R im D 0 . 198 .F ine g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 40 f a b r ic ,p i nk i sh g r ey ( 7 .5YR 6 / 2 )t o d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 4 / )s l ip (? ) . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t i f ied . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nd e te rm ined . K 74 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen tw i th r im ,h and le a nd p a r to f r i bbed s hou lde r ; r im f l a r e so u twa rd a tt o p o fc onvex n eck .R im D 0 . 108 .F ine g r i t ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 4 / 3 ) t od a rk r e dd i sh g r ey ( 5YR 4 / 2 )f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t i f ied . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

C ook ing P o t s( F ig s .4 3 -44 ) . K 69 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen tw i th o ne c omp le t eh and le , p a r t o fr im a nd w a l l ; w ide g roove a tt r an s i t ion f r om n eck t ob ody ; t h ickened b and a r ound i nwa rd s l op ing r im .R im D 0 . 120 . Med ium g r i t ,s t rong b rown ( 7 .5YR

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C hap t er I V : C lo sed D epos i t s K 75 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen tw i th r im ,n eck ,o ne h and le a nd p a r to fr i bb ed s hou lde r ;s l igh t ly c onvex n eck f l a r e s ; s ma l l i n te rna l a nd e x t e rna l p ro je c t ion s a tt o p o ff l a t t e ned r im ; s ome f i r e b l acken ing . R im D 0 . 130 . F ine g r i t ,v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 3 / 1 )f a b r ic ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 /6 )e x te r io ra nd i n t e r io rs l ip (? ) .C ompa r eK 40 ( D epo s i t2 ) , K 71 a nd K 76 . P a ra l le l s :T h i sg l obu la rp o ti sc ommon i nP a le s t ine : L app 1 96 1 : 1 86 ,T yp e7 1 .1 K 1( 7 5 -50 B .C . ) ;C rowfoo t 1 957 : 3 00 , f i g . 6 9 .8 ; I C lone r &H e s s 1 985 : 1 28 , f i g . 2 : 23 -24 a nd f i g .3 : 1 -5 ( l a t eH e l len i s t ic -Roman ) ;L app 1 978 : 1 04 ,p l .7 8 .6 , 7 9 .3 a nd 1 7( s econd -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ; McN icol 1 982 : 1 34 ,p l . 1 27 .4 ( l a te t h i rd t of i r s t h a lf o ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . K 76 . C ook ing P o t .F ragmen tw i th r im ,n eck ,h and le a nd p a r to fr i bbed s hou lde rw i th l owe rb ody ;s l igh t ly c on v ex n eck f l a re s ;s ma l li n t e rna la nd e x t e rna lp ro jec t ion s a tt i p o f f l a t t ened r im ; s ome f i re b l acken ing . R im D 0 . 140 .F ine g r i t ,g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 5 / )f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ey ( 5Y 7 / 2 )s l ip .C ompa r eK 40 ( D epo s i t2 ) , K 71 a nd K 75 . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 75 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ; C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . L id s( F ig .4 4 ) . K 77 . L id . F ragmen t p r e se rv ing c omp le te p ro f i le f r om k nob t or im ;a symme t r ica l ,f l a tk nob ;l i gh tr i dg ing f r om k nob t oe dge o fr im w h ich h a s s l igh t u p tu rn . R im D 0 . 20 .F ine g r i t ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic .C ompa re K 53 ( D epo s i t3 ) ,w h ich b e long st ot h et y p e . A no the rf r ag m en to f as im i la rl i d( C84 -H1 -53 )w a sf o und i nA rea H2 , s a nd l a ye r ,w h ich p r e s e rve ss l ip o nb o th s i de s . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 53 . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te H elen i s t ic t om id th i rd c en tu ry A .C . K 78 . L id . R im f r agmen t w i th l a rge , f l a t f o o t ing ; l i gh t r i bb ing v i s ib le .R im D c a .0 . 48 .C oa r se g r i t ,y elow i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th l a rge d a rk i n c lu s ion s ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )e x te r io ra nd i n te r io rs l ip w i th s ome d a rk d i sco lo ra t ion . P a ra l le l s :n op a ra l le lf o rt h es i ze ,b u tt h i sp i ece m ay b e long t oR i ley 's L id T yp e 7( 1 979 :3 24 ,f i g . 19 .779 ) aC ampan ian w a r eo ft h el a t e s e cond c en tu ry B .C . t o e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry A .C . Much l a te rv a r ian t so ft h e t y pe c on t inue t oa ppea ri nA f r ica :F u l fo rd & P ea co ck 1 984 : 1 97 , f i g . 7 5 , 3 . 2a nd 6 . 2( 400 -550 ) ; H umph rey 1 978b : 8 2 ,f i g .2 6 ,8 1 -82 ( 5 75 -650+ ) . O r ig in : I t a l ian . C h rono logy :l a te s e cond c en tu ry B .C .t oe a r ly s e c o nd c en tu ry A .C .? K 79 . L id .F ragmen tp r e se r v ing u p tur n ed r im a nd c u r v ing w a l l ; i n t e r io r f i r e b l ackened . D0 . 290 . Med ium g r i t , r edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ,l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 )e x te r io rs l ip . A no the re xamp le ( C84 -H1 160 ) w a s f ound i nt h e s ame c on t ex ta nd at h i rd e xamp le ( C82 1 22

D 1 -8 )i nt h es a nd f i l lo fA r ea D . P a ra l le l s : P ompe ian R ed Wa r e? F o rb i bl iog raphy a nd ad i scu s s ion o ft h i sw a r e , u sua l ly a s soc ia t ed w i th C ampan ia ,s e eR i ley 1 979 :3 24 ,f i g . 19 .780 ,L id T yp e 7 ,w i th ad a te f r om t h e l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . ;B lake ly e ta l .1 989 :2 05 f . ,f i g .2 . 10 ,a nd 1 992 f o rb i b l iog raphy a nd d i scu s s ion o fP ompe ian R ed Wa r ea tC ae sa rea ;V ega s 1 973 :4 7 , f i g . 1 6 .8 ,T ipo 1 5 ( s econd c en tu ry ) ; V ega s &B ruckne r( 1 975 ) 6 3 , T a f . 1 6 .5 i ss ha l lowe r( Augu s tan ) . O r ig in : I t a l ian . C h rono logy : l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . Amphora S t opp er /M ea sur er ( F ig .4 4 ) . K 80 . Ampho ra S t oppe r /Mea su r e r .P i r i fo rm ,r i bbed b ody , s o l id p eg f oo ta nd p a r to fs l ende rf l a r ing n eck .B ody D 0 . 072 ; MPH 0 . 139 .F ine g r i t ,g r ey ( 10YR 5 / 1 )f a b r ic , p i nk ( 5YR 7 / 4 )e x t e r io r . P a ra l le l s :T he mo s tc omp le te d i scu s s ion o ft h et y pe i sP avol in i1 980 :9 93 -1020 .T he c l o se s tp a ra l l e l sf r om t h e s t udy d a te f r om 9 0 t o e nd o f s e cond c en tu ry : P avo l in i1 980 : 1 000 ,t a y .I I1 2a a nd 1 003 ,t a y .I V1 6a 1 6b ; W i l l iam s 1 989 : 1 00 -1 , n o . 5 89 , f i g . 6 3 ; R i ley 1 979 : 3 59 , f i g . 1 30 .1003 ( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . t ot h i rd A .C . ) ;H aye s1 983 :1 32 ,f i g .1 4 .168 -170 ( da t ed c a .1 60 / 1 70 -180 ) ;H aye s( 1 976b : 5 5 ,p l .3 5 .282 )s ugge s t st h a t t h e f u nc t ion o f t h i s v e s se l i s mo r e l i k e ly t h a t o f a n u nguen t p o t t h an a n a mpho ra s t oppe r , b u t s e e t h e d i scu s s ion s i nP ea cock a nd W i ll iam s 1 986 : 5 1 a nd W il iam s1 989 :1 00 1 ,w ho s ugge s t st h a tt h ev e s se lw a s mo r el i ke ly d e s igned t om ea su r eo u t ar e la t ive ly e xp en s i ve c ommod i ty s h ipped i na mpho ra s ,s uch a so i l . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy :f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t ot h i rd c en tu ry A .C . Mor tar ium ( P l .2 3 ) . K 81 . Mo r ta r ium .I n ta c t ;s ma l l ,c on cave b and a r ound r im i n t e r io r a nd s pou t ; s pou t i st r i angu la r i n p l an w i th c oncave o u te re dge ; b road , h o r izon ta l r im i sc onvex c r ea t ing o ve rhang ; e x te r io ro fb ody i si n ve r ted , t r un c a t ed c on e ;p oo r ly p r e se rved c oncave b a se h a sh o le i n c en t r e ;n ol e t te r ing v i s ib le i ns t amp w h ich i s0 . 09 f r om b a se o fs pou t .R im D0 . 317 ; max imum D 0 . 453 ;b a se D 0 . 231 ; H0 . 092 . V e ry c oa r se ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )t op a le y e l low ( 5Y 7 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th v e r y l a rge t e r ra co t ta a nd d a rk i n c lu s ion s .C ompa r eK 28 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) .P l .2 3 . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 28 . O r ig in : S y r ia . C h rono logy : l a te s e cond t os e cond t h i rd o ff o u r th c en tu ry . C oa r se W ar e . [ A .N .S . ] J ugs ( F ig s .4 4 -45 ) . C 38 . J ug . U pp e rh a l fo fj ug w i th c omp le te h and le a nd f l a r ing c i r cu la rr im ;r i bbed b ody h a st h eg r a ff i to E Ko n b ody o ppo s i t eh and le .R im D 0 . 072 .B lo tchy ,f i n eg r i t , g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 5 f ) f a b r ic , l i gh t g r ey ( 5Y 7 / 2 ) t og r ey ( 10YR 5 / 1 )s l ip .C ompa r eC 7( un s t ra t i f ied ) . P a ra l l e l s :f o rs hape ,D o than 1 971 :4 8 ,f i g .9 . 16 a nd 1 7e xamp le si n ad u l lr e dw a re ( t ran s i t ion p e r iod ,l a te

WE :D epo s i t4 H elen i s t ic -Roman ) ; L app 1 96 1 : 1 6 5 , T ype 3 .B ( 3 7 B .C . -A .D .6 8 ) i st h eg ene ra lf o rm b u tl a ck sr i bb ing . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : s e cond h a l f f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . th i rd q ua r te rf i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

C 43 . J ug . F ragmen t w i th s t ub o f l owe r a t tachmen t f o r h and le ,r i ng b a se a nd r i bbed b ody .B a se D 0 . 055 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 6 / )f a b r ic w i th s l ip , l i gh tg r ey ( 2 .5Y 7 / 2 ) i n t e r io r . A no the r e xamp le ( C84 -H1 -157 ) w a sf o und i nt h es ame c on tex ta nd at h i rd j ug ( C82 -D 1 1 52 )w a sf o und i nt h er ubb le l a ye ro fA rea D .C ompa r e C 9( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eC 9 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

C 39 . J ug . A lmo s t c omp le te w i th s i ng le h and le , r i bbed b ody a nd r i ng b a se ; f l a r ing , c i r cu la r ( ? ) r im b roken o ppo s i t eh and le .R im D 0 . 06 ;b a se D 0 . 05 ; H0 . 23 .F ine t om ed ium g r i t ,l i gh tg r ey ( 7 .5YR N 7 )f a b r ic w i th s a ndy t e x tu re , w h i te ( 7 .5YR N 8 ) s l ip (? ) . C ompa r e C 9 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . P a r a l le l s : s e eC 9 . O r ig in :P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

C 44 . J ug .I n ta c to ne -hand led j ug w i th l i gh tr i bb ing f r om s hou lde rt oc oncave b a se ;c i r cu la rr im w i th s ma l ls pou t a nd i n c i sed l i ne sa r ound e x t e r io r ;c oncav i ty a r ound t o p o fr im ; h o le i nl owe rp o r t ion o fv e s se l b e low h and le w h ich h a sr a i sed ,v e r t ica lb and .R im D 0 . 063 ;b ody D 0 . 122 ;b a s e D0 . 053 ; H0 . 196 .S andy t e x tu re t om ed ium g r i t , l i gh tr e dd i sh b r own ( 5YR 6 / 4 ) t ov e ry d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 3 / 1 )f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i te i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le l s : B öhme 1 974 : v . 1 3 00 , v . 2 T a f . 1 02 .11 , l a t eR oman ( f ou r th -f i f th c en tu ry ) ;H aye s1 968 :2 08 -9 , f i g . E .37 -39 , s im i la rf o rm ( s even th c en tu ry ) ; C a tl ing 1 972 : 1 3 ,f i g .5 ,p l . 5 7 ,b u tw i th f l a tb a se a nd l o op ing h and le ( s even th -e igh th c en tu ry ) ;R ob in son 1 959 :7 5 ,L 9 ,p l . 1 6( t h i rd fou r th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy : f ou r th t oe i gh th c en tu ry .

C 40 . J ug . I n ta c t j ug le t w i th f l a r ing , c i r cu la r r im , o ne h and le ,r i bbed b ody a nd h i gh f o o t ;h o le i nl owe rb ody b enea th h and le .R im D 0 . 037 ;b a se D 0 . 027 ; H0 . 14 1 . S andy t e x tu re t ot h ef i ne t om ed ium g r i t ,l i gh tg r ey ( 5Y 7 / 1 )f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i t ei n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le l s : D unand ( 1 939 : 1 97 , f i g . 7 9 . i a nd j )h a s e xa c tp a ra l le l sp roduced l o ca l ly ( He l len i s t i c ) .B runeau ( 1970 :2 58 , D2 04 ,p l .4 8 )a l so h a s av e ry c l o se p a ra l le l o fH elen i s t ic d a te .H aye s( 1 976b :5 8 ,p l .3 5 .307 -9 )h a s e xamp le sw h ich d emon s t ra t ec on t inua t ion o ft h es h ape i n to t h ef o u r th c en tu ry A .C . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic? C 41 . J ug .I n ta c ts qua tj ug le tw i th c i rcu la rf l a r ing r im ,o ne h and le ,r i bbed b ody a nd h i gh f oo t .R im D 0 . 040 ;b a se D0 . 028 ; H0 .093 .S andy t e x tu r et ot h ef i ne t om ed ium g r i t ,g r ey ( 2 .5Y N 5 / )f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i te i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l le l s :D unand ( 1 939 :1 97 ,f i g .7 9 .h )h a sa ne xa c t p a rale lo fl o ca lp roduc t ion a nd H el en i s t ic d a t e .E lgav i sh ( 1 976 :7 1 ,n o . 1 0a nd 1 2 ,p l . 1 6 .a a nd b )a l so h a ss ome H e l len i s t ic e xamp le sw h ich a r ev e ry c l o se .R i ley ( 1 979 : 2 90 ,f i g . 11 .645 )d i scu s se st h i st y pe o fp o t ,d e s igna t i n g i taP un ic u nguen ta r ium s hape w h ich a ppea r s a s e a r ly a st h ef o u r th c en tu ry B .C .S ee H aye s 1 976b : 5 9 , p l . 3 6 .312 ,f o rc on t inua t ion o ft h es h ap et ot h ef o u r th c en tu ry A .C . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : H e l len i s t ic? C 42 . J ug . F ragmen t o fl a rge j ug p r e se rv ing e n t i r e r im , n eck ,h and le a nd t r an s i t ion t os hou lde r ;r im w i th s ma l l s pou t o ppo s i te h and le h a s r a i s ed b and a r ound t o p ; a s ma l l e rr i dge e nc i r c le st o po fn eck ;v e r t ica lb and r un s l e ng th o fh and le . R im D 0 . 077 . F i ne t om ed ium g r i t , v e ry d a rk g r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 3 / 2 )f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s :D uncan ( 1 930 :p l .6 1 .M4 )h a s ag l obu la r , H e l len i s t ic f l a sk w h ich i ss im i la r ,a l though t h eh and le d oe sn o ta t tach t or im . Do than ( 1 971 : 9 8 , f i g .4 1 .25 ; 1 64 ,f i g .8 9 .2 )h a st h eg ene ra lf o rm w i th t h es ame f a b r ic i nI r on I c on tex t s . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean? C h rono logy : H e l len i s t ic?

1 23

C 45 . J ug .N eck ,t wo h and le sa nd s hou lde ro fw a te rj ug ; c y l ind r ica ln eck h a sl i gh tr i bb ing o ne x te r io r ;r ounded r im s epa ra t ed f r om t h en eck b y ag r oove .R im D 0 . 065 . V e ry f i ne g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 3 / 1 )f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ey ( 1 0YR 7 / 2 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : H aye s ( 1 968 : 2 12 -13 , f i g . G .100 -2 ) h a s e xamp le si ns im i la rf a b r ic w i th mo r ec omp le t ep rof i le s ( f l a tb a se s ,e s t ima ted h e igh to f0 . 20 )w h ich d a t et ot h e s e ven th c en tu ry . F u l fo rd a nd P ea co ck 1 984 : 2 13 , f i g . 8 2 .47 i sag ood p a ra l le li ns im i la rf a b r ic ,d a ted 4 75 -500 . B a s sa nd v an D oo rn inck ( 1 982 : 1 56 -60 )h ave s e ve r a l s im i la rv e s se l st h a td a t et ot h es e ven th c en tu ry . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : l a t ef i f th t os e ven th c en tu ry . B a s e( F ig .4 5 ) . C 46 . B a se .F ragmen tw i th c oncave b a se a nd s t eep s ided b ody ;h eavy ,l umpy p i tch c oa t ing o ni n t e r io r . B a se D 0 . 063 .C oa r se g r i t ,l i gh tg r ey ( 5Y 7 / 2 )f a b r ic w i th s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . D ome s t i c War e . [ A .N .S . ] J ugs ( F ig s .4 5 -46 ) . D 38 . J ug . R im f r agmen t o f v e ry t h in w a re , w i th s t eep s i de s ;e x te r io ri n t en t iona l ly r oughened b ym ix ing s a nd o rg r i tw i th s l ip b e fo r ea pp l ica t ion .R im D 0 . 100 .F ine g r i t ,p i nk ( 5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ,b rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 2 )e x te r io r s l ip w i th s ome l i gh t r e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) d i s co lo ra t ion . C ompa r e D 16 ( u n s t ra t if ied ) f o r s a nd d eco ra t ion o n e x t e r io r .

C hap t er I V : C lo sed D epo s i t s P a ra l le l s :A ha ron i( 1 964 :f i g .2 2 .8 -10 )s ay st h et y pe i su ncommon i nP a le s t ine . Meye r s( 1 976 :2 08 ,p l .7 . 17 , 2 7 -29 ) h a s s e ve ra l v e s se l s a l l f o und i n ac omme rc ia l c on tex t d a ted f r om 3 06 -4 19 . L app ( 1 96 1 : 2 10 , T ype 2 28 .1C )h a s as l igh t ly l a rge r ,l e s sd el ica t ej ug t h a td a t e s A .C . 1 50 .H aye s( 1 976a : 7 0 ,f i g . 1 5 .13 )h a s as im i la r s hape i nA f r ican R ed S l ip Wa re f r om t h ee nd o ft h ef i f th c en tu ry . O r ig in : I t a l ian? C h rono logy : e a r ly f i r s tt of i f th c en tu ry . D 39 . J ug .F ragmen tw i th p a r to fr im ,n eck ,s hou lde ra nd o ne s t rap h and le .R im D0 . 050 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 4 / )f a b r ic ,g r ey ( 5Y 5 / 1 )e x te r io ra nd i n t e r io r . C omp a re D 6( u n s t ra t i t ied )a nd D 25 ( Depo s i t2 ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eD 6 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . D 40 . J ug /Cup .F ragmen tw i th p a r to fh eavy o ve rhang ing r im ,w a l la nd o ne h and le .R im D 0 . 070 .V e ry f i ne g r i t , y e l low i sh r ed ( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r i c ,g r ey ( 1 0YR 5 / 1 )e x t e r i o rs l ip ,r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 5 / 4 )i n te r io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : n o e xac t p a ra l le l i d en t if ied . R e la t ed t o A dam sheck 1 979 : 7 0 , p l . 1 8 .ER55 ( C laud ian t ot h i rd q ua r te ro ff i r s tc en tu ry ) ; Moev s 1 973 : 2 37 -38 , F o rm LXV I I I ,p l s .4 6 ,8 5 . O r ig in : I t a l ian? C h rono logy :C laud ian t ot h i rd q ua r t e ro ff i r s tc en t u ry? D 41 . J ug . F ragmen t w i th c omp le te r im , n eck , p a r t o f h and le a nd p a r to fs hou lde ra nd b ody ;h eavy r im f l a r e s o u twa rd o ni n te r io ra nd i ss ha rp ly u nde r cu to ne x t e r io r ; m ed ium t ot h ick c oa to fp i t ch o ni n te r io r .R im D 0 . 052 . F ine , s moo th ,r e dd i sh y elow ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic . C om p a r eD 29 ( Depo s i t2 ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eD 29 . O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : H elen is t ic t om id -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . D 42 . J ug .F ragmen to fc omp le t er im ,p a r to fn e ck a nd p a r t o ft wo h and le s .R im f l a r e so u twa rd a lmo s th o r izon ta l ly a nd i t ss h ape i sa ccen tua ted b y al owe r ,p ro jec t ing r i dge a tt h et o po ft h eh and le a t tachmen t ;p i t ch o nt o po fr im a nd i n s ide n eck .R im D 0 . 031 .F ine ,s moo th ,d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 4 / ) f a b r ic , l i gh t g r ey ( 5Y 7 / 1 ) i n te r io r a nd e x te r io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s :n op a rale li d en t if i ed a l though R i ley ( 1 979 : 3 89 ,f i g . 1 4 1 .1167 )h a s as e cond th i rd c en tu ry j u gt h a t m ay b e long t ot h eg ene ra lf o rm . Maza r( 1 971 : 3 2 ,f i g . 1 8 .21 )a l so h a s aj ug d a t ed t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t h a t b e long st ot h et y pe . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t o t h ird c en tu ry A .C .? D 43 . J ug . A lmo s tc omp le te ; g l obu la r b ody l a ck s b a se ; c i rcu la rr im w i th h ou rg la s se x t e r io rp rof i le a bove s l en d e r n eck w h ich f l a re s a tt r an s i t ion t ob ody . R im D 0 . 048 ;b ody D 0 . 16 1 .F ine g r i t ,l i gh tg r ey ( 10YR 7 / 2 ) 1 24

f a b r ic ,l i gh tg r ey ( 5Y 7 / 2 )e x t e r io rs l ip ,l i gh to l ive -g r ey ( 5Y 6 / 2 )i n te r io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : n o e xa c tp a ra l le l . H aye s ( 1 976b : 5 , p l . 3 .28 1) h a s av e s se l w i th h and le a ta ched t o r im , o t he rw i se ag ood p a ra l le l ,d a ted t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . L app 1 96 1 : 1 60 , T ype 2 1 .2 .C , w i th ad a t eo fp o s t -70 , h a s as phe r ica l u ppe r b ody , b u t t h e l owe r b ody i s c on ica l . T h i s may b e t h e s ame a so u rj ug . L app a nd L app ( 1 974 : 5 2 ,p l .2 8 .10 a nd p l .7 9a )h ave aj ug w i th amo r ed i s t inc tt o pt h a tb e long st o ad epo s i to fS econd R evo l tp o t te ry . R i ley ( 1979 : 3 83 ,f i g . 1 38 .1138 )h a sa s l imme re xamp le o ft h is " cand le s t ick n eck" i n al o ca l f a b r ic .H er e ga rd st h et y p ea st y p ica lo fj ug sa tO s t ia i n t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry t oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ,a nd h en o te st h er a re o ccu r r ence o ft h ef o rm a t S u t r i ( Duncan 1 965 : F o rm 3 7 ) . B e l t rän L lo r i s ( 1 978 : l am ina 6 4 .800 ) h a s t h e s ame u pp e r p a r t o f v e s se l . Meye r s( 1 976 :2 30 ,p l .7 . 22 .5 )h a s as im i la rt y pe w h ich h ed a t e s1 80 -284 .C o rbo 1 970 :3 4 ,f i g .4 . 1 ,T ipo A l0a , w h ich h ed a te s6 3B .C . -A .D . 1 35 ,h a s as l igh t ly d i f f e r e n tr im a nd mo re p rom inen tr i dg ing . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy :6 3B .C . t ot h i rd c en tu ry A .C . D 44 . J ug .F ragmen t so fc omp le t er im ,n eck a nd mo s to f h and le ;s e pa ra te f r agmen to fs phe r ica lb ody ;h eavy r im f l a r e so ni n te r io ra nd i ss l igh t ly u nde r cu to ne x t e r io r ; s ho r tn eck f l a r e sr a p id ly a tt r an s i t ion t ob ody a nd a l so a tr im ;s ome f i r eb l acken ing o ne x t e r io r .R im D 0 . 040 . F ine g r i t ,d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR 3 / 4 )f a b r ic ,y e l low i sh r e d ( 5YR 4/ 6) e x t e r io rs l ip ,d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 3 / 4 ) i n t e r io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : K ap lan ( 1 964 : 9 ,f i g . 3 . 6 )h a s aj ug i na c on t ex td a t ed 5 0 -67 .L app 1 96 1 : 1 62 -63 ,T ype 3 1 a r e g l obu la rj ug le t sw i th r ound b a se w h ich d a t ef r om 2 00 B .C . -A .D .6 8 .N one o fh i se xamp le sh ave o u rt y pe o f r im .L app a nd L app ( 1 974 : 5 2 ,p l .2 8 .4 ,p l .7 9 )h ave a j u gw i th h and le r i s ing a bove t o po fr im . Maz a r( 1 971 : 3 2 , f i g . 1 8 .20 )h a s ag ood p a ra l le lo ft h e s ame f a b r ic w h ich h ed a t e st ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . H aye s 1 976b : 5 9 , p l . 3 .319 , w i th s l igh t ly l e s s v e r t ica l r im , d a t ed s e cond t ot h i rd c en tu ry A .C . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t oA .D .6 8 . D 45 . J ug . Two u nconne c t ed f r a gmen t s : o ne w i th c om p l e t er im ,n eck ,a nd mo s to fs t rap h and le ;t h es e cond h a s p a r to fl owe rb ody w i th f l a t ,c i r cu la rb a se .C i r cu la rr im f l a r e so u twa rd ;b ody a pp ea r st oh ave b een b u lbou sw i th h and le a t ta ched t ob ody j u s t b e low t r an s i t ion f r om n eck ; b a se a n i regu la r c i rc le . R im D 0 . 027 ; b a se D 0 . 029 -0 .031 . V e ry f i ne g r i t , d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 4 / 1 ) f a b r ic ,w h i t e( 2 .5YR 4 /6 )s l ip . P a r a l le l s : Ma za r( 1 971 :3 2 ,f i g .1 8 .27 )h a s as im i la r j ug o fb uf fc l ay a nd s l ip d a t ed t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . R i ley ( 1 979 :3 86 ,f i g . 1 39 .1150 -51 )h a ss im i la rj ug si n l o ca lf a b r ic s ,w i th s l igh t ly h eav ie rr o l led r im st h a td a t e f r om t h es e cond th i rd c en tu ry . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy :f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . th i rd c en tu ry A .C .?

D epo s i t4 D 46 . J ug . Two f r agmen t so fs ame f a b r ic a nd c o lou rw h ich m ay b e long t ot h e s ame j ug : o ne w i th c omp le t e r im , s t r ap h and le a nd mo s to fn eck ; t h es e cond h a sp a r to f l owe rr i bbed b ody a nd c i r cu la rb a se . H eavy r im h a s s l igh tc oncave i n te r io rp rof i le a nd i sd i s t inc t ly s e to f f f r om n eck ;l owe rb ody b u lbou s .R im D 0 . 025 ;b a se D 0 . 037 -0 .039 . V e ry f i ne g r i t ,g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 5 / )f a b r ic , g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 6 / )e x t e r io rs l ip ,l i gh tg r ey ( 7 .5YR N 5 ) i n te r io rs l ip . P a ra l le l s : L app 1 96 1 : 1 62 , T ype 3 1 .1 .B , w h ich d a te sf r om 1 75 -100 B .C . ,i sc ommon i nP a le s t ine .T he p a ra l le ll a ck s ab a se b u ti sg roup ed a mong t h ej ug sw i th r ounded b a se .D uncan ( 1 930 :p l .5 6 .R3 a nd p l .6 8 .G4 ) a l so h a sj ug s w i th r ounded b a se s o fH elen i s t ic d a t e w h ich a r ev e ry s im i la rt ot h eu pp e rf r agmen to fo u rj ug . S aue r( 1 973 : 1 9 , f i g . 1 . 24 ) h a s aj ug w i th d a te o f6 3 B .C . -A .D . 1 35 . D o than ( 1 971 : 5 7 , f i g . 1 7 .11 ,12 , a nd 1 4 )h a s as e r ie so fj ugs w h ich d a t ef r om t h eH elen i s t ic p e r iod t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . H aye s 1 976b : 5 9 , p l . 3 3 .319 , af l agon o f t h in , h a rd , b r i ck r e d f a b r ic w i th r ounded b a se ,d a ted s e cond t ot h i rd c en tu ry A .C . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : 1 75 B .C .t of i r s tt h i rd o ff i r s tc en tu ry A .C . B a s e( F ig 4 6 ) . D 47 . B a se .F ragmen to fp a r to fb a se a nd b ody .C i rcu la r , f l a tb a se h a st wo c oncen t r ic g r oove so nb o t tom ;b ody a ppea r s t oh ave b een b u lbou s . B a se D 0 . 076 . F ine , s moo th ,r edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 ) t op i nk i sh g r ey ( 7 .5YR 6 / 2 ) s l ip o n i n t e r io ra nd e x te r io r . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined .

f a b r ic ;u neven r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 3 :3 ;C row foo t1 957 : f o rm 2 4 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 :f o rm 2 4 ,c up w i th v er t ica l r im ,f l ange a tb a se . P a ra l le l s ; G unneweg 1 983 : 1 01 ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 38 -39 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG146 . C up . B roken ; p a r t o fr im a nd w a l l e x tan t ; r im d eco ra ted w i th r ou le t t ing a nd h o r izon ta lg roove s .R im Dc a .0 . 028 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;v e ry w o rn r e d( 2 .5YR 4 /6 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 : ETS 1 23 :3 ;C rowfoo t1 957 : f o rm 2 4 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 :f o rm 2 4 ;c up w i th v e r t ica l r im ,f l ange a tb a se . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 37 -39 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 1 72 -80 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry . RG147 . B ow l o rc up . B roken ; p a r to fw a l l e x tan t ; t h in w a r ew i th " s andy" e x t e r io rs u r f ace . V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; u neven r e d ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) s l ip . N o i l u s t ra t ion . F o rm :b ow lo rc up . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed ;E TS I ? O r ig in :L evan t ? C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . RG148 . B ow l . B roken ; c omp le t e b a se , p a r to fw a l l e x t a n t .B a se D0 . 055 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 )f a b r i c ; v e ry d a rk b rown ( 10YR 2 / 2 )t oy e l low i sh r ed ( 5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm : C rowfoo t 1 957 : f o rm 1 6 o r 1 7 v a r ian t ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 6 o r 1 7 v a r ian t ; G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 1 :4 v a r ian t ;b ow l . P a ra l le l s : C row foo t 1 957 : 32 -35 ( n one e xa c t ) ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 13 -17 ;G unneweg 1 983 :9 6 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

F ine Ware s . [ S .E .S . ] E a s tern T er ra S i g i l la ta IWar e( F ig s .4 6 -47 ) . RG143 . C up .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l lp r e se rved .R im D0 . 137 . G r ey i sh b rown ( 10YR 5 / 2 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 3 :3 o rE TS 1 2 4 :3 ; C row f oo t 1 957 : f o rm 2 4 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 2 4 ; c up o rb ow lw i th v e r t ica lr im , f l ange a tb a se . P a ra l le l s :c f .G unneweg 1 983 : 1 0 1 , 1 03 ;C row foo t 1 957 : 3 37 -39 ;C h r i s t ens en 1 971 : 1 72 -80 . O r ig in :i fE TS I ,L evan t ;i fE TS I ,e a s t e rn Med i te r r a nean ( Cyp ru so rA s ia M ino r ? ) . C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry .

RG149 . B ow l . B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D0 . 163 .P a le b rown ( 10YR 6 / 3 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o r f o rm , p a ra l le l s , a nd p rovenance , s e e RG25 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG144 . C up . B roken ; p a r t o f r im a nd c a r ina ted w a l l e x tan t .L owe rs e c t ion o fr im ( t op o fr im l o s t )r ou le t t ed . R im D 0 . 112 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 /8 )t ol i gh tr ed ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o r f o rm , p a ra l le l s , a nd p rovenance s e e RG13 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : A ugu s tan t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

RG150 . S ha l low b ow l . N ea r ly c omp le te ; r im m i s s ing . B a se D 0 . 056 . L igh t y e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 6 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy d u sky r e d( 2 .5YR 3 / 2 ) t ol i gh tr e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 6 / 4 ) s l ip . F o rm : s ha l low b ow l . P a ra l le l s :c f .R o s se r 1 985 : 9 6( H3 ) ;E TS I ? O r ig in :L evan t? C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic .

RG145 . C up . B roken ;p a r to fb a se ,w a l l ,a nd r im e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 046 . L igh t y e l low i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 6 / 4 )

RG151 . P l a t e / sha l low b ow l . B roken ; c omp le te p ro f i le . R im D 0 . 188 ;b a se D 0 . 10 1 ; H0 .048 .V e ry p a le b rown 1 25

C hap t er I V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s RG156 . D i sh .B roken ;c omp le te p rof i le ; me ta ll i cs h e en o na nd j u s tb enea th r im o ne x te r io r .R im D 0 . 188 ;b a se D0 . 127 ; H0 . 031 .L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )t or ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l lw h i t ei n c lu s ion s ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 4 :4 ;H aye s1 967b : f o rm 1 0 ;d i sh w i th l ow c u rved w a l la nd r oled r im . P a r a l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 6 2 -63 ,T ERRA 2s im i l a r ,p .1 03 ;H aye s 1 967b :7 1 -72 ;C row foo t1 957 : 3 43 , f i g . 8 3 :15 ( p . 3 45 )s im i la r . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r r anean ( Cyp ru so rA s ia M i n o r ? ) . C h rono logy :s e cond h a l ff i r s t -f i r s th a l fs econd c en t u ry .

( 10YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic ; u neven r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 ) s l ip w i th f i nge rm a rk s . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : f o rm 1 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 : f o rm 1 ;G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 1 :3c ;p l a te o rs ha l low b ow lw i th i n cu rved r im a nd r i ng b a se . P a ra l le l s :C row foo t1 957 :3 12 -14 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 97 1 : 5 7 -76 ;G unneweg 1 983 : 9 6 ; C ox 1 949 : G roup I ,n o s . 3 9 -42 ;F i t zge ra ld 1 931 :p l a t e XXX IV ,n o s .2 8 -31 ;C o l t 1 962 : 2 82 ,p l a te XL I I I A1 10 , B1 4 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG152 . P la t e .B roken ;p a r to fr a i sed r i ng b a se a nd w a l l e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 120 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )t or e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o r f o rm , p a ra l le l s , a nd p rovenance s e e RG34 ( u n s t ra t if i ed ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy :s e cond h a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry B. C .t of i r s t h a lf o ff i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

C ypr io tW ar e( F ig .4 7 ) . RG157 . D i sh .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t ;f a in t t r a ce so fr o u le t t ing j u s tb e low r im ;g r a f f i to M i n c i sed o n r im . R im D 0 . 182 . L igh tr e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic w i th o c ca s iona lw h i te i n c lus ion s ;r ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) s l ip . F o r f o rm , p a ra l le l s , a nd p e rhap s p rovenance , s e e RG47 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : C yp r u s . C h rono logy :c a .5 80 /600 t oe nd o fs e ven th c en tu r y .

RG153 . P i t che r . B roken ; p a r t o f b a se a nd b ody w a l l e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 072 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 2 :3 ;C row f oo t1 957 : f o rm 2 5 o r2 6 ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : f o rm 2 5 o r2 6 ;j ug w i th l o ng n eck ,o ne h and le ,l ow r i ng b a se ,o rj ug w i th s ho r tn eck ,c ola red r im ,p robab ly w i th l i p . P a ra l le l s :G unneweg 1 983 : 9 8 -99 ;J one s 1 950 :n o . 5 47 s im i la rf o rm . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

K n id ian W ar e ?( F ig .4 7 ) RG158 . C up . B rok en ; p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t ; t h in w a r e w i th " s andy" e x t e r io r s u r f ac e . R im D 0 . 080 . B rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 3 ) f a b r ic w i th s ma l l w h i te a nd d a rk i n c lu s ion s ;d u sky r e d( 2 .5YR 3 / 2 )s l ip . F o rm : Moev s 1 973 : XLV I I ;c up . P a ra l le l s : Moev s 1 973 :n o . 3 07 ( s im i la r ) .K n id ian? O r ig in : K n ido s? C h rono logy : T ibe r ian /C laud ian t oc a .7 5 .

RG154 . P i tche r . B roken ; p a r t s o f b a se a nd r ou le t ted b ody w a l le x tan t .B a se D 0 . 10 .D a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 4 ) f a b r ic ( p robab ly m i sf i r ed p a le b rown ) ;p a tchy y e l low i s hr e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 2 :3 ;C row foo t1 957 : f o rm 2 5 o r2 6 ; C h r i s t ens en 1 971 : f o rm 2 5 o r2 6 ;j ug w i th l o ng n eck ,o ne h and le ,l ow r i ng b a se ,o rj ug w i th s ho r tn eck ,c ola red r im ,p robab ly w i th l i p .B ody d eco r a ted w i th r ou le t t ing . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 5 0 -51 ,J ERS 11 -112 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 3 40 a nd f i g . 8 2 :1 -2 a nd p .3 42 f o r r ou le t t ing ;C o l t1 962 :2 85 a nd p l . XLV ,n o . 1 5s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

W ar e sf r om T ar sus , K o s , K n idos , R h ine land , N or th I t a ly , o rS pa in ( F ig .4 7 ) . RG159 . B ow l . B roken ; p a r t o fr im a nd c a r ina ted w a l l e x tan t ;v e ry t h in w a re .P i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy b r own -d a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 / 4 )t or e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )s l ip .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rm : Mo ev s1 973 : XL I Io r XL I Ib i s ; 1o r2 -hand led c up ,w i th p l a in r im ,c u rv ing w a l l ,f l a tb a se . F o rp a ra l le l ss e e RG52 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : e a s t e r n ( Ta r su s , K o s , K n ido s ) o r w e s te rn ( Rh ine land ,N o r th I t a ly ,S pa in ) Med i te r r anean . C h rono logy : 2 0 -50 o r4 0 -70 . RG160 . B ow l . B roken ; b a se a nd p a r t o fr im a nd w a l l e x tan t ;" s andy" e x te r io ro nu ppe rp a r to fb ow l .R im D 0 . 092 ;b a se D 0 . 039 ; H0 . 052 .N o Mun se l la va i lab le . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG52 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : E a s ter n( T a r su s , K o s , K n ido s ) o r We s t er n ( Rh ine land ,N o r th I t a ly , S pa in ) Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : 2 0 -50 o r4 0 -70 A .D .

E a s tern T er ra S i g i l la ta I War e( F ig .4 7 ) . RG155 . B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w al e x tan t .R im D0 . 125 .L igh tr ed ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 4 :2 ;b ow lw i th o u t f o lded r im . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 02 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 3 43 , f i g . 8 3 :10 ,a nd p .3 44 s im i la r ; H aye s 1 977 : 1 04 , f i g . 3 : 22A s im i la r ,c f . 1 05 ,f i g .4 : 22B . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( Cyp ru so rA s ia M i n o r? ) . C h rono logy :c a .5 0B .C . -50 A .C .

RG161 . B ow l . B roken ; p a r t o fr im a nd c a r ina ted w a l l e x tan t ;v e ry t h in w a re .P ink i sh g r ey ( 7 .5YR 7 / 2 )f a b r ic w i th l i gh tg r ey ( 7 .5YR N 7 / )c o re ;u ppe rp a r to fv e s s e l s l ipp ed v e ry d usky r e d( 2 .5YR 2 / 2 ) ,l owe rp a r tu n s l ippe c l .

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I V .E :D epo s i t4 P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 973 :4 31 ,n o s .6 6 -67 . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy :c a . 1 0B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG52 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : E a s ter n( Ta r su s , K o s , K n ido s )o r We s t e rn ( Rh ine land ,N o r th I t a ly ,S pa in ) Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : 2 0 -50 o r4 0 -70 A .D .

RG167 . B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D0 . 163 . L igh t r e d ( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic , w i th s ma l l , s c a t te r ed , l i gh t -co lo r ed i n c lu s ion s ; r e d ( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 973 : f o rm 1 s im i la r ; L oes chck e 1 909a : t y p e 3s im i la r ; H awke s 1 947 : S 6a nd s u cce s s o r s . P a ra l le l s :H aye s 1 973 : n o .2 9f o rr im . O r ig in :I t a ly . C h rono logy :c a . 1 0B .C . -A .C .2 0 /30 .

A f r ican R ed S l ip War e( F ig .4 7 ) . RG162 . P l a te .B roken ;p a r t so fr im ,w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t . R im D 0 . 245 ; b a se D 0 . 20 ; H0 . 034 . N o Mun s e l l a va i lab le . F o rm : v a r ian to fH aye s 1 972 : f o rm 4 9? P a r a l le l s : H aye s 1 972 :6 7 -69 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy : c a . 2 30 /240 -300 ( w i th v a r ian t s c on t i nu ing l a t e r ) .

RG168 . P l a t e . B roken ;c omp le te b a se a nd p a r to fb ody w a l le x tan t .B a se D 0 . 078 .L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ; r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip .S t amp i np lan ta p ed i s :A .M .0 =A . M (anne iu s? )C ro c ( . . . ) , f r om A rezzo .P l . 2 4 . F o rm : s im i la r t o L oe schcke 1 909a : f o rm l a ; D ragendo r f f : f o rm 1 ;p l a te . P a ra l le l s : ( f o rs t amp )O x6 -Com fo r t 1 968 : n o .9 09 1 ( H .C omf o r t ,p r iva te c ommun ica t ion ,3 1 / 10 /85 ) . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry .

RG163 . D i sh . B roken ; p a r to fr un a nd w a l le x tan t ; w a l l d eco ra t ed w i th v e r t ica l s l a sh m a rk s . R im D 0 . 327 . L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :H aye s1 972 :f o rm 5 9A ;l a rge ,f l a t -bo t tomed d i sh w i th b road h o r i zon ta l r im ; v e r t ica l g oug ing o n e x t e r io ro fw a l l . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 : 9 6 100 ; B aga t t i 1 969 : f i g . 2 27 ,n o . 1 4s im i la r . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a . 3 20 -380 /400 .

W ar e so fU nknown P rovenance ( F ig .4 8 ) . RG169 . C up /bow l . B roken ; b a se a nd p a r to fc a r ina t ed w a l l e x tan t . L owe rp o r t ion o fw a l l r ou le t ted . B a se D 0 . 045 .N o Muns e l la va i lab le . F o rm :c up o rb ow l . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

A r r e t ine W ar e( F ig .4 7 ) . RG164 . P l a t e .B roken ;c omp le te b a se ,p a r to fw a l le x tan t . B a se D 0 . 085 .L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip .S t amp i np lan ta p ed i s : CN .AT .AR ( AT a nd AR l i ga tu r ed ) =C n .A t (e i )A r ( re t in i ) ,f r om A r ezzo .P l .2 4 . F o rm : s im i la r t o L oe schcke 1 909a : f o rm l a ; D ragendo r f f : f o rm 1 ;p l a te . P a ra l le l s : ( f o r s t amp ) O xe -Comfor t 1 968 : n o . 1 46 .4 .12 .19 ( i ng ene ra ln o s .1 44 -86 ) ;C om fo r t1 962 :5 2 5 ;G oud ineau 1 968 :4 2 ;E t tl inge r1 962 :2 7 -44 ;R e ina ch 1 911 :8 2 ,n .1 ;B o t t i1 898 :1 0 ,n o .1 6 ;c f .P ra chne r1 980 : 2 6 -36 ; G reene 1 986 : 1 60 . C n . A t e iu s o wned p ro l i f ic w o rk shop si nb o th I t a ly a nd G au l . O r ig in : I t a ly ( A rezzo ) . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry . I t a l ian T erra S i g i l la ta War e ( n on -Ar r e t ine ) ( F igs . 4 7 -48 ) . RG165 . B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fr im e x tan t ,d eco ra t ed w i th " spe c ta c le s p i ra l ." R im D0 . 164 .R ed f a b r ic ;n o Mun se l l a va i lab le . F o rm : H aye s 1 973 : f o rm 6 ;D ragendo r f ff o rm 4 ; b ow l . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 973 :4 27 ,n o . 1 8 ; H awke s 1 947 : S 7 . O r ig in : I t a ly . C h rono logy : c a . 1 0B .C . -ea r ly f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG166 . B ow lo rc up .B roken ;p a r to fc a r ina ted w al . Da t s hou ld e r0 . 099 .P ink ( 5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm :H aye s1 973 :f o rm 2 2 ;G oud ineau 1 968 :t y p e 4 1b ;c f .H awke s 1 947 : f o rm S 17 .

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RG170 . B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fw a l lw i th b a rbo t ine d eco r a t ion ,i n c i sed l i ne s ,a nd r ou le t t ing e x tan t .B rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 2 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy y elow i sh r ed ( 5YR 5 / 8 ) s l ip . N o i l u s t ra t ion . F o rm : P o s s ib ly J one s 1 950 : 2 58 ; b a rbo t ine w a r e s kypho so rc up . P a ra l le l s :J one s 1 950 :n o s .6 05 -14 . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : f i r s to rs e cond c en tu ry . RG171 . P l a t e .B roken ;p a r to fb a se a nd w a l le x tan t .B a s e D0 . 22 . P ink ( 5YR 7 / 3 ) f a b r ic ; d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 3 / 4 )t ol i gh tr ed ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm a nd p a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde te rm ined . L amp s( F ig s .4 8 -49 ,p l .2 4 ) . [ S .E .S . ] L 29 . I t a l ian ( ? )l amp .B roken ,i n comp le te ;p a r t so fd i s cu s a nd f i l lh o le s e x tan t . MPL 0 . 037 ; MP W 0 . 0 18 . G r ey ( 2 .5YR N6 / )f a b r ic ;p a t chy r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip .D i s cu s d eco ra t ed w i th H e r cu le s s t and ing r i gh t , w ea r ing l i on s k in ; l e f t a rm e x t ended d ownwa rd , r i gh t a rm r a i sed b eh ind h ead ;t wo f i l lh o le st or i gh ta nd a bove .P robab ly H e r cu le si nt h eG a rden o fH e spe r ide sh o ld ing c l ub i n

C hap t er I V : C lo sed D epo s i t s r i gh th and ,a bou tt ob l udgeon s e rpen to rH yd ra h e ld i n l e f th and .P l .2 4 . T ype :c anno tb ed e te rm ined ;p o s s ib ly I t a l ian . P a ra l le l s : L oe schcke 1 9 19 : n o . 7 1 ; P on s ich 1 96 1 : n o . 4 1 ( f o rm I B1 , f r om S a la ) ; F a rka 1 977 : n o . 7 18 s im i la r( Augu s tan -ea r ly T ib e r ian ) ; Wa l te r s 1 9 14 :n o s . 6 55 , 1 377 ; B a i ley 1 980 : Q 1066 s im i la r ( t yp eE ,f i r s t c en tu ry , made i nI t a ly ) ,Q 856 s im i la r[ w i thou th and le , L oe schcke 1 919 : t y pe I V , T ib e r ian -ea r ly T ra jan ic , B a i ley 1 980 : t y pe B i i , f r om P u t eo l i ( ? ) ] ; Men ze l & E lgav i sh 1 961 : p .7 11 , f i g . 8 6 1 ;D eneauve 1 969 :n o s . 4 11 4 12 s im i la r . O r ig in : I t a ly? C h rono logy : A ugu s tan t os e cond c en tu ry .

u nd eco ra ted w i th a c c iden ta lr a i s ed d o ta nd f i lh o le i n c en t r e ;d i scu s s e pa ra ted f r om r im b yr a i sed b and ;r im d eco ra ted w i th 2r ow so fr a ised d o t s ;p i e rced h and le ; s imp le n ozz le ;b ody w a l l sc u rv et of l a t ,s l igh t ly r a i sed b as e . T yp e : B ronee r 1 930 : t y pe XXV ; P on s i ch 1 96 1 : f o rm I IB1 o rI IC ;B a i ley 1 980 : t y p eR . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 980a : n o . 2 80 s im i la r ( b u t 4 5 r ow so fd o t so nr im ,N o r th A f r ican ,t h i rd t oe a r ly f o u r th c en t u ry ) ;H aye s1 980a :n o .1 49 s im i la r( 4r ow so fd o t s o n r im , I t a l ian , t h i rd c en tu ry o r s l igh t ly e a r l ie r ? ) ; R o sen tha l 1 978 : n o . 3 89 s im i la r( h ea r t shaped n o zz le a nd 3r ow so fd o t s , f r om G e ra sa , t h i rd t of ou r th c en t u ry? ) ;D eneauve 1 969 :n o s .9 98 -1002 ( 2r ow so fd o t s o n r im , b u t u np ie rced h and le , d i f f e ren t f a b r ic ) ; S zen t l6 leky 1 969 :n o . 1 46a s im i la r( 3r ow so fd o t so n r im ) ;S id ebo tham 1 978 :n o .7 1 s im i la r( 2r ow so fd o t s , b u t u np ie r ced h and le ? ,p u r cha sed a tH ippo ) ; H e r e s 1 972 :n o .3 09 s im i la r( 3r ow so fd o t so nr im ,s e cond h a l f f i r s tt of i r s th a l fs e cond c en tu ry ) ;H e r e s 1 972 :n o .4 23 s im i la r ( h ea r t s hap ed n ozz le , l a te 1 s te a r ly 3 r d c en t u ry ) ; Ma r sa 1 973 :n o s .1 30 -131 s im i la r( 3r ow so fd o t s o nr im ,h ea r t shaped n ozz le s ,l a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) ; Wa ldhaue r1 9 14 ;n o .3 0 1s im i la r( h ea r ts h ap ed n oz z l e , 3r ow so fd o t so nr im ) ;P on s ich 1 96 1 :n o s .2 10 s im i la r ,3 27 s im i la r( 3r ow so fd o t so nr im ,h ea r ts h aped n o zz le ) ,3 41 s im i la r( h ea r ts haped n o zz le ) ;B a i ley 1 980 : n o s . Q 1423 -1425 s im i la r ( 3 -4 r ow s o f d o t s o n r im , m ade i nI t a ly ) . O r ig in : I t a ly o rN o r th A f r ica . C h rono logy : f i r s t th i rd c en tu ry .

L 30 . I t a l ian ( ? ) v o lu t e l amp . B roken , n ea r ly c omp le t e ; p a r t so fn o zz le m i s s ing . MPL 0 . 181 ;W 0 . 082 ; H0 . 067 . G r ey ( 7 .5YR N 5 / )f a b r ic ;v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 3 / ) p a t chy s l ip .D i scu sd eco ra ted w i th w avy p e ta lp a t t e rn ( 5 1 p e ta l s ) ; f i l l h o le i nc en t r e ; d i s cu s s epa ra ted f r om n a r row , u ndeco ra ted r im b y 2r i dge s a nd 3g roove s ; p i e rced r i ng b and le w i th t r i angu la rr ef l ec to rd eco ra ted w i th l e a f mo t i f ;l o ng d oub le -vo lu te n ozz le ,e v idence o f b u rn ing a tw ick h o le ;b ody w a l l sc u r ve t or i ng f o o t . T ype :B ronee r1 930 :t y pe XX I ;B a i ley 1 980 :t y pe D i vo rDv i i . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 980a : n o . 2 14 s im i la r ( l a te f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . -ea r ly f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . ) ; B a i ley 1 965 : n o s . 9 1 -92 ( Cyp r io t c op ie s o f I t a l ian p ro to type s ) ; D eneauve 1 969 : n o . 5 60 ( h and le f r agmen t ) s im i la r ; F a rka 1 977 :n o .6 16 s im i la ra nd n o .2 45 s im i la rd i scu s d eco ra t ion ; S idebo tham 1 982 : n o . 1 s im i la r h and le d eco ra t ion : Wa ldhaue r 1 9 14 : n o . 2 0 3 s im i la rn ozz le , v o lu te sa nd r e f lec to rh and le ( f rom S ou th R u s s ia ) ;B a i l e y 1 980 : Q 1023 s im i la r h and le d eco ra t ion ( l a t e A ugu s tan -F lav ian )a nd Q 10 44 f o rs im i la rh and le d e co r a t ion ( Augu s tan -T r a jan ic ) (bo th made i nI t a ly ) . O r ig in : I t a ly? C h rono logy : A ugu s tan t of i r s tc en tu ry .

L 33 . C o r in th ian o ri m i ta t ion o fC o r in th ian l amp .B roken , i n comp le t e ;h and le ,p a r t so fr im ,d i s cu s ,b ody w a l l sa nd b a se e x tan t . MPL 0 . 064 ; MP W 0 . 066 ; H0 . 044 . V e ry d a rk g r ey ( 2 .5YR N 3 / )f a b r ic ;v e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 7 / 4 )s l ip .D is cu sd eco ra ted w i th p e ta l s ;d i scu sd ef ined f r om r im b yr a i sed b and ; r im d eco ra ted w i th h e r r ing b one p a t t e rn b roken b y r e c tangu la rb ox ( b rok en a nd p a r t ia l ly m i s s ing ) ;c omp le te p i e r ced h and le d eco ra ted w i th 2g r oove s ; b ody w a l l s s l ope t ob a se ; b a s e s e pa r a t ed f r om b ody w a l l sb y 2g roove s .P l .2 4 . F o rt y p ea nd p a ra l le l ss e eL 9 . O r ig in : A egean ( Co r in th? ) . C h rono logy : m id th i rd c en tu ry .

L 31 . P a le s t in ian l amp .B roken ,n ea r ly c omp l e te ;p a r to f h and le m i ss ing . MPL 0 . 088 ;W0 . 06 ; MPH 0 . 032 .L igh t g r ey t o g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 6 / ) f a b r ic ; p a t chy d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 4 / ) t ol i gh tg r ey ( 2 .5 YR N 7 / )m e ta ll ic s l ip . U ndeco ra t ed d i s cu s w i th l a rge f i l l h o le ; d i scu s s e pa r a t ed f r om r im b yr i dge ;r im d eco ra ted w i th l e av e sa nd b e r r ie s o r a co rn s , 2r o se t te s b e tween n ozz le a nd f i l l h o le ; v o lu te n ozz le w i th w ick h o le ; p i e r ced h and le ; b ody w a l l s c u rve t or i ng b a se ;f l eur -d e l i sp a t te rn o n u nde r s id eo fn ozz le n ea rb a se . T ype :L app 1 961 : t y pe 8 2 .2 ( d eco ra t ed ) . P a ra l le l s : R o sen tha l 1 978 : n o s . 35 -339 , 3 43 -345 s im i la r ;N egev 1 974 :p l . 1 7 :86 s im i la r . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s t second c en tu ry .

L 34 . L amp . B roken , i n comp le t e ; p a r t s o f d i scu s , r im , n ozz le , b ody w a l l s a nd r i ng f oo te x tan t . MPL 0 . 087 ; MP W 0 . 048 ; MPH 0 . 029 . G rey ( 2 .5YR N 5 / ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy r e dd i sh b rown ( 5YR 4 /4 )t od a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 3 / 2 ) s l ip ( m i sf i r ed ) . D i scu sd eco ra t ed , b u td eco ra t ion f a in t a nd i nde term ina te ; d i scus s epa ra ted f r om u ndeco ra t ed r im b y 1d e ep g roove ;v o lu t en ozz le ;b ody w a l l sc u r ve t or i ng f o o t .P l .2 4 . T yp e :p o s s ib ly D eneauve 1 969 : R oman t y p eI Vo r V( vo lu te n ozz le ) ; B ronee r 1 930 : C o r in th t y p e XX I , XX I Io r XX I I I . P a ra l le l s ; S ee T ype . O r ig in : A egean? C h rono logy : A ugu s tan t of i r s tc en tu ry .

L 32 . I t a l ian o rN o r th A f r ican l amp .B roken ,n ea r ly c om p l e te ;p a r to fh and le m i s s ing . L0 . 112 ;W0 . 082 ; MPH 0 . 039 . L igh t g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 6 / ) t og r ey ( 7 .5YR N 5 / ) f a b r ic ;p a tchy g r ey i sh -b rown ( 1 0YR 5 / 2 )s l ip .D i scu s

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WE :D epo s i t4 L 35 . L amp . B rok en , i n comp le te ;p a r t so fv o lu te n ozz le , b ody w a l l ,a nd b a se e x tan t . MPL 0 . 077 ; MPW 0 . 040 ; MPH 0 . 027 .L igh tb rown i sh g r ey ( 2 .5Y 6 / 2 )f a b r ic ;r e d ( 2 .5YR 4/ 6) m i sf i red s l ip .D i scu sa nd r im l o s t ;v o lu t e n ozz le ;b ody w a l lc u rve st ob a se s e pa r a t ed f r om b ody w a l l b y g roove ; s i ng le , p a r t ia l ly i mp r e s sed c i rc le o n e dge o fb a se . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l ss e eL 34 . O r ig in : A egean? C h rono logy : A ugu s tan t of i r s tc en tu ry . L 36 . I t a l ian ( ? )l amp .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;p a r t so fd i scu s a nd f i l lh o le e x tan t . MPL 0 . 039 ; MPW 0 . 058 . B rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4/ 6)s l ip .D i scu sf r ag m en t c a r r ie s D iony s ia c s c ene : an aked m a le w a lk s h o ld ing ak an tha ro si nh i sr i gh th and a nd at h yr so si nh i s l e f t ;b r oken a i rh o le t ob o t tom r i gh t ;r im l o s t . T ype : u nknown . P a ra l le l s : B ran t s 1 913 : n o . 2 69 s im i la r ( t ype I X ) ; L e ibundgu t1 977 :n o .1 02 s im i la r( Augu s tan -T ibe r ian ) . O r ig in : I t a ly? C h rono logy :T ibe r ian t os e cond c en tu ry . M i sce l laneou s T er raco t ta s . [ J .P .O . , R .L .V . 1 TC5 . V au l t ing t u be . C omp le te . H0 . 12 ; D0 . 04 . R ough , s a ndy ,w h i t e( 10YR 8 / 1 )f a b r ic .F ig .4 9 . R ough ly c yl ind r ica l t u be w i th e x t e r io r s p i ra l ly r i dged . O ne e nd i so pen , t h eo t he rc l o s e s t o ah o l low , c on ica l n i pp le s epa ra ted f r om t h e s t ra igh t s i de s b y a s ha rp r i dge . H o l low t u be so ft h i st y pe w e r eu s ed t oc on s t r uc tt h e l owe rs u r fa ce so fv au l t sa nd d ome s .T he c l o sed e nd o f at u b e w a s g ene rou s ly s mea red w i th mo r ta r a nd i n s e r ted i n to t h e o p en e nd o f a n a d ja cen t t u be , t h u s b u i ld ing u pr i ng so ft u b ing i ni n d iv idua la r che s .V au l t s , c r o s sv au l t s ,a nd d ome sc ou ld s uppo r ts pan so fu pt o1 0 mo nl a ye r so fv au l t ing t u b e st h a ts e r ved a s at empo ra ry f o rmwo rk d u r ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion p r oce s s .H eavy l o ad s m igh tr e qu i r e mo re t h an o ne l a ye ro ft u b ing .A f t e rt h e v au l tw a si np l ace ,t h i sl a ye ro ft u b ing w ou ld b ec ove r ed b ya no the rl a ye ro f af i ne rp l a s te rt h a tw a sp a in t ed a nd b ecame t h ef i na ls u r f a ce .V au l t ing t u be sa r ec ommon i n B yzan t in eN o r th A f r ica ,w he re t h et e chn ique s e em st o h ave o r ig ina ted , b u t t h ey a r e f o und e l sewhe r e t o o , n o tab ly i nS i c i ly a nd c en t ra la nd n o r the rn I t a ly . F o ra f u l l b i b l iog raphy a nd d i scu s s ion , s e e A r s lan 1 965 , Wh i t ehou se 1 988 ,B ound 1 987 ,a nd n ow W i l son 1 992 . S to rz 1 993 a ppea red t o o l a te f o r u s t o c onsu l t . Wh i tehou se r e po r t st h a tt h eo n ly o ccu r r ence o fR oman o rB yzan t ine v au l t ing t u be so ft h i s t y pe h ek now s o f o u t s ide t h ew e s t e rn Med i t e r ranean i si nt h eC hu rch o f t h eN a t iv i ty a tN a7a r e th ,b u tW i l son a dd sD u ra E u ropo s . T he f i nd s a tC a e sa r ea b o th p rov ide a no the r e a s te rn f i nd spo t a nd s ugge s t t h e r o u t e b y w h ich t h e t u be s m igh th ave e n te red P a le s t ine . S omewha tl e s sa ngu la r v au l t ing t u be sw e re f o und a tP e l la o ft h eD ecapo l i s ,i n a s soc ia t ion w i th ab a th s t ruc tu re ( R . Sm i th e ta l . 1 989 : 1 3 ,1 0 1 -2 ,f i g .1 3 ) .P a rke r( 1 992a )l i s t s" vau l t ing t u b e s " a sp a r to ft h ef i nd sf r om as u rp r i s ing n i ne w r eck sa r ound t h e Med i te r ranean ( a l l i nt h e w e s t ) , b u t h e d o e s n o t

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d e sc r ibe t h em : w re ck n o s .6 ,1 76 , 2 20 , 3 75 ,3 87 , 3 98 , 5 88 ,6 82 ,9 25 . T he f e a tu re w a st a ken u pb yI s lam ic e ng inee r s ,a nd s im i la rt e r raco t ta t u b ing a ppea r si nt h eh o tr oom so ft h e e a r ly Umayyad p a lac ea tK h i rba te lMa f ja rj u s tn o r th o f J e r icho .I nd iv idua lp i ece ss e to ne i n to t h eo t he rc ove red t h ee n t i r ew a l ls u r f ace a bove t h ef l oo r ,b u t ,u n l ike t h o se s e en i nN o r th A f r ica ,w e r ep e r fo ra ted o no ppo s i te s i de s w i th t wo h o le s . H am i l ton a nd G raba r s ugge s t t h e se o pen ing sf a c i l i ta ted h o r izon ta lc i r cu la t ion o ft h ea i r . T he v au l t ing t u be ss of a rd a ted r a nge f r om t h em id f ou r th t ot h ee a r ly s even th c en tu r ie s( Wh i tehou se 1 988 ; c f . Sm i th 1 989 :1 3 ) ,b u tt h es ugge s t ion b yA l len ( 1 974 ) t h a ts im i la rt u be s f o und a t Mo rgan t ina b e long t ot h e t h i rd c en tu ry B .C .w il m ak ei tn ece s sa ry t or e -exam ine t h e e v idence . T he l a te e xamp le s f r om t h e w e s t e rn Med i te r r anean i l u s t ra ted i nB ound 1 987 a r ev i r tua l ly i d en t ica lt ot h eC aesa rea t u be . P a ra l le l s : A l len 1 974 : 3 76 , f i g . 1 3 , p l . 7 5 ; B ound 1 987 ;C r ema 1 952 :7 ;H am i l ton & G raba r1 959 : 5-60 , p l s .I X -X I ;L 6z ine 1 954 : 1 68 -81 ; Ol iv ie r &S t o r z1 983 : 17 f . ;R akob 1 982 : 1 07 115 ;R omane l l i1 970 :5 7f . , T a f . 3 4 a b ; S t o r z 1 984 : 8 9 -105 ; S to r z 1 993 ; V ann 1 989 : 2 42 ; Wh i t ehou se 1 988 . O r ig in : N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . B ib l iog raphy : V ann 1 993 . C h rono logy : f i f th -s ix th c en tu ry . TC6 . V au l t ing t u b e .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;l owe rp o r t ion o f n i pp le l o s t . MPL 0 . 12 ; D0 . 044 .F ig .4 9 . R ough ly c y l ind r ica lv au l t ing t u be w i th s p i ra l ly r i dged w a l l s ,m ade o f ar o ugh ,s a ndy ,r edd i sh -ye l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic .F o rf u nc t ion a nd p a ra l le l ss e e TC5 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . B ib l iog raphy : V ann 1 993 . C h rono logy : f i f th o rs i x th c en tu ry .

I V .E .3 : C a ta l ogue o fN on -C e ram ic F ind s . Me ta l . [ J .P .0 . ] M84 . L ead p i t che r .B ody b en ta nd c r u shed ;s u r f a ce p i t t ed a nd o x id i zed i ns po t s ; e nc r u s ted w i th m a r ine o r gan i sm s . H0 . 145 ( r e s to r ed ) ; Do fb a se , 0 . 08 ; MPD 0 . 09 . F i g .4 9 ,p l . 2 5 . Sma l ll e ad p i t che rw i th f l a tb a se ,o vo id b ody ,c on c ave n eck ,a nd r o unded r im w i th ap i nched s pou t .T he b a se a nd t h ej o in b e tween t h e n eck a nd s hou ld e r a r e m a rked b y l ow h a l f round mou ld ing s . T he r e s to ft h e b ody i su ndeco ra t ed ,b u tt h el o ng ,c u rved s t rap h and le t h a tr un sf r om b e l ly t or im c a r r ie sg eome t r ic d e co ra t ion i nr e l ie f( f ig .4 9 ) .T he s p r ead ing ,Y shaped r im a t ta ch m en th a s ab ox l ike mo t i fa tt h ec en t r e , w i th t wo e a r h and le s o n o ne s i de a nd o ne o n t h e o t he r , a bove a f i shbone p a t t e rn t h a tr un sd own t h eh and le t ot h el owe r p a lme t t e a t ta chmen t . T h re e p rom inen t d o t s o rh em i s p he r e sm a rk t h et wo o u t e rt i p sa nd i n t e r sec t ion o ft h e Y .T he h and le w a ss o lde r ed t ot h ec a s tb ody . P a ra l le l s : Sma l l p i tche r s o f as im i la r s hap e , b u t m ade o ft i no rb ronze , w e r e f o und i nt h eB a rK ochba c ave : Y ad in 1 963 : 6 4 ,n o s . 1 9 -20 ,f i g s . 1 8 , 2 7 ,p l . 2 2 .

C hap t er I V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s Y ad in ( pp .6 4 -5 )s t a te st h a tt h ep i nched m ou th j ug w a s at y pe u sed f o rl i ba t ion s . Mo s tR oman l e ad v e s se l sa r e p l a in b ow l so rj a r su s ed t oc on ta in c r ema t ion b u r ia l s , b u ts e e Wa ldbaum : 1 983 ,n o s .5 04 -507 f o r aR oman o r B yzan t ine c y l ind r ica l v e s se l f r om S a rd i s . T he r e i sa s ma l ll e ad p i tche rp o s s ib ly o fR om an d a t ei nt h eC ap d 'A gde mu seum o f ma r ine a r chaeo logy ( n o .4 67 ) .T he f i shbone p a t te rn o ft h eh and le r e semb le st h a to ft h en e t w e igh t s M18 , M25 , M27 ( u n s t ra t if i ed ) , M83 ( Depo s i t 3 ) . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r r anean? C h rono logy :e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . M85 . L ead s t ee lya rd w e igh t .I n comp le te ;a t ta chmen tr i ng l o s t ;s u r f a ce c o r rod ed . H0 . 09 ; D0 . 072 .W t1 . 80 k g .P I . 2 5 . O va ll e ad s t ee lya rd w e igh tw i th ab u t ton l ike t e rm i n a t ion a to ne e nd a nd ah o le f o ra na t ta chmen tr i ng o r f a s t ene r ( l o s t ) a tt h e o t he r . T he s u r f ac e c o r ro s ion i s f l a t t ened a nd s moo th ,a si fi tf o rmed b en ea th ab ronz e s hea th ing t ha t h as n ow d i sappea red ( c f . M36 , u n s t ra t if ied ) .T he s u spen s ion r i ng w ou ld h ave c a r r ied a h ook o ra n e l onga t ed l o op a l low ing s u sp en s ion f r om t h eg r adua t ed s c a le o nt h es t ee lya rd b eam . P a ra l le l s :A l though D av id son 1 952 :2 05 s t a t e st h a t l e ad w e igh t sw e r ev e ry r a re i nt h eR oman a nd B yzan t i ne p e r iod s ,t h e r ea r en ume rou sp ub l i shed p a ra l le l sf o r t h eC a e sa rea e xamp le .R ich te r( 1 9 15 :4 45 -46 ,n o .1 720 ) d e sc r ibe s as t ee lya rd f r om J ebe i l ,S y r ia ,t h a tc a r r ied a n o va ll e ad w e igh tw i th ab ronz ec oa t ing ;c f .B a s s &v an D oo rn inck 1 982 :2 20 -2 1 ,n o .B 5 ,f i g .1 0 .22 ( Ya s s iA da , e a r ly s even th c en tu ry ) ;C havane 1 975 :4 5 ,n o . 1 27 ,p l . 1 5( Sa lam i s , f o u r th c en tu ry? ) . C h rono logy : L a te R oman o rB yzan t ine . M86 . L ead c i rc le . B roken ; ma jo r p o r t ion o rc i r c le a nd c r o s s -ba rl o s t . MPL 0 . 09 ;o r ig ina lD ,0 . 11 ;Wo fb and , 0 . 0 11 ;T h0 . 002 . P l .2 6 . A t h in l e ad c i rc le w i th s i ng le m ed ia l c r o s s -ba r , p roduced b yp ou r ing t h em e ta li na no pen f ace m ou ld . L ow r i dge sd eco ra t eo ne f a ce o ft h ec i r c le ,a l ong a lt h e e dge sa nd d own t h ec en t r eo ft h ec i r cu la rp o r t ion . Two h o le ss u rv ive f r om n a i l s t h a tw e r ed r iv en t h rough t h e r i ng a t mo re o rl e s se qua ld i s tanc e sf r om e i the rs i d eo f t h ec r o s s -ba r .E xam ina t ion o fs im i la rc i r c le ss how st h a t t h e r ew a so r ig ina l ly at h i rd h o le a tt h eo ppo s i te e nd o f t h ec ro s s -ba r . P a ra l le l s : As e cond r i ng w i th ag r a t ing c a s to ve rt h e s em ic i rcu la ro p en ing s w a s f o und a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e S h ipw reck ( Pb24 ) ,a nd d ozen s mo re h ave b een r e cov e r ed d u r ing s u rvey sa l ong t h ec oa s to fI s ra e lo ve rt h e l a s td ecad e ( s ee O le son 1 988 ) , b u tt h ea r t i f a c ta ppa r e n t ly i su nknown e l sewhe r e . T he f u nc t ion o f t h e se o b jec t s ,w h ich s e em t oh ave f o rmed p a r to ft h ef i t t ing s o fR oman s h ip ss a i l ing a l ong t h ec oa s to fP a le s t ine ,i s o b scu re .E xam ina t ion o ft h ep a ra l le l sr e vea lt h a tt h ey w e r ec a re fu l ly n a i led t o as t ab le s u r f ac e ,p e rhap st ot h e o u t s ide o ft h eh u l lo f ah eavy c a rgo v e ss e l ,t om a rk t h e d ra f to rt h ew a te r l ine d u r ing l a d ing .S im i la rm a rk sa r e u s ed f o r t h i s p u rpo s e t o day . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h e

1 30

p r e s ence o f ag r a t ing a l so m ake si tp o s s ib le t h a tt h e se r i ng sw e r en a i led o ve rs ome s o r to fo p en ing ,p o s s ib ly o ve r as c upp e rh o le t op r even tt h el o s so fs ma l lo b jec t s o ve rbo a rd . T he c i r c le s s e em l i gh t -we igh tf o rs u ch a n a pp l ica t ion ,h oweve r .T he t e chn ique o fc a s t ing t h et h in l e ad o b jec t sa nd t h e i rr e l ief d eco ra t ion r e semb le st h a t u s ed f o rt h eR oman a nd B yzan t ine f o lded f i sh ing -ne t w e igh t sf o und a tC ae sa r ea ( s ee t h eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion , p .6 9 ,C la s s 1 2 ) . B ib l iog raphy :O le son 1 988 : 2 7 -30 . C h rono logy :L a te R oman o rB yzan t ine? M87 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t . I n tac t ; s u r f ac e n i cked a nd d en t ed . L0 . 037 ; D0 . 025 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 002 . Wt 1 82 .5 g . Al e ad f i sh ing l ine w e igh t i nt h e f o rm o f at h ick , s ho r tc y l inde rw i th an a r row l o ng i tud ina lp e r fo ra t ion . P a ra l le l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 8 ,C la s s 1 B . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine . M88 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t .I n tac t ;s u r f a ce w o rn a nd n i ck ed . H0 . 0 12 ;l owe rD ,0 . 02 1 ; Do fh o le ,0 . 002 .W t3 2 .1 g . F i g .4 9 ,p l . 8 . As ma l l , l e ad , f i sh ing l ine w e igh ti nt h e f o rm o fa s l igh t ly f l a t tened h em i sphe r ew i th r o unded e dge sa nd a w id ec en t ra lp e r fo ra t ion . P a ra l le l s : s e e t h eg ene ra ld i s cu s s ion , S ec t . I I .B . 4 , C la s s8 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine . M89 . L ead f i sh ing w e igh t .I n ta c t ;s u r f a ce w o rn a nd d en t ed . L0 . 023 ;W0 . 0 18 ;h o le ,0 . 003 s q .W t7 3 .3 g .F i g .4 9 ,p l . 8 . Ar o ugh ly c ub ica l l e ad f i sh ing -l ine w e igh tw i th a l o ng i tud ina lp e r fo ra t ion .T he h o le s e em st oh ave b een c a s ta r ound an a i lw i th as qua r ec r o s s sec t ion . P a ra l l e l s : s e eg ene ra ld i scu s s ion ,p .6 9 ,C la s s9 . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine . C o in s . [ R .L .H Twen ty -one o ft h ec o in sf r om t h i sd epo s i tw e r ei l eg ib le a nd t h u sa r el i s t ed h e r eo n ly b yt h e i rr e g i s t ra t ion n umbe r s a nd a pp rox ima te d a t er a nge o rr e ign : C 84 -H4 -167 ( m id t o l a te f o u r th c en tu ry ) , C 84 -H4 -168 ( m id t ol a t e f o u r th c en t u ry ) , C 84 -H4 -169 ( m id t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry ) , C 84 -H4 1 70 ( m id t ol a t ef o u r th c en tu ry ) ,C 84 -H4 -17 1 ( m id t ol a t e f o u r th c en tu ry ) , C 84 -H4 -172 ( m id t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry ) , C 84 -H4 -173 ( m id t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry ) ,C 84 -H4 -174 ( m id t ol a t e f o u r th c en tu ry ) , C 84 -H4 -176 ( m id t ol a t e f o u r th c en tu ry ) ,C 84 -H4 -178 ( m id t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry ) ,C 84 -H4 1 79 ( m id t ol a te f ou r th c en tu ry ) ,C 84 -H4 -18 1 ( m id t ol a t e f o u r th c en tu ry ) ,C 84 -H4 -186 ( m id t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry ) , C 84 -H4 -188 ( Con s tan t iu s I ) , C 84 -H4 -192 ( Con s tan t iu s I ) ,C 84 -H4 193 ( Con s tan t iu sI ) ,C 84 -H4 -195 ( Con s tan t iu s I ) ,C 84 -H4 -231 ( m id t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry ) ,C 84 -H4 -233 ( m id t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry ) ,C 84 -H4 -235 ( m id t ol a t ef o u r th c en tu ry ) ,C 84 -H4 -240 ( m id t ol a te f ou r th c en tu ry ) . N 49 . C ons tan t ine Io r L i c in ius . c a . 3 15 . R ev : 1 0V 1 CONSERVATOR ! . M in t : A lexand r ia .D1 9 mm . R ev . d i e6 : 00 .W t2 . 42 g .C o in d epo s i t .

I V .E :D epo s i t4 N 50 . C on s tan t ine I .30 -335 .R ev :G LOR IA E XERC ITVS . ( 2 ) .M in t :A n t io ch . D1 7 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 . Wt 2 . 27 g . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .3 0 ,n o . 1 356 .

P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .7 1 ,n o . 1 2 19 . N 65 . Magnen t iu s .3 51 -353 .R ev :S ALVS DDNN AVG E T C AES . We s te rn m in t . D2 0 mm .R ev .d i e1 2 :00 .W t4 . 30

N 51 . C on s tan t ine I .3 30 -335 .R ev :G LOR IA EXERC ITV S . ( 2 ) . M in t : N icomed ia . D1 6 mm . R ev . d i e 1 2 :00 . W t 1 . 50 g . P a r a l le l s :L RBC ,p .2 6 ,n o s . 116 o r 117 .

g .

T he d e ta i l s o n t h i s c o in w e re l o s t w hen i tw a s c l ipp ed i na n t iqu i ty . T he m in tw a s s omewhe r e i nt h e w e s te rn Med i te r r anean . N 66 . C on s tan t iu sI .3 51 -36 1 .R ev : FH 3 .M in t :C yz icu s . D1 4 mm . R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 . Wt 1 . 92 g . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p p .9 6 -97 ,n o s .2 496 ,2 498 .

N 52 . U n iden t if ied . c a . 3 30 -335 . R ev : GLORIA EXERC ITV S .( 2 ) .D1 5 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 . Wt 0 . 67 g . N 53 . U n iden t if ied . c a . 3 30 -335 . R ev : GLORIA EXERC ITVS . ( 2 ) .

N 67 . C on s tan t iu sH .3 51 -36 1 .R ev : FH 3 .M in t :C yz icu s . D1 8 mm . R ev .d i e6 : 00 . Wt 2 . 12 g . P a ra l le l s :c f .L RBC ,p p .9 6 -97 ,n o s .2 496 ,2 498 .

N 54 . C on s tan t inopo l i s . 30 -335 . R ev : V ic to ry o nP row . M in t :T reve r i .D1 8 mm .W t1 . 16 g . P a ra l le l s :c f .L RBC ,p .5 ,n o .5 2 .

N 68 . C on s tan t iu sI .3 51 -36 1 .R ev : FH 3o r4 .D 1 7n un . R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t2 . 28 g .

N 55 . C on s tan t inopo l i s . 30 -335 .R ev : V ic to ry o nP row . D1 5 mm . R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t0 . 78 g .

N 69 . C on s tan t iu sI .3 51 -36 1 .R ev : FH 3o r4 .D 1 7 mm . R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t1 . 60 g .

N 56 . C on s tan t inopo l i s . 30 -335 .R ev : V ic to r yo nP row . D1 6 mm .R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 . Wt 0 . 87 g . T he p e r son if ica t ion o f t h e c i ty f a c e s l e f t o n t h i s c o in -an u nu sua lo bve r se t y pe .

N 70 . C on s tan t iu sI .3 51 -361 .R ev : FH 3o r4 .D 1 8 mm . R ev .d i e6 :00 .W t 1 . 56 g .

N 57 . C on s tan s . 3 37 -339 . R ev : G LOR IA EXERC ITV S . ( 1 ) .M in t :C yz icus . D1 5 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t0 . 68 g . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .2 9 ,n o . 1 283 .

N 71 . J u l ian .3 6 1 -363 .R ev :S ECVR ITAS RE IPVB .M in t : A n t io ch? D 2 3 mm .R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 . Wt 4 . 89 g . T h i sc o in w a s f o und c onc re ted t o ge the ri n as t a ck w i th N 72 -N74 . P a ra l le l s : LRBC ,p .1 00 ,n o s . 2 640 -4 1 .

N 58 . C on s tan s . 3 37 -34 1 . R ev : G LOR IA EXERC ITVS . ( 1 ) .M in t :A n t ioch . D1 4 mm .R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t1 . 54 g .

N 72 . J u l ian . 3 6 1 -363 . R ev : S ECVR ITAS RE IPVB . D2 3 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t3 . 05 g . T h i sc o in w a s f o und c onc r e ted t o ge the ri n as t a ck w i th N 71 ,N 73 -N74 . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o s .2 640 -4 1 .

P a ra l le l s :L RBC p .3 1 ,n o . 1 380 .

N 59 . C on s tan t iu sI .3 51 -354 . R ev : F H . 3 .A e s2 .M in t : A n t ioch . D2 4 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t5 . 29 g . T he o bve r se o ft h i sc o in i sd oub le s t r uck . P a ra l le l s : L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o . 2 625 .

N 73 . J u l ian . 3 6 1 -363 . R ev : S ECVR ITAS R E IPVB . D2 3 mm . R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t5 . 45 g . T h i sc o in w a sf o und c onc r e ted t o ge the ri n as t a ck w i th N 71 -N72 ,N 74 . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o . 2 640 .

N 60 . C on s tan t iu sI .3 51 -354 .R ev :F H3 .M in t :C on s tan t i nop le . D1 6 mm . R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t 1 . 72 g . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .8 7 ,n o .2 039 .

N 74 . J u l ian . 3 6 1 -363 . R ev : S ECVR ITAS R E IPVB . D2 0 mm .W t2 . 08 g . D ie p o s i t ion c ou ld n o tb ed e te rm ined ,b ecau se t h e o bve r s ew a sc omp le t e ly i l eg ib le . T h i sc o in w a sf o und c onc re ted t o ge the ri n as t a ck w i th N 71 -N73 . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o s .2 640 -4 1 .

N 61 . C ons tan t ius I . 3 51 -354 . R ev : CONCORD IA M IL ITVM .M in t : S i rm ium . D2 1 mm . R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 . W t4 . 42 g . P a ra l le l s :L RBC ,p .7 6 ,n o . 1 584 . N 62 . C on s tan t iu s I . 3 51 -354 . R ev : F H 4 .A e s 2 .D 2 3 m in . R ev .d i e6 :00 .W t5 . 03 g . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .1 00 ,n o . 2 623 .

N 75 . A na s ta s iu s I .p r e -502? H a l f -fo l l i s . D2 3 mm . R ev . d i eo r ien ta t ion u n re cove rab le . Wt 4 . 67 g . S i nce t h i sb ad ly w o rn h a lf -fo l l i sw a sf o und b enea th t h e B yzan t ine r e pa i r s o f t h e N o r the rn B reakwa t e r , b e l ieved t o h ave b een u nde r tak en b y A na s ta s iu s I f olow ing t h ee a r thquake o f5 02 ( Hoh l f e lde r 1 985 ) ,i t m ay h ave b een i s sued b e fo r e t h er e bu i ld ing p rog ram b egan .

N 63 . C on s tan t iu s I . 3 51 -354 . R ev : F H 3o r 4 .M in t : C on s tan t inop le .D1 8 mm .R ev .d i e6 : 00 .W t 1 . 53 g . P a ra l le l s : c f .L RBC ,p .8 7 ,n o .2 039 . N 64 . G a l lu s .3 51-354 .R ev :F H3 .M in t :S i sc ia . D1 7 mm . R ev .d i e 1 2 :00 .W t 1 . 66 g .

1 3 1

C hap te rI V : C los ed D epos i t s G la s s . [ J .P .0 . ] G 9 . B ow l .B roken ,i n comp le te ;h and le a nd h a lf o fb ody m i s s ing ;s u r f ace h yd ra ted . H0 . 055 ;b a se D 0 . 053 ;r im D0 . 15 .F ig .4 9 . S l igh t ly f l a t tened ,h em i sphe r ica l ,f r ee -b lown b ow l o f af i ne , y elow -g r een g l a s s . At h ick , s p r ead ing r i ng b a se s uppo r t s av e ry t h in -wa l led b ody w i th o u t tu rned l i p . At a pe r ing r od h and le w a sa t ta ched t ot h ee x t e r io r , h a lfway d own o ne s i de o ft h eb ow l ,a nd b en ta r ound i n a nu p r igh tl o op t om ee tt h er im .T he r em ay h ave b e en t wo h and le s ,b u tt h eo t he rs i de o ft h eb ow li sl o s t . P a ra l le l s : T h i s s hape a ppea r ed d u r ing t h e F l av ian p e r iod a nd w a sf o und a tH e r cu laneum ( S co to z za -Hö r ich t 1 986 :n o . 1 850 ,c a t .n o .3 2 ) .I tc on t inued i nu s ed u r ing t h ee mp i re a nd w a sq u i te c ommon i nt h ee a s t e rn Med i t e r r anean : s e e I s ing s 1 957 : 5 8 , f o rm 4 2a ; V e s sbe rg 1 952 16 , n o . I I .B .1 .b .1 . , p l . I . ! ( Cyp ru s ) ; B a rag 1 962 : n o s . 1a nd 5 ,f i g s . 1a nd 5 ,p l . 3 1D -E ( J uda ean c ave s ;f i r s tt h i rd s e cond c en tu ry ) ;P l a t z -Ho r s t e r1 976 : n o . 1 50 ( P r iene? f i r s t second c en tu ry ) .T he r ea r e mo r e d i s tan tp a ra l le l s w i th s ome o t he r , s l igh t ly l a t e rb ow l s f r om t h es ame r e g ion :H a rden 1 936 :6 5 -69 ,C la s s IA , p .7 5 ,n o . 1 08 ,p l s .I ,X I I( Ka ran i s ;B yzan t ine ) ;H aye s 1 975 : 6 4 , n o . 1 79 ( Heb ron ; l a t e s e cond -ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ) ,p .6 3 ,n o .1 77 ( Sy r ia ;t h i rd c en tu ry ) ,p .8 0 ,n o . 2 96 ( Pa le s t in ian ;t h i rd c en tu ry ) . C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry? G 10 . C up s . B roken , b ody o fo ne a nd r im o fo t he r l o s t ; g l a s sd eg raded t o as o f t mu sh .L owe s tc up H0 . 65 ; Do f r im ,0 . 055 ; Do fb a se ,0 . 0 19 .P l .2 5 . N e s to ft wo g l a s sc up s .T he g l a s sh a st u rned t oa n o paque ,f l ex ib le ,r e dd i sh -pu rp le l a ye r .T he l owe r ,o u te r c up h a sb een e n t i re ly l o s t ,b u ti t ss hape a nd d imen s ion s h ave b een p r e se rved b y t h e g r ay s a nd t h a t f i l led t h e s pa ce b e tween i ta nd t h ec up s e tw i th in i t .T he d eg raded g l a s so ft h eu ppe rc up i ss uppo r ted i n s ide b yt h es ame s o r to fh a rdened s and .T he i mp re s s ion r e vea l s as ma l l , s t ra igh t s ided b eake rw i th av e r t ica l ly -f lu ted r im 0 . 0 15 mh i gh .T he h em i sphe r ica lb a se m ay h ave h ad ac en t ra l d imp le .N ot r a ce sw e r ef o und o fa ny o r gan ic m a te r ia l p a cked b e tween t h eg l a s se st oc u sh ion t h em . P a ra l le l s : T he c l o se s tp a ra l le li sac y l ind r ica l ,b l ue g l a s sb eake rw i th as l igh t ly f l a t tened b a se f r om A qu i le ia : C a lv i 1 968 : 5 3 , n o . 1 28 , p l . 6 . S uch b eake r s w e r e p roduced f r om t h el a t e f i r s tc en tu ry o na nd a r ef o und t h roughou t t h e e mp i r e ; s e e a l so C e sno la 1 885 -1903 : v o l .3 ,p l .8 1 .6 ;V e s sb e rg & We s tho lm , 1 956 : 1 39 -40 , f i g .4 4 .2 1 . N one o ft h es ee xamp le s ,h oweve r , h a s t h e f l u t ing a r ound t h er im .T he s ame b ody s hap ea nd f l u ted r im c an b e s e en o n ac la s s o f mou ld -b lown b eake r s p robab ly p roduced i nt h ew e s t , b u tt h e se a l so c a r ry a r a ised h oneycomb d eco ra t ion o n t h e i r e x te r io r : F r eme r sdo r f1 96 1 :5 7 -8 ,p l . 13 ( Co logn e ;e a r ly f o u r th c en tu ry ) ; Sm i th 1 957 :2 11 ,n o .4 20 ( Egyp t ?f o u r th -f i f th c en tu ry ) ; H aye s 1 975 : n o . 6 43 ( Eu rop e ; f o u r th c en t u ry ) . A no the re xamp le , o n d i sp lay i nt h e I s ra e l Mu s eum ,J e ru sa lem , w a sf o und i n af ou r th s ix th c en tu ry b u r ia la tH o r sha tT a l . S i nce t h e se b eake r sh ave b een b l own i n amou ld r a the r t h an c a s t . , t h e h oneycomb

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p a t t e rn s hou ld b ev i s ib le o nt h ei n te r io ra sw e l la st h e e x t e r io ra nd t h u sw ou ld a pp ea ro nt h ec onc re t ed s a nd p r e serv ing t h e s hape o f t h e l o s t c up i fi t s b ody w a s d e co ra ted r a the rt h an s moo th . C h rono logy :L a te R oman /Byzan t ine? G 11 . B o t t le .B roken , i n comp le te ;b ody l o s t ; s u r f ac eh y d r a t ed . MPH 0 . 07 ; Do fr im ,0 . 055 .F i g .4 9 . S qua r eb o t t le , mou ld -b lown f r om al i gh tg r een i sh b l ue g l a s s . As t eep ,s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lde rf o rmed t h e t r an s i t ion b e twe en t h e s qua re b ody a nd t h e t u bu la r , s l igh t ly s p r ead ing n eck . At h ick , f o lded s t r ap h and le w i th c en t ra lg r oove r i se s v e r t ica l ly f r om t h es hou ld e r a nd b end s s h a rp ly d ownwa rd t oi t sa t ta chmen ta tt h e n eck ,j u s tb e low t h ep ro jec t ing ,f l a t topp ed r im .L a rge s qua r e b o t t le s w e r e v e ry c ommon c on ta ine r s f o r t h e t r an spo r ta nd s t o rage o fl i qu id st h roughou tt h ee mp i r e d u r ing t h ef i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie s . P a ra l le l s : C ha r le swo r th 1 966 : 2 6 -40 ; I s ing s 1 957 : 6 3 -67 , f o rm 5 0 ; R ob inson 1 959 : 4 9 , n o . H 26 , p l . 5 4 ( A th en s ;f i r s th a l fs e cond c en tu ry ) . C h rono logy : f i r s t -second c en tu ry . Worked B one . [ J .P .0 . ] B 3 . S t a tue t te o rl a t t ice -wo rk r e p r e sen ta t ion o fn ude f e m a le ( Aph rod i te /Venu s? ) . B roken , i n comp le t e ; h ead , a rm s , a nd f e e t m i s s ing ; a t ta chmen t s t ub o n l e f t l e g . MPH 0 . 05 ; MPW 0 . 0 14 ;T h0 . 006 .F i g .4 9 ,p l . 2 6 . T he f i gu r ei sc a r ved f r om h a rd ,f i ne -g ra ined ,g r ey i s h -wh i t e b one , t h e s u r f ace o f w h ich i s s l igh t ly d i sco lo red .T he t y pe i st h a to fA ph rod i t eA nadyomen e : t h er i gh ta rm w a sr a i sed ,p robab ly t ot w i s tt h eh a i r ,t h e l e f ta rm a nd s hou lde rw e re l owe red ,p r obab ly d ropp ing t h e g a rmen t o n ah yd r ia . T he f i gu r e s t and s w i th h e r w e igh to nh e rl e f tl e g ,t h er i gh tl e gm a rked ly b en t .T he a ta chmen t s t ub o n t h e l ef tl e g p robab ly s uppo r t ed a h yd r ia o rt h el owe re dge o ft h eg a rmen td r aped o ve ri t . T he c a rv ing a nd p ropo r t ion sa r ec r ude : s ma l lb r ea s t s , w id eh i p s ,a nd al a rge b e l ly w i th af o ld o ff a to ve rt h e p ud enda .T he s p ina lc o lumn a nd b u t tock sa r ei n d ica ted b y i n c i s ion . T he c on tex t o f t h e f i gu re c anno t b e r e s t o r ed ,b u ts i nce s h ew a sm ean tt ob e s e en f r om b o th s i d e s , af i gu red l a t t ic e -wo rk d eco ra t ion i sp o s s ib le . P a ra l le l s :T he p a ra l le l sa l lo r ig ina t ei nE gyp t .F o ra b e t t e r -qua l i ty b one A ph rod i t e i nt h e s ame p o se , s e e Ma r angou 1 976 : 3 9 ,7 4 ,n o . 15 ,p l s . 3 6b , 1 07 -8 ( l a t e H e l len i s t ic ) ;t h es ame p o se a nd c a re le s ss t y le a ppea ri n af i gu r eo fD aphne :p p .8 0 ,1 20 ,n o . 1 87 ,p l .5 5a ( t h i rd f o u r th c en tu r ie s ) . A nA ph rod i t e i nt h e s ame s t y le a nd p o s ea ppea r si nr e l ie fo na ni v o ry p yx i sf r om E gyp ti n t h e Wa l t e r sA r tG a l le ry : We i tzmann 1 979 : 1 37 -38 ,n o . 15 ( e a r ly s i x th c en tu ry ) . C h rono logy : f o u r th -f i f th c en tu ry . Worked Wood a nd C ork . [ J. P .0 . ] W3 . C o rk s t oppe r . I n tac t ; s hap e s l igh t ly d i s to r t ed . D 0 . 06 ;T h0 . 02 .D a rk b rown ,c oa r s e ,h eavy -g ra ined c o rk . P l .2 5 . T h ick ,f l a t ,c i r cu la rc o rk s t oppe rf o ra na mpho ra o r o t he rl a rge j a r .T he s l igh t ly i regu la ro u t e re dge t a p e r s

1 V .E :D epo s i t4 f r om t h eu ppe rt ot h el owe rs u r f ace ,a nd t h eg r a in o ft h e c o rk i sp e rpend icu la rt ot h ew id ea x i so ft h es t oppe r .N o t r ace so fp i tch o rr e s in a r ev i s ib le o na ny o ft h es u r f a ce s . P a ra l l e l s : Z eme r( 1 978 : 9 1 )a s s e r t st h a tc o rk s t op p e r sa ppea r ed i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,b u t ,i nf a c t , mo s t o ft h ep a r a l le l sf o r W3 a r ef a re a r l ie r :F ro s t1 976 : 8 , f i g .3 9b ( s econd q ua r te rt h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ) ;J onche ray 1 976b :1 7 ,2 0 ,f i gs .7 -8 ( c a .5 00 B .C . ) ;S e s t ie r i1 956 :2 6 ( e a r ly f i f th c en tu ry B .C . ) . P a rke r ( 1 992a ) l i s t s c o rk s t oppe r si n1 0w r eck s ,d a t ing f r om t h ef o u r th c en tu ry B .C .t ot h et e n th A .C . :s e ew r eck n o s .9 6 ,2 54 ,5 93 ,8 2 1 , 1 055 ,1 060 ,1 065 , 142 , 169 , 192 .T he t y p ica ld e s ign i st h a to f at h ick d i sk .C a to D er er u s t ica 1 20 a nd H o ra ce O d e s 3 . 8 .10 m en t ion t h e u se o fc o rk s s mea red w i th p i tch t oc l o se a mpho r a s . T homp son 1 951 : 5 0 -51 , p l . 2 4a d e s c r ibe s a n e a r ly f i f th -cen tu ry B .C . c o rk w i th a t r unca t ed c on ica ls hape ,u sed t os t oppe rt h e mou th o fa j ug .T he r ea r ef i ve c o rk a mpho ra s t oppe r sv e ry s im i la r t o W3 i nt h eC ap d 'A gde Mu seum ( F ranc e ) ,n o s .6 42 6 46 . F o rc e ram ic a mpho ra s t oppe r sr e cove r ed d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s , s e e S e c t ion I .B .5 a nd K 80 ( Depo s i t4 ) . C h rono logy : R oman?

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I V .E .4 . A na ly s i so fD epo s i t . A tf i r s tg l anc eD epo s i t4 s e em s t ob e ac o l lec t ion o fr a ndom ly d epo s i t ed m a te r ia l f r om a l lp e r iod so fh a rbou ru se ,r ef l ec t ing ama jo rp eak o f a c t iv i ty a nd a c t ive t r ad e w i th t h e We s t i nt h e H e rod ian p e r iod a nd al e ss e rp eak o fa c t iv i ty ,w i th ag r ea te rf o cu so n t h e A egean a nd N o r th A f r ica , i nt h e t h i rd t h rough s i x th c en tu r ie s . C on s ide ra t ion o f t h e c e r am ic s a nd o t he r f i nd s t o ge the r , i nt h e l i gh t o f h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s c once rn ing a r e nova t ion o ft h eh a rbou ri nt h er e ign o fA na s ta s iu s( 491 5 18 ) , s t rong ly s ugge s tt h a tt h ed epo s i tw a sc l o sed e a r ly i n t h es i x th c en t u ry .A si nt h eo t he rd epo s i t s ,t h ee a r l ie s tf i nd s , d a t ing t ot h e" Helen i s t ic p e r iod" a nd t h es e cond /f i r s tc en t u r ie s B .C . , o r ig ina ted i n t h e e a s te rn Med i te r ranean o r P a le s t ine . I nt h e se c a s e s , h oweve r , t h e i d en t if ica t ion s o f c h rono logy a nd p rovenance a r eo f ten t e n ta t ive : K 75 -K76 , C 40 -C42 ,D 41 ,a nd RG150 .T he re i sn oo bv iou sp a t te rn t o t h e s e e a r ly f i nd s , w h ich p robab ly r ep r e sen t b a ckg round s c a t t e r ,c u l tu ra lm a te r ia lf r om t h ep e r iod o fS t ra ton 's T owe r t h a th a sn oc onnec t ion w i th t h ef u nc t ion ing o fS eba s to s .A t l e a s t3 4% o ft h ec e r am ic s i nD epo s i t 4b e long t ot h ef i r s t c en tu ry B .C .o rA .C . ,w ha tc an p robab ly w el b et e rmed t h e H e rod ian p e r iod . T h i s c oncen t ra t ion g row s t o4 7 .4% i f s h e rd sa r ei n c luded f o rw h ich t h ep ropo sed d a t er a nge ss l ide i n to t h i sp e r iod . [ J .P .O . ,R .L .H . , A .N .S . , S .E .S . ]

C hap t er I V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s

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1 9 .1 4 5 .5 3 3 .6 6 3 .9% o f1 69

I V .F :D epos i t5 I V .F .D epo s i t 5( Ar ea 4 ,1 2 ,1 3 ) . I V .F .1 .D e scr ip t ion o fC on tex t .I nt h es t r ic ts e n se ,w ha t i sh e re c a l led D epo s i t 5i sc ompo sed o f as e lec t ion o fs e ven c l o sed d epo s i t si s o la t ed i nA rea! ,t h ea r ea o ft h eI n ne rB a s in , w h ich i sn ow 1 00 m e a s to ft h es ho r e l ine ( s ee R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 1 31-42 ,a nd f i g . 1h e r e ) .F ina lp ubl i ca t ion o ft h i sa r ea mu s t w a i t u n t i l t h e c omp le t ion o ft h e s e r ie s o fe x t en s ive c ampa ign st h a tb egan i nt h i sa r ea i n1 989 ,u nde rt h ed i r ec t i on o fR aban a nd H o lum ( s ee n ow H o lum , R aban , e ta l . 1 992 :8 9 -95 ;R aban e ta l .1 993 : 1 -46 ) .A tt h et i me s t udy o f t h e e xcava t ion m a te r ia l f r om t h e 1 983 -84 CAHEP c am p a ign s b egan , h oweve r , i tw a s u nce r ta in w he the r o rn o t e xcava t ion w ou ld b e r e sumed , a nd as ampl ing o fd a tab le c u l tu ra lm a te r ia lw a sm ade f r om s e ve ra ls i gn i f ican tl o c io f t h es ound ing sm ade u pt ot h a tp o in t . T h i ss ma l ls amp le i s p r e sen ted h e r e a s ac on t r ibu t ion t ot h e d a t ing o fs e ve ra l f e a tu r e si nA rea I ,e ven t h ough t h es ampl ing m e thod d o e s n o ta l low m uch c r edence t ob ep l aced i nt h e s t a t i s t ic s f o r o ve ra l lc h rono logy a nd p rovenance . A r ea I d e s igna te s t h e n o r the rn e nd o ft h e q uay w a l l r unn ing n o r th sou th j u s ti nf r on to ft h ev au l t ed s ub s t r uc tu r e t h a tc a r r ied t h e T emp le o fR ome a nd A ugu s tu s . Ap r obe e xecu t ed i n1 976 h ad r e vea led t h ec ha r a c t e ro ft h es t r uc tu r e a nd p rov ided e v idenc et h a tt h eb a s in h ad a to ne t i me b een c onne c t ed w i th t h es e a( Raban e ta l . 1 989 :8 0 -81 ) .I n1 983 a nd 1 984 , an ew t r ench w a s l a id o u t 1 0 mn o r th o f t h e o r ig ina lp robe ,a tt h en o r thwe s tc or ne ro ft h eq uay w a l l ,a nd d e s igna t ed A rea I i a .T he e xcava t ion w a s e x tended s o u th a l ong t h eq uay w a l la sf a ra st h eo r ig ina l 1 976 p r obe ,A rea I i b ,e xpo s ing as t one moo r ing r i ng i ns i tu a nd ab a s in p av ing o f t h ick k u rka r s l ab s . T he o r ig ina l 1 976 p robe w a s r e e xcava ted a nd e xpanded ,u l t ima t e ly e xpo s ing af u r the r 5m o ft h eq uay w a l l ,a nd t h ec on t inua t ion o ft h ek u rka rp av ing . A to ne p o in ti nA r ea I ia , ap o r t ion o ft h i sp av ing w a sl i f ted i na na t t emp tt oe xpo se t h es t ra ta s e a led b enea th i t .A tt h i s s po t ,h oweve r ,t h eu ppe rmo s tp ave r sw e r es uppo r t ed b ya t l e a s tt h r ee c ou r se so fi n te r lo cked k u rka rb l ock st h a tc ou ld n o t b e r emoved . A s ar e su l t , as e cond p rob e w a s m ad e t h rough t h ep avemen ti nl i ba t ap o in tw he r e al a rge ra r ea w a s e xpo sed . H e re , t h e t h r ee l a ye r s o fb l ock s c ou ld b e r emoved ,r e vea l ing al a ye ro f mud a nd k u rka rc h ip so ve r ly i n gk u rka rb ed ro ck . A rea 1 2d e s igna te s ap robe l a id o u ta l ong t h ep ro je c ted l i ne o ft h eq uay w a l l ,2 0 ms ou th o ft h es o u th e nd o fA rea Ib , i n tended t or e vea la ny c on t inua t ion o ft h eq uay .I nf a c t ,n o r ema in s o ft h e q uay w e re f o und i nt h i s a r ea , w h i ch w a s o c cup ied b ym ixed c on s tr uc t ion d eb r i sb enea th t h er ema in s o f ap oo r ly c on s truc t ed e a r ly A rab h ou se . D e sp i te t h e g ene ra l ly l a te c ha rac te ro ft h es t ra ta ,s ome d a tab le r e d -g lo s s s h e rd sa ppea r ed i nt h ef i l la nd w e re s e lec t ed f o ra na ly s i s . A rea 1 3d e s igna te st h ei n t e r io ro ft h es ou the rnmo s tv au l t i nt h et emp le p od ium t h a tf o rm s t h ee a s tb ounda ry o ft h i s e xcava t ion f i e ld . Two t r i a ls ound ing sw e r em ade i n s ide t h e v au l t ,a l ong i t sn o r the rn ( I3b )a nd s ou ther n( I3a )s i de w a l l s , i n 1 984 . O n ly af ew s h e rd s w e r e d i scove r ed d u r ing t h i s s e a son ,i n c lud ing t h el amp p ub l i shed h e r e ,b u tv e ry s i gn if i c an tr e su l t sw e re o b ta ined t h rough f u r the re xcava t ion s i nce 1 987 ( s ee p ub l ica t ion sb yR aban a nd H o lum ,a bove ) . [ J .P .O . , A .N .S . ,S .E .S

1 35

I V .F .2 . C a ta logue o fC e ram i c s . A r ea 11a :K urkar p av ing .T he s h e rd p ub l i shed h e r ew a s f ound i nt h es a ndy f i lb e tween t wo o ft h ep av ing s t one s . W ar eo fU nknown P rovenanc e( F ig .4 9 ) . [ S .E .S . ] RG172 . J ug o rb o t t le .B roken ;f r agmen t so fr im a nd t wo h and le s . R im D 0 . 09 . R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :N a r row -necked b o t t le o r2 -hand led j ug . P a ra l le l s : c f . G unneweg 1 983 : 6 0 s im i la r ; H aye s 1 976b : f i g . 5s im i la r ; C o l t 1 962 : p l a te XLV , c l o sed v e s se l ss im i la r . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nce r ta in .

A r ea E x t en s ion . T h i s s h e rd w a s r e cove r ed i na s t ra tum o fm ixed B yzan t ine c e ram ic sj u s t b e low ab ea ch d epo s i t . A f r ican R ed S l ip W ar e( F ig .4 9 ) . [ S .E .S . ] RG173 . D i sh .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D0 . 199 .R edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ;p a t chy l i gh t r e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )t or e d( 2 .5YR 4 /6 )s l ip . F o rm : H aye s 1 972 :f o rm 8 3 ;l a rge d i sh w i th b road f l a tf l oo rr e s t ing o n at h in h i gh f oo ta te dge a nd s t eep c u rved w a l lt e rm ina t ing i n at h ickened r im ,g rooved o n t o p . P a ra l le l s :H aye s1 972 : 1 3 1 ;c f .C row foo t1 957 :3 59 , f i g . 8 4 :10 ;p .3 60 ,n o . 1 0 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a .4 20 -460 .

A r ea 1 1b :K urkar a nd mudf i l lb e low p av ing . R emova l o ft h ep av ing b l ock se xpo sed at h in l a ye ro f mud a nd k u rka r c h ip so ve r ly ing k u rk a rb ed rock . I t a l ian T er ra S i g i l la ta o rE a s t ern Med i t er ranean W ar e ( F ig .4 9 ) . [ S .E .S . ] RG174 . C up o r b ow l . B roken ; f r agmen t o f w a l l w i th b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion . MPL 0 . 04 .R edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : J one s 1 950 : n o . 6 05 ; c up o r s kypho s w i th b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion . P a ra l le l s : J one s 1 950 : n o . 6 05 ( s im i la r ) ; H aye s 1 976 : 1 ,n o .4 2 ,2 hand led c up . O r ig in : I t a ly o re a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry . C o in . [ R .L .H . ] N 76 . N e ro ( w i th V e spa s ian o ve r s t r ike ) . P o s t 6 9 . R ev : T yche ( ? ) .M int C ae sa r ea . D2 0 mm .R ev ,d i eo r ien ta t i on u n re cove rab le .W t9 . 71 g . T he b u s t o f N e ro h a s b een o b l i te ra t ed w i th t h e c oun t e rma rk KA I , p e rhap s an um i sma t ic d amna t io m emor iae . S ee K adman 1 957 : 8 2 . P a ra l le l s : c ompa re K adman 1 957 :9 8 ,n o . 1 0 .

C hap ter I V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s A r ea I 2a :U n i tI ,b rown -g rey l o cus b e low o ccupa t ion f l oor .T he se t wo s he rd sw e re r e cove red f r om al o cu si mm e d i a t e ly b e low t h eo ccupa t ion l e ve lo fw ha ta ppea r st oh ave b e en ap oo r ly -bu i l te a r ly A rab d we l l ing . E a s tern T er ra S i g i l la ta IW ar e( F ig s .4 9 -50 ) . [ S .E .S . ] RG175 . P la te . B roken ; f r agmen to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 224 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o r f o rm , p a ra l le l s , a nd p e rhap s p rovenance , s e e RG36 ( un s t ra t if ied ) . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy :s e cond h a lf f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l f f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG176 . B ow l .B roken ;f r agmen to fr im a nd w a l l .R im D 0 . 10 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 1 :4 s im i la r ;b ow l . P a ra l le l s :C a t l ing 1 972 : 2 3 ,f i g . P 530 s im i la r . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : l a t eH e l len i s t ic -ea r ly R oman .

A r ea 1 2 0 :U n i tI V ,d ark b rown l o cus .T h i sl o cu s ,b e low U n i tI ,i saw a te r logged m ix tu r eo fb rown s o i la nd g r ave l . C oa r se W are ( F ig . 5 0 ) . [ A .N .S . ] C 47 . C oa r se w a re j ug ( ? ) .S he rd f r om n eck o fj ug w i th a r e d -pa in ted i n sc r ip t ion i nG r eek : P K . N eck D 0 . 08 . V e ry f me ,r e dd i sh y elow ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th r e d ( 1 0R4 /8 )s l ip .P a in ted d eco ra t ion i sa l so f o und o nC 83 F 1 -81 , C 83 -F 1 -152 a nd C 82 J1-45 , b u t t h e i regu la r s t roke sd on o tf o rm l e t t e r s . O r ig in : u nde t e rm ined . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined . E a s tern T er ra S i g i l la ta IWar e( F ig . 5 0 ) . [ S .E .S . ] RG177 . F i sh p l a te .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 258 .R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 ) s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS 1 2 1 :2 ;C row foo t1 957 : f i g .3 7 ;C h r is tens en 1 97 1 :2 7 ;L app 1 96 1 :t y pe 1 53 .1 ; f i sh p l a te . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 9 5 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 2 20 -22 ,2 60 -63 ;E dwa rd s 1 975 :n o . 1 36 ( d a te sc a .2 75 B .C . ) ;C o rnel 1 980 :p l .1 9 ,n o .P 222TA73 a nd P 24TA68 s im i la r ;H aye s1 976b :f i g .4 Aa nd B( h ec a l l st h i sp i ece E a s te rn S i g ila ta A , b u t Ic an f i nd n o c o r r e spond ing n umbe ri nt h ec a ta logue w i th ad e sc r ip t ion o rd a te s ) ;c f . H anne s tad 1 983b :n o s . 1 99 -2 13 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

e r a l ly l a rge , w i th c u rved w a l la nd s ho r tf l a tr im ;n o r m a l ly g roove so nr im a nd f l oo r . P a ra l le l s : H aye s 1 972 :9 3 -96 . O r ig in :N o r th A f r ica ( Tun i s ia ) . C h rono logy :c a .2 90 /300 -375 . I t a l ian T er ra S i g i l la ta o rG a l l ic War e( F ig .5 0 ) . [ S .E .S . ] RG179 . J a r . B roken ; f r agmen to fr im a nd w a l l . R im D 0 . 022 .R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )f a b r ic ;p a tchy r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) s l ip . F o rm : Moev s 1 973 : I V ;j a r . P a ra l le l s : Mo ev s 1 973 : 6 0 ,n o .4 7 . O r ig in : I t a ly o rG au l . C h rono logy :s e cond th i rd q ua r te rf i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

A r ea I 2a :U n i tV ,G r ey c l ay l a ye r .T h i sl o cu sl a yb enea th U n i tI V ,i n aw a te r logged l e ve ln ea r MSL . E a s tern T er ra S i g i l la ta IWar e( F ig . 5 0 ) . [ S .E .S . ] RG180 . C up .B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 12 1 .R edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : f o rm 2 3o r2 4 ;C h r i s tens en 1 97 1 :f o rm 2 3o r2 4 ;G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 3 :1 ;c up w i th c oncave s i de . P a ra l le ls : C rowfoo t 1 957 : 3 37 -38 s im i la r ; C h r i s t ens en 1 971 : 1 66 -71 s im i la r ; N egev 1 974 : n o s . 1 63 -70 s im i la r ; N e tze r 1 981 : 1 26 -27 , n o . 1 6 s im i la r ; G unneweg 1 983 :4 2 -43 ,T ERRA 6 4 -65 s im i la r ;p p .4 4 4 5 , AVD30 s im i la r ;p p .4 6 -47 ,T ERRA 3 7s im i la r ;p p . 5 2 -53 ,T ERRA 3 9s im i la r . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG18 1 . F i sh p l a te .B roken ;f r agmen to fr im e x tan t .Y e l l ow i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic ;d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 2 / 4 )t or e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 6 )s l ip .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG177 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . E a s t er nT er ra S i g i l la ta I W ar e( F ig . 5 0 ) . [ S .E .S . ] RG182 . B ow l . B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . R im D0 . 139 .R edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ;u neven l i gh t r e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )t or e d( 2 .5YR 4 /6 ) s l ip . F o rm :G unneweg 1 983 :E TS I2 4 :2 ;H aye s1 967b : f o rm 7 a ;C row foo t1 957 : f i g . 8 3 :10 ;C o l t1 962 :p l .4 8 s h ap e 1 5 ; J one s 1 950 : n o . 5 24 ; b ow l w i th i nwa rd s l op ing w a l la nd r oled r im . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 1 02 ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 3 43 -44 ,f i g . 8 3 :10 s im i la r . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i t e rranean ( Cyp r u so rA s ia M i n o r ? ) . C h rono logy : m id -f i r s tc en tu ry .

A f r ican R ed S l ip Wa r e( F ig . 5 0 ) . [ S .E .S . ] RG178 . D i sh .B roken ;f r agmen to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . 2g r oove so nr im .R im D 0 . 365 .L igh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ;l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm :H aye s1 972 :f o rm 5 8A ;f l a t -ba sed d i sh ,g en -

L amp . [ S .E .S . ] L 37 . L amp .B roken ,i n comp le te ;s ma l lf r agmen to fn o z z l ee x tan t . MPL 0 . 029 ; . MPW 0 . 031 ; MPH 0 . 02 1 .R ed ( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )f a b r ic ;w or n ,d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR

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I V .F :D epo s i t5 3 / 4 ) s l ip . T r iangu la r n o zz le a nd v o lu t e s ; w ick h o le s how se v idenc eo fb u rn ing .N oi l u s t ra t ion . T ype : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : p o s s ib ly f i r s tc en tu ry .

A rea 1 3a :S t ra tum a bove a nd a round b r i ck p av ing .T h i s s h e rd a ppea red i na nA rab o ccupa t ion l e ve ln ea rt h ep r e sen t s u r f a ce o ff i l li nt h ev au l t . L amp . [ S .E .S . ] L 38 . A rab l amp .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;p a r to fb ody w a l l , t o p , a nd f i l lh o le e x tan t . N om ea su r emen t s a va i lab le . Wh i t e( 1 0YR 8 / 2 )f a b r ic ;v e ry w o rn w h i te ( 5Y 8 / 2 )s l ip . F il h o le s epa ra t ed f r om r e s to fl amp b y 2r i dge sa nd 1 g roove ;b ody o fl amp d eco ra ted w i th g r ape sa nd l e ave s . N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rt y pe a nd p a ra l le l s ,s e eL 5( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : e i gh th t on i n th c en tu ry .

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I V .F .3 .A na l y s i so fD epo s i t s . A l though mo r et h an o ne s t ra t ig raph ic l o cu s i si n vo lved , a nd t h e s e lec t ion o f t h e m a te r ia lf o rp ub l ica t ion w a sh i gh ly s ub jec t ive ,f o rt h es a ke o fc on s i s tency t h ec e ram ic c h rono logy a nd p rovenanc ea r e s umma r iz ed i nt h es ame s o r to ft a b le a si nt h eo t he rd epo s i t s . A s m igh t b e e xpec t ed , t h i s m a t e r ia l s how s p eak s i nt h e H e rod ian a nd B y zan t ine p e r iod s , w i th al e ss e rp eak i nt h e e a r ly I s lam ic p e r iod . S im i la r ly , t h e s t a t i s t ic s f o r g ene r a l p rovenance s how am a rked p r edom inance o fw a re sf r om t h e e a s t Med i t e r r anean a nd P a le s t ine , w i th l e s se r c onc en t ra t i on sf r om N o r th A f r ica a nd I t a ly . T he c h rono logy o ft h es t ruc tu r e sa s soc ia ted w i th t h el o c i r e p re sen ted i nt h i ss e c t ion c anno tb ed e te rm ined s o le ly b ya n e xam ina t ion o ft h em a te r ia lp r e sen ted h e r e . N eve r the le s s , t h ec a ta logue d o e ss how t h a tt h ep avemen ti nt h eI n ne rB a s in c anno th ave b een l a id b efo re t h ef i r s tc en tu r y ,a nd t h a tt h e b ea ch d epo s i ta bove i tc anno th ave f o rmed b e fo re t h ef i f th c en tu ry . T he p i c tu re f o r t h e s t r uc tu re i nA r ea 1 2i s mo r e c omp lex ,b u ta tl e a s ti tc an b ec onc luded f r om t h em a te r ia l p r e sen t ed h e r e t h a t t h e s t r uc tu re c anno t h ave b een b u i l t b e fo r et h ef o u r th c en tu ry , a nd t h a ti tw a sc on s t ruc t ed o na m ix o ff i l lw i th v e ry s i gn if i can tr e p r e sen ta t ion f r om t h el a te H elen i s t ic a nd H e rod ian p er iod so fo ccupa t ion o ft h es i t e . T he l amp f ound i nA r ea I 3ar e in fo rce st h ec onc lu s ion t h a t t h e re w a s s i gn if ican ta c t iv i ty i n s ide t h e v au l ti nt h ee a r ly A rab p e r iod . [ J .P .O . , A .N .S . , S .E .S . ]

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7 . 1 1 4 .3

1 4

I V .G :D epo s i t6 I V .G .D epo s i t 6( Area J :L oc i2 0a nd 2 2 ) . I V .G .1 .D e s cr i p t ion o fC on t ex t .T he a r ea d e s igna t ed a s A r ea Ji so nt h es ho r e -l ine n o r th o ft h eH e rod ian h a rbou ra nd t h eC rusade rf o r t r e s s ,w i th in as ha l low b ay p a r t ly p r o t ec t ed b y ap ro jec t ion o ft h es ho re a nd s ome o f f sho r er e e f s( f ig s . 1 ,5 7 ) . S eve ra l s e a son s o fe xcava t ion b e tween 1 980 a nd 1 984 w e re f o cu s ed o n aw a l la l ong t h es ho r e ,b u i l to fk u r I ca r b l ock sl a id i na na r r angemen to f ten a s soc ia t ed w i th H e l len i s t ic q uay s i n t h i s p o r t ion o f t h e L evan t ( t h i s w o rk i s s umma r ized i nR aban e ta l . 1 989 : 1 43 -49 ; R aban 1 992b ) . A l though t h eb each d eb r i ss e awa rd o ft h ew a l ln a tu ra l ly d i d n o tp r e se rve a ny a nc ien ts t ra t ig raphy ,t h e r ea pp ea r ed t ob e s ome u nd i s tu rb ed s t ra ta b e low t h es u r f ac eg r ave lb eh ind t h e w a l l .T h i sa r ea w a se xcava t ed i n1 981 a nd 1 982 b yR aban , w ho d i scove r ed t h a tt h em i sc elaneou sb u i ld ing d eb r i s( c on t a in ing c o in s a nd c e ram ic s o f t h e f o u r th c en tu ry ) i nt h e s u r f a ce g r ave l h ad c ove red a nd p ro tec t ed d epo s i t s f i ll ing t wo r ock -cu t t a nk s o r f o unda t ion s s e pa ra ted b y at h in b ed rock w a l l . T he s t ra t ig r aphy w a sc on t inuou sa c ro s s t h e w e s t er np o r t ion o ft h et a nk s .T he u ppe rs t ra tum ( l oc i2 0a nd 2 2 ;n o r th a nd s ou th t a nk s ,r e spec t ive ly ) ,w a sc ompo s ed o f b rown , s a ndy s i l t m ixed w i th s ma l l k u r I ca r r ubb le . T h i s s t ra tum c on ta ined t h ed epo s i tp ub l i shed h e r e .T h i ss t ra tum r e s ted o n at h in l a ye r o f p l a s t e r t h a t m igh t i n d ica t e t h e r ema in so f af l oo r( o rf a l len w a l lp l a s t e r ) ,w h ich s e a led o f f l o c i2 1 a nd 2 3 ( p ub l i shed b e low a sD epo s i t7 ) . [ J .P .01

I V .G .2 . C a ta logue o fC e ram i c s . Amphora s( F ig . 5 0 ,p l .2 6 ) . [ J .P .0 . ] A 90 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 0 .B roken ,i n comp le te ;u ppe rp o r t ion o f p eaked h and le , w i th s unken , r e c tangu la r s t amp . MPL 0 . 095 , D0 . 045 .S t amp 0 . 045 x0 . 0 15 .V e ry f i ne , h a rd ,p i nk ( 5YR 8 / 3 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing o cca s iona ld a rk a nd l i gh ti n c lu s ion s .S t amp : ] Ef l ITHM [ 1K [/] 0 11 . C la s s :C la s s9 . P a ra l le l s : T he e ponymou s p r ie s t o f H e l io s m en t i oned i n t he s t amp c ou ld b e T I MOKAE It IAZ , T I MOKPATHI ,o rT I MOKAHZ ;s e eG ra ce 1 953 :1 24 , n o s .1 62 -63 ,1 956 :1 39 ,1 962 : 14 ;G ra ce &S a r va t ianou P e t ropou lakou 1 970 :3 09 ,3 16 ;H ile rv on G ae r t r ingen 1 931 : 8 40 , n o s . 2 86 -87 . T he n ame o ft h e mon th h a s b e en e f f ac ed .T he n ame o fT imok le si sc ha ra c t e r ized b y v on G a e r t r ingen a s" s e l ten ," b u ti to ccu r sa tS ama r ia ,a s d oe s T imok le ida s ( C row foo t e ta l . 1 957 : 3 82 ) . T he d a t e so ft h e se t wo e ponymou sp r ie s t su n fo r tuna te ly a r e n o tc e r ta in , b u tt h e a ng le o ft h e h and le p e ak a nd t h e p l a cemen to ft h es t amp s ugge s tt h et h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ( G ra ce 1 953 :p l .I ,n o .5 ) .O nt h eb a s i so fa r cha eo log i c a l c on tex t s a tD e lo s , G ra ce d a te s T imok le ida s a nd T imok le st ot h el a te f ou r th t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ( 1 952 : 5 25 ,5 30 ) ,a nd c ha rac t e r ize sT imok ra te sa sl a t e ( f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , 1 962 : 13 -14 ) . T ak en t o ge the r , t h e se f a c to r sm ake T imok le ida st h e mo s tl i ke ly g ue s s . O r ig in : A egean ( Rhode s ) . C h rono logy :e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry B .C .? A 91 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 0 .B roken ,i n comp le t e ;f r agmen to f r im a nd u ppe rp o r t ion o fp eaked h and le ,w i th i mp r e s s ed c i r cu la r s t amp . R im D c a . 0 . 12 . S t amp D 0 .04 . V e ry

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f i ne , h a rd , p i nk ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing o cca s i ona lw h i te s peck s . Wh i te ( 10YR 8 / 2 )s u r f a ce .S t amp : r o se b l oom ,s u r rounded b yE H ' T I [ . . ]AA I O T .P I .2 6 . C la s s : C la s s 9( Helen i s t ic ) . P a ra l le l s : T he n ame o ft h e mon th w a sD a l io s , b u t n o te nough o f t h e p r ie s t 's n ame s u r v ive s t oa l low a m ean ingfu l g ues s a s t o i t s c omp le te f o rm ; v on G ae r t r ingen 1 931 : 8 40 l i s t s 1 7 n ame s o fe ponymou s p r ie s t st h a tb eg in w i th T I .T he s hape i ss im i la rt ot h a t o fR hod ian a mpho ra s o ft h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ( G ra ce 1 953 :p l .I ,n o . 5 ) . O r ig in : A egean ( Rhode s ) . C h rono logy : s e cond h a l fo ft h i rd c en tu ry B .C . A 92 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 2 .B roken ,i n comp le te ;r im ,p o r t ion o fn eck ,o ne u ppe rh and le s t ub w i th p o r t ion o fr e c tan g u la r , s unk en s t amp . R im D 0 . 115 . S t amp : W 0 . 0 12 , MPL 0 . 023 .V e ry f i ne ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic c on ta in i n g b l a ck s a nd a nd f l eck s o f m ica . S t amp : 8 E O YA . . . I I[ . . . P l .2 6 . C la s s :C la s s2 . P a ra l le l s :R i ley 1 979 : 1 33 ,f i g .7 0 ,n o .D 41 ( c lo se i n b o th f a b r ic a nd s hape ;F o rm d ? ) .F o rt h ep o s i t ion o ft h e s t amp ,s e ep .1 40 ,f i g .7 1 ,n o . D6 7 ;W i l l 1 982 :p l .8 5f ( Fo rm d ) , P ea cock & W i l l iams 1 986 : 8 4 -85 , f i g . 2 4 ( Fo rm d ) . O r ig in : I t a ly ( Co sa o rP ompe i i? ) . C h rono logy : f i r s th a l fo fs econd c en tu ry B .C .? A 93 . A rea J :l o cu s2 2 .B roken ,i n comp le t e ; f r agmen to f r im a nd h and le .R im D 0 . 136 .H a rd ,l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 )f a b r ic ,t empe red w i th b l a ck a nd w h i te s and . C la s s :C la s s2 9? P a ra l le l s :T he r im s hape a nd f a b r ic a r ec l o se t oC la s s 2 9e xamp le s ,b u tt h es i ng le r od h and le i sa t yp ica l .s e e A l2 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . O r ig in : w e s te rn Med i t e r ranean ( F rance )? C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry? K i t chen War e . [ A .N .S . ] C ook ing P o t s( F ig .5 0 ) . K 82 . C ook ing P o t .A rea J ,l o cu s2 0 .A lmo s tc omp le te p o t w i th t wo h and le s a nd r i bbed , g l obu la rb ody ; r im a nd n eck f l a r e s l igh t ly ; s mal c oncav i ty o n i n s ide o fr im ; e x te r io ro fr im h a s t r i angu la rp ro f i le ; f i re b l a ckened . R im D 0 . 099 ;b ody D 0 . 215 ; H0 . 183 . V e ry f me g r i t , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r i t s , l i gh t r e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 )s l ip . An umbe ro ft h e se p o t sw e r ef o und i nt h es ame c on t ex tb u tw e r en o tc a ta logued :C 81 J 1 15 , C 81 J1 -116 , C 81 J1 -117 , C 81 J1 -119 , C 81 J1 1 31 . P a ra l le l s :T he t y pe i sc ommon i nP a le s t ine :S t r ange 1 975 :4 9 ,f i g .1 3 .15 ,T ype 1 . 2A ( f i r s tc en tu r yB .C . -f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . ) ;L app 1 96 1 : 1 87 -88 ,T ype 7 1 .1 N il a ck s t h e i n te r io r c oncav i ty o f t h e r im ( 50 B .C . -A .D . 7 0 ) ; K ap lan 1 964 : 1 2 ,f i g .2 . 8( 50 -67 ) ; Maza r1 971 :3 0 ,f i g . 1 7 .9 ( Helen i s t ic -He rod ian ) ; D unand & D u ru 1 962 : 1 97 , f i g . 7 8 .d ( He l len i s t ic -Roman ) ;D o than & P o ra th 1 982 : 4 4 , f i g . 3 2 .13 ( l a te H e l len i s t ic -ea r ly R oman ) ; Meye r s 1 976 : 1 95 ,p l . 7 . 14 ,5 1 03 -37 B .C . ) .

C hap t e rI V : C lo sed D epo s i t s n eck a nd r im m i s s ing ; t h in w a l led a nd r i bbed b ody ; r o unded b a se i ss l igh t ly f l a t t ened .B a se D 0 . 020 ;b ody D0 . 102 . V e ry f i ne g r i t , r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) f a b r ic ,y e l low i sh r ed ( 5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : K ap lan ( 1 964 : 9 ,f i g . 3 . 9 , p l . 4 . 5 ) h a s a g l obu la rp o tw h ich h e d a te s 5 0 -67 . L app 1 96 1 : 1 62 , T ype 3 1 , a r e g l obu la rj ug s w i th r ounded b a se ( 200 B .C . -A .D . 7 0 ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .?

O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic t of i r s tc en tu ry A .C . C oar se War e . [ A .N .S . ] J ar s( F ig . 5 1 ) . C 48 . J a r . A r ea J ,l o cu s 2 2 . P a r to fc o l la rr im a nd w a l l ; e x t e r io ro ff l a red r im s l igh t ly u nde r cut R im D 0 . 115 . F ine g r i t ,r edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th s a ndy t e x tu r e . P a ra l le l s : L app 1 96 1 : 1 48 , T ype 1 .3 C ( 2 00 -150 B .C . ) i sv e r y c l o se b u tl a ck s t h e s h a rp ly d own tu rned r im .E lgav i sh 1 976 :7 5 ,f i g .6 . 19 ,i sv e ry c l o s e( He l len i s t ic p e r iod b e fo re 1 26 / 125 B .C . ) ;D o tha n 1 971 : 1 44 , f i g . 8 0 .2 ( He l len i s t ic ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : 2 00 125 B .C .

F ine Wa re s . [ S .E .S . ] E a s t er nT er ra S i g i l la ta IW ar e( F igs .5 1 -52 ) . RG183 . A rea J :l o cu s 2 0 . B ow l . B roken ; p a r t s o fr im , w a l l s , a nd b a se e x tan t . R im D 0 . 123 ; b a se D 0 . 05 ; H 0 . 037 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic ; u neven , d oub le -d ipped ,p a t chy r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG117 ( D epo s i t3 ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

C 49 . J a r .A rea J ,l o cu s2 2 .P a r to fo u t tu rned r im a nd b ody w i th l i gh tr i dg ing .R im D 0 . 110 .V e ry f i ne g r i t ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 8 )f a b r ic ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 8 / 4 ) s l ip . P a ra l le l s : L app 1 96 1 : 1 48 , T ype 1 .3 C a nd E ,

RG184 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 0 .F i sh p l a te .B roken ;f r agmen to f r im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 202 . V e ry p a l e b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic ;v e ry w or n ,v e ry d u sky r e d( 2 .5YR 2 / 2 )s l ip . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG177 ( Depo s i t5 ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

c y l ind r ica l t ob ag -shap ed j a r s ( 200 -150 B .C . ) ; L app 1 978 : 1 02 , p l . 7 3 .3 -7 ( l a t e H e l len i s t ic ) ; R i ley ( 1 979 : 3 65 ,f i g . 1 32 .1040 , 1 055 )h a sl a t e rR oman v a r ian t s . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : 2 00 t ol a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . J ug ( F ig . 5 1 ) . C 50 . J ug .A r ea J ,l o cu s2 0 .A lmo s tc omp le t et wo -hand led j ug ; f l a r ing mou th w i th r a i sed b and a r ound e x t e r io r , p o t -b e l l ied b ody a nd r i ng f o o t . R im D 0 . 100 ; b a s eD 0 . 089 ; H0 . 167 . Med ium g r i t ,r e dd i sh y elow ( 5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th s a ndy i n c lu s ion s ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 . 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s : N o p a ra l le l s f o und a r e a s p l a in a s o u r v e s se l .R i ley 1 979 :3 82 ,f i g .1 37 .1125 h a st h es hape b u t i smo r ed eco ra t ive ( l a t ef i r s tc en tu ry ) .D uncan 1 930 :p l . 3 3 .R4 a nd p l .4 4 .Q a r eH elen i s t ic b u to fb e t t e rq ua l i ty . T homp son ( 1934 : 3 25 , A5 6 , f i g . 8 )h a s af i ne -wa r e p e l ike f r om t h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod .J ohn son ( 1 981 :6 5 , p l .5 4 .4 10 )h a s ap o to ft h eg ene ra ls h ape b u td i f f e r en t f a b r ic d a ted t ot h es e cond h a l fo ft h es e cond c en tu ry e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ,w h ich s e em st ob e al a t e rf o rm . O r ig in :E gyp t ? C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic .

BGS . B ow l . A r ea J :l o cu s 2 2 . B rok en ; b a se a nd p a r to f w a l l e x tan t . B a s e D0 . 052 . P a le b r own ( 10YR 6 / 3 ) f a b r ic ;d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 4 / 1 )t ov e r yd a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 3 / 1 )s l ip . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : 2 63 -65 ; s h a l low b ow l r e s emb l ing af i sh p l a t e ,b u tw i thou tc en t ra ls auc ed i p . P a ra l l e l s : C row foo t1 957 : 2 63 ,f i g .5 s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry B .C . RG185 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 2 . "Mega r ian" b ow l .B roken ;p a r t o fw a l ld eco ra t ed w i th r unn ing v ena tor , g l ad ia to r , o r w a r r io r . MPL 0 . 045 . V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 4 ) f a b r ic ; m i sf i r ed d a rk y elow i sh b rown ( 1 0YR 3 / 4 ) t o l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5YR 6 / 4 )s l ip . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : 2 72 -8 1 ; G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 2 :2 ;m ou lded "Mega r ian" b ow l . P a ra l le l s : G unneweg 1 983 : 9 8 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 2 72 -81 ; E dwa rds 1 975 : n o s . 8 42 , 8 44 s im i la r ; A dam sheck 1 979 : 1 70 , GR 3 1f o rs im i la rt h eme ;L app 1 96 1 :2 09c= C row foo t1 957 :2 74 -75 ,f i g .6 1 ;L aumon ie r 1 977 : e sp ec ia l ly n o s . 343 , 3 371 , 374 ,5 377 a nd p p . 18 -19 , 1 39 -40 ,4 15 -17 ; Waage 1 948 :2 9 -30 ,c f .f i g s . 1 0 ,n o s . 1 13 a nd 2 2 -29 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

B as e( F ig .5 1 ) . C 51 . B a se .A rea J ,l o cu s2 0 .F ragmen to fr i bbed ,g l obu la r b ody w i th s l igh t ly f l a t tened ,r o und b a se .B a se D 0 . 0 15 . F ine g r i t ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )s l ip . P a ra l le l s ; J ohn son ( 1 981 : 7 7 , 5 20 -22 , p l . 6 6 ) h a s e xamp le so ft h eg ene ra lt y pe ( m id -f i r s tt oe a r ly f o u r th c en tu ry ) . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : m id -f i r s tt oe a r ly f o u r th c en tu ry?

RG186 . A rea J :l o cu s2 2 . "Mega r ian" b ow l .B roken ;p a r t o fr im a nd w a l le x tan t . Wa l ld eco ra t ed w i th a nkh d e s ign j u s tb e low l i po fv e s se l ;b o rde ro fd o t sb enea th a nd v i ne a nd t e nd r i ld e co ra t ion . R im D 0 . 17 . V e r yp a le b rown

D ome s t i c War e . [ A .N .S . ] J ug ( F ig .5 1 ) . D 48 . J ug .A r ea J ,l o cu s2 0 .N ea r ly i n tac tg l obu la rv e s se l ;

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I V .G :D epo s i t6 P a ra l le l s :C rowfoo t1 957 :2 31-32 ,n o s .8 14 s im i la r i ns hape o n ly , n o tf a b r ic .

( 10YR 8 / 4 )f a br ic ;p a tchy ,m i sf i red d a rk b rown ( 10YR 3 / 3 ) s l ip . F o rm : S e e RG185 . P a ra l l e l s : C rowfoo t 1 957 : f i g . 6 3 , n o . 1 9 ; R o l le r

O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic .

1 980 :n o s .3 4 -36 ;S t e rn 1 978 :2 3s im i la r ; Waage 1 948 : f i g . 1 ,n o . 1 8s im i la r ;S hea r1 973 : 1 54 -56 a nd p l .3 3a I V .G .3 . A na ly s i s o fD epos i t . T he d epo s i tc on ta ined i n

( e a rl ie rt h an o u r s ) . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : s econd -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

l o c i2 0a nd 2 2i sa ni n te r es t ing m ix o fv e sse lt y pe s , w a re s , a nd c h rono log ica l p e r iod s . T he e a r l ie s t v e sse ls a r e t h e R hod ian a mpho ra sA 90 -A91 , t h el a te s ti st h eC -wa re b ase C 51 , w h ich , h oweve r , i sd a t ed o n ly v e ry t e n ta t ive ly t ot h e

RG187 . A rea J :l o cus 2 2 . S ha l low b ow l o r f i sh p l a te . B roken ;p a r to fb a se e x tani B a se D 0 . 081 .P ink ( 7 .5YR 8 /4 ) f a b r ic ; p a tchy r edd ish y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 ) t od a rk

m id -f i r s t t of ou r th c en tu ry . T he o the r ampho ra s a nd f i ne w a r e sa l lc an b ed a ted w i th c onf idence f r om t h es e cond t o

r edd i sh b rown ( 5YR 2 / 2 ) s l ip . F o rm :C rowfoo t1 957 :2 61 ,f i g .5 4( f i sh p l a te s )o rp .

t h ef i r s tc en tu r ie sB .C . ,w i th t h ee xcep t ion o f RG183 ,w h ich i sd a ted f i r s t -c en tu ry B .C . o rA .C . T he o the r f i r s t -cen tu ry d a te sa l lc ome f r om u t il i ta r ian -wa re v e sse l s ,w h ich a r e mo re

2 63 , f i g . 5 5 ( s ha l low b ow l r e semb l ing f i sh p l a te , b u t w i th n o c en t ra l s auce d ip ) ; G unneweg 1 983 : ETS I 2 1 :1 ;C hr i s ten sen 1 971 :3 ,f i g . 1( f i sh p l a te )o rp .1 8 ,f i g . 8 : 74 s im i la r . P a ra l le l s : C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 60 -63 ( f i sh p l a te s ) o r C row foo t 1 957 : 2 63 -65 ( s ha l low b ow l s ) ; G unneweg 1 983 :9 5 ;C h r is ten sen 1 971 : 2 -7 ( f i sh p l a te s )o rP . 1 7 , n o . 7 4( f ragmen to fb ase ) . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : s econd c en tu ry B .C .

c oa r se w a re q u i te l o g ica l ly h ave l o ca lP a le s t in ian p a ra l le l s . T he a mpho ra s A 90 -A91 c a r r ied t h e w ine f r om R hode s w h ich w a s ac ommon i mpo r ti nH e l len i s t ic P a le s t ine ,w h i le A 92 w a s I t a l ian i no r ig in , a nd A 93 m ay b e as ou th G a ll ic t y pe . A l though t h es amp le i sf a i r ly s ma l l ,a nd t h ec h rono log i c a ls p r ead i n d ica te st h a tt h ec u l tu ra l ma ter ia li nt h ed epo s i t d i dn o ts t em f r om as i ng le i n c iden t ,s ome h ypo the se sc an b e p ropo sed . T he s i gn if ican tn umbe ro fH e l len is t ic f i ne -wa re

RG188 . A rea J: l o cu s2 2 .F i sh p l a te .B roken ;p a r to fb a se , s auce d ip , w a l l e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 050 . N o Munse l l a va i lab le . F o rm : Gunneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 1 :2 ; L app 1 961 : t y pe 1 53 .1 ;C rowfoo t1 957 :2 60 -63 ;C h r i s tensen 1 971 :

b ow l sa nd f i sh p l a te s ,i mpo r ted a mpho ra s ,a nd c oa r se -wa re j a r s a nd j ugs , c omb ined w i th t h er e la t ive r a r i ty o fk i tchen w a r ea nd t h ea b sence o fo i ll amp s ,s ugge s t st h a tt h ed epo s i t r e p resen t s r ubb i sh f r om au ppe r -c la s s s e rv ing a r ea r a the r t h an f r om o rd ina ry d ome s t ic a c t iv i t ie s .T he e a r l ie r ma te r ia l s hou ld b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e H e l len is t ic s e t t lemen t o f S t ra ton 's T owe r , f o r w h ich t h e a d jac en t b ay m ay h ave s e rved a st h en o r the rn h a rbou r ,w h i le t h el a te r ma te r ia l may b ea s soc ia ted w i th r e -occupa t ion o ft h es i te i nt h eH e rod ian p e r iod .A l though t h es u r face ma te r ia la bove l o c i2 0a nd 2 2

2 -7 ; f i sh p la te . P a ra l le ls : C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 20 -22 , 2 60 -63 ; C h r i s tensen 1 971 : 2 -7 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : H elen is t ic . RG189 .

A rea J :l o cus 2 2 .P la te .B roken ;p a r to fw a l ls a nd

w a sb ad ly d i s tu rbed ,t h ea bsenc eo fv e sse ls i nD epo s i t 6t h a t

b a se e x tan t ;i mp re ssed p a lme t t ea nd r ou le t t ing o nb o t t om i n s ide o fp l a te . B a se D 0 .098 . S l ip m i sf i red? N o

c an c onf iden t ly b e d a ted l a te r t h an t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . s ugge s t st h a tt h ed epo s i tw a sl a id d own i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . o rA .C . , p o s s ib ly d u r ing t h e p er iod o f f r ene t ic c on s t ruc t ion a s soc ia ted w i th t h eH e ro c l ian h a rbou r .I na ny c a se , i ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a tt h is d epo s i th a sa ny f unc t iona l r e la t i onsh ip w i th t h er ock -cu tt a nk si nw h ich i tw a sf ound ,o t he r t h an t h a to fr ubb ish d umped i n to ah andy h o le .S ee a l so t h e a na ly s is o fD epo s i t7 ,b e low .

Munse l la va i lab le . F o rm : C h r is tensen 1 971 : 1 7 , p l a te s t amped w i th p a lme t te s ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 45 , f i g . 4 8 ; b ow l w i th o u t cu rved r im . P a ra l le l s : C h r is tensen 1 971 : 1 7 , n o . 7 0 s im i la r ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 45 ,n o s . 2 5 s im i la r . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : H e l len is t ic .

[ J .P .O . , A .N .S . , S. E .S . ]

Wares o fU nknown P rovenanc e ( F ig . 5 2 ) . RG190 . A rea J :l o cus 2 2 . B ow l . B roken ; p a r t o f r i ng b a se , wa l le x tan t .B a se D 0 . 058 .N o Muns e l la va i lab le . F o rm : B ow lw i th f l a r ing w a l l s . P a ra l le l s : n one i d en t if ied . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . Ch rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic . RG191 .

d i ff icu l tt od a te a ccu ra te ly :K 82 ,D 48 .T he g rea tb u lk o ft h i s ma te r ia li se a s te rn Med i te r ranean i no r ig in , mo s to ft h et e r ra s i g i l la ta o r ig ina t ing i nt h e L evan t , w h i le t h e k i tchen a nd

A rea J ;l o cus 2 2 . J a r . B roken ; p a r t o fr im a nd

w a l le x tan t . R im D 0 . 10 1 .N o Munse l la va i lab le . F o rm : C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 31 , f i g .4 2 ;j a rw i th r im .

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I V .H :D epo s i t7 I V .H .D epo s i t 7( Ar ea J :L oc i2 1a nd 2 3 ) . I V .H .1 .D e sc r ip t ion o fC on t ex t .F o r ad e sc r ip t ion o ft h e e xcava t ion a r ea a nd g ene ra lc on tex t ,s e et h ed e sc r ip t ion o f D epo s i t 6a bove ( p .1 39 ) .D epo s i t 7c on s i s t ed o fl o c i2 1a nd 2 3 ,t h el owe s ts t ra tum i nt h et wo a d jo in ing t a nk s ,r e s t ing o n af l oo ro fr ough s l ab so fk u rka rb edded o n al a ye ro fs t e r i le s a nd a bove b ed rock , a nd s e a led i n p a r t a bove b y t h e p o s s ib le p l a s te rf l oo ro nw h ich l o c i2 0a nd 2 2w e r eb a sed . T he s o i lc on s i s t ed o f af i ne g r ey s i l tw h ich i sc l ay l ike i n c on s i s t ency a ts ome p o in t s .P o r t ion so ft h ef i lc on ta ined a t h ick d epo s i to fp o t she rd s ,w h i le i nt h en o r the rn o ft h et wo t a nk si ts u r rounded ag roup o fe i gh td oub l e -mou thed a m p ho r as o rj a r st h a ts e emed t oh ave b een c ove r ed w h i le l y ing i ns i tu s i de b ys i de o nt h et a nk f l oo r . [ J .P .0 . ]

I V .H .2 . C a ta logue o fC eram i c s . Amphora s( F ig . 5 2 -54 ,p l s . 2 7 -28 ) . [ J .P .0 . ] A 94 . A r ea J :l o cu s 2 1 . B roken , n ea r ly c omp le te ; r im e r oded a nd p o r t ion so fb ody w a l lm i s s ing . H0 . 87 , Do f b e l ly 0 . 24 ,r im D c a .0 . 115 .C apa c i ty :2 2 .61 .V e ry f i ne , c ha lky ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic . C la s s :C la s s9 . P a ra l le l s : s e e A l ( un s t ra t i f ied ) , B e rl in 1 992 : 19 , f i g .5 4 .7 ( Ca e sa r ea ,f i r s tc en tu ry ) ;G ra ce 1 965 :5 7 ,f i g . 3 ,n o . B( Cu r ium , f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) a nd C ( A then s , A go r a ,A ugu s tan ) .T he l e s sg l obu la rb ody o fA 94 a nd i t ss ub sequen t ly r educed c apa c i ty r e la t ei tt ot h e l a te r f i r s t -cen tu ry e xamp le s f r om C u r ium a nd t h e A go ra , r a the rt h an t ot h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . A n t iky the ra Wr eck e xamp le s( G rac e1 965 :5 7 ,f i g .2 ,n o s .3 5 ) .T he C u r ium a mpho ra h ad ac apa c i ty o f2 2 .51(G ra ce p .7a nd n o te 9 ) . S ee a l so H e sna rd 1 980 : 1 45 ,p l .2 . 2 -3 ( O s t ia , A ugu s tan ) . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

A 97 . A rea J :l o cu s2 1 .B roken ,c omp le t ee xcep tf o r af ew v e ry s ma l lf r agmen t so fb ody w a l l . R e s to red . H0 . 50 , r im D 0 . 115 a nd 0 . 10 .F ine ,h a rd ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic t empe red w i th b l a ck s and . C la s s :C la s sG , s ub -c la s s 1 .P l . 2 7 . P a ra l le l s :s e ei n t roduc t ion t oC la s s G( S ec t .I .B .3 ) . O r ig in : P a le s t ine? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .? A 98 . A rea J :l o cu s2 1 .B roken ,c omp le te e xcep tf o r af ew v e ry s ma l lf r agmen t so fb ody w a l l . R e s to r ed . H0 . 53 , r im D 0 . 12 a nd 0 . 105 .F ine ,h a rd ,p i nk ( 5YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic t empe r ed w i th b l ack s a nd . C la s s :C la s sG ,s ub -c la s s 1 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 97 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .? A 99 . A r ea J :l o cu s 2 1 . B roken , i n comp le te , s o f tened ; mo s to fb ody w a l la nd r im m i s s ing a to ne e nd .R e s to r ed . H 0 . 56 , r im D 0 . 115 a nd 0 . 105 . C apac i ty : 1 .6 1 . C ha lky ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic t empe red w i th b l ack s a nd . C la s s :C la s sG ,s ub -c la s s 1 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 97 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .? A 100 . A rea J :l o cu s 2 1 . I n tac t . H0 . 45 , r im D 0 . 135 a nd 0 . 105 .H a rd ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 8 )f a b r ic t empe red w i th b l a ck s a nd .S u r f a ce c ha lky .P l .2 8 . C la s s :C la s sG , s ub -c la s s2 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 97 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .? A 101 . A rea J :l o cu s 2 1 . B roken , c omp le te ; r e s to r ed . H 0 . 4 1 ,r im D 0 . 205 a nd 0 . 105 .H a rd ,y elow ( 10YR 8 / 6 ) f a b r ic t empe red w i th b l a ck s a nd . C la s s : C la s sG ,s ub -c la s s3 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 97 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .?

A 95 . A rea J :l o cu s2 1 .B roken ,a lmo s tc omp le t e ;r im a nd h and le sb ad ly e r oded ,a nd p o r t ion so fb ody w a l lm i s s i n g . H0 . 86 , Do fb ely 0 . 27 ,r im D c a .0 . 12 .C apa c i ty : 2 1 .1 1 .V e ry f i ne ,c ha lky ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 8 / 6 ) f a b r ic . P l .2 7 . C la s s : C la s s9 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 94 . O r ig in : A egean . C h rono logy : l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

A 102 . A r ea J :l o cu s 2 1 . B roken , c omp le t e ; r e s to red . H 0 . 41 ,r im D 0 . 205 a nd 0 . 105 .H a rd ,y elow ( 10YR 8 / 6 ) f a b r ic t empe red w i th b l a ck s a nd .P l .2 8 . C la s s : C la s sG , s ub -c la s s3 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 97 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .?

A 96 . A rea J :l o cu s 2 1 . B roken , i n comp le te ; s ome b ody w a l lf r agmen t sm i s s ing . H0 . 70 ,R im D 0 . 11 .C apa c i ty : 1 8 .5 1 .S o f t , c ha lky , l i gh tr e d( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 ) f a b r ic t em p e red w i th b l a ck s a nd . P l .2 7 . C la s s :C la s sF . P a ra l le l s : B en -To r &R o sen tha l 1 978 :7 5 ,f i g .9 . 15 i s aj a ro ft h e " Pe r s ian p e r iod" v e ry s im i la ri ns h ap e , f r om n ea rby T e l Y ogne 'am , b u tt h e f a b r ic i sn o td e s c r ibed . C ompa r e a l so D o than 1 971 : Ip .4 9 , I , f i g . 1 2 .1 ,p l . 1 5 .7 , b uf ft op i nk w a r ea mpho ra so ft h el a te s e cond t oe a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .a tA shdod . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy : l a te s e cond t oe a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

A 103 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 1 . B roken , i n comp le t e ; af ew s ma l l f r agmen t so fb ody w a l lm i s s ing .R e s to red . H0 . 405 ,r im D0 . 165 a nd 0 . 105 .F ine ,h a rd ,p i nk ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic t empe red w i th b l ack s a nd . C la s s : C la s sG , s ub -c la ss 3 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 97 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine ? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .?

1 43

C hap te rI V : C los ed D epo s i t s A 104 . A rea J :l o cu s 2 1 . B roken , i n comp le t e ; s i gn if i can t p o r t ion so fo ne r im a nd b ody w a l lm i s s ing .R e s to red .H 0 . 425 ,r im D 0 . 22 a nd 0 . 115 .H a rd ,y e l low ( 1 0YR 8 / 6 ) f a b r ic t empe red w i th b l a ck s a nd . C la s s :C la s sG , s ub -c la s s3 . P a ra l le l s : s e eA 97 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine? C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .?

A ha ron i1 964 :p l .1 0 .25 ( Rama tR ahe l ,H e rod ian ," g r ey w a r e" ; s l igh t ly d i f f e ren tr im ) ; E lgav i sh 1 976 : 7 4 ,n o . 1 9 , f i g . 6 . 19 ( b e fo re 1 26 /5 B .C . , p ink f a b r ic , w h i te s u r f a ce ) . C f . L app 1 96 1 : 1 47 , n o . 1 .2 G ( l a te f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t oe a r ly f i r s t A .C . ) , p . 1 49 , n o . 1 .3 H ( s econd h a lf o ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ran ean . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

A 105 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 3 .B roken ,i n comp le t e ,s u r f ac eh eav i l ye roded ; l a rge p o r t ion so fr im , h and le s , b ody w a l l . T he o r ig ina l mou ld ing sh ave w o rn o f ft h er im a nd t h e r i dge so f ft h es hou lde r .R e s to r ed . H0 . 52 ,m ax .W0 . 23 , r im D 0 . 095 .C apac i ty : 1 51 .S o f t ,p i nk ( 5YR 8 / 4 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing f i ne q ua r tz s a nd a nd o cca s iona ll a rge w h i te i n c lu s ion s . C la s s :C la s s4 6 /62 . P a ra l le l s : s e eR i ley 1 975 : 2 7 , 2 9 , n o . 8 ,T yp e 1 A ; B lake ly 1 987 :6 7 ,n o .6 1 .L ev ine a nd N e tze r( 1 986 :9 1 , p .1 23 n o .1 )c a ta logue as im i la rv e s se la st y po log ica l ly t h e e a rl ie s t o ft h e b ag shaped a mpho r a s ( Type 1 A ) , c i t ing ap a ra l le lo ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .f r om Q um ran ( d eV aux 1 953 : 9 6 -97 , f i g . 2 . 2 ) . F o r ac l o se rp a ra l le l f r om Q um r an ,d a t ing b e tween 4B .C .a nd A .D .6 8 ,s e e d eV aux 1 954 : 2 08 -13 ,f i g . 5 . 1 . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry?

K i t chen War e . [ A .N .S . ] C ook ing P o t s( F ig .5 4 ) . K 83 . C ook ing P o t .A reaJ ,l o cu s2 3 .F ragmen to fr im ,w a l l a nd h and le ;s ho r t ,f l a r ing n eck i sc oncave o ni n s id e ;t o p o ft h ickened r im h a si n te rna la nd e x t e rna lp ro jec t ion sa s w el a ss ma l lr e ce s so nt o pi n t e r io r ;s ome f i re b l a ck en i n g .R im D 0 . 16 . Med ium g r i t ,g r ey ( 10YR 5 / 1 )f a b r ic w i th s ma l l d a rk i n c lu s ion s , y elow i sh r e d ( 5YR 5 / 6 ) e x te r io r .C ompa re K 23 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) . P a ra l le l s : s e eK 23 . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy : l a te s e cond c en tu ry B .C . t of i f th c en t u ry A .C . K 84 . C ook ing P o t .A r ea J ,l o cu s2 3 .F ragmen to fr im ,o ne h and le a nd w a l l ;t h ickened e x te r io ro fr im s e to f ff r om r e la t ive ly s t ra igh t ;n eck s e pa ra ted f r om b ody b yc onvex b and ;f i re b l ackened .R im D 0 . 095 .F i ne g r i t ,y elow i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 8 )f a b r ic ,b rown ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 ) s l ip . P a ra l le l s :n one i d en t if i ed . O r ig in : u nde te rm ined . C h rono logy : u nde t e rm ined .

A 106 . A reaJ :l o cu s2 3 .B roken ,i n comp le t e ,s u r f a ce e r od ed ; p o r t ion so fr im ,b ody w a l l ,a nd o ne h and le m i s s ing .H 0 . 47 ;r im H 0 . 095 .C apac i ty : 1 .21 .H a rd ,s a ndy ,w h i t e ( 10YR 8 / 2 )f a b r ic c on ta in ing n ume rou sd a rk i n c lu s ion s t h a tc au se f r equen ts u r f ace s pa ll ing .P l .2 8 . C la s s : C la s sB . P a ra l le l s :s e ei n t roduc t ion t oC la s s B( S ec t .I .B . 3 ) , a nd L app 1 96 1 : 1 48 -49 , 1 .3 G ( Shechem , 1 50 -100 B .C . ) ,1 970 :1 80 -82 ,f i g .9 . 1 -2 ( Mughä r e tA bu S h i n je h , l a t ef ou r th c en tu ry B .C . ) ;E lgav i sh 1 976 :7 4 ,n o .2 0 ,p l . 1 5E ( Sh iqmona , b e fo r e 1 26 /5 B .C . , p i nk f a b r ic w i th w h i te s u r f ace ) ; Z eme r 1 978 : 3 0 -32 , n o . 2 5 ( c oa s ta l w a t e r so f fD o r ,f i f th -fou r th c en tu ry B .C . ) ;S t er n1 982 : 1 04 -105 , f i g . 1 42 , e sp . i nn o r ther n I s ra e la nd S ha ron P l a in , f i f th fou r th c en tu ry B .C . ) ; B en -To r , P o r tuga l i , A v i s sa r 1 983 : 4 5 , f i g . 8 . 2 , p l . 2 B ( T e l Y oqne 'a m , s e cond h a lf s e cond c en tu ry B .C . , l i gh tp i nk c l ay ) .F o r t h es ame g ene ra lb ody s h ape ,w i th ad i f f e r en tr im ,s e e D o than 1 971 : Ip .4 9 ,I ,f i g s . 1 2 .1 -2 ,8 0 .1 -2 ( e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry B .C .

B ra z i er s( F ig . 5 4 ) . K 85 . B r a z ie rL ug .A r eaJ ,l o cu s2 3 .F ragmen tw i th mou ld m ade d eco ra t ion : l owe rh a l fo fs a ty r 's f a ce w i th s nub n o s e , mou s tache r i s ing a tt h es i de si n to t wo c ur ve st h en f a l l ing d own i nt wo h eavy ,t w i s ted l o ng l o ck sf l ank ing t h eb ean 'f o rmed f r om t h r ee l o ng l o ck s ;f i r eb l ack ened . L0 . 09 ;W0 . 057 .V e ry c oa r se ,y e l low i sh r e d( 5YR 5 / 6 ) f a b r ic w i th l a rge m ica i n c lu s ion s . P a ra l l e l s :R i ley ( 1 979 :3 03 f . )a nd R ahman i( 1 984 : 2 24 f . ) h ave l e ng thy d i scu s s ion s a nd b i bl iog raph ic r e f e r ence s . R ahman i ( 1 984 : 2 26 , B : n o . 8 ,p l . 3 0 ) d i scu s se so u rt y pe ( Conze T ype IC 2 68 )s pec if i ca l ly . H ec onc lud e st h a ts i nce mo s to ft h e se l u g sa r ef ound a t c oa s ta ls i t e si nI s r ae lt h ey r e p r e sen tm e r chand i se , t h e p e r sona l h ou seho ld g ood s o f c o lon i s t s , o r t h a t t h ey s imp ly w e r ed i ff icu l tt ot r an spo r ti n land .N eu t ron a c t i v a t ion a na ly s i s( 2 30 )i n d ica te sf o r e ign o r ig in .C rowf oo t ( 1 957 : 2 71 , f i g . 6 0 ) a nd B runeau ( 1 970 : 2 72 , p l . 5 2 .D .365 ) h ave f u r the r e xamp le s o f t h e t y p e , w h i ch w a sw id e sp r ead i nt h ee a s t er n Med i te r r anean . O r ig in : e a s t e rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy :s e cond c en tu ry t oe nd o ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

A 107 . A r ea J :l o cu s 2 3 . B roken , i n comp le t e , f a b r ic s o f t e ned a nd s t a ined ;s i gn if ican tp o r t ion so fr im ,w a l l ,a nd s hou ld e rm i s s ing .T he r im a nd s hou lde rp rof i le m ay n o t h ave b een r e s to red a ccu ra te ly . H0 . 44 ; m ax .W 0 . 25 ; r im D 0 . 11 .C apa c i ty :1 31 .S o f t ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 3 ) f a b r ic c on ta in ing d a rk s a nd a nd n ume rou s w h i t e i n c lu s ion s .P l .2 8 . C la s s :C la s sC . P a ra l le l s : s e e i n t roduc t ion t oC la s s C( p . 1 9 ) , a nd

K 86 . B ra z ie rL ug . A r ea J ,l o cu s 2 3 . F ragmen tr o ugh ly s qua r e w i th ar e c tangu la r shaped s uppo r t p r o jec t ing f r om t h ec oncave f a ce ; s l igh tr e ce s so nt o po fc onvex e x te r io r . H0 . 077 ;W 0 . 056 . F ine g r i t , r edd i sh y e l low

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T V .H :D epo s i t7 ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )f a b r ic w i th l a rge s h e l li n c lu s ion s ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 7 / 4 ) e x t e r io r . C ompa r e K 85 f o r mo r e d eco ra t ive l u g ; a no the r b r az ie r f r agmen t ( C824 1 -3 ) w a sf ound i nA r ea J ,l o cu s2 2 ,b ucke t6 . P a ra l l e l s :s e eK 57 ( Depo s i t4 )f o rb i bl iog raphy a nd d i scus s ion . R i ley 1 979 : 3 05 a nd 3 09 , f i g . 14 .697 , T ype Ei nh i sl o ca lf a b r ic 1i ss im i la rt oo u rl u g . AT yp e Eb raz ie r i mpo r ted f r om B enghaz i s hou ld d a t e n o e a rl ie rt h an t h es e cond h a l fo ft h es e cond c en tu ry A .C . , b u ts i nce p l a in b raz ie r sw e r em anu f ac tu red a se a r ly a s t h e s e cond q ua r te ro ft h e s e cond c en tu ry B .C . ( R i ley 1 979 : 3 03 ) ,o u rl u g may b eH elen i s t ic . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy : H elen i s t ic t oR oman .

O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry t o l a te f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . D ome s t i c Wa r e . [ A .N .S . ] J ug s( F ig . 5 4 ) . D 49 . U nguen ta r ium . A rea J ,l o cu s 2 3 . U n symme t r ica l f u s i fo rm u nguen ta r ium w i th p a r to fn eck a nd r im m i s s i n g .T h r ee i n c i sed l i ne sn ea rt r an s i t ion t ob a se .I r r egu la r b a se L 0 . 026 , W 0 . 02 1 ; b ody D 0 . 046 ; MPH 0 . 093 . V e ry f i ne ,s moo th ,l i gh ty e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 6 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny t e r ra co t ta i n c lu s ion s ,p a le y e l low ( 2 .5Y 8 / 4 )s l ip .C omp a r eD 50 a nd D 51 . P a ra l le l s : T he t y pe i sv e ry c ommon . A nde r son S t o janov ic ( 1 987 : 1 05 -22 ) h a s a t t emp t ed t h e mo s t s yn the t ic t r ea tmen to ft h ef o rm . R i ley 1 979 : 3 00 , f i g . 13 .684 ,T yp e Ai sc on s id e r ed i mpo r ted ;L app 1 96 1 : 1 97 ,T ype 9 1( s econd c en tu ry B .C . ) ;E lgav i sh 1 976 :7 3 , f i g .5 . 15 i ss im i la r( Helen i s t ic ) ; We inbe rg 1 971 : 1 03 , p l . 1 6A ( s e cond h a l fo fs e cond c en tu ry B .C . ) ;D unand &D u ru 1 962 :1 98 ,f i g .8 0 .a -g ( He l len i s t ic ) ;L app 1 978 : 1 03 ,p l .7 7 .8 -10 ( s econd -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ;K lone r& H e s s 1 985 : 1 33 ,f i g .4 . 14 ( s econd -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ; D o than 1 971 :7 6 ,f i g .9 9 :23 ( s econd -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ; T u sh ingham 1 985 :5 6a nd 3 13 ,f i g .2 2 .1 3 -20 ,f u s i fo rm u nguen ta r ia o f mo re s l ende r s hape t h an o u r s ( f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . ) O r ig in :e a s t e rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : H e l len i s t ic -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

C oar se War e . [ A .N .S . ] J ar ( F ig . 5 4 ) . C 52 . J a r .A r ea J ,l o cu s2 3 .F ragmen to fr im a nd w a l lw i th l i gh tr i bbi ng ;i nc ised g roove s et so u t tu rned r im of f r om

f l a r ing b ody .R im D 0 . 110 .F ine g r i t ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic w i th t i ny w h i te i n c lu s ion s ,v e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 4 )s l ip (? ) . P a ra l le l s :L app 1 978 :1 02 ,p l .7 3 .36 -37 ( l a te H e l len i s t ic ) h a s t h e s ame g ene ra l s hap e a nd f a b r ic , b u t t h e b ody f l a re sl e s sm a rked ly .L app 1 96 1 : 1 44 -52 ,T yp e1 h a sn oc l o se p a ra l le l ;s e eR i ley 1 979 :3 65 ,f i g .1 32 .1040 f o rl a te r ,l a rge rR oman t y pe . O r ig in : P a le s t ine . C h rono logy : l a t eH e l len i s t ic . J ug ( F ig . 5 4 ) . C 53 . J ug / Ja r . A rea J ,l o cu s 2 3 . F ragmen t w i th p a r t o f f l a r ing r im , n eck a nd o ne c omp le te h and le . R im D 0 . 110 .F i ne g r i t ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic . P a ra l le l s : f o r s hape b u t w i thou t h and le s : D y son 1 976 :4 8 , FG 6 5 , f i g . 1 0 , P i tche rC la s s2 ;8 0 ,V -D 8 6 , f i g .2 5 ,J a rC la s s1 4( 200 -70 B .C . ) ; Maz a r1 971 :3 0 ,f i g . 1 7 .11 ( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ;L o f f r eda 1 974 :8 6 ,f i g .4 . 5 . ; McN icol 1 982 : 1 34 , p l . 1 27 .17 , aj a r w i th as ho r t e r n eck ( Helen is t ic ) . O r ig in : e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : 2 00 t oe nd o ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . Amphor i sko s( F ig . 5 4 ) . C 54 . Ampho r i sko s . A rea J ,l o cus 2 3 . A symme t r ica l a mpho r i sko si n ta c te xcep tf o rt o eo ff o o t ;l i gh tr i bb ing f r om h and le s t of oo t ; r ound ed , i regu la r r im . R im D 0 . 026 ; max imum p r es e rved H0 . 180 ;m ax imum b ody D 0 . 057 ; max imum w id th a th and le s0 . 068 .S andy t e x tu re t of i ne g r i t ,r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r i c . P a ra l le l s : T homp son 1 934 : 4 17 , E1 26 , f i g . 1 00 , A then ian A go ra ( He l len i s t ic ) ; D o than 1 971 : 4 8 , f i g . 1 0 .9 ( e nd o fs e cond c en tu ry -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ;D uncan 1 930 : p l . 4 8 .S2 ( He l len i s t ic ) ; D unand & D u ru 1 962 : 2 03 ,f i g .8 0 .h ( He l len i s t ic -Roman ) ;C o l t1 962 :2 96 ,p l . 5 4 .126 .3 -4 ( He l len i s t ic ) ; We inbe rg 1 971 :1 03 ,p l .1 6 .B ( e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry t o e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) ; E lgav i sh 1 976 :7 1a nd 7 3 ,f i g .5 . 14 ,p l .1 5 c ,r e ga rd st h i s a s ac ommon t y pe ( h i se xamp le i sb e fo re 1 26 / 125 B .C . ) w h ich o f ten h a sa na symme t r ic p rof i le .

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D 50 . U nguen ta r ium . A r ea J ,l o cu s 2 3 . B a se a nd p a r to f b ody o ff u s i f o rm u nguen ta r ium .I n te r io rp o s s ib ly g l a zed . B a se D 0 . 032 . V e ry f i ne , s moo th , p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 ) f a b r ic w i th t i ny t e r ra co t ta i n c lu s ion s ,b l a ck ( 2 .5Y N 2 ) i n te r io r .C ompa r eD 49 a nd D 51 . P a ra l le l s : s e eD 49 . O r ig in : e a s t er n Med i t e r ranean . C h rono logy : H e l len i s t ic -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C . D 51 . U nguen ta r ium . A rea J ,l o cus 2 3 . F ragmen t o f f u s i fo rm u nguen ta r ium f r om j u s ta bove s hou lde rt oj u s t a bove b a se ;g l a zed i n t e r io r ;l i gh t ly i n c ised l i ne ss p i r a l a r ound b ody . Da ts hou lde r0 . 067 .V e ry f i ne , s moo th , p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic w i th t i ny t e r ra co t ta i n c lu s ion s , d a rk r e dd i sh b rown ( 2 .5YR 2 . 5 /4 ) t or e d ( 1 0R 4 / 8 ) i n t e r io r .C ompa r eD 49 a nd D 50 . P a ra l le l s : s e eD 49 . O r ig in :e a s te rn Med i te r ranean . C h rono logy : H e l len i s t ic -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C . F ine Wa re s . [ S .E .S . ] E a s tern T er ra S i g i l la ta IW ar e( F ig . 5 5 -56 ) . RG192 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 1 .B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 16 1 .R edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : G unneweg 1 983 : E TS I2 1 :1 ; L app 1 96 1 : t y p e 5 1 .1 ; C rowfoo t 1 957 : 2 49 , f i g . 4 9 ; b ow l w i th i n cu r ved r im . P a ra l le l s :G unneweg 1 983 :9 5 ;R o l le r1 980 :3 9 ,n o . 2 3 ;C row foo t 1 957 : 2 48 -49 .

C hap t er I V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : t h i rd -s econd c en tu ry B .C .o rR oman .

f i g .7 3 ;C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 5 9 ,f i g . 2 6 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : l a t eH e l len i s t ic .

RG193 . A rea J :l o cu s 2 1 . B ow l . B roken ; p a r to fb a s e e x tan t . B a se D 0 . 07 1 .N o Mun sel a va i lab le . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l s ,s e e RG117 ( Depo s i t3 ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . RG194 . A rea J :l o cu s 2 1 . "Mega r ian" b ow l . B roken ; f r agmen t so fw a l lw i th r e l ie fd eco ra t ion . R im D 0 . 16 . R edd i sh y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ;v e ry w o rn r e d( 2 .5YR 4 / 8 )s l ip . F o rm : G unneweg 1 983 : EIS I2 2 :2 ; mou lded "Mega r ian" b ow l . P a ra l le l s :G unneweg 1 983 :9 8 ;R ole r1 980 :n o .3 6 ; C row foo t 1 957 : 2 72 -81 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .? RG195 . A rea J :l o cu s2 3 .B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fw a l lw i th r ou le t t ing e x tan t . R im D 0 . 20 .P ink ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 ) t o r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ;r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )s l ip . F o rm : C row foo t 1 957 : 2 45 , f i g . 4 8 ( bow l w i th o u t cu rved r im )o r2 49 ,f i g .4 9( bow lw i th i n cu rved r im ) ; L app 1 96 1 : t y pe 1 51 .3 . P a ra l le l s :C rowfoo t1 957 :2 45 ,f i g .4 8 ,o rp .2 49 ,f i g . 4 9s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic . BG6 . B ow l . A r ea J :l o cu s 2 3 . B roken ; n ea r ly c omp le te . I n te r io rr ou le t ted a nd d eco ra ted w i th s t amped p a lme t t e s . R im D 0 . 26 ;B a se D 0 . 14 1 .G lo s sy b l a ck s l ip o ni n t e r io r a nd e x te r io r . F o rm :L app 1 96 1 :t y pe 1 5 1 .3 ;C row foo t1 957 :2 45 , f i g .4 8 ;b ow lw i th o u tcur ved r im . P a ra l le l s : C row foo t 1 957 : 2 45 , f i g . 4 8 , n o s . 4 5 s im i la r . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy :p robab ly s e cond c en tu ry B .C .

RG197 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 3 . "Mega r ian" b ow l .B roken ;p a r t o fr im a nd w a l l e x tan t ;d eco ra ted w i th o vo lo p a t t e rn . R im D 0 . 156 . V e ry p a le b r own ( 10YR 8 / 4 ) f a b r i c ; p a t chy d a rk b rown ( m isf i red )( 1 0YR 3 / 3 )s l ip . F o rm : S ee RG185 ( D epo s i t6 ) . P a ra l le l s :J one s1 950 :n o s .1 50 ,1 53 ,1 59 v e ry s im i l a r ; Waage 1 948 :f i g .9 ,n o s .1 6 -2 1( bo rde rw i th e gg a nd d a r t d e s ign a b sen t ) . Many f r agmen t s o f mou lded "Mega r ian" b ow l sw e re r e cove r ed f r om A r ea J .T ho se n o t l i s t ed i nt h e c a ta logue i n c lude C 82 J1 -44 t o4 7 , C 82 J1 -13 ,C 82 J1 ( n on umb e r ) . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond c en tu ry B .C . RG198 . A r ea J :l o cu s 2 3 . F i sh p l a t e . B roken ; n ea r ly c omp le t e . R im D 0 . 23 ; b a se D 0 . 107 . N o Mun s e l l a va i lab le . F o rm :L app 1 96 1 :t y pe 1 53 .1 ;C rowfoo t1 957 :2 60 6 3 ; C h r i s ten sen 1 971 : 2 7 ; G unneweg 1 983 : E IS I 2 1 :2 ;f i sh p l a te . P a ra l le l s :L app 1 96 1 :2 06 ,f i g . B=C row f oo t1 957 : f i g . 3 7 ,n o . 3 ;c f .n o s . 2 ,4 ,5 ;E dwa rd s 1 975 : n o . 1 36 ( e a r l ie rt h an o u r s ) ;c f .H aye s 1 976b :f i g .4 Aa nd B ( h e c a l l s t h i s p i ec e E a s te rn S i g i l la ta A , b u t Ic an f i nd n o c o r r e spond ing n umbe ri nt h ec a ta logue w i th ad e sc r ip t i on o rd a t e s ) ; C o rne l l 1 980 : p l . 1 9 , n o . P 222TA73 , P 24TA68 s im i la r ;G unneweg 1 983 :9 5 ;c f .H anne s tad 1 983b :n o s . 1 99 -2 13 . O r ig in : L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . RG199 . A rea J :l o cu s 2 3 . F i sh p l a t e . B roken ; n ea r ly c omp le t e . R im D 0 . 225 ; b a se D 0 . 112 . N o Mun se l l a va i lab le . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG198 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . RG200 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 3 .F i sh p l a t e .B rok en ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l l e x tan t . R im D 0 . 236 P ink ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 ) t o r e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic ; v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 3 / 1 )t om i s f i r ed r e d( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG198 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .

BG7 . B ow l .A rea J :l o cu s2 3 .B roken ;p a r to fr im ,c a r ina t ed w a l le x tan t ; 4i n c i sed l i ne so ne x t e r io rj u s tb e low r im . R im D 0 . 25 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 1 0YR 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ;v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 10YR 3 / 1 )s l ip . F o rm :C row foo t1 957 :2 45 ,f i g .4 8 ;L app 1 96 1 :t y p e 1 51 .3 ;b ow lw i th o u t cu rved r im . P a ra l le l s :C row foo t 1 957 : 2 45 , f i g .4 8 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy :l a te H e l len i s t ic ,p robab ly s e cond c en t u ry B .C . RG196 . A rea J :l o cu s2 3 .P l a te o rs ha l low b ow l .B roken ; p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 157 .N o Mun se l l a va i lab le .N oi l u s t ra t ion . F o rm :C rowfoo t1 957 :p e rhap sv e ry e a r ly v e r s ion o f f o rm 1 ;C h r i s t en sen 1 971 :p e rhap sv e ry e a r ly v e r s ion o f f o rm 1 ;p l a te o rs ha l low b ow l . P a ra l le l s :n one e xa c t ,b u ts e eC row foo t1 957 : 3 13 ,

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BG8 . F i sh p l a t e .A rea . 1 :l o cu s2 3 .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 268 .P i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )t or e dd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 )f a b r ic ;v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 1 0YR 3 / 1 ) s l ip . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG198 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . BG9 . F i sh p l a te .A rea J :l o cu s2 3 .B roken ;p a r to fc en t ra l s a uce d i pe x tan t .B a se D 0 . 05 .V e ry p a le b rown ( 10YR

I V .H :D epo s i t7 7 / 4 )f a b r ic ;v e ry d a rk g r ey ( 7 .5YR N 3 / )s l ip .N oi l u s t r a t ion . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG198 . O r ig in :L evan t . C h rono logy : s e cond -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . War eo fU nknown P rovenanc e( F ig .5 6 ) . RG201 . A r ea J :l o cu s2 3 .B ow l .B roken ;p a r to fr im a nd w a l le x tan t .R im D 0 . 250 .R edd i sh y elow ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 ) f a b r ic ;u neven ,d a rk r e d( 2 .5YR 3 / 6 )s l ip . F o rf o rm a nd p a ra l le l ss e e RG66 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ) . C h rono logy : l a te H e l len i s t ic .

I V .H .3 . C a ta logue o fN on -C eram i cF ind s . [ J .P .0 . ] G la s s . G 12 . C hunk o fg l a s s .L ocu s2 3 .S u r f a ce h eav i ly a b raded . L0 . 14 ;W 0 . 085 . A n i regu la rc hunk o fl i gh tg re en g l a s s .T he p i ece h a sb een b roken f r om al a rge rb l ock ,a nd a l lt h ep r e sen t s u r f a ce sa r ef r ac tu re s .N ume rou sb ubb le sa r ei n co rpo r a t ed i nt h eg l a s s ,b u to t he rw i se i ts e em st ob es u i tab le r aw m a t e r ia lf o rt h ep roduc t ion o fg l a s sv e s se l s .C hunk s o fr aw g l a s so ft h i ss ame g ene ra ls i ze a nd c o lou ra pp ea r i nA rea D ( G1 , u n s t ra t i f ied ) , A r ea F( G8 ,D epo s i t3 ) , a nd h ave t ur n ed u pa ss u r f ace f i nd sa tv a r iou sp o in t so n t h e l a nd a r ea o fC ae sa r ea . S ome o ft h e r aw g l a s s i s a s soc ia ted w i th I s lam ic g l a s s -wo rk ing , b u tt h ee xam p l e sf r om A rea s Fa nd Jmu s tb ee a r l ie ri nd a t e . C h rono logy : R oman o rB yzan t ine .

I V .H .4 .A na l y s i so fD epo s i t .T he e a r l ie s tc e ram ic sc on t a in ed i nl o c i2 1a nd 2 3a r et h o s et h a tc an p robab ly b ed a ted t o t h e s e cond c en tu ry B .C . —A106 , BG6 , RG197 —a l t h ough RG192 i sd a ted t h i rd -second c en tu ry B .C . o rR o m an , w h i le t h e ma jo r i ty o ft h ev e s se l sd a te t ot h es e cond f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .A 105 m ay b e long t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . , w h i le K 83 m ay d a t ea sl a te a st h ef i f th c en tu ry ,a nd K 86 c an b ed a ted o n ly a sH e l len i s t ic -Roman .A l toge the r ,7 9% o ft h e

1 47

c e r am ic sd a te t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o re a r l ie r ,a nd t h e r e i sn os h e rd t h a t mu s tb ed a t ed l a te r .A s ar e su l t ,i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h es t ra tum w a sl a id d own n o tl o ng b e fo re t h es t ra tum c on ta in ing l o c i2 0a nd 2 2( D epo s i t6 ) ,p o s s ib ly a r ound t h e t i me o ft h ec on s tr uc t ion o fH e rod 's h a rbou r .T he p a t t e rn o f p rov enance a nd w a r e , h oweve r , i ss l igh t ly d i f f e ren t f r om t h a to fD epo s i t6 .I nt h ec a se o fD epo s i t7 ,a lmo s t9 0% o ft h e c e r am ic so r ig ina t ed i nt h ee a s te rn Med i te r r anean o rP a le s t i ne , 2 6 .3% i nP a le s t ine i t se l f . Two a mpho ra s( A94 -A95 ) w e r ei mpo r ted f r om t h eA egean i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,b u t m o s t o ft h e i mpo r t ed ma t e r ia l o r ig ina ted i nC yp ru s , a nd n one f r om t h e We s t . A l though t h e f i ne w a re s m ake u p 3 6 .8% o ft h i sd epo s i t , u t i l i ta r ian w a re s , i n c lud ing k i t chen w a r e s , m ake u p 2 6 .3% , a nd a mpho ra s c on s t i tu t e 3 6 .8% , m ak ing u p amo r ew e l l round ed d ome s t ic d epo s i tt h an t h e v e s se l si nD epo s i t6 . T he a mpho ra so fC la s sG , t h ed oub le -mou thed a mpho r a so rj a r s ,r ema in ap uzz le .T hey r e semb le a mpho r a su s ed t os h ip f i sh p roduc t s , b u ta na ly s i so ft h e s ed imen t s i n s ide t h em d i dn o ty i e ld t h er ema in so fa ny f i sh s c a le so rb one s . T he v e s se l sm ay h ave b een w a shed f o rr e -u se b efo r ed epo s i t ion , o r t h e f i sh r ema in s m ay h ave d i s in t eg ra ted i nt h e w a t e r soak ed s e d imen t so ft h et a nk w he r et h ey w e re f ound . T he se v e s se l sw e re f ound r ough ly l i ned u pa l ong t h ew a l lo f t h er o ck -cu tt a nk , mo s to ft h em i n tac t ,o rb roken b u tc om p l e t e , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h ey w e re n o tj u s t d ump ed i nt h i s p o s i t ion b u tw e r em ean t t os e rve ap u rpo se t h e r eo rw e r e b e ing s t o r ed f o r r e u se . T he j a r s w ou ld h ave s e rved a s e xce l l en tn e s t ing a r ea sf o rf i sh i n ab r eed ing t a nk , b u tt h e r o ck -cu t t a nk i nw h ich t h ey w e re f o und i st o o r ough ly f i n i shed a nd t o oc l o se t ot h eq uay w a l lt oh ave s e rved t h i s p u rpo s ec onven ien t ly . P o s s ib ly t h ey w e r el e f th e r ei nt em p o r a ry s t o rage a wa i t ing r e use f o r p a ck ing f i sh ( o r s om e o t he r s ub s tance ) b e ing p roce s sed n ea rby . T he d oub le m ou thed a mpho r a sm ay ,i nf a c th ave b een l e f ta tt h i sp o in t i nt h el a s ty ea r so ft h ee x i s t ence o fS t ra ton 's T owe r ,w hen t h i s n o r the rn h a rbou r w a s i na c t ive u se , o n ly t ob e a ban d oned a nd c ove red w i th m i sc e l laneou s r ubb i sh l a t e r o n , p r obab ly d u r ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o fH e rod 's h a rbou r . [ J. P .O . , A. N .S S. E .S

C hap t er I V : C lo s ed D epo s i t s T ab le I V .13 : D iachron ic S ummary o fC eram ic P rovenance ,D epo s i t7 O r ig in

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1 48

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CH APTER V. TH E FI NDS : GE NERAL AN ALYS I SA ND CO NCLUS IONS J . P . O le son ,R .L .H oh l f e lde r ,A .N . S he rwood , S .E . S i debo tham V .A . P a t te rn s i nA r t if a c t Ma t e r ia l , F unc t ion , a nd F ind S po t . V .A .1 . P a t t e rn s i nA r t if ac t Ma te r ia l . E ve ry a r chaeo l o g ica ls i te e xpo se st h ec u l tu ra lm a te r ia ld epo s i t ed i ni tt oa u n ique s e to fc ond i t ion st h a td e t e rm in e st h ep r e se rva t ion o f t h e a r t ifa c t s . ' T he se c ond i t ion s , w h ich m ay c hange o v e r t i me a nd v a ry s i gn if ican t ly f r om o ne p o in tt oa no the rw i th in t h es i te ,a r eo n ly t h el a s to fm any f i l te r st h a ta f f ec tw ha tt h e a r chaeo log i s t f i nd s ( Mucke l roy 1 978 : 1 57 -69 ; c f . P a rke r 1 992a : 3 ) , b u t t h ey a r e p e rhap s t h e m o s t c r i t ica l . T he e vo lv ing h a rbou r f l oo r a tC ae sa rea w a s , a nd s t i l l i s , a s t r e s sf u le nv i ronmen tf o ra r t i f ac t s ,a nd t h ec ond i t ion sf o und t h e r e h ave h ad a s t rong e f ec t o n t h e c on t en t s o f t h i s c a ta logue .A s ar e su l t ,w ec an o n ly i n te rp r e tt h ec u l tu ra la nd h i s to r ica lm ean ing o ft h ea r t i f a c t si nt h el i gh to ft h i si n an i m a te s o r t ing p henomenon . A sa tm o s t Med i te r ranean s i t e so ft h eR oman a nd l a t e r p e r iod s ,c e r am ic a r t if a c t sd om ina t et h ef i nd sf r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s , c ons t i tu t ing a pp rox ima t e ly 6 6% o ft h e c a ta l o gued m a t e r ia l ( Tab le V .1 ) . T h i s p r edom inan t p o s i t ion , h oweve r ,h a sb een e xagge ra t ed b yt h ed e le t e r iou se f f e c to f t h e ma r ine e nv i ronmen to nt h ea r t i f a c t sm anuf a c tu r ed f r om i r on , g l a s s , b one , a nd w ood , a nd o n b a ske t ry , t e x t i le s , l e a the r ,h o l low -mou lded t e r ra co t ta s ,a nd c opp e ra l loy c o in s . O ne h a so n ly t oc ompa r et h es t a t i s t ic so ft h e CAHEP f i nd s w i th t h o se o f a nc ien t l a nd s i te s i nt h i s r e g ion , s u ch a s S ama r ia -Seba s te ( C row foo t 1 957 : 8 3 ) o rt h e C ave o ft h e L e t te r s( Yad in 1 963 : 1 0 1 -270 ) ,o rs omewha tf a r the ra f ie ld a ts i te ss u ch a sC o r in th ( Dav id son 1 952 ) , t os e et h ed if e r e nce . 2A l though w a te r logged w ood en a r t if a c t sc an s u r v ive i ne x t reme ly g ood e x t er na lc ond i t ion i na ni n unda t ed s i t e , t h e movemen to ft h es a nd a tC a e s a r ea h a sd e s t royed a lb u t af ew o ft h ew ooden o b jec t st h a tc on s t i tu ted s uch a ni mpo r t a n t p a r t o f R oman a nd B yzan t ine m a te r ia l c u l tu re . T he i mpo r tance o fw ood i sr ef lec ted e l s ewhe re i nf md sf r om t h e J uda ean d e se r t , f r om R oman E gyp t , a nd i nt h e f r equen t m en t ion o fw ood en o b jec t s a nd c a rp en te r s i np apy r i ( s e e 1T h i sc hap te rw a sw r i t t en b yO le son o nt h eb a s i so ft h et e x to f C hap te r s 1t h rough I V ,a ts eve ra lp o in t ss upp lemen t ed b yu npub -

l i shed r e sea rch ma te r ia lp rov ided b yt h ea u tho r so ft h o se c hap te r s . A s ar e su l t ,a lf ou rc on t r ibu to r sa r el i s ted a sc o -au tho r s .N eve r the l e s s , Ih ave h ad t oe xe rc i se e d i to r ia lj udgmen t i no rde r t ob r ing s ome s o r to fu n i ty t ot h ec hap te r ,a nd t h ec on t r ibu t ing a u tho r sm ay n o ta lway sb ei nf u l la g r eemen tw i th t h ef i na lp re sen ta t ion . 2

A tC o r in th ,4 85 i t em s( 16 .5% )o u to ft h e2 939 m ino ro b jec t s

c a ta logued w e re o f mou lded t e r raco t ta ,2 34 ( 8 .0% )w e re g l a s s ,1 29 ( 4 .4% ) w e re b one o rm e ta l f u rn i tu r e f i t t ing s o r i r on n a i l s o ft h e R oman o rB yzan t ine p e r iod s .C f .T ab le V .1 b e low .

1 49

R e i l1 9 13 :7 2 -92 ;B oak & P e t e r son 1 931 ;Y ad in 1 963 :1 23 3 5 ;L ind say 1 963 :9 3 ,9 9 , 1 65 ,1 92 ,1 90 -213 , 30 -31 ,n .1 2 , 1 5 ) .T he o b jec t sc a ta logued h e r ea s W1 - W3 r e p r e sen tt h e e xcep t ion , a r t if ac t s t h a td r i f t ed i n to ac on tex tw he r e t h ey w e r ep r e se rved f r om b o th m echan ica la nd b i o log ica ld am a ge .T he s ame i st r ue o ft h er ema in so ft h es h ip i nA rea Y , a l though t h es c a le o ft h i sa r t i f a c ti smuch l a rge rt h an t h a to f t h eo t he rt h re ei t em sa nd i t sl a rge t i mb e r s mo r er e s i s tan tt o i mmed ia t ed e s t r uc t ion . A lmo s tw i thou te xc ep t ion , i r on a r t i f ac t s , u sua l ly n a i l s , s u r v ived o n ly a ss ma l l f r agmen t s o ft h e s a nd a nd p ebb le c onc re t ion sc emen t ed t o ge the rb yt h ei r on o x ide sa round t h e c a s to ft h eo r ig ina lo b jec t . N oi r on w ha teve rw a s f ound i n D epo s i t2 ,w h ich o t he rw is es e em ss u ch a ni d ea lc on tex tf o r p r e se rva t ion .R e la t ive ly p u r ec opp e rs p ike ss u rv ived f a i r ly w el ,b u tt h es u r f ac e so f mo s tc oppe ra l loy o b je c t ss uch a s c o in sa nd s ma l l -s ca le s c u lp tu r e w e r e s t rong ly a f f ec ted b y c o r ro s ion .I na dd i t ion ,t h e movemen to ft h es a ndy s ea f l oo r i nw h ich s ome o ft h em l a yh a sr emoved t h ec o r ro s ion l a ye r a nd g i ven m any o ft h e se c oppe ra loy a r t i f a c t sp o l i shed ,b u t m uch r e duced ,s u r f ace s( e .g . , M4 ,N 39 -N42 ) .V i r tua l ly a l l t h eg l a s sr e cove r ed ( 4 .0% o ft h en on -ce ram ic f i nd s )w a si n s ma l l f r agmen t s a nd u sua l ly w a s v e ry b ad ly d eg raded a s w el — in o ne c a se r e duced t oas o f t mu sh a r ound a ni n t r u s ive s a nd c o re t h a tf o r tu i tou s ly p r e served t h es h ape o f as t a ck o f v e s se l s( G10 ;c f .C o r in th ,w he r eg l a s sa r t i f a c t sc on s t i tu t ed 8 . 0% o ft h ec a ta logued m ino ro b jec t s ;D av id son 1 952 :7 6 1 2 1 ) . G la s si sc ommon ly f o und i ng ood c ond i t ion o nl a nd e xcava t ion sa tC ae sa r ea ( Ho lum e ta l . 1 988 : 7 9 , 18 , 1 67 , 2 11 ) . T he se e nv i ronmen ta lc ond i t ion sh ad l e s so fa ne f f ec to n o b jec t so fl e ad a nd s t one ,a sr ef l ec ted i nt h eh i gh a b so lu t e n umbe r s a nd t h u s t h eh i gh p ropo r t ion o fl e ad f i sh ing a nd n e t -we igh t s ( 5 1 .2% o ft h e n on -ce ram ic f i nd s ) , a nd — to a l e s se re x t en t —o fs t one o b je c t s ,e spec ia l ly a ncho r s( 6 .3% o f t h en on -ce ram ic f i nd s ) .T he se a r ej u s tt h e s o r to fa r t i f a c t s o ne w ou ld e xp ec tt of i nd i n ah a rbou re nv i ronmen t ,b u ti ti s t h e i r m a t e r ia l c ompo s i t ion r a the r t h an t h e i r o r ig ina l f r e q uency t h a t h a s d e t e rm ined t h e i r s u rv iva l i nt h e r e co rd . Wh i le s t i l li nu s e ,t h eh a rbou rf l oo ra tC ae sa rea w ou ld h ave b een c a rp e ted w i th a ne ve r -augmen ted a nd e ve r -decay ing l a ye ro fa r t i f a c t sc ompo sed o fw ood ,p l an ta nd a n ima lf i be r s , i r on ,c oppe r ,l e ad ,g la s s , t e r raco t ta ,a nd s t one . A l t hough t h e s uppo s i t ion c anno t b e v e r if ied , i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e c ond i t ion s w i th in t h e h a rbou r h ave a l so s k ewed t h e r e la t ive p ropo r t ion s o f t h e c e ram ic o b jec t s f o und .F o re xamp le , o n ly t wo v e ry f r agmen ta ry t e r raco t ta f i gu r ine s ( id, TC3 ; t h e l a t te rp o s s ib ly at h e r iomo rph ic

C hap ter V :G enera lA na ly s i sa nd C onc lus ions v e sse l )w e r er e cove red d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s , i n c on t ra s tt ot h el a rge n umbe ro fs uch o b jec t st yp ica lo fu rban s i tes i nt h er e g ion ,s uch a sS ama r ia -Seba s te ( " ag rea tm any t e rr a co t ta s" ;C rowfoo t1 957 :8 3 ) ,o ra tC o r in th ( 16% o ft h e m ino ro b jec t s ; D av id son 1 952 : 9 -63 ) . Mo s ta nc ien t f i gu -

r e su l to fo u rs amp l ing t e chn ique , i nw h ich o n ly " de f ine r s" ( r im s ,h and le s ,b a ses )f r om a mpho ra sa nd d efme r so rc ha r a c te r i s t ic b ody s he rd s f r om o the r w a re s w e re s aved f o r c a ta logu ing . Mo s ta mpho ra b ody s he rd sw e r es os t a ined a nd a b rad ed b yt h em a r ine e nv ironmen tt h a ti d en t if ica t ion w a s v i r tua l ly i mpo s s ib le .I s o la ted b ody s he rd sw e r e mo re o f ten

r i nes w e re t h in -wa l led a nd h o l low c a s t ,a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e i rr e la t ive ly f i ne a nd l i gh tf a b r ic c ond emned t od e s t ruc -

k ep tf o rf i ne w a re sa nd to al e s se re x ten tfo ru t il i ta r ian w a r e s ,b u tt h ed i f f e ren t ia li sn o te x t reme i nt h ea b sence o f t h e c oun t ing a nd w e igh ing o fa l l s he rd s ( s ee C hap te r I ) .

t i on v i r tua l ly t h ee n t i re o r ig ina ls e lec t ion l o s to rd i sca rded i n t h e h a rbou r . G rand jouan ( 196 1) c a ta logued 8 94 mou lded t e r ra co t ta sa nd p l a s t ic l amp sf r om t h eR oman p e r iod i nt h e A then ian Agora _ but e ven a tt h is l and s i te o n ly t he mo re s o l id

A l though a mpho ra so f ten y i e ld l a rge rn umbe r sa nd h eav ie r t o ta lw e igh t so fb ody s he rd si n ah a rbou rc on t ex tt h an o the r w a r e s ,t h ey w il n o tg enera te mo re d efme r s .

p o r t ion so ft h ef i gu r ed t e r raco t ta ss u rv ived .A tS eba s to s ,t h e t y p ica la nc ien t mou ld -made l amp s u f f e r ed f r om t h e s ame v u lne rab i l i ty , r e su l t ing i n as u rp r is ing ly s ma l l n umbe r o f f i nd s( 38 i t em s ,6 . 4% o ft h ec a ta logued c e ram ic s ) ,u sua l ly i nv e ry p oo rc ond i t ion .

T he d ome s t ic w a re s , wh ich a r e f r equen t ly t h in -wa l led a nd d e l ica te ,c on s t i tu te o n ly 2 3 .1% o ft he u t i l i ta r ian w a re s ( a s o ppo sed t o4 8 .9% f o r k i tchen w a res a nd 2 8 .0% f o r c oa r se w a r es ) ,b u tt h i sp e rcen tage d oe sn o ts eem g ro s s ly o u t o fp ropo r t ion w i th t h e i rf unc t ion s , p a r t icu la r ly w hen a ug m en ted b y t h e l a rge n umbe r o f f i ne -wa re v e s se l s w i th

I ti s mo re d i f f icu l tt oe va lua te t h ee f f ec to ft h e ma r ine e nv i ronmen to nt h e d i f f e ren t ia l s u rv iva l o ft h e r ema in ing c e ram ic w a re s .O ne m igh te xpec ta mpho ra st op redom ina te a s ar e su l to ft h e i rn a tu ra l a s soc ia t ion w i th ac omme r c ia l h a rbou r , t h e i r t h ick , h a rd f ab r ic , a nd s hee r b u lk , b u t t h e s t a t i s t ic s d on o tb ea r t h i s o u t . Wh i le a mpho ra s c ons t i tu te

s im i la r a pp l ica t ion s b u t o f af i ne r f i n ish . I tw a s n o ted i n C hap te r It h a t f i ne w a re s a nd u t il i ta r ian w a re s w e r e l e s s o f ten r e cove red i n ab ad ly a b raded c ond i t ion t h an a mpho ra s , s ugge s t ing t h a ts uch w a re sw e r ee i the r mo re l i ab le t ot o ta l

1 9 .0% o ft h ec a ta logued p o t te ry , f i ne w a re s , w h ich m igh t s eem mo re v u lne rab le , c on s t i tu te 3 5 .5% a nd u t i l i ta r ian w a r e s 3 8 .1 % . A tl e a s tp a r to ft h is d i f f e r en t ia l m ay b e t h e

d e s t ruc t ion b yt h e ma r ine e nv i ronmen t ,o rw e r el e s sl i ke ly t h an t h ea mpho ra st of i nd t h e ir w ay i n to t h ea b ra s ive , mob i le s ed imen t s .S ome o ft h e se i s sue sw i l lb ed i scu ssed i nt h en ex t s e c t ion .

T ab le V .1 : T o ta ls o fA r t if ac tT ype sf r om a l lD epo s i t s C e ram ic sb y Ma jo r Wa r e s Ampho ra s Kw a re Cw a re Dw a re I t al i an t e r ra s i g i l la ta ETS I ETS ARS M i sc . F ine w a r e s L amp s T e r ra co t ta s

T o ta l

%o fC e ram ic s

%o fA l lF ind s

12 10 6 3 5 2 9 9 9 1 4 2 5 6 3 3 8 6

1 9 .0 1 8 .6 1 0 .7 8 . 8 1 . 5 1 6 .8 2 . 4 4 . 2 1 0 .7 6 . 4 1 . 0

1 2 .5 1 2 .3 7 . 0 5 . 8 1 . 0 1 .1 1 . 6 2 . 8 7 . 0 4 . 3 0 . 7

Ampho ra s U t i l i ta r ian w a re s F ine w a re s L amp s T e r raco t ta s

12 2 25 2 10 3 8 6

1 9 .0 3 8 .1 3 5 .5 6 . 4 1 . 0

1 2 .5 2 5 .2 2 3 .5 4 . 3 0 . 7

T o ta lC e r am ic s

5 91

1 00 .0

6 6 .1

%o fN on -Ce ram ic s

%o fA l lF ind s

C e ram ic sb yC a tego ry

N on -Ce ram ic s

T o ta l

R ing s S cu lp tu r e F i sh -hook s F i sh ing w e igh t s M i sc . n au t ica lm e ta l M i sc .m e ta l C o in s S tone G la s s B one Wood

2 3 2 1 55 4 2 4 7 6 1 9 1 2 3 3

T o ta ln on -Ce ram ic

3 03

T o ta lo fa l lc a ta logued f i nd s

8 94

1 50

0 . 7 1 . 0 0 . 7 5 1 .2 1 . 3 7 . 9 2 5 .1 6 . 3 4 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0

0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 2 1 7 .3 0 . 4 2 . 7 8 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 3

1 00 .0

3 3 .9

V .A : P a t t ern si nA r t if ac t Ma ter ia l , T ype , a nd F i nd S po t V .A .2 . P a t te rn s i nA r t if ac tF unc t ions o r V e s se l C on t e n t s .I ti si mpo r tan tt oe xam ine t h et y p e so fa r t i f a c t sf o und i n t h e h a rbou r a tC a e sa rea — in t h e l i gh t o f t h e f i l te r o f d i f f e ren t ia lp r e se rva t ion a nd t h e CAHEP r e cove ry p roc e d u re s —a se v idence f o rt h e s oc ia l , e conom ic , a nd t e chno l o g ica la c t iv i t ie st h a tt o ok p l a ce t h e r eo ve rt i me .A l though t h es amp le o fc a ta logued f i nd si sn o tr a ndom i nc ha rac te r , a nd t h e s t a t i s t ic sr e f lec tb o th d i f f e r en t ia lp r e se rva t ion a nd t h es amp l ing t e chn ique ,i ti sa no bv iou sa na ly t ica ls t ep t os e e i ft h et y pe so fc a ta logued f md sa nd t h e i rf r equenc ie sc o r r e s pond w i th w ha tw ek now o fl i f ei nR om an a nd B yzan t ine h a rbou r sf r om l i t e ra ry s ou r ce so ro t he ra r cha eo log ica le xca v a t ion s . 3T he a na ly s i s ,o fc ou r se ,a s sum e st h a tt h ei d en t if i c a t ion so fa r t if ac t so rc e r am ic w a re sa nd t h e i rc h rono log ie s i nt h e c a ta logue s a r e c o r r ec t . Wh i le s ome i d en t if i ca t ion s p ropo s ed i nt h ec a ta logue sa r et e n ta t ive , o nt h ew ho le t h e a r t i f ac t sa nd w a re sa r ew el d ocumen t ed ,a nd t h es t a t i s t ic s s hou ld b ec o r rec ti nt h e i r ma in o u t l ine s .T he re i sas a t i sf y ing c o r r e la t ion b e tween t h es t a t i s t ic sf o rt h e CAHEP f md sa nd t h o se o fp r ev iou s a nd s ubs equen te x cava t ion a tC a e sa rea a nd S eba s to s( s ee b e low ) .N eve r the le s s ,a l lt h ec on t r ibu t ing a u tho r sr e cogn ize t h a to u rc onc lu s ion sm ay r e qu i r ea l t e ra t i on a s mo r e ma te r ia lb ecome sa va i lab le . I ti sn os u rp r i se t h a ta mpho ra s , t h es t and a rd c on ta ine r s f o rl o ng -d i s tance s h ipp ing i nt h eG r eek ,R oman ,a nd B yzan t i ne c u l tu r e s ,c on s t i tu te as i gn if ican tp r opo r t ion ( 1 9 .0% )o f t h ec a ta logued c e ram ic f i nd sf r om t h eh a rbou r .I ti ss u rp r i s i n g , h oweve r , t h a t u t i l i ta r ian w a r e s a nd f i ne w a re s e a ch c on s t i t u te a pp rox ima t e ly t w ice a sl a r ge ap r opo r t ion o ft h e c e ram i cf i nd s( 38 .1% a nd 3 5 .5% ,r e spec t ive ly ) .O n ly r im s , h and le s ,a nd b a s e sw e re u sed t oi d en t i f yt y pe sf o rc a ta logu i n g , b u tt h ese s t a t i s t ic sn eve r the l e s s s ugge s tt h a ta pp rox i m a t e ly t w ice a sm any f i ne a nd u t il i ta r ian w a r e v e s se l sa s a mpho ra sp a s sed t h rough t h eh a rbou r .I na dd i t ion ,g i ven t h e e no rmou sd i f f e ren t ia li nv a lue ,b u lk ,a nd w e igh tb e tween a n a mpho ra l o aded w i th s ome f ood s tu f fa nd as i ng le f i ne -wa r e p l a t eo rc up , i ti sl o g ica lt h a tt h el a t te rs hou ld a ppea r mo r e o f ten o nt h eh a rbou rf l oo r .A l though t h ep a t te rn so ft r ade i n G ra eco -Roman f i ne w a r e s a r e s t i l l t h e s ub jec t o f m uch d i spu te ( s ee G i 1 11991 ;P a rke r1 992b :9 6 ;T ombe r1 993 ) ,t h e l a rge s t R oman " t anke r ," t h e m y r iopho ro s ( Ca s son 1 986 : 1 72 ) , m igh t e a s i ly h ave t u ck ed a way i n i t s n ook s a nd c r ann ie sf i ne -wa r ev e s s e l sd oub le t h en umb e ro ft h e1 0 ,000 a mpho ra si t sn ame i mp l ie s . F u r the rmo re , t h e v a lue o ft h e c on t en t so f at r an spo r ta mpho ra m ay h ave m ade t h es t eve d o r e s mo re c au t iou sw hen s h if t ing t h i st y p eo fc a rgo .I nh i s r e v iew o ft h em id -f i r s tc en tu ry C a la C ul ip w re ck , M i l le t t ( 1 993 :4 18 )n o t e st h a tt h e ma in c a rgo o ft h es h ip w a so l ive o i l , e ven t h ough a s ub s id ia ry c a rgo o f f i ne w a r e s w a s n ume r ica l ly p r edom inan t .T he se f i ne w a r e sw e r ep acked i n n e tb ag ss t owed a mong t h ea mpho r as . T he c on ten t s o f t h e a mpho r a s h ave l e s s r e levanc e t o h a rbou rl i f ei t s e l ft h an t ot h et r ade r ou te so fw h ich S eba s to s f o rmed ap a r t .T he v a s tm a jo r i ty ( p robab ly a tl e a s t8 7o u to f 12 ; 7 7 .7% )o ft h ea mpho ra sw e r ew ine c on ta ine r s . S ome p o r t ion o ft h ew ine ,o i l ,o rf i sh p roduc t ss h ipped b ya mpho ra 3

T he b i b l iog raphy i nt h i sa r ea i se no rmou s ,a nd d i scu ss ion o f

t h e p l ace o fS eba s to s i nt h e h i s to ry o fR oman h a rbou r s w i l l b e r e se rved f o rV o l .I Vo ft h e CAHEP r epor t s .F o r as t a r t ,s ee H o lum e ta l . 1 988 .

1 5 1

m u s th ave b een i n t ended f o rd el ive ry t ot h ec i ty o fC a e sa r ea , o ri t sh i n te r land ,b u tf ew w ou ld h ave b een e mp t ied a nd t h e i r c on t en t s c on sumed a d jacen t t ot h e h a rbou r . Ar e la t ive ly s ma l ln umbe ro fa mpho r a sm ay h ave b een r e -u sed a sw a t e r j a r s i nt h e i mm ed ia t e h a rbou r a r ea ( s ee t h e d i scu s s ion o f C la s s4 6 /62 ) , b u t t h i s i s at r i v ia l e xcep t ion . I np a r t icu la r , mo s to ft h e w ine a mpho r a sw e re s imp ly i nt h ep roce s s o f t r an s sh ipmen t t h rough t h e h a rbou r o n t h e i r w ay e a s t o r w e s t .T h i sp a t t e rn i ss ugge s ted b yt h er i ch v a r ie ty o ft y pe s a nd p o in t so fo r ig in o ft h ea mpho r a sf o und i nt h eh a rbou r , o ri nt h eF i e ld G V au l t 1j u s tt ot h es ou th ( B lake ly 1 987 :3 8 5 9 a nd p a s s im , 1 988 ) , i nc on t r a s t t ot h e mo re r e s t r ic ted s e lec t ion f o und o n l a nd a tC ae sa rea a nd n ea rby ( c f . R i ley 1 975 ;L ev ine & N e tze r 1 968 :9 1 -106 ) . I na ny c a se ,t h es t a t i s t ic sc once rn ing c on ten t so fa mpho r a sa r es u spec tb ecau se o ft h eu nce r ta in ty t h a ts t i l ls u r round s t h et o p ic a nd t h eq ue s t ion o ft h er e -u se o fs u ch c on ta ine r s . N eve r the le s s , t h ef o l low ing l i s to fp o s s ib le c on ten t so t he r t h an w ine f o rt h e CAHEP a mpho ra sw a sp ropo sed i nS ec t i on I .B . 1 ,b a sed o n t h e h ypo the t ica l c on ten t s o fp a ra l le l t y pe s a to t he r s i te s : 9e xamp le s m ay h ave c on ta ined f i sh p roduc t s , 7m ay b e w ine a mpho r a s t h a t w e re r e -used f o r w a te r , 4m ay h ave c on ta ined o i l , 2o i lo rf i sh p roduc t s , 2o i l o rw ine , 1w ine o rf i sh p roduc t s .T h i si st h es ame r a nge o f p roduc t si d en t if i ed b yB lak e ly f r om t h ea mpho ra si nF i e ld GV au l t 1( B lake ly 1 988 : 4 2 -43 ) . T he mo s t p opu la ted c l a s se s o fc ommod i ty c on ta ine r s f r om t h e h a rbou r w e re w ine a mpho ra so r ig ina t ing i nP a le s t ine ( C la s se s4 8 /49 ,4 6 / 6 2 ,E ,a nd G ; 3 2 .1% o ft h et o ta l )o rt h eA egean ( C la s se s9 a nd 4 7 ; 1 6 .1% o ft h et o ta l )( s ee T ab le HA ) . T he h i gh p ropo r t ion o fu t i l i ta r ian w a r e si nt h e CAHEP c e ram ic si si n te r e s t ing i nv i ew o ft h ec omme rc ia lr a the rt h an d ome s t ic c ha rac te r o f t h e s i te . I n a n t iqu i ty t h i s t y p e o f c e r am ic w a r e u sua l ly w a s p roduced l o caly r a the r t h an i mpo r ted ( s ee S ec t ion I .0 . 1a bove ) . T he f a c t t h a t t h e r e la t iv ep r opo r t ion sa mong K i t chen w a r e ,C oa r s ew a r e ,a nd D ome s t i c w a r e a r e t h e s ame f o r b o th t h e s t ra t if i ed a nd u n s t ra t i f ied d epo s i t ss ugge s t st h a tt h ec a ta logued s amp le i s ar e p r e s en ta t ive o ne ( s ee T ab le s 1 . 14 1 1 .33 ) . T he se t a b le s a l so i n d ica te t h a t f r om t h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t h rough t h e t h i rd c en tu ry A .C . ah i gh p ropo r t ion o ft h eK -wa re v e s se l s— c on s t i tu t ing v i r tua l ly t h es ame p e r cen tage o fc e r am ic f i nd s a sa mpho ra s ( 1 8 .6% a so ppo sed t o 1 9 .0% ) —a r e o fn on P a le s t in ian a nd e ven n on -ea s t e rn Med i t e r r anean o r ig in , w h i le t h e C -wa r e a nd D -wa r e v e s se l s mo re o f ten c an b e c ompa r ed w i th P a le s t in ian t y pe s .T he c on t ra s ti sl e s ss t r ik i n g ,h oweve r , f o rt h eD -wa r ev e s se l s . S i nce t h ef o r e ign K w a r ev e s se l sd i dn o tt r ave li n land ,t ob ef o und a tl a nd s i te s i nt h er e g ion o fC a e sa r ea , t h ey m u s th ave c on s t i tu t ed t h e c ook ing e qu ipmen t o f t h e c r ew s w ho se s h ip s u sed t h e h a rbou r . Mo s to ft h ef o re ign t y pe sa r ep a rale led i nc en t ra l I t a ly ,i n d ica t ing t h ep r imacy o fP o r tu s— the p o r to fR ome — i nt h e e a s t to -we s t Med i te r ranean t r ade r ou t e s . K i t chen w a r e sm u s th ave b een p r es en ti ne ve ry s h ip 's g a l ley ,a nd , a l though s t u rdy , t h ey w e r e s ub jec t ed t os t re s s fu l c ook ing a c t iv i t ie sd a i ly .A s ar e su l t ,c r a ck ed o rb roken v e s se l sw ou ld f r equen t ly h ave b een d i sca rded f r om f o re ign s h ip s moo red i nt h eh a rbou rb a s in .I ti smo re d i f f icu l tt oe xp la in w hy ,o n t h e o t he r h and , mo s t o f t h e c oa r se a nd d ome s t ic w a re s s hou ld b el o ca li no r ig in .A l though t h eh ypo the s i sc anno tb e

C hap ter V :G enera lA na ly s i sa nd C onc lus ions p roven w i th t h e p resen t ma te r ia l , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e se

ma r i t ime a c t iv i t ies a nd c omme rc ia ll i f eo ft h eh a rbou r .L ead

w a r e sw e re l e s sc ommon i nt h eh a r sh w o rk ing e nv i ronmen t o ft h el o ng -d i s tance t r ad ing s h ip s ,a nd t hu sl e s sl i ab le t ob e l o s t i n af o re ign p o r t . T he CAHEP e xamp le s may d e r ive f r om s e rv ice a c t iv i t ie si nt h eh a rbou r ,o rf r om e roded l a nd d epo s i t sn o tc ompo sed o f ma r i t ime d i sca rd s . S ome c on s ide ra t ion h a sa l ready b een g i ven t ot h ep roc e s se sb yw h ich t h ev a r ious c l a s se so fc e ram ic sc ou ld h ave f ound t h e i rw ay i n to t h ed epo s i t se xcava ted b yt h e CAHEP

f i sh ing a nd n e tw e igh t sc on s t i tu te t h el a rge s tg roup o fn on c e ram ic f md s( 5 1 .2% ) .T he se w e igh t sa r eo bv iou s ly a pp ro p r ia te t o ama r i t ime e nv i ronmen t ,a l though i ti ss t il u nce r t a in w he the rt h e ma jo r i ty o ft h ew e igh t sf ormed p a r to ft h e e qu ipmen to fc a rgo s h ip s moo red i nt h eh a rbou ro rw e r el o s t b y l o ca l f i she rmen t r y ing t h e i rl u ck w i th in t h eb a s in . T he s ame a mb igu i ty i n vo lve s t h e wooden n e t f l oa t WI . T he h umb le c ha rac te ra nd ma te r ia lo ft h ep o s s ib le s t one f i sh ing w e igh t( S1 ) ,h oweve r ,s ugge s tl o ca lp roduc t ion .I d le s a i lo r s

t e am s ;t h ef o r e ign K -wa re v e s se l s ,f o re xamp le , may h ave b een t h rown o ve rboa rd w hen t h ey w e re w o rn -ou tf r om h a rd u se .T he s ame p roce s si sl i ke ly f o rt h el amp s , mo s to fw h ich

o n af o r e ign c a rgo s h ip a r ea sl i ke ly a sl o ca l f i she rmen t o h ave l o s t l e ad f i sh ing w e igh t s , b u t n e t w e igh t s may b e a

s how s ome t r ace so fu se .P a rke r( 1992a : 2 9 )a s sume s t h a t

d i f f e ren tm a t te r .A l though g roup so fn e tw e igh t sh ave b een

t h el amp sf ound o n7 0o ft h ew reck sh ec a ta logue sw e re u sed o nb oa rd .T he f i ne -wa re o b jec t s ,h oweve r ,a r e mo re l i ke ly t oh ave e n te red t h eh a rbou re nv i ronmen ta sd i sca rd s f r om d amaged s h ipmen t s ( f o re xamp le , t h en ume rou s i d en t ica l ARS p la te s f r om A rea F , RG127 -RG139 ) , o r t h rough e ro s ion o f s ho re l ine d epo s i t s . Ampho r a s b roken d u r ing l o ad ing o ru n load ing ,o ri nt h ec ou r se o f av oyage , may a l so

f ound o nt h ew reck so fR oman c a rgo s h ip s( Pa rke r 1 992a : 2 53 ,G ibb in s1 991 :2 42 n .6 ,a nd S ec t ion I I .B .4 a bove ) ,w e

h ave b een d i sca rded i n to t h e h a rbou r b a s in . S ince t h e meag re e v idence a va i lab le ( Rouge 1 966 :2 09 n .2 ;C ebe i l la c G e rva son i 1 979 ; B lackman 1 982 : 1 99 -204 , 2 08 n . 5 8 ) s ugge s t st h a th a rbou ra u tho r i t ie si na n t iqu i ty w e re p a r t icu l a r ly c once rned w i th ma in ta in ing t h e d ep th o f ah a rbou r b a s in , i ti su n l ike ly t h a t t h ey p e rm i t ted t h ej e t t ison ing o f s uch r ubb i sh . Dump ing may h ave o ccu r red , h oweve r , i n s p i te o f o ff i c ia l p roh ib i t ion s , a nd t h e d i sca rd s a r e mo re l i ke ly t oh ave b een t h rown f r om t h e s h ip s t h an f r om t h e q uay s , w he re s uperv i s ion w a s e a s ie r . I n t h is r e ga rd , i ti s i n te res t ing t h a tn oa mpho ra sw e r er e cove red f r om A r ea I ,i n t h e I nne rB a s in , d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s . S eve ra l l a te t ypes h ave t u rned u p , h oweve r , i n t h e mo re r e cen t e xcava t ion s( Raban e ta l . 1 993 :p a r ti ,2 8 ,4 5 , 5 5 ) . N eve r t h e le s s , t h e r e la t ive ly l ow p ropo r t ion o fa mpho ra s f ound h e re ,a nd t h ea b sence o fe a r ly t ype s , may i nd ica te t h a tt h e I nne rB a s in h ad as pec ia l ized f unc t ion a s ar oya lo rm i l i ta ry h a rbou r . I na ny c a se , f ew a mpho ra s a r e a p tt oh ave b een

h ave l i t t le i d ea w ha to ppo r tun i t ies t h e r e may h ave b een t o c a s tn e t si na n a c t ive h a rbou rb as in . T he n e tw e igh t sm ay i n s tead b e r el ic s o f p e r iod s w hen t h e b r eakwa te r s w e re f unc t ion ing p oo r ly b ecau se o f s ub s idence o r i n adequa te ma in tenance , ac ond i t ion i nw h ich l o ca l f i she rmen w ou ld h ave f ound t h em a ppea l ing a sa r t if ic ia lr e e f s .T he v e ry l ow n umbe ro fw e l l -p re se rved f i sh -book sr e cove red (M6 - M7 ; 0 . 7% o ft h en on -ce ram ic f i nd s )r e su l t s f r om b o th t h et o ta l l o s s o ft h e i r on e xamp le s t oc o r ro s ion , a nd t h e r e la t ive ly s ma l la nd f r ag i le c ha rac te ro ft h eb ron ze e xamp le s . A l though t h e d e s ign o fo b jec t S 6 f o und o n t h e S ou th B reakwa te r s o f a r i su npa ra l le led , i t s i d en t if ica t ion a s a b a l la s tb lock i sv e ry l i ke ly . S ince s eve ra l i d en t ica l b lock s w e r ef ound n ea rby ,i ti sp robab le t ha tt h ew ho le g roup w a s d epo s i ted t h e re d u r ing t h ew reck o ft h es h ip t h a tc a rr ied i t . S ince t h e s t one c ompo s ing t h em i sn o tf ound l o ca l ly , t h e b l ock s mo s tl i ke ly w e re p l aced o nb oa rd a ts ome o the rp o r t . T he s ma l l s t one a ncho r s ( S10 -S15 , S 19 ) , i nc on t r a s t , a l l s e em t ob el o ca l —o ra tl e a s tr eg iona l— in o r ig in ,s i nce t h ey a r et o os ma l lt oh ave b een o fu se i n al a rge ,o c ean -go ing s h ip a nd a r ea l lc a rved f r om k urkar . F ou rm e ta li t em s( 1 .3% o ft h en on -ce ram ic f i nd s )h ave b een c a ta logued a sM isce l laneous N au t ica lE qu ipmen t( Sec t i on b ecau se o f t h e i r p robab le a s soc ia t ion w i th s h ip s .T he s ound ing l e ad ( M30 )w a sa ni mpo r tan tp i ece o f n av iga t ion e qu ipmen t i n a n t iqu i ty ( O le son 1 988 , 1 994 ) , a l though P a rke r ( 1 992a : 2 9 ) r epo r t s t h a t t h ey h ave b een

e mp t ied i n ten t iona l ly w i th in t h e i mmed ia te h a rbou r a r ea , a nd e ven t ho se t h a tw e re —a t aw ine s hop ,f o re xamp le —a re mo re l i ke ly t oh ave b een r e cyc led t h an r e ga rded s imp ly a s i n conven ien tr ubb ish t ob ed i spo sed o fa sq u ick ly a nd e a s i ly a sp o ss ib le . F u r the rr e sea rch o n t h ee v idence f o rt h er e cy c l ing o fa mpho ra si sn eeded ,h oweve r ,b efo re mo re c an b e

f ound o n " on ly" 2 6 H e l len i s t ic o r R oman w reck s . T he b ra i l ing r i ng ( M29 ) w a sp re sen ti nd ozen so fe xamp le so n

s a id ( s ee L ev ine & N e tze r1 986 :9 9 ;B lake ly 1 987 : 13 ;v an Doo rn inck 1 989 ; X imene s & Moennan 1 991 f o r a n a m p ho ra f u l lo fp i tch ) .

e ve ry R oman s a i l ing s h ip .T h r ee mo re s ound ing l e ad sh ave

S ome o ft h e c e ram ic a nd n on -ce ram ic f i nd s w e re u n -

o ne s e tl i ned u pi n ar ow j u s ta st h ey w e r ea t ta ched t o as a i l w h ich h a ss i nce r o t ted a way ( Raban 1 992 : 15 ) . I ti sq u i te

b een r e cove red i nS eba s to ss i nce 1 985 ( R .L .V ann ,p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) , a nd many mo re b ra i l ing r i ngs , i n c lud ing

d oub ted ly d epo s i ted i n t h e h a rbou r t h rough s h ipw reck . A l though i n mo s tc a se st h eh u l ls h ave d i sappea red a nd t h e c a rgo h a s b een s ca t te red , t h e re a r e s ome e xcep t ion s ( s ee b e low ,a nd R aban 1 992a -b ) .I na dd i t ion ,a tl e a s ts ome o ft h e a r t if ac ts r e cove red i nt h el o o se s and f i l l ing t h eh a rbou rb a s in mu s td e r ive f r om p r ima ry o rs econda ry d epo s i t so nl a nd t h a t w ave a c t ion e roded i nt h ep o s t -Roman p e r iod .T he r eh ave

p o s s ib le t h a tt h es ound ing l e ad s— l ike t h eb a l la s tb lock s— w e r el o s tw h i le i nu se b ys h ip se n te r ing t h eO u te rH a rbou r b a s in a f te r t h e b r eakwa te r s h ad s l umped b e low s ea l e ve l . T he n e t -f ree ing o rl i ne -f ree ing r i ng (M28 )w ou ld a l so h ave b een as t anda rd p i ece o fs h ip 's e qu ipmen t .F ina l ly ,t h el e ad

b een s i gn if ican t c hange s i ns ea l e ve l a nd s ho re l ine s i nce c on s t ruc t ion o ft h eh a rbou r( Raban e ta l . 1 989 : 3 -21 ) , a nd

c i rc le M86 may h ave b een a t tached t o as h ip 's h u l l a sa l e ve l ing ma rk f o rr e f e rence d u r ing l a d ing . I na ny c a se , t h e p re sence o f as e cond e xamp le i nt h e S h ipw reck i nA rea Y

t h e re a r eh igh e ro s ion f a ce si ni t sn o r thea s tq uad ran t . N eve r the le s s , t h e p a t te rn s o ff unc t ion a mong t h e n on -

( Pb24 ) s ugge s t s s ome t ype o f n au t ica l a pp l ica t ion . T he c oppe rn a i l s (M37 - M39 , M55 - M58 )a nd f r agmen t so fl e ad

c e ram ic a r t if ac t sa r ef o rt h e mo s tp a r tc l o se ly r e la ted t ot h e

s hee t ing ( M41 - M43 ) f ound i nt h e h a rbou rb a s in m ay a l so

1 52

V .B :P a t t ern so fC hrono logy a nd P rovenanc e r e p re sen t a c tua l s h ip s ' f i t t ing s , a nd m ay h ave o r ig ina ted w i th s h ip sa ncho r ed ,d amaged ,o rr e pa i r ed t h e r e .T he w ooden s h eave b lo ck (W2 )i so ft h ep rope rs c a l ea nd d e s ign t oh ave f o rmed p a r to f as h ip 's r unn ing r i gg ing . A l l o ft h e se a r t if ac t s s e em q u i te i np l ac e i n ah a rbou r e nv i ronmen t , s i nce t h ey c on s t i tu te e i the rs h ip s ' f i t t ing so r e qu ipmen t .S ome o t he rn on -ce ram ic f i nd sf r om t h eh a rbou r , h oweve r , a l though n o te xc lu s ive ly n au t ica lo rm a r i t ime i n c ha ra c t e r ,m ay h ave p l ayed ap a r ti nt h ec omme rc ia ll i f eo f S eba s to s .T he t y pe o fs ma l ls t ee lya rd ( M35 )a nd s t ee lya rd w e igh t s ( M36 , M85 ) f o und i nt h e h a rbou r , f o r e xamp le , m ay h ave b een c a r r ied o n s h ip s t of a c i l i ta te s ma l l sca le t r an sa c t ion sa td ock s ide ,j u s ta st h ec o in s( N1 -N76 )a nd t h e i r on r i ng w i th a t ta ched k ey ( M2 ) .P a rke r( 1 992a :3 0 )r e po r t s t h e p r e senc e o fs t ee lya rd s o rt h e i r w e igh t s o n 1 4 R oman w reck s . T he o t he rn on -c e ram ic ma te r ia lf o und i nt h eh a rbou r— i n c lud ing j ewe l ry ,c o sme t ic i n s t rumen t s ,v e s se l s , amo r ta r a nd ap e s t le , f u rn i tu re a pp l iqué s , a nd a r ch i tec tu ra l m em b e r s— i st o ou ndef ined i nc ha ra c t e rt oa l low c l o se c onnec t i on w i th t y p ica lh a rbou ra c t iv i t ie s .T he se i t em sa r ea sm uch a th ome o nt h el a nd s i te o fC ae sa r ea a si nt h eh a rbou rb a s in o fS eba s to s . V .A .3 .P a t t erns i nA r t if ac tF ind S po t .T he v er ym ob i le c ha ra c te ro fb o th t h ea nc ien ta nd mode rn s e d imen t sw i th in t h eh a rbou rh a s a f f ec ted t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fa r t if a c t s . A sa r e su l t , i ti sd i ff i cu l t t or e ad a ny s i gn if icanc e i n to t h e f i nd s po t s o f t h e v a r iou s t y pe s o f c e r am ic a nd n on -ce ram ic a r t if ac t sa mong t h es even c l o s ed d epo s i t sa nd 1 4e xcava t ion a r ea s .S ome p a t te rn s ,h oweve r ,a r ee v iden t . I nt h ef i r s tp l a ce ,t h eu n s t ra t i f ied d epo s i t st h roughou tt h e h a rbou ry i e lded t h ew ide s tv a r ie ty o fa r t if a c tt y pe s . T he se n o to n ly c on s t i tu ted t h eb u lk o ft h ef i l le xcava ted b y CAHEP b u ta l so c on ta ined am ix o fm a t e r ia ld umped i nt h eh a rbou r o re r oded f r om s ho re -l ine o rs e a led s ubma r ine d epo s i t so ve r t i me .F o rs im i la rr e a son s ,a ni mp r e s s ive v a r ie ty o fm a t e r ia l w a sr e cove r ed f r om A r ea s Da nd HI,i n c lud ing D epo s i t s1 , 2 ,a nd 4 .E x t en s ive e xcava t ion w a sc a r r ied o u ti nb o th a r ea s . I na dd i t ion , A rea D w a so ne o ft h ef o c i o fa c t iv i t y i nt h e h a rbou rb a s in , a nd D epo s i t 2i n c lud ed al a ye ro fc l ay t h a t i n co rpo ra t ed a nd p ro t ec ted aw ide v a r ie ty o fa r t if ac t s . I n A r ea HI,D epo s i t 4i np a r t icu la ry i e lded al a rge n umbe ro f a r t if ac t s .T he r e la t ive ly h i gh p ropo r t ion o fl amp sa nd c o in s f ound i nt h i sd epo s i t( 2 1 .1% o fa l t h el amp s ,a nd 3 4 .2% o f t h ec o in s ) ,s ugge s ts t h a ts ome s p ec ia lf a c to r sw e r ea tw o rk h e re . P e rhap s s ome o f t h e m a te r ia l w a s d ump f r om a n a d ja cen tl a nd s i te .A l though n oc o in sw e r ef o und i nD epo s i t s 6o r7 ,t h es u r fa ce s o i li nA r ea Jy i e lded 2 8c o in s ,3 6 .8% o ft h ec o in sf o und b y CAHEP . S i gn if i can tl o ca l ized a ccu mu la t ion s o ft h i s t y pe a r e mo r e t y p ica l o fa r chaeo log ica l d epo s i t so nl a nd t h an o fs ubma r ine h a rbou rc on tex t s .

V .B .P a t t ern so fC hrono logy a nd P rovenance . V .B .1 . D ia chron i c P a t t ern s i nA b so lu t ea nd R e la t i ve P ropor t ions o fF ind s . Ac en tu ry -by -cen tu ry t o ta l o f t h e c e r am ic s c a ta logued b y t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion s ( Tab le V .2 )p rov ide s ar ough i n d ica t ion o fc hange so ve rt i me i nt h e i n t en s i ty o ft r ad ing a c t iv i ty i nt h eh a rbou r .C on s ide ra t ion o f

1 53

c hange si nt h er e la t ive p ropo r t ion so ft h ed if e r en tt y p e so f a r t i f ac t so ve rt i me c an v e r if yo rc o r r ec tt h es ed a ta . A l though t h ea pp rox ima te d a t ing o fm any o ft h ea r t if a c t s p r even t s c ompu ta t ion o f t h e e xa c t t o ta l s f o r a ny s i ng le c en tu ry , t h e g ene r a l t e ndenc ie sa r ec l ea r . O n ly 1 2 v e s se l s ( 2 .1% o f5 85 ) ,h ave al owe rc h rono log ica lr a nge i nt h et h i rd c en tu ry B .C .o re a r l ie r ,a nd o n ly n i ne ( 1 .5% )a r ed a ted t ot h e s e cond c en tu ry B .C .A l though T ab le V .2 d o e sn o tr ef l ec tt h e d a ta , v i r tualy a l t h e s e e a r ly c e ram ic s a ppea ro n l a nd , i n D epo s i t s 6a nd 7 .S i x ty th r ee v e s se l s( 1 0 .8% )h ave al owe r l i m i to ft h es e cond c en tu ry B .C .b u t ar a nge w h ich e x tend s l a t e r ,e ven a sl a te a st h es i x th c en tu ry A .C . F i f ty seven o f t h e s e ( 9 .7% o f a l l c e r am ic s ) , h oweve r , h ave an a r rowe r r a nge , b e tween t h e s e cond c en tu ry B .C . a nd f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . I ft h ev e s se l sw h ich d a te t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ( 7 ; 1 . 2% ) ,t h ef i r s tc en tu r ie s B. C .o rA .C .( 1 11 ;1 9 .0% ) ,a nd t h e f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .( 7 7 ; 1 3 .2% )a r ea dded t ot h i sl a s tg roup , t h et o ta lc ome st o1 95 v e ss e l s( 3 3 .3% ) .A no the r2 4v e s s e l s ( 4 .1% )h ave c h rono log ica lr a nge se x t end ing f r om t h ef i r s t c en tu ry B .C .t h rough t h es e cond , t h i rd ,o rf ou r th c en tu r ie s A .C . , a nd 4 7 ( 8 .0% ) a r e a s s igned r a nge s f r om t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .C .t h rough t h es e cond ,f ou r th ,o rf i f th c en tu r ie s . I ti so bv iou sf r om t h e se s t a t i s t ic st h a tt h e r ew a s ap e r iod o f i n ten se c omme r c ia la c t iv i ty i nt h eh a rbou ra r ound t h ef i r s t c en tu r ie s B .C . a nd A .C . , u ndoub ted ly b eg inn ing w i th t h e i n i t ia t ion o fc on s t ruc t ion a c t iv i ty a tt h eh a rbou rs i te a r ound 2 2B .C . ,a ugmen ted b yi t sr o le a st h ec ap i ta lo ft h ep rov ince o fJ uda ea a f te rA .D .6 . ,a nd c on t inu ing t h rough t h er e ign o f t h eF l av ian s ,w hen C a e sa rea b ecame t h e mo s ti mpo r tan tc i ty i nP a le s t ine ( L ev ine 1 975 : 1 8 -22 , 3 1 -36 ) . T he p i c tu r ei sl e s sc l ea ra f te rt h ef i r s tc en tu ry .O n ly o ne v e s s e l( 0 .2% )i sd a t ed s imp ly t ot h es e cond c en tu ry ,b u t9 9 v e s se l s( 1 6 .9% )h ave d a t er a nge st h a ti n c lude o rb ra ck e tt h e s e cond c en tu ry , w i th l owe r a nd u ppe r r a nge s e x tend ing f r om t h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . t ot h e f ou r th A .C . F i f ty th re e v e s se l s( 9 .1% )a r ea s s igned d a te r a nge sw i th in t h eR oman p e r iod o fw h ich t h em ean f a l l sw i th in t h es e cond c en tu ry . O n ly f i ve v e s s e l s( 0 .9% )a r ed a ted t ot h et h i rd c en tu ry ,b u t 6 0( 1 0 .3% )h ave r a nge s t h a tc l o s e l yb ra cke tt h et h i rd c en t u ry .T he r ei s ,h oweve r ,a rea l ,a l though s ma l le r ,p eak i nt h e f ou r th t of i f th c en tu r ie s . Twen ty two v e s se l s ( 3 .8% ) a r e d a t ed t ot h e se c en tu r ie s , a nd a no the r 1 4 ( 2 .4% ) c l u s t e r a r ound t h em . O n ly 2 5 v e s se l s ( 4 .3% ) h ave c h rono log ica l r a nge st h a te x t end b eyond t h ef i f th c en tu ry . N o tv e r ym any o ft h en on -ce ram ic a r t i tac t so ther t han t he c o in sc an b ec l o se ly d a ted , b u tt h ey f i ta pp rox ima t e ly t h e s ame p a t t e rn .T he d i ach ron ic f r equenc ie so ft h es eo b jec t s , h oweve r , a r e l e s s c onv inc ing t h an t h e f r equenc ie s o fc e r am ic w a r e sa se v idenc e f o rh a rbou ra c t iv i ty , b ecaus e t h e d a tab le s amp le i sag r ea td ea ls ma l le ra nd mo re l o ca l i zed i n d i s t r ibu t ion . O f t h e c a ta logued c o in s , f o r e xamp le ( s ee T ab le 1 1 .3 ) ,o ne ( 1 .3% )d a te st ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ,f ou r ( 5 .3% ) t ot h e t h i rd c en tu ry , a nd 4 9 ( 6 4 .5% ) t ot h e f o u r th c en tu ry .A l lt h ef o u r th -cen tu ry c o in s ,h oweve r ,w e r er e cov e r ed f r om ah oa rd o rp u r se l o s ti nA r ea H1 ( 2 1 ) a nd f r om s u r f a ce d epo s i t so nl a nd a tA rea J( 2 8 ) .A ss uch ,i ti sd i f f icu l t t od e t e rm ine w ha td i rec tr e la t ion sh ip t h ey m igh th ave t ot h e a c t iv i ty o fs h ip s i nS eba s to s . I ti si n te re s t ing t h a t P a rke r ( 1 992a :3 0 )c onc lude st h a ta moun t so fc o inage s u ff i c ien tf o r p u rpo se so ft r ade a r es e ldom f o und o na nc ien ts h ipw r eck s .

C hap t e rV :G en era lA na l y s i sa nd C onc lu s ion s

T ab le V .2 : D iachron ic T o ta l so fC eram ic Ware s( no ti n c lud ing T erraco t ta s ) P ropo sed Ch rono logy

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1B .C . / 11 1A .C . IB .C . / IV A .C . IA .C . I /1 I

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F ine Wa re s

T o ta l

0 . 9 1 . 8

2 1 0

U t i l i ta r ian Wa re s

1 3 8

7 2 2 . 6

1 7 7 5 85

5 . 3 1 . 2 0 . 3 1 . 9 1 3 .2

V .B :P a t t ern so fC h rono logy a nd P rovenanc e A sa to t he rs i te s i nP a le s t ine , al a rge p r opo r t ion o ft h e a s semb lage w a ss t r uck b yC on s tan t iu s I( 2 7c o in s ; 3 5 .5% o ft h et o ta l ;c f .2 6 .0% a tS ama r ia -Seba s te ;C row foo t1 957 : 4 5 ) . T he l a te s tc o in i d en t if ied i s ah a l ff o l l i s o f Mau r ice , s t ruck a f te r5 91 .I nv i ew o ft h ei mpo r tance o ft h em in to f C a e sa r ea , w h ich s upp l ied a l l o fJ udaea w i th c o in s i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry ( Lev ine 1 975 : 4 1-42 ) , t h et o ta la b senc eo f s e cond -cen tu ry i s sue s f r om t h e CAHEP c o in s i ss t r ik ing . A pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame p ropo r t ion sa nd p eak sa pp ea ri n t h ec o rpus o f1 46 c o in s( t he i d en t if iab le e xamp l e so f at o ta l o f3 56 )f ound o nl a nd a nd u nde rwa te ra tC a e sa r ea i n1 990 ( Lamp inen 1 992 ) , i n c lud ing o n ly 1R oman i s sue o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry a nd 4f i r s tt ot h i rd -cen tu ry G r eek i mpe r ia l s . I ti si n te r e s t ing t oc ompa r e t h es t a t i s t ic sf o rt h e3 71 c o in s f o und n ea rby a tS ama r ia -Seb a s te ( C row foo t1 957 :4 3 -45 ) . O f t h e se , 2 3 .5% d a te b e tween 4 0 B .C . a nd A .D . 1 ( 8 7 c o in s ; 1 . 7 /yea r ) , 1 0 .5% b e tween 1 a nd 6 9( 3 9c o in s ;0 . 6 / y ea r ) ,b u tn one t ot h e y ea r sb e tween 6 9 a nd 8 1 , a nd o n ly 7 . 3% ( 2 7 c o in s ; 0 . 2 /yea r ) b e twe en 8 1 a nd 1 93 . T he r a t e p i ck s u p s l igh t ly i nt h e t h i rd c en tu ry , w i th 1 6 .4% o ft h e g r oup d a t ing b e tween 1 93 a nd 3 05 ( 6 1c o in s ;0 . 5 /yea r ) ,a nd t h ef ou r th c en tu ry i sh eav i ly r e p re sen ted ,w i th 9 . 7% d a t ing b e tween 3 05 a nd 3 37 ( 36 c o in s ; 1 . 0 /yea r ) a nd 2 2 .6% b e t ween 3 37 a nd 3 6 1 ( 84 c o in s ; 3 . 5 /yea r ) . O n ly 1 0 .0% ( 3 7 c o in s ;0 . 3 /yea r )d a te b e tween 3 6 1a nd 4 90 .T he c h rono log i c a lp a t t e rn i sq u i t es im i la rt ot h a to ft h ec e r am ic f i nd sf r om t h e h a rbou r a tC a esa rea . A s sum ing t h a t t h i s p a t te rn o f c h rono log ica ld i s t r ibu t ion a ccu ra te ly r ef le c t st h ep e r iod so f h i gh a nd l ow l e ve l s o f c omme rc ia l a c t iv i ty a tS ama r ia S eba s t e , i ti sl i k e ly t h a t t h i s s i tua t ion i nt u rn r ef l ec t s t h e f o r tune so ft h em a jo rr e g iona lh a rbou r ,S eba s to s . C on s ide ra t ion o ft h ed i a ch ron ic s t a t i s t ic s f o r t h e m o r e p r e c i se ly d a ted c e ram ic s b y t h em se lv e s c an c on t r ibu t e t o o u ru nde r s tand ing o ft h ec h rono logy o fh a rbou ra c t iv i ty .I n g ene ra l , i ti se a s ie r t o a s s ign r e la t ive ly p r ec i se d a t e s t o l amp s ,f i ne -wa r ev e sse l s ,a nd a mpho r a st h an t ou t i l i ta r ian w a re v e s se l s .O n ly 1 6u t i l i ta r ian -wa r ev e s se l sa ppea r ed i n t h e e a r ly D epo s i t s 6a nd 7 .N eve r the le s s , 3 2s u ch v e s s e l s f o und b y CAHEP w e r e a s s igned d a t e r a nge s w i th l owe r l im i t se a r l ie rt h an t h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , af a rh i ghe rp ropo r t i on t h an w i th t h eo t he rc e ram ic sf r om t h eh a rbou r . Af u r the r i n d ica t ion o ft h ed i f f e ren t ia li no u ra b il i ty t oi d en t i f yt h e se w a r e s i st h e f a c t t ha t 4 2 ( 1 8 .7% ) o f t h e u t il i ta r ian -wa r e v e ss e ls c ou ld n o tb ea tl e a s tt e n ta t ive ly i d en t if i ed o rd a t ed , a so ppo sed t oo n ly o ne ( 2 .6% )o ft h el amp so rf o u r( 3 .6% ) o ft h ea mpho ra s .O ft h ef i ne -wa r ev e s se l s ,3 0( 1 4 .3% )w e r e u n iden t if ied ,b u tt h er e s tc ou ld b ep l a ced w i th in v e ry n a r row c h rono log ica lb ounda r ie s . Mo r es i gn if i can t ly , 1 5o ft h e4 5 c h rono log ica lc a tego r ie si nT ab le V .2 w e r es e tu pt oa ccom moda te o n ly u t i l i ta r ian -wa r e v e s se l s , a nd m any o f t h e s e c a tego r ie ss p an v e ry l o ng c h rono log ica lp e r iod s .T h i sp ro l i f e ra t ion o fc h rono log ica lc a tego r ie sa tf i r s ts i gh ts moo the s o u tt h ef r equency p eak sf o rt h e u t i l i ta r ian w a r e so nT ab le V .2 ,a l though i nf a c tt h ep a t t e rn i smuch t h es ame a st h a tf o r t h eo t he rc e ram ic s . N ol amp sw e re d a t ed e a r l ie rt h an t h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ( s e eb e low ) .F ou r teen ( 36 .8% )o ft h el amp sa r ed a t ed t ot h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C . ,w h i le s e v en ( 1 8 .4% )a r ed a t ed t o t h ef i r s to rs e cond c en tu ry A .C .N ol amp i sa s s igned s imp ly t ot h es e cond c en tu ry ,a l though f i ve ( 1 3 .2% )a r eg i ven d a te

1 55

r a nge s b r a cke t ing o r i n c lud ing t h e s e cond c en tu ry . F ive ( 1 3 .2% )l amp sc an b ea s s igned t ot h et h i rd c en tu ry ,w h ich i so t he rw i se n o t r e p re sen t ed a s ad i s t inc t p e r iod i n t h e c e r am ic f i nd s ,t wo ( 5 .3% )t ot h eB yzan t ine p e r iod ,a nd t h r ee ( 7 .9% )t ot h ee a r ly I s lam ic p e r iod .T he l amp sa l one s ugge s t t h a tt h e r ew a s ap eak o fa c t iv i ty i nt h eh a rbou rd u r ing t h e H e rod ian p e r iod t h a tm ay h ave e x t end ed i n to t h ef i r s ta nd p o s s ib ly t h es e cond c en tu ry . I nc on t r a s tt ot h eo t he rf i nd s , t h e l amp s a l so s ugge s t s i gn if i can t a c t iv i ty i n t h e t h i rd c en tu ry a nd am a rked d ec l ine i nt h eB yzan t ine p e r iod . C on s ide ra t ion o ft h ef i ne w a r e s , amuch l a rge rs amp le , p rov ide s ap i c tu r e t h a t i sp robab ly mo re r e l iab le . O ft h i s c l a s s , 1 0 v e s se l s ( 4 .8% ) a r e d a ted t ot h e t h i rd o r s e cond c en tu ry B .C . —a l l f r om D epo s i t s 6a nd 7 . A no the r 2 7 ( 1 2 .9% )a r ed a ted b e tween t h es e cond c en tu ry B .C .a nd f i r s t c en tu ry A .C .N of ewe rt h an 1 00 ( 4 7 .6% )o ft h ef i ne -wa r e v e s se l sd a te t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . o rA .C . N ine v e s se l s ( 4 .3% )a r ea s s igned d a te r a nge sb ra cke t ing o ri n c lud ing t h e s e cond c en tu ry ,b u tn one i sa s s igned t ot h es e cond c en tu ry a l one . O n ly n i ne ( 4 .3% ) v e s se l s h ave d a te r a nge s t h a t i n c lude t h e t h i rd c en tu ry , w h i le 2 7 ( 12 .9% ) i n c lude t h e f ou r th o rf i f th c en tu r ie s .F ive v e s se l s( 2 .4% )h ave d a te st h a t r a nge l a te r t h an t h i s , a nd f o u r ( 1 .9% ) a r e d a ted o n ly a s " Byzan t ine ." T he f i ne w a r e s ,t h en ,s ugge s tt h e re w a s ma jo r p eak o fa c t iv i ty i nt h eh a rbou rd u r ing t h eH e rod ian p e r iod a nd f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ,t h en am a rk ed d ec l ine ,a nd a no the r , m uch s ma l le r ,p eak o fa c t iv i ty i nt h ee a r ly B yzan t ine p e r iod . T he a mpho ra sp r e sen t much t h es ame p i c tu r ea st h ef i ne w a r e s . T h ree e xamp le s ( 2 .7% ) d a te t ot h e f ou r th o rt h i rd c en tu r ie s B. C .a nd 1 2( 10 .7% )t ot h es e cond o rf i r s tc en tu ry B .C .F o r ty -fou ra mpho ra s( 3 9 .3% )d a te t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C .O n ly o ne a mpho ra ( 0 .9% )i sd a ted t ot h es e cond c en tu ry ,a l though 1 3( 1 1 .6% )h ave d a te r a nge st h a ti n c lude o rb r a cke tt h es e cond c en t u ry .T he d i s t r ibu t ion i sl e s sc l ea r i nt h eB yzan t ine p e r iod .T h i r ty -f ou ra mpho ra s( 30 .4% )a r e a s s igned d a te r a nge st h a ti n c lud et h ef ou r th ,f i f th ,a nd s i x th c en tu r ie s , b u t t h e r e i s ag r ea t d ea l o f o ve r lap i n vo lved , p r ec lud ing a ny d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h ee a r ly a nd l a te B yz a n t ine p a t te rn s .I na ny c a se ,t h ea mpho ra su nde r l ine a ga in t h e e no rmou s a c t iv i ty i nt h eh a rbou ri nt h e H e rod ian a nd e a r ly R oman p e r iod , a nd al e s s e r p eak o fa c t iv i ty i nt h e B yzan t ine p e r iod . T he r ea r en og ro s sd i sc r epanc ie si nt h er e la t ive p ropo r t i on so ff i nd sf r om t h eh a rbou ra c ro s st i me ,e xcep tf o rt h e a b sence o fl amp sd a t ing e a r l ie rt h an t h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . a nd t h ep r e senc eo ff i ve t h a td a t et ot h et h i rd c en tu ry A .C . T he a b sence o fl amp s f r om D epo s i t s 6a nd 7 ,w h ich c on t a ined t h e e a r l ie s t m a te r ia l r e cove red b y CAHEP , i sa r ef lec t ion o ft h i sl a ck o fe a r ly l amp s . T he a ppea rance o fa s i gn if i can t n umbe ro ft h i rd -cen tu ry l amp s i nt h e h a rbou r r ema in s a n a noma ly . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e d ec l ine i n c omme rc ia la c t iv i ty i nt h es e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie ss ug g e s t ed b yt h ed ec l ine i nt h ef r equency o ff i nd sr e su l ted f r om t h es l ump ing o ft h eb r eakwa te r sb e low t h es u r f ace ,a nd t h e c on sequen t h az a rd s i nn av iga t ing o r moo r ing w i th in t h e h a rbou r( s ee S ec t ion V .C .3 ) . V .B .2 .D iachron i cP a t t e rns i nP o in to fO r ig in o fF ind s . J u s ta st h ei n t en s i ty o ft r ade a c t iv i ty i nt h eh a rbou rv a r ied o ve r t i me , s o d i d t h e r e g ion s f r om w h ich m a t e r ia l w a s

C hap ter V :G enera lA na ly s i sa nd C onc lus ions i mpo r ted i n to t h e h a rbou r . A l though t h i s i n fo rma t ion a p p ea r si nt h ed i scus s ions o ft h ev a r ious w a re si nC hap te rI , a na t temp tw i l lb e made h e re t od raw t h es t a t is t ic st o ge the r . O n ly c e ram ic f i nd s a nd c o ins w i l l b e c ons ide red i n t h i s c on tex t , s i nce d e te rm ina t ion o ft h ep l a ce o fo r ig in i s mo r e

p robab ly a s much a s ar e su l to ft h ed i f f icu l ty o fd a t ing t h es e w a r e s a ccu ra te ly a so fa ny r e a l d i f f e rence s i np a t te rns o f t r ade ( s ee T ab le s1 . 14 1 1 .33 ) .O n ly 3 7u t i l i ta r ian -wa r ev es s e l sa r ed a t ed t ot h e f i r s tc en tu r ie s B .C . o rA .C . , a l though a no the r6 7a r ea s s igned c h rono log ica ls p read st h a to ve r lap

d i ff icu l t , o r i mpo s s ib le , f o r t h e o the r c l a sse s o fa r t if ac t s .4 F o rs pec if i cs ,s e et h ef u l ld i scus s ions i nC hap te r s Ia nd I I . I n t h e f i r s t p l ace , t h e p re -He rod ian c e ram ic m a ter ia l p re sen t s af a i r ly c on s is ten tp a t te rn o fp rovenance . A l l b u t o ne o f t h e 1 5 p r e -He rod ian a mpho ra s o r ig ina ted i n t h e e a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( s ee T ab le 1 .3 ) ,a tl e a s tt wo o ft h em i nt h e A egean a nd e i gh ti nP a le s t ine . T he e xcep t ion w a sa G ra eco I ta l ic a mpho ra p robab ly i mpo r ted f r om I t a ly . T he t h ree t ype so fu t i l i ta r ian w a re s how s ome i n te re s t ing v a r ia t ions i no r ig in f o rd a te s r a ng ing e a r l ie r t h an t h e f i r s t c en tury B .C .( s ee T ab le s1 . 14 1 1 .33 ) .D ur ing t h i sp e r iod , 1 2 o ft h eK -wa re v e sse ls a r eo fl o ca lo r ig in a nd o ne o fe a s te rn Med i te r ranean o r ig in ,w h i le o n ly o ne v e sse ls e em st oh ave o r ig ina ted i nt h e We s t( I ta ly ) .S even o ft h eC -wa re v e sse ls , i nc on t ra s t ,f i nd p a ra l le ls i nt h ee a s te rn Med i te r ranean ,t h r ee i n P a le s t ine , a nd t wo i n t h e w e s te rn Med i te r ranean . A l -

t h is p e r iod . I fo n ly t h e r e s t r ic ted g roup o f c l o se ly d a t ed e xamp le si sc on s ide red ,t h ree o ft h eK -wa re t y pe so r ig ina te i nP a le s t ine , t wo i nt h e e a s tern Med i te r ranean i ng ene ra l , a nd t wo i nI t a ly . T he t o ta lo fI t a l ian t y pe ss hou ld b e much h i ghe r ,s i nce many o ft h ev e sse l st h a t mu s tb e om i t ted f r om c on s ide ra t ion b ecau se o fd i f f icu l t ie si nd a t ing a r ec onne c ted t ow e s te rn Med i te r ranean t ype s . O f t h e C -wa re v e sse ls , e i gh to r ig ina te i nP a le s t ine ,a nd t wo i nt h ee a s te rn Med i te r r a nean . O ft h eD -wa r e v esse l s , f i ve o r ig ina te i nP a le s t ine , o ne i nt h e e a s te rn Med i te r ranean i ng ene ra l , f o u r i nI t a ly , a nd o ne i nt h ew es te rn Med i te r ranean i ng ene ra l .A l though t h es amp le i sn o tl a rge ,i tg ives t h ei mp re s s ion t h a tt h e re i s a ni n c rea s ei nt h ei mpo r ta t ion o fK -wa r ea nd D -wa re v es se l s d u r ing t h i sp e r iod , p e rhap s a s p e r sona l b e long ing s o n t h e s h ip su s ing t h eh a rbou r .C ons ide ra t ion o fa l lt h ev e s se ls f o r

t h ough o n ly f ou rD -wa r ev e sse ls w e r ei d en t if ied a sb e long i n g t ot h i sp e r iod ,t wo w e re c onnec ted w i th w es te rn Med i t e r ranean t ypes , o ne w i th a n I t a l ian t ype , a nd o ne w i th a P a le s t in ian t ype . T he s amp le o ff i ne w a res w i th d a te s t h a tr a nge e a r l ie r t h an t h ef i r s tc en tury B .C .i ss omewha tl a rge r( 3 7i t em s )b u t much mo re u n ifo rm i no r ig in ( s ee T ab le s 1 .35 -36 ) . T he o r ig in o ff i ve v es se ls o fu nknown w a re , mo s tl i ke ly H e l len i s t ic i nd a te ,c ou ld n o tb ei d en t if ied . A l lt h er ema in ing p re -

w h ich t h e d a te r a nge s o ve r lap t h i s p er iod r e info rce s t h i s i mp re s s ion . W i th r e ga rd t ot h ef i ne w a re s( s ee T ab le s1 .35 -36 a nd t h e RG a nd BG c a ta logue s ) , t h e ma jo r i ty o ft h e9 0i t ems d a ted t ot h ef i r s tc en tur ie sB .C .o rA .C . i sf o rmed b y6 1 ( 67 .8% ) E TS Iv e s se ls , w h ich o r ig ina ted i nt h e L evan t , p robab ly S y r ia . Af u r the rn i ne ( 10 .0% )v e s se l sa r e ETS I w a r ef r om C yp ru so rs ou thwe s tA s ia M ino r ,o rK n id ian w a re ,a nd 1 ( 12 .2% )v e s se l sa r ee i the re a s tern o rw e s tern Med i te r ranean i no r ig in .I nt h i sp er iod ,h oweve r ,t h e r ei sad i s t inc tc ompo n en to fw e s ter nc e ram ic s : 1 5 ( 16 .7% ) I t a l ian t e r ra s i g i l la ta

H e rod ian v e s se ls w e re ETS Iw a re ,w h ich o r ig ina ted s ome w he re i nt h eL evan t , p robab ly i nS yr ia . T oj udge f r om t h e CAHEP e v idence ,i nt h ep e r iod p r io r

o rA r r e t ine w a r e v es se ls , a nd f ou r ( 4 .4% ) v e s se ls t h a ta r e

t ot h ec on s t ruc t ion o fS eba s to st h ei n hab i tan t so fS t ra ton 's T owe r i mpo r ted v i r tua l ly a l l t h e i r f i ne w a r e f r om t h e L evan t ine ETS Iw o rk shop .V i r tua l ly a l lo ft h e i r Kw a re ,i n c on t ra s t ,w a sl o ca li no r ig in ,w h i le s ma l la moun t so f Cw a r e

a t t r ibu ted t ot h ew e st er n Med i te r ranean i ng ene ra l .C lea r ly mo s t o ft h e f i ne w a re u sed i nH e rod ian a nd f i r s t -cen tury S eba s to sw a si mpo r ted f r om c lo se b y ,b u t2 1% o ft h i st y pe o fw a re o r ig ina ted i nI t a ly o rt h e We s t .T h is l a s tg roup m ay r e p res en t e i the r i mpo r t w a r es o r t h e p e r sona l p rope r ty o f

a nd D w a re a r r ived i no ne w ay o ra no the rf r om t h ew e s te rn Med i te r ranean ,p e rhap sa sp e r sona lp rope r ty a boa rd t r ad ing

s a i lo r su s ing t h eh a rbou r .

s h ip s . Mo s tt r ade ,h oweve r ,s e ems t oh ave b een r e s t r ic t ed t o

t i ne , o ne i nt h e e a s te rn Med i te r ranean i ng ene ra l , f ou r i n

t h ee a s ter n Med i te r ranean , t oj udge f r om t h eo r ig in o ft h e a mpho ra s ,a nd l o ca lc on ta ine r sn a tu ra l ly p r edom ina ted .

e i the r t h e e a s te rn o r w es te rn Med i te r ranean , a nd t h ree i n I t a ly .T he o r ig in o fs eve ra li ss t i l li nq ues t ion .T he s amp le i s

T he p a t ter no ft r ade w a sv e ry d i f f e ren ti nt h e H e rod ian p e r iod a nd t h ef i r s tc en tury A .C . ,w hen t h er hy thm o ft r ade i t se l fb ecame much mo re i n ten se .T he 4 4a mpho ra s ,w h ich

as ma l lo ne , b u ti tu nde r l ines t h ei n c r ea s e i nt r ade b e twe en

O ft h el amp sf r om t h i sp e r iod ,f ou ro r ig ina ted i nP a le s -

( 18 .2% )c an b ea t t r ibu ted t ot h ew e s te rn Med i te r ranean i n g ene ra l ,t h ree ( 6 .8% )t oI t a ly ,a nd f ou r( 9 .1% )t oS pa in .T he

C a esa r ea a nd t h ew e s te rn Med i te r ranean ,p a r t icu la r ly w i th I t a ly . I ti si n t e r es t ing t o c ompa re t h ese s t a t is t ic s w i th t h e r e su l t s o f T ombe r 's ( 1993 ) mu l t iva r ia te a na ly s i s o f t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e f r equency o f s eve ra l B yzan t ine a mpho ra t y p e sa tC aesa rea a nd B enghaz i a nd t h ed i s tanc e f r om t h e i rs ou rce s .S he h a ss hown t h a to nce c e r ta in r e g iona l b ounda r ie s w i th in t h e Med i te rranean a r e p a s sed , t h e re i s l i t t le f a l l -o f fi nt h ef r equency o fc er ta in t r ad e ampho r a sw i th

o r ig in o ff ou rc ou ld n o tb ed e te rm ined . Wh i le C aesa rea w a s s t i l l i mpor t ing a nd /o re xpo r t ing g ood s i nl o ca l a mpho ra s ,

r e spec t t og r ea te r d i s tance f r om t h e s ou rce ( 1993 : 1 6 1) . Me r chan t st r ad ing b ys ea ,i no t he rw o rd s ,t a rge ted a pp rop r i -

t h e o pen ing o f S eba s to s r e su l ted i n ag r ea t e xpans ion o f

a t e ma rke t s , h oweve rd i s tan t . S he s pecu la tes t h a tf i ne a nd u t i l i ta r ian w a re s , o n t h e o t he r h and , a s s e conda ry , m o r e e a s i ly a cc e s s ib le c a rgo o n a mpho ra c a r r ie r s , may s how a mo re ma rked f a l l -o f f —once a l l t h e d a ta a r e a va i lab le — s i nc e t h ey c ou ld h ave b een h awked f r om p o r t t o p o r t . A l though i ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t l o ng -d i s tance c a rgo s h ip s

a r e s t i l l p e rhap s t h e b es t i nd ica to r o fl o ng -d is tance t r ade l i nk s ,a r en ow much mo re v a r ied i no r ig in ( s ee T ab le 1 .3 ) . F ou r teen ( 3 1 .8% ) o ft h ese a mpho ra s c an b e a t tr ibu ted t o P a les t ine , a nd t wo ( 4 .5% ) t ot h ee a s te rn Med i te r ranean i n g ene ra l , b u tn ine ( 20 .5% ) o r ig ina ted i nt h e A egean . E igh t

t r ade w i th b o th t h eA egean a nd t h e Wes t . T h i sp a t tern i sl e s sw e l l ma rked f o rt h eu t i l i ta r ian w a res , 4

K eay ( 1992 ) , A bad ie -Reyna l ( 1992 ) , a nd Amphord r oma ines

( 1989 ) p rov ide e xce l len t s umma r ies o f t h e r e cen t l i t e ra tu r e o n l o ng -d i s tanc et r ade i nt h e R oman Med i ter ranean .

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V .B :P a t t ern so fC hrono logy a nd P rovenanc e w ou ld h ave r ou t ine ly s t opp ed a ti n te rm ed ia te p o r t s , i ti s i n t e r e s t ing i nt h i s r e ga rd t on o te a ga in t h a t r e g iona l f i ne w a r e sp r edom ina te a tS eba s to sa nd C ae sa rea . Mo s to ft h e se c ou ld h ave c ome t ot h e s i t e b y l a nd o rb y s ma l l c oa s ta l t r ad ing b oa t s . R abb in ica l s ou rce s r ef le c t t h e c on t inu ing i mpo r tance o fl o ca la nd r e g iona l t r ad eb yl a nd a tt h i st ime ( L ev ine 1 975 :5 4 ) ,a nd H ous ton ( 1 988 )h a sp o in ted o u tt h a t t h eb u lk o fR oman s e at r ade w a ss ma l l sca le a nd r e g iona li n c ha ra c t e r , a nd c a r r ied o u ti ns ma l ls h ip s . T he s u rv iv ing a mpho ra s s ugge s t t h a ti nt h e f o l low ing c en tu r ie s t r ade w i th t h e w e s ter n Med i t e r ranean e i the rd e c l ined d r a s t ica l ly o rc hanged i nc ha ra c te rf r om t h ei mpo r ta t i on o fw e s te rn c ommod i t ie si na mpho ra st ot h ee xpo r ta t ion o fe a s ter nw ine . O ft h e s i x a mpho r a s t h a ta r ed a t ed t ot h e f i r s t / second , s e cond , o r s e cond / th i rd c en tu r ie s ( s ee T ab le 1 .3 ) , t wo ( 3 3 .3% ) c an b e a t t r ibu t ed t ot h e A egean , o ne ( 16 .7% ) t ot h ee a s t e rn Med i te r ranean i ng ene ra l ,a nd o n ly o ne ( 1 6 .7% ) t ot h e w e s t er n Med i te r ranean . T he o r ig in o f t wo e xamp le s( 3 3 .3% )i su nde te rm in ed .E a s ter n Med i t e r ra n ean a mpho ra sa r ef ound i ni n c r ea s ing n umbe r sa tw e s te rn s i t e s d u r ing t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s ( P ea cock & W i l l iams 1 986 : 2 8 -29 ) ,p e rhap si n d ica t ing t h a tt h et i de o f e xpo r t sv i s ib le i nt h ea r chaeo log ica lr e co rd h ad t u rned . T he p a t t e rn i sj u s tt h eo ppo s i t ef o rt h eu t i l i ta r ian w a re s ( s ee T ab le s1 . 14 1 1 .33 ) .O n ly 2 6u t il i ta r ian -wa re v e s se l sa r e d a t ed t ot h ef i r s t / s econd ,s e cond ,o rs e cond / th i rd c en tu r ie s ; o n ly o ne o ft h e se v e s se l si sD w a re ( o fu nk nown o r ig in )a nd t h ree a r e C w a r e . O ne o f t h e t h ree C -wa r e v e s se l s i s a s soc ia ted w i th e a s te rn Med i te r ranean t y pe sa nd o ne w i th I t a l ian t y pe s . N op a ra l le l sc ou ld b ef o und f o rt h e t h i rd . I n c on t ra s t , f i ve o f t h e K -wa r e v e s se l s f i nd p a ra l le l s w i th I t a l ian t y pe s , f o u rw i th w e s te rn Med i t e r r anean t y pe s , f ou r w i th N o r th A f r ican t y pe s , a nd o n ly t wo w i th t y pe s i n P a le s t ine .S even o ft h ev e s se l sw e r eo fu nknown t y pe .O nc e a ga in i tl o ok sa si fmo s to ft h eu t il i ta r ian w a r ei sc om ing i n a sp e r sona lp rope r ty o rg a l ley e qu ipm en to ns h ip so r ig ina t i n gi nt h e We s t( c f . B e r l in 1 990 ) . S t a t i s t ic s f o r t h e 1 6 l amp s t h a td a te t ot h i s p e r iod a r e d i f f e r en ta ga in .T h ree o ft h el amp sa r ep robab ly o fP a le s t in i a n o r ig in , a nd f i ve o r ig ina ted i nC o r in th o rt h e A egean . T h ree mo r ea r ee i the re a s t e rn o rw e s t e rn i no r ig in ,a nd o ne w a s i mpo r ted f r om I t a ly . Two l amp s w e r e o f u nknown o r ig in .N one o ft h el amp si sc l ea r ly s e cond -c en tu ry i nd a t e . I fa ny th ing , t h e s t a t i s t ic s i n d ica t e as l igh t p r e f e rence f o r l amp so fA egean o r ig in o nt h ep a r to fe i the rt h es a i lo r su s ing S eba s to so rt h ei n hab i tan t so fC a es a r ea . A f t e r e n thu s ia s t ic i mpo r ta t ion i nt h e H e rod ian p e r iod a nd t h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ,t h e r ei san o t iceab le d ecl ine i nt h e a moun to ff me w a re t h a tc an b ed a t ed f r om t h el a t ef i r s tt o t h i rd c en tu r ie s A .C . —on ly n i ne p i ece s , o r s l igh t ly mo r e t h an 4% o ft h et o ta l .O ft h e se ,t wo a r eE TS Iv e s se l sf r om t h e L evan t( p robab ly S y r ia ) ,o ne i se i the r ETS Io r I( f rom t h e L evan to rC yp ru s ) ,a nd o ne i sE TS If r om C yp ru so rA s ia M ino r . Two v e s se l so r ig ina ted i nA s ia M ino r , a nd o ne i n I t a ly . T he o r ig in o ft wo v e s se l sw a su nk nown .O bv iou s ly , t h eg r ea te s tp ropo r t ion o ft h ef i ne w a re si se a s t er n Med i te r r a nean i no r ig in . T he s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s s e em t oh ave b een a p e r iod o fd ec r ea sed c omme rc ia la c t iv i ty i nt h eh a rbou ro f C a e sa r ea ,w i th ap a r t icu la r ly m a rked d ec l ine i nt h ei mpo r -

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t a t ion f r om t h ew e s te rn Med i t e r ranean o ff i ne w a re s ,l amp s , a nd g ood s t r an spo r ted i na mpho r a s . O n ly k i t chen w a r e s c on t inue t ob eb r ough tf r om t h e We s ti ns i gn if ican ta moun t s , p robab ly a s g a l ley e qu ipmen t o n s h ip s o f I t a l ian o r ig in . T he se s h ip sm ay h ave c ome t oC aes a r ea t ol o ad a mpho r a s c a r ry ing w ine p roduced l o ca l ly o ri nG a za .O n ly t h r ee c o in s b e long ing t ot h i sp e r iod w e r ef o und ,s t ruck b yJ u l ia Domna , T ra jan D ec iu s , a nd T rebon ianu s G a l lu s . T he m in tc an b e d e te rm ined o n ly f o rt h el a s t ,s t ruck a tC a e sa rea .O nce a ga in , t h er u in o ft h eO u te rB a s in o fS eba s to sm ay h ave b een a t f a u l t ,c au s ing s ome s h ip st ou s et h eS ou th B ay a nd o t he r st o b y -pa s st h eh a rbou ra l toge the r . A na ly s i so ft h ep rovenance o ff i nd sf r om t h eB yzan t ine p e r iod r e vea l st h a tt h ep a t te rn so ft r ade h ad c hanged d u r ing t h e p e r iod o f q u ie scence . When t h e p ace o f c omme r ce p i ck ed u p o nce a ga in i nt h e f ou r th o r f i f th c en tu ry , t h e c e r am ic s r ema ined r e g iona l o r e a s te rn Med i te r ranean i n o r ig in . Twen ty s ix a mpho ra s c an b e d a t ed t ot h e s e cond / f ou r th ,t h i rd / fou r th ,t h i rd / f i f th ,f ou r th c en tu ry ,a nd R oman / B yzan t ine p e r iod .O ft h e s e ,t h r ee ( 1 1 .5% )w e r el o ca l ,s e ven ( 2 6 .9% )f r om P a le s t ine ,n i ne ( 34 .6% )f r om t h eA egean ,t wo ( 7 .7% ) f r om N o r th A f r ica , t wo ( 7 .7% ) f r om t h e w e s t e rn Med i t e r r anean ,a nd t h ree ( 1 1 .5% )o fu nknown o r ig in .T he 1 0l o ca lo rP a le s t in ian e xamp le s ,c on s t i tu t ing 3 8 .5% o ft h e c h rono log ica lg roup , a r er i va led o n ly b y t h en i ne A egean a mpho ra s ,w h ich c on s t i t u te 3 4 .6% . T h i s p a t te rn b ecome s e ven mo re m a rked w i th t h e 1 3 a mpho r a so ft h ef ou r th / s ix th ,f i f th / s ix th ,f i f t h / seven th ,s i x th / s e ven th c en tu r ie s ,a nd B yzan t ine p e r iod .I nt h i sg r oup ,f i ve ( 3 8 .5% )o r ig ina ted i nP a le s t ine ,t wo ( 1 5 .4% )i nt h ee a s te rn Med i te r r anean i ng ene ra l ,w h i le t h eo r ig in o fs i x( 4 6 .2% )i s u nk nown .N one i so bv iou s ly f r om t h e We s t .T he r ei sag r ea t i nf lux o f e a s t e rn a mpho ra s —e spec ia l ly P a le s t in ian b ag a mpho ra s— to w e s te rn s i te sb eg inn ing w i th t h el a te f ou r th c en tu ry ,a nd ,f r om t h es e cond h a l fo ft h ef i f th t h rough t h e m id s even th c en tu ry ,e a s te rn a mpho r a sc on s t i tu t e as i gn if i c an tp ropo r t ion o fa s semb lage s i nt h ew e s te rn Med i te r ra n ean ( P ea cock &Wi ll iam s1 986 :2 8 -29 ;C a r ignan i &P a ce t t i 1 989 ;A bad ie -Reyna l1 992 :3 64 -66 ) .G iven t h ea ppea rance o ft h e se a mpho ra sb o th o nl a nd a tC a es a r ea a nd a tw e s ter n s i t e s ,i ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h ee a s ter na mpho ra sa tS eba s to sr ef lec t b o th i mpo r ta t ion f o rl o ca lc on sump t ion a nd t h el o s so fi t em s i n t ended f o rt r an s sh ipmen tt ot h e We s t . O n ly 1 0u t i l i ta r ian -wa r ev e s se l s( 4 .4% o ft h et o ta l )a r e a tr ibu ted t ot h el o ng p e r iod b e tween t h et h i rd a nd s e ven th c en tu r ie s ,n one o ft h em D -wa r e . O ft h et h r ee C -wa r ev e s s e l s , t wo a r e e a s t e rn Med i t e r ranean t y pe s , a nd o ne i so f u nknown o r ig in .T he l a rge s tg roup i sKw a re o nce a ga in ,b u t n ov e s se l sa r ei d en t if ied a sb e ing o fI t a l ian o rw e s te rn o r ig in . F ive c an b ep a ra l le led i nP a le s t ine ,s e ven i nS y r ia ,a nd f o u r i n t h e e a s te rn Med i t e r r anean i n g ene ra l . Wha teve r t h e r e a son f o rt h ep r ev iou sa ppea r anc eo fI t a l ian K -wa re v e s se l s i nt h eh a rbou r ,c ond i t ion ss e em t oh ave c hanged .P o s s ib ly t r ade w a sn ow b e ing c onduc t ed f o rt h e mo s tp a r ti ns h ip s o r ig ina t ing i nt h ee a s t e rn Med i te r ranean . T he l amp sa r es im i la r ly r e s t r ic t ed i nq uan t i ty a nd o r ig in . O ft h es i xl amp sa s s igned t ot h i sp e r iod , t h r ee a r e" A rab" l amp sm anuf ac tu r ed i nP a le s t ine ,o ne i sa nA f r ican R ed S l ip l amp f r om T un i s ia ,a nd o ne w a si mpo r ted f r om C o r in th o r A t t ica .T he o r ig in o fo ne l amp w a su nde te rm ined .

C hap ter V :G enera lA na ly s i sa nd C onc lus ion s T h i r ty -fou r f i ne -wa r e v e s se l s a r e d a ted a f te r t h e t h i rd c en tu ry ( 16 .2% o ft h et o ta l ) ,b u t1 3o ft h e se a r eA f r ican R ed S l ip p l a t e s t h a t a l l s e em t ob e long t o as i ng le s h ipmen t ( RG127 -RG139 ) ,s k ew ing t h es t a t i s t ic s .S i x( 1 7% )o ft h e v e s se l so r ig ina ted i nC yp ru s ,2 5( 7 3 .5% )i nT un i s ia ,a nd t h e o r ig in o ft h ree ( 8 .8% ) i su nknown . I ft h e i d en t ica l ARS p l a t e s a r e t r ea ted a s as i ng le e xamp le , o n ly 1 0 .5% o ft h e f i ne -wa re v e s se l s b e long t ot h i s p e r iod , a nd t h e r e la t ive p ropo r t ion so r ig ina t ing i nC yp ru sa nd T un i s ia i nt h i sp e r iod a r e2 7 .3% a nd 2 2 .7% r e spec t ive ly .T he e no rmou s ly p roduc t i ve ARS w o rk shop so bv iou s ly f o und am a rke to rr e d i s t r i b u t ion c en t re a tC a e sa r ea , b u t C yp r io t w a re s w e r e s t i l l a t t ra c t ive t ot h e c on sume r . I n v i ew o f T ombe r 's t h eo ry ( 1993 : 1 6 1 -62 ) a bou td i f f e rence s i np a t te rn s o fl o ng -d i s t a nce s e a t r ade i n a mpho ra s a nd f i ne w a r e s ( d i s cu s sed a bove ) ,i ti si n t e re s t ing t on o te t h a tt h ep opu la r ARS w a r e s c ame t oS eba s to sf r om a na r ea t h a ta l so s e n tc ommod i t ie st o S eba s to si na mpho ra s .I nt h i sc a se ,t h ef i ne w a r ec ou ld e a s i ly h ave b een as ub s id ia ry c a rgo . S i x ty th r ee ( 82 .9% )o ft h e7 6i d en t if iab le c o in sr e cov e r ed d u r ing t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion sc an b ea s s igned t ot h i s l a te p e r iod ( Tab le 1 1 .3 ) ,a nd t h em in tc ou ld b ed e t e rm ined f o r 4 4 o f t h e se . A s a to t he r s i t e s i n P a le s t ine , al a rge p ropo r t ion o ft h eB yzan t ine i s sue s( 2 2 ;3 4 .9% o f6 3 )w e r e m in ted a tA n t ioch . Many o t he rm in t s ,h oweve r ,a r er e p re s en ted a s w e l l : A lexand r ia , 4( 6 .3% ) ; C on s tan t inop le , 6 ( 9 .5% ) ;C yz icu s ,5 (7 .9% ) ;N icomed ia , 3( 4 .8% ) ;a nd 1e a ch ( 1 .6% )f r om S i sc ia ,S i rm ium ,T he s sa lon ica ,a nd T r ie r .T he m ix o fm in t si su n rema rkab le ,a l though t h ep r e senc eo fo n ly o ne c o in f r om a nI t a l ian m in ti sp uzz l ing ,g i ven t h ee x ten s i ve s h ipmen t o f P a le s t in ian w ine s t o t h e We s t . E i the r S eba s to sw a sn o tp a r to ft h i st r ade , o r —mo r e l i ke ly —he r m e rchan t s r e ce ived p aymen t i ng ood s n o t v i s ib le i nt h e a r cha eo log ica lr e co rd .

V .C . C onc lu s ion s : T he D e s ign ,F unc t ion ,a nd H i s tor yo f S eba s to s . T he re a r e m any q ue s t ion s t h a t a n e xam ina t ion o f t h e s ma l lf md sf r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion sm igh tb ee xpec ted t oh e lp a n swe r .A r eh i s to r ica la ccoun t so ft h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h eh a rbou rs uppo r t ed b yt h ec h rono logy o ft h ef i nd s? D o t h ef md ss omehow s upp lemen ta nc ien td e sc r ip t ion so ft h e d e s ign o ft h eh a rbou ro rd ot h ey c on t r ibu te t ot h ed educ t ion s m ade f r om e xam ina t ion o ft h ea r ch i t ec tu ra lr ema in s? C an t h ey b eu sed t os uppo r tt h eo r ie sc oncer n ing t h ed ecay a nd r e bu i ld ing o ft h eh a rbou r 's b r eakwa te r sa nd d o ck ing f a c il i t i e s? O bv iou s ly ,a na ly s i so ft h ef i nd s pr ov ide s ag r ea td ea l o f i n fo rma t ion c onc e rn ing t h e i n ten s i ty , c ha rac te r , a nd r ou te so ft r ade i na nd o u to fS eba s to sa c ro s st i me .C an t h e se d a ta b eu sed t od educe H e rod 's i n t en t ion si nb u i ld ing s u ch ag r and h a rbou r ,a nd t h ea sp i ra t ion s ,s e tback s ,t h er e spon se s o ft h er u le r sa nd a dm in i s t ra to r sw ho s u cceeded h im ,a nd t h e m a c ro -econom ic so fS eba s to sa nd C a e s a r ea i nt h e Med i t e r r a nean w o r ld? F ina l ly , w ha tc an a na ly s i so ft h ef i nd sc on t r ibu te t oo u r u nde r s tand ing o f t h e m ic ro -econom ic s i n v o lved ( s ee P ea cock 1 982 :4 ) .F o re xamp le ,t ow ha te x ten t w a s R oman p o t te ry mad e a th ome o r l o ca l ly? H ow d i d p ro duct ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o ff i ne w a r e sd i f f e rf r om t h a to f k i tchen w a r e s? Wha t e conom ic o r e co log ica l c ond i t ion s

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i nf luenced t h ep r e senc eo ra b sence o f ma jo ri n du s t r ie s? B y w ha tm e chan i sm w a sp o t te ry t r an s f e r r ed f r om p roduce rt o s h ippe ro rc on sume r ? C lea r ly ,n o ta l lt h e se q ue s t ion sc an b ea n swe r ed t h rough e xam ina t ion o f t h e f i nd s r e cove r ed b y CAHEP . F u r the r e xcava t ion i sr e qu i red b o th i nt h eh a rbou ra r ea i t se lf a nd i n t h ec i ty b eh ind i t— to s ay n o th ing o fs i te si nt h eh i n te r land , t h eP l a in o fS ha ron .I na dd i t ion ,d e ta i led a r gumen tc oncer n i n gt h ed e s ign o ft h eh a rbou ra nd i t sa r ch i t ec tu ra le vo lu t ion h ave b een r e se rved f o rV o lume I V .N eve r the le s s ,s ome o f t h e s eq ue s t ion s mu s tb ea dd r e s sed h e r ea nd a n swe red w he r e ve rp o s s ib le ,i no rde rt om ake t h i ss t udy mo r et h an as imp le p r e s en ta t ion o ft h ef i nd sf r om ah a rbou re xcava t ion . V .C .1 .D e s ign .T he s ma l lf md ss t rong ly s uppo r th i s to r i c a l s ou r c e s t h a t d e sc r ibe t h e s i t e H e rod s e lec t ed f o r t h e c on s t r uc t ion o fS eba s to sa s as ma l la nd d e r e l ic tl a te H elen i s t ic h a rbou r( J o sephu s ,B J1 .408 ,A I1 5 .331 ) . As i gn if ican t q uan t i ty o fl a t eH e l len i s t ic p o t t e ry w a sr e cove r ed i nD epo s i t s 6a nd 7 ,a l ong w i th af ew p o s s ib ly e a r l ie rp i ece ss c a t te r ed h e r ea nd t h e r eo nt h es e a -b ed j u s to f f sho re f r om A r ea Y .N o w el -da ted c e ram ic sa ny e a r l ie rt h an t h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . w e r e r e cove r ed , h oweve r , a tt h e s i te o f S eb a s to s i t se l f . E i the rt h es i t eo ft h el a t e rb r eakwa te r sa nd b a s in w a sn o ti n u s ea s ah a rbou rb e fo r eH e rod ,o rh i se ng inee r sc l ea red o u t a nd c ove r ed u pt h ee a rl ie rc u l tu ra lm a te r ia lw h i l ed r edg ing a nd b u i ld ing . I fs ome o ft h i s " f i r s t -cen tu ry" B .C .m a t e r ia l r e p r e sen ted p r e -He rod ian a c t iv i ty , a tl e a s t as c a t te r ing o f s e cond -cen tu ry B .C .m a te r ia lw ou ld b ee xpec t ed a sw e l l . T he s ma l lf i nd sr e cove r ed i nt h eh a rbou rE n t rance C han n e lm ake i tc l ea rt h a tt h ef ma lc onf igu ra t ion o ft h eh a rbou r , a ss e en t o day o nt h es e a -bed ,i se s sen t ia l ly t h es ame a st h e H e rod ian p ro je c t d e sc r ibed b y J o s ephu s ( f ig . 1 ) : al o ng , c u rv ing s ou the rn b r eakwa t e ra nd as ho r te r .s t ra ieh tn o r ther n b r eakwa t e rf r am ing ah a rbou re n t r ance t h a tf a ced n o r thwe s t ( J o sephu s , B J 1 . 4 12 ,A I1 5 .334 -338 ) .A l though i ti sp o s s i b l e t h e r eh a sb een s ome movemen to fc e ram ic sa nd o t he r h eavy a r t if a c t s o n t h e s e a f l oo r , t h e H e rod ian t o e a r ly s e cond -cen tu ry A .C .c h rono logy o ft h ef i nd si nD epo s i t2 i n d ica te st h a tt h i sc hanne lw a so p en f r om t h ev e ry s t a r to f S eba s to s 'e x i s t ence .F u r the rmo r e ,t h ec l o s ing o ft h ed epo s i t s ome t ime i nt h ef i r s tq ua r te ro ft h es e cond c en tu ry ( a s sum i n go u rd a t ing o ft h e CAHEP C la s s Ea mpho ra st ot h ef i r s t c en tu ry i sc o r rec t ) ,i n d ica te st h a tr ubb le h ad a l ready b egun t oo b s t ruc tt h i sc hanne la nd s ea lo f ft h el owe s td epo s i t sa t t h i st i me .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h i sr ubb le s t em sf r om t h ed ecay o ft h eS ou ther nB r eakwa te r ,w h ich m ay a l r eady h ave b egun t os l ump . T he re i sas im i la ra s semb lage o ff i nd si nD epo s i t4 ,f r om t h e s ou th f a c e o f t h e N o r th B reakwa te r , b u t i nt h i s c a se s upp lemen ted b y B yzan t ine c e ram ic s a nd c o in s a s w e l l . T h i sl a t e ra s s emb lage f i t si nw el w i th h i s to r ica ls ou r ce st h a t r e f e rt o ar e con s t ruc t ion o ft h eb r eakwa t e r sb yA na s ta s iu sI a r ound 5 02 ( s ee b e low ) .A l though t h ea r t i f ac t sd on o tp rove t h a tt h er ubb le l a ye rw h ich s e a ls t h ed epo s i ti sf i ll a id d own b y A na s ta s iu s ' e ng inee r s , s ome o bv iou s ly l a te r m a te r ia l w ou ld b ee xp e c t ed h ad t h ea r ea r ema ined o pen .T he s ame c an b es a id f o rt h eh a rbou rE n t rance C hanne l ,a nd t h eu ppe r l a ye r s o f t h e r ubb le i n t h e c hanne l m ay b e long t o t h e a t temp t ed r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h eb reakwa t e r s( s ee R aban e t

VB :D e s ign , F unc t ion , a nd H i s to ry o fS eba s to s a l .1 993 :4 ) .F ina l ly ,t h ec e r am ic sf r om D epo s i t 3w i th in t h e H a rbou rB a s in r e vea lt h a tt h ee n igma t ic S unk en P avemen t c ou ld n o th ave b een l a id d own b efo r et h es e ven th c en tu ry . T he s i gn i f icance o f ma te r ia lr e cove red f r om t h es u r f a ce o f t h eb reakwa t e r sw i l lb ed i scu s sed b e low . V .C .2 . F unc t ion . A na ly s i s o f t h e f i nd s r e cove red b y CA I -PEP a l low s f o r t h e f i r s t t ime d ocumen ted a nd p a r t ly q uan t if i ed d i scu s s ion o f h ow t h e h a rbou r a c tua l ly f u nc t i oned .T he e a s i ly a n t ic ipa t ed f a c tt h a tt r an spo r ta mpho r a s f o rm as i gn if ican t( a l though n o to ve rwhe lm ing )p ropo r t ion o ft h ec e ram ic f i nd su nde r l ine st h ec omme r c ia lc ha ra c t e ro f S eba s to s a nd i t s l o ng -d i s tance t r ad ing c onnec t ion s . T he s t a t i s t ic s f o rt h ep r e -He rod ian p e r iod a r e s c an t y , b u tt h ey r e vea l ap o r tw i th f ew t r ade l i nk sb eyond t h eL evan ta nd t h e A egean ,a ppa r en t ly i mpo r t ing w ine f o rl o ca lc on sump t ion . S i nce t h ed oub le -mou thed a mpho ra l ike j a r sf r om D epo s i t 7( A97 -A 1 04 )a r en o tp a ra l le led e l sewhe r e ,t h ey i n d ica t et h e p r e senc eo fl o ca lp a ck ing a c t iv i ty ,p robab ly o f af i sh p roduc t i n tended f o rc on sump t ion i nt h er e g ion .T he t a nk si nw h ich t h ey w e re f o und m ay h ave h ad s ome c onne c t ion w i th t h e p i ck l ing o rs a l t ing p roce s s . L ong -d i s tance c omme r ce e xpanded d r ama t ica l ly i nt h e H e rod ian p e r iod ,a nd l a rge n umbe r so fa mpho r a sc on ta in ing w ine a nd p o s s ib ly ,t o al e ss e re x ten t ,o i la nd f i sh sauc ew e r e i mpo r ted f r om I t a ly , t h e We s t ,a nd t h eA egean . O ft h e 1 4 a mpho ra c l a s s e s b e long ing t ot h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . /f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . i d en t i f ied i nt h e CAHEP c orpu s , 9( 6 4 .3% ) w e re n on -Pa le s t in ian o rp robab ly n on -P a le s t in ian i no r ig in , w h i le 3( 2 1 .4% )w e re P a le s t in ian o rp r obab ly P a le s t in ian i n o r ig in , a nd t h e o r ig in o f 2( 14 .3% ) w a s u nk nown . T he r e w e r e t wo m o r e n on -Pa le s t in ian c l a s s e s p o s s ib ly o f t h i s p e r iod ,a nd 2c l a s se so fu nk nown c h rono logy a nd o r ig in .I t i si n te r e s t ing t h a tt h ea b so lu t en umbe ro fe xamp le sf r om t h i s p e r iod ( g iven a bove i nS e c t ion V .B . 2 )y i e ld s mo r eo rl e s st h e s ame p ropo r t ion s : o f t h e 4 4 a mpho r a s , 1 4 ( 3 1 .8% ) a r e P a le s t in ian i no r ig in a s o ppo s ed t o2 6 ( 5 9 .1% ) o f n on P a le s t in ian o r ig in . F ou r ( 9 .1% ) w e re o fu nknown o r ig in . Wha t w a s e xpo r ted i nr e tu rn i sn o t e v iden t i nt h e f i nd s . R abb in ica ls ou r ces ,h oweve r ,r e po r tt h ee xpo r to fo l ive o i l , l e ek s ,a nd d a te sf r om C ae sa rea t oR ome ( L ev ine 1 975 : 5 6 , n . 15 ) ,a nd i n d ica t et h ei mpo r tanc eo ft h eg l a s sp roduc t ion a nd t e x t i le d ye ing ( 52 -53 ) . Many o ft h e se " f o r e ign" c on ta ine r ss e em t oh ave b een i n t ended f o rt r an s sh ipmen t ,s i nce o n ly af ew o ft h em c an b e p a rale led s of a ri ne xcava t ion so nl a nd a to rn ea rC a es a r ea — e xcep ta t ah a rbou rw a r ehou se i nF i e ld G , w he r e B lake ly i d en t i f ied 1 0d i f f e ren tf o re ign c l a s se sa nd o n ly o ne p o s s ib ly P a le s t in ian c l a s si nt h eH e rod ian l e ve l s( s ee a bove S ec t ion V .A .2 , a nd B lake ly 1 988 : 3 9 -42 ) . B lake ly c omm en t s t h a t t h em a rked p r edom inanc eo ff o r e ign t y p e si n d ica te st h a tt h e w a r ehou se w a su sed f o rr e ce iv ing i mpo r ted a mpho r a sr a the r t h an c olec t ing l o ca lo rr e g iona la mpho ra sf o re xpo r t .C on v e r se ly , a tl e a s t s ome o ft h e r e g iona l ( "Pa le s t in ian B ag" ) a mpho ra sf o und i nt h eh a rbou rs hou ld h ave b e en b rough tt o S eba s to s f o r t r an s -sh ipmen t t o t h e We s t . A l though t h e p roduc t ( s )t h ey c on ta ined w e r ec on sumed l o ca l ly ,t oj udge f r om t h ep r es ence o fs u ch c on ta ine r so n l a nd a tC a esa r ea ( R i ley 1 975 :2 6 -27 ;L ev ine & N e tze r1 986 :9 1 -97 ;B lake ly 1 987 :8 9 -91 ) ,P a le s t in ian B ag a mpho ra sh ave n ow a l so b een

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r e cogn ized i ne a r ly i mpe r ia ld epo s i t si nI t a ly a nd e l s ewhe r e i nt h e We s t( De C ap r a r i i se ta l . : 1 988 :3 08 -10 ) .T he r ei ss t i l l n o h a rd e v idence , b u t i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t s ome o f t h e se c on ta ine r s w e r e p roduced l o ca l ly a nd f i l led w i th al o ca l w ine . T h i st r ade w en ti n to ad r a s t ic d ecl ine i nt h es e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s , w i th ap a r t ia lr e cove ry i nt h ef ou r th , f i f th , a nd s i x th c en tu r ie s .A tt h i st ime ,h oweve r ,t h et r ade p a t t e rn s w e r e q u i te d i f f e r en t . O f t h e 1 a mpho ra c l a s se s i n t h e CAHEP c orpu sb e long ing t ot h i sp e r iod , 5( 4 5 .5% ) w e r e n on -Pa le s t in ian o rp robab ly n on -Pa le s t in ian i no r ig in ,w h i le 2( 1 8 .2% )w e r eP a le s t in ian o rp robab ly P a le s t in ian i no r i g i n ,a nd t h eo r ig in o f 4( 3 6 .4% )w a su nknown .I nt e rm so f a b so lu t en umbe r s( g iven a bove , S ec t ion V .B . 2 ) , h oweve r , P a le s t in ian a mpho ra sp r edom ina te a mong t h e3 o fk nown o r ig in ,w i th 1 5e xamp le s( 4 5 .5% ) ,r i s ing t o7 1 .4% ( 5o u to f 7 )f o rt h el a t t e rp a r to ft h ep e r iod .T a lmud ic s ou rc e so ft h i s p e r iod r e co rd t h a t C ae sa rea w a s ad i s t r ibu t ion p o in t f o r g ood sf r om E gyp t( L ev ine 1 975 : 5 6 ) . V e ry f ew a mpho r a s w e r ei mpo r ted f r om t h ew e s t e rn Med i te r ranean —on ly 4o u t o f 3 ( 1 2 .1% ) . Mo s t o f t h e n on -Pa le s t in ian c on ta ine r s c on s i s t ed o fA egean w ine a mpho ra s ( 9o u to f3 3 , 2 7 .3% ) t h a t —g iven t h e i rr a r i ty o nl a nd a tC a es a rea a nd o t he rs i te s i nn o r the rn P a le s t ine — seem t oh ave b een i n tended f o rt h e m o s t p a r t f o r s h ipmen t e l sewhe re . G iven t h e i r f r equen t a ppea rance o n l a nd a tC ae sa rea , t h e C la ss 4 8 /49 ( Ga za w ine )a mpho r a sw e r ei mpo r t ed a tl e a s ti np a r tf o rt h el o ca l m a rke t . S i nce t h e G a za w ine a mpho ra s a r e f o und o n ly i n f requen t ly a ti n land s i t e si nn o r the rn P a le s t ine a nd J o rdan ( B lake ly 1 988 :4 3 ) ,S eba s to sm ay a l so h ave b een ap o in tf o r t r an s sh ipmen to ft h i sc ommod i ty t ot h e We s t .T he i mpo r t a nce o fc omme rc ia lt i e sb e tween C a e sa rea a nd R ome i nt h e t h i rd a nd f o u r th c en tu r ie s i sn o t ed i nT a lmud ic s ou r ce s ( L ev ine 1 975 : 5 6 ) . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t s ome g ood s w e r e i mpo r ted f r om t h e We s ta tt h i st i me i nb a r r e l sr a the rt h an a mpho ra s ,a nd t h a tt h ee v idenc ef o rt h em c onsequen t ly h a s b een l o s t( s ee Wh i t tak e r1 989 : 5 37 ;P a rke r1 992b : 8 9 ,9 4 ) . I fo u rs amp l ing o ft h ec e r am ic sc an b et r u s ted , b u lk s h ip m en to fs u ch c ommod i t ie sc ame t o ad rama t ic h a l ti nt h e s e ven th c en tu ry . T he o n ly o t he r c l a s s o fc e ram ic s t h a t moved t h rough S eba s to s i nc omme r c ia l q uan t i t ie s i sf i ne w a r e , a l o f i t p roduced e l sewhe re .T he m a jo rs ou rce so ff i ne w a r e sw e r e t h eE TS Iw o rk shop s s omewhe re i nt h eL evan t( p robab ly S y r ia ) , C yp ru s o rA s ia M ino r ( f o r ETS I a nd o t he r l a t e r w a r e s ) ,a nd p o s s ib ly A s ia M ino r . Sma l le ra moun t so fw e s t e r n t e r ra s i g ila ta w a r e s a nd A f r ican R ed S l ip w a r e a l so a ppea r .T he f o rma to ft h et r ade i nf i ne w a r e si se ven l e s sw e l l u nd e r s tood t h an t h a to fc omme r c ia la mpho ra s ,a nd i tw ou ld b e p r ema tu r e t os p ecu la te w he the r t h e se w a re s w e r e i m p o r t ed f o rl o ca lu se a nd f o rs h ipmen tt oC a esa r ea 's h i n t e r l a nd , o rf o rt r an s sh ipmen ti nl a rge a moun t s t op o r t se l s e w he r ei nt h eL evan t .I ti sc l ea r ,h oweve r ,f r om b o th a r cha eo l o g ica la nd l i t e ra ry s ou rce st h a tC ae s a rea w a sn o t as i gn i f i c an tp roduce ro ff i ne w a r ef o re xpo r t( L ev ine 1 975 : 5 3 ) . T he c i r cum s tance su nde rw h ich t h eo t he rt y pe so fc e ram i c sr e a ched S eb a s to sw e r ev e ry d i f f e r en t .D u r ing t h eH e rod ian p e r iod a nd t h ef i r s tt h ree c en tu r ie so ft h ee mp i r e ,b o th t h e l amp sa nd t h eu t il i ta r ian w a re s w e re o ve rwhe lm ing ly f o r e i gn i no r ig in . A l though t h e l amp s c an b e p a ra l l e led o n

C lu ip ter V :G enera lA na l y s i sa nd C onc lu s ions m any o ft h es i te si nt h er e g ion ,t h o se f o und i nt h eh a rbou rf o r t h e mo s tp a r ts how s i gn s o fu s ea nd s oc anno th ave b e en i n tended f o rr e -sa le . F u r the rmo r e , o n ly ar e la t ive ly s ma l l n umbe ro fl amp sw a sf ound ,m ak ing i tr i sky t op o s tu la t et h a t t h ey w e r e i mpo r ted i n t en t iona l ly . D u r ing t h i s p e r iod , t h e u t il i ta r ian w a r e s ,p a r t icu la r ly t h ep r edom inan tc l a s so fc ook i n gw a r e( Kw a re ) ,o r ig ina t ef o rt h e mo s tp a r ti nt h e We s t , e spec ia l ly i nc en t ra lI t a ly .U n l ike t h ec a s eo ft h el amp s ,t h i s w a r ei sn o tf ound i no t he rs i te si nt h ev i c in i ty o fC ae sa r ea a nd t h u sc l ea r ly a r r ived a sg a l ley e qu ipmen to ns h ip so r ig i n a t ing i nt h e We s t .T he w e s te rn l amp s ,a nd p o s s ib ly s ome o ft h ew e s t e rn t e r ra s i g ila ta ,m ay h ave a r r ived i nt h es ame f a sh ion ,a nd i ti sn o tewo r thy t h a tP a rke r( 1 992b :9 6 )e mpha s i ze st h a th ou seho ld p o t t e ry ,l amp s ,a nd g l a s swa r ea r eo n ly r a r e ly f ound a sc a rgoe so na nc ien t Med i t e r r anean w reck s . D u r ing t h eB yzan t ine p e r iod ,h oweve r ,t h eu t i l i ta r ian w a r e s , l i ke v i r tua l ly a l l t h e o t he rc e ram ic s f r om t h e h a rbou r , a r e r e g iona li no r ig in ,s ugge s t ing t h a tl o ca ls h ip sa nd c r ew sh ad t a ken o ve rl o ng -d i s tance t r ad e .T h i sd eve lopmen ti sc ong ru e n t w i th t h e g row ing i mpo r tance o fm e r chan t so fe a s t e r n o r ig in i nI t a ly a nd t h e We s td u r ing t h el a t e re mp i re ( L ev ine 1 975 : 5 4 ) . T he n on -ce ram ic f i nd sf r om t h eh a rbou r ,a sn o t ed a bove , a r ec on sonan tw i th as i t et h a ta c commoda t ed a nd s e rv ic ed l a rge n umbe r s o f s e a -go ing s h ip s a nd f o s te r ed a n a c t ive c omme rc ia ll i f e .T he o n ly p o s s ib le h i n to fs ome th ing o u to f o rde rc ome sf r om t h e n ume rou sl e ad f i sh ing -ne tw e igh t s . Wh i le s uch w e igh t sa r ed ocumen ted a se qu ipmen t( ? )o nt h e w reck so fB ronze A ge t oR oman t r ad ing s h ip s ,t h es ee xam p l e s may a l so h ave b een l o s tb y l o ca l s f i sh ing w i th in t h e h a rbou r .I nv i ew o ft h es t rong p o s s ib il i ty t h a tt h eb r eakwa t e r s b egan t os i nk i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry A .C . ( s ee n ex t s e c t ion )t h e se w e igh t s ,l i ke t h es ound ing l e ad sf o und i nt h e h a rbou r ,t a ke o na na dded s i gn i f icanc e .T hey m ay i n d ica te t h a tH e rod 's b r eakwa t e r sw e r eo f mo r eu s ea sa r t i f ic ia lr e e f s e nhanc ing af i she ry t h an a sp ro te c t ion f r om t h es e a ,a nd t h a t t h ey h ad i nf a c tb ecome ah az a rd t on av iga t ion . Wha tp u rpo se d i dH e rod i n t end S eba s to st os e rv e? T he s c a le a nd magn if icence o ft h e h a rbou r , i nt h e c on t ex t o f H e rod 's o t he rb u i ld ing p ro jec t s ,i n d ica te t h a ti tw a sm ean t t oh ave f a r mo r et h an l o ca ls i gn i f icance .A st h eh a rbou ro f C ae sa r ea , ag en t i le c oun t e rpa r tt ot h e r e f u rb i shed J ew i sh c ap i ta lo fJ e ru sa lem ,i tw a si n tend ed a s ac ompe t i to ri ns t a tu s a nd c omme rce t ot h el o ng -e s tab l i shed h a rbou ro fA lexan d r ia .T he e no rmou sl i gh thou se i sag ood s ymbo lo fH e rod 's a mb i t ions ( Vann 1 991) , wh i le t h e n ame S eba s tos ( "Augu s tu s" )a nd t h ea pp l ica t ion o fn ame sf r om t h eA ugu s tan r oya l h ou se t oi d en t if iab le p a r t s o f t h e c omp lex — a s r e c o rded b y J o sephu s , 1 3 . 1 1 . 4 12 , A J 1 5 .336 — ind ica t e t h e s ou rce o f much o fH e rod 's i n sp i ra t ion a nd s uppo r t .E v en t h e t e chno logy t h a t made t h eh a rbou rp o s s ib le ,i n c lud ing e no r mou sq uan t i t ie so ft h ep ozzo lan ic a dd i t ive f o rt h eh yd raul i c c onc re te , wa si mpo r ted f r om c en t ra lI t a ly ( O le son &B r an ton 1 992 ) .I ti sn os u rp r i se t h a t ,a f te rt h eh a rbou r 's c omp le t ion , I t a ly w a s o ne o ft h e ma jo rs ou r ce s o ft r ade g ood sa nd o f c omme rc ia l s h ip s . T he a ppa ren t p r eva lenc e o f s h ip s o f I t a l ian o r ig in m ay r ef lec t e i the r ar e la t ive ly n ew a nd r e s t r ic ted t r ad i t ion o fl o ca l ly -ba sed s h ip -bu i ld ing a nd l a rge s c a le m a r i t ime t r ade o rp r e jud ic ia lr e gu la t ion sa tP o r tu so r S eba s to st h a tg ave I t a l ian t r ade r sa na dvan tage .

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I ti sl e s so bv iou sw ha tr o le H e rod i n tended t h eh a rbou r t op l ay i nt h et r an s sh ipmen to fg ood sb ys e aa nd l a nd ,b u t p r e sumab ly i tw a s c ommen su ra t e w i th t h e p o ten t ia l h e c r ea ted f o rl o ng -d i s tance t r ade w i t ht h e We s t .H em ay h ave h op ed C ae sa r ea w ou ld s e rve a s t h e ma in r e d i s t r ibu t ion c en t re i nP a le s t ine a nd r ep lace A lexand r ia a nd G aza a st h e p a ramoun tl i nk b e tween t h e Med i te r ranean w o r ld a nd t h e l u c ra t ive c a ravan r ou te st ot h eR ed S ea a nd P e r s ian G u l f( c f . H o lum e ta l .1 988 : 1 34 -35 ;H oh l f e lde r1 992 :7 5 -77 ) .R aban ( 1992a -b ) p ropo se s t h a t t h e l a rge h a rbou r S eba s to s w a s d e s igned f r om t h es t a r tt os e rv et h ei n t e rna t iona lt r ade a nd c ompe t ew i th A lexand r ia , w h i le t h er e la t ive ly u np ro te c ted a ncho rage i nt h e s ou th b ay w a sd evo t ed t oc oa s t ing s h ip s s e r v ing l o ca l m a rke t s . H ou s ton ( 1 988 : 5 60 -64 ) c i te s a n umbe r o fr e cen t p a ra l le ls f o r t h i s s o r t o fs i tua t ion , a nd p rov ide sc onv inc ing e v idence t h a tm any R oman i mpe r ia l h a rbou r sd e s igned f o r t h e c oa s t ing t r ade i nf a c tp rov id ed o n ly r ud imen ta ry f a c i l i t ie s o r c on s i s ted o f s imp ly a n u n imp roved b ea ch . F o r a t l e a s t t h e f i r s t c en tu ry o f i t s e x i s tence S eba s to sj u s t if ied H e rod 's d r eam . A cco rd ing t o t h ea r cha eo log ica le v idence ,t h ei n i t ia lp e r iod o ff l ou r i sh ing m a r i t ime c omme r ce p a s sed w i th t h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry A .C . , b u tb y t h e f ou r th c en tu ry S eba s to s w a s o nce a ga in i n vo lved w i th r e g iona l s e a t r ad e , a nd p robab ly w i th t h e s h ipmen to fg ood st ot h e We s ta sw e l l .I ti sl i ke ly ,i fi nf a c t t h eo u t e rb a s in o fS eba s to sw a sd amaged a nd d e r e l ic td u r ing t h es e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu ry ,t h a to n ly as ma l lp o r t ion o ft h e p r ev iou sv o lume o ft r ade c ou ld h ave b een a ccommoda t ed i n t h es ou th b ay . V .C .3 .H i s t or y .P e rhap st h e mo s ts p e c if ic a pp l ica t ion o f t h ef i nd sf r om t h e CAHEP e xcava t ion si st h ec on t r ibu t ion t h ey c an m ake t oo u rk now ledge o ft h eh i s to ry o fS eba s to s t h rough v e r if i ca t ion o r c l a r if ica t ion o f t h e c h rono logy , s ou r ce s ,a nd i n t en s i ty o ft r ade i nt h eh a rbou r .T he d e ta i l so f t h i st r ade h ave b een r e coun ted i nt h ep r ev iou ss e c t ion s ,a nd i nt h ei n t roduc t ion t ot h ev a r iou sc e ram i cw a re si nC hap t e r I ,b u tt h ey s t il n eed t ob ep u ti n to ah i s to r ica lc on tex t . H e rod 's i n t e rna t iona l c onne c t ion s a nd t h e b u rgeon ing c on sume re conom ie s o fR ome , C ae s a r ea , a nd o t he rl a rge u r ban c en t r e si nt h ee a r ly e mp i re g ave S eba s to sa nd C a e sa r ea a ne conom i cj ump s t a r t .B yt h ee nd o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . , h oweve r , t h e s i tua t ion h ad c hanged . T he J ew i sh Wa rh ad d i s rup t ed t h er e g iona lp opu la t ion d i s t r ibu t ion a nd c u s tom a r yt r ade mu te s ,a nd p r e sumab ly t h es hap eo ft h ee conomy o f C a e sa rea w a s a f f ec ted a s w el , d e sp i te t h e l u c ra t ive p r e s ence o fR oman t r oop sa nd t h ep a t ronage o ft h eF lav ian s ( Ho lum e ta l .1 988 : 11 -22 ) .L ev ine ( 1 975 : 3 1 -33 ,4 1-42 ) e mpha s ize st h ep r o spe r i ty o fC a es a r ea d u r ing a nd i mmed i a t e ly a f te r t h e J ew i sh Wa r , a nd t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m in t o f C a e sa r ea s upp l ied a l l o fJ udaea i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry . A t S ama r ia -Seba s t e ,i nc on t ra s t ,C row foo t( 1 957 :4 3 )s e e st h e s ma l ln umb e ro fc o in f i nd sf r om t h e l a te f i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie sa se v idence f o rt h e" exhau s t ion o fP a le s t ine a sa c on sequenc eo ft h er e vo l t s ." N eve r the le s s ,t h ed ecl ine i nt h e a moun to fi mpo r t ed c e r am ic si nt h es e cond a nd e a r ly t h i rd c en tu r ie si sr a p id ,s t eep ,a nd l o ng l ived , . ind ica t ing t h a tt h e h i s to r ica la nd n um i sma t ic e v idence m ay n o tt e lt h ew ho le s t o ry . A l though t h e re i ss ome e v id ence f o re conom ic d e c l ine i nP a le s t ine i nt h em id th i rd c en tu ry , a r chaeo log ica l

V .B ;D e s ign , F unc t ion , a nd H i s tory o fS ebas to s a nd l i t e ra ry e v idence i nd ica te t h a tt h es e cond c en tury w a sa p e r iod o f g ene ra l p eace a nd p ro spe r i ty a tC ae sa rea a nd t h roughou t mo s to ft h e R oman Emp i re , o ne i nw h ich t h e r e g iona le conom ies w e re e nl ivened b y l o ng -d i s tance t r ade ( L ev ine 1 975 : 3 1 -33 ,4 1-43 , 4 8 -57 ; R inge l 1 975 : 1 47 -82 ;

r e sponse t od ecay a l ready i np rog re ss . T he c h rono log ica l p a t te rn si nt h e f i nd sf r om t h eh a rbou r make i tmo re l i ke ly t h a tt h eb reakwa te r sh ad b egun t oc o l lap se a nd b r eak u pi n t h es e cond c en tu ry ,a nd t h a t af i r s tr e cons truc t ion may h ave b een a t temp ted i nt h er e ign o fT ra ja nD ec ius a nd c ommemo r a ted o nt h el o ca lc o inage . F u tu re e xcava t ion may s o lve t h is p rob lem t h rough t h e d i scove ry o f mo re c ohe r en t , b e t te rd a ted , a nd e a r l ie re v i d ence f o r s h ipwr eck s o n t h e s u r fa ce o f t h e b reakwa te r s , p rov ing t h a tt h ey h ad b ecome ah aza rd t os h ipp ing i nt h e

H opk ins 1 980 ;G reene 1 986 ) .G iven t h ei mpo r tan tr o le o f l o ng -d i s tance t r ade i n t h is s y s tem , a nd t h e o u t s tand ing l o ca t ion a nd h a rbou rf a c i l i t ie sa tC a esa rea ,w hy i st h e re s uch s l igh t c e ram ic e v idence f o r t h i s t r ade a tS eba s to s i nt h i s p e r iod? A c c iden t s o f s u rv iva l c anno t c omp le te ly e xp la in t h i sp henomenon ,s i nce i tc an n ow b ed ocumen ted f o ra l lt h e c e ram ic w a re se xcep t— in p a r t— the l amp s . A sa l ready s ugges ted ,t h ed ea r th o fi mpo r ted a mpho ra s , f me w a r es ,a nd u t i l i ta r ian w a re sf r om t h eh a rbou rd u r ing t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s may b er e la ted t ot h ec o l lap se o f t h eb reakwa te r s .E a r ly o ni nt h ee xcava t ion o ft h eh a rbou r ,

s e cond c en tu ry . E xcava t ion s n ow i np rogr e s s a l ong t h e s ho re o f t h e S ou th B ay may a l so r evea l e v idence t h a t s h ipp ing w a sd i ve r ted t oi t sl e s sp ro tec ted b u ts t i l ls e rv ice a b le f a c i l i t ies o nce t h e ma in h a rbou rh ad b ecome o fd oub t fu l b enef i t( Raban e ta l .1 993 :e sp .p .6 8 ) .I tw ou ld b ei mpo r tan t t od e te rm ine t h rough e xcava t ion o nl a nd i ft h e re w a s al o ca l

CMS a r chaeo log i s t s d ocumen ted t h e p re sence o f an o r th / s ou th g eo log ica lf au l tt ha tr uns a c ro ss t h eh a rbou rn ea rt h e b a se o f b o th H e rod ian b reakwa te r s ( O le son e ta l . 1 984 ; R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 1 3 -2 1 , 8 1-89 ) . A ts ome momen td u r ing

o r r e g iona l p o t te ry i ndu s t ry i n t h e C ae sa rea a r ea i n t h e s e cond c en tu ry w h ich d eve loped t op rov ide c e ram ic p rod u c t st ot h em e t ropo l i si nt h i sp e r iod w hen t h e re s e em t oh ave b een v e ry f ew i mpo r t sf r om o ve r sea s . A cco rd ing t oo u ra na ly s i s , t h ep o r t f a c i l i t ie s s omehow

t h eR oman o rB yzan t ine p e r iod st h i sf a u l ts h if ted a nd e i the r

w e re r e s to red i nt h et h i rd o rf ou r th c en tu ry —mo s tl i ke ly b y

d i rec t ly l owe r ed t h e s eawa rd p o r t ion o fb o th b reakwa te r s s eve ra lm e t re so rc aused l i que fac t ion o ft h es and o nw h ich t h ey w e re f ounded , a l low ing t h em t o s l ump b e low t h e s u r face .T he e f fe c t may h ave b een i mmed ia te o rg radua l ,b u t i ne i the rc a se i twou ld h ave i n f l ic ted e no rmous d amage o n t h eh a rbou rs t ruc tu re sa nd f a c i l i t ie s .E ven as ma l lc hange i n r e la t ive s e a leve l wou ld h ave c au sed r a p id e ro s ion o ft h e s u r face o ft h e b reakwa te r s a nd t h e q uays , r e lea s ing t h e i r i n te r io rf i l la nd c aus ing t h e i rc olapse .A l though t h e re i sa s y e t n o w ay t od a te t h is c a ta s t roph ic e ven t w i th a b so lu te c e r ta in ty ,t h es t eep d e cl ine i nf md sf r om t h eh a rbou rd a tab le

t h e a dd i t ion o fr ubb le t ot h e c r e s t a nd o u t e r f a ce s o f t h e b reakwa te r s— fo s te r ing r enewed t r ade a c t iv i ty t h rough t h e s i x th c en tu ry . H is to r ica l s ou rc e s i n d ica te t h a t i nt h ee a r ly f ou r th c en tu ry t h ep owe ra nd t e r r i to r ia lc on t ro lo fC ae sa rea w e r ea tt h e i rg r ea te s t( L ev ine 1 975 : 1 35 -36 ) .N ever the le s s , t h e e f f ec to fw ave a c t ion a nd p o s s ib ly c on t inued s ubme r g ence o r s l ump ing o ft h e s ub -bo t tom c on t inued t oc ause p rob lems ,a nd b yt h ee nd o ft h ef i f th c en tu ry t h eb reakwa te r s w e r e o nce a ga in i n ef f ec t ive . Ap anegy r ic b y P rocop iu so f G aza p ra ise s A na s ta s iu s If o rr e s to r ing t h e h a rbou r s t ruc t u re si n5 02 ( Panegyr icus 1 9 ;L ev ine 1 975 : 1 37 ;O leson e t

t ot h es econd c en tury s ugge s t st h a td amage t ot h eh a rbou r w o rk sw a sa l ready s os eve re t h a t ma r i t ime a c t iv i ty h ad t ob e g r ea t ly r educed .F u r the rmo re ,R aban h a si d en t if ied w ha th e f e e l sa re t h er ema ins o fs h ipw reck so nt h eS ou the rn B reak w a te rd a t ing a se a r ly a st h el a te t h i rd c en tury ( Raban 1 991 , 1 992b : 7 0 ) . D epend ing o n t h is e v idence a nd o n h i s to r ica l s ou rces ,h ed a te st h ec a ta s t rophe t ot h es e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu r ie s . H oh lf e lde r ( 1992 ; 1 993 ) , h oweve r , f e e l s t h a t c on t inued i mpe r ia li n te re s ti nt h ep o r ta nd i t sc i ty ,t e s t if i ed t ob yH ad r ian 's v i s i ta nd b y" f ounde r "c o in i s sue ss t ruck o n t h e o cca s ion o f d ona t ions b y A n ton inu s P ius , Ma rcus A u re l iu s , S ep t im ius S everus , C a raca l la , a nd Mac r inu s , i s n o tc ompa t ib le w i th n eg lec ta nd d ecay o ft h eo u te rh a rbou r

a l . 1 984 :2 94 ) ,p e rhap so nce a ga in b yp ou r ing r ubb le o nt h e b reakwa te r s . S uch as equence o fc o l lap se a nd r e cons t ruc t i on w ou ld e xp la in t h e s t eep d ecl ine i nt r ade t h rough t h e ma in h a rbou rb a s in d ur ing t h e mo s tp ro spe rous c en tu ry o f t h ee mp i re ,a nd i t ss ub sequen tu p su rge i nt h ef our th a nd f i f th c en tur ie s , w hen l i t e ra ry a nd h i s to r ica l s ou rce si nd ica te t h e p owe ra nd p ro spe r i ty o fC ae sa rea h ad p eaked a nd b egun t o d ec l ine ( Lev ine 1 975 : 1 35 -38 ) . C e r ta in ly t h e b reakwa te r s h ad b egun t os i nk l o ng b e fo re P rocoP iu s ' o ra t ion o f5 02 . A tt h i sp o in t ,w ec anno ts ay h ow l o ng A na s ta s iu s 'r epa i r s l a s ted , s i nce many o f t h e r e a son s f o r t h e e x i s tenc e o f S eba s to sd i sappea red w i th t h eI s lam ic c ap tu re o ft h ec i ty i n 6 40 / 1 ,t h ei mpove r i shmen to fi t sh in te r land ,a nd t h eg ene ra l

b a s in . H ed a te s t h e c o l lap se o ft h eb r eakwa te rt ot h e f i f th c en tury .H oh lf e lde r( 1993 : 1 02 -3 )c i te s amun ic ipa lb ronze i s sue s t ruck d u r ing t h er e ign o fT ra jan D ec iu s( 249 -253 )a nd c a r ry ing t h ei n sc r ip t ion P or tus A ugus t ia se v idence t h a tt h e h a rbou r c ou ld n o t h ave b een d e re l ic t a tt h a t t ime . A s h e

d ecl ine o f Med i te r ranean t r ade i nt h es even th c en tury ( R inge l 1 975 : 1 65 -74 ; H o lum e ta l . 1 988 : 2 01-35 ) . S eba s to sn eve r r e ga ined i t si mpo r tance .B yt h et ime t h eC ru sade r sa r r ived , w ave a c t ion ,n eg lec t ,a nd p o s s ib ly c on t inued s ub s idence o f

n o te s ,h oweve r ,t h ei s sue may w e l lr e co rd " some r e s to ra t ion o fi t s f a c i l i t ie s ." I n f a c t , t h i s r e s to ra t ion may h ave b een a

t h es ub -bo t tom h ad l e f tt h es e awa rd p o r t ion so ft h et wo g r ea t b r eakwa te r su pt o1 0m e t r e sb e low t h es u r f a ce , w he re t h ey c an s t i l lb es e en t o day .

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CH APTER V I: TH E SH I P M ichae lA . F i tzge r a ld V IA . I n t roduc t ion . T he f i e ld w o rk u pon w h ich t h i ss t udy o ft h es h ip i sb a s ed w a sc onduc t ed b e tween 1 980 a nd 1 988 .T he r e po r to nt h e e xcava t ion a nd s t ruc tu r eo ft h e s h ip a ppea r sa s as e pa ra t e c hap te ri nt h i sb ook b o th b ecau se t h es h ip i sav e ry d if e r en t k i nd o fa r t i f ac ta nd d epo s i tf r om t h o se c a ta logued e l sewhe re i nt h ev o lume ,a nd b ecau se t h ew r eck s i t ei ss ome d i s tance f r om S eba s to si t se l f . Mo r eove r ,t h es p ec ia lc ha ra c t e ro ft h e h ul r ema in s a nd a s so c ia ted a r t i f ac t s h ave r e nde r ed t h e s t ruc tu re o ft h is c hap te rs omewha td i f f e r en tf r om t h ef i r s t p a r to ft h ev o lume .F i r s t ,t h ep r e se r ved r ema in so ft h es h ip a r ed e sc r ibed f u l ly ,c a t ego ry b yc a tego ry ,a sa r et h eo b jec t s t h a ts e em t oh ave b een e l emen t so ft h es h ip 's e qu ipmen t .I n o rde rt oa vo id c on f u s ion w i th t h ef i nd sf r om D epo s i t s 1t o 7 , as epa ra te s e to fc a ta logue p r ef ixe sa r eu sed f o rt h ef i nd s i nt h i sc hap te r : c oppe ro rb ron ze o b jec t sa r ep r e f a ced w i th C u ,i r on w i th F e ,l e ad w i th P b ,a nd r op ew i th R . Af ew o t he r c e ram ic a nd n on -ce r am ic f i nd sf o und i nt h es a nd a r ound t h e h ul h ave b een c a ta logued i nC hap te rI ,s i nce t h e i rc on tex t i sn o tc e r ta in . O le son h a s p rov ided ac onco rdance t ot h i s m a te r ia la tt h ee nd o ft h ec hap te r . T he b u lk o f t h e c hap te r c on s i s t s o f t h e c i ta t ion a nd d i scu s s ion o ft h el i t e r a ry , a r cha eo log ica l ,a nd p i c to r ia li n f o rma t ion r e levan tt oa ni n t e rp r e ta t ion o ft h er ema in so ft h e s h ip a nd i t se qu ipmen t .T h i ss i tua t ion a r o s ei np a r tb ecau se , a f te r t h e f i r s t t wo e xcava t ion s e a son s ( 1 983 a nd 1 986 )— b o th o fw h ich w e re p l agued b yp oo rw ea the rc ond i t ion sa nd i n adequa te b o t tom t ime — I d i dn o t f e e l t h e r e w a s e nough r aw d a ta t oj u s t ify ap u re ly d e sc r ip t ive Ma s t e r 's t h e s i s ( a s ho r t d i scu s s ion o f t h e w reck s i t e , i t s h i s to ry , a nd t h e m e thod s o fe xcava t ion i si n c luded i nR aban e t . a l . 1 989 : 1 84 -90 ;s e ea l so M .A .F i tzge ra ld 1 989 , 1 990 ) .T he n e ed t o b roaden t h e s cope o ft h e w o rk t h u s c r y s ta l l i zed , a sd i d a d e s i re t oa s se s s t h e h ul 's p l a ce i nt h eh i s to ry o fG ra eco R oman s h ipbu i ld ing . T h i sp roce s si nt u rn l e dt oc ompa ra t i ve s t ud ie so fa l lr e co rded f e a tu r e so ft h ew r e ck s ubm i t ted h e re . Wh i le t h i s m u s t b e r e ga rded a s as t r ic t ly -focu sed p r e l im ina ry s t udy —o fb o th t h ew r eck a nd t h ec ompa ra t ive m a t e r ia l— eve ry e f fo r t h a s b een m ad e t oi n c lude i nt h e c ompa ra t ive c o rpu sa sm uch p ub l i shed m a t e r ia la sp o s s ib le . I ts hou ld b en o ted t h a t af a r mo r ec omp rehen s ive c a ta logue o fG ra eco -Roman s h ipw r eck s i t e sw a sp ub l i shed o n ly a f te r t h e w o rk o n t h i sr e po r tw a se s s en t ia l ly c omp le t ea nd w e l l a l ong i n t h e e d i t ing a nd p ub l ica t ion p ha se . A n thony J . P a rke r 's A nc i en tS h ipwr eck so ft h e Med i t er ranean a nd t h e R oman P rov inc es ( Ox fo rd 1 992 ) s hou ld b e c on su l ted f o r mo re r e f e r ence st ow reck si n c luded h e r e ,a nd f o rr e f e r ence s t or e levan t w r eck s t h a t Ih ave n o tm en t ioned . Ac u r so ry

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e xam ina t ion o fP a rke r 's b ook h a sr e su l t ed i nt h ec i ta t ion o f d e ta i l st h a th ave a ni mpa c to nt h ea na ly se sa nd c onc lu s ion s t h a ta r e mo re c en t ra lt oo u rp u rpo se . A ta l le ven t s ,i ti sh oped t h a tt h ec a ta logue s ,t a b le s ,a nd d i scu s s ion s o ft h e c ompa ra t ive ma te r ia l , a s much a s t h e d ocumen ta t ion o ft h eC a e sa rea h u l lr ema in s ,w i l lb eu s e f u l s t udy t o o l s .

V LB T he Hu l la nd E qu ipmen t . V I .B .1 . Wood S pec ie s .A na ly se so fw ood s amp le st a ken f r om t h es ou th e nd o ft h ew r eck i n1 983 i n d ica t et h a tt wo p l ank sa r eo ft h ew h i te p i ne g roup ,w h i le p l ank sA ,D ,K ,a nd o ne o t he ra r eo ft h er e dp i ne g roup .O ne p l ank s amp le w a s i d en t i f ied o n ly a s ap i ne n o tn a t ive t ot h eE a s te rn Med i te r r a nean ,a sw e r es amp le sf r om F loo rT imb e ra nd F u t tock 3 1 . H a l f -f r ame 2 6i so ft h er e dp i ne g roup .F ou rt e non p eg sa nd t h r ee t e non sa r ef r om t h el i ve o ak g roup ,a nd t wo t e non sa r e p op la r .F ou rt r eena i l sa r eo ft h el i ve o ak g roup ,w h i le o ne i s o fa n u n iden t if ied h a rdwood ( c f . R aban e ta l . 1 989 ; 1 92 9 3 ) . C a rbon -14 a na ly se s w e re p e r fo rmed a tt h e We izmann I n s t i tu te o fS c ience ,R ehovo t ,I s rae l ,o ns amp le sf r om P l ank A , F rame 3 7 , a n u n iden t if ied p l ank , a nd a n u n iden t if i ed t e non .R e su l t sy i e ld d a t e so f1 900 B P± 140 y ea r sa nd 1 900 B P± 220 y ea r s ,c a lcu la ted a tan on -co r rec t ed h a l f l i f ed ecay r a t eo f 570 y ea r s .D end roch rono log ica lc o r re c t ion b a s ed o nt h eB r i s t lecone p i ne y i e ld sd a t e so fa pp rox ima te ly 2 00 B .C . ,± 240 y ea r s ,o r as pan o ff r om c a . 40 B .C .t oA .D .4 0 ( c f . R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 1 96 -98 ) . • V LB .2 . P lank ing . I n 1 983 a s i ng le l a ye r o f s i x te en s t rake sw a sf o und p r es e rved o ve r aw id th o fa pp rox ima t e ly 3 . 5ma nd al e ng th o f mo re t h an 1 4m .T he p l ank sa ve rage c a .0 . 22 m w ide a nd d on o te xceed 0 . 32 m i nw id th ;l e ng th s a r eu nk nown ( f ig s .5 8 ,6 0 ,6 1 ) .P l ank sa l ong t h ew e s to rk ee l e dge a r e0 . 09 m t h ick b e tween F rame s 8a nd 2 5 ( f ig .6 2 .1 2 )a nd s ou th o fF rame 3 . B u to n t h ee a s te dge , b e tween F rame s 7a nd 1 5 ,t h ep l ank sa r e0 . 093 -0 .094 m t h ick ( f ig . 6 2 .3 ,p l . 3 0 .1 -2 ) .T he p l ank sa r ee dge jo ined w i th p egged m o r t i s e -and t enon j o in t st h a ta r es t agge r ed a c ro s st h et h ick n e s so fe a ch p l ank .T he d imen s ion so fo n ly af ew mo r t i se s a nd t e non sh ave b een r e co rded ,b e caus et h ee xpo sed p l ank ing 1

Wood i d en t i f ica t ion s w e re made b yD onna J .C h r i s ten sen ,

C en te rf o r Wood A na tomy R e sea rch ,U .S . F o re s tP roduc t sL abo r a to ry , Mad i son , Wi scons in ,a nd b yt h es t af fo ft h eA rchaeome t r ic l a bs a tT e l A v iv U n ive r s i ty .

C hap t er V I : T he S h ip e dge s a r e s p l in te red a nd d amaged a r ound m uch o f t h e p e r ime te ro ft h eh u l l . Mea su rab le mo r t i se so nt h ee a s te dge b e tween F rame s 8a nd 1 3a ve rage 0 . 09 m w id ea nd 0 . 0 1 m t h ick ,r a ng ing f r om 0 .08 m t o0 . 095 m w ide b y0 . 009 -0 .0 12 mt h ick . O n t h e w e s te dge b enea th F r ame s 1 6a nd 1 7 t h e mo r t i se sr a nge f r om 0 . 07 -0 .083 m w ide b y0 . 0085 m t h ick ( f ig . 6 2 .1 -2 ,p l . 3 0 .1-2 ) . Ap o r t ion o f ap l ank 0 . 27 m w ide a nd 0 . 08 1 mt h ick d i sp lay s mo r t i se sc a .0 . 09 m w ide a te ach p l ank e dge . At e non f r agmen tr ema in sw i th in o ne mo r t i se 0 . 095 m d eep .B o th mo r t i se a nd t e non t a pe rf r om at h ick ne s s o f0 . 0 1 ma tt h ep l ank e dge t o0 . 006 m a tt h eb o t tom o ft h e mo r t i se ;t h et e non f i l st h e mo r t i se t i gh t ly a nd c omp le t e ly . A mo r t i se c u ti n to t h eo ppo s ing p l ank e dge i sa l so 0 . 0 1 m t h ick a tt h ep l ank e dge b u tt a pe r st o0 . 008 ma ti t sb o t tom a t ad ep th o f0 . 109 m . Two mo r t i se sw i th in ap l ank ing f r ag m en tt h a ti sp a r to f as c a r fj o in t( s ee b e low )m ea su re 0 . 07 m a nd 0 . 077 m w id e ;b o th a r e0 . 012 m t h ick .O ne m ea su r ed t e non p eg t a pe red f r om c a . 0 . 0 18 m t o0 . 0 1 m . A l l p eg s t r ave r se t h ee n t i r et h ickne s so ft h ep l ank ing ;t h ey a r ed r iven f r om i n s ide t os e cu r et h ej o in t st h a ta r ec l o s e rt ot h ei n ne r p l ank f a ce s ,a nd f r om o u t s ide t os e cu r ej o in t st h a ta r ec l o se r t ot h eo u te rp l ank f a ce s .T enon p eg sa r e0 . 13 -0 .14 m a pa r t c en t re to -cen t re ,s e t0 . 03 -0 .04 m f r om t h ep l ank ing s e am s . Mo s t mo r t i se sa r e0 . 05 -0 .06 m a pa r t ,w i th ar a nge o f0 . 0 4 0 . 07 m . As ma l lp l ank f r agmen tt h a tm ay i n c lude ap o r t ion o fa s c a r f ,h ood ing e nd ,o rb e ar emnan to f as t ea le ri sp r e se rved f o r al e ng th o f0 . 28 m ( f ig .6 3 ,p l .3 1 ) .T h i sf r agmen t( f ound f l oa t ing i nt h e l o os es and n ea rt h es ou th e nd o ft h ew r eck d u r ing t h e 1 985 e xcava t ion s )i s0 . 10 m w ide a nd 0 . 082 m t h ick a to ne e x t r em i ty , w he re at r eena i l h o le o f0 . 024 m d i ame t e ra tt h eo u te rs u r f ace i sp a r t ia l ly p r e se rved .T he h o le i s0 . 02 m i nd i ame te ra tt h ei n ne rs u r f ac e . A tt h eo ppo s i t e e x t r em i ty ,d imen s ion sa r e0 . 08 m i nw id th a nd 0 . 072 m i n t h ickne s s .A tt h i se nd , at r eena i lc a .0 . 0 17 m i nd i ame t e ra t t h ei n ne rs u r f a ce i sp i e rc ed b y ar o und c oppe ro rb ronze n a i l . T he c onc re ted n a i l h ead m ea su re s a bou t 0 . 038 m i nd i a m e te r ;i t ss ha f td i ame te ri sc a .0 . 0065 m .D e sp i t ei t ss ome w ha ts e a -wo rn s u r f ace s ,t h i sp l ank f r agmen ta pp ea r st oh ave b een s awn t ot h ickne s s .N ot o o lm a rk ss ugge s t ive o fa dz ing a r ee v iden t . Two m o r t i se sc u tp e rp end icu la rt ot h es u r f a ce b e l ieved t ob e t h e u ppe re dge e x tend c omp le t e ly t h rough t h e f r ag m en t .S paced j u s tu nde r0 . 06 m a pa r ta nd 0 . 0 12 m t h ick ,o ne i s0 . 077 m w ide , t h eo t he r0 . 07 m . T hey a r eo n ly s l igh t ly s t agge red ,a st h ei n boa rd e dge o fo ne i se s sen t ia l ly a l igned w i th t h eo u tboa rd e dge o ft h eo t he r .O nt h eu pp e re dge ,o ne m o r t i se d i sp lay sa ne n la rgemen ta to ne e nd t h a ts e em st ob e e v idence o ft h et o o lu sed t oc u tt h e mo r t i se .T he e dge so ft h e e n la rgemen t a r ej agged , l i ke t h o se m ade b y am o r t i s ing c h i se l ,n o ts moo th ,a sw ou ld b es ugge s t ive o f as pooned b i t . T ha tn ot e non p eg so rh o le sf o rt h em e x i s ti nt h ef r agmen t i n d ica t e s t h e t e non s p a s s ing t h rough t h e mo r t is e s w e r e p egged o n ly i nt h ea d jacen tp l ank s . T he s l igh t t a pe r i n t h e f r agmen t 's w id th s ugge s t s i t p robab ly i sn o tt h er emnan to f ad i agona ls c a r f ,f o rs u ch a s c a r f w ou ld h ave b een e x t rao rd ina r i ly l o ng . I fl i ne s a r e p ro jec ted t of olow t h e t a pe ri nw id th f r om t h e w ide e nd t owa rd a nd b eyond t h en a r row e nd ,t h ep o in to fi n t e r sec t ion o ccu r ss ome 1 . 38 m b eyond t h en a r row e nd .I ft h i sd i s tanc e

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i sa dded t ot h e 0 . 28 m l e ng th o f t h e p re se rved p i ec e , a r e con s t ruc ted l e ng th o fa bou t1 . 66 m r e su l t s .T h i ss e em sn o t a nu n r ea sonab le l e ng th o ve rw h ich t oj o in p l ank si n as t r ake s ome 0 . 20 m w ide , f o r e xamp le . H oweve r , i fl i ne s a r e p ro jec t ed f r om t h en a r row e x t r em i ty t oa nd b eyond t h ew ide e nd , c a . 1 . 90 m o fl e ng th f r om t h e n ar row e x t r em i ty a r e r e qu i red t oa ta in ap l ank w id th o f0 . 20 m .T hu sa na pp rox i m a t e s c a r f l e ng th o f 3 . 28 m , m ea su red f r om t h e r e con s t ruc t ed t i pt oap o in ta tw h ich t h ep l ank w ou ld h ave r e ached 0 . 20 m i nw id th , i sd e r ived . T h i s w ou ld h ave b e en al o ng s c a r fi n deed ,e ven i n ar e la t ive ly n a r row s t rake . P ro f e s so r S t ef f y v en tu r e s t h a t t h i s p i ece o f C a e sa rea p l ank ing c ou ld b et h er emnan to fe i the ra n" S" s c a r fo ro fa t h r ee -p laned ( Z ) s c a r f . E i the rc on f igu ra t ion w ou ld p e rm i t r e con s t ruc t ion o f amo r ep ra c t ica ls c a r fl e ng th . S t e f fy a l so o b se rve st h a tt h ef r agmen tm igh tb ep a r to f ah ood ing e nd o r s t ea le rf r om n ea ro ne e nd o ft h eh u l l .I t st a pe rb o th i nw id th ( f rom 0 . 10 m t o0 . 08 m )a nd t h ickne s s( 0 .082 m t o0 . 072 m ) o ve r0 . 28 m o fl e ng th i sc on s i s t en tw i th t h ei d ea .U n fo r tu n a t e ly ,t h ep l ank f r agmen th a sn op rovenance o nt h ew r eck , s oi t si d en t if i ca t ion a nd t h en a tu re o fi t sc on t r ibu t ion t ot h e k now ledge o fs c a r f s ,h ood ing e nd s ,a nd s t ea le r so nt h i sh u l l a r et e n ta t ive . I na ny c a se ,t h i sp l ank ing f r agmen ti si mpo r tan tb ecau se o ft h ej o ine ry c ha rac t er i s t ic i td i sp lay s .T he t e non sp a s s ing t h rough t h et wo mo r t i se sw e r en o tp egged i nt h ef r agmen t , a nd s o mu s th ave b een p egged i nt h ea d jacen tp l ank s .T he p o s s ib le s i gn if i cance o ft h i sf e a tu re i sd i s cus sed i nS e c t ion V I .D .5 . F ou rn a i l sd r iven i n to t h ee dge o f ap l ank o nt h ee a s te dge o f t h e h u l l , b enea th F rame 1 0 ( f ig . 6 2 .3 , p l . 3 0 .2 ) , a r e a r ranged a r ound amo r t i se a nd i t st e non .T he t wo o u tboa rd n a i l sa r ef a r the rf r om e a ch o t he rt h an t h et wo i n boa rd n a i l s . Two i n ta c tc onc r e ted h ead so ft h en a i l sm ea su r e0 . 025 -0 .03 m in d i ame t e r .T he se n a i l sm igh tr ep r e sen t an a i led s c a r ft i p , ac ommon f e a tu r eo fR oman s h ip s .Y e tn os c a r fs e am w a s d e tec ted o nt h ei n ne rs u r f ace o ft h ep l ank ,w h ich i se xpo sed f o rc a .0 . 30 m n o r th o fF rame 1 0b e cau se o ft h ea b s ence o f F u t tock 9 .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a ts u ch as e am w a so ve r look ed , d e sp i te c l o se e xam ina t ion , b u t P ro f e s so r S t e f f y ( p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion )o b se rve st h a tt h en a i l sm igh ts imp ly i n d i c a t et h er e pa i ro f as p l i ti nt h ep l ank .T h i si st h eb e s ti d ea t o d a t e . V I .B .3 . F rame s . T he se p i ne t imbe r s ( f igs . 6 4 -65 ) a r e b eau t i fu l ly p r e se rved ;t h e i rs t ruc tu ra li n teg r i ty i sg ene ra l ly e xce l len t .O n ly t h ee a s te r ne x t rem i t ie sb ea rs i gn so fs h ipwo rm d amage ;o t he rd amage h a sb een e f f e c ted mo s t ly b ys t o rm s . A l lo b se rved f r ame c omponen t sa r en a tu ra l ly g rown s h ape s , a nd t h ee nd g r a in o f mo s th a lf -f rame si n d ica te st h et i mbe r s w e r ef a sh ioned f r om t r ee sc u ti n to h a lve so rq ua r t e r sa tt h e h ea r t . Mo s t s u r f a ce s a r e w e l l w o rked , w i th o n ly t h e o dd t i mbe rsomewha ts ma l le rt h an t h en o rm le f ti ni t so r ig i n a l ,r o unded s h ap e .S u r f a ce sa pp ea rt oh ave b een s awn ,a s n o m a rk s s ugge s t ive o f a xe s o r a dze s a r e e v iden t . T he e x t r em i t ie s o ft h e h a l f -f rame s a tt h e w e s t ( k ee l ) e dge a r e u sua l ly c u t p e rp end icu la r t ot h e g r a in a nd a r e a s n i c e ly f i n i shed a st h e o t he r s u r f a ce s . I n s ome i n s tance s t h e t o p e dge so rc o rn e r sa r eb eve l led ( f ig .6 2 ) . F loo rt i mb e r sw i th f u t to ck sa l te rna t er e gu la r ly w i th h a l f-

V LB : T he H u l la nd E qu ipmen t f r ame s i ns t anda rd G ra eco -Roman f a sh ion . F loo rt i mbe r s a r en o ts c a r f ed t ot h e i rf u t tock si nt h ee xcava t ed p o r t ion so f t h eh ul ,a nd t h e re a r eg ap so f0 . 0 1 -0 .10 m b e twe en t h em . T he g ap sa r ea l igned a l ong t h ee n t i r el e ng th o ft h eo b se rved h u l lr ema in s ,a nd w a te rcou r se si nt h eh a l f -f r ame sa r ea l igned w i th t h eg ap sa sw e l l( s ee b e low ) .A tt h ew e s te dge ,b e twe en F rame s 7a nd 2 5 , t h eb roken e nd so ft h e f l oo rt i mb e r sa r e r ough ly a l igned w i th o ne a no the r . Mo s to ft h ef m i shed w e s t e x t rem i t ie so ft h eh a l f -f rame sa l so t e rm ina t en ea rt h i sl i ne , t h ough s ome l i ea s much a s0 . 40m t ot h ee a s t( o u tbo a rd ) ( f ig s . 6 5 .2 , 6 6 , p l . 2 9 .2 ) . N o i mp r e s s ion s o n t h e f r ame t o p s s ugge s t ive o f ama s ts t ep ,m a s ts t ep s t r inge r ,o rk ee l son h ave b e en d i s cove red . A ve rage s pac ing o f f r ame s ( c en t r e to c en t r e )i sc a .0 . 25 m , a ss i ded ( w id th )d imen s ion sa ve rage a bou t0 . 18 m , w i th t h et i mbe r ss e ta n a ve rage o f0 . 068 m a pa r t . H a l f f rame 8s pan s ab r ead th o f2 . 8m ; t h ed i s tance s panned b yF loo rT imbe r 1 3 a nd i t s f u t to ck i sc a . 3 . 5 m . F rame s2 7 ,2 8 ,a nd 3 8 ,a sr e co rd ed i n1 983 ,s pan d i s tance s o f3 . 8m ,3 . 8m ,a nd 3 . 6m ,r e spec t ive ly ,a nd a r e mou lded a n a ve rage o f0 . 20 m .A sv i ewed i nc r o s s -s ec t ion ,t h eh o r izon t a l d imen s ion ( w id th ) o f af r ame o rk ee l i sk nown a st h e s i ded d imen s ion , w h i le t h e v e r t ica l d imen s ion ( h e igh t ) i s t e rmed t h e mou lded d imen s ion . T he f l oo rt imbe r sa r e1 . 95 -2 .35 m l o ng .A tt h ew e s te dge t h ey r a nge f r om 0 . 155 m t o0 . 26 m i nt h e mou lded d imen s i on a nd 0 . 14 -0 .18 m i nt h es i ded d imen s ion .A ve rage sa r e 0 . 184 m m ou lded a nd 0 . 163 s i ded .H a l f f r ame sr a nge f r om 0 . 15 m t o0 . 20 m mou lded a nd 0 . 165 -0 .22 m s i ded , w i th a ve rage d imen s ion so f0 . 136 m mou lded a nd 0 . 192 m s i d ed . T hu s ,a tt h ew e s te dge ,t h ea ve rage f l oo rt i mbe ri smou lded c a .0 . 184 m a nd s i ded s ome 0 . 163 m ,w h i le t h ea ve rage h a l f f r ame m ea su r e s0 . 136 m mou ld ed a nd 0 . 192 m s i d ed . A long t h ee a s tp l ank ing e dge ,m ea su r ed h a l f f r ame sa r e mou lded 0 . 175 -0 .22 m , a ve rag ing c a . 0 . 195 m , a nd s i d ed 0 . 175 -0 .195 m , a ve rag ing 0 . 183 m . I n boa rd o f t h e e a s t p l ank ing e dge , a s t h e t u rn o f t h e b i lge b eg in s , f r ame s i n c r ea se i nt h e i r mou lded d imen s ion s ,e spe c ia l ly t h eh a l f f r ame s .F o re xamp le ,H a l f -F rame 8i smou lded 0 . 155 m a t t h ew e s te dge b u tr e ache s0 . 23 ma ti t sm ax imum .S im i la r ly , H a l f -F rame 1 8m ea su re s0 . 15 m a tt h ew e s te dge a nd 0 . 29 ms ome 0 . 40 m i n boa rd o ft h ee a s te rn e dge o ft h ep l ank ing . A tt h i ss ame p o in tF u t tock 1 7i smou lded 0 . 2 1 m ;i t sf l oo r t imb e ra tt h ew e s te dge i smou lded 0 . 17 m . S oi ng ene ra l t e rm s , s i d ed d imen s ion so ff l oo rt i mbe r s a nd t h e i rf u t tock sa r eu sua l ly t h es ame ,a nd h a l f -f rame st o o ma in ta in ac on s tan ts i ded d imen s ion t h rough t h e i rl e ng th . T he l a t te r e xh ib i t s i ded d imen s ion s n o tab ly g r ea t e r t h an t h o se o ft h ef l oo rt imbe r s ,h oweve r . T he f l oo rt i mb e r sa r e mou lded s l igh t ly mo r et h an t h eh a l f -f r ame sa tt h ew e s te dge , b u t t h i s r e la t ion sh ip r e ve r se s w i th d i s tance o u tboa rd , a s f l oo rt i mb e r sd im in i sh s l igh t ly i nt h e i r mou lded d imen s ion s a sh a lf -f rame si n c rea se a pp r ec iab ly .T he r e fo r e ,i ne s senc e , h a lf -f rame sc on s t i tu te h eav ie rf r ame st h an d of l oo rt i mbe r s a nd t h e i r f u t tock s , p a r t icu la r ly a s t h e t ur n o f t h e b i lge c ommence s . Wa t er cour se s .T r iangu la ra nd r e c tangu la rw a t e r -cou r se s i nt h e h a l f -f rame s a r ea l igned d own t h el e ng th o ft h eh u l l w i th t h e g ap s t h a t s epa ra t e t h e f l oo r t i mbe r s f r om t h e i r f u t tock s . T he g ap sa r e0 . 0 1 -0 .10 m w ide .N oo t he rw a t e r -

c ou r se so rl i mbe rh o le sh ave b een o b ser ved a l ong t h ef r am e l e ng th s o ra l ong t h e w e s t ( k ee l ) e dge . F rame /p lank i n t e r f a ce s w e r e n o t o f t en v i s ib le , h oweve r , e i the r b ecau se o f i n comp le t ee xcava t ion o rc onc re ted ma t e r ia l so nt h ef r ame a nd p l ank f a ce s . T he r ef o re o t he r w a te r cou r se s o r l i mbe r h o le sc ou ld h ave e s caped d e t ec t ion . Ar e c tangu la rw a t e r cou r se s ome 0 . 07 m w ide w a sc u t 0 . 045 m i n to t h eu nde r s ide o fH a lf -F r ame 4 2 .A no the ri nt h e s hap eo f at r i ang le w a sc u to n ly a bou t0 . 02 m i n to F r ame 8 ; i tm ea su r e sa pp rox ima t e ly 0 . 034 m o n as i de w i th ab a se o f a pp rox ima te ly 0 . 0 5m . Ar ope ( R3 )c a .0 . 0 15 m in d i ame te r f o und w i th in t h i sw a te rcou r se ( f ig .6 4 .1 ,p l s .3 2 .1 ,4 3 .3 )w a s a l so p r e sen t w i th in t h o se o fH a lf -F rame s 1 0 a nd 1 2 . T he r ope i sc ompo sed o ft h ree s t r and sa bou t0 . 008 m i nd i ame t e r , l a id l e f t .2 A f r agmen tp r e sumab ly o ft h es ame r ope i sa l so c onc r e t ed t ot h ef m i shed e a s te x t r em i ty o fF loo rT imbe r3 , w he r ei te x tend ed s ome 0 . 10 m t owa rd F rame 3 5 .C lea r ly t h ef u nc t ion o ft h i sr ope w a st ok eep t h ew a te rcou r se so p en a nd f r ee o fb i lge ma t e r ia l ,a s su r ing e a sy p a s sage o fw a t e rt o t h eb i lge p ump . S h im .B e tween F loo rT imbe r s3 3a nd 3 5a td i es ou th e nd o f t h e w reck , i nt h e s pa ce l e f t b y H a l f -F rame 3 4 , t h e r e r ema in si ns i tu as ho r t ,w edge shaped p l ank ( f ig s .6 1 ,6 6 ) . O ne t r eena i l0 . 02 m in d i ame te rs t il h o ld si ti np l a ce a ga in s t t h eh u l lp l ank ing ,a nd h o le so ft h es ame d i ame te ri n d ica t e t h eo r ig ina lp o s i t ion so ft h r ee o t he r s . T he p l ank i s0 . 63 m l o ng ,0 . 185 m w ide a tt h ew e s te nd ,a nd 0 . 16 m w ide a ti t s e a s t e rn e x t r em i ty ;i ts wel sf r om at h ickne s so fo n ly 0 . 008 m a tt h e e a s t e nd t o0 . 03 m a tt h e o ppo s i t e e nd . T he p l ank t h e r eby c r ea te s as i gn if i can to f f se tf r om i t su pp e rs u r f a ce t o t h ep l ank ing s u r f ac ea tt h ew e s te nd .T h i sw ou ld r e qu i r ea c on s ide rab le h o l low a l ong t h el e ng th o ft h em is s ing f r ame i ft h ep l ank i st ob ec on s ide r ed af r ame s h im . N o t che s . An o t ch l e ti n to t h et o ps u r f a ce o fF uuock 3 9 n ea ri t se a s t e rn e x t r em i ty w a sn o ted i n1 983 ( p l .3 2 .2 ) .C u t a c ro s st h ef u l ls i ded d imen s ion o ft h et i mbe rt o ad ep th o f 0 . 035 m ,i ti sc a .0 . 55 m l o ng a nd w e l lf i n i shed .O nt h en o r th f a ce o fF loo rT imbe r3 5 ,0 . 11 m f r om i t se a s te rn e x t r em i ty , i sav e r t ica ln o t ch l e ti n to t h ee n t i r e mou lded d imen s ion o f t h ef r ame ( f ig s .6 1 ,6 6 ) .I ti s0 . 11 m w ide a tt h eu ppe rs u r f a ce o ft h ef r ame ,0 . 06 m d eep a ti t sw e s te x t rem i ty a nd 0 . 04 m d eep a tt h ee a s te x t rem i ty .A tt h ef r ame /p lank i n te r fa ce t h e d ep th d im in i she sa nd t h ec u t t ing i sl e s sw e l ld ef ined . T he n o tch i sp oo r ly f a sh ioned i ng ene ra l . U nexp la ined t r eena i l s . Ac ur iou sf e a tu r ew a so bs e r ved i n1 988 b y R aban . T he f i n i shed w e s t e x t r em i ty o fH a l f F rame 2 2 s t op s a bou t 0 . 40 m s ho r t o f t h e a d ja cen t f l oo r 2

T oa vo id c on fu s ion r e ga rd ing l e f t lay r ope a so pposed t ot h a t

l a id r i gh t , t h e d i rec t ion o ft w i s t i sh e re t e rmed a cco rd ing t ot h e f o l low ing d e f in i t ion . Ar ope ,t h es t rand so fw h ich a pp ea rt oh ave b een t u rned t o t h e l e f t a s t h e r op e i sv i ewed a pp roach ing t h e o b ser ve r , i sd e sc r ibed a sl ef t la id ( a l so k nown a s Zt w i s t ) . C on v e r se ly ,s t rand st h a tl o ok t w i s ted t ot h er i gh ta st h er ope a pp roache s t h e v i ewe r c on s t i tu te ar ope l a id r i gh t ( S t w i s t ) . T he Z a nd S t e rm ino logy ,o fc ou r se ,d ep end si n s tead o n av e r t ica lo r ien ta t ion o f t h e s amp le . It h ank B il C ha r l ton f o rc al ing t o my a t ten t ion t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o fc on fu s ion o nt h i sp o in t .

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C hap te rV I : T he S h ip s ma l le rt r eena i l si sn o ty e tk nown .N oi n s tance o fw edged t r eena i l sh a sb een o b s e rved . B ronze o rc oppe rn a i l sw i th h ead d i ame te r so fc a .0 . 035 ma nd s h a f td i ame te r so f0 . 0065 ma r ed r iven t h rough s ome t r e ena i l s ,b u td ue t oo u ri n ab i l i ty t oe xam ine t h ee x te r io ro f t h eh u l l ,n of r equency o fu se f o rs uch p l ug t r eena i l sh a sb e en a s ce r ta ined . An umbe ro fc oppe ro rb ronz en a i l sa nd c onc r e t i on so fi r on n a i l sa nd o t he rf a s t en ing sw e r er e cove red .A l l w e r ef o und l o o se i nt h es a nd a bove ,a r ound ,a nd b enea th t h e h u l lr ema in s ,n o ti ns i tu .R epl ica so ft h ei r on n a i l sa nd o t he r f a s t en ing sw e r ec a s tf r om t h e i rc onc r e t ion sw hen p o s s ib le . T h e mo s ti n t e r e s t ing a s pec to ft h eC ae sa rea h ul f a s ten ing s i st h ep r e sence o fl a rge c oppe ro rb ronze f a s ten ing sd r iven u pt h rough t h ep l ank sa nd f r ame s .I ns ome a r ea st h ey a ppea r t oj o in p l ank s a nd f r ame s , a nd t h ey m igh t h ave f a s tened s t r inge r st ot h ep l ank ing a nd f r ame si no t he ra r ea sa sw el . F u r the r , t wo c oppe r o r b ronze w a she r s w e re d i scove r ed a l ong t h e w e s te dge o ft h eh u l l . T he i rc a s tr e p l ica s r e vea l h o le d i ame te r st h a tm a t ch t h o se o ft h eu pp e re x t r em i t ie so f t h e s ec opp e ro rb ronze f a s ten ing s .

t i mbe re x t rem i t ie s( f ig .6 5 .2 ,p l .3 .1 ) .P r e se rved p l ank ing e x tend sa no the r0 . 10 m w e s to ft h ef l oo rt i mb e r s a sw e l l . S t range ly ,f ou rt r eena i l si nt h ep l ank ing c on t inue w e s ta l ong t h el i ne o ft h eh a l f f rame .T hey a r es t agge r ed ,0 . 02 -0 .025 m i nd i ame te r ,s pa ced 0 . 10 -0 .14 m a pa r t ,a nd a r et h u sc ha ra c t e r i s t ic o ft r eena i l su sed t of a s ten f r ame st ot h ep l ank ing .N o f r ame i mp re s s ion sw e re n o t iced o nt h ep l ank ing ,h oweve r . U n fo r tuna te ly t h e se t r eena i l sw e r en o t ed a tt h ee nd o ft h e l a s td ay o fe xcava t ion ,a nd w e r en o tf u l ly r e co rded .T hey a r e my s t if y ing b ecau se t h ey s ugge s tt h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tt i mbe r s w e r ef a s tened t ot h ep l ank ing t h a te x tended w e s tt owa rd t h e k ee l . I fs o , t h ek ee l m igh th ave b een s i gn if i can t ly f a r the r f r om t h ew e s te dge o ft h er ema in st h an c u r r en t ly b e l ieved . B u tt h e re a r e mo r ep l au s ib le e xp lana t ion s .T he t r eena i l s c ou ld b ea s soc ia ted w i th i n s ta l la t ion o f as e cond l a ye ro f p l ank ing i nt h i s p o r t ion o f t h e h u l l ( s ee S ec t ion V IL .2 ) . S t e f fy s ugge s t s t h ey c ou ld b ee v idence e i the ro f ar e used p l ank ,o ro f ac l ea tf a s tened t ot h eo u te rp l ank ing f a ce d u r ing c on s t ruc t ion ,t h er emova lo fw h ich r e qu i r ed t h eh o le st ob e p l ugged .T he h o le sa nd t r eena i l sm igh ta l so b ei n d ica t ive o f r e pa i r s .O nt h eK y r en ia s h ip ,F loo rT imb e r4 0w a sc u ta way b e tween t h es e cond a nd t h i rd p l ank s e am sa tb o th s i de so f t h eh u l l t oc r ea te as ump . F ou rn a i l s t h u sr ema ined i nt h e p l ank s ;t h ey w e re r emoved a nd t h eh o le sf i l led w i th t a p e r ed w ooden p l ug s . Two o t he r p l ug s w e r e o b s e rved i n t h e g a rboa rd , a d ja cen t t o t h e p o r t a nn o f F rame 4 0 ( S t ef f y 1 985b :8 5 ,9 6 ) .I na no the rp l a ce i nt h eK y r en ia h u l l , af r ame e x t r em i ty h ad b een f a s tened t ot h e p l ank ing b u t wa s c u t a way i no rde rt om ake t h et u rn o ft h eb i lge ( S te f f y ,p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) .

C a ta logue : C oppe ro rB ronze F a s t en ing s . C ul . P l ug t r eena i la nd n a i l : n a i li sp robab ly b ronze ; i n c omp le t es ha f t , s l igh t ly b en t ; MPL s ha f tc a . 0 . 205 m ; r o und s ha f t D0 . 065 m e xcep t w he re c o r roded a te x t r em i t ie s ; MPL o fc onc re ted t r eena i lc a .0 . 11 m ,w i th D c a . 0 . 02 m ; Dc onc re t ion 0 . 026 m .T he s p ec ie so ft h e t r e ena i l w ood h a s n o tb een d e t e rm ined . P rovenance : l o o s ei ns a nd .P l . 3 4 .1 . C u2 . N a i l :b ronze ;i n comp le te ; MPL 0 . 235 m ,w i th h ead 0 . 009 m T h a nd s ha f t L0 . 226 m ; h ead r ound ed a s v i ewed f r om a bove , max imum D 0 . 033 m ,h amme r ed c on ica li ns e c t ion ;r e c tangu la rs ha f t0 . 0 13 x0 . 0 134 m a th ead ,0 . 0063 x0 . 0067 ma tb roken e x t r em i ty ,s l igh t ly b en t ; w e igh t2 15 .2 g .P rovenance : l o o se i ns a nd .F i g . 6 7 .

G raff i to . Two g roup so fG r eek l e t te r sa r ec a r ved i n to t h e u pp e rf a ce o ft h ei n boa rd e x t r em i ty o fF u t tock 2 1( p l .3 .2 ) r e p ea t ing as i ng le w o rd , w h ich m ay b er e ad : X IA IA I i I I IN . T h i sm ay r e p res en t" 1000 ,7 50" o r" 1750 ," b u tt h eo r ig ina l s i gn i f icance o rp u rpo se a r eu nknown ( s ee R aban e ta l .1 989 : 1 88 ) .C a s son ( p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion )h a ss ugge s t ed t h ey m igh t h ave b een s c ra tched b y as t evedo r e i n vo lved w i th l a d ing o ru n load ing t h es h ip .

C u3 . N a i l :c oppe ro rb ronze ;i n comp le t e ; MPL 0 . 118 m , w i th h ead 0 . 0045 m T h a nd s ha f t L0 . 1135 m ; h ead r o unded a nd d e fo rmed a sv i ewed f r om a bove , D0 . 0 15 , r o unded i ns e c t ion ;r e c tangu la rs ha f t0 . 0066 x0 . 0064 m a th ead ,0 . 0024 m s qua r ea tb roken e x t r em i ty ,s l igh t ly b en t ;w e igh t2 2 .8 g .P rovenance :l o o s ei ns a nd .F i g .6 7 .

E v id ence f or s t r inge r s . We h ave o n ly i n d i re c te v idence f o r t h e e x i s tence o f s u ch t i mb e r s . T h r ee i r on f a s t en ing c onc r e t ion s w e r e o b served o n t h e u ppe r s u r f ace o fH a l f F rame 1 0 ( f ig s . 5 8 , 6 0 ) . O ne c onc r e t ion 0 . 80 m f r om t h e w e s te x t rem i ty o ft h e f r ame c ove r s t h e r emnan to f an a i l s ha f t m ea su r ing 0 . 02 x 0 . 0 1 m a t t h e f r ame t o p . T h i s c onc r e t ion a nd t h eo ne a tt h eo t he re nd o ft h ef r ame a l ign w i th t h ec oppe ro rb ronze f a s t en ing sf o und i nF rame s1 2a nd 2 5 ,r e spec t ive ly ( s ee b e low ) . Ar emnan to fa ni r on n a i ls ha f t w a sa l so n o ted o nt h et o po fF u t tock 2 3c a .0 . 26 m f r om i t s w e s te x t rem i ty ( f ig s .5 8 ,6 5 .2 ) .T h i ss ha f ta l ign sw i th c oppe r o rb ronze f a s ten ing si nF rame s2 2a nd 2 6( s e eb e low ) .

C u4 . N a i l :c oppe ro rb ronze ;i n comp le t e ; MPL 0 . 044 m , w i th h ead 0 . 008 m T h a nd s ha f t L0 . 036 m ; h ead r o unded a sv i ewed f r om a bove , D0 . 0 18 m ,h amme r ed c on ica li ns e c t ion ;r e c tangu la rs ha f t0 . 0083 x0 . 0085 m a tt h eh ead ,0 . 006 m s qua r ea tb rok en e x t rem i ty ,s l igh t ly b en t ;w e igh t2 3 .4 g .P rovenance :l o o s ei ns a nd .F i g .6 7 .

V LB .4 . F a s ten ing s . F rame t i mbe r sa r e f a s tened t ot h e h ul p l ank s w i th l i ve o ak a nd o t he r h a rdwood t r eena i l s d r iven f r om o u t s ide a nd s t agge r ed a l ong t h e f r ame s t o p r even ts p l i t t ing .T hey a r eu sua l ly 0 . 02 -0 .025 m in d i ame te r a tt h eo u te rp l ank ing s u r f a ce a nd 0 . 0 18 -0 .02 m a tt h ef r ame t o p s ,t h ough s ome m ea su re o n ly 0 . 0 15 ma tt h ef r ame t o p s . T he f r equency o f o c cu r rence a nd u sage p a t t e rn o f t h e se

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C u5 . N a i l : c oppe r o r b ronze ; i n comp le te s ha f t ; MPL 0 . 086 m ; r e c tangu la r s ha f t 0 . 0055 x0 . 006 m a to ne e x t r em i ty ,0 . 007 m s qua r ea to t he re x t rem i ty ,s l igh t ly b en t ;w e igh t2 8 .4 g .P rovenance :l o o se i ns and .F i g .6 7 . C u6 . N a i l : c oppe ro rb ronze ;c omp le t e ; L0 . 173 m ,w i th h ead 0 . 005 m T ha nd s ha f t L0 . 168 m ; h ead r ound a s v i ewed f r om a bove , D0 . 0 1m ,f l a t tened b u lb i ns e c t ion ;

V 1 .1 3 : T he H u l la nd E qu ipmen t r o und s ha f t D0 . 0065 a th ead ,t a pe r ing t os h a rp t i p ,b en t i n aU s hape ;w e igh t1 7 .9 g .P rovenance :l o o se i ns a nd . F i g .6 7 . C u7 . N a i l : 9 4 .2% c oppe r , r ema in ing c omponen t s u n k nown ;c omp le te ; L0 . 15 m ,w i th h ead 0 . 006 m T ha nd s haf t L0 . 144 m ; h ead c o r roded , r o und ed a s v i ewed f r om a bove , max imum D 0 . 0 18 m ,h amme r ed c on ica l i ns e c t ion ;s ha f t0 . 0085 m s qua r ea t head ,t a p e r ing t ot i p , b en ta nd c o r roded ;w e igh t5 1 .8 g .P rov enance :l o o se i n s a nd a l ong w e s te dge .T he a na ly s i sw a sp e r fo rmed b y D enn i sJ ame so ft h eC en t e rf o rC hem ica lC ha ra c t e r iza t i on a nd A na ly s i s ,T exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty .F i g .6 7 . Cu8 . N a i l :c opp e ro rb ronze ;i n comp le te ; MPL 0 . 058 m , w i th h ead 0 . 005 m T h a nd s ha f t L0 . 053 m ; h ead r o unded a sv i ewed f r om a bove , D0 . 0 136 m ,h amme r ed c on ica li ns e c t ion ;r e c tangu la rs ha f t0 . 0055 x0 . 0053 m a th ead ,0 . 0032 x0 . 0037 m a tb roken e x t r em i ty .P rov e n ance : l o o se i ns and a l ong w e s te dge .F i g .6 7 . C u9 . N a i l : c oppe ro rb ronze ;c omp le te ; L0 . 153 m ,w i th h ead 0 . 003 m T ha nd s ha f t L0 . 15 m ;h ead r o unded a s v i ewed f r om a bove , D0 . 0 17 m ,r ounded b u tq u i t ef l a t i ns e c t ion ;s ha f ti sr ound a th ead f o r ad i s tanc eo f0 . 028 mf r om h ead , w he re i tb ecome sr e c tangu la ra nd c o r r oded f o rr ema inde ro fi t sl e ng th ; Da th ead 0 . 006 m , a nd 0 . 0052 x0 . 0054 m w he r ei tb ecome sr e c tangu la r . P rovenance : l o o se i ns a nd a l ong w e s te dge .F i g .6 7 . C ul0 . N a i l o rb o l t : c oppe r o rb ronze ; i n comp l e t e r o und s ha f t ; MPL 0 . 105 m ; D0 . 0 13 ma t0 . 02 m b enea th t h e t o p o ft h e f r ame ; u ppe r e x t rem i ty D 0 . 0 11 m ; u pp e r e x t r em i ty i ss omewha t r ounded a nd i regu la r , n o t p o in t ed . P rovenance : 0 . 93 m f r om f i n i shed w e s te rn e x t r em i ty o fH a l f -F rame 1 2 ,w he re i tp r o t ruded 0 . 085 ma bove t h ef r ame t o p ;r emnan t so ft h ef r ame t o ps t i l l a dhe r et ot h es ha f t ;w a sb en ts l igh t ly e a s twa rd t owa rd s ho r e . P l . 3 4 .2 .

f a s t en ing i si ns i tu ;i t sc onc r e t ed h ead i ss ome 0 . 05 m f r om t h e o u t e r p l ank ing f a ce . N o w ood f r agmen t s a dhe re t ot h ec onc re t ed s ha f ta nd h ead .R econ s t ruc ted d imen s ion so ft h i sf a s ten ing ,b a s ed o nt h i sd a ta a nd t h e c a s tr e p l ica o fC ul3 b e low ,a r e : L0 .38 m ;r ounded h ead 0 . 0 1 mT h , D0 . 04 m ;s ha f t Lc a0 . 35 m , D0 .0 18 a th ead t a pe r ing t o0 . 0 12 ma tp r e se rved e x t rem i ty .I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h i s f a s ten ing a nd o t he r s l i ke i t( c f . C ul0 , C ull ,C ul3 )w e re p r ema tu r e ly i d en t if i ed a sp o r t ion s o fb o l t si nR aban e ta l .1 989 ( 1 87 -88 ,4 89 ,f i g .1 1 .192 ) . O u ri n ab i l i ty t od e t e rm ine h ow t h e se f a s t en ing s w e r e c onf igu r ed a tt h e i ru ppe re x t rem i t ie sp r ec lude sd ef in i t i ve i d en t if i ca t ion .F ig .6 8 .1 ,p l s . 3 4 .3 , 3 5 , 3 6 . C ul3 . H ead o fn ai lo rb o l t :c opp e ro rb ronze ;i n comp le te ; c a s tr e pl ica MPL 0 . 037 m ,w i th h ead 0 . 009 m T ha nd s ha f t L0 . 028 m ;h ead r e c tangu la rw i th r ounded c o rne r s a sv i ewed f r om a bove , w i th m ax imum d imen s ion so f 0 . 04 x0 . 042 m ,r ounded i ns e c t ion ;r o und s ha f t D0 . 0 18 ma th ead a nd 0 . 0 15 ma te x t rem i ty ;w ood i mp r egna ted a nd p r e se rved b yt h ec onc re t ion e x tend sc a .0 . 0 115 m f r om t h eb roken e x t r em i ty o ft h ec onc r e t ion t owa rd t h e h ead a nd s t op s0 . 0 17 m f r om t h eu nde r s ide o ft h eh ead ; w ood g r a in i sp e rp end icu la rt os ha f t .P rovenance :l o o s e i ns a nd a l ong w e s te dge .F ig .6 8 .2 . C ul4 . Wa she r :c oppe ro rb ronze ;i n comp le te ;c a s tr e p l ica MPL 0 . 043 m ; MPW 0 . 036 m ; m in imum W 0 . 03 m ; m ax imum T h0 . 009 m ,a tw ide e nd ;m in imum T h0 . 005 m , a tn a r row e nd ; h o le s l igh t ly o f fc en t r e a nd w o rn , m in imum D 0 . 0 14 m , max imum D 0 . 0 15 m ;w ea ra r ea c onf ined t oc a . 1 80 d eg ree s o fh o le 's c i rcum f e rence ; s ma l ll i pr i s e sa sm uch a s0 . 00 1 ma bove t h es u r f a ce o f t h ew a she ra r ound t h eh o le .P rovenance :l o o se i ns a nd a l ong w e s te dge .F ig .6 8 .3 . C ul5 . Wa she r :c oppe ro rb ronze ;i n comp le te ;c a s tr e p l ica m ax imum o u t e r D0 . 04 m ; m ax imum T h 0 . 0065 m ; m in imum T h 0 . 0045 m ; h o le s l igh t ly o f fc en t r e a nd w o rn ,m in imum D 0 . 0 135 , max imum D 0 . 0 14 m ;w o rn a r ea sa r el o ca ted a pp rox ima t e ly e ve ry 9 0d eg r ee sa r ound t h ec i rcum f e renc eo ft h eh o le ;t wo w ea ra r ea sd i ame t r i c a l ly o ppo s ed t oo ne a no the ra r e mo re e v iden tt h an t h e o t he rt wo ; as ma l ll i pr i se sa s much a s0 . 002 m a bove t h e s u r f a ce o f t h e w a she r a r ound t h e h o le . P rovenance : b enea th w e s tp l ank ing w e s te dge ,b e tween F rame s 1 a nd 1 2 .F i g .6 8 .3 .

C ull . N a i l o r b o l t : c o r ro s ion p roduc t i s6 4 .2% c opp e r , r ema in ing c omponen t s u nknown ; i n comp le te r o und s ha f t ; MPL 0 . 09 m ;l owe re x t r em i ty D 0 . 0 13 m ;u ppe r e x t r em i ty D 0 . 009 m ; u ppe r e x t r em i ty i ss omewha t r ounded a nd i regu la r ,n o tp o in t ed . P rovenance : l o o se i ns a nd n ea rF rame 3 5 .T he a na ly s i sw a sp e r fo rmed b y D enn i sJ ame so ft h eC en te rf o rC hem ica lC ha ra c t e r iza t i on a nd A na ly s i s ,T exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty . C ul2 . N a i l o rb o l t : c oppe r o rb ronze ; i n comp le t e r o und s ha f t ; MPL 0 . 13 m ;c a s tr e p l ica L0 . 04 m ( f ig .6 8 .1 ) ,a s m o s t o f t h e c onc r e t ion c r umb led w hen o p ened f o r c a s t ing ;u ppe re x t r em i ty D0 . 0 12 m ;o ppo s i t ee x t r em i ty D0 . 0 135 m ;u pp e re x t rem i ty i ss omewha tr o unded a nd i regu la r , n o tp o in ted , a nd ma tche st h es hape a nd a p p ea rance o ft h ea na logou se x t r em i t ie sp r e se rved w i th in c onc r e t ion sC ul0 a nd C ull .P rovenance :i ns i tu i nt h e b rok en w e s te x t rem i ty o fF loo rT imbe r1 5( f ig s .3 6 -38 ) . T he u ppe re x t r em i ty d i dn o tr e a ch t h et o po ft h ef r ame , t e rm ina t ing c a .0 . 0 1 mb e low i t .T he r ema ind e ro ft h i s

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I ti sn o tab l e t h a t a l l e xam ined f a s ten ing s ha f t s w i th in c onc r e t ion s C ul0 , C ull a nd C ul2 h ave e s sen t ia l ly t h e s ame d i ame t e ra nd a la r es l igh t ly r ounded a tt h e i re x t r em i t i e s . T he r e i sn o i n d ica t ion o fb end ing , t w i s t ing , o ro t he r d amage a tt h e se e x t r em i t ie s . F o r t h i s r e a son w e c anno t d e t e rm ine i fa ny o ft h e se f a s ten ing sw e r eo r ig ina l ly l o nge r a nd b r oke i na n t iqu i ty o rl a te r .T he c on s i s tency o fa ppea r a nce w i th in a l l t h r ee c onc re t ion s , h oweve r , s ugge s t s t h a t t h e se a r er e i rman t so ft h eo r ig ina le x t r em i t ie so ft h ef a s ten ing s . R emnan t so ff a s t en ing si d en t ica lt ot h o se i nc onc r e t ion s C u l t ) ,C ull a nd C ul2 h ave b een n o ted i nF rame s1 2( a tt wo p o in t s ) ,2 2( p l .3 7 .2 ) ,2 4 ,25 ( a tt wo p o in t s ) ,a nd 2 6( f ig .5 8 ) .

C hap t er V I : T he S h ip T he h ead o ft h ef a s ten ing a tt h ew e s te nd o fF loo rT imbe r2 5 i s0 . 10 m f r om t h e o u te r p l ank ing s u r f ac e . B e cau se i t s c onc re t ed u ppe r e x t r em i ty h a s b een b rok en w i th in t h e t imbe rs i nce a n t iqu i ty ,w ed on o tk now i fi te v e rp r o t ruded a bove t h ef r ame t o p .N ow ood a dhe re st ot h ec onc r e t ion ,n o r w e r ea ny w ood g r a in i mp re s s ion so b se rved .T he h ead o ft h e f a s t en ing n ea rt h ee a s te x t rem i ty o fF r ame 2 4i sf l u sh a ga in s t t h es i ng le l a ye ro fp l ank ing . C a ta logue :I r on f a s ten ing s . F el .

N a i l : i n comp le te ;c a s tr e p l ica MPL 0 . 167 m , w i th h ead 0 . 011 m T ha nd s ha f t L0 . 156 m ;h ead r o unded a s v i ewed f r om a bove ,m ax imum D 0 . 032 m ,h amme r ed c on ica li ns e c t ion ;s ha f t0 . 0 13 m s qua r ea th ead ,0 . 0095 m s qua r e a tb roken e x t r em i ty . P rovenance : l o o se i n s and i nY 3 .F ig .6 9 .1 .

F e2 .

N a i l : i n comp le t e ;c a s tr e p l ica MPL 0 . 098 m , w i th h ead 0 . 008 m T h a nd s ha f t L0 . 09 m ; h ead r o und a s v i ewed f r om a bove ,m ax imum D 0 . 039 m ,h amme r ed c on ica li ns e c t ion ;r e c tangu la rs haf t0 . 0 1 x0 . 0 12 m a t h ead ,0 . 0085 m s qua r ea tt h eb roken e x t r em i ty ,s l igh t ly b en t .P rovenance : l o o s ei ns a nd i n Y3. F i g .6 9 .1 .

F e3 .

N a i l : i n comp le te ;c a s tr e p l ica MPL 0 . 045 m , w i th h ead 0 . 006 m T ha nd s ha f t L0 . 039 m ;h ead r o und ed a s v i ewed f r om a bove , D0 . 035 m ,f l a ta nd b en ti ns e c t ion ; s haf t0 . 0 11 m s qua re a th ead ,0 . 0085 x0 . 0095 a tb r oken e x t r em i ty , s l igh t ly b en ta th ead . P rovenance : l o o se i n s and i n Y2. F ig .6 9 .1 .

F e4 .

N a i l : i n comp le t e ; c a s t r e p l ica MPL 0 . 04 m , w i th h ead 0 . 0085 m T ha nd s ha f t L0 . 0315 m ;h ead r o unded a nd i r r egu la ra sv i ewed f r om a bove ,m ax imum D 0 . 02 m , h amme red c on ica l i n s e c t ion ; r e c tangu la r s h a f t 0 . 0077 x0 . 0085 m a th ead ,0 . 007 m s qua r ea tb r oken e x t r em i ty .P rovenance : l o o se i ns a nd i nY 2 .F i g .6 9 .1 .

F e5 .

T ack : i n comp le te ;c a s tr e p l ica MPL 0 . 055 m ,w i th h ead 0 . 005 m T ha nd s ha f t L0 . 05 m ;h ead r o und ed a nd i regu la ra sv i ewed f r om a bove ,r e p re sen ta t ive D0 . 026 m , f l a ta nd b en ti ns e c t ion ;r e c tangu la rs ha f t0 . 0088 x 0 . 0092 m a th ead ,0 . 003 m s qua r ej u s tb e fo r et a p e r ing t os h a rp t i p ,s l igh t ly b en t .P rovenanc e :l o o s ei ns a nd i n Y2 . F ig .6 9 .1 .

V LB .5 . L ead S hea th ing . An umbe r o fl e ad s h ea th ing f r agmen t sw e re r e cove red f r om t h ew r eck s i t e( p l .3 8 .1 -2 ) . C u r iou s ly ,h oweve r ,n ol e ad h a sy e tb een f o und a t ta ched t o t h ep l ank ing ,w h ich h a sb een i n spec ted a tv a r iou sp o in t sf o r ad i s tance o f s ome 0 . 85 m ( a n a rm 's r e a ch ) f r om t h e p e r ime te r o ft h e h u l l r ema in s . T he f r agmen t s a r e i nr e la t i ve ly g ood c ond i t ion , a nd e l even r e p r e sen ta t ive s amp le s PM t oP b11 w e r er e co rded . L ead t h ick ne s se sa ve rage c a . 0 . 00135 m ,v a ry ing f r om c a .0 . 0009 -0 .00 18 m . T he l a rge s tf r agmen t( Pbl ,p l .3 8 .1 )i sr ough ly t r i angu la r i ni t s p r e se rved s hape , w i th m ax imum d imen s ion s o fc a . 0 . 22 x0 . 29 m .O no ne s u r f a ce a r es ma l ls po t sa nd p a t che so f ab l ack s ub s tance t h a tm igh tb et h er emnan t so fp i t ch o ra s im i la rm a te r ia l ,b u ti th a sn o tb een a na lyzed .N oi n d ica t ion

1 68

o ft h eu s eo ft e x t i le so ro t he r ma te r ia l si nc once r tw i th t h e b l a ck s ub s tance a r ee v iden t .T ack h o le sa r es pa ced 0 . 055 0 . 065 m a p a r ta nd o r ien t ed o nd i agona ll i ne sa c ro s st h el e ad ; n os co r em a rk sb e tween t h eh o le sw e r ed e tec t ed o nt h i so r a ny f r agmen t . T ack h o le s o n a l l s hea th ing f r agmen t s a r e u n ifo rm ly 0 . 005 m i n d i ame t e r e xcep t w he r e d i s to r t ed w hen t h e s h ea th ing w a ss t r ipped f r om t h eh u l l .T a ck h ead i mp re s s ion s a r ea ppa r en to nn ume rou sp i ece sa nd r a nge f r om 0 . 0 15 t o 0 . 0 17 m i nd i ame t e r .N oi mp re s s ion si n d ica t ive o fp ro t r u s i on so nt h eu nde r s ide so ft h et a ck h ead sw e re d e t ec ted i nt h e l e ad . V LB .6 . E qu ipmen t . L ead B ox a nd P ipe s . Al e ad b ox w i th a na t ta ched p i pe w a sr e cove r ed f r om t h eg ene ra la r ea o ft h eh ul i n1 985 ,a nd as i ng le l e ad p i p ew a sr a i sed f r om t h ea r ea w e s to ft h eh u l l i n1 987 .N ol e ad i s o tope a na ly se sh av eb een p e r fo rmed a s y e t . T he o pen topp ed b ox ( Pb12 , f i g . 6 9 .2 , p l s . 3 9 -40 ) i s f i t ted w i th al e ad p i pe a nd h a s h o le s f o r t wo o t he r s . N o s o ld e r ed s e am s a r e e v iden t i nt h e l e ad , w h ich i s0 . 00 17 0 . 002 m t h ick . Af ew s ma l lh o le si nt h eb o t tom o ft h eb ox a r e t h er e su l to fc o r ro s ion ,a si sal a rge j a gged o p en ing a to ne e nd a bove t h e p i pe . T h ree s i de s a r e s i gn if ican t ly b en t a nd d i s to r ted ,b u tt h eo r ig ina ld imen s ion sc an b er e con s t ruc ted a sc a . L0 . 30 xW 0 . 15 xH0 .2 1m ,y i e ld ing ac apac i ty o f9 . 45 l i t r e s .T he r ea r en om a rk so nt h ee x t e r io ro ft h eb ox o rp i pe . O ne h o le 0 . 05 m in d i ame t e ri sl o ca t ed n ea rt h ec en t r eo f o ne l o ng s i de ,a bou t0 . 05 m f r om t h eu ppe re dge . Af l ange f a sh ioned a r ound t h ec i r cumf e r enc eo ft h eh o le f r om t h eb ox w a l li t s e l fp r o je c t so u ta pp rox ima te ly 0 . 0 1 mf r om t h eb ox f a ce .A round t h ec i rcumf e rence o ft h i sh o l e ,t h ei n t e r io ro f t h eb ox i sl i ned w i th as e cond l a ye ro fl e ad ,t h et h ick ne s so f w h ich a pp rox ima t e st h a to ft h eo u te rw a l l .T h i si n ne rl a ye r , e x t end ing s ome 0 . 03 t o0 . 07 m f r om t h eh o le ,r e info rc ed t h e a r ea a r ound t h e h o le ; t h i s i s mo s t a ppa r en t i mmed ia t e ly a bove t h eh o le . T he i n ne rl a ye re x tend s f o ra bou t0 . 03 m t owa rd t h et o po ft h eb ox ,b eyond w h ich t h el e ad o ft h eb ox i t s e l fi sb en to ve ri n to t h ei n te r io r .T he m e thod o fa f f ix ing t h i si n ne rl a ye ro fl e ad i sn o tk nown ,b u ts o lde r ing i sl i k e ly . A tt h ee nd o ft h eb ox o ppo s i te t h ep i p e , t h e re i s ah o le s im i la ri nd imen s ion s t ot h eo ne j u s td e s c r ibed . T h i si sa n e s t ima t e ,h oweve r ,a st h i sp o r t ion o ft h eb ox i sc r u shed .A f l ange f a sh ioned f r om t h eb ox w a l lp ro je c t sa pp rox ima te ly 0 . 0 1 mf r om t h ew a l ls u r f ace a r ound t h eh o le ;t h el owe re dge o ft h ef l ange i sa lmo s tf l u sh w i th t h eb o t tom o ft h eb ox .A s p l i t f l ange e s sen t ia l ly i d en t ica l t ot h o s e o ft h e o t he r t wo h o le s r e c e ive s a nd e nca se s t h e a ta ched p i pe , e x t end ing a pp rox ima te ly 0 . 0 1 mb a ck t ot h eb ox w a l l . T he m ean so f f a s ten ing t h ep i pe o nt h ei n te r io ro ft h eb ox i su nknown ,b u t a ga in s o lde r ing i sl i ke ly .T he p ipe i sm ad eo fl e ad s h ee t ing c a .0 . 003 m t h ick , h a sa no u t e rd i ame t e ro fa pp rox ima t e ly 0 . 05 m ,a nd i sp r e se rved f o r al e ng th o fs ome 0 . 25 m .T he re i sas o lde r ed s e am a l ong i t sl e ng th ,w i th ad i s t inc tr i dge t o o ne s i de o ft h es e am . Al e ng th o fl e ad p i p ew a sr e cove r ed i n1 987 ( Pb13 ,p l . 3 8 .2 ) : MPL c a .0 . 36 m ; max imum o u t e r D0 . 039 m ;m in i m um o u t e r D0 . 03 m ;m ax imum i n ne r D0 . 033 m ;m in imum i n ne r D0 . 025 m ;l e ad 0 . 0028 -0 .003 m T h .T he p i pe i so va l i ns e c t ion ,w i th at h ick s o lde red s e am a l ong i t sl e ng th ;o ne

V LB : T he H u l la nd E qu ipmen t e nd i sb en ta nd f l a t tened ;t h e re a r en om a rk so ni t se x t e r io r .

P b2 1 . R ing :d i s to r t ed s hape ; max .o u te rd imen s ion s0 . 031 x0 . 037 m ; m ax . i n ne r d imen s ion s 0 . 018 x0 . 023 m ; m in imum a nd m ax . s e c t iona l d imen s ion s 0 . 0052 x 0 . 0057 m t o0 . 008 x0 . 0082 m ; w e igh t 3 .3 g .P rov e nance : l o os ei ns a nd . P l .4 1 .1 .

L ead R ing s .T en r i ngs o fv a r iou ss i ze sh ave b een r e cov e r ed f r om t h e s and a r ound a nd o n t o p o ft h e w r eck . T he c ond i t ion o ft h el e ad i si na l lc a se sq u i te g ood ,b u td ue e i the r t oc o r ro s ion , p oo r m anuf ac tu r ing p r a c t ice s , o r b o th , t h e s e c t iona l d imens ion s o f mo s tr i ng s v a ry a r ound t h e i rc i r c umf e r ence s . S ec t iona l s hape sr a nge f r om c i r cu la rt or e c t a ngu la r ,a nd g i ven s e c t iona ld imen s ion sa r er e p r e sen ta t ive , u n le s so t h e rw i se n o ted .N ol u g s ,s pl i t s ,o rh o le sa r ee xh ib i t ed b yt h er i ngs .O n ly o ne s how sw ha tm igh tb ew ea rm a rk s , t h ough s i x a r e n o t iceab ly s t r e tched , b en t , o r o t he rw i se d i s to r t ed . O n s even r i ng s , s ha l low , n a r row l i ne so rs ome w ha tl a rge rs u r face d ep r e s s ion sa r ee v iden t ,p robab ly h av i n g f o rmed o n t h e u ppe r s u r f a ce a st h e l e ad c oo led a f t e r b e ing p ou r ed i no p en -f ace mou ld s . T he se r i ng s c ou ld b e b ro il ing r i ng sf r om t h es a i l so ft h es h ip ,o rt h ey c ou ld b el i ne o r n e t " t r ip s" a sso c ia ted w i th f i sh ing a c t iv i ty . S ee t h e d i scu s s ion o f M28 ( un s t ra t i f ied ) .

P b22 . R ing : m ax . o u t e r d imen s ion 0 . 05 m ; max . i n ne r d imen s ion 0 . 037 m ;m in imum /max . s e c t iona ld imen s i on s0 . 0058 x0 . 006 m t o0 . 007 1 x0 . 0073 m ;s ha l low n a r row g roove sa r ee v iden to ve rc a .3 0% o ft h ec i rcum f e r ence o no ne f a c e .P rovenance :l o os ei ns a nd .P l .4 1 .2 . P b23 . R ing :d i s to r t ed s hape ;m ax .o u te rd imen s ion 0 . 043 m ;m ax .i n ne rd imen s ion 0 . 03 m ;m in i mum /max .s e c t i ona l d imen s ion s 0 . 0049 x 0 . 0065 m t o 0 . 0059 x 0 . 0097 m ;p o s s ib le w ea rm a rk s ;s ha l low n a r row g roove s a r ee v iden to ve rc a .2 0% o ft h ec i r cumf e rence o no ne f a ce . P rovenance : l o o se i ns a nd .P l .4 1 .3 .

C a ta logue :L ead R ing s . P b14 . R ing : max .o u te rd imen s ion s0 . 055 x0 . 056m ; max . i n ne rd imens ion s 0 . 031 x0 . 033 m ; s e c t iona l d imen s i on s 0 . 0075 x0 . 0 11 m ; w e igh t9 4 .7 g .P rovenance : l o o s ei ns a nd .P l .4 1 .1 . P b15 . R ing :m ax .o u t e rd imen s ion s0 . 049 x0 . 052 m ;m ax . i n ne rd imens ion s0 . 0315 x0 . 035 m ; s e c t iona ld imen s i on s0 . 0035 x0 . 0095 m ;o ne s ha l low n a r row g roove i s e v id en t o n o ne f a ce a r ound t h e f u l l c i r cum f e r ence ; w e igh t4 7 .4 g .P rovenance : l o o se i ns a nd .P l .4 1 .1 . P b16 . R ing :d i s to r ted s h ape ; max .o u t e rd imen s ion s0 . 05 x 0 . 05 m ; m ax . i n ne r d imen s ion s 0 . 027 x 0 . 028 m ; s e c t iona ld imen s ion s0 . 0086 x0 . 0 11 m ;w e igh t9 3 .7 g . P rovenance : l oo s ei ns a nd .P l .4 1 .1 . P b17 . R ing :d i s to r ted s hape ; max .o u t e rd imen s ion s0 . 04 x 0 . 047 m ; max . i n ne r d imen s ion s 0 . 025 x 0 . 03 m ; s e c t iona l d imen s ion s 0 . 005 x0 . 008 m ; o ne s ha l low d ep re s s ion o no ne s u r f a ce i s0 . 025 m l o ng ;w e igh t4 5g . P rovenance : l oo se i ns a nd .P l .4 1 .1 . P b18 . R ing :m ax .o u t e rd imen s ion s0 . 039 x0 . 044 m ;m ax . i n ne rd imen s ion s 0 . 022 x0 . 032 m ; s e c t iona l d imen s i on s0 . 007 x0 . 0075 m ;o ne s ha l low d ep r e s s ion 0 . 02 m l o ng o no ne s u r f ace ;w e igh t4 7 .1 g .P rovenance :l o o se i ns and .P l .4 1 .1 . P b19 . R ing :d i s to r ted s hape ; max .o u t e rd imen s ion s0 . 04 x 0 . 043 m ; m ax . i n ne r d imen s ion s 0 . 027 x 0 . 029 m ; s e c t iona l d imen s ion s 0 . 006 x 0 . 0 1 m ; o ne s ha l low n a r row g roove 0 . 055 m l o ng i se v iden to n t h ew ide s t f a ce ;w e igh t4 5 .4 g .P rovenanc e :l o o se i ns a nd .P l .4 1 .1 . P b20 . R ing :d i s to r ted s hape ; max .o u t e rd imen s ion s0 . 032 x0 . 039 m ; m ax . i n ne r d imen s ion s 0 . 022 x0 . 028 m ; s e c t iona ld imen s ion s0 . 0044 x0 . 006 m ; t wo s ha l low n a r row g r oove sa r ee v iden to no ne f a c e ,o fl e ng th s0 . 0 1 ma nd 0 . 025 m ; w e igh t 3 1 .2 g .P rov enance : l o o se i n s and .P l .4 1 .1 . 1 69

L ead S t ra ine r( ? ) .T h i se n igma t ic o b jec tw a s f ound i n 1 98 1 i nt h e c ou r se o fa n e va lua t ion o ft h e s h ipw r eck s i t e c a r r ied o u tb yS . Wa ch smann a nd K . R aveh o ft h eD epa r t m en to fA n t iqu i t ie s a nd Mu seum s ; i ti si n c luded h e r e b y t h e i rp e rm i s s ion .T he o b jec tn ow i si ns t o rage a tt h eh ead q ua r te r so ft h eU nde rwa t e rA rcha eo log ica lB u r eau i nK ib b u t zN ah sho l im ;c a t .n o . CAE M12 .T he o b jec tc on s i s t so f at h in l e ad c i r c le w i th s i ng le m ed ia lc r o s s -ba ra nd s c re en , p roduc ed b yp ou r ing t h em e ta li na no pen f ace mou ld .T h r ee n a i l sh ave b een d r iven t h rough t h er i ng ,o ne o ppo s i t eo ne e nd o ft h ec r o s s -ba ra nd t h eo t he rt wo mo re o rl e s se ven ly s pa ced a r ound t h e p e r iphe ry . T ra ce s o ft h e o x ida t ion b y p roduc t so ft h en a i l sa dhe re t ot h eh o le s . Af r agmen to fa s e cond s u ch r i ng ,b u tw i thou t as c r een w a sf o und a tC ae sa r ea i nA r ea H1( M86 ) ,a nd m any mo re s u ch a r t i fa c t sh ave b e en f o und a l ong t h e c oa s to fI s rae l . O ft h e k nown e xamp le s , P b24 i ss of a rt h eo n ly o ne t oc a r ry as c r een i np l a ce o fs imp le s em ic i r cu la ro pen ing so ne i the rs i de o ft h ec r o s s -ba r . Mo s t o ft h ee xamp le sr e cove r ed a r ed eco ra te dw i th r a i sed l i ne s c a s t o n to o ne s u r f ace : l i ne s c oncen t r ic o rp a ra l le l t ot h e n ea r e s te dge ,o r ad e co ra t ive p a t ter no fc r o s s -ha tch ing a nd d o t s .E ro s ion m ay h ave e r a sed s u ch l i ne sf r om t h is e xamp le . T he se o b jec t ss e em t oh ave f o rmed p a r to ft h ef i t t ing so f R oman s h ip ss a il ing a l ong t h ec oa s to fP a le s t ine ,b u tt h e i r f u nc t ion i so b scu r e .E xam ina t ion o ft h ep a ra l le l sr e vea lt h a t t h ey w e r ec a r e fu l ly n a i led t o as t ab le s u r f a ce ,p e rhap so ve r s ome s o r to fo p en ing s u ch a s as cuppe rh o le t op r even tt h e l o s s o f s ma l l o b jec t s o ve rboa rd . T he c i r c le s s e em l i gh t w e igh tf o rs u ch a na pp l ica t ion , s op e rhap s t h ey w e re f a s t e ned t ot h eo u t s ide o ft h eh u l lo f ah eavy c a rgo v e s se l ,t o m a rk t h e d ra f t o r t h e w a te r l ine d u r ing l a d ing . I n s u ch a p o s i t ion , h oweve r , t h e g r a t ing s e en o n P b24 w ou ld h ave s e r ved n o p u rpo se . F o r af u l l d i scu s s ion o f t h i s t y pe o f a r t if ac t ,s e et h ee n t ry f o r M86 a nd O le son 1 988 : 2 7 -30 . [ J .P .0 . ] P b24 . ( C81 -Y2 -1 ) . L ead s t ra ine r ( ? ) . B rok en ; p o r t ion o f g r a t ing m i s s ing ; s u r f a ce e r od ed b yt h es a nd . D0 . 106 ; o u te r b and , W 0 . 0 1 ; c r o s sba r , W 0 . 0 11 ; T b 0 . 002 . P rovenance : l o o se i ns a nd . P l .4 2 .1 .

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip R ope .I n1 983 ac o i lo fr ope w a sf o und o nt h es i t e ,b u tn o s amp le sc ou ld b er e cove r ed ( Raban 1 985 : 1 76 ,f i g .2 3 ) . I n 1 986 t wo l a rge r ope s( R1 -R2 ) ,o ne ( R1 )f l a t tened i ns e c t ion , w e r e u ncove red a ta pp rox ima t e ly t h e l e ve l o ft h e f r ame / p l ank i n te r f a ce j u s tw e s to ft h ew e s te x t r em i ty o fF r ame 1 3 ( p l s .4 2 .2 ,43 .1 -2 ) . At h i rd ,s ma l le rd i ame te rr op el a y0 . 20m b enea th t h em ;s amp le so ft h i sr ope c ou ld n o tb er e cove r ed . D if f e ren tl e ng th so ft h el a rge r ound a nd f l a tr ope sd i scov e r ed i n 1 986 a r e b el ieved t oh ave b een e xpo sed a ga in i n 1 988 b enea th t h ep l ank ing a tt h ew e s te dge b e tween F r ame s 1 0a nd 1 3 .A sn o ted a bove ,r op e( R3 )w a sa l so f o und w i th in t h e w a t e rcou r se s o f t h ree h a l f -f rame s a nd a tt h e i n boa rd e x t rem i ty o f af l oo rt imbe r( p l . 3 2 .1 ) . C a ta logue :F ragmen t so fR ope . R l . R ope :f l a t tened i ns e c t ion ,o ft h r ee s t r and sl a id l e f t ; W 0 .045 m , T h 0 . 02 m ; s t rand s W 0 . 023 m , a nd T h 0 . 0 13 m ,l a id r i gh t ,c on s i s t ing o fy a rn s Dc a .0 . 003 m , l a id l e f t .P rovenance :0 . 15 m w e s to fw e s te x t r em i ty o f F rame 1 3 , a t l e ve l o f p l ank ing . B o tan ica l a na ly s i s i n d ica te s t h e r ope c on s i s t s o fr o l led l e ave s o f S t ipa t e nac i s s ima ,e spa r to g r a s s . P l .4 3 .1 . T he f o l low ing i sas umma ry o ft h er e po r t ss ubm i t t ed b yU de lga rd K ö rbe r -G rohne o ft h eI n s t i tu tf ü rB o tan ik , U n ive r s i t ä tH ohenhe im ,S t u t tga r t , We s tG e rmany ( c f . R aban e ta l . 1 989 : 1 93 ) :U nde rt h es t e r eo -m ic ro scope ( 10X -40X ) ,i ti se v iden tt h a tt h er aw m a t e r ia lc on s i s t s o f r e la t ive ly t h ick a nd s t rong p l an t ma te r ia l w i th a d i ame t e ro f0 . 00 1a nd mo r e .I tt h e r e fo r ec anno tr e p re s e n t f u l ly p roce s sed f i be r s o f f l ax o r h emp . U nde r g r ea t e r magn if ica t ion ( 100X -400X ) , t h r ee t y p e s o f c e l lu la rt i s sue c an b ed i sce rned : 1 )L ong a nd s ho r te p ide rm i sc e l l st h a ta l t e rna t ew i th o ne a no the r .T he f o rme rh ave w avy ,u ndu la t ing w a l l s a nd a r es ome 1 6 18 m i l l inüc ron sb road ( p l .4 4 .1 [ 5 00X ] ) . 2 )B und le so ff i b re s c le re id st h a tl i ed i r ec t ly b enea th t h ee p ide rm i s . On ly at h in l a ye ro fo t he rc e l l ss e pa ra te t h eb und le sf r om e ach o t he r . 3 )L aye r s o fc e l l s ( a t t h e i n ne r s i de s o f t h e f i b e r b und le s )t h a ta r er i ch i nb road p ap i l s( s ho r th a i r s ) .T he p ap i ls a r e c a . 2 6 -34 m i l l im ic rons l o ng a nd 1 0 n ü l l im ic ron sb road a tt h eb a se ( p l .4 4 .2 [ 5 00X ] ) . T he se t y pe so fc e l lu la rt i s sue a r e c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o f t h el e ave so fS t ipa t e nac i s s ima . R 2 .

R 3 .

R op e :r ound i ns e c t ion ,o ft h r ee s t r and sl a id l e f t ;D 0 . 05 m ; s t rand s D0 . 0225 m , l a id r i gh t , c on s i s t ing o f y a rn s Dc a .0 . 003 m ,l a id l e f t .P rovenance :0 . 15 m w e s t o fw e s te nd o fF r ame 1 3 ,a tl e ve lo fp l ank ing .P l .4 3 .2 . R ope :r ound i ns e c t ion ,o ft h ree s t r and sl a id l e f t ;D 0 . 015 m ;s t rand s Dc a .0 . 008 m ,l a id r i gh t .P rovenance : w a te r cou r se o fH a l f -F r ame 1 0 ,a nd a l so n o t ed w i th in w a te rcou r se s o f H a l f -F rame s 1 2 a nd 1 4 a nd a te a s t e x t rem i ty o fF loo rT imbe r3 .P l s .3 2 .1 ,4 3 .3 .

P ine c one . Aw e l lp r e se r ved ,o va t ep i ne c one ( L0 . 07 m , m ax . D0 . 045 m )w i th p y r am ida ls c a le a p ice sw a sd i scov e r ed c onc re t ed b e twe en F r ame s 1 2 a nd 1 3 a bou t 0 . 93 m f r om t h ef m i shed w e s te nd o fF rame 1 3 ,0 . 04 m b e low t h e

1 70

l e ve lo ft h ef r ame t o p s( p l .4 4 .3 ) .U nf o r tuna t e ly i tw a sn o t r a i sed f o rs t udy ,b u tv i sua li n sp ec t ion i n d ica te si ti so ft h e s pec ie s P inus p inea . T he s p ec ie s i d en t if i ca t ion w a s c on f i nned b yM .E .K i s lev o ft h eD epa r tmen to fL i f eS c ience s , B a r I lan U n ive r s i ty ,R ama t -G an , I s ra e l .

V LC . Wood S pe c ie s U sed i n G rae co -Roman a nd E a r l y B y zan t ine Med i t er ranean S h ip s . T he C a e sa rea h u l l ,w i th p l ank ing a nd f r ame sf a sh ioned f r om p i ne t r ee s ,i so ne o fo n ly af ew k nown G ra eco -Roman w r eck sb u i l t w i th s o f twood p l ank sa nd f r ame s , a nd i st h e l a rge s t a mong t h em . Ab r ie f e xam ina t ion o f t h e a nc ien t l i t e ra tu r e i n d ica t e sa na bundance o fp i ne w a sa va i lab l e t o G r eek a nd R oman s h ipw r igh t s ,a nd ar e v iew o f wood su s ed i nG r eek a nd R oman h u l l s s how s t h a t p i ne i st h e m o s t c ommon p l ank ing m a t e r ia lf o und o nt h ew reck sc a ta logued b e low . S ome r e la t ion sh ip s a mong ma t e r ia l s , c on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique s ,a nd h u l ls i z ea r ei lum ina t ed t h rough ac on s id e r a t ion o fl i t e ra ry a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence . A n o ve r v i ew o ft h em a jo rp i ne a nd l i ve o ak s p ec ie so ft h e Med i te r r a nean a nd t h e i r c u r ren t d i s t r ibu t ion s , h oweve r , d emon s t ra t e st h ed i ff i cu l ty o fd e te rm in ing w he r et h eC a e sa r ea s h ip w a sb u i l t .3 V LC .1 .L i t erar yE v id encef or t he U se o fP ine .F rom t h e f o u r th c en tu ry B .C .t h rough t h ef i f th c en tu ry A .C . ,p i ne i s c on s i s ten t ly m en t ioned i nG reek a nd L a t in l i t e ra tu re a so ne o f t h e b e s t w oods f o r s h ipbu i ld ing . A cco rd ing t o T heoph ra s tu s( HP 5 . 7 .1 -3 ,5 ) ,w ho w ro t ei nt h el a te f o u r th c en tu ry B .C . ,p i ne ,s i lve rf i r ,a nd c eda rw e r ea ccep tab le . 4H e r e commend ss i lve rf i rf o rt r i remes a nd l o ng sh ip sb ecau se i t i sl i gh t . Me r chan t s h ip s a r e t ob e b u i l to fp i ne b e cau se i t r e s i s t sd ecay ,d e sp i t eh i ss t a t emen tt h a tA leppo p i ne r o t si n s a l twa te r .V ege t iu s( 4 .34 )i n c lude sp i ne a l ong w i th c yp r e s s , f i r ,a nd l a r ch a st h eb e s tw ood sf o rn ava lg a l ley s . Ab r ie fo ve rv iew o ft h eG raeco -Roman l i t e ra tu r em ake s i ti sc l ea rt h a ts u i tab le w ood f o rs h ip sw a sf o und o ve r al a rge p o r t ion o ft h ea nc ien t Med i te r ranean w o r ld , a l though f ew w r i t e r sd i s cu s ss p ec i f ica l ly t h eu se o fp i ne i ns h ipbu i ld ing .5 A st h eC a e sa r ea h ul a ppea r st oh ave b e en b u i l te xc lu s ive ly o fp i ne p l ank s a nd f r ame s , t h e f o l low ing s u rvey i sc on c e rned p r ima r i ly w i th r e f e r ence s t op i ne o rt ou n sp ec if i ed s pec ie so ft i mb e ru sed i ns h ip c on s t ruc t ion .

3

G ian f ro t ta a nd P omey ( 1981 : 2 31 , 2 34 -35 ) d i s cu s s o t he r

a spec t so ft h i sp rob lem . R iva l ( 1991) p r e sen t s ac omp r ehen s ive t r ea tmen t o fw ood s pec ie s a nd u se o fm a t e r ia l s i n R oman s h ip c on s t ruc t ion . As im i la rs t udy o f ma te r ia lu sage , b u to n as ma l le r s c a le ,f o cu se so ns e lec t wooden a r t if a c t sr e cove red f r om t h ew reck a tV a l le P on t i( Commach io )( Ca s te l le t t ie ta l . 1 990a ) . 4 P l iny ( Na t .1 6 .76 .195 -98 )g ives ab r ie fr ev iew o ft h el o ca t ion s w he re g ood a nd b ad f i ra nd c eda r may b ef ound .T he g r ea tc eda r s

o fL ebanon a nd S y r ia a r ew e l la t te s ted : T heoph ra s tu s , HP 4 . 5 .5 , 5 . 8 .1 ;D iodo ru sS icu lu s1 9 .58 .2 -5 ;a nd s e e ,e . g . , Me igg s1 982 :4 9 8 7 ,a nd L iph sh i tz & B ige r 1 991 . 5 S ee a l so T h i rgood ( 1981) a nd J ohn son ( 1927 ) . T h i rgood r ev iew sr e f e r ence st os h ipbu i ld ing t imbe ri nG raeco -Roman t ime s ,

b u t h i s p r ima ry s ou rce c i ta t ion s a r e s ome t ime s i n comp le te o r w rong .J ohn son i sc once rned w i th n ava l ma te r ia l s .

V I .C : W ood S pec ie s S pa in a nd t h eB a l ear ic I s land s : F rom S t rabo ( 3 .2 .4 ,6 ; 3 . 5 .3 ) , aR oman g eog raphe ra nd h i s to r ian o ft h ef i r s tc en tu r i e s B .C . a nd A .C . , w e l e a rn t h a t t h e s h ip s o fT u rde tan ia ( Ba e t ica ) w e re b u i l t w i th n a t ive t i mbe r . Me rchan tmen o f g r ea ts i ze s a i led f r om t h i sr e g ion ,a ppa ren t ly i nl a rge n um b e r s . T he m en o f G ade s f i t ted o u t t h e mo s t a nd l a rge s t m e rchan tmen b o th f o rt h e Med i t e r r anean a nd t h eA t lan t ic . A nc ien t E bu su s a nd O ph iu s sa , r e spec t ive ly I v iza a nd F onnen t e ra o f t h e mode rn B a lea r ic s , w e r e c a l led t h e P i tyou s sa i ,o rP ine I s land s( S t rabo 3 . 5 .1 ) . I t a ly : T heoph ra s tu s ( HP 5 . 8 .1 -3 )p ra i se st h ep i ne sa nd f i r so fL a t ium a nd t h eI t al i an h il c oun t ry b u ts t a t e st h a tt h ey a r e s u rpa s sed i nt e rm s o fh e igh ta nd g i r th b y t h e t r ee so n C o r s ica . I n as peech r e ga rd ing t h eA then ian e xped i t ion t o S i c i ly ( Thucyd ide s 6 . 90 .3 ) , A lc ib iad e s r e f e r s t ot h e g r ea t a bundance o f I t a l ian t imbe r s u i tab le f o r s h ip s . D iodo ru s S i cu lu s( 14 .42 .4 ) , w r i t ing i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,r e la te s t h a tD iony s iu so fS y racu se s e n th a l fo fh i sw oodcu t te r st o I t a ly f o r s h ipbu i ld ing t imbe r i np r epa ra t ion f o r w a r w i th C a r thage . A bou t2 40 B .C . , H ie ro I o fS y racu se o b ta ined f r om I t a ly s ome o ft h ew ood f o rt r eena i l sa nd f r ame sf o rh i s g r a in s h ip S y racus ia ( A thenaeu s5 . 2060 .6 P i sa h ad ar e pu t a t ion f o rs h ip t imbe r ,a nd L igu r ia h ad g r ea tr e se rve so fi t , i n c lud ing t r ee su p t oe i gh tf e e ti nd i ame t e r( S t rabo 5 . 2 .5 , 4 . 6 .2 ) . A cco rd ing t o D iony su s o f H a l ica rna s su s ( 2 0 .15 , 1 . 37 .4 ) ,a ta bou tt h es ame t ime , t h eS i la f o r e s to fC a lab r ia w a sf ul o fp i ne a nd many o t he rw ood ss u i tab le f o rs h ip sa nd h ou se s ,a nd h ea t te s t st ot h eb oun t i f u la nd e a s i ly a c ce s s ib le f o r e s t so fI t a ly i ng ene ra l .D u r ing t h er e ign o f Ma jo r ianu si n t h em idd le o ft h ef i f th c en tu ry ,r i ch r e s e rve so fs h ip t i mb e r c ou ld s t i l lb ef o und o nb o th s i de so ft h eA penn ine s( S idon iu s A pol ina r i s , C arm ina 5 . 44 1 -45 ) . I n A .D . 5 26 T heodo r ic o rde r ed t h a tc yp r e s sa nd p i ne f r om t h ec oa s t so fI t a ly a nd f i r f r om t h e P o v aley b e u sed t oc on s t ruc t 1 000 d romon s ( Ca s s iodo ru s , V ar iae 5 . 16 -18 ,2 0 ) . Moun t A e tna a nd S i c i ly : D iodo ru s S i cu lu s ( 1 4 .42 .4 ) r e f e r st ot h eh eavy s t and so fe xcelen tp i ne a nd f i ro nM t . A e tna .D iony s iu so fS y racu se d i spa tched h a l fo fh i sw ood s m en t ot h e s l op e s o ft h e v o lcano f o r s h ipbu i ld ing t i mbe r d u r ing p r epa ra t ion sf o rt h ew a rw i th C a r thage .L a t e r ,H ie ro Io fS y racu se c o l lec ted much o ft h ew ood f o rt h eS y racu s ia f r om t h es ame a r ea a nd f r om e l sewhe r ei nS i c i ly ( A thena eu s 5 . 2060 . Mac edon ia , T h race , a nd t h es ou thern B lack S ea c oa s t : T heoph ra s tu s( HP 4 . 5 .5 )c r ed i t s Macedon ia ,c e r ta in p a r t so f T h ra ce ,P h ryg ian M t . I da ,a nd My s ian O lympu sw i th p o s s e s s ing a ccep tab le s h ip t imbe r . Mo r es p ec if i ca l ly ,h em en t i on s t h e s i lve rf i ra nd p i ne o f Macedon ia ( HP 3 . 3 .1 ) , a n i mpo r tan ts ou rce o fs h ip t imbe rf o rA then si nt h ef i f th a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie sB .C . ( Xenophon , HG 6 . 1 .11 ; T hucyd ide s 4 . 108 .1 ) . S ho r t ly a f te r 1 80 B .C . P e r seu s s e n ts h ipbu i ld ing t i mbe rt o node s ( L ivy 1 .5 .29 ; P o lyb iu s 2 5 .4 .9 10 ) , b u t a f t e r h i s d e f ea t a tP ydna i n 1 68 B .C . , Mac edon ia w a s p roh ib i t ed b yR ome f r om c u t t ing o ra l low ing o t he rn a t ion s t oc u ts h ip t imbe r( L ivy 4 5 .29 .14 ) .O nt h ee a s tc oa s to ft h e B lack S ea ,a tt h ef o o to ft h eC auca su s moun ta in s , w a st h e c i ty o fG rea te r P i tyu s ( S t rabo 1 .2 .14 ) , w h ich a ppea r s t o h ave r e ce ived i t sn am ef r om p i ty s , aG r eek w o rd f o rp i ne .7 6

T ran s la t ion o fA thenaeu si nC a sson 1 971 : 1 91 -94 .

1 7 1

T h i sc i ty w a si nt h er e g ion o fC o lch i s ,w he r et h e re w a s much s h ipbu i ld ing t i mb e r , a nd w he r e M i th r ida t e s a cqu i red h i s n ava ls upp l ie s( S t rabo 1 .2 .15 , 1 7 , 1 8 ) . C i l ic ia : C i l ic ian S i nope h ad a ccep tab le s h ip t i mbe r , a c co rd ing t oT heoph ra s tu s ( HP 4 . 5 .5 ) . D iodo ru s S i cu lu s ( 9 .60 .5 , 9 . 75 .2 , 9 . 77 .1 ) n o te s t h a to n t h r ee d i f f e ren to cca s i on s i nt h e f i f th c en tu ry B .C . t h eP e r s ian s made r e ady o r b u i l tg r ea tn umb e r so fw a r sh ip so nt h eC i l ic ian c oa s t .S t r abo ( 1 4 .5 .3 )l a te rr e la te st h a tA n tony a s s igned t oC leopa t ra t h e r e g ion n ea r t h e p o r t o f H amax ia b ecau se i t s c eda r w a s s u i tab le f o rt h ec on s t ruc t ion o fE gyp t ian n ava lv e s se l s . C yprus :T he p eop le o fC yp ru su s ed A leppo p i ne f o rt h e i r s h ip sb ecau se i tw a sa va i lab le a nd w a sa ppa r en t ly s up e r io r t ot h el o ca lf i r( Theoph r a s tu s , HP 5 . 7 .2 ) .P a r to ft h eP e r s ian f l ee tw a sg a the red f r om C yp ru so rb u i l tb yC yp r ian so n mo r e t h an o ne o cca s ion ( D iodo ru sS i cu lu s9 . 60 .5 ,9 . 75 .2 ) .I nt h e s e cond h a l fo ft h ef o u r th c en tu ry , Amm ianu s Ma r ce l l inu s ( 1 4 .8 .14 )n o t ed t h a t as h ip c ou ld b eb u i l th e r ef r om k ee lt o t o p sa i l sw i th l o ca lm a t e r ia l s . V LC .2 .L i t e ra ry E v idencef or S of twood a nd Hardwood S h ip s , P lank s , a nd F rame s . I nc on t ra s t t ot h e a bundan t l i t e ra ry t e s t imony t ot h eg ene ra la va i lab i l i ty o ft i mbe ra r ound t h e Med i te r ranean f o r s h ip c on s t ruc t ion , t h e r e a r e f ew r e f e r ence s t ot h e u s eo fp a r t icu la rw ood sf o rs p ec if i ch u l l c omponen t s .T heoph ra s tu s( HP 4 . 2 .8 ,5 . 4 .3 )a nd P l iny ( Na t . 1 3 .19 .63 , 1 6 .79 .2 18 ) b o th r e commend b l a ck a ca c ia f o r f r ame sb ecaus eo fi t sr e s i s tance t or o t ,w h i le n o t ing t h a to ak d oe sr o ti ns a l twa te r . Ap a r t ia lr e co rd o fp aymen t s made t o s h ipw r igh t sa nd s awye r si na nE gyp t ian b oa tya rd o fp e rhap s t h em id th i rd c en tu ry i n c lude s r e f e r enc e s t ot wo t y p e so f w ood . T he a ccoun tr e g i s te r sp aymen t s o f 8d r achma sp e r d ay o nP haoph i1 7 ,1 8 ,1 9 ,a nd 2 7t oe ach o ft wo s awye r st o c u tp e r s ea w ood ( M imusop sS ch imp er i ) . S ub sequen t ly ,o n H a thy r2 ,3 ,4 ,a nd 7 ,t h es awye r sa r ep a id t h es ame w age s t oc u t f r ame s o fa ca c ia . C a s son ( 1990 )c onv inc ing ly s ug g e s t st h ep e r sea w ood i si n tended f o rh ul p l ank sf o rt h eb oa t . D io C h ry so s tom ( O ra t io 6 4 .10 )m en t ion s ap i ne p l ank t h r ee f i nge r st h ick . Mo re g ene ra l ly , A r i s tophane s ( Eq . 1 3 10 ) h a s as ma l l g a l ley d e sc r ibe i t s e l fa sb u i l to fp i ne ( p euke )a nd " t imbe r ." T heoph ra s tu s ( HP 5 . 7 .5 ) n o t e s t h a to ak i su sed f o r s h ip b u i ld ing ,V e rg i l( A .5 . 753 , 1 .326 )r e f e r st os h ip t i mb e r so f o ak ,a nd K ing L a t inu so f f e r st h eT ro jan s2 0s h ip so fI t a l ian o ak . P l iny ( Na t . 1 6 .81 .224 )o b se rve st h a tp i ne a nd c yp r e s s mo s te f f ec t ive ly r e s i s tr o ta nd w ood w o rm s . P omey ( 1 973b :4 92 -500 )a r gue st h a t ap a s sage i nO v id ( Ep .1 6 .107 -111 )i n d ica te st h eu se o fp i ne p l ank ing a nd o ak f r ame si ns h ip s . Mo r eove r , h ep o in t so u tt h a tp i ne , u n l ike o ak , w a s u s ed t os uch a n e x ten tt h a t i tw a s e mp loyed b y m e tonymy f o r s h ip s b y V e rg i l ( A . 1 0 .206 , E d. 4 . 38 ) a nd O v id ( Ep . 1 8 .158 , Am . 2 . 11 .2 , Me t . 2 . 184 -85 ) ,a sw e r ef i r a nd a l de rb yn ume rou sa u tho r s( Pomey 1 973b :4 94 -95 ,4 95 n .2 ;T o r r1 964 :3 2 ,n .8 3 ,3 3 ) .T he a r cha eo log ica le v iden ce g ene ra l ly c onf i rm s t h e u s e o f t h e se m a te r ia l s i nG reek , 7 T he i s land o fS a lam i s w a sc a l led P i tyou s sa ( S t rabo 9 . 1 .9 ) . S ee Me igg s( 1982 : 12 -13 )f o r ad i scu ss ion o ft h eu se o fp i ty sa nd

p euk ei nH ome ra nd T heoph ra s tu s .I nT heoph ra s tu st h et wo t e rm s a r eg ene r a l ly t h ough tt od e s igna te c oa s ta lp ine a nd moun ta in p i ne , r e spec t ive ly .

C hap te rV I : T he S h ip R oman , a nd e a r ly B yzan t ine t ime s . P l ank s o f t h e g r ea t m a jo r i ty o f w r eck s o f s e ago ing s h ip s a r e o f s o f twood s , mo s t ly p i ne .T he f r ame s ,i nt u rn ,a r ea lmo s ta lway sf o und t o

b eo ak o ro t he rh a rdwood s( Tab le V I .1 ) .T h i ss cheme w a s t e n ta t ive ly n o t ed b yF ro s t( 1981b :6 9 ,7 2 )i nt h ef i na lr e po r t o nt h e Ma r sa la s h ipw r eck .

T ab le V I .! : Wood sU sed f o rP lank sa nd F rame so nG re ek ,R oman ,a nd E ar ly B yzan t ine S h ips S i te

P lank s I nne r /Ou te r

F rame s

Ma 'agan M icha e l K y r en ia V u lp ig l ia

p i ne p ine p ine?

p i ne p i ne p i ne?

1 3 1 4 —

5 / 4B .C . 4B .C . 3B .C .

Ma r sa la Ma r sa la " S i s t e r "

p ine p ine

o ak , map le o ak

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P un ta S ca le t ta S pa rg i

o ak p ine

o ak o ak?

3 0 3 0 -35

2B .C . 2B .C .

A polon ia 1 C ava l ie re P ozz ino

p i ne p ine f i r ,o ak

— p i ne o ak

1 5 1 3 —

2 1 B .C . 2 / 1 B .C . 2 / 1 B .C .

L aR oche F ou ra s G r .C ong lou‘

p ine? p ine /p ine

o ak o ak " f loo r "t imbe r s p i ne h a l f -f rame s

— 2 3

2 / 1 B .C . 2 / 1 B .C .

C ap G ro s M i ladou

p i ne p ine

p i ne a l de r ,a sh ,f i g ,p op la r ,p ine

— 1 5

2 1 B .C . 2 1 B .C .

A lbenga

f i r

o ak

4 0

1B .C .

A n t iky the ra Mand ia

e lm e lm /e lm

p i ne? e lm

3 0 3 0

1B .C . 1B .C .

S t .J o rd i 1 D ramon tA

p i ne p ine

o ak e lm

— 2 5

1B .C . 1B .C .

S aN au P e rduda M .d eG ien s P lan ie r3 T i tan V ale P on t i C ap d e lV o l

p ine e lm / f i r p ine p ine o rf i r e lm f i r

— o ak ,e lm , w a lnu t w a lnu t — o ak l i ve o ak

— 3 8 1 5 -20 5 25 2 2 1 8

1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C .

o ak , w i l low

1 8

1B .C .

K inne r e t

c eda r ,p i ne

o ak , w i l low , h aw tho rn ,r edbud

9

1B .C . -1 A .C .

C ae sa rea

p ine

p i ne

4 0

1A .C .

L o sU l la s t re , s L ad i spo l i D iano Ma r ina

f i r o ak ( ? ) c on if e r

e lm c on i f e r

— 2 2 -25

1A .C . 1A .C . 1A .C .

L ake N em i 1 ,2 S t .Ge rva i s3

p i ne p ine

o ak e lm , w a lnu t , map le ,p i ne

7 1 ,7 3 1 7

1A .C . 1A .C .

T o r re S ga r ra ta B ou r se

p i ne p ine ,l a rch

l i ve o ak p i ne ,a sh ,p op la r

2 4 2 3

2A .C . 2 / 3 A .C .

S an P i e t ro Monaco

— p ine o rf i r

e lm 1 2 -15

2 / 3 A .C . 2 / 3 A .C .

P un ta S c ifo Mu s t ee d e sD ock s L au ron s 1

o ak p ine p i ne

— p i ne —

2 0 -25 > 13

2 / 3 A .C . 3A .C . 3 -4 A .C .

F ium ic ino 1 F ium ic ino 2

o ak o ak

o ak o ak

1 9 1 7

3 -5 A .C . 3 -5 A .C .

F ium ic ino 3

l a rch

o ak

9

3 -5 A .C .

F ium ic ino 6

l a rch

c he s tnu t ?

6

3 -5 A .C .

G rand -R ibaud D

L eng th ( m )

C en tu ry

P .d el aL uque B

c eda r

2 0

3 /4 A .C .

L au ron s4 Y a s s iA da

p ine c yp re s s

— c yp re s s

— 2 0

4A .C . 4A .C .

L au ron s3 P o r te -Vend re s 1

p ine p i ne ,c yp r e s s ,o l ive

— p ine ,l i ve o ak

< 15 > 20

4A .C . 4 / 5 A .C .

S t .G e rva i s2 P an tano L onga r in i Y a s s iA da

p i ne ,f i r ,a l de r c yp re s s p i ne

e lm ,o ak o ak e lm

1 5 -18 3 0 2 0

6 / 7A .C . 7A .C . 7A .C .

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V I .C : W ood S pec ie s V I .C .3 . A rchaeo log i ca l E v id ence f or P lank s a nd F rame s . S of twood P lank s a nd F rame s . Ih ave b een a b le t o i d en t i f y n i ne , a nd p o s s ib ly e l even , v e s se l s d a ted t o t h e G reek ,R oman ,a nd e a r ly B yzan t ine p e r iod s( o the rt h an t h e C a e sa r ea s h ip )t h a tw e r eb u i l tp r ima r i ly w i th b o th s o f twood p l ank sa nd f r ame s . Ma ' a gan M ichae l( c a .4 00 B .C . , Lc a . 1 3m ) :p l ank sa nd f r ame s ,a sa lmo s ta l lp r e s e rved h u l lc omponen t s ,a r eP inu s h a lepen s i s ( Ro s lo f f 1 990 : 4 ; p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ; I C ahanov 1 991 : 5 ;L inde r1 992 : 2 8 , 3 1 ) . K yr en ia ( l a te f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 1 4m ) : p l ank s a nd f r ame sa r ep robab ly o fP inus h a lep en s i sM i l le r ,A leppo p i ne ( S t e f f y 1 985b : 8 7 ) . V u lp ig l ia ( c a .2 80 B .C . , Lu nde te rm ined ) :f r agmen t so f o ne f r ame a nd o ne p i ece o fp l ank ing m igh tb ep i ne ( P a rke r 1 985 : 1 23 ) . C ava l i ir e( l a te s e cond o re a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 1 3m ) :P inus l e ucod erm i sA n to ine a nd P inu ss y l ve s t r i sL .o r P inus u nc ina ta R aymond w e r eu s ed f o rp l ank sa nd f r ame s ( Cha rl in ,G a s send , &L equ6men t 1 979 : 7 7 ) . G rand C ong loud ( 1 10 -70 B .C . , Lc a .2 3m ) :h a l f -f rame s a nd p l ank sa r eA leppo p i ne ( P inus h a l ep en s i s ) ,w h i le o n ly t h et imbe r ss pann ing t h eh a l f -f r ame sa r eo ak ( Beno i t1 96 1 : 1 49 -50 ) . C ap G ro s ( e nd o ft h e s e cond t of i r s t h a l fo f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , Lu nde t e rm ined ) :o n ly as ma l lp e r cen tage o f t h eh u l lh a sb een e xpo sed a nd s t ud ied .I d en t i f ied p l ank sa r e P inus h a l epen s i s ,a sa r et h r ee f l oo rt i mbe r sa nd t wo p a i r so f h a lf -f rame s( J onche ray 1 989a :6 5 ) . D iano Mar ina ( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry , Lc a . 2 2 -25 m ) : p i ne p l ank ing a nd o ak f r ame s w e re u s ed , a c co rd ing t oe a r l ie r r e po r t s ( PaHa re s 1 983a : 8 5 ; 1 983e : 2 60 ; 1 985b : 5 90 ) ,b u t r e cen t ly t h eh u l l ma te r ia l sh ave b een a t t r ibu ted s imp ly t ot h e c on if e rf am i ly ( Pa l la r 6 s 1 99 1 : 1 72 ) . B our se ( l a te s e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry , Lc a .2 3m ) : o f5 6p l ank ss amp led ,2 6a r eP inus h a lep en s i s ,2 2a r el a r ch , s e ven a r eP inus s y lve s t r i s ,a nd o ne i ss p r uc e .O f1 35 f r ame s amp le s ,1 27 a r eP inus h a l epen s i s ;f i ve a r ea sh a nd t h r ee a r e p op la r( G a s send 1 982 : 1 20 ) . MusJ e d e sD ock s ( l a te t h i rd c en tu ry , Lc a . 2 0 -25 m ) : B eno i t( 1 958 : 1 ) i nd ica te st h ew ood i sP inu sh a l epen s i s , w h i le t h e f r ame s a r e r epo r t ed b y B a sch ( 1 972 : 5 1 ) t ob e P inus l e ucod erm i s . I fb o th i d en t if ica t ion sa r e c o r r ec t , t h e p l ank ing s e em st ob ep i ne . Y as s iA da ( s ec ,ond h a l fo ff ou r th c en tu ry , Lc a .2 0m ) :t h e s h ip w a s b u i l t w i th p l ank s a nd f r ame s o f Med i t e r ranean c yp re s s ( Cup r e s su s s emperv ir en s ) ( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 : 1 30 ) . P or te -V end r e s 1( l a te f o u r th o re a r ly f i f th c en tu ry , Lc a . 2 0 m ) : o f e i gh t s amp led f l oo r t imbe r s , s e ven a r e P inu s h a l epen s is a nd o ne i sQ uercus i l ex .A lt h r ee i d en t if i ed h a l f f r ame s a r eP inus h a lepen s i s . S even h ul p l ank sw e r ea l so i d en t if ied : t wo a r e o fP inus h a lepen s i s , t h ree a r e c yp r e s s ( C up r e s sus s p . ) ,a nd t wo a r eo l ive , O l ea e uropa ea ( R iva l 1 991 :8 6 ,2 69 ,t a b le 1 ) ,a nd s ome p eg sa r eA b ie sa l ba o nt h e w r eck a tC ava l ib r e( R iva l 1 991 : 8 6 ) . S of twood P lank s a nd Hardwood F rame s . S o f twood p l ank sa nd h a rdwood f r ame sw e r es t anda rd o nt h eg r ea t e r

1 73

n umb e ro fs h ip si nt h ea r cha eo log ica lr e co rd . Mar sa la ( m id th i rd c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 3 5 mr . q ) : t h e P un ic s h ip a nd i t s" S i s te rs h ip" h ave p i ne p l ank s ;f r ame so f t h eP un ic s h ip a r ep r edom inan t ly Q uercus r obur ,b u ts om e a r e map le . Two f r ame s amp le s f r om t h e " S i s te r s h ip" a r e Q uercu sc e r r i s( F ro s t 1 981b : 6 9 ,8 7 ) . S pa rg i( 120 -100 B .C . , Lc a . 3 0 -35 m ) : t h ep l ank ing i s p i ne ( Lambog l ia 1 971 : 2 08 )a nd t h ef r ame sa ppa r en t ly a r e o ak ( Tay lo r 1 965 : 12 ) . L aR oche F oura s( l a t es e cond o re a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lu nde t e rm ined ) : t h e w r eck h a s f r ame so fo ak o rp e rhap s a no the r h a rdwood ; t h e p l ank s r e semb le p i ne ( J onche ray 1 976c : 10 , 12 ) . M i ladou ( e nd o f t h e s e cond t of i r s t h a l f o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 1 5m ) : f r ame sw e r ec u tf r om t r ee so fa t l e a s tf i ve d i f f e ren ts p ec ie s :a l de r( A lnus s p . ) ,p op la r( Popu lu s s p . ) ,a s h( F rax inus e xc e l s ior ) ,f i g( F icus c ar ica ) ,a nd A leppo p i ne ( P inus h a l epen s i s ) . T he p l ank sa r e a l so A leppo p i ne ( Dumon t ie r &J onche ray 1 992 : 1 37 ) .T h is h ul i si n c luded u nde rt h i ss ubhead b ecaus ei ta ppea r st h a tt h em a jo r i ty o ft h e f r ame sa r eh a rdwood s . A lbenga ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .4 0m ) :t h ef r ame s a r eQ uercu ss e s s i f lora ,j udg ing f r om t h ef ew t i mbe r sr a i sed . O ne p i ece o f h u l l p l ank ing i sf i r ( Ab ie s a l ba ) . A no the r p l ank ing f r agmen ti so ak , b u ti ti st h ough tt ob e ac e i l ing p l ank ( Lambog l ia 1 953 : 2 03 -8 ) . S t . J ord i 1( 100 -80 B .C . , Lu nde t e rm ined ) : p l ank sa r e p i ne a nd f r ame s a r e Q uercu s s e s s i f lora e x -robur ( Co i l s 1 987 : 2 4 , 3 1 ) . D ranwn t A( f i r s th a l fo ff i r s tc en tu r yB .C . , Lc a . 2 5m ) : t h e s h ip w a sb u i l tw i th p i ne ( P inus s y lv e s tr i s ) p l ank s a nd e lm f r ame s ( S an tama r ia 1 975 : 1 94 , n .4 ; G ian f ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 2 70 ) . P lan i er 3( 50 -25 B .C . , Lc a . 1 5 -20 m ) :p i ne p l ank sa nd w a lnu tf r ame sm ake u pt h eh u l l( G ianf ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 2 70 ) . C ap d e lV o l( 2 0 -15 B .C . , Lc a . 1 8 -19 m ) :e ve rg r een o ak f r ame sa nd s i lve rf i rp l ank sa r er e po r t ed ( Fo e r s te rL au r e s 1 980 : 2 47 ,2 52 ) . K inner e t( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C . , Lc a . 9m ) :m o s to f t h ep l ank ing o ft h i ss ma l lf i sh ing b oa tf r om a ni n land l a ke w e r em ade f r om C ed ru sl i ban i ,t r ue c eda r ;o ne w a so fP inu s h a l epens i s .T he m a jo r i ty o ff r ame sa r e as p ec ie so fQ uercus , w i th s i ng le e xamp les o f w i l low ( Sa l ix ) , h aw thorn ( C ra taegu s ) , a nd r e dbud ( C e rc i s ) ( S te f fy 1 987 : 3 25 , 3 27 ; Wa ch smann 1 987 ) . L os U l la s t r e s( f i r s tc en tu ry , Lu nde te rm ined ) : t h i sh ul c omp r i se s f i r p l ank s a nd p robab ly e lm f r ame s ( Foe r s t e r L au re s 1 978 : 1 62 ) . L ake N em i( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry , Lc a .7 1a nd 7 3m ) :S h ip 1w a s c on s t ruc ted w i th p l ank s o f C o r s ican p i ne ( P inu s l a r ic io )a nd f r ame so fo ak ( Quercus s e s s i f lora ) .T he s e cond s h ip a ppea r s t oh ave b een b u i l t w i th P inus h a l epen s i s p l ank s . F rame s w e r e mo s t l i ke ly Q uercus s e s s i f lora a nd Q uercu sped uncu la ta ( Uce l l i1 950 :1 47 ,1 51 -52 ;G ianf ro t ta &P omey 1 98 1 : 2 70 ; Me igg s 1 982 : 2 46 ) . T or r eS gar ra ta ( l a t es e cond c en tu ry , Lc a . 2 4m ) : h u l l p l ank s a r e p i ne ( Th rockmo r ton 1 968 : 7 ;1 969 : 2 82 , 2 88 , 2 90 ,2 97 ) ,s p ec if i ca l ly P inu ss y lve s t r i s( Th rockmo r ton 1 989 : 2 64 ) . T he f r ame s w e r e f a sh ioned f r om t r ee s o f l i ve o ak

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip ( Th rockmo r ton 1 989 : 2 65 ) . F ium ic ino 3( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s , Lc a . 9m ) :o ne o ft h e s ma l le rr i ve rb oa t s ,i tw a sb u i l tw i th l a r ch p l ank ing a nd o ak f r ame s( Te s taguzza 1 970 : 1 32 ) . F ium ic ino 6( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s , Lc a . 6m ) : at y p ica l f i sh ing b oa t ,t h i st o oh a sl a rch p l ank s ,a nd p o s s ib ly c he s tnu t f r ame s( T e s taguzza 1 970 : 1 32 ) . S t .Ger va i s 2( l a te s i x th o re a r ly s e ven th c en tu ry , Lc a . 1 5 -18 m ) :t h ef r ame sa r ee lm a nd o ak a nd t h ep l ank sa r ep i ne , f i r ,a nd a l de r( J ezegou u npub l i shed : 1 0 -11 ) . P an tano L ongar in i( c a .A .D .6 00 -650 , Lc a .3 0m ) :t h e v e s se l w a s b u i l t w i th o ak f r ame s a nd c yp re s s p l ank s a nd w a le s( Th rockmo r ton & K ap i tän 1 968 : 1 85 -87 ) . Y a s s iA da ( A .D .6 25 , Lc a .2 0m ) : t h e se p l ank sw e r eo f p i ne , t h ef r ame so fe lm ( v an D oo rn inck 1 982 : 5) . Hardwood a nd S of twood P lank sa nd H ardwood F rame s . P oz z ino ( l a t es e cond o re a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lu nde t e rm ined ) : f r am ing t i mbe r sa r eo ak ,p robab ly ad ec iduou s s p ec ie s .P l ank sa r ew h i te f i ra nd o ak ,b u tt h ef r equenc ie so f r e spec t ive o ccu r rence a r en o tr epo r t ed ( R icca rd i 1 990 ) . L a Mad rague d eG i en s( 60 -40 B .C . , Lc a .3 8m ) : aw ide v a r ie ty o f w ood s w e r e i d en t if i ed . T he i n t e r io r l a ye r o f p l ank ing i se lm a nd t h eo u t e ri sf i r . E lm a nd w a lnu tw e r e u sed f o rh a l f f rame s ,o fw h ich o ne f u t to ck i sa l so w a lnu t . F loo r t imbe r s a r e d ec iduou s o ak a nd t h e i r f u t to ck s w e r e f a sh ioned f r om e lm t r ee s( Couve r t1 978 : 10 -11 ) . Ha rdwood P lank sa nd F rame s . I nc on t ra s tt ot h ep r e d om inan tu se o fs o f twood sf o rp l ank ing ,t wo l a rge v e sse l s a nd t h ree s ma l lo ne sh ave b een f o und w i th b o th h a rdwood f r ame sa nd p l ank s .8 P un ta S ca l e t ta ( 1 50 -140 B .C . , Lc a .3 0m ) :o ak w a su s ed f o rf r ame sa nd p l ank s ( Lambogl ia 1 964 : 2 40 , o ppo s i t ep . 2 40 ,p l .2 ) . Mand ia ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .3 0m ) :p l ank sa nd f r ame s a r e o ft h e e lm f am i ly ( d e F rondev i l le 1 956 : 2 22 ; T ay lo r1 965 : 5 1 ;G ian f ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 2 70 ) . V a l l e P on t i ( Comacch io ) ( l a s t q ua r te ro ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .2 2m ) :a l l3 i d en t if ied h u l lp l ank sa r ee lm .T he 2 3i d en t if i ed f l oo rt i mbe r sa r eQ uercus r obur ,a sa r e 1 4o f t h ea na lyzed f u t tock s .T h r ee o t he rf u t to ck sa r ee lm ( Ca s te l le t t i e ta l . 1 990a : 1 50 ,t a b le 1 ;B e r t i 1 992 : 2 24 ) . F ium ic ino 1( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s , Lc a .1 9m ) :t h i s ,t h e l a rge s tv e s se lf r om t h es i te , w a sb u i l tw i th o ak p l ank sa nd f r ame s( T e s taguzza 1 970 : 1 30 ) . F ium ic ino 2( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s , Lc a . 1 6m ) : o ak p l ank sa nd f r ame sw e re u s ed f o rt h i sr i ve rb oa t( T e s taguzza 1 970 : 1 31 ) . Hardwood P lank sa nd S of twood F rame s . A n t iky th era ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .3 0m ) :p l ank f r agmen t s r e t r ieved f r om t h e w reck s i t e a r e e lm ; p i ne t imbe r s t h a tl o ok l i k e f r ame sa r ea l so a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e w r eck m a t e r ia l .O ne i sa t t r ibu t ed t ot h es h ip ( Th roc lano r ton 1 965 :4 1 ,4 7 ) . 8 T he C oun ty H al s h ip o fL ondon w a sb u i l tc omp le te ly w i th n or ther n E u ropean o ak . A l though t h i s t h i rd -cen tu ry c r a f t w a s c on s t ruc ted i ns t anda rd G raeco -Roman f a sh ion w i th mo r t i se -and -

t e non j o in t s , i t s p l ace o f d i scove ry p r even t s i n c lu s ion i n t h e c a ta logue .B u ts e e Ma r sden 1 972 , 1 974 .

1 74

S of twood P lank s , F rame s U n id en t if i ed . A th l i tR am ( 2 04 -167 B .C . , Lu nde t e rm ined ) : t h ep l ank s a nd w a le sf o und w i th in t h er am o ft h i sw a r sh ip a r eo ft h er e d p i ne g roup ( S t e f f y 1 983 : 2 35 ; 1 991 : 1 7 ) . A po l lon ia 1( m id -second t oe a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 1 5m ) : p l ank sa r eo fP inus h a lepen s i s ,A leppo p i ne ( Long 1 992 : 7 5 ) . S aN au P erd uda ( 100 -50 B .C . , Lc a . 1 5 -20 m ) : t h eh u l l y i e lded aP inus p ina s t er p l ank o rw a le ( Fo e r s te rL au r e s& P a scua l 1 970 : 2 82 ) . T i tan ( I l ed uL evan t )( m idd le o rl a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,L 5 .2 5m ) :t h ep l ank sm igh tb ef i r( Ta il iez 1 96 1 : 1 94 )o rp i ne ( Tay lo r1 965 : 8 8 ) . S t .G er va i s 3( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry , Lc a . 1 7m ) :p l ank sa r e A leppo p i ne .A na lyzed f r ame s amp le sc ome o n ly f r om t h e b ow a r ea ; o fe i gh t i d en t if ied , t wo a r e m ap le a nd t wo a r e A leppo p i ne ;o ne i sw a lnu t ,o ne i se lm ,a nd a no the ri sP inu s s y lve s t r i s . T he e i gh th i st e rmed m a r i t ime p i ne ( L iou & G a s send 1 991 :2 32 ) ,a nd i st h e refo re e i th e rP inus p i na s t er o rP inu sm ar i t ima .T he w r eck i si n c luded i nt h i sc a t ego ry b ecau se t h ew ood t y pe su sed f o rt h ei d en t i f ied f r ame sa r ea t p resen t d i s t r ibu ted e ven ly b e tween s o f twood s a nd h a rdwood s . Monaco ( l a t es e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry , Lc a . 1 2 -15 m ) :t h ep l ank sa r et h ough tt ob ep i ne o rf i r( Moucho t1 970a : 1 81 ) . P o in t ed el aL uque B ( l a t et h i rd o re a r ly f o u r th c en tu ry , Lc a . 2 0 m ) : h u l l p l ank s a r e c eda r ( G ianf ro t ta & P om ey 1 98 1 : 2 69 ) . L auron s 1( t h i rd o r f o u r th c en tu ry , Lu nde te rm ined ) : p l ank sa r ep i ne ( X imene s & Moe rman 1 987 : 1 73 ) . L auron s 4( e a r ly f o u r th c en tu ry ? ,L u nde t e rm ined ) : p l ank sa r ep i ne ( X imene s & Moe rman 1 987 : 1 79 ) . L auron s 3( f ou r th c en tu ry , Lu nde te rm ined ) :p l ank sa r e p i ne ( X im en e s & Moe rman 1 987 : 1 76 ) . H ardwood P lank s , F rame s U n id en t if i ed . L ad i spo l i ( f i r s t c en tu ry , Lu nde te rm ined ) : t h e p l ank s a ppea rt ob eo ak ( R iva l 1 991 : 8 9 ,n .2 6 1 ) . P un ta S c i f o( c a .A .D .2 00 , Lu nd e t e rm ined ) :b i t so fo ak p l ank ing a r er e po r t ed o nt h i sw reck s i t eo fs ome 5 0 x5 0m ( P en sabene 1 978 : 1 07 ) . H ardwood F rame s , P lank s U n id en t if i ed . G rand -R ibaud D ( l a s td ecade o ft h ei s tc en tu ry B .C . ,L c a . 1 8 m ) : t wo f r ame f r agmen t s a r e o f d ec iduou s o ak ; a no the ri sw i l low ( R iva l ,H e sna rd , &C a r r e 1 988 : 1 08 -9 ) . S an P i e t ro ( f i r s th a lf o ft h i rd c en tu ry , Lu nde te rm ined ) : w ha ta r et h ough tt ob ef r agmen t so ft wo e lm f r ame sw e r e r e cove r ed f r om t h ev e sse l (Wa rd -P e rk in s &T h ro ckmo r ton 1 965 : 2 06 -7 ) .

V I .C .4 . A rchaeo log ica l E v idence f or Wooden F a s t en ing s . T reena i l s . Many o f t h e w r eck s l i s t ed i n T ab le V I .2 ( b e low )d i sp lay h a rdwood t r eena i l sa st h ep r ima ry m ean so f f a s t en ing f r ame st op l ank ing ,s ot h el i ve o ak a nd u n iden t i f i ed h a rdwood t r e ena i l s f ound o n t h eC ae sa r ea w r eck a r e t y p ica l .O ak o rl i ve o ak t r eena i l sw e r ef o und o nt h ef o l low -

V I .C : W ood S pec ie s i n g w r eck s : Ma r sa la ( F ro s t 1 981b : 1 26 ) , J e aune -Ga rd e B ( Ca r az ze 1 977 : 3 02 ) , G r and C ong loue ( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 90 , p l . 3 4 :b , 1 91 , f i g . 1 02 ) , L ake N em itho se t h a t d i d n o t p ene t ra te t h ef r ame sc omp le t e ly ( U ce l l i1 950 :1 52 ;G ian f ro t ta &P omey 1 981 :2 70 ) ,T o r r eS ga r ra ta ( Th rockmo r ton 1 989 : 2 64 ) ,f o u r th -c en tu ry Y a s s iA da ( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 :1 30 ) , L au ron s 1a nd 3( X imene s & Moe rman 1 987 :1 73 ,1 77 ) ,a nd S t .Ger va i s 2( J ezegou u npub l i shed : 1 5 ) . T he t r eena i l s o n t h e G ien sw r eck m igh tb ee hn o ra s h ( Couve r t1 978 : 10 -11 ) .T ho se i nt h eh u l la tV a l le P on t ia r e d ogwood ,l i nden ,a nd o ak ( Ca s tele t t ie ta l .1 990a :1 50 ,t a b le 1 ) . O f s e ven i d en t if ied f r om t h e B ou r se w r eck , o ne i s c yp r e s sa nd s i xa r eo l ive ( Ga s send 1 982 : 1 20 ) . O l ive w a s a l so u t i l ized o nt h es h ip t h a tw reck ed a tC ap G ro s( J onche ray 1 989a :6 5 ) ,a nd o n Wr eck 1a tP o r t e -Vend r e s( R iva l 1 991 : 8 8 ,2 69 ,t a b le 1 ) . Aw reck a tM i ladou e xh ib i t st r eena i l so f ( a ppa r en t ly b o th )c o rk o ak ( Quercus s uber )a nd f i r( Ab i e s p ec t ina ta )( Dumon t ie r &J onche ray 1 992 : 1 37 ) . O n a tl e a s t e l even w r eck s a r e t r eena i l s f a sh ioned ( o r t h ough tt ob ef a sh ioned )f r om s o f twood s ,a nd a l b u tt h o se a tC ava l ie re a nd D iano Ma r ina ( M i ladou e xh ib i t sb o th ,o fa n u n spec i f ied m ix ) a r e p i e rc ed w i th n a i l s t h a t s e rve a st h e p r ima ry f a s ten ing c omponen t( c f .T ab le V I .5 ) .T he K y ren ia t r eena i l sa r ep robab ly P inus h a l epen s i s( S t ef f y 1 985b :8 7 ) ; t h o se o n t h e S tJ o rd i ( 1 ) w reck a r e d ef in i t e ly p i ne ( Co i l s 1 987 : 3 5 ) .A tC ava l ie re t h ey a r ef i r( Ab i e sp ec t ina ta D .C . , A b ie sa l ba M i l le r )( Chaf f in ,G a s send , &L equemen t1 979 : 7 7 ) ,a st h ey a r ei nt h eh u l l sa tP l an ie r( 3 )a nd i nt h e Mu se d e s D ock s ( Couve r t 1 978 : 11 , n .3 ) . T he t r eena i l s t h a t e x t ended c omp le te ly t h rough t h ep l ank sa nd f r ame so ft h e N em ib a rge sw e r ep i ne a nd f i r( Uc e l l i1 950 :1 52 ;G ian f ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 2 70 ) . N o d e ta i l s a r e a va i lab le f o r t h e t r eena i l si nt h ev e s se l sa tA lbenga ( Lambog l ia 1 9 53 :2 03 -4 , 2 06 ,f i g .5 9 ,2 07 ) ,D iano Ma r ina ( Pa l la re s1 985a :6 42 ) ,a nd F ium ic ino ( 1a nd 2 )( Te s taguzza 1 970 : 1 30 , 1 32 ) .T hey a r e s imp ly t e rmed " so f twood ." T enon s a nd T enon P eg s . T he t e non s a nd t e non p eg s e mp loyed o n a nc ien tG reek a nd R oman s h ip s o fa l s i ze s w e r em o s to f t en o ak ,t h ough e xo t ic w ood sw e r es ome t ime s u s ed ( Tab le V I .2 ) . S o f twood t e non s w e r en o tu s ed ,9a nd I 9

G ianf ro t ta a nd P omey ( 198 1 : 2 70 )l i s ta sp i ne t h et e non si n

t h e D ramon t Aw reck . T h i s i ss omewha t s u spec ti nv i ew o ft h e d ynam ic so f mo r t i se -and tenon j o ine ry a nd i nl i gh to f ad i sc rep a ncy b e tween G ianf ro t ta a nd P omey a nd a no the rs ou r ce r e ga rd ing t h e Mand ia w reck .I nt h et a b le o np .2 70 ,G ianf ro t ta a nd P omey l i s t t h e Mand ia t r e ena i l sa sv a r iou s ly o fo l ive a nd b oxwood o ra ca c ia , w h i le B eno i t( 1961 : 1 52 ,n .3 )s t a te st h e se w ood sw e r eu s ed f o rt h e t e non s o f t h e s h ip . T he re fo re , t h e u nu sua l n o t ion o f s o f twood t e non s , c oup led w i th ap o ten t ia l e r ro r i nG ianf ro t t a a nd P omey r ega rd ing t h e Mand ia t r eena i l s ,r a i se st h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tG ianf ro t ta a nd P omey e r red i nr epo r t ing a sp i ne t h et e non si nt h eD ramon tA h u l l . O fc ou r se , t h e se s cho la r s m igh t b e i np o s se s s ion o f mo re a c cu ra t eo rn ew i n fo rma t ion n o ta va i lab le t oB eno i t .

1 75

h ave f o und o n ly f o u rv e s s e l si nw h ich s o f twood ( c yp r e s s , p i ne , l a u re l ) t e non p eg s w e re e mp loyed . O n t h e P ozz ino w r eck s ome t e non p eg s a r e r e po r ted ly r e info rced w i th c oppe rn a i l s( R icca rd i 1 990 ) .T h i si smo s tu nconunon . 1° T he f olow ing w r eck se xh ib i tt e non so fo ak o rl i ve o ak : Ma 'agan M icha e l ( J .P . R o s lo f f , p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ; L inde r1 992 :2 8 ,3 1 ;c f .I C ahanov 1 99 1 :5 ) ,K y r en ia ( S te f fy 1 985b : 8 7 ) , Ma r sa la ( F ro s t 1 981b : 6 9 , 7 0 ) , t h eA th l i tr am ( S te f f y1 983 :2 35 ; 1 99 1 : 1 7 ) ,A polon ia 1( Long 1 992 :7 5 ) , C ava l ie r e ( Chaf f i n , G a s send , & L equemen t 1 979 : 7 7 ) , P ozz ino ( R icca rd i1 990 ) ,M i ladou ( Dwnon t ie r &J onche ray 1 992 : 1 37 ) , S t . J o rd i 1( Coi l s 1 987 : 3 2 ) , A n t iky t he ra ( Th rockmo r ton 1 965 :4 1 ) ,L a Mad r ague d eG ien s( Couve r t 1 978 : 10 11 ) ,P l an ie r( 3 )( G ianf ro t ta & P omey 1 981 :2 70 ) , V a l le P on t i( Ca s t e l le t t ie ta l . 1 990a : 1 50 ,t a b le 1 ) ,K inne r e t ( S te f fy 1 987 : 3 25 ) , T o r re S ga r ra ta ( Th rockmo r ton 1 969 : 2 97 ; 1 989 : 2 64 ) , B ou r se ( Ga s send 1 982 : 1 20 ) , L au ron s 1 a nd 3( X imene s & Moe rman 1 987 : 1 74 , 1 77 ) ,a nd t h eY a s s i A da f o u r th -cen tu ry ( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 : 1 30 ) a nd s ev e n th -cen tu ry w re ck s( v an D oo rn inck 1 982 : 5) . T enon so fa ca c ia s e em t oh ave b een u sed o nt h ew reck s a t Mona co a nd G rand C ong loue ( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 45 -46 , 1 52 ) ;t h o se o nt h ew r eck n ea r Mand ia a r ea ca c ia o rb oxwood a nd p o s s ib ly o l ive ( Beno i t1 96 1 : 1 52 ,n .3 ) .T hey a r eo l ive o nt h e Ma r sa la " S i s t e rs h ip" ( F ro s t 1 981b : 6 9 ,7 1 ) ,a tC ap G ro s ( J onche ray 1 989a : 6 5 ) , a nd o n Wr eck 1a tP o r t e V end r e s ( R iva l 1 991 : 8 , 2 69 , t a b le 1 ) . U npegged a nd w id e ly s pa ced p i s ta ch io t e non s w e re u s ed o n t h e P an tano L onga r in is h ip ( Th rockmo r ton & T h rockmo r ton 1 973 :2 63 ) . P eg ss e cu r ing t h et e non si nt h e i r mo r t i se sa r eo ak o rl i ve o ak a t Ma 'agan M ichae l( J .P .R o s lo f f ,p e r sona lc ommun i c a t ion ) ,K y ren ia ( S t ef fy 1 985b : 8 7 ) , Ma r sa la ( F ro s t1 981b : 6 9 ) , G rand C ong loue ( Beno i t 1 961 : 1 52 ) , C ava l ie re ( G ianf ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 2 70 ) , A n t iky thera ( Th rockmo r ton 1 965 : 4 1 ) , P l an ie r 3( G ianf ro t ta & P omey 1 98 1 : 2 70 ) , K inne re t( S te f f y 1 987 : 3 25 ) , L au ron s 1a nd 3 ( X imene s & Moe rman 1 987 : 1 74 , 1 77 ) , Monaco ( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 45 -46 ) ,a nd w i t h in t h eA th l i tr am ( S t e f f y1 983 :2 35 ; 1 99 1 : 1 7 ) . T enon p eg s a r e v a r iou s ly o fl i ve o ak , a sh , a nd e lm a t G ien s( Couve r t 1 978 : 10 ) ,e lm a tS t .J o rd i 1( Co l l s 1 987 : 3 5 ) , a nd l i nden ( T i l ia s p . ) a tV a l le P on t i ( Ca s te l le t t ie ta l . 1 990a :1 50 ,t a b le 1 ) .O fs i xp eg sf r om t h eB ou r s ew reck ,t wo a r ei d en t if ied a so l ive w ood a nd f o u ra r ec yp re s s( Ga s send 1 982 : 1 20 ) .P eg sa r eo fL aurus n ob i l i si nt h eT o r re S ga r ra ta h u l l ( Th rockmo r ton 1 989 : 2 64 ) ; t h ey w e r e C upr e s su s s emper v i r en si nt h ef ou r th -cen tu r yh u l la tY a s s iA da ( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 : 1 23 , f i g . 8 , 1 30 ) . Wr eck 1 a t P o r te V end r e s e xh ib i t s t e non p eg s o f P inus h a l epen s i s ( R iva l 1 99 1 : 8 8 ,2 69 ,t a b le 1 ) . 1 0 P e rhap s t h e se a r e i n s tead s ome o f t h e n a i l s w i th in p l ug t r eena i l s t h a t f a s tened t h e f r ame s t o t h e p l ank ing ( s ee S ec t ion V I .F .3 . b e low ) .

C hap t er V I : T he S h ip T ab le V I 2 : Wood su sed f or T reena l l s ,T enons ,a nd T enon P eg so nG reek ,R oman ,a nd e ar ly B yzan t ine s h ip s S i te

T reena i l s

T enon s

T enon P eg s

Ma 'agan M icha e l K y r en ia

p i ne

Ma r sa la

o ak

l i ve o ak l i ve o ak o ak

l i ve o ak o ak

o l ive l i ve? o ak

l i ve? o ak

Ma r sa la " S i s t e r" A th l i tR am J eaune -Ga rde B

l i ve o ak

L eng th ( m ) 1 3 1 4 3 5

o ak l i ve o ak ,o ak

Apolon ia 1

2 / 1 B .C .

f i r

l i ve o ak ,o ak c o rk o ak ,l i ve o ak

l i ve o ak ,f i r

1 3

o ak o l ive c o rk o ak , f i r " sof twood"

p rob .a cac ia o l ive l i ve o ak

o ak

2 3

l i ve o ak ,c o rk o ak

1 5 4 0

l i ve o ak

l i ve o ak

3 0 3 0

S t .J o rd i 1 M .d eG ien s P lan ie r3 V a l le P ond K inne r e t C ae sa rea L ak eN em i 1 ,2 D iano Ma r ina T o r re S ga r ra ta B ou r se Monaco Mu s6e d e sD ock s L au ron s 1 F ium ic ino 1 F ium ic ino 2 L au ron s3 Y a s s iA da P o r tV end re s 1 P an tano L onga r in i S t .Ge rva i s2 Y a s s iA da

p ine e lm? a sh? f i r l i nden ,o ak , d ogwood l i ve o ak , h a rdwood o ak ,p ine ,f i r " sof twood" o ak o l ive ,c yp re s s f i r l i ve o ak

l i ve o ak l i ve o ak

e lm l i ve o ak ,e lm , a sh l i ve o ak

l i ve o ak o ak

l i nden

o ak l i ve o ak ,p op la r

o ak l i ve o ak

4B .C . 3B .C . 3B .C . 2B .C . 2B .C . 2 1 B .C .

P ozz ino G r .C ong lou6 C ap G ro s M i ladou A lbenga A n t iky the ra

p o s s ib ly o l ive a nd a cac ia o rb oxwood

5 / 4B .C .

1 5

C avaHe re

Mand ia

C en tu ry

3 8 1 5 -20 2 2 9 4 0 7 1 ,7 3 2 2 -25 2 4

2 / 1 B .C . 2 / 1 B .C . 2 1 B .C . 2 1 B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . -1 A .C . 1A .C . 1A .C . 1A .C . 2A .C .

l i ve o ak

l a u r e l

l i ve o ak a cac ia

c yp re s s ,o l ive o ak

1 2 -15

2 / 3A .C . 2 / 3A .C .

l i ve o ak

l i ve o ak

2 0 -25 > 13

3A .C . 3 -4 A .C . 3 5A .C . 3 5A .C .

l i ve o ak

1 9 1 7 < 15

" sof twood" " sof twood" l i ve o ak l i ve o ak

l i ve o ak l i ve o ak

c yp re s s

o l ive

o l ive

p i ne

p i s tach io o ak w h i t eo ak

V I .C .5 .D i scus s ion a nd C onc lus ion s . P a t t ern s i n U se o f Ma t er ia l s . I tmu s tb e r ememb e r ed t h a t ,f o rm any r e a son s ,t h ew ood i d en t if ica t ion sc a ta logued h e r ev a ry i nt h e i rr el iab il i ty . Mo r eove r ,w ood c ompon en t s h ave b een mo r et h o rough ly s amp led a nd i d en t if i ed i ns ome w re ck s , l e s si no t he r s , a nd m a t e r ia lu sage i si n comp le te ly a t t e s t ed a cco rd ing t ot h ee x ten ta nd q ua l i ty o fp r e se r va t ion a sw e l l .Y e te ven g i ven t h e se c avea t s ,n o tab le u sage p a t t e rn s d oe me rge f r om t h ei n fo rma t ion a th and .W i th r e ga rd o n ly t ot h e s e ago ing h u l l s l i s t ed h e re , t h e l a rge s tn umbe rw e r e p l ank ed w i th w ood i d en t if i ed a sp i ne o rp o s s ib ly p i ne ( 2 9 3 1 ) , f o l lowed b y f i r ( 6 -8 ) , t h en c yp r e s s , e lm , a nd o ak ( 3 e a ch ) . O ak f r ame s a r e mo s t o f t en i ne v idence ( 1 4 o r 1 5 i n s tance s ) ,f o l lowed r a the rc l o se ly b yp i ne ( 1 1 -12 ) ,t h en e lm ( 8 ) . O ve ra l l , p i ne i st h e mo s t f r equen t ly o ccu r r ing o ft h e m a jo r w ood s , t h en o ak , e lm , a nd f i na l ly f i r . ( Numbe r s r e p r e sen t s t r ic t o ccu r rence o n w r eck s : f o r e xamp le , t h e G ien s h u l l i si n c lud ed i nb o th t h e f i r a nd e lm p l ank ing c a tego r ie s . ) Me igg s( 1 982 : 18 -19 )h o ld st h a tf i rw a sn o r -

1 76

2 3

2 0 > 20 3 0 1 5 18 2 0

4A .C . 4A .C . 4 / 5 A .C . 5 / 6A .C . 7A .C . 7A .C .

m a l ly t h ef i r s tc ho ice o fG reek a nd R oman s h ipw r igh t s ,a nd c i t e sp r ima r i ly G r eek s ou r ce s . Y e t , T heoph ra s tu s ' r e com m enda t ion o ff i rf o rl o ng sh ip si sn o tb o rne o u tb yt h ew ood w i th in t h eA th l i tr am .I n deed ,n au t ica la r cha eo logy s ugge s t s t h a t ,i ff i rw a sp r e f e r r ed ,i tw a si nt h eG r eek p e r iod o re a r l ie r . T he v i r tua l ly s t anda rd u se o fp i ne ,f i r ,a nd o t he rs o f twood s f o rt h ep l ank ing o fs ma l la nd mode ra t e s ized v e s se l s i si n p a r t ar ef le c t ion o fG ra eco -Roman s h ipbu i ld ing m e thod s . C oup led w i th n ume rou sr e f e r ence si nt h ea nc ien tl i t e ra tu r e t os o f twood s f o r s h ip t i mbe r a nd t h e e mp loymen to f t h e w o rd s p i ne , f i r a nd a l de r b y m e tonymy f o r " sh ip ," t h e a r chaeo log ica le v idence s ugge s t st h a ta nc ien tw r i t e r sw e r e m o r ec once rned w i th w ood sf o rp l ank ing t h an f o rf r ame s . T h i si sn o ts u rp r i s ing ,b ecau se i na nc ien t mo r t i se -and tenon b u i l t h ul s t h e p l ank ing s h e l l w a s t h e m a jo r s t ruc tu ra l m embe ra nd t h ec omponen tc l a im ing t h eg r ea t e s te xpend i t u r eo ft i me a nd e f fo r t .T hou sand so f mo r t i se sh ad t ob ec u t t os t r ingen ts p e c if i ca t ion s ,a nd p l ank ss ome t ime sr e qu i r ed a pp rec iab le t r imm ing t oc on fo rm t ot h ed e s i r ed d imen s ion s

V I .C : Wood S pec ie s a nd c u rva tu re s .S o f twood s mu s th ave b een t h e mo s ta t t rac t i ve ma te r ia l s t o u se u nde r s uch c i rcum s tance s . A no the r i mpo r tan tf a c to rg ove rn ing t h i sp a t te rn o fu sage m igh th ave

Y ugo s lav ia a nd a d ja cen tr e g ions o fA lban ia ,B u lga r ia ,a nd G re ece . I tt o oi s amoun ta in t r ee , g row ing a te l eva t ion so f 8 00 -2100 m .

b een s imp le a va i lab il i ty o f ma te r ia l s .C on if e rou st r ee sw e re mo re a cce ss ib le a nd r ead i ly p rov ided b u i lde r s o f a l l b u t q u i te l a rge s h ip sw i th t imbe r si nt h e w ide r ange o fs hape s a nd d imens ions r equ i r ed b yt h ep roc es so ff i r s te r ec t ing a n umbe ro fs t rake sa nd t h en f i t t ing f r ame s( S tef fy 1 985b :9 2 ; R iva l 1 991 : 2 8 ,8 9 , 2 98 ) . T he b e l ief t ha t o ak r o t ted i n s ea w a t e r m igh t p a r t ly

T h ree s pec ie s a r e p rom inen t i n t h e r ed p ine g roup , i n c lud ing t h e mo s tc ommon p i ne i nE u rope t o day , P inus s y lve s tr i s .A l so k nown a st h eS co t sp ine ,i ti si l -su i ted t ot h e w anne ra nd d r ie rc l ima te o ft h es ou the rn Med i te r ranean ,b u t g row s a sf a r s ou th a sS pa in a nd T u rkey a nd e x tend s i n to Ma cedon f r om f o re s t s n ea rt h e B lack S ea I tr a nge s f r om S co t land a lmo s tt ot h eP a c if ic a te l eva t ion sf r om s ea l e ve lt o

a ccoun tf o ri t si n f requen te mp loymen ta sp l ank ing ma te r ia l

2 600 m . T he s pec ie sP inus n igra c omp r i se s t h e E u ropean

o nt h ew reck sl i s ted ,b u tt h ef a c tt h a th a rdwood p l ank sh ave b een i d en t if ied o ns eago ing s h ip so n ly s ome 3 0mo r mo re

b l ack p i ne s a nd i n c ludes many w ide -rang ing s ub spec ie s . T hey a r ep r ima r i ly moun ta in t r ee st ha tg row a te l eva t ion so f 2 50 t o 1 800 m . F ound i n Mo rocco , t h ey r ange t h rough

i nl e ng th ( Tab le V I .4 )i sp rovo ca t ive .S t ruc tu ra la nd p rac t i c a ll a bo ra dvan tage sc ou ld e xp la in t h ee v idence ( s ee b e low ,

S pa in , s ou the rn F ranc e , No r th I t a ly , A us t r ia , t h e B a lkan p en in su la , t h e C r imea , A s ia M ino r , t h e A egean i s land s ,

S ec t ion V I .D .4 ) . R ega rd ing t h ep lank ing o fr i ve r v e s se l s , i ta ppea r s s i g n if ican tt h a to ft h ef i ve c a ta logued h e re ,t h ree e xh ib i to ak o r e lm p l ank s , a nd t h e o the r t wo w e re b u i l to fl a r ch , ah a rd c on if e r . S u re ly o the r f a c to r s a r e i n vo lved , b u t a na ly s i s i s o u t s ide o u rs cope h e re . A l lc a ta logued t e non sh ave b een f a sh ioned f r om h a rd w ood t r ee s . On ly f ou rw reck sd i sp lay s o f twood t e non p egs , a nd i ta ppea r sc on sp icuous t h a t1 )a l ld a te t oa f te rt h em id s econd c en tu ry ,a nd 2 )t h a ta l lb u tt h eo ne a tT o r re S ga r ra ta ( t he mo s tp oo r ly r e co rded o ft h e g roup ) r evea l s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i l sa s soc ia ted w i th t h ed eve lopmen to ff r ame -f i r s tc on s t ruc t ion t e chn iques . I no the rw o rd s , s o f twood t e non p egs o ccu ro nw reck si nw h ich t h ep l ank ing s he l lw a sb eg inn ing t od im in i sh i ni t si mpo r tance t ot h eo ve ra l ls t reng th o ft h e h ul ( s ee S ec t ions V I .M .3 -5 b e low ) . T he n umbe r o f w reck s w i th o ak f r ame s i sr e la t ive ly c ompa rab le t ot h en umbe rw i th p i ne ,a nd e lm i sf ound n o t much l e s sf r equen t ly t h an p ine .C onc lus ion sa r et h e re fo re d i ff icu l t t od raw , o the r t h an t op ropo se t h a t t h e re w a s a p re f e r ence f o r h a rdwood f r ame s i nb o th l a rge a nd s ma l l s h ip s .T ha tt h is p re f e rence ,a sf o rp l ank ing ,c an b ea t t r ibu ted t o ap e r ce ived s t ruc tu ra la dvan tage o f f e red b yh a rdwood si s s ugge s t ed b y t h e f a c tt h a tp i ne f r ame c omponen t s a r en o t f ound , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h e q u i te l a rge a nd c l o se ly s paced o ne si nt h eC aesa rea h ul , o n w reck s o fs h ip so ve r s ome 2 0mi nl e ng th ( s ee a l so R iva l 1 991 : 6 1 ,9 0 ) . P rovenance o ft he C ae sarea Hu l l . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f p ine sa nd l i ve o ak si nt h e mode rn Med i te r ranean r e g ion c an p rov ide c l ue s t ot h e p rovenanc e o ft h e C ae sa rea h u l l , b u t l i t t le mo re .P ine sg row ing a round t h e Med i te r ranean t o day a r eb road ly s ubd iv ided i n to t h ew h i te ,r e d ,a nd y e l low p ine

C yp ru s , S i c i ly , a nd C o r s ica .P inus u nc ina ta ,a l so amoun t a in t ype , g row s i nc en t ra l S pa in , t h e P y renee s , a nd t h e c en t ra l a nd w es tern A lp s . A no the r s pec ie s g rouped t a xonom ica l ly w i th t h er e dp i ne si sP inus b ru t ia ,t h eC a lab r ian p i ne . I th a s b een r e co rded i n moder n t ime s o n t h e G reek ma in land , t h e A egean i s land s , b u t p a r t icu la r ly i nT u rkey , C re te , C yp ru s , S y r ia , L ebanon , a nd I r aq . T h i s c oa s ta l t r ee g row sa te l eva t ion so f1 00 -1500 m a nd i st hough tb ys ome t oh ave o r ig ina ted i nI t a ly ,a st h en ame i mp l ie s .I ti sc l o se ly r e la ted t ot h eA leppo p i ne . T he y e l low p ine g roup i n c lude s P inus h a l epens i s , o r A leppo p i ne , t h e mo s t w ide sp read o f t h e Med i te r ranean p i ne s . I tm igh ta ppea ra te l eva t ions o fu p t o1 700 m , b u t g ene ra l ly i sf ound o n c oa s t s a nd c oa s ta l p la in s . O f ten t w i s ted b yt h ew ind a nd r a re ly a t ta in ing h e igh t se xceed ing 5 0f e e t( 1 5 .24 m ) ,i ti sk no t ty a nd n o tp a r t icu la r ly s t rong .I t g row si nn o r the rn A f r ica f r om L ibya t o Mo roc co ,S pa in a nd t h e B a lea r ic i s land s , F r ance , I t a ly , C o r s ica , S i c i ly , t h e Y ugo s lav ian c oa s t ,G r eece ,a nd A s ia M ino r ,b u tr a r e ly i nt h e A egean i s land s a nd t h e N ea r E a s t . T he F rench Ma r i t ime p i ne ( P inus p inas ter o rP inus m ar i t ima )g row sn ea rt h es e a i n t h e w e s te rn Med i te r ranean . I ti ss t ronge r , t a l le r , a nd s t ra igh te rt h an o t he rc oa s ta lp ine s ,a nd o ccu r sa te l eva t ion s o fu pt oa bou t1 000 m ,t hough u pt o2 000 m i n Mo rocco .I t c an b e f o und i nA lge r ia a nd Mo rocco t h rough E u rope t o G r eec e ,i n c lud ing C o r s ica a nd S a rd in ia .T he B o sn ian p ine , P inus l e ucod erm i s , g row sa te l eva t ions b e tween 1 000 a nd 2 500 m . I ti sg ene ra l ly c onf ined t oY ugo s lav ia , A lban ia , B u lga r ia ,G ree ce ,a nd t h ec en t ra l I t a l ian c oa s to ft h eA d r i a t ic . P inus p inea , t h e umb re l la o r I t a l ian s t one p i ne , i sa c oa s ta lv a r ie ty w i th a na tom ica lc ha rac te r is t ics t h a ts e em t o b e am ix tu r e o ft h o se f o und i nt h e wh i te a nd y e l low p i ne

g roup s( s ee F a r jon 1 984 , Me igg s1 982 ,M i rov 1 967 ,M i rov & H a sb rouck 1 976 , a nd R u shfor th 1 987 ) . T hey a r e a l so r ough ly c l a s s if ied a se i the rc oa s ta lo r moun ta in t r e e s .T he

g roup s .I ti sat r ee o fp oo rq ua l i ty wood t h a tn ow r ange sf r om

moun ta in p i ne sw e re t h e mo s td e s i rab le f o rt h eb u i ld ing o f

c u l t iva t ion s i nce a n t iqu i ty f o ri t sc ones a nd e d ib le s e ed s . T he l i ve o ak s r ange a c ro s s t h e e n t i re Med i te r ranean b a s in t o day ." I nt h e w e s t , i n c lud ing n or the rn A f r ica , t h e K e rme so ak o rQ uercus c occ if era r a re ly e xceed s2 0f e e t( 6 .1

P o r tuga lt oL ebanon .T he w ide d i s t r ibu t ion i sp a r t ly d ue t o

G reek a nd R oman s h ip s b ecause t h ey g row l a rge r a nd s t ronge r ,t h eb e s tp rov id ing l e ng th so fo ve r6 0f e e t( 18 .29 m ) , a cco rd ing t o Me igg s( 1982 :4 4 , 19 , 2 4 1) . Two p r ima ry s pec ie s w i th in t h e wh i te p i ne g roup a r e P inus c e t era ( Sw is ss t one p ine )a nd P inuspeuce ( Macedo n i an w h i te p i ne ) .T he Sw i ss p ine i sah i gh moun ta in v a r ie ty ( a l t i tude so f1 200 -2585 m )o fs ou the rn E u rope ,f ound f r om

m )i nh e igh ta nd i sv e ry s t rong . Q uercus i l ex ( ho lm o ak )i s

t h eA lp st ot h eC a rpa th ian s .P inus p euce o c cu r si ns ou the rn

s . v . " Oak ."

1

R ef e rence s f o r t h i s d i scu ss ion , a s ide f r om t h ose c i ted , a r e

Me iggs ( 1982 : 4 5 ) , a nd E ncyc lopaed ia B r i tann ica , 1 967 e d i t ion ,

1 77

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip p rom inen ti nt h ec oa s ta la nd m idd le e l eva t ion so ft h ew e s t e rn r eg ions , f r equen t ly r ea ch ing h e igh t so f5 0 f e e t( 1 5 .24 m ) . T he Q uercus c a l l ipr inos i sf ound a l ong t h eL evan t ine c oa s t .I ti sq u i te s im i la rt ot h ek e rme sv a r ie ty ,b u tt h icke ra nd t a l le r . T he T u rkey o ak ( Quercus c err i s ) g row s i nT u rkey a nd c en t ra la nd s ou thea s ter nE u rope t o day . Wha td oe st h ei n fo rma t ion a s semb led i nt h i ss e c t ion t e l l u sa bou tw he re t h eC ae sa rea s h ip w a sb u i l t ?T he p l ank sa nd f r ame sc anno tb ei d en t if ied b eyond t h el e ve lo ft h e w h i te , r ed ,a nd y elow p ine g roup s .T oday ,s pec ie so ft h er ed p i ne g roup a r ew ide ly d i s t r ibu ted ,w h i le t h o se o ft h ey e l low p i ne g roup r a re ly o ccu ri nt h eA egean a nd t h eN ea rE a s t .P op la r t r ee s n ow r ange f r om n o r the rn A f r ica t h rough E u ra s ia .1 2 T he ma jo rs pec ie so ft h ew h i te p i ne g roup ,h oweve r ,a r en ow c onf ined p r ima r i ly t o t h e a r ea d e l im i t ed b y t h e A lp s i n s ou thwe s te rn E u rope a nd t h eC a rpa th ians i nt h en o r thea s t , a s ide f r om s ou the rn Y ugo s lav ia a nd a d jacen ta r ea s .U nfo r t u na te ly ,i tc an b eo n ly p ropo sed t h a ts ome o ft h ew ood f o r t h e C ae sa rea h u l l w a s p e rhap s o b ta ined f r om t h e r e g ion s w he re s pec ie so ft h ew h i te p ine g roup n ow g row . S im i la r ly ,t h e mode rn d i s t r ibu t ion o fP inus l e ucod erm i s ,

V I .D .1 . P lank ing T h i ckne s s a nd Mor t i se -and -T enon J o in t s . J uvena l , w r i t ing e a r ly i nt h e s econd c en tu ry A .C . , r e f e r st ot h ep l ank ing t h icknes so f ame r chan ts h ip a sf ou r f i nge r s ' b read th a tt h el e a s t ,s even a tt h e mo s t( Sa t . 1 2 .58 5 9 ) .D io C h ry so s tom ( A .D .4 0 -a f te r 12 )r e la te st h a ti ti sn o t ap i ne p l ank w i th at h ickne s so ft h ree f i nge r s ' b read th t h a t k eep s s a i lo r s s a f e , b u t F o r tune h e r se l f ( Ora t io 6 4 .10 ) . D iogene s L ae r t iu s ( f i r s th a l fo ft h i rd c en tu ry ) w r i te s o fa s h ip 's s i de ( t hu st h eh u l lp l ank ing )f ou rf i nge r s ' b read th i n t h ickne s s , a nd t h a t t h e p a s senge r s a r e o n ly t h a t f a r f r om d ea th ( 1 .103 ) ." I fo ne f i nge r 's b read th w a sa pp rox ima te ly 0 . 0185 m , t h em in imum p l ank ing t h ick nes s men t ioned b y t h e a bove w r i te r s ( D io C h ryso s tom ) i s0 . 0555 m , w h i le J uvena la ppea r st or e commend am in imum o f0 .074 m a nd amax imum o f0 . 1295 m . C u r r en ta r cha eo log ica l e v idence s ugge s t sJ uvena l w a s w r i t ing a bou t t h e l a rge r s h ip s o f h i s t ime , a nd t h a t D io C h ry so s tom w a s n o t t a lk ing a bou t as ma l l v e sse l . T he l a rge s t G raeco -Roman s h ip s e xcava t ed t od a te w e re b u i l t w i th o ne o rt wo l a ye r so fp l ank ing 0 .086 -0 .10 m i no ve ra l l t h ickne s s , w i th o ne p o s s ib le e xcep t ion ( s ee P un ta S ca le t ta b e low ) . P lank s o fa pp rox ima te ly t h ree f i nge r s ' b read th i n

f r om w h ich p a r to ft h es h ip t h a tw recked a tC ava l ie re w a s

t h ickne s s a r e f o und o n w recks o f s h ip s o f t h e G raeco R oman p er iod t h a t a ppea r t o h ave b een o f i n t e rmed ia te

b u i l t ,c auses t h ee xcava to r st os ugge s tt e n ta t ive ly a nd g en e r a l ly t h a tt h e wood c ame f r om I t a ly o rY ugo s lav ia ( Cha r l in , G a s send , &L equemen t 1 979 : 7 7 ) . I ts hou ld b e s t re s sed t h a t s uch s ugge s t ion s a r e b a sed u pon c u r ren td i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rns t h a t ,i na dd i t ion t ob e ing q u i te i mp rec ise n ow ,c ou ld h ave b een a pp rec iab ly d i f f e ren t t wo m i l lenn ia a go .O the ra t temp t st ol o ca l ize t h ec on s t ruc t i on o fp a r t icu la rh uls h ave me ts uch d i ff i cu l t ie s( Couve r t 1 978 : 11 ; B a s s 1 967 ; We s te rn 1 967 ) . A s af i na l n o te , i g no rance o ft h et imbe rt r ade f u r the rp r ec lude sa ny d ef in i -

l e ng th .1 5 A t0 .094 m i nt h ickne s s( e xcep tf o ro ne u np rovenanced f r agmen t ) , t h e C a esa rea h u l l p lank ing i st y p ica l o f l a rge s h ip s a nd f a l l s c om fo r tab ly b e tween t h e l im i t s g i ven b y J uvena l ( Tab le V I .3 ) . T he d imens ion s a nd s pac ing o ft h e s t agge red mo r t i se -and tenon j o in t so nt h eC ae sa rea h u l la r e c ons is ten tw i th t h o se o fl a rge s ea -go ing R oman h u l l sb u i l t w i th as i ng le t h ick l a ye ro fp l ank ing ,a nd i nt u rn d i f f e rf r om

t i ve s t a temen t sa bou tw he re a nc ien ts h ip sw e re b u i l t( F ro s t

mo r t ise -and tenon f a s ten ings o n l a rge a nd m ed ium -s ized

1 981b : 6 9 ) ,1 3 t hough R iva l ( 1991 : 2 8 ) d oe s s ugge s t t h a t t opog raphy l im i ted a cce s s t os ome s pec ie s a nd s o b i ased p rocu remen tt owa rd mo re e a s i ly o b ta inab le w ood s ,s uch a s

s h ip sb u i l tw i th t wo l a ye r so fp lank ing ,a nd o fc ou r se f r om t h o se o ns ma l le rs h ip sw i th as i ng le l a ye ro ft h inne rp l ank ing .

A leppo p ine .

L a rge h u l l s( Lc a .3 0m )w i th aS ing le P lank ing L ayer . T he p l ank ing o f l a rge G raeco -Roman m e r chan t s h ip s i s t h ick . T he j o ine ry i sc ha rac te r ized b y mo r t i ses a nd t e non s s e tn of a r the ra pa r tt h an t h e i ro wn w id th ( u sua l ly c l o se r )a nd s t agge red a l ong t h e t h icknes s o f t h e p l ank e dge t oa vo id s p l i t t ing i t .A l though w ed on o tk now i ft h i sa pp roa ch w a s a l so u s ed i nl a rge w a r sh ip s , t h es can te v idence w ed oh ave f o rg a l ley s s hou ld n o tb e i g no red , a si tc an h e lp p rov ide a

1 1 .1 ) . P lank ing a nd J o ine ry o n G raeco -Roman Med i te r r anean S h ips . D e ta i ls o f t h ickne s s , mo r t ise -and tenon j o ine ry , a nd s c a r f sf ound i nt h eC aesa rea p l ank ing a r ec ompa red b e low w i th t ho se o fo the r l a rge a nd s ma l l G ra eco -Roman s h ip s . T he C aesa r ea p l ank ing i st h e reby p l aced i np rope rc on tex t

b e t te rf r ame o fr e f e rence f o rt h es t udy o fb i gm e r chan ts h ip s .

w i th r e spec tt oo t he rl a rge R oman v e s se l s ,a nd i t sr e la t ion t o t h ep l ank ing i ns ma l le rs h ip sc an b ee xam ined .T h is p roce 1 4

d u re , i n t u rn , c an h e lp i lum ina te s ome s im i la r i t ie s a nd d i f f e rence si nh ow s h ipw r igh t sa pp roached t h ec ons t ruc t ion o fl a rge a nd s ma l lh u l ls .T he d i sce rnmen to ft h e se d e ta i ls c an

OCD 2,s . v . "Mea su r e s" ) .

b ea ch ieved o n ly i fc ompa r i son sa r ec onf ined t os h ip sb u i l t i ns he l l -f i r s t Med i te r ranean f a sh ion n o tl a te rt h an a bou tt h e e nd o ft h et h i rd c en tury A .C .B yt h a tt ime ,t h ee vo lu t ion o f c ons truct ion f r om t h es he l l -f i r s tt of r ame -f i r s tt e chn ique h ad e f ec ted c hange s t h a t w ou ld i n va l ida te a ny c onc lu s ion s

S ee E ncyc lopa ed ia B r i tann ica , 1 967 e d i t ion ,s . v ." Pop la r ."

1 3

Me iggs ( 1982 : 3 24 -70 ) d i scu s se s t h e m echan ic s o f t h e

1 5 P lank ing w id th sa nd l e ng th sa r el e s sw e l ld ocumen t ed i nt h e a r cha eo log ica ll i t e ra tu r e ,b u t mo s to f ten w id th ss e em t or ange f r om c a . 0 . 15 t o0 . 35 m . T he o ak p l ank s o n t h e t wo l a rge s tF ium ic ino

b oa t s( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s )r e ach 0 . 40 m i nw id th ( T e s taguzza 1 970 : 1 30 -31) .P i ne p l ank so n Wreck 1a tS t .J o rd ia r eu pt o0 . 60 mw ide ( Co i l s 1 987 : 2 4 ) . Me igg s( 1982 : 2 4 1) s t a t e st h a t moun ta in p i ne sw e re p r ef e r r ed f o r s h ip s b e cau se t h ey g r ew s t ronge r a nd t a l le r t h an c oa s ta l

d rawn f r om s uch c ompa r i sons .

1 2

B a sed o n t h e R oman p e s t h a t m ea su red 0 . 296 m , a nd

c omp r i sed 1 6 f i nge r s , o r d i g i t i ( F .N . P ryce , a nd Mabe l L ang i n

v a r ie t ie s ,s ome t ime se xc eed ing 6 0f e e t( c a . 1 8 .3 m )i nh e igh t .F i r t r ee sc ou ld o cca s ionaly p rov ide s t ra igh tl e ng th so f1 00 f e e t( c a .3 0 m )o r mo re .P e rhap sp i ne p l ank sw e re n o rmaly n o mo re t h an a bou t 1 5m in l e ng th ,w h i le f i rp l ank so f ten c ou ld h ave b een much l o nge r .

t imbe rt r ade .

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V LD :P lank ing a nd J o iner y F o rt h i sr e a son t h eP un ic 1 6 a nd A th l i tw r eck sa r ei n c luded b e low . S im i la r ly , t h e N em i b a rge s , a l though n e i the r s e a g o ing n o rm e r can t i le i nn a tu r e , d wa r fa l l k nown G rae co R oman w r eck s .T he re fo r e ,a ny u n ique o rp ecu l ia ra spec t so f c on s t ruc t ion , i n a dd i t ion t o s im i la r i t ie s t oo t he r v e sse l s , m igh tp r ov ide i mpo r tan tc l ue st h a tc an a dvanc ea nu nde r s t and ing o fo t he rl a rge G raeco -Roman h u l l s . Mar sa la ( m id th i rd c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 3 5 m [? ] ) : w a r s h ip ; mo r t i se s a r e s t agge red i nt h ek ee l , b u tt h e p l ank ing a ve rage sj u s t al i t t le o ve r0 . 03 m t h ick ,t h e" s p ray d ef lec to r s" al i t t le m o r e , w h ich m ake s i tu n l ike ly t h a tp l ank mo r t i se s w e r es t agge r ed .T he mo r t i se sa r en o ts i gn if i can t ly s t agge r ed e ven i n S p ray D ef l ec to r P 13 —p r e sumab ly o ne o f t h e t h icke s ts t rake s , a s ide f r om t h eg a rboa rd sa nd w a le s— the t h ickne s so fw h ich t a pe r sf r om 0 . 05 m a tt h el owe re dge t o 0 . 04 ma tt h eu ppe re dge .I nP o r tS t rak e s1 2a nd 1 3b e twe en F rame s 1 8a nd 2 6 ,c en t r e to -cen t r e s p ac ing o ft e non p eg s r a nge s f r om 0 . 095 m t o0 . 14 m , a ve rag ing 0 . 113 m ; d i s t a nce sb e tween t wo th i rd so ft h ep eg sa r el e s st h an 0 . 12 m . I n ad r aw ing o ft h ea r ea o ft h e" S" s c a r fi nP 13 ,t h et e non p egs r a nge f r om 0 . 10 m t o0 . 155 m a pa r tc en t r e to -c en t r e a nd a ve rage 0 . 125 m . Mo r t i se w id th sa r e0 . 045 m t o0 . 055 , d ep th s0 . 04 -0 .07 m .D i s tance sb e tween mo r t i se sa r e0 . 05 0 . 10 m ,a ve rag ing 0 . 073 m . Mo r t i se t h ickne s s e sa r el e s st h an 0 . 0 1 m ,b u t mo re p r ec ise f i gu re sa r ei mpo s s ib le t oa cqu i r e d ue t ot h es c a le o ft h ed r aw ing ( F ro s t1 981b : 1 28 ,f i g .6 4 :B ) . I n as chema t ic o f ad i agona ls c a r f , t h e mo r t i s e sa nd t e non s n o tf a s ten ing t h es c a r fa r es ma l le ra nd mo r er o unded t h an t h o se o fP 13 ( Ba sch & F ro s t1 975 :2 25 ;F ro s t1 981b : 1 26 , 1 28 ,2 41 ,f i g .6 4 ;J ohn s tone 1 981 :o ppo s i te p .2 24 ,f i g . 1 38 ) A th l i tR am ( 204 -167 B .C . , Lu nd e te rm ined ) ; w a r sh ip ; t h es i xs i d ep l ank ing p i ece sr e cove r ed f r om w i th in t h er am a r ec a .0 . 04 m t h ick ;t h et wo b o t tom p l ank sa ve rage 0 . 075 m i nt h ickne s s .I nt h ep r e se rved p l ank ing ,d e ta i l so f mo r t i se a nd tenon j o ine ry a r ea va i lab le o n ly f o rt h ew a le s .T ho se i n t h ep o r tw a le a r e0 .068 -0 .082 m w ide ,a ve rag ing c a .0 . 077 m .D ep th s ,w hen a sc e r ta inab le ,r a nge f r om 0 . 085 m t o0 . 12 m . T he m a jo r i ty o f mo r t i se s a r e 0 . 0 11 m t h ick , a nd t h e t e non sa lmo s ta lway sf i l led t h em t i gh t ly .T he t e non p eg sa r e s e tc a .0 . 03 m f r om p l ank s e am s ,w i th d i ame te r so f0 . 009 0 . 0 11 m w he r et h ey p i e rce t h et e non s ;t h e i ra ve rage d i am e t e ra tt h ei n ne rw a le s u r f ac e ,w he r ep r e se rved ,i s0 . 0 14 m . C en t re to -cen t re s pac ing a ve rage s 0 . 117 m , r a ng ing f r om 0 . 10 m t o0 . 135 m . T he a c tua ld i s tance b e tween mo r t is e s t h u sa ve r age s0 . 04 m .T he s t a rboa rd w a le 's j o ine ry d e ta i l s a r ee s sen t ia l ly t h es ame ( S te f fy 1 983 : 2 36 , f i g . 5 ,2 37 ,f i g . 6 ,2 38 -40 ; 1 991 : 2 0 -25 ) . S t . J o rd i 1( 100 -80 B .C . , Lu nd e t e rm ined ) : t h e s i ng le p l ank ing l a ye ri s0 . 07 -0 .09 m t h ick ;s t agge red mo r t i se sa r e 0 . 075 -0 .086 m w ide a tt h ep l ank e dge ,0 . 038 -0 .042 m t h ick , a nd 0 . 065 -0 .08 m d e ep .T enon sf i tt h em o r t i se sw e l li nw id th a nd d ep th ,b u ta r e much t h inne r .T hey m ea su r e0 . 076 -0 .08 mw id ea tt h ep l ank f a c e ,0 . 024 -0 .03 m t h ick ,a nd 0 . 13 -0 .14 m l o ng . T enon p eg s 0 . 0 1 -0 .0 13 m i n d i ame te r e x tend c omp le te ly t h rough t h ep l ank s .T hey a r es e tc a .0 . 13 -0 .15 m a pa r tc en t r e to -c en t re , a st h ed i s tance b e twe en m o r t i se si s 0 . 05 -0 .06 m . S t range ly , t e non s a r e r e po r t ed t ob ep egged 1 6 I den t if ica t ion o ft h i sv e sse la s aw a r sh ip h a sb een q ue s t ioned ( Ascan i &P en so 1 988 ) .

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t w ice i nt h el owe rp l ank mo r t i se a nd o nce i nt h eu ppe rp l ank m o r t i s e( Co i l s1 987 :2 5 ,f i g .6 ,2 6 ,f i g .7 ,2 7 ,f i g .8 ,3 2 -35 ) . T h i st e chn ique i su npa ra l le led i nt h eG ra eco -Roman w reck s Ih ave b e en a b le t os t udy , a s a r e t h e t h ickne s s e s o f t h e m o r t i se sa nd t e non s . A n t iky thera ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .3 0m ) :t h eb e s t p r e se rved p l ank r e t r ieved f r om t h ew reck w a sc a .0 . 45 l o ng a nd 0 . 165 m w ide w hen m ea su r ed b y T h roc lano r ton . H e e s t ima t e si tw a so r ig ina l ly s ome 0 . 09 m t h ick ,b a s ed o nt h e d i s tanc e s b e tween t h e h ead s o f n a i l s s t il i ns i tu i n t h e f r agmen ta nd t h es u r f ace o ft h ef r agmen t .S t agge red r e c tan g u la rm o r t i se sm ea su r ed a bou t0 . 065 -0 .095 m w ide ,0 . 007 mt o0 . 0 1 mt h ick ,0 . 075 m d eep ,a nd w e r es pa ced 0 . 0 1 -0 .03 ma pa r t .T enon p eg sw e r ea pp rox ima te ly 0 . 009 -0 .0 15 m i n d i ame t e ra nd 0 . 065 m t o0 . 138 m a pa r tc en t r e to -cen t r e ;t h ey w e r es e t0 . 01 -0 .02 m f r om t h ep l ank e dge s( Th rockmo r ton 1 964b :2 08 ,f i g . 3 ;1 965 :4 1 ,4 2 -43 ,f i g s .5 10 ,4 5 ,f i g . 1 5 ; 1 972 : 7 0 ,f i g .6 ) . L ak eN em i( m id f i r s tc en tu ry , Lc a .7 1a nd 7 3m ) :s i ng le l a ye r so fp l ank ing 0 . 10 m t h ick h ad s t agge r ed r e c tangu la r mo r t i s e s 0 . 10 m w ide a nd d eep a nd 0 . 016 m t h ick . T hey w e re c u te ve ry 0 . 095 -0 .10 m a l ong t h e p l ank s . T he t e non p eg s ,c a .0 . 0 16 m i nd i ame te r ,w e r ec o r r e spond ing ly s ome 0 . 20 m a pa r tc en t r e to -cen t r e , s e t 0 . 04 m t o0 . 05 m f r om p l ank ing s e am s .A ni n t e re s t ing a nd ( t od a te )u n ique a spec t o ft h i sp l ank ing i st h a tl a rge c opp e rn a i l sa pp rox ima te ly 0 . 72 m l o ng w e re p e r iod ica l ly d r iven d own t h rough a d jacen t p l ank si n to at h i rd ( Uce l l i 1 950 : 1 53 , f i g . 1 53 ) . L arge H u l l so fT wo P lank ing L ayer s . S h ip so fs i gn if i c an ts i ze b u i l tw i th t wo l a ye r so fp l ank ing e xh ib i t mo r t ise a nd tenon j o in t s t h a t a r e s omewha t w ide r , t h icke r , a nd s pa ced r e la t ive ly f a r the ra pa r tt h an t h o se f o und i n as i ng le t h ick l a ye r o fp l ank ing . B ecau se o ft h e r e la t ive ly g r ea te r d i s tanc eb e tween mo r t i se so nt h e se s h ip s ,c ompa r ed t ot h o se o nl a rge h u l l so fo ne p l ank ing l a ye r , mo r t i se sa r es t agge r ed o n ly s l igh t ly ,i fa ta l .I n c lu s ion i nt h i sc a tego ry o ft h eh u l l s a tP un ta S ca le t ta , S pa rg i , a nd A lbenga i sb a sed u pon a d i scu s s ion ( b e low ) o f t h e c o r r e la t ion b e tween p l ank ing t h ickne s sa nd v e s se ll e ng th . P un ta S ca l e t ta ( 1 50 -140 B .C . , Lc a . 3 0m ) : n o mo r t i se a nd tenon i n fo rma t ion i sa va i lab le ,a nd t h et h ickne s so fh u l l p l ank ing i su nce r ta in . Ad r aw ing o f t h e r ema in s o n t h e s e abed w i th ap ropo sed b ody s e c t ion i nd o t ted l i ne sd ep ic t s o ne l a ye ro fp l ank s a pp rox ima t e ly 0 . 065 m t h ick , a nd a n u nd e r ly ing l a ye ro fp l ank s ,i nt h ep o s i t ion o f ab e l to fw a le s , s ome 0 . 07 m in t h ickne s s( Lambog l ia 1 964 :o ppo s i t ep .2 40 , p l .3 ) .I ft h i sr e p r e sen t st wo p l ank ing l a ye r s ,a ss ugge s ted b y C a s son ( 1 986 :2 04 ,n .1 8 ) ,t h eo ve r a l lt h ick ne s so fc a .0 . 135 mw ou ld b et h eg r ea te s ty e tf o und o nt h em a in b ody ( i . e . , s t rake sn o tn ea rt h ek e e l )o fa na nc ien ts h ip .A ss u ch i tw ou ld m a t ch f a i r ly w e l lt h em ax imum t h ickne s so fs e ven d i g i t i( c a . 0 . 1295 m )r e commended b yJ uvena l .T h is i sn o tu n r ea son a b le ,i nv i ew o ft h ep r opo sed o r ig ina ll e ng th o ft h es h ip ,a s t h ed ep ic t ion o ft h eo u te rp l ank si n ap o s i t ion s ugge s t ive o f w a le sa pp e a r st ob ec on jec tu ra l . Mo reove r ,t h ep r a c t ic eo f s imp ly f a s t en ing w a le st ot h ee x te r io rp l ank ing s u r f a ce a nd n o ti n teg ra t ing t h em i n to t h es h e l lo ft h eh ul ,a ss ugge s t ed b yt h ed r aw ing i nL ambog l ia ,i su npa ra l le led e xc ep ti nt h e S t .Ge rva i s 2w r eck o ft h el a te s i x th o re a r ly s e ven th c en tu ry

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip ( J 6z6gou u npubl i shed : 1 , 1 5 ,a nd f i g .6 ;1 985 :3 52 ,f i g .2 , 3 54 ) .A l though t h eo n ly i n fo rma t ion p e r ta in ing t ow a le so f l a rge h u l l sc ome sf r om A th l i ta nd t h eN em iv e s se l s ,w h ich a r e n o t n ece s sa r i ly r e p re sen ta t ive o fm e r chan t s h ip s , w e h ave n oe v idence t h a tt h em e thod so fi n co rpor a t ing w a le s i n to l a rge m e rchan ts h ip sd if e r ed s i gn if i can t ly f r om t h o se u sed o n t h eA thl i ta nd N em i v e s se l sa nd s ma l le rG rae co R oman v e s se l sl i ke t h eK y r en ia s h ip .N o rd oe st h e r ea ppea r t ob e a ny d i s t inc t e v idence s ugge s t ive o f a c tua l b e l t s o f w a le s .T h i sm ake sa t t ra c t ive a na l ter na t ee xp lana t ion — tha t o f as e cond l a ye ro fp l ank s , a sd oe s t h er ema inde ro ft h e m a t e r ia l p r e sen ted i n t h i s s e c t ion , e spe c ia l ly t h e e nd o f S ec t ion V I .D .4 . I ts ugge s t s t h a t t h e s h ip c ou ld h ave b e en b u i l tw i th a no u te rl a ye ro fs o f twood p l ank ing . S parg i( 1 20 100B . C . , Lc a .3 0 -35 m ) :t wo s ma l lp l ank ing f r agmen t sc ove red w i th l e ad s hea th ing m ea su r ec a .0 . 035 m t h ick .I no ne c a .0 . 12 m w ide a r et wo mo r t i se sW c a .0 . 045 m , T h 0 . 009 m a nd 0 . 033 m d eep ; t h e o t he r f r agmen t d i sp lay s ap a r to f amo r t i se c a .0 . 0 1 mt h ick b y0 . 039 m d eep t h a ti sc a .0 . 0675 m f r om t h ea d ja cen t mo r t i se .A l l mo r t i se s a r e e s s en t ia l ly c en t red i n t h e t h ickne s s o f t h e p l ank s ( Lambogl ia 1 96 1a : 1 55 ,f i g . 1 2 :A , B ) . A lbenga ( e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 4 0 m ) : r a i sed f r om t h e w r eck w a s ap l ank ing f r agmen tc a .0 . 04 m t h ick t h a th e ld r emnan t so ft r eena i l sa nd t h es ha f t so fc opp e rt a ck s t h a ts e cu red t h eh u l l 's l e ad s h ea th ing .N o mo r t i se -and t enon i n fo rma t ion i sg i ven ( Lambog l ia 1 953 : 2 06 , f i g . 5 9 ) . T h rockmo r ton ( 1 972 :7 6 )i mp l ie st h a tt h es h el o ft h ev e s se l c on s i s t so fo n ly o ne l a ye ro fp l ank ing ,b u tc on s id e r ing t h e p l ank ing t h ickne s se s o fo t he r l a rge s h ip s , t h i s t h in p l ank f r agmen t s ugge s t s t h e r e w e re t wo l a ye r s a tl e a s tn ea r t h e k ee l ,a sh a sb e en s ugge s ted f o rt h ew r eck sa tMand ia ,G rand C ong loud ,D ramon tA ,T i tan ,a nd C ava l i e r e( Pomey 1 978a : 7 8 ,n .8 ) . Two o t he rp i ece so fp l ank ing s ome 0 . 04 m t h ick t h a th ave m o r t i se sv a ry ing i ns i ze p robab ly a l so r e p r e sen t t h eo u te rp l ank ing l a ye r ,i fi n deed t h ey a r er emnan t so ft h e h u l l p l ank ing . O ne f r agmen t h a s mo r t i se s a nd t e non s c a . 0 . 003 m t h ick a nd 0 . 076m w ide s pa ced a bou t0 . 048 m a pa r t . T ho se o ft h es e cond f r agmen ta r eo ft h es ame t h ickne s s ,b u t o n ly c a .0 . 056m w ide ,s pac ed c a .0 . 0 56m a pa r t .N one o ft h e f ew mo r t i se si nt h e se t wo s amp le si ss t agge r ed ( Lambog l ia 1 953 : 2 07 ,f i g .6 0 ,2 08 ) . Mand ia ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .3 0m ) :a tl e a s tt h e k ee l mo r t i se s f o r t h e i n ne r g a rboa rd a r e s t agge r ed . T hey m ea su re c a .0 . 12 m w ide a nd 0 . 0 12 m t h ick ,a nd a r e0 . 07 m a pa r t .D ep th sa r eu nknown ,a sa r et h ej o ine ry d e ta i l sf o rt h e r ema inde ro ft h eh u l l .T he k ee lr a bbe tf o rt h eo u t e rg a rboa rd i s0 . 036 m w ide ,w h i le t h et h ickne s so ft h ei n ne rg a rboa rd a t t h et o po ft h ek ee li s0 . 14 m ( d eF rondev ile 1 956 :2 2 1 ,f i g . 7 ) .I nv i ew o ft h ei d en t ica lc onf igu ra t ion o ft h eh u l la tG ien s ( s ee b e low ) , t h e re w a sp r obab ly as im i la ra r rangemen to n t h e Mand ia h u l l : t h ick g a rboa rd sa nd a d jac en ts t rake st h a t t h inned t o ac on s tan t d imen s ion s ome d i s tanc e f r om t h e k e e l .T h rockmo r ton ( 1 972 :7 5 )s t a te st h es h ip w a sb u i l tw i th p l ank ing 2i n che s( c a .0 . 05 m )t h ick ,b u tb ecau se t h eo u te r l a ye r a tt h e k ee l r abbe t c l ea r ly m ea su r e s 0 . 036 m i nd e F rondev i l le , T h rockmo r ton mu s tb er e f e r r ing t ot h e i n ne r l a ye r , i fh i s i n fo rma t ion i st ob er e ga rded a sc o r rec t .T h i s w ou ld y i e ld a n o ve ra l l t h ickne s s o fs ome 0 . 086 m i nt wo l a ye r s ,a tl e a s ti nt h el owe rp a r to ft h ev e s s e l .A tl e a s ta tt h e

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k ee l , t h e t wo l a ye r s w e re s epa ra t ed b y p i tched m a t e r ia l m ean t t o i mp rove t h e w a te r t igh tne s s o f t h e h u l l ( d e F rondev i l le 1 956 : 2 22 ;T ay lo r1 965 :4 8 ) . L a Mad rague d e G ien s ( 6 0 -40 B .C . , Lc a . 3 8 m ) : t wo l a ye r so fp l ank ing a r es epa ra ted b yw oo ls a tu ra ted i nw ax o r p i t ch .T he i n ne rg a rboa rd s ,p en tagona li ns e c t ion ,a r e0 . 12 mt h ick a tt h et o po ft h ek ee l ,b u ta tt h ef o u r th i n ne rs t rake f r om t h ek e e lt h ep l ank t h ickne ss i sj u s t0 . 06 m .T he o u t e r g a rboa rd sa r e0 . 04 m t h ick ,b u ti no rde rt of olow t h es h a rpe r c u r va tu r eo ft h ei n ne rp l ank ing l a ye r , t h es e cond a nd t h i rd o u t e rp l ank sa r et h icke r :t h ey r e a ch d imen s ion so f0 . 065 m a nd 0 . 055 m ,r e sp ec t ive ly .T he rea f t e rt h eo u te rp l ank sa r e 0 . 04 m t h i ck .I n ne rs t rake sc on s is ten t ly 0 . 06 m t h i ck h ave mo r t i se s0 . 08 -0 .085 m w ide ,0 . 10 -0 .12 m d e ep ,0 . 0 12 -0 .0 15 mt h ick ,a nd o c cu ra tf a i r ly r e gu la ri n t e r va l so f0 . 065 -0 .075 m . Sma l le r mo r t is e s a r e c u t 0 . 095 -0 .0 10 m a pa r t i nt h e e x t e r io rp l ank ing .T hey m ea su re 0 . 055 -0 .057 m w ide ,0 . 06 md eep ,a nd 0 . 007 -0 .008 m t h ick .T ap e r ed t e non p eg sd r iven i n to t h ei n ne rp l ank sf r om t h ei n s ide a r e0 . 0 15 -0 .0 18 m i n d i ame te r , w h i le t h e p eg s f a s ten ing t h e e x t e r io r t e non s i n t h e i r mo r t i se s( d r iven f r om t h eo u t s id e )a r e0 . 005 -0 .0 1m in d i ame te r . T he t e nons i nb o th p l ank ing l a ye r sa r er a r e ly a s w ide a nd d e ep a s t h e i r mo r t ise s , b u t t h ey a r e o f e qua l t h ick ne s s .F u r the r ,t h o se u s ed i nt h ei n n e rp l ank sa r et a p e red a nd r e c t il inea r , w h i le t h et e nons i nt h ee x t e r io rp l ank sa r e mo r er ound ed o ve rt h e i rl e ng th .T he m o r t is e so nb o th l a ye r s o fp l ank ing a r en o ts t agge r ed a c ro s st h ep l ank e dge st oa ny s i gn i f ican td eg r ee ( Pomey 1 978a :7 6 -80 ,8 5 ,8 6 ,f i g .1 2 ,a nd p l .2 9 :1 ) . Mod e ra te -S i zed Hu l l s( Lc a . 2 0 -25 m )o fO ne o rT wo P lank ing L ayer s . O ve ra l l p l ank ing t h ickne s se s o n t h e s e s h ip sa r es om ewha tl e s st h an o nl a rg e rs h ip s . Mo r t i se -and t e non j o in t s a r e c o r r e spond ing ly a b i t s male r , a nd t h e s p a c ing b e tween t h em i ss l igh t ly g r ea t e r , e ven t h ough c en t r e to -c en t r e s pac ing m igh tb e s im i la r . J o in t sa r es t ag g e r ed o n ly s l igh t ly , i fa ta l . G rand C ongknd ( 1 10 -70 B .C . , Lc a .2 3m ) :t h er e po r t ed d imen s ion so ft h ep l ank ing a nd mo r t i s e -and tenon j o in t sa r e s omewha ti n con s i s ten t .I ti ss t a ted t h a te x t e r io rp l ank sn ea r t h ek ee la r e0 . 03 -0 .04 m t h ick , a nd t h a tt h ey o ve r l ie i n ne r p l ank s0 . 05 -0 .06 m i nt h ickne s s .T he o ve ra l lt h ick ne s so ft h e p l ank ing n ea rt h ek ee lt h u sr a nge sf r om a bou t0 . 08 t o0 . 10 m . Mo r t i s e s( whe the ro fi n ne ro ro u t e rp l ank si sn o ts p ec i f i ed ) a r e 0 . 05 m t o0 . 07 m w ide , 0 . 005 -0 .006 m t h ick ( a t y pog raph ica le r ro ri ss u r e ly r e spon s ib le f o rt h ep ub l i shed t h ickne s s o f0 . 05 -0 .06 m ) , a nd 0 . 06 -0 .08 m l o ng ( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 52 ) .H oweve r ,i np l a te s2 2( p . 1 34 )a nd 2 3( p . 1 35 ) , s omewha td i f f e r en td imen s ion sa r er e p re sen ted .T he i n ne r g a rboa rd i s0 . 045 m t h ick a ti t so u tboa rd e dge ,a tw h ich p o in t t h e n ex t o u t e r p l ank i sc a . 0 . 028 m , g i v ing a n o v e ra l l t h ickne s so f0 . 073 m .T he o u tboa rd e dge o ft h eo u te rs e cond s t r ake i sd r awn a st h inn ing t oc a .0 . 022 m , a nd t h eo ve ra l l t h ickne s sf a r the rf r om t h ek ee li st h e r e fo r ei nd ica t ed t ob e a bou t0 . 065 m . Two i n ne rg a rboa rd mo r t i se ss hown i np l a t e 2 2a r ea bou t0 . 008 -0 .009 m t h ick a nd 0 . 068 m a nd 0 . 08 m d eep ;i nt h es e cond o u t e rp l ank t h ey a r ec a .0 . 006 t h ick a nd 0 . 043 -0 .048 m d e ep .I np l a t e2 4 ,p .1 36 , mo r t i se sa l ong o ne e dge o fo ne ( i nne r ? )p l ank 0 . 045 m t h ick r a nge f r om 0 . 057 t o0 . 07 m w ide a tt h ep l ank e dge ;t h ey a r e0 . 006 m t h ick a nd

V LD :P lank ing a nd J o ine ry 0 . 078 -0 .09 m d eep . T enon p eg s a r e 0 . 10 -0 .108 m a pa r t c en t re to -cen t re , a nd mo r t i se s a r e 0 . 035 -0 .045 m a pa r t . A long t h e o ppo s i t e p l ank e dge , mo r t i se s a r e 0 . 053 -0 .057 w id ea nd 0 . 057 -0 .065 m d eep ;t e non p eg sa r e0 . 093 -0 .11 m a pa r t c en t re to -cen t r e ; mo r t is e s a r e 0 . 042 -0 .06 m a pa r t . A no the r p l ank a ppa ren t ly f r om t h e o u t e r l a ye r e xh ib i t s mo r t i se s 0 . 005 m t h ick a nd 0 . 039 -0 .045 m d e ep ; o ne i s 0 . 042 m w id e . S ot h ed raw ing sd i sag r ee w i th t h em ea su r emen t sg i ven i nt h e t e x t , b u ti ts e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h e r ew a sc on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion i nt h eh ul ,a nd t h e mo s ts i gn if ican td i spa r i ty — tha t o ft h eo ve ra l lp l ank ing t h ickne s sn ea rt h ek ee l —appea r st o b e r e so lved n ea t ly b y t h e s ugge s t ed o ve ra l l t h ickne s s o f s om e0 . 065 m f a r the rf r om t h ek ee l ,i nt h em anne ro ft h eh u l l a tG ien s . T r eS enghe A ( s econd o rf i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .2 0 -24 m ) : t h e b eam i se s t ima t ed t oh ave b een a bou t 5m ; t h e p l ank ing i s0 . 04 m t h ick ( F r e sch i 1 982a : 9 3 , 9 6 ) . T h i s l e ng th to -b read th ( L :B )r a t io o fb e tween 4 :1a nd 5 : 1m u s tb e b a sed o nt h en a tu re o ft h es i t e ,y e t judg ing f r om o t he ra nc ien t m e rchan ts h ip s( Sec t ion V I .D .2 a nd T ab le V I .3 ) ,o ne c l o se r t o3 : 1o r4 : 1i sp o s s ib le ,y i e ld ing al e ng th c l o s e rt o1 5 -20 m . D ramon t A( f i r s th a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .2 5m ) : S an tama r ia ( 1 975 : 1 91 -92 , 1 93 ,f i g .8 ,1 94 )n o te sa sw rong t h e e a r ly r e con s t ruc t ion s ( Beno i t 1 960 : 5 0 , f i g . 1 9 ; 1 96 1 : 1 43 ,p l .2 8 :1 ;T h rockmo r ton 1 972 :6 8 ,f i g .1 )s how ing o n ly o u te rg a rboa rd sr e s t ing o nt h eb eve l led s u r f a ce so ft h ek ee l , w i th i n ne rp l ank sb eg inn ing n ea rt h eo u tboa rd e dge o ft h e o u t e rg a rboa rd a nd r e ce ived b yn o tche sc u ti n to t h eu nde r s u r fa ce s o f t h e f r ame s . I n s tead , t h e i n ne r g a rboa rd s a r e r a bbe t ted i n to t h ek ee l ,w h i le t h eo u t e rg a rbo a rd so ve r lay t h e mou lded s u r f ac e so ft h ek ee l ,t h ei n ne rg a rboa rd s ,a nd p a r t o fe a ch i n ne rs e cond s t r ake .I n ne rp l ank s ,t h en ,d on o tf i ti n n o tche si nf r ame s .A l so w rong i nt h e s ee a r ly d r aw ing si st h e d ep ic t ion o fp l ug t reena i l sb i nd ing t h ef r ame st ot h ep l ank ing ; n one w e r eu s ed ( s e es e c t ion V I .F .3 ) . T he i n te r io rp l ank ing l a ye ri sa bou t0 . 03 -0 .04 m t h ick , t h eo u t e rl a ye rs ome 0 . 025 -0 .03 m ;t h el a ye r sa r es e pa ra ted b ya ni n t e rven ing l a ye ro ff a b r ic a nd p i t ch .O ne p i ece o ft h e h ul p l ank ing f r om t h ec en t ra lp a r to ft h es h ip a bou t 2m f r om i t sc en t ra la x i s w a sr a ised f o rc l o se rs t udy . I nt h i s s e c t ion ( whe the ro ft h e i n te r io ro re x t e r io rl a ye ri sn o t n o t ed ) t h e p egged t e non sa r es t a ted t ob e0 . 07 m t o0 . 09 m a pa r t ,a nd mo r t i s e sa r e s a id t ob es t agge red ( S an tama r ia 1 973 : 1 33 ) . B u ts u ch s t agge r ing i sn o ts hown i ne i the rp l ank ing l a ye ri n t h ei lu s t ra t ion a c company ing t h er e po r t( San tama r ia 1 973 : 1 35 ) .T he d r aw ing s how st h a ti n ne rt e non p eg sa r es pac ed f r om c a .0 . 133 m t o0 . 178 m a pa r tc en t r e to -cen t r e ,a ve rag i n g a bou t 0 . 16 m , a nd a r e s e t 0 . 0 15 -0 .035 m f r om t h e p l ank ing s e am s .T he mo r t i se st h em se lve sa r ea na ve rage o f s ome 0 . 078 m a pa r t ;t h er a nge i sc a .0 . 055 t o0 . 09 m .I n ne r mo r t i s ew id th sa r ea l la bou t0 . 08 -0 .085 m ,t h ick ne s s e ss ome 0 . 0 14 m ,d ep th s0 . 065 -0 .08 m . I n fo rma t ion i s mo r e l i m i ted f o r t h e e x t e r io r p l ank ing mo r t i se sa nd t e non s .C en t re to -c en t r es pa c ing o ft e non p eg s i sa bou t0 . 148 m in o ne i n s tanc e ,a nd t h ep eg sa r es e t0 . 0 18 0 . 022 m f r om t h e p l ank ing s e am . Two m o r t i s e s m ea su r e a pp rox ima t e ly 0 . 055 -0 .063 m w ide ,0 . 065 -0 .07 m d eep a nd 0 . 0075 m t h ick ( San tama r ia 1 973 : 1 35 ) . T i tan ( I l ed uL 6van t )( m idd le o rl a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,L

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52 5 m ) : t h e o ve ra l l t h ick ne s s o f t h e t wo l a ye r s a tt h e o u tboa rd e dge o ft h eo u te rs e cond s t rake w a ss ome 0 . 056 m . T he o u t e rg a rboa rd ,o fp en tagona ls e c t ion ,r e a ched am ax i m um t h ickne s so f0 . 058 m a tt h eb o t tom o ft h ek ee lr a bbe t a nd d e c rea sed t o0 . 032 m a ti t so u tboa rd e dge . T he o u t e r s e cond s t rake w a s a l so 0 . 032 m w he r e i tj o ined t h e o u t e r g a rboa rd , b u t w a s s c u lp t ed t oa pp rox ima t e ly 0 . 0 18 m i n t h ickne s s a ti t s o u tboa rd e dge . N o i n fo rma t ion f o r t h e t h ick ne s s o f a dd i t iona l e x t e r io r p l ank s i sa va i lab le . T he t h ickne s so ft h ei n ne rg a rboa rd w a sc a .0 . 068 ma tt h et o po f t h ek ee l ,b u tt h i sd imen s ion t a pe r ed t o0 . 038 ma tt h ei n boa rd e dge o ft h et h i rd s t rake .I ti sn o tu n r ea sonab le t oi mag ine t h a t t h e re w a s n o f u r the r t h inn ing o ft h e i n ne rp l ank ing l a ye r b eyond t h i sp o in t . T he f ew a va i lab le d e ta i l so ft h e mo r t i se -and tenon j o in e r yi nt h et wo l a ye r sa r ec on s i s ten tw i th t h eg r ea te rs pac ing t ob e e xpec ted i nt h e o u te r l a ye r . I nt h e o u te r g a rboa rd , w h ich w a sn o tr a bbe t ted i n to t h ek ee l ,t h eo u tboa rd mo r t i se s w e r e0 . 008 m t h ick ,0 . 045 -0 .055 m d eep ,a nd 0 . 06 -0 .07 m w id e .T he t e non p eg sw e re 0 . 008 m i nd i ame te r ,s e t0 . 0 15 0 . 023 m f r om t h ep l ank ing s e am s ,a nd s pa ced 0 . 22 -0 .23 m a pa r t c en t r e to -c en t r e ; mo r t i se s w e re t h u s a bou t 0 . 158 0 . 163 m a pa r t . T he i n ne rg a rboa rd h ad mo r t i se s0 . 009 m t h ick . A long t h e k ee l e dge t h ey m ea su red c a . 0 . 095 -0 .115 m d eep a nd 0 . 058 -0 .075 m w ide .T enon p eg so f0 . 0 16 -0 .0 17 m d i ame t e r w e r e0 . 023 -0 .035 m f r om t h ep l ank e dge a nd s pa ced 0 . 107 0 . 115 m a pa r t c en t r e to -cen t r e , m ak ing t h e d i s tance b e t we en t h e mo r t is e ss ome 0 . 035 -0 .048 m .T he mo r t i se -and t e non j o in t sb i nd ing s e cond s t rake t ot h eg a rboa rd w e re l e s s r obu st Mo r t i se sm ea su r ed 0 . 06 -0 .072 m d eep a nd 0 . 075 m w id e , a nd w e r e 0 . 033 -0 .046 m a pa r t . T enon p eg s t a p e red f r om c a .0 . 0 12 m t o0 . 009 m i nd i ame t e r ,w e r e0 . 0 19 -0 .038 mf r om t h ep l ank ing s e am sa nd 0 . 108 -0 .13 m a p a r tc en t r e t o -cen t r e . P robab ly mo r er e p re sen ta t ive o ft h ei n te r io rl a ye ro ft h e m a in b ody o f t h e h u l l w a s t h ej o ine ry f o und i nt h e t h i rd s t rake f r om t h ek ee l .I nt h i ss t rake o f0 . 038 m t h ickne s st h e u n s tagge r ed mo r t i se s w e r ea bou t0 . 0 1 mt h ick a nd 0 . 072 0 . 08 m d eep ; w id th s r a nged o n ly f r om 0 . 06 -0 .07 m a nd a ve raged 0 . 064 m . T hey w e re a na ve rage o f0 . 04 m a pa r t , r a ng ing f r om 0 . 0 1 -0 .077 m . T he t e non p eg sf a s ten ing t h e t e non sw i th in t h e mo r t i se sw e r e0 . 0 10 -0 .0 14 m i nd i ame t e r , s e t0 . 0 19 -0 .035 m f r om t h ep l ank ing s e am s .T he c en t re to c en t r ed i s tance b e tween t h em a ve raged a bou t0 . 105 m ,w i th ar a nge o f0 . 096 -0 .13 m ( Ta i l l iez 1 96 1 : 1 95 ,f i g .2 0 ;B eno i t 1 96 1 : 1 39 ,p l .2 6 ;T h rockmo r ton 1 972 :6 8 ,f i g .4 ,7 0 ,f i g .7 ) . D iano Mar ina ( m id -f i r s t c en tu ry , Lc a . 2 2 -25 m ) : t h e s t ra l ce so ft h i sv e s se la r e0 . 06 m t h ick a nd 0 . 25 -0 .32 m w ide . Mo r t ise -and t enon j o in t s a r e c a . 0 . 12 m a pa r t c en t re to c en t r e , a nd t h e s pa c ing b e tween t h e r e c tangu la r mo r t is e s a nd t e non si s0 . 06 -0 .07 m i nt h ee xam ined p o r t ion so ft h e h u l l .T he j o in t sa r es e cu r ed w i th p eg s0 . 0 12 m i nd i ame t e r . Mo r t i se sa r ea ppa r en t ly 0 . 075 -0 .08 m w ide ( Pala r6 s1 985a : 6 42 ,f i g .3 :A ; 1 985b :5 90 ,5 93 ,f i g .8 ;1 985d :6 17 ) .I ti sn o t s p ec i f ied i ft h e m o r t i se sa r e s t agge r ed a l ong t h ep l ank ing t h ickne s s , n o r f r om w h ich d i r ec t ion t h e t e non p eg s a r e d r iven . A mo r er e c en tr e po r t( Pa l la r e s 1 99 1 : 1 72 )p rov ide s t e non p eg d i ame t e r so f0 . 008 -0 .0 10 m ( s u r e ly m i sp r in t ed a s 8 10 c mi nt h ep ub l ica t ion ) ,a nd s pace so fs ome 0 . 03 -0 .04 m

C hap t er V I : T he S h ip b e tween p l ank mo r t is e s . T or r eS gar ra ta ( l a te s e cond c en tu ry , Lc a . 2 4m ) : s t ag e r ed r e c tangu la r mo r t ise si np l ank s0 . 072 m t h ick a r e0 . 104 mt o0 . 145 m w ide , a ve rage 0 . 083 m d eep , a nd a r e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 12 m t h ick ; t h ey r a nge f r om 0 . 028 m t o0 . 087 m a pa r t , a ve rag ing 0 . 035 m .T enon sa ve rage 0 . 0 11 m t h ick ,0 . 12 m w ide ,a nd 0 . 167 m i nl e ng th .T enon p eg sa ve rag ing 0 . 0 14 m i nd i ame te ra r ep o s i t ioned 0 . 0 16 -0 .025 m f r om t h ep l ank ing s e am s . T hey a r e 0 . 15 m t o0 . 20 m a pa r t , c en t re to -cen t r e ( Th rockmo r ton 1 972 : 7 0 , f i g . 8 ;1 968 , d r aw ing 1 ; 1 989 : 2 64 ) .1 7 B our se ( l a te s e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry , Lc a .2 3m ) : p l ank sa r e0 . 06 m t h ick ,0 . 18 -0 .23 m w ide ,a nd s ome 8m l o ng .T enon p eg sa r e0 . 06 m l o ng ;s ome a r ec yl ind r ica la nd s ome t a pe rf r om 0 . 0 15 m t o0 . 008 m i nd i ame te r .T enon s m ea su re 0 . 0 1 x0 . 06 x0 . 12 -0 .13 m , a nd a r e0 . 20 m a pa r t c en t r e to -cen t r e( Ga s send 1 982 : 7 8 ) . Sma l le r Hu l l so fO ne P lank ing L ayer . P l ank ing i st h in i nt h eh u l l so ft h i sc a tego ry a nd t h e re i su sua l ly l i t t le o rn o s t agge r ing o f mo r t i se si nt h e ma in b ody o ft h eh ul .C en t r e t o -cen t re d i s tanc e sb e tween t h e mo r t i se -and tenon j o in t si n s ma l le rs h ip sa r es im i la rt ot h o se f o und o nl a rge h u l l s ,b u t t h e mo r t ise sa nd t e non s i ns ma l le rs h ip sa r e c on s id e rab ly s ma l le r ,t h e reby m ak ing t h er e la t ive s pac ing b e twe en j o in t s g r ea te r . Ma 'agan M icha e l( c a .4 00 B .C . , Lc a . 1 3m ) :p l ank sa r e 0 . 15 -0 .30 m i nw id th ;t h ickne s se sa ve rage 0 . 04 m ,v a ry ing f r om 0 . 03 m t o 0 . 05 m . T enon p eg s 0 . 007 -0 .0 11 m i n d i ame t e r , t y p ica l ly s paced 0 . 125 m a pa r tc en t re to -cen t r e , f a s t en t e non su sua l ly 0 . 035 m w ide a nd a ve rag ing 0 . 007 m i nt h ickne s sa nd 0 . 135 m i nl e ng th ( J .P . R o s lo f f ,p e r sona l c onunun ica t ion ) . K y r en ia ( l a te f o u r th c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 1 4 m ) : h u l l p l ank ing a ve rage sc a .0 . 036 m t h ick ,a nd a ve rage mo r t i se s m ea su r e 0 . 006 m t h ick , 0 . 045 m w ide , a nd 0 . 08 m d eep . S t a rboa rd mo r t i se -and tenon j o in t s a r e s e t a n a ve rage o f 0 . 12 m a pa r tc en t re to -cen t re , w h i le t h o se o nt h ep o r ts i de a ve rage 0 . 115 m a pa r t . Mo r t i se s a r e n o t s t agge r ed i nt h e p l ank e dge s ,t h ough t h ey a r ei nt h e0 . 08 m th ick w a le s c a r f ( S t e f fy 1 985b : 7 9 ,T ab le 1 ,8 1 , 8 2 ,T ab le 3 ,8 3 , i l .7 ) . C hr t e i enne C( 1 75 150 B .C . , Lc a . 1 5 -16 m ) :p l ank sa r e 0 . 029 -0 .036 m i nt h ickne s s .U n s tagge red mo r t ise sm ea su r e 0 . 006 -0 .007 m t h ick ,0 . 04 -0 .08 m d eep , a nd 0 . 03 -0 .055 m w id e a tt h e p l ank e dge . T enon p eg s 0 . 007 -0 .009 m i n d i ame t e ra r es pac ed a na ve rage o fc a .0 . 12 m a pa r tc en t r e t o -cen t re ,a nd a r ec a .0 . 0 13 -0 .028 f r om t h ep l ank ing s e am s

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I ts hou ld b en o ted t h a ti n1 969 T h rockmo r ton e s t ima ted t h e

l e ng th o ft h es h ip t ob es o me 2 4m ,b u tl a te r( 1989 :2 66 ) ,s ugge s t ed a no ve ra l ll e ng th o f3 3m ,p e rhap s2 3 -24 ma tt h ew a te r l ine ," a long t h el i ne so ft h eE u r opa . . ." He a l so n o ted t h a th i se s t ima te o fc a rgo c apac i ty b a sed o nt h ese n ew d imens ion s i si na g reemen tw i th t h e e s t ima ted t o nnage o f t h e c a rgo . Y e t i ts eems p oss ib le t h a t t h e o ve ra l l l e ng th o f 3 3 m c ou ld b e r educed w i thou t s i gn if ican t ly d im in i sh ing t h ew a te rl ine d imens ions a nd t hu st h et o nnage c apac i t yr equ i red b y t h ek nown c a rgo ; a sy e tt h e re i sn o h u l le v idence r equ i r ing o rs ugge s t ing t h es hape o ft h eE ur opa .T he refo re t h es h ip c ou ld b er ega rded a sh av ing b een ab i ts male rt h an 3 3ma nd c l ose r t o2 4m .F o rt h is r ea son ,a nd i nl i gh to ft h ep a t te rns e v iden ti nT ab le 3 , Ih ave i n c luded t h eh u l li nt h i s s i ze c a tegory .

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( J onchemy 1 975a : 5 8 ,5 9 ,f i g . 1 9 ,6 8 ) . A po l lon ia 1( m id second t oe a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 1 5 m ) : t h e g a rboa rd i s0 . 04 m t h ick ; t h e t h i rd t h rough s e ven th s t r ake s ( t he l i m i t o fp r ese rva t ion ) d o n o t e xceed 0 . 03 m i nt h ickne s s .G a rboa rd mo r t i se st h a tc on ta in t e non s r e ce ived b y t h e k e e l a r e 0 . 085 m w ide a nd 0 . 01 m t h ick . Mo r t i se s f i r s t w e r e d e l im i t ed w i th h o le s d r iled a te a ch e x t r em i ty , a nd t h en c h i se led o u t . T he i rs pa c ing i sn o tr e p o r ted . Mo s tt e non sm ea su r e0 . 16 x0 . 06 x0 . 0 1 m , t h ough t h o s eu sed i ns c a r ft i p sa r e0 . 21 m l o ng .A ve rage d i ame te r s o ft h et e non p eg sa r e0 . 0 11 m , t a pe r ing t o0 . 008 m ( Long 1 992 : 7 3 -74 ) . C ava l&r e( l a t es e cond o re a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 1 3m ) : t h eg a rboa rd t a p e r sf r om 0 . 04 m i nt h ickne s sa tt h e k e e l t o0 . 03 m a tt h eo u tboa rd e dge ; t h er ema inde ro ft h e p l ank ing i sa l so 0 . 03 m t h ick .T enon sa r e0 . 12 -0 .13 m l o ng , 0 . 006 m t h ick a nd 0 . 06 m w ide . T hey w e r e s e cu r ed i n m o r t i se s 0 . 05 m f r om o ne a no the r w i th p eg s 0 . 009 m i n d i ame t e r( Cha r l in ,G a s send , &L equemen t1 979 : 6 7 ) . M i ladou ( e nd o f t h e s e cond t o f i r s t h a l f o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 1 5 m ) : t h e t h ick ne s s o ft h e g a rboa rd w he r ei tc on tac t st h ek ee la tF rame 6i s0 . 043 m ,b u t0 . 03 m a tt h ec en t r eo ft h e w r eck . I tt h in s t o0 . 024 -0 .026 m a ti t s o u tboa rd e dge , a nd t h e r ema in ing p l ank s a r ec on s i s t en t ly s ome 0 . 025 m t h ick . B read th s o fp r e se r ved p l ank s r a nge f r om 0 . 122 m t o0 . 178 m . Mo r t i se s m ea su re 0 . 06 -0 .07 m w id e , 0 . 065 -0 .08 m d eep , a nd 0 . 006 -0 .007 m t h ick . D i s t a nc e so f0 . 088 m t o0 . 13 m s epa ra t e t h em ( Dumon t ie r& J onche ray 1 992 : 1 3 1 , 1 32 , 1 34 , 1 36 -37 ) .J udg ing f r om t h e d r aw ing sa nd p ho to s ,t h e se d i s tance sc an b ee i the rc en t r e to c en t r eo rb e tween a d ja cen te dge s . S t .Ger va i s 3( m id -f i r s t c en tu ry , Lc a . 1 7 m ) : t h e g a rboa rd 's k e e le dge m ea su re s0 . 075 m i nt h ickne s s ,w h ich d ec r ea se s t o0 . 065 m a tt h e o ppo s i t e e dge . T he a d ja cen t s t r ake i s0 . 06 m t h ick a c ro s s i t s w id th , a nd a l l f o l low ing s t rake s a r e0 . 035 -0 .045 m t h ick . Mo r t i se s i nt h eg a rboa rd a r e0 . 07 m w ide ,0 . 13 m d eep ,a nd 0 . 007 m t h ick ;t h et e non s w i th in t h em a r ej u s ts l igh t ly s ma l le ri na l d imen s ion s .T he t e non p eg s ,d r iven f r om t h ei n te r io r ,t a p e rf r om 0 . 005 m o r 0 . 006 m i nd i ame t e rt o0 . 0 12 m .T he re a r e0 . 12 m b e tween e a ch p a i r ,s ot h ec en t r e to cen t re s pa c ing i s0 . 132 m .P l ank w id th sd on o te xceed 0 . 30 m ( L iou & G a s send 1 991 :2 32 ) . H er cu lan eum ( A .D .7 9 , Lc a . 9m ) : t h ep l ank ing m ea s u r e s0 . 0 17 -0 .02 m in t h ickne s s ;t e non p eg s pac ing i si regu l a r ,b u tf o ro ve r2 00 m ea su remen t si ta ve rage s0 . 13 m .T he f ew a c ce s s ib le mo r t i se s a ve rage 0 . 051 m d eep , 0 . 052 m w id e ,a nd 0 . 005 m t h ick .T he t e non p eg sw e re d r iven f r om i n s ide , w i th e x te r io r d i ame te r s o f 0 . 006 -0 .0 1 m ( S t e f f y 1 985a : 5 20 -2 1 ) . L aur on s 2( l a t es e cond c en tu ry , Lc a . 1 5m ) : t h ep l ank s a r e0 . 025 m t h ick a tt h eo u tboa rd e dge o ft h es e cond s t rake a nd t h e rea f t e r ; t h e g a rboa rd i s0 . 045 m t h ick a tt h e k e e l . T enon sg ene ra l ly a r e0 . 004 m t h ick ,0 . 12 -0 .13 m l o ng a nd 0 . 06 m w ide .T enon p eg sa r e0 . 009 m in d i ame te ra nd s p a ced a bou t0 . 12 m a pa r tc en t r e to -cen t r e . T he mo r t i se s a r en o t s t agge r ed ( Ga s send ,L iou , &X imene s 1 985 : 9 1 ) . P omm4ue s(A .C .2 50 -300 , Lu nde t e rm ined ) :T he w r eck h a sg a rboa rd s0 . 045 m t h ick ,w h i le o t he rp l ank sa r e0 . 037 0 . 04 m i nt h ickne s s . Mo r t i se sa r e0 . 007 m t h ick ,0 . 05 -0 .07 mw ide ,a nd 0 . 05 m d eep .T enon p eg sa r e0 . 14 -0 .15 m a pa r t

V LD :P lank ing a nd J o ine ry c en t re to -cen t re a nd m ea su re 0 . 011-0 .012 m i nd i ame te r . Whe the r o r n o t t h e mo r t ise s a r e s t agge red i sn o t s t a ted ( Ga ssend 1 979 : 1 03 ) ,b u tw ew ou ld e xp ec tm en t ion o ft h i s i ns uch t h in p l ank ing ,a nd t hu si mag ine t h ey a r en o t . G o bo ( unda ted , L1 4m ) :t h ep l ank sw e re 0 .033 m t h ick ; t h et e nons b ind ing t h em w e r e0 .04 m w ide a nd 0 . 2 16 m l o ng , Ba sch 1 973 :3 31 , s e tn e rhan s0 . 25 m a pa r tc en t re to -cen t re ( f i g . 2 ,3 42 ,A ppend ix 1 ) . V LD .2 . R e la t ionsh ips b e tween V e s se l L eng th a nd P lank ing T h ickne s s ( Tab le V I .3 ) . Wh i le r e cogn iz ing t h a t t h eh u l l so fs ome o ft h ew r eck sl i s ted a bove h ave b een much mo re c a r efuly s t ud ied t h an o the r s , a nd t h a t t h e o r ig ina l d imen s ions o f t h e f o rme r a r e t h e r e fo re p robab ly mo re a ccu ra te ly e s t ima ted t h an t h e l a t te r , t h e re i sn eve r the le s s s ome c o r re la t ion b e tween a v e s se l 's e s t ima ted o r ig ina l l e ng th a nd t h et h ickne s so ft h ep l ank ing i nt h e ma in b ody o f t h eh ul ( i . e . ,e xc lus ive o fg a rboa rd sa nd a s soc ia ted s t rake s ) . I ts e em s l o g ica l t h a t as h ipw r igh t w ou ld h ave e mp loyed g ene ra l r u le s o f t humb t o g ove rn , i fo n ly r ough ly , t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h el e ng th ( a nd t h e refo re b read th a nd d ep th )o f as h ip a nd t h et h icknes so fi t sp l ank ing .N a tu ra l ly t h e se r u le sw ou ld h ave b een af unc t ion o ft h ec on tempo ra ry s h ipbu i ld ing t e chno logy . T he e v idence a th and s eem s t ob ea r o u t t h i sn o t ion ; i t s how s t h a tt h r ee s ea -go ing s h ip s o fs ome 3 0mo rl o nge r , d a t ing f r om e a r ly i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .t h rough p e rhap s t h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ,i . e . ,t ho se a tA n t iky the ra ,L a Madr ague d e G ien s ,1 8 a nd C ae sa rea , w e re b u i l tw i th p l ank ing a bou t 0 .09 -0 .10 m t h ick i ne i the ro ne l a ye ro rt wo .T he L ake N em i s h ip s ,n o ts ea -go ing c r a f t ,a l so w e r eb u i l tt ot h e i rp rod ig iou s d imen s ion sw i th p l ank ing o n ly 0 . 10 m t h ick . T he w r eck a t P un ta S ca le t ta ( 150 -140 B .C . ) , r e con s t ruc ted t oa bou t 3 0m , i se xcep t iona l e i the rb ecause i ti s b u i l t o f o ne l a ye r a bou t 0 .065 -0 .07 m t h ick , o r o f t wo t o ta l l ing s ome 0 . 135 m . S ix v e s se l s mea su r ing a bou t2 0mt o2 5mi nl e ng th ( a t G rand C ong loue ,D ramon t( A ) ,T i tan ,D iano Ma r ina ,T o r re S ga r ra ta — see n o te 1 7a bove —and B ou r s e ) ,d a t ing f r om t h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . t ot h el a te s e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ,

g e s t s t h a t t h e l a rge h u l ls a tS pa rg i , A lbenga , a nd Mand ia w e r ec omp le te ly d oub le -p lanked l i ke t h eh u l la tG ien s ,t h a t t h ew r eck a tS t .J o rd iw a s av e sse lo fs ome 3 0m o r mo r e ,a nd t h a tt h ew reck a tT o r re S ga r ra ta w a s as h ip o fp e rhap s2 4m i nl e ng th ,n o t3 3 m . R ega rd ing t h e s omewha t s ma l le r w reck s a t G rand C ong loue ,T i tan ,a nd C ap D ramon t( A ) ,i ti sn o tk nown i ft h e t wo p l ank ing l a ye r s e x tended f r om t h e k ee l t ot h e s hee r s t rake ,o rj u s ts ome d i s tance f r om t h ek ee l .T he i s sue w ou ld b el e s sc onf us ing w e re t h ey n o to fa ni n te rmed ia te s i ze ( c a . 2 0 -25 m i nl e ng th ) . A s s uch , t h ey o ccupy al e s s c l ea r -cu t p o s i t ion b e tween s ma l le r s h ip s w i th t h inne r p l ank ing a nd b i g s h ip sw i th t h icke rp l ank ing . A no the rs ou rce o fu nce r t a in ty i st h e f a c t t h a t t wo w reck s o f s omewha t s ma l le r d imen s ion s d i sp lay d oub led g a rboa rd s . O n t h e w reck a t C ava l ie re ( Lc a .1 3m ) ,a no u te rp l ank ,t r iangu la ri ns e c t ion , w a sf i t ted t oo ve r lap c omp le te ly t h e mou lded f a c eo ft h ek ee a nd mo s to ft h eg a rboa rd .T he r ei sn od oub t ,h oweve r ,t h a t t h e r ema inde r o f t h i s h u l l c ons i s ted o f as i ng le l a ye r o f p l ank ing ( Chaf f in ,G a s send , &L equemen t1 979 :6 4 ,f i g .3 9 , 6 6 , f i g . 4 2 , 6 9 , 7 0 , f i g . 4 7 , 7 2 , 7 3 , f i g . 4 9 ) . T h i s o u te r g a rboa rd mu s th ave i mp roved t h e l o ng i tud ina l s t reng th o f t h e s h ip i na dd i t ion t ob o l s te r ing t h e k ee l /ga rboa rd j o in t . S im i la r ly , ap l ank t r iangu la ri ns ec t ion o ve r lap st h ek ee la nd g a rboa rd o n Wre ck 2a tL au ron s( Lc a . 1 5m )f o r ad i s tance o f 4m f o rwa rd o ft h ek eel s t ernpo s ts ca r f( Ga s send ,L iou ,& X imene s1 985 :9 5 ,f i g . 1 7 :d ,9 7 ) .I ti st h e re fo re n o ts u rp r i s i n gt h a ts l igh t ly l a rge rs h ip sn eeded s im i la rb u t mo re e x ten s i ve s uppo r t n ea r t h e k ee l . H oweve r , b ecause t h e k nown p l ank ing t h ickne sse s o f mode ra te -s ized , d oub le laye red v e sse l sf i tn i ce ly b e tween t h o se f ound o nl a rge ra nd s ma l le r s h ip s , i ti s mo re l i ke ly t h a tt h e s h ip so fs ome 2 0 -25 m t h a t w r ecked a tG rand C ong loue , T i tan , a nd C ap D ramon t( A ) w e r ec omp le te ly d oub le -p lanked . V LD .3 .R e la t ionsh ip sb e tween P lank ing T h i ckne s sa nd Mor t i se -and -T enon J o iner y . I ti st emp t ing t oe ngage i na n e x tens ive a na ly s i so ft h ej o ine ry d e ta i l sc a ta logued ,b u tt h e i n fo rma t ion , w i th f ew e xcep t ions , i sf a r t o o i n comp le te . S ome g ene ra l c ommen t sd e se rve t ob e made , h oweve r , a s

d i sp lay o ne o rt wo l a ye r so fp l ank st h a tr a nge f r om c a .0 . 055 t o0 . 08 m i nt o ta lt h ickne s s . P lank ing i sp r e se rved f o ro n ly as ho r t d i s tanc e f r om t h e k ee l o n t h e f i r s t t h r ee w reck s , w h ich a r ed oub le -p lanked . Whe the ro rn o tt h ey w e re c om p l e te ly d oub le -p lanked i sd i scus sed b e low . F ive s ma l le rs h ip so ft h e1 3 -16 m r a nge a nd d a t ing f r om

s eve ra l c ha rac te r i s t ics c ommon t o t h e mo r t i se -and tenon j o ine ry i nt h ew r eck sr e v iewed a bove h o ld t h ep rom ise o fa n e ven tua lu nde r s tand ing o ft h er e la t ion sh ip sb e tween p l ank ing a nd mo r t ise -and tenon j o in t s . F i r s t , t h ej o in t s w e re mo s t l i ke ly ar e la t ive ly h omogeneou s c ons tan ti nt h eh u l l s , b e c au se t h e t e nons a nd t e non p egs f ound i nv i r tua l ly a l l o f

t h ef ou r th c en tu ry B .C .i n to t h es e cond c en tu ry A .C . ,t h ose a tK y r en ia , C h re t ienne ( C ) , Apo l lon ia 1 ,C ava l ie re , a nd L au ron s( 2 ) ,w e re b u i l tw i th s i ng le l a ye r so fp l ank ing f r om

t h em w e re f a sh ioned f r om s ome t ype o fo ak o ro the rs t rong a nd r e s il ien t h a rdwood ( Tab le V I .2 ) . Mo reove r , f i t t ing t e non st i gh t ly i nt h e i r mo r t ise s w a ss t anda rd p rac t ice p r io r

0 . 025 t o0 .04 m t h ick .T he G o bow reck ,o fu nknown d a te ,f i t s

t oc ommencemen to ft h es h if tf r om s he l l -f i r s tt of r ame -f i r s t

t h is p a t ter n , i ft h en ine teen th -cen tu ry d ocumen t s d e scr ibe t h e v e s se l a ccu ra te ly . Wreck A a tT re S enghe ( s econd o r

c on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique s . T hus t e non s a c ted a sb o th l a te ra l a nd l o ng i tud ina l s t i f f ene r s , l i ke t h ousand so fl i t t le i n te rna l

f i r s t c en tury B .C . ) m igh t b e i n c luded h e r e w i th al e ng th

f r ame s( S te f fy 1 985b :9 0 ) .H u l ls t if fne ss a nd i n tegr i ty w e re t h e re fo r e t o al a rge d eg ree f unc t ion s b o th o f p l ank ing t h ickne s sa nd o ft e non v o lume w i th in t h ep l ank ing .I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e a nc ien t s h ipw r igh t s h ad s ome m eans o f r e la t ing t h e se d i f f e ren t f a c to r s t oo ne a no the r i no rde r t o d e te rm ine t h e a pp rop r ia te s i ze a nd s pa c ing o f j o in t s i n

c l ose r t o 1 5 m , i f al owe r L :B r a t io i sa ccep ted . Y e t t h e p lank ing t h ickne ss i sa tt h eu ppe rl im i to ft h er a nge ,s ot h e g rea te rl e ng th s ugges ted b yt h ee xcava to ri sn o to u to fo rde r . T h is r a the ro rde r ly s cheme ( Tab le V I .3 ) s t rong ly s ug 1 8

p l ank s o f as pec if ic t h ickne s s a nd w id th . U nfo r tuna te ly , a na ly s is o ft h ei n fo rma t ion g a the red h e re h a sn o ty e ty i e lded

R iva l( 1991 :4 0 )p ropo se st h a tt h eo u te rf i rp l ank ing o nt h e

G iens h u l lw a si n tended p r ima r i ly t op ro tec tt h ei n ne re lm p l ank s .

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C hap t er V I : T he S h ip T ab le V I .3 : R e la t ion sh ip sb e tween P lank ing Th ickne s sa nd V e sse lL eng th i n G re ek a nd R oman Merchan tS h ips S i te P un ta S ca le t ta S pa rg i

P l ank T h( cm ) I nne r /Ou te r

P lank T h( cm ) T o ta l

6 . 5 /7 ?

6 . 5 13 .5

— /3 . 5?

—

A lbenga A n t iky the ra

— /4 ? 9/( ? )

Mand ia M .d eG iens C ae sa rea

5/3 . 6 6/4 9 -9 .4

9 8 . 6 1 0 9 -9 .4

G r .C ong lou6

4 . 5 /2 . 2

D ramon tA T i tan D iano Ma r ina

3 -4 /2 . 5 -3 3 . 8 /1 . 8 —

5 . 5 -7 5 . 6 6

6 . 7

T o r re S ga r ra ta B ou r se

— —

T re S enghe ( A )

—

Ma 'agan M icha e l K y r en ia C h r6 t ienne C

3 0

2B .C .

3 0 -35

2B .C .

4 0 3 0

1B .C . 1B .C .

3 0 3 8 4 0

1B .C . 1B .C . 1A .C .

2 3

2/1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1A .C .

7 6

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2A .C . 2/3A .C .

4

2 0 -24 ( ? )

2 1 B .C .

4

1 3

5 / 4B .C .

1 4 1 5 16

4B .C . 2B .C .

1 5 1 3 1 5

2 1 B .C . 2/1B .C . 2 1 B .C .

1 7 9 1 5 1 4

1A .C . 1A .C . 2A .C . ?

3 3 2 . 5

—

S t .Ge rva i s3 H e r cu laneum L au ron s 2 G ob

C en tu ry

2 5 5 25 2 2 -25

3 . 6 2 . 9 -3 .6

A polon ia 1 C ava l ie r e M i ladou

V e s se l L( m )

3 . 5 -4 .5 1 . 7 -2 .0 2 . 5 3 . 3

T ab le V I .4 : O ccurrence o f Hardwood P lank ing o nR oman S eago ing Merchan tS h ips S i te P un ta S ca le t ta S pa rg i * Mbenga * A n t iky the ra Mand ia M .d eG ien s P un ta S c ifo * *

P l ank T h( cm ) I nne r /Ou te r

Wood T yp e I nne r /Ou te r

V e s se l L( m )

6 . 5 13 .5

o ak /o ak?

3 0

— /3 . 5 — /4 . 0 9 . 0 5 . 0 /3 . 6 6 . 0 /4 . 0

o ro ak /s o f twood? — /p i ne — /f i r e lm e lm /e lm e lm /f i r o ak

3 0 -35 4 0 3 0 3 0 3 8 —

C en tu ry 2B .C . 2B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 2 -3 A .C .

*I ti sp ropo sed t h a tt h ep l ank ing f r agmen t s a r e f r om al a ye r t h a tp robab ly w a s a f ixed o n t o po fa no the ro ne o f h a rdwood p lank s . * Ma rb le -ca r r ie rw reck s i te m ea su r ing 5 0 x5 0m .

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V LD :P lank ing a nd J o iner y a ny c onv inc ing e v idence o fc onc ep t s o rr e la t ion sh ip s ,1 9 w i th o ne s t ra igh t fo rwa rd e xcep t ion .D oub le -p lanked h u l l s i nt h e c a ta logue , w h ich a r e a lway s r e con s t ruc ted o re s t i ma t ed t oh ave b een a tl e a s t2 0ml o ng ,e xh ib i ta dvan tage s b eyond t h o se i n he r en ti n" l am ina t ion "a l one . S p ec if ica l ly , mo r et e non v o lume p e ru n i to fh u l lp l ank l e ng th i sa ch ieved b yt h ee mp loymen to ft wo l a ye r so fp l ank s . Ac ompa r i son o ft e non a r ea p e rm e t r eo fp l ank ing ,a sm ea su r ed a l ong t h e p l ank e dge , r e vea l s t h a t t h e d oub le -p lanked G ien s h u l l d i sp lay ss ome 1 60 -190% o ft h et e non a r ea o ft h eC ae sa r ea h ul . 2° V LD .4 : R e la t ionsh ip s B e tween P lank ing T h i ckne s s a nd Wood T ype .S oi tm ay b ea sked i fs t ru c tu ra lc on s ide ra t i on s w e r e r e spons ib le f o r t h e u t il i za t ion o f h a rdwood p l ank ing . Max imum s hel s t reng th w ou ld h ave b een i m p e ra t ive i nl a rge s h ip sb u i l ti n mo r t i se -and t enon f a sh ion , w i th t h e i rg r ea te rt e ndency t oh og a nd s a gi nt h ea b sence o f aw e l ld eve loped s p ine a nd s k e le ta lf r amewo rk .I nm e r chan t h ul so fc ompa rab le s i ze ,f o rm ,a nd c on s t ruc t ion ,o ne b u i l t w i th p l ank s o f h a rdwood ( w i th f i ne r a nd t i gh t e r g r a in ) w ou ld mo s tl i ke ly m an i f e s t mo r e s t ruc tu ra l i n t eg r i ty t h an o ne c omp r i s ing mo r ec oa r se -a nd o pen -g ra ined s o f twood s . T h i s i ss ugge s ted b y t h em a t e r ia l s f o und i nt h ew r eck sa t G r and C ong lou6 , D ramon t ( A ) , T i tan , L a Mad rague d e G ien s , a nd Mand ia . I nt h e f i r s t t h r ee h ul s , w h ich a r e a l l d oub le -p lanked a nd a bou t2 0 -25 m l o ng , t h ep l ank ing o n e a ch i si d en t if i ed a sp ine o rp o s s ib ly p i ne .T he se i d en t if i ca t i on sd on o td i s t ingu i sh b e tween i n ne ra nd o u te rl a ye r s ,b u t i fi nf a c tb o th l a ye r sa r es o f twood so nt h e se t h r ee s h ip s ,a v e ry i n te re s t ing p a t te rn m igh tb ei ne v idence .I nt h eG ien s h ul ( c a .3 8ml o ng )t h eo u te rl a ye ri sf i ra nd t h ei n ne ri se lm , w h i le b o th l a ye r so ft h e Mand ia s h ip ( c a .3 0ml o ng )a ppea r t ob ee lm . A l though t h i si st h eb e s ti n f o rma t ion r e ga rd ing b i g t wo laye red h u l l s , t h ep o s s ib le d i f f e r enc e i nm a te r ia l u sage i n l a rge a nd mode ra t e s ized d oub le laye r ed h ul s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e p hy s ica l p rope r t ie s o fh a rdwood p l ank s w e r e ,o rw e r er e ga rded a s ,b enef i c ia lt ol a rge s h ip s .I nd eed , o ne s cho la rc onc lude st h i si st h er e a son t h ei n ne rp l ank ing l a ye ro ft h eG ien sh u l li se lm ,a so n ly h a rdwood si mp a r ted e nough s t r eng th t os e rve a dequa t e ly i nl a rge s h ip s ( R iva l 1 991 :2 98 ) .T h i sp re f e r ence a cco rd sw i th e v idence f r om t h e w re ck so fm o s tl a rge R oman m e rchan ts h ip s . Among Med i t e r ranean s e ago ing m e rchan t s h ip s o ft h e G r aeco -Roman p e r iod ,h a rdwood p l ank ing i sf o und o n ly o nt h o se o fs ome 3 0mo r mo re i nl e ng th ,i . e . ,a tP un ta S ca le t ta ,A n t iky the ra , Mand ia , G ien s , a nd p o s s ib ly P un ta S c ifo ( Tab le V I .4 ) . I n c on t r a s t . , t h e w reck a tC aes a r ea i st h eo n ly v e s se lo fs u ch

1 9 S uch r e la t ion sh ip sm igh ti n c lude :t h a tb e twe en t e non t h ick n e s s a nd p l ank ing t h ickne ss ; t h e d i s tance b e tween t e non s a s t o t e non w id th ,o rp l ank t h ickne s s ;t e non w id th a st op l ank t h ickne s s ,

o rt e non s pa c ing ;o ne t e non d imen s ion a s af unc t ion o fa no the ro f i t sd imen s ion s . 2 0 T he p e rcen tage v a r ie sw i th t h ea l ignmen to ft h e mo r t i se si n t h ei nne ra nd o u t e rl a ye r s a l ong t h eh ul l e ng th . T he p ropo s i t ion

t h a tg rea te rt e non v o lume i si n d ica t ed b yg r ea te rt e non a r ea a tt h e p l ank e dge i sf ounded u pon t h e n o t ion t h a t g ene ra l ly c on s i s ten t p ropo r t ion sr e la t ing t e non d imen s ion st oo ne a no the ra r e ar e qu i r e m en to ft h ej o ine ry me thod i ft h ej o in t sa r et of unc t ion e f ec t ive ly .

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d imen s ion st h a tw a sb u i l tw i th s o f twood p l ank ing . Mo r eg ene ra l ly ,R iva l( 1 991 :2 8 ,8 9 ,2 98 )p ropo se st h a t t h es p ec if i ca ppl i ca t ion so fd ec iduou sa nd c on if e rou st i m b e r sw e r e af u nc t ion o ft h e i r mo rpho log ica lc ha ra c te r i s t ic s . T he r e fo r eA leppo p i ne , f o re xamp le , w a sc ommon ly u s ed b ecau se i tw a se a sy t oo b ta in a nd w a sf ound i n av a r ie ty o f u s e f u l s hap e s . S im i la r ly , t h i s u sage i sc on s i s ten tw i th t h e p ropo sa lt h a tf i t t ing as i ng le l a ye ro fh a rdwood p l ank so ft h e t h ick ne s se sr e qu i red f o rb i gs h ip ss imp ly r e qu i r ed a nu nde s i rab le a moun to ft i me a nd e f fo r t .I n deed ,h a rdwood p l ank ing d oe sn o te xceed c a .0 . 06 m i nt h ickne s si nt h ew r eck sk nown t od a t e , w i th t h e s i ng le e xc ep t ion o f t h e s i ng le laye r ed A n t iky the ra h u l l . S uch p l ank s c e r ta in ly w ou ld h ave b een h eav ie r a nd h a rde r t ow o rk t h an t h o se o fs o f twood s . S o , w hen h a rdwood p l ank sw e r et ob eu sed , p e rhap st h es h ip w r igh t s f i t ted t wo l a ye r s o f t h inne r p l ank s t h a t c r ea ted g r ea t e rh u l ls t r eng th a nd w e re e a s ie rt ow o rk w i th a nd r epa i r a sw el . F ina l ly ,t h i sg ene ra lp a t te rn s ugge s t st h a tt h eb i gw reck s a tS pa rg ia nd A lbenga m ay h ave h ad t h inne ro u te rl a ye r so f s o f twood sa nd t h icke ri n ne rl a ye r so fh a rdwood s .S im i la r ly , p e rhap st h eb i gs h ip t h a ts ank a tP un ta S ca le t ta h a sy e tt o r e vea la no u t e rs o f twood p l ank ing l a ye r . V LD .5 . S ca rf s . Ih ave f o und o n ly f i ve w r eck s u pon w h ich " S" s c a r f sa r ee v iden ti nt h es u rv iv ing p o r t ion so ft h e h ul s , a nd t h r ee o ft h es e d i sp lay d i agona l s c a r f s a sw e l l . T ho s ew i th b o th i n c lude t h es ma l lw reck f ound a t Ma 'agan M icha e l ,a l though t h ed i f f e renc eb e tween t h et wo t y pe si s o f t en s l igh t ( J .P . R o s lo f f , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) , t h e P un ic s h ip a tMa r sa la ( F ro s t1 98 1b :o ppo s i te p .3 2 ,f i g .9 ,p . 1 28 , f i g . 6 4 , p .2 45 -46 ; J ohn s tone 1 981 : 1 96 , f i g . 13 , o ppo s i te p .2 24 , f i g . 1 38 ) , t h e s e cond N em i s h ip ( Ucel i 1 950 :p l .8 ) ,a nd t h eP an tano L onga r in is h ip ( Th roc lano r ton & T h rockmo r ton 1 973 : 2 50 , f i g . 9 ) . O n ly Wreck C a t C hr e t ienne ( J onche ray 1 975a : 6 0 , f i g . 2 1 ) a nd t h e f o u r th c en tu ry w r eck a tY a s s iA da ( v an Doom inck 1 976 :o ppo s i t e p . 16 , f i g . 1 )a pp ea r t od i sp lay e xc lu s ive ly " S" s c a r f s . P e rhap s" S" s c a r f sw e r en o tw o r th h ee x t ra t ime a nd e f fo r t t h a tm u s th ave b e en r e qu i r ed ;c l ea r ly d i agona ls c a r f sw e r e m o s to f t en u s ed . A l though i ti sn o t k nown h ow t h e s c a r fj o in t s w e r e f a s t ened o nt h eC ae sa r ea s h ip ,i ti si n t e re s t ing t on o te t h a tt h e w r eck sa tMa r sa la ( F ro s t1 981b : 1 28 ,f i g .6 4 :A ) ,C hr e t ienne ( C )( J onche ray 1 975a :6 0 ,b enea th f i g .2 1 ) ,L a Mad rague d e G ien s ( Pomey 1 978a : 7 9 , f i g . 1 :3 ) , L ak e N enü ( Uc el i 1 950 : 1 53 , f i g . 1 53 ) , a nd T o r re S ga rr a ta ( Th roc lano r ton 1 972 : 7 0 , f i g . 8 ) , s e em t o s ha r e ac ommon m e thod o f f a s t en ing s c a r f s :t h et e non sa r es e tp e rpend icu la rt ot h es c a r f s e am .T h i ss e em sa l so t ob et h ec a se o n Wr eck 2a tL au ron s , b u t b ecau se n o d e ta i l s a r e a va i lab le ( Ga s send , L iou , & X imen e s 1 985 : 9 6 , f i g . 1 8 ) ,t h i sa nd o t he re xamp le si l u s t r a te w e l lt h en eed f o rc au t ion w hen s t udy ing a nd r e co rd ing t h e mo r t is e -and tenon j o in t so fs c a r f s .F o re xamp le ,o nt h e K y r en ia s h ip s c a r f mo r t i se s a r e c u t p e rpend icu la r t ot h e p l ank ing s e am sr a the rt h an t h es c a r fs e am s( S t e f fy 1 985b : 9 1 ,i l . 1 5 ) .I nt h ei l u s t ra t ion ,h oweve r ,t h ea xe so fs ome o f t h ep a i r so ft e non p eg so nt h es c a r fs e am a r ep e rpend icu la r t ot h es e am ,o rn ea r ly s o ,w h ich g i ve st h ei mp r e s s ion t h a tt h e t e non sa r es e ta tr i gh ta ng le st ot h es e am .T he re fo r e ,w i thou t

C hap ter V I : T h eS h ip a c tua l ly e xam in ing t h e mo r t i se s o f as c a r f , t h e i r p r ec i se o r ien ta t ion t ot h es c a r fs e am w il r ema in u nknown ,a sw i l l t h e q ua l i ty o ft h e f i to ft h e s c a r ft e non s w i th in t h e p l ank mo r t i se s .W i thou tt h i sk now ledge i ti sp o s s ib le t oi n d ica t e e r roneou s ly ,o ri n deed t oo ve r look t h ea c tua lp r e senc eo f ,a n i n te r e s t ing a spec to ft h es he l l -f i r s t mo r t ise -and t enon s h ip b u i ld ing p roce s s : t h e p r e -a s semb ly o fp a i r s o fp l ank s , o r e ven e n t i r es t rak e s . Mo r t i se -and t enon j o ine ry p roh ib i t st h ef i t t ing o f ap l ank t oh ul t e non sa nd s c a r ft e non ss imu l taneou s ly u n le s s1 )t h e s c a r ft e non s ,l i k et h eh ul t e non s ,a r es e tp e rp end i cu la rt ot h e p l ank ing s e am s ,o r2 )t h es c a r f mo r t i s e so ft h ep l ank b e ing f i t ted a r ec u tl a rge e nough t oa ccommoda t es c a r ft e non ss e t p e rpend icu la r t ot h e s c a r fs e am . T he r e fo r e t h e o n ly w ay s c a r ft e non sp e rpend icu la rt ot h es c a r fs e am c an f i ts nug ly i nt h e i r mo r t i se s i si ft h e t wo p l ank sa r e s c a r f ed t o ge the r p r io r t ob e ing f i t ted t ot h e h ul . T h i s i nf a c tw a sd one o n S t a rboa rd S t r ake 4a nd P o r tS t r ake 7o ft h e K y r en ia s h ip ( S t e f fy ,p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) .F u r the rmo r e ,t h el owe r s c a r ft i p sw e re e dge -na i led u pwa rd f r om t h eb o t tom o ft h e p l ank s ,a nd t h i st o oc ou ld o n ly h ave b een d one b e fo r et h e a s semb ly w a si n s ta l led o nt h eh u l l .S uch p r e -a s semb ly w a s a l so r e qu i r ed i no ne i n s tance d u r ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h e K y ren ia r e p l ica ( S tef f y , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . Wha t a ppea r st ob ea no the re xamp le o fp r e -a s semb ly i sf o und o n t h eC h re t ienne C w r eck .T he l owe rt i po f ac u r ved p l ank i s n a i led f r om b e low ,a nd t h et e non sf a s t en ing t h i sp l ank t ot h e o ne a bove i ta r ep e rpend icu la rt ot h ec u r va tu r eo ft h ep l ank ( J onche ray 1 975a :5 9 ,f i g . 1 9 ) .I na dd i t ion ,i ti sc l ea rt h a ti n ap a i ro fp l ank s p r e -a s semb led w i th s c a r ft e non s a tr i gh t a ng le st ot h es c a r fs e am ,i ti si mpo s s ib le t oe dge -na i lb o th t h e u ppe ra nd l owe rs c a r ft i p sf r om t h es ame d i r ec t ion .T h e r e f o re ,d raw ing sr e p r e sen t ing b o th u ppe ra nd l owe rt i p sn a i led f r om t h e s ame d i r ec t ion o n t h e s ame p l ank ing s c a r f , w i th s c a r ft e non sp e rpend icu la rt ot h es c a r fs e am ,a r es u spec t( s ee U ce ll i1 950 : 1 53 ,f i g .1 53 ,a nd F ro s t1 981b : 1 28 ,f i g .6 4 :A ) . A spe c t s o fD iagona l S carf T i p s . Mo r t i se s c u t c om p l e t e ly t h rough t h e t i p s o fs c a r f ed p l ank sa r ec ommon o n G ra eco -Roman h u l l s , b u t t h e re i s ad i f f e r ence i nh ow t h e t e non si ns uch mo r t i se sa r ep egged i nt h ep l ank ing ( f ig .7 0 ) . T he s c a r ft i p si nt h eK y ren ia h u l lh ave mo r t i se sc u tc om p l e te ly t h rough t h em , a nd ap eg a lway s f a s ten s t h e t e non w i th in t h es c a r ft i pi t se lf .T he s e cond p eg i sl o ca t ed e i the ri n t h ea d jo in ing p l ank o ft h es t r ake o ri n ap l ank o ft h es t r ake a bove o rb e low ,b u tn o tb o th ( S te f fy 1 985b : 7 8 ,f i g . 5 ,8 1 , 9 0 -91 ,9 1 ,f i g . 1 5 ) .T h i sm e thod i sa l so i ne v idence o nt h e s ma l lK inne re tb oa to ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C .( S t e f fy 1 987 : 3 26 ,f i g .2 ) . I nc on t ra s t , o n t h e s e a -go ing R oman h u l l s c a ta logued h e re ,i fs c a r ft i pt e non sa r ep egged ,i ti so n ly i na dd i t ion t o b e ing p egged i no ne o rb o th o ft h ep l ank sa d ja cen tt ot h e s c a r f t i p . Of t en t h e t e non i sp egged o n ly i nt h e p l ank s a d ja cen tt ot h es c a r ft i p ,a si se v iden to nt h ee x t e r io rp l ank ing l a ye ro ft h e w reck a tG ien s( Pomey 1 978a : 7 9 , f i g . 1 :3 ) . T h i ss e em st ob et r ue f o rt h eC he t ienne Cw re ck ( J onche ray 1 975a : 6 0 , b enea th f i g . 2 1 ) , a nd t h e N em i s h ip s ( Uce l l i 1 950 :1 53 ,f i g .1 53 ) .I ti sd i s t inc t ly e v id en to n Wr eck 3a tS G e rva i s ,t h ough i nt h i sh u l la r ea l so s c a r ft i pt e non sp egged i na l lt h ree p l ank s( L iou & G a s s end 1 99 1 :2 40 ,f i g .1 04 ) .T he

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t e chn ique w a s a l so u s ed o n t h e B ou r se w r eck ( Ga s s end 1 982 : 3 4 , f i g . 1 5 , 7 8 ) , o n t h e s h ip t h a t s a nk n ea r T o r r e S ga r ra ta ( Th roc lano r ton 1 972 :7 0 ,f i g .8 )a nd a ppa ren t ly o n Wreck 2a tL au ron s ,i nt h ef i r s tt h ree s t rak e s ,t h ough d e ta i led d r aw ing a r en o tp rov ided ( Ga s send ,L iou , &X imCne s1 985 : 9 6 ,f i g .1 8 ) . Wr eck 1a tA polon ia ( m id -second t oe a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) i ss p ec if ica l ly r epo r ted t od i sp lay s c a r f t i p t e non sp egged i na l l t h r ee a s soc ia ted p l ank s ( Long 1 992 : 7 4 ) . T he w r eck o ft h eP un ic s h ip a t Ma r sa la y i e ld ed at e non w i th t h r ee h o le s i ni tt h a ti ss a id t oh ave f a s t ened as c a r f , t h ough i tw a sn o tf o und i ns i tu ( F ro s t 1 981b : 9 0 , f i g .4 1 ) . O ne h o le i sn ea r ly a tt h e c en t re o f t h e t e non a nd h a s a d i am e te ro fc a .0 . 0 1m .T he o t he rt wo h o le sa r ec onfmed t o af i na l t h i rd o f t h e l e ng th , a nd t h e l a rge s t , o f ad i ame t e r m a t ch ing t h eo ne c en t r a l ly l o ca ted ,i sp l a ced s oc l o se t ot h e t e non e dge t h a tt h ee dge i sn ow b roken a way .T he t h i rd h o le , c a . 0 . 0 1 mf r om t h ee dge h o le a nd s ome 0 . 03 m f r om t h e c en t ra lo ne ,m ea su r e so n ly a bou t0 . 007 m in d i ame te r .T h i s d i sp a r i ty i nh o le s i ze si sc on sp icuou s ,a si st h ep rox im i ty o f t h et wo h o le sn ea ro ne e nd .T ha tt h i st e non w a sp a r to f as c a r f t i pi sc e r ta in ly p o s s ib le ,b u tn o tn ece s sa r i ly c e r ta in .I tm igh t b ee xpec t ed ,u nde ri d ea lc i rcum s tance s ,t h a tt h eh o le sw e r e mo r e u n if o rm ly s pa ced a l ong t h e t e non 's l e ng th . F u r the r , t h et i po fa ni n ta c t" S" s c a r fh a si t st e non p egged o n ly i nt h e a d ja cen tp l ank s( J ohn s tone 1 981 :o ppo s i t ep .2 24 ,f i g .1 38 ) , a nd t h es ame p r ac t ice i si l u s t ra t ed i n as c hema t ic o fd i ago n a ls c a r f so ft h ew r eck ( F ro s t1 981b : 1 28 ,f i g .6 4 :A ) . T he e v idence f r om A po l lon ia a s id e ,a ne xam ina t ion o f t h e se d a ta a s s c hema t ized i nf i g . 7 0 m igh t t emp t o ne t o s ugge s t ad eve lopmen ta lp a t ter ni nt h ep egg ing o fs c a r ft i p t e non so ns e ago ing G rae co -Roman s h ip s .G iven t h ep auc i ty o fd e ta i led i n f o rma t ion ,h oweve r ,s uch ac onc lu s ion w ou ld b ep r ema tu r e . N eve r the le s s ,r e ga rd ing t h ei s sue o fd a te ,b a s ed u pon t h e a va i lab le e v idence ,t h ec ha rac te r is t ic so ft h eC ae sa rea p l ank f r agmen ta r e c on s i s t en tw i th t h e s c a r ft i p s o fs e ven o t he r h u l l s( c oun t ing b o th N em is h ip s )d a t ing f r om t h em id th i rd c en tu ry B .C .t ot h ee a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry A .C .S i xd a te e a rl ie r t h an t h es e cond c en tu ry A .C .T he med ian o ft h et i me s p an i st h e t u rn o f t h e m i l lenn ium , w h ich t h e re fo r e m igh t b e c on s id e r ed t h e mo s tc on se rva t ive d a te f o rt h ef r agmen tf r om C a e sa r ea .F ina l ly ,t h a tt h eC ae sa rea f r agmen tc ou ld b ep a r t o f ah ood ing e nd ,s t ea le r ,o r as c a r f ,r a i se st h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e j o ine ry m e thod s i ne v idence f o r s c a r f t i p s w e r e n o t n ece s sa r i ly c onfmed o n ly t os c a r ft i p s . N a i l ed S carf T i p s . A tC ae sa rea n a i l sa r ed r iven i n to t h e e dge o ft h ep l ank b enea th F rame 1 0o nt h ee a s te dge o ft h e h ul .T he a ppa r en ta b sence o f as c a r fs e am a s so c ia t ed w i th t h en a i l sc r ea te ss ome d oub ta st ow he the ro rn o tt h i si sa n a i led s c a r ft i p .P e rhap st h en a i l sw e r ed r iven d own t h rough t h ep l ank i n to t h ea d ja cen to ne , a sw a sd one o n t h eN em i s h ip s( Uce l l i 1 950 : 1 53 ,f i g . 1 53 ) ; mo r el i ke ly ,h oweve r ,i s t h e p ro sp ec tt h a tt h i s i ss imp ly t h e r e pa i ro f as p l i ti nt h e p l ank , g i ven t h es i ze o ft h en a i lh ead sa nd t h en umbe ro f n a i l s i ne v idence ( S te f fy , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . Y e t , b ecau se n a i l ed s c a r f t i p s a r e t y p ica l o f G ra eco -Roman s h ipbu i ld ing p r a c t ic e so ft h e f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . i n to t h e s e ven th c en tu ry A .C . , ar e v iew o ft h e i ro c cu r r enc e m igh t

V LE :F rame s h e lp p rov ide c l ue st ot h er e a son f o rt h ee dge -na i led p l ank a t C a e sa r ea . R iva l( 1991 : 2 79 )r e a sonab ly s u gge s t ss c a r ft i p s w e re n a i led t oh e lp k eep t h em a l igned w i th t h eo u te rs u r f a ce o ft h ep l ank ing . K yr en ia ( l a t e f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . ) : a tl e a s t t wo u ppe r s c a r ft i p s a nd t wo l owe ro ne s w e re n a i led d own . C oppe r n a i l s0 .085 m l o ng ,w i th s ha f td i ame te r so f0 . 005 m a nd h ead d i ame te r so fa bou t0 . 015 m w e re u sed .A d jacen tp l ank e dge s w e re h o l lowed o u tt or e ce ive t h en a i lh ead st oe n su r et i gh t p l ank ing s e am s( S tef fy 1 985b : 7 8 , 8 1 ) . Mar sa la ( m id th i rd c en tu ry B .C . ) : p l ank s s ome t ime s h ad as i ng le n a i ld r iven t h rough a nu ppe rs c a r ft i p ,w h i le o ne o rt wo f a s t ened t h el owe rt i p s( F ro s t1 98 1b :1 28 ,f i g .6 4 :A ) . L a Mad rague d e G i ens ( 60 -40 B .C . ) : u ppe r s c a r ft i p s w e r en a i led o nt h eo u te rp l ank ing l a ye ro ft h es h ip ( Pomey 1 978a :7 9 ,f i g . 1 :3 ) .I nt h ef i gu r e ,t h en a i ln ea r e s tt h es c a r f t i pi sc a .0 . 12 m l o ng ,w h i le as ho r te ro ne s ome 0 . 11 m a way b a re ly p ene t ra te st h el owe rp l ank o ft h es c a r f . L ak eN em i( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) : as c hema t ic d r aw ing o f t h ep l ank ing i n d ica te st h a tt wo c oppe rn a i l sc a .0 . 22 -0 .25 m l o ng ,w i th h ead sa pp rox ima te ly 0 . 04 m in d i ame te r ,s e cu red b o th u ppe ra nd l owe rs ca r ft i p s .B u ti n s tead o fh o l low ing o u t t h e a d jacen t p l ank e dge s t oa vo id p oo r s e am s l i ke t h e i r G r eek p r edece s so r sd id w hen b u i ld ing t h eK y r en ia s h ip ,t h e R oman s h ipw r igh t sc oun t e r sank t h en a i l s( Ucel i1 950 :1 53 , f i g . 1 53 ) . A t l e a s t s ome s ca r f t i p s a r e n a i led o n Wr eck C a t C h re t ienne ( J onche ray 1 975a : 5 9 , f i g . 1 9 ) , Wr eck 1a tS t . J o rd i( Coi l s1 987 :2 4 ) ,t h eK inne re tb oa t( S t e f fy 1 987 :3 25 , 3 26 ,f i g .2 ) , Wr eck 2a tL au ron s( Ga s send ,L iou , &X imene s 1 985 :9 6 ,f i g . 1 8 ) ,T o r re S ga r ra ta ( Th rockmo r ton 1 972 :7 0 , f i g . 8 ) , t h eB ou r se w re ck ( G a s send 1 982 : 3 4 , f i g . 1 5 ) , t h e w r eck o f fP onunegue si s land n ea r Ma r se ile ( G as s end 1 979 : 1 03 ) ,a nd W re ck 1a tP o r t -Vend re s( L iou 1 974 :4 22 ) .S ca r f " f ea the rn o s e s" a r ef a s tened w i th i r on n a i l so nt h eC oun ty H a l ls h ip ( Ma r sden 1 974 :5 8 ,f i g .3 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,f i g .6 :B ,C )a nd t h e f ou r th -cen tu ry w r eck a tY a s s i A da ( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 :1 21 ) .O nt h es even th -cen tu ry w r eck a tY a s s iA da ,i r on n a i l sw e re f o und i nt wo s c a r ft i p s( v an D oo rn inck 1 982 :5 9 ; S t e f fy 1 982a : o ppo s i te p .7 4 ,R e -a s semb ly D raw ing 2 ) . A l lo ft h e se G raeco -Roman p a ra l le l sf o rt h ep r a c t ice o f n a il ing s c a r ft i p sw ou ld m ake i td i ff i cu l tt os ugge s ta no the r e xp lana t ion f o rt h en a i ls i nt h ep l ank ing e dge o ft h eC a e sa r ea h ul ,w e r ei tn o tf o rt h em a t te ro fm is s ing e v idence f o r as c a r f s e am .T ha tt h i si st h er epa i ro f as p l i tp l ank r ema in st h eb e s t e xp lana t ion ,i nv i ew o ft h en umbe ro fn a i l su s ed .

V I .E . F rame s i n L arg e G raeco -Roman Med i t e r ranean Mer chan tS h ip s . I nt h is s e c t ion t h ef r am ing d e ta i l so ft h eC ae sa rea h u l la r e c ompa r ed w i th t ho se o fo t he rl a rge G ra e co -Roman v e s se l s . T he L ake N em is h ip sa r en o ti mmed ia t e ly p e r t inen tt ot h e d i scus s ion , a st h ey w e r e n o t s e ago ing c r a f t , b u t t h ey a r e i n c luded b ecau se c e r ta in f e a tu r e s h e lp p rov ide a b e t te r p i c tu r eo ff r am ing i nl a rge G raeco -Roman s h ip s . S ee S ec t i on V I .F .5 .b e low f o rd e ta i l sp e r ta in ing t ot h ef a s t en ing o f f r ame st ot h ek ee l .

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V LE .1 .D imens ion s ,S pac ing ,a nd D i spo s i t ion .K now l e dge o ft h ef r am ing c ha ra c t e r i s t ic so fl a rge G raeco -Roman s h ip si sl i m i t ed ,a so n ly t h ew r eck a tL a Madr ague d eG ien s i sw el d ocumen ted .T he i n fo rma t ion w ed oh ave ,h oweve r , i n d ica te st h ef r am ing o ft h eC ae sa rea s h ip i sh eav ie rt h an t h a t f o und o n a ny o t he r k nown s e ago ing v e s se l o f t h e R oman p e r iod ,s a ve p e rhap st h a to fC a l igu la 's o bel i sk b a rge ( s ee b e low ,S ec t ion V I .L .3 ) .T he f r ame so ft h el a t t e ra s ide , t h eC a e sa r ea f r ame sa r ee xceeded i ns i ze o n ly b yt h eN em i s h ip f r ame s , w h ich w e r e s pa ced mo re w ide ly t h an t h e f r ame sa tC a e sa rea . A r chaeo log i ca lE v id ence f or F ram ing. P un ta S ca l e t ta ( 1 50 140 B .C . , Lc a .3 0m ) :t h ep r e se rved o ak f r ame sa r ef r om a bove t h et u rn o ft h eb i lge , mou lded c a . 0 . 06 m a nd s i ded c a .0 . 09 m ,w i th t wo m ea su r ing 0 . 15 m . A ve rage s p ac ing i ns ome a r ea si sar e la t ive ly c on s i s ten t0 . 24 m ,b u tr a nge sf r om a bou t0 . 2 1 mt o0 . 56 m i no t he r s .T oo l i t t le o ft h eh u l li sp r e se r ved t og a in a na ccu ra te i d ea o fh ow f l oo rt i mb e r s , f u t tock s ,a nd h a lf f r ame sw e re e mp loyed i n t h eh ul ( Lambog l ia 1 964 :o ppo s i te p .2 40 ,p l s .2 ,3 ,2 42 ,f i g . 1 2 ) .I fs p a c ing o r ig ina l ly w a sc on s i s ten t ,i tw ou ld a ppea rt h a tn o ta l lf r ame p o s i t ion s w e r en o t ed , a nd t h a ta ve rage s pac ing w a s s ome 0 . 2 1 -0 .24 m . S pa rg i( c a .1 20 -100 B .C . , Lc a .3 0 -35 m ) :a ne a r ly r e po r t s t a t e so ak f r ame so fu nknown d i spo s i t ion a r e0 . 12 m s qua re a nd s e t0 . 22 m f r om o ne t ot h eo t he r ( Lambog l ia 1 961a : 1 56 ) . Wreck p l an s i n s ub sequen t p ub l ica t ion s ( Pa l la re s 1 983f :2 23 ,f i g .1 ;1 986b :9 2 ,f i g .5 )i n d ica te L ambog l ia w a s w o rk ing n ea rt h ec en t ra lp o r t ion o ft h eh u l l , w he re f r ame s a r e s i ded c a . 0 . 10 -0 .13 m a nd s e pa ra ted b y t h e s ame d i s t a nce .H ence c en t re to -cen t r ed i s tance sr a nge f r om 0 . 20 m t o0 . 26 m . T he s ame p l an s , h oweve r , s how t h a t a t t h e n o r thea s te nd o ft h es i t e ,n ea ro ne e x t rem i ty o ft h eh u l l ,t h e f r ame sa r es epa ra ted b ys ome 0 . 16 -0 .20 m . P o r t ion so fs e ven f l oo rt i mbe r sd i sp lay w o rked s u r f ace s t h a tp e rm i t t ed g ood c on ta c tw i th t h ek ee l . Mo r eove r , t h ey e xh ib i tt h er ema in so fn a i l so rb o4a bou t0 . 60 m l o ng —o f u n spe c if ied m e ta l— tha tj o ined t h em t ot h ek ee la nd k ee lson ( Pala r e s1 983b : 1 0 ,1 2 ,3 8 ;1 983f :2 22 )( s ee S ec t ion V I .F .5 b e low ) .T ha t ak ee l son w a sa ff ixed t ot h ek ee la nd f r ame s s hou ld b er e ga rd ed w i th c au t ion ,h oweve r .N os uch t i mbe r i se v id en ti nt h ep ub l i shed w r eck p l an s ,n o ri so ne d e sc r ibed f u r the ri nt h er e po r t( Pala r e s 1 983f : 2 22 ) .L a s t ly ,n of i rm e v idence y e te x i s t sf o rt h ep u rpo se fu lu se o f at r ue k ee l son t h i se a r ly i nt h eh i s to ry o fG reek a nd R oman s h ipbu i ld ing . A lb enga ( e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 4 0 m ) : t wo c u r v i l inea r p i ec e s o f o ak r e cove red f r om t h e w reck a r e s u gge s t ed t ob ef r ame c omponen t sf r om n ea rt h et u rn o ft h e b i lge o fo ne t a pe r ed e x t r em i ty o ft h es h ip .O ne t imbe ri s1 . 65 ml o ng , a pp a ren t ly mou lded c a . 0 . 08 m a nd s i ded a bou t 0 . 085 m . T he o t he r i s0 . 60 m i n l e ng th a nd m ea su r e s a pp rox ima te ly 0 . 075 m s qua re ( Lambogl ia 1 953 : 2 03 , f i g . 5 7 ) .C a s son ( 1 986 :2 14 )g i ve sd imen s ion so f0 . 10 m mou ld e d b y0 . 10 -0 .12 m s i ded ,b u tt h e s ea ppea rt ob et h ed imen s ion s o fr e c t il inea rt i mbe r st h ough tb yt h ee xcava to rt ob es l eepe r s u pon w h ich b eam sr e s ted ( Lambog l ia 1 953 : 2 05 -6 ) . N a i l s w i th in t h e p l ug t r eena i l s t h a t f a s t ened t h e f r ame s t ot h e p l ank ing a r e0 . 22 m a pa r t ,a pp rox ima te ly ,a nd mu s tc on e -

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip s pond t ot h ec en t re to -cen t re d i s tance b e tween f r ame s .I ft h e f r ame sh ave b een c o r r ec t ly i d en t if ied a ss u ch , a nd i ft h e i r d imen s ion sa r er e p re sen ta t ive ,t h es pace b e tween f r ame si s a bou t0 . 14 m .A tt h i st i me t h ef r ame s pa c ing m u s tr ema in a q ue s t ion b ecau se o ft h eu nce r ta in p rovenance a nd f u nc t ion o ft h et i mbe r s .T he d i spo s i t ion o ff r ame sw i th in t h eh u l li s u nk nown a sw e l l( Lambogl ia 1 953 : 2 06 ) . A n t iky thera ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 3 0m ) : o ne a nd p o s s ib ly t wo p i ne t imbe r st h a ta ppea rt ob ef r ame sa r e t e n ta t ive ly a s soc ia t ed w i th t h ew r eck ma t e r ia l . We h ave n o e v id ence o fh ow t h eh ul w a sf r amed . T he b e s t -p r e se rved f r ame c on s i s t so f af l oo rt imbe rw i th o ne c omp le t ea rm a nd p a r to ft h eo t he r .I ti sc a . 1 . 43 m l o ng a nd r e con s t ruc ted t o c a . 2m i nl e ng th .T he t imbe ri smou lded c a .0 . 153 m a ti t s c en t r ea nd t h in s t oc a .0 . 085 m a ti t se x t r em i t ie s . P a r to fa f u t tock i sj o ined t ot h ef u l ly p r e se rved a rm b ym ean so fa s ha l low h ook s c a r f .T he f u t tock f r agmen ti sa l so m ou lded 0 . 085 m , a nd b o th c omponen t sa r es i ded c a .0 . 085 m o ve r t h e i rl e ng th s .T he s c a r fi sc a .0 . 50 m l o ng a nd a pp ea r st ob e s e cu r ed w i th at r eena i lc a .0 . 0 15 m i nd i ame te ra te a ch s i de o ft h eh ook ( Th roc lano r ton 1 965 :4 6 ,f i g . 1 7 ,4 7 ) . C hr t e ienne A ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 2 4 -32 m ) : f l oo rt imbe r sa nd h a l f -f r ame sa r e mou lded s ome 0 . 10 m a nd s i ded a bou t 0 . 08 -0 .10 m . F rame s s e em t ob e a r ranged i n a l te rna t ing p a i r s , f i r s t 0 . 0675 m a nd t h en 0 . 175 m a pa r t ( Duma s 1 964 : 1 20 , f i g . 1 2 , 1 26 , f i g . 1 5 :A , 1 27 , f i g . 1 5 :B ; C a s son 1 986 :2 15 ) . We h ave r e po r t so ft h ee x i s tence o nt h i s w reck o f af r ame e x t r em i ty t a p e r ed i ni t s mou lded d im en s i on a nd p i e rced b y at r eena i l , s t il p r e se rved . T h i s i s i n te rp re ted a sa ni n d ica t ion o f af r ame s c a r fl i ke t h o se u s ed o nt h eN em is h ip s( s ee b e low ) ,w he r e in f r ame c omponen t s w e r ej o ined t o ge the rw i th w edge shap ed c hock sf i t t ed t ot h e t a pe r ed e x t rem i t ie so ft h et i mbe r s( Duma s1 964 : 11 ;F ro s t 1 963b : 2 66 , f i g . 5 2 , 2 67 ) . ( Ac hock i sa ny p i ece o fw ood i n se r ted o r u sed t oc ompen sa t e f o r s ome d ef i c iency i na t imb e ro rb e tween t wo t imbe r s ) . Mand ia ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .3 0m ) :t h ef r ame s a r e a bou t 0 . 60 m a pa r t ( whe the r t h i s i sa ve r age s pa c ing b e tween c en t r e so rd i s tance b e tween f r ame si su nknown ) . O ne f r ame a tt h e f l oo r t i mbe r ( s ic ) w a s mou ld ed 0 . 20 m ( Beno i t1 961 : 1 44 ) .T he m ean ing o ft h i si su nc lea r ;i si tt h e d imen s ion o f af u t to ck a ti t sf l oo rt i mbe ro ro f af l oo rt i mbe r a ti t so u tboa rd e x t rem i ty? L a Mad rague d eG ien s( 60 -40 B .C . , Lc a .3 8m ) :f r ame s v a ry f r om 0 .09 -0 .19 m i nt h e s i d ed d imen s ion , a ve rag ing 0 . 13 m t o0 . 14 m ,a nd a r es pa ced a na ve rage o f0 . 10 -0 .11 m a pa r t ,r a ng ing f r om 0 . 07 m t o0 . 14 m . A ve rage r o om -and s pace i st h u sc a .0 . 23 -0 .25 m .F loo rt i mbe r sr e a ch h e igh t so f 0 . 57 t o 0 . 60 m o ve r t h e k e e l , t h inn ing t ot h e i r n o rma l mou lded d imen s ion so f0 . 12 -0 .15 m a t ap o in to n ly 1 . 0m f r om t h ek ee l c en t r e l ine . T he h a lf -f rame sa r eo ft h e s ame d imen s ion se xcep tw he re t h ey c u rve d own t owa rd t h ek ee l . T he r et h ey a r e mou lded o n ly 0 . 06 m t o0 . 10 m . T he f l oo r t i mbe r sa nd f u t tock sa r es e t af ew c en t ime t e r sa pa r t ,a st h ey a r en eve rf a s tened t oo ne a no the r .O ve ral l e ng th so ff l oo r t imb e r s v a ry f r om 4 . 6 t o 5 . 1 m , a nd f u t tock s b eg in a t b e tween 2 . øm a nd 2 . 5 mf r om t h ek ee la x i s .T he h a l ff r ame s e x tend 3 . 0 mt o4 . 0 mf r om t h e k ee l b efo r e f u t tock s a r e i n s ta l led .T hu sj o in t sb e tween t h ef u t tock so ff l oo rt i mbe r s a nd o fh a l f -f r ame sa r es t agge r ed a l ong t h el e ng th o ft h eh u l l .

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T he e x t r em i t ie so fo ne a rm o f af l oo rt i mb e ra nd i t sf u t tock a r ec u ts u ch t h a tt h ey c ou ld h ave b een j o ined w i th ac hock l i ke t h o se o nt h eN em ia nd C h re t ienne f r ame s ,b u tn oc hock s h ave b e en f o und ,n o ri st h e r ea ny e v id ence o ff a s t en ing si n t h et i mb e r s( Pomey 1 978a : 8 0 -81 ,8 1 ,n .1 6 ,a nd p l . 3 6 ) . L ak eN em i( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry , Lc a .7 1 ma nd 7 3m ) :t h e f r ame so ft h e se f l a t -bo t tomed h u l l sw e r ea bou t0 . 20 m in t h e s i ded d imen s ion , w i th mou lded d imen s ion s o f a pp rox i m a t e ly 0 . 35 m o ve rt h ek ee la nd 0 . 30 m e l sewhe r e . A tt h e f oo to ft h es t em ,h oweve r ,t h ey w e r e mou lded a bou t0 . 40 m . O th e rt h an a tt h ef oo to ft h es t em ,t h e r es e em st oh ave b een l i t t le o rn ot h inn ing i nt h e mou lded d imens ion f r om t h ek ee l t ot h e t u rn o f t h e b i lge . C en t re to -c en t re s pac ing r a nged f r om a bou t0 . 65 m t o0 . 70 m i n mo s ta r ea s , b u tc l o sed t o a pp rox ima t e ly 0 . 45 m w he re t h eh ul sn a r rowed ,a sa tt h e f oo to ft h es t em .T he f r ame sw e re s imp ly n a i led t ot h ek ee l ; f u r the rd e ta i l sa r eu nava i lab le . A cco rd ing t ot h ed r aw ing s , f l oo rt i mbe r s w e re s imp ly b u t ted a ga in s tt h e i r f u t tock so r j o in e db vm ean so ft han 2ular c hock st h a tw e re f i t t ed i n to t h e t a pe red e x t rem i t ie s o ft h e f l oo rt imbe r s a nd f u t tock s .T he m ean s o ff a s t en ing t h ec hock s t ot h e f r ame t imbe r si sn o t s p ec if i ed .S ca r f sa nd j o in t sw e r es t agge red s oa sn o tt oo ccu r a l ong t h es ame s t rak e ,a nd t h e r e w a sa tl e a s to ne " pa s s ing f r ame "b e twe en f r am e s c a r f sn ea rt h es ame s t rake ( Uce l l i 1 950 : 1 53 ,f i g . 1 53 , 1 57 ,f i g s . 1 58 , 1 59 ,3 79 ,3 82 ) . D i scu s s ion o fF ram ing C hara c t er i s t i c s . O u r l im i ted k now l edge o ff r am ing i n mo s tl a rge s h ip sp roh ib i t sm o r e t h an p r e l im ina ry o b se rva t ion s .A l though t h es pec i f ic e f f ec t s o n h u l l s t r eng th o f f e a tu re s l i ke d eck s , t h rough -b eam s , s t anch ion s a nd t h e l i ke s u re ly w e r e s i gn i f ican t , a nd i n t i m a te ly r e la ted t of r am ing ,t h ey a r e om i t ted h e r ed ue t ot h e p auc i ty o f a r chaeo log ica l e v idenc e . T he o n ly p r e se rved d eck r ema in sf r om t h eG raeco -Roman p e r iod a r ef o und o n Wreck 2a tL au ron s( Ga s send ,L iou , &X im6ne s 1 985 ) . T he mo s t s t r ik ing a sp ec t o f t h e se h u l l c omponen t s i s t h e i rd im inu t ive s i ze . T he C ae sa r ea f r am ing i sc l ea r ly t h e h eav ie s t , w i th a ve rage d imen s ion s o f0 . 1875 m mou lded a nd 0 . 18 m s i ded ,a nd a na ve rage s pa c ing o f0 . 25 m c en t r e t o -cen t r e .I ft h eC a esa r ea f r ame sa r e om i t t ed f r om t h eg r oup , mou ld ed d imen s ion s o t he r t h an n ea rt h e k ee l r a nge f r om 0 . 06 m t o a max imum o f o n ly 0 . 15 m . T he a ve rage i s a pp rox ima te ly 0 . 0935 m .S ided d imen s ion sa ve rage 0 . 108 m ,r a ng ing f r om 0 . 075 m t o0 . 15 m .C en t r e to -c en t r es pa c i n gv a r i e sf r om 0 . 2 1 mt o0 . 56 m a nd a ve rage sa lmo s t0 . 23 m . F o r t h i s g roup , t h en , e xc lud ing t h e C a e sa rea h u l l , t h e d i s tance b e tween f r ame s a ve rage s 0 . 116 m ,j u s t s l igh t ly mo r et h an t h ea ve rage s i ded d imen s ion . F u r the r ,t h ew r eck sa tS pa rg i( i nt h e mo r ec en t ra lp o r t ion o ft h eh ul ) , G ien s , a nd C ae sa rea e xh ib i t f r ame s s e t mo r e c l o se ly t o ge the rt h an t h e i rs i ded d im en s ion s .T h i sc ha ra c t e r i s t ic i sn o tf o und o ns ma l le rG raeco -Roman s h ip sf o rw h ich w eh ave i n fo rma t ion .F o re xamp le ,t h ee x tan tK y r en ia s h ip f r ame s a ve rage 0 . 09 m s qua r e a l ong S t rake 6 ,a nd a r e p o s i t ioned a n a ve rage o f 0 . 25 m a pa r t c en t re to -cen t r e . S pa ce s b e tween f r ame s t h e reby a ve rage 0 . 16 m , n ea r ly t w ice t h ea ve rage s i ded d imen s ion . J udg ing f r om t h e i n fo rma t ion a th and , mo s tb i g s h ip s w e r eb u i l tw i th r e la t ive ly s ma l lf r ame s ,s ot h ep l ank ing s h e l l w a sp robab ly mo r ei mpo r tan tt oh u l ls t r eng th t h an w e r et h e

V LE :F rame s f r ame s ,a si ns ma l le rs h ip s . B u ti ti sc l ea rt h a tf r ame sw e re p o s i t ioned r e la t ive ly m uch c l o s e rt oo ne a no the r i ns ome l a rge rv e s se l s ,w h ich mu s tr ep re s en tr e cogn i t ion o ft h en eed t op rov ide c ompa ra t ive ly mo re s t r eng th t ot h e p l ank ing s he l l so fb i gs h ip s .A ss u ch ,f r ame sa ppea rt oh ave p l ayed a mo r ei mpo r tan ts t ruc tu ra lr o le i nl a rge rs e ago ing h u l l st h an t h ey d i di ns ma l le ro ne s . We f i nd mo re s uppo r tf o rt h i sn o t ion i nt h ef a s t en ing o f f u t tock st of l oo rt imbe r sa nd h a l f -f rame s . Af l oo rt i mbe ra nd f u t to ck a t t r ibu t ed t ot h eA n t iky the ra w r eck a r er e po r ted t o b ej o ined b y at r eena i led h ook s c a r f ;t h eC h re t ienne Aw r eck d i sp lay s t wo f r ame c omponen t st h a tm igh tb ej o ined b ya w edge shaped c hock . T h i s c oncep t i sn o t i ne v id enc e o n s ma l lG ra eco -Roman s e ago ing s h ip su n t i lt h es e cond h a l fo f t h e f ou r th c en tu ry a tY a s s i A da a nd P o r t -Vend r e s ( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 : o ppo s i t ep . 16 , f i g . 1 ,1 24 ; L iou 1 974 : 4 23 ; R iva l 1 991 : 2 85 , 2 87 , p l . 1 05 , 2 88 , p l . 1 06 , 2 89 , p l . 1 07 ) .A l though l a ke v e s se l s , t h ef r ame c omponen t sj o ined w i th w edge shaped c hock s i nt h eN em is h ip sa r et h eb e s t e xamp le so fs c a r f ed f r ame c omponen t s . S o , s pa r s e a s i ti s , t h e se l a rge G ra eco -Roman c r a f t e xh ib i te v idence o fc oncep t sf undamen ta lt o mo r es uppo r t i v ef r am ing s y s tem s .F rame c omponen t sa r er ud imen ta r i ly s c a r f ed t oo ne a no the r ,a nd f r ame sa r es e ta lmo s ta sc l o se t o ge the ra st h e i rs i ded d imen s ion s . V LE .2 . A l igned Wa t er cour se s a nd L imbe r H o l e s . C u t t ing si nt h eu nde r s ide so ff r ame st oh e lp b i lge w a t e rp a s s f r ee ly a l ong t h eh u l l 's l e ng th a r ec ommon i nG ra eco -Roman s h ip f r ame s . When l o ca t ed a bove o rn ea rt h ek ee lt h ey a r e t e rmed l i mbe r h o le s , w h i le t h o se f o und f a r the r f r om t h e k ee l , n ea r e r t h e t u rn o f t h e b i lge , a r e h e r e r e ga rd ed a s w a te rcou r s e s( S te f fy : p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) .T hey o c c u r i n r e c tangu la r , c i r cu la r , s em i -c i r cu la r , o r t r i angu la r s hape s . P o s s ib ly b ecau se o fp oo rp r e s er va t ion o n s i t e s , Ih ave f ound o n ly t wo e xamp le s , a s ide f r om C a esa r ea , o fr o pe w i th in e i th e rw a t e rcou r se so rl imbe rh o le s : Wr eck 3a tS t .G e rva i s , d a t ed t ot h e m id f i r s tc en tu ry ( L iou & G a s send 1 991 :2 29 ,2 33 ,f i g .9 5 ) ,a nd t h eP o r te -Vend re s 1w r eck o f t h el a te f o u r th o re a r ly f i f th c en tu ry ( L iou 1 974 :4 23 ) .I nt h e f o rme ri n s tance , t h er ope i s0 . 0 15 m i nd i ame t e ra nd c om p r i s e s t h r ee s t rand s l a id l e f t ,j u s t a st h e o ne a tC a e sa r ea . L i te r a ry r e f e r ence sc onf i rm an a tu ra le xpec ta t ion t h a tw o rk i n gi nt h eb i lge w a s ap un i sh ing a nd u np lea san te xp e r ienc e ( O le son 1 984 : 6 5 -67 ;C a s son 1 986 , 1 76 ,n .4 0 ; TO I T1 964 : 6 1 , n . 1 39 ) , t h ough r ope s t ok eep l i mbe rh o le s o rw a t e r c ou r se sc l ea rs u r e ly m ad et h ej ob l e s sr e pu l s ive t h an i tc ou ld h ave b een .Y e tf ew s h ip si no u rb ody o fe v id ence c ou ld h ave b een f i t t ed w i th s uch ac onven ience ,e xc ep ta tt h ek e e l s ,a s t h ea l ignmen to fw a te rcou r se si sr epo r t ed o n ly i n f r equen t ly i nt h ea r cha eo log ica ll i t e ra tu r e .T he K y r en ia s h ip h ad w a t e r c ou r se sa l igned o ve rt h es e am so fs t rake s2 / 3a nd 5 / 6( S te f f y 1 985b :8 5 ,8 6 ,T ab le 4 ) .T he w r eck a tD iano Ma r ina e xh ib i t s w a t e rcou r s e so f0 . 02 m d i ame t e re ve ry 0 . 07 -0 .10 m a l ong t h ef r ame so u twa rd f r om t h ek ee l ,b u tt h e i rd i spo s i t ion d own t h el e ng th o ft h eh u l li sn o td e s c r ibed ( Pala r e s1 985a :6 42 ; 1 985c : 6 01 ) . Ih ave f ound n o o t he r w re ck s w i th w a t e r c ou r se st h a tm igh th ave b een a l igned i ne ve ry f r ame c ompo n en td own t h el e ng th o ft h ev e s se l .A na ppa r en t ly u npa ra l -

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l eed m e thod o fa l low ing w a te rt of l ow t ot h es h ip 's p ump i si ne v idence o n Wr eck 1a tA polon ia ( m id second t oe a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) . Ag roove w i th a na ve rage d ep th o f0 . 04 mw a sc u ti n to t h et o ps u r f a ce o ft h ek ee lo ve ra lmo s ta lo f i t sl e ng th .T he g roove d eepen st o0 . 06 m n ea ro ne e x t rem i ty , w h ich i st h e r e fo re s ugge s ted t ob et h es t e rn , w he r ee xc e s s w a t e rw ou ld h ave c o l lec ted a tt h eb i lge p ump ( Long 1 992 : 7 2 -73 ) . V I .E .3 . S t r inger s . I nl a rge R oman s h ip ss t r inge r st y p i c a l ly a l te rna te r e gu la r ly w i th t h inne r mob i le c e i l ing p l ank s t of o rm t h ef l oo ro ft h eh o ld .O nt h ew r eck a tL a Mad rague d e G ien s , t h e s e l o ng i tud ina l s t i f f ene r s f i xed w i th c opp e r n a i l sd r iven f r om i n s ide t h eh ul a r e0 . 20 -0 .30 m w ide a nd 0 . 06 -0 .10 m t h ick . A tt h e t u rn o ft h eb i lge o ne p r e se rved s t r inge ri sa bou t0 . 125 m i nt h ickne s s .T he mob i le c e i l ing p l ank sb e tween t h es t r inge r sa r e0 . 15 m t o0 . 25 m w ide a nd o n ly 0 . 025 -0 .04 m t h ick ( Pomey 1 978a : 8 4 ,a nd p l . 3 6 ) .A s im i la rs c heme w a su sed o nt h es h ip sf o und i nL ak eN em i , b u t t h e i r e v iden t p u rpo se a nd g r and d imen s ion s s e em t o h ave r e qu i r ed a dd i t iona l s t ruc tu ra lp rov i s ion s . B o th h o ld s w e r e f l oo r ed w i th a l ter na t ing t h ick ( c a . 0 . 075 m )a nd t h in ( c a . 0 . 0375 m ) p l ank s , a nd e a ch h u l l i n c luded d e ck s t an c h ion s r e s t ing o n c en t ra l a nd l a te ra l s t r inge r s n o tched t o r e ce ive t h e f r ame s . O n t h e f i r s t s h ip , t h e c en t ra l s t r inge r m ea su r ed s ome 0 . 24 m t h ick ,t h el a te ra lo ne sc a .0 . 16 -0 .25 m ;s ome o ft h el a te ra ls t r inge r sw e r e moun t ed a t op t h et h ick c e il ing p l ank s , a nd a l l w e r e r o ugh ly 0 . 26 m w id e . O nt h e s e cond v e s se l ,t h ec en t ra ls t r inge rw a sa bou t0 . 26 m t h ick , w h i le t h o se t ot h es i de sr a nged f r om a pp rox ima te ly 0 . 155 m t o0 . 22m i nt h ickne s sa nd r e s t ed o n ly o nf r ame s .T hey w e r e c a .0 . 31 m w ide .A l ls t r inge r so nb o th s h ip st o ok t h e i rp l ac , e s a s t h ick t i mbe r s i n t h e a l t e rna t ing t h ick th in th ick th in s c heme ( Uc el i 1 950 : 1 55 , f i g . 1 55 , 1 57 ,f i g . 1 58 , 1 72 ,f i g . 1 84 , 3 79 -80 ,a nd e spec ia l ly p l s .2 ,6 ,8 ) . Among h u l l ss ma l le rt h an t h o se a tC a e sa rea ,G ien s ,a nd f r om L ak e N em i , t h e d imen s ion s o fs t r inge r s t e nd t od e c r ea se a cco rd ing ly . Wha t may h ave s e rved a s as t r inge ro r c l amp w a sf o und r unn ing l o ng i tud ina l ly a c ro s ss i xf r ame s o nt h ew r eck a tC ap i s te l lo .I ti sc a .0 . 30 m w ide a nd 0 . 06 m t h ick ;t h es h ip i st e n ta t ive ly r e con s t ruc ted t o2 0mo rm o r e ( F r ey ,H en t sche l , &K e i th 1 978 :2 93 ,2 94 ,f i g .1 8 ,2 95 ,2 98 ) . O n Wr eck A a tC ap D ramon t ( c a . 2 5 ml o ng ) s t a t iona ry p l ank s 0 . 04 m t h ick a nd 0 . 25 m i nw id th a l te rna t e w i th m ovab le p l ank s 0 . 025 -0 .03 m t h ick ( L iou 1 975 : 6 00 ) . Wr eck 1a tP o r t e -Vend re s ,a l so r e con s t ruc ted t oo ve r2 0m i nl e ng th ,d i sp lay ss t r inge r s0 . 04 -0 .06 m t h ick a nd 0 . 12 -0 .20 mi nw id th .B e tween t h es t r inge r sa r ec e i l ing p l ank s0 . 0 15 0 . 03 m in t h ickne s sa nd 0 . 12 m t o0 . 28 m w ide ( Cheva l ie r& S an tama r ia 1 971 : 1 7 ,f i g . 1 3 ;L iou 1 974 :4 23 ;R iva l 1 991 : 2 73 ) .S t r inge r so n Wr eck 3a tS t .Ge r va i s( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry , L .c a .1 7m )a r e0 . 08 m t h ick a nd 0 . 20 m w id e ,w i th a ve ra ge l e ng th s o f4 . 50 m . Movab le c e i l ing p l ank s w e re p l a ced b e tween t h em ( L iou & G a s send 1 991 : 2 58 ) . I ti sr e po r t ed t h a tt wo s e r r e t ton i( t h ick c e il ing p l ank s )d i r i nf or zo ,a r ranged l o ng i tud ina l ly ,a r ec a re f uly n o tched a nd n a i led a t op t h e f r ame s o f t h e w r eck a tS pa rg i ( Pa l la r 6 s 1 983f : 2 22 ) . Mo r e i n te re s t ing i st h e w r eck p l an ( Pa l la r e s 1 986b : 9 2 , f i g . 5 )t h a ts how s t h a tv i r tua l ly a l l o ft h ep r e s e rved c e il ing p l ank s a r e f a s tened t oa l l t h e f r ame s t h ey

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip t r ave r se . O ne c e i l ing t i mbe r o f n o tab le w id th e xh ib i t s a s halow h ook s c a r fa sw e l l . Whe the rt h e se f e a tu r e sw e r et h e p roduc to f as imp le d e s i r e t oi mmob i l ize t h ep l ank s , o rt o i mpa r ts ome l o ng i tud ina ls t if f ne s st o as h ip s ome 3 0 -35 m i nl e ng th , t h ey w ou ld h ave a ch ieved t h e l a t t e r t os ome d eg ree . S im i la r ly , t h eh ul r ema in s a tD iano Ma r ina ( o fa d o l ia c a r r ie rc a . 2 2 -25 m l o ng )i n c lude c e i l ing p l ank s0 . 03 m t h ick f a s t ened t ot h e f r ame s w i th t r e ena i l s 0 . 02 m i n d i ame te r( Pa l la r6 s 1 991 : 1 72 ) .The B ou r se w r eck ,c a .2 3m l o ng ,e xh ib i t ss t r inge r s0 . 18 -0 .20 m w ide a nd 0 . 08 m t h ick t h a ta r en o tched t or e ce ive t h ef r ame sa nd a r en a i led t ot h em . Sma l le rl o ng i t ud ina lt imbe r sa r en o t ched a nd a f f ixed a l ong t h e a x i s o f t h e h u l l i nt h e s ame f a sh ion . Mob i le c e i l ing p l ank s ,a l so n o tched t or e ce ive t h ef r ame s ,a r e0 . 02 5 mt h ick a nd a l t e rna te w i th t h es t r inge r sa c ro s st h eb r ead th o ft h eh o ld ( Ga ssend 1 982 : 8 2 ;R iva l 1 991 : 2 50 ,2 52 ) . P a rke r( 1 992a : 3 45 ) r e po r t s t h a t t h e w r eck d a t ed t op e rhap s AD . 2 50 a t P un ta A la e xh ib i t s o ne s ub s tan t ia l s t r inge r s e t i n to t h e f r ame sj u s to u tboa rd o ft h ec en t rel ine o ft h eh u l l . Ad r aw ing i nL ambogl ia a nd P a l la r6 s ( 1983a : 1 75 , f i g . 6 ) , h oweve r , s how s as ub s tan t ia ls t r inge rs e ta te i the rs i de o ft h ek ee l .I t s e em sl i ke ly t h a tb o th a r es e ti n to t h ef r ame s . A s d e sc r ibed a bove , r emnan t s o f s i x l a rge c opp e r o r b ron ze f a s ten ing sh ave b een d i scove red i nt h ef r ame so ft h e C a esa r ea s h ip , o t he r t h an a tt h e k ee l e dge . O ne ( Cul0 ) p ro t ruded c a . 0 . 08 m a bove t h et o po fH a l f -F rame 1 2a ta p o in t0 . 93 m f r om t h ef r ame 's w e s te x t rem i ty . T he o t he r s h ad b een b roken o f fp r io rt ot h e1 986 s e a son ,u n fo r tuna te ly , t h ough o ne s u rv ived f o r af ew c en t ime te r sa bove F r ame 2 2 n ea r i t s e a s t e x t rem i ty . Two c opp e r o r b ronz e w a she r s ( Cul4 -Cul5 )w e re a l so f o und ,a nd e xh ib i th o le .d iame t e r s t h a t ma tch p e r f ec t ly t h o se o ft h e u pp e re x t r em i t ie so ft h e f a s t en ing s .B ecaus ew eh ave y e tt od i scove ra nd p l o ta ls u ch f a s ten ing sw ec an o n ly s pecu la te a bou tt h e i rf u nc t ion ,b u ti t i sp o s s ib le t h a tt h ey h e lped s e cu r es t r inge r st ot h ef r ame s .A s s hown a bove , ad imen s ion o f0 . 08 m i sc e r ta in ly s u gge s t ive o f s t r inge r s r a the r t h an s imp le c e i l ing p l ank s . I ft h e se f a s ten ing s( whe the rb o l t so rn a i l s )d i db i nd s t r inge r st ot h e f r ame sa nd p l ank s ,t h ef a s ten ing m e thod w ou ld b eo n ly t h e s e cond e xamp le a mong G ra eco -Roman s h ip s ( s ee b e low , S ec t ion V I .F .5 ) .B o l t sd i dp a s s ,h oweve r ,t h rough t h ew a le s , f r ame sa nd c e i l ing p l ank so ft h es ma l le r( c a .2 0m )a nd m uch l a te rs e ven th -cen tu ry w r eck a tY a s s i A da ( v an D oo rn inck 1 982 :4 2 -43 ,f i g s . 3 17 , 3 18 , 3 19 , 3 20 ,4 5 -46 ) . V LE .4 .S h im s .A l though s e em ing ly an a t u ra lp a r to ft h e s hel -f i r s t c on s t ruc t ion p ro ce s s , t h e re a r e f ew p ub l i shed e xamp le s o f s h im s o r s h immed f r ame s . F i l l ing t h e g ap s b e tween i l -f i t t ing f r ame s a nd p l ank ing i ns h e l l -f i r s th u l l s m igh t b e r e ga rded a s t h e c oun t e rpa r t t ot h e d ubb ing o f f r ame st or e ce ive p rope r ly t h ep l ank so ff r ame -f i r s th ul s . Ap i ece o fw ood t h ough tt ob e as h im w a sf o und o na w r eck s i te n ea rP o r t ice l lo ,I t a ly .I ti s0 . 07 m l o ng ,0 . 054 m w id e ,a nd 0 . 02 1 mt h ick . One f a ce i sf l a ta nd t h eo t he rc u r ve s s moo th ly i nt h es hape o f aw edge ( E i semann 1 979 :2 4 ,3 0 , 4 9 ,f i g s .2 . 6 ,2 . 7 ;E i seman & R idgeway 1 987 : 1 0 ,1 6 ) .H a l f f r ame sw e r ef r equen t ly s h immed o nt h eK y r en ia s h ip , t h e f l oo rt i mbe r sl e s so f ten ( S te f fy 1 985b : 9 3 ) . I ti ss ugge s ted t h a to ne u se o ft h ep u t ty f o und o nt h eP un ic s h ip w a st of i l l g ap sb e tween f r ame sa nd p l ank s( F ro s t 1 973b : 4 4 ; 1 981b :

1 90

2 50 ) . Ag ap b e twe en af r ame a nd p l ank o ft h e w r eck a t P a lamö sw a sa ppa r en t ly f i l led w i th p i ece so ff a b r ic a nd t h en t a r r ed ( Foe r s te rL au re s 1 983b : 2 24 ) . Two p i ece so fw ood i d en t if ied a se lm a nd d ec iduou so ak f o und o nt h ew r eck a t L a Mad rague d eG ien sm igh tb ew edge so rs h im s( Couve r t 1 978 : 11 ) .O nt h es e cond -c en tu ry w r eck a tT o r r eS ga r ra ta , b r u shwood s t i ck s o f t ama r i sk o ri l ex w e r e f o und p a cked b e tween f r ame s a nd p l ank s ( Th roc lm io r ton 1 969 : 3 00 ; 1 972 : 7 0 ; 1 989 : 2 64 ) . V LE .5 . Hu l lI n scr ip t ions . T he f ew e xamp le so fl e t t e r s f o und c a rv ed o rp a in ted o na nc ien ts h ip ss e em t ob er e la t ed t ot h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h ev e s se l s . O n t h ef u ne r a ry s h ip o f C heop s a tG iza n o f ewe r t h an 1 , 131 s ma l l h i e ra t i c a nd h i e rog lyph ic m a rk sw e r eb o th i n c i sed a nd p a in t ed i nb l a ck o n 3 05 s h ip t i mbe r s . T he se s i gn s a ppea rt of a l i n to t h r e e c a t ego r ie s ,t h eb roade s to fw h ich c on s i s t so ff o u rs i gn st h a t d eno te t ow h ich q ua r te ro ft h eh u l l at imbe rb e longed .T he l a rge s tc a tego ry c omp r is e s an umbe ro fs i gns u s ed t om a t ch b a t t en sw i th t h e i rp o s i t ion si nt h eh u l l .C he ry l Wa rd H a ldane ( p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion )s ugge s t st h e se t wo t y pe so fm a rk s w e r ei n tended t of a c il i ta te as ub sequen tr e -a s semb ly o ft h e b oa t ,i . e . ,t h a tt h eb oa tw a si n deed b u i l tp r io rt oi n te rmen t . T he r e fo r ei tw a sl i ke ly af u nc t iona lc r a f t ,i t sc omponen t sn o t m e re ly f a sh ioned a nd b u r ied f o r t h e p ha raoh . T h e l a s t c a tego ry i sr e p r e sen ted b yo ne s ymbo lo ccu r r ing n ume rou s t i me sa l ong t h ec en t re l ine o ft h eh u l l ;L ipk ep ropo se st h a t t h ey m igh tb er e f e r ence p o in t su sed d u r ing c on s t ruc t ion t o e n s su r et h a tt h eh u l lw a sb u i l ts ymme t r ica l ly ( L ipke 1 984 : 1 2 , 1 3 ,f i g .7 ,8 2 ,8 6 ,f i g s .5 4 ,5 5 ,8 7 ,f i g .5 6 ;J enk in s1 980 : 8 7 , f i g . 6 2 , 8 8 , f i g . 6 3 ; N ou re ta l . 1 960 : 8 ,f i g . 3 ) . P un ic l e t t e r s p a in t ed a tv a r iou s p l ace s o n t h e h u l l o ft h e P un ic w r eck a t Ma r sa la a r e a r gued c onv inc ing ly t o b e s h ip w r igh t 's m a rk sa s soc ia ted w i th t h es e quence o ft h eh u l l 's c on s t r uc t ion ( J ohn s tone 1 981 ) . I n i t ia l ly , t h eR oman n ume ra l s Xa nd X IV , r a the rt h an l e t t e r s , w e r e d i scove r ed i n c ised o n t wo s t a rboa rd s t e rn c e i l ing p l ank s o f ar i ve r v e s se l t h a t s a nk a tV a l le P on t i ( Coma cch io )i nt h el a s tq ua r t e ro ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . I t w a s s ugge s t ed i ne a r ly r e po r t s ( Bon ino 1 985 : 9 3 ; B e r t i 1 986 :2 6 ,3 0 ,f i g .2 3 )t h a tt h ey m igh th ave b een l i nk ed w i th t h ei n s ta l la t ion o ft h ec e i l ing .W i th e xcava t ion sn ow c om p l e t ed ,B oni no r e jec t st h i sn o t ion ,a sw e l la st h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tt h ey w e r er a ndom a nd p o in t le s sm a rk ing s .F rom p o r tt o s t a rboa rd , n i ne p l ank s , o n ly t h ec en t ra lo fw h ich w a s f a s t e ned t ot h ef r ame s ,b ea rt h er e sp ec t ive n ume ra l sI ,I V ,V , V I , V I I , IX , I X ,X , X I . B on ino s ubm i t s t h e re w e r eo r ig i n a l ly ,o ro r ig ina l ly i n t ended t ob e ,p l ank sn umb e red f r om I t o XX , a nd t h a t t h ey w e r e s o -ma rk ed t oe n su r e p r op e r r e in s ta l lmen ta f te rr emova lf o rc l ean ing o rr e pa i ro p e ra t ion s ( Be r t i1 990b :3 2 ;B on ino 1 990 :3 6 ,f i g .2 ,3 7 ;c f .B e r t i1 992 : 2 22 ,2 24 ) . G r a ff i t ii nt h ef o rm o fG r eek c ap i ta ll e t t e r sw e re f o und o n s ome c e il ing p l ank so ft h eK y ren ia s h ip ,b u tt h e ma t e r ia lh a s y e tt ob ep ub l i shed ( S t e f fy 1 985b : 8 6 ) . O n amo r e p e r sona l l e ve l , i ts e em s as h ipw r igh t o r c a rpen t e rw i th t h ep raenomen Q u in tu sc a rved h i si n i t ia l si n ap l a ce t h a tw on h im ab i to fi mmo r ta l i ty .O n Wr eck 3a t St .G e rva i s ( m id f i r s t c en tu ry ) , t h e l e t t e r s Q .M .F ( Qu in tus Mar c if i l ius ) a ppea r f o u r t i me s o n t h e b o t tom o f F l oo r

V LF : P r imary F as ten ings T imbe r 1 50 ( L iou & G a s send 1 991 : 2 29 , 2 32 , 2 34 , f i g . 9 6 ) .2 1

T ha tt h ev e r t ica lC ae sa rea n o tch i sl a rge ra tt h et op o ft h e f r ame t h an a ti t sb o t tom ,h oweve r ,r a i se st h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a t at empo ra ry s t anch ion , w i th at a pe red b o t tom t h a td id n o t r e ach t h e h u l l p l ank ing , w a s a ccommoda ted . T h is s e em s u n l ike ly ,h oweve r .

V LE .6 .N o t che s .T he p u rpo se o ft h eh o r izon ta ln o tch o n C a esa r ea F rame 3 9 i su nknown . I ti sn o tp a ra l le led b y t h e i n s ta l la t ion o fs t r inge r s o rb y a ny o the r f e a tu re s f ound o n o the r G raeco -Roman h u l l s . T he f r ame s o ft h e w r eck s a t G ien sa nd L ake N em iw e re n o tn o tched f o rs t r inge r s .O n ly t wo w r eck sd i sp lay e v idence o ft h ep rac t ic e .O n t h e s ma l l

V LF . P r imar y F a s ten ing si nG raeco -Roman Med i ter ra n ean S h ips .

w reck a t Monaco , n o tche s a r e c u t c omp le te ly a c ro s s t h e f r ame w id th sa ts ome d i s tance f r om t h ek e e l . O the r sw e re c u ta bove t h ek ee lf o rt h ek ee lson ( Moucho t1 970a : 1 63 ,f i g .

V LF .1 . I nt roduc t ion . F ew f a s ten ings w e re r e cove red

1 : 1 , 2 ,1 77 ; 1 978 : 8 0 ) . Al a rge s t r inge ro nt h e Mu see d e s Dock sw reck w a sf i t ted i n to n o tche sl e ti n to t h et o pe dge so f t h ef r ame s as ho r td i s tance f r om t h ek ee l son ( Va roqueaux 1 970 : o ppo s i te p .3 0 , f i g .4 ,3 2 ,f i g . 5 : 5 ) . 2 2 S oi ts e ems t h a t ,d esp i te t h ec e r ta in ty t h a ts t r inge r sw e re r equ i r ed o n as h ip t he s i ze o ft h eo ne a tC aes a rea ,t h en o tch o n t h eC a e sa rea f r ame h ad a no the rp u rpo se .E xamp le s o f f r ame sn o tched f o rs t r inge r sa r ef ew ,t h ey o c cu ro ns ma l le r , l a te rw reck s ,a nd s ome a r ec on f igu red d if e r en t ly f r om t h e o ne a tC ae sa rea . Mo reove r ,w ed on o ty e tk now i ft h e r ea r e o the rs im i la rn o tche se l sewhe re o nt h eC a e sa r ea w reck .T h i s c u r iou sf e a tu re mus ta wa i tf u r the rs t udy . T he f unc t ion o ft he c rude ly c u tv e r t ica ln o tch o nF rame 3 5o ft h eC ae sa rea s h ip i sa l so u nknown .T he f r ame d i rec t ly o ppo s i te t h en o tch m igh th ave p rov ided mo re c l ue s t oi t s n a tu re ,b u tr e g re t tab ly i ti sl o s t . T he n o tch i si mmed ia te ly a d jacen tt ow ha ta ppea r st ob e af r ame s h im ,b u ts eem sn o tt ob ea s soc ia t ed w i th i tb e cau se t h e s h im i st oo n a r row ( 0 .16 -0 .185 m ) t oh ave p ro t ruded b eyond t h es i ded d imens ion o ft h em i s s ing f r ame ( c a .0 . 19 m ) .T h i sa ppea r st oe l im ina te t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tt h en o tch h ou sed as t anch ion o fs ome k i nd ,a sp l ac ing av e r t ica lt imbe r d i rec t ly u pon t h e h ul p l ank ing w ou ld h ave b een p oo r p rac t ic e . S t r inge r so rc e i l ing p l ank s w i th mo r t ise sc u ti n to t h em , a s w el a s ma s t s t ep s a nd k ee l son s , a r e c ommon ly b e l ieved t oh ave s uppo r ted s t anch ion s . S uch mo r t i se s a r e f ound o nw reck sa tL ake N em i( Uce l l i 1 950 : 1 57 ,f i g . 1 58 , a nd p l s .2 ,8 ) ,B ou r se ( Ga s send 1 982 :8 6 ) ,P o r t -Vend re s( 1 ) ( L iou 1 974 :4 24 ,f i g .8 ,4 27 ,4 30 -31 ,f i g .1 2 ) ,F ium ic ino ( 2 ) ( Te s taguzza 1 970 : 1 31 , 1 38 ) , L au rons ( 3 ) ( X imenes & Moe rman 1 987 : 1 76 ) ,a nd p o s s ib ly Ma r sa la ( F ro s t 1 981b : 2 52 , f i g . 1 58 ,2 53 , f i g . 1 59 ) . 2 1 S e eL iou a nd G a ssend ( 199 1 :2 45 ,2 51 -52 ,f i g s .1 22 -24 )f o r o t he r h u l l i n sc r ip t ion s whose p u rpo se s a r e e i the r u nknown o r a ppa ren t ly n o ta s soc ia ted w i th t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h es h ip . 2 2 I nt wo i n s tance s f r ame sa r en o tched t ot a ke k ee ls t r inge r s a s soc ia ted w i th ma s t s t ep s o rk ee l son s : Wreck B a tP o in t ed el a L uque ( l a t et h i rd o re a r ly f ou r th c en tu ry )a ppea r st oh ave n o tche s 0 . 02 m d e ep o ve rt h ef ul w id th o ft h ef r ame sa to n es i d eo ft h ek ee l ,

w h i le t h es ame f r ame sa r en o t ched o n ly a tt h e i ru ppe re dge sf o rt h e

f r om t h eC aesa rea w reck .T he re w e re t r eena i l s ,e v idence f o r p l ug t reena i l s p i e rced b y n a i l s , s ome c oppe r , b ronze , a nd i r on n a i l so fv a r iou ss i ze s ,a nd r emnan t so fc oppe ro rb ron ze f a s ten ings o fu nknown c onf igu ra t ion i ns ome p l ank s a nd f r ame s . T he a ppa ren tu se o ft h e se l a t te rf a s ten ings t ob ind s ome f r ame sa nd s t r inge r st ot h ep l ank si st h e mo s ts i gn i f i c an td e ta i l o ft h e C ae sa rea f a s ten ings . I fc onf i rmed , s uch e mp loymen t w ou ld b e u npa ra l le led i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l l i t e ra tu re a nd w ou ld h ave s i gn if ican t i mp l ica t ions f o r t h e d emand s made u pon t h ep l ank ing s he l lo f al a rge s h ip .N a i l s f ound o nt h es i te c on tr ibu te t oa no verv iew o f ma te r ia lu sage a nd mo rpho log ica lc ha rac te r i s t ic so fn a i l su sed i nG raeco R oman s h ip s . I n G reek a nd R oman Med i te r ranean s h ip s t h e mo s t c ommon me thod o fs e cu r ing f r ames t ot h eh ul p lank ing w a s b y mean so ft r eena i l s .2 3 I ns ome i n s tance s , me ta ln a i l sw e re d r iven t h rough t r eena i l s c a l led p lug t reena i l s , w h ich a l so j o ined p l ank ing a nd f r ame s . No ti n f requen t ly ,t h en a i l sw e re d r iven t h rough p l ank sa nd f r ames a nd p ro truded a bove t h e f r ame t o p s ,w he re t h ey w e re c l enched e i the ro nce o rt w ice . I n t h e f o rme r c ase , t h e s ha f t s w e re b en t a t ar i gh t a ng le , u sua l ly t owa rd t h ek e e l , a nd p ounded i n to t h ef r ame t o p s . N a i l sc l enched t w ice h ad f i r s tt h e i rt i p sa nd t h en t h e i rs ha f t s b en ta tr i gh ta ng le s ,s uch t h a tt h en a i lw a sl o cked i n to p l ace a st h e t i p w a s d r iven b ack i n to t h e f r ame t op . Aw reck a t P un ta A la a nd Wreck 3 a tL au ron s c on s t i tu te t h e o n ly r epo r ted i n s tance so fb o l t sb i nd ing f r ame st op l ank ing ( s ee b e low ,S ec t ion V I .F .5 ) .B o l t s mo s to f ten w e re u sed t of a s ten f l oo rt imbe r s t ot h e k ee l i nc l a s s ica l Med i te r ranean s h ip s , a l though t h eA th l i tr am w a ss e cu red t ot h et imbe r si te nca sed w i th b ronze b o l t s . I n r a re i n s tance s , c o rdage w a s o ne o f t h e ma te r ia l s e mp loyed i nt h ef a s ten ing o ff r ames t op l ank ing ( c f .S ec t ion V I . J .3 . ) . O n aw reck a t C ap B ea r ( f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) , b eg inn ing w i th t h eg a rboa rd ,e very o the rs t rake i sb ound t o t h ef r ame sw i th al e ng th o fp l a i tt h a tp a s se sa round t h ef r ame a nd t h rough h o le si nt h ep l ank s .T he p l a i t ,o fa nu n iden t if i ed p l an t ma t e r ia l , i sa ccommoda ted b yg roove s o rn o tche si n t h ef r ame t o p sa nd t h ee x te r io rp l ank s u r face sa nd s ecu red w i th t r eena i l s .T he i n te rven ing s t rake se xh ib i to n ly t r eena i l s d r iven i n to t h e f r ame s ( Pomey e ta l . 1 988 : 2 -3 ) . Ar i ve r v e sse l d i scove red a tV a l le P on t i ( Comacch io ) , o ft h e l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,d i sp lay s as im i la ru t i l iza t ion o fc o rdage , b u t o n amo re e x ten s ive s ca le ( s ee V a l le P on t i e n t ry i n S ec t ion V I .J .3 b e low ) .

c o r re spond ing s t r inge ro nt h eo t he rs i de o ft h ek e e l .T h e se s t r inge r s s uppor tt h em a s ts t ep a nd mea su re 0 . 12 x0 . 075 m in s e c t ion ( C le rc &N eg re l1 973 :6 3 ,f i g . 1 ,6 5 -66 ,6 9 ,p ho to s1 ,3 ,7 0 ,p ho to 5 ;L iou 1 973 : 5 83 ) . T he f ou r th -cen tu ry w reck a tP o r t -Vend re s a l so h a s c en t ra ls t r inge r s t h a tp rov ide as add le f o rt h em a s ts t ep . N o tched s l igh t ly t h em se lves ,t h ey a r ef i t ted o ve rf r ame sn o tch ed t or e ce ive

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t h em ,b u tw he the ro rn o tt he n o tche se x tend a c ro s st h ee n t i re w id th o ft h ef r ame si su nc lea r( L iou 1 974 :4 23 ,4 30 -31 ,f i g .1 2 ;C heva l ie r &S an tama r ia 1 971 : 1 7 , f i g . 1 3 ,2 8 , f i g . 2 3 , 3 0 ) .

I nt h e h u l l a tD iano Ma r ina t h ey w e re a l so u sed t of a s t en

c e il ing p l ank st ot h ef r ame s( Pa l la r6 s1 991 :1 72 ) .T h i sw ou ld s eem t oh ave b een amo s ts en s ib le m e thod o fs e cu r ing c e i l ing ,b u ti nf a c t i ti sr a r eo nG ra eco -Roman s h ip s .

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C hap ter V I : T he S h ip I r on f a s ten ing sh ave r e ce ived r e la t ive ly l i t t le a t t en t ion i n t h ea r chaeo log ica ll i t e ra tu r e ;t h i sn eg lec t mu s ts t em i np a r t f r om t h e i rr a the rr a re e mp loymen ta sm a jo rh u l lf a s ten ing s i n p r e -Byzan t ine h ul s . F o r t h i s r e a son i ti sn o t k nown p r ec i se ly u nde rw ha tc ond i t ion sa nd i nw ha tc apac i ty t h ey w e r e u t i l ized o n s h ip s b e fo r e B yzan t ine t i me s . Ag r ea t e r b ody o f i n fo rma t ion e x i s t s a bou t c oppe r a nd b ronze f a s ten ing s . T he se w e r e t h e p r edom inan t m e ta l s u s ed i n s e ago ing s h ip s i nt h e G r aeco -Roman p e r iod b ecau se t h e r e s i s tance o fc oppe ra nd i t sa l loy st oc o r ro s ion w a ss upe r io r t ot h a to fo t he rm e ta l sa va i lab le f o rs u ch u s e ;f o rt h i sr e a son , t o o ,c oppe r -ba sed f a s t en ing sh ave s u r v ived b e t te rt h an i r on o ve rt h ec en tu r ie s . T he f o l low ing s e c t ion s o ft h i s c hap te ra dd r e s sr e spec t i ve ly t h eu se o ft r eena i l s , p l ug t reena i l sp i e r ced b yn a i l s , a nd n a i l st of a s ten t o ge the rf r ame sa nd p l ank ing i nG ra eco R oman Med i te r r anean s h ip s .T he u s eo fb o l t si nR om an a nd e a r ly B yzan t ine s h ip s i ss u rveyed i na n a t temp tt ou nde r s t and b e t te rs ome f a s t en ing si nt h eC a e sa r ea h u l lt h a tc ou ld b eb o l tr emnan t s . V I .F .2 . T r eena i l s .T r eena i l sw e r ed r iven t h rough h o le s d r i l led t h rough ap l ank a nd t h ee n t i re mou ld ed d imen s ion o f t h e f r ame , t h en t r immed a tt h e p l ank a nd f r ame s u r f ace s . U sua l ly t wo t r eena i l sa r ef o und p e rp l ank ,p e rf r ame . When p l ank s a r e c a . 0 . 10 -0 .15 m w ide o n ly o ne m igh t b e i n e v idence , a nd t h r ee c an b e f o und o n u ncommon ly w ide p l ank s .I nv i r tua l ly a l lc a se s ,t h es h ipw r igh t ss t agge r ed t h e t r eenai l sa l ong e ach f r ame t oa vo id s p l i t t ing i t .T he d i am e t e r so fs uch t r eena i l sn a tu ra l ly v a r ied a cco rd ing t ot h es i ze o ft h ev e s se la nd i t st i mbe r s ,r a ng ing f r om a bou t0 . 0 15 m t o 0 . 035 m i nd i ame te ra tt h e o u te r p l ank ing s u r f a ce . S h ip s r e con s t ruc ted t o mo r et h an a bou t1 0 -12 m l o ng mo s to f t en d i sp lay t r eena i l sw i th d i ame te r so f0 . 02 -0 .025 m .I nd oub le l a ye r ed h u l l su sua l ly o n ly t h ei n ne rl a ye rw a st r eena i led t o t h ef r ame s ; mo s to f ten t h eo u te rl a ye rw a ss imp ly n a i led t o t h ei n ne rp l ank ing a nd t h ef r ame s .O n ly o nt h eD ramon tA w r eck o f t h e f i r s t h a l fo f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . a r e b o th p l ank ing l a ye r st r eena i led t ot h ef r ame s ; t h eo u te rl a ye ri s a l so n a i led t ot h ei n ne rl a ye ra nd t ot h ef r ame s . Mo s to ft h eo b se rved t r eena i l so nt h eC ae sa r ea w r eck a r e c a .0 . 02 -0 .025 m i nd i ame t e ra tt h eo u t e rp l ank ing s u r f a ce a nd 0 . 0 18 -0 .02 a tt h e f r ame t o p s , b u t s ome ( t he p r e c i se n umbe r i su nknown ) m ea su r e 0 . 015 m a tt h e f r ame t o p s . T he se s ma l le rt r eena i l sm igh tb et h es ame d i ame t e ra tt h e o u t e r p l ank ing s u rf a ce , b u t t h i s i su nknown , a s i st h e i r f unc t ion .O nt h eB ou r se w r eck w ed of i nd t h a tt h et r eena i l s t a pe red f r om d i ame te r so f0 . 0 15 m a tt h ef r ame t o p st o0 . 02 m a tt h e o u t e r p l ank ing f a ce s , b u t n o e xp lana t ion s a r e o f f e red ( Ga s send 1 982 : 7 9 ) . T ape red t r eena i l s w e re a l so f ound o n t h e f ou r th -cen tu ry D ramon t Fw reck , w h ich i s r e con s t ruc ted t os ome 1 0 -12 m i nl e ng th ( J onche ray 1 975c : 1 23 ; 1 977 : 6 ) . T h i s s e em sa n u n l ike ly p r ac t ice o n al a rge v e sse l l i k e t h e C aesa r ea s h ip , h oweve r . When w e t a nd s wo l len a nd s ub jec t ed t ot h e much g r ea te rd ynam ic s t re s se s i n ab i gs h ip , t a pe r ed t r eena i l si nt a pe r ed h o l e sw ou ld t e nd t ow o rk o u to ft h et imbe r st h ey w e re m ean tt ob i nd t o ge the r . O n t h e f ou r th -cen tu ry w r eck a tY a s s i A da , d i ame te r s o f s eve ra lt r eena i l sw e re f ound t ob e0 . 0 16 ma tt h ef r ame t o p s a nd 0 . 02 m a tt h eo u te rp l ank ing f a ce s .T h i sc hange o ccu r red

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o n ly i nt h el a s tt wo c en t ime te r s o fl e ng th ( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 :1 2 5 -26 ) .T he i s sue m u s tr ema in o pen f o rt h eC a e s a r ea s h ip u n t i la ne x ten s ive e xam ina t ion c an b em ade . V I .F .3 .P lug -T r eena i l s .T he p rac t ice o ff a s t en ing f r ame s t o p l ank ing w i th t r eena i l s w a s s ome t im e s mod if i ed b y d r iv ing n a i l st h rough s o f twood t r eena i l s .I ns u ch i n s tance s t h en a i lb e came t h ep r ima ry f a s ten ing .I th a sb een s ugge s ted , i nt h ec a se so ft h eP l an ie r 3a nd Mu see d e sD ock sw r eck s , t h a t s u ch n a i l s p r even ted t h e s hea r ing o f t h e s o f twood t r eena i l st h ey w e re d r iven t h rough ( Couve r t 1 978 : 1 1 ,n . 3 ) . Ap i lo th o le w a sd r i l led t h rough t h ep l ank a nd f r ame ;t h e t r e ena i lw a st h en i n se r t ed a nd t h en a i ld r iven t h rough i t .T h i s f o r ced t h e t r eena i l t i gh t ly a ga in s t t h e s u r round ing w ood w i th e v en p r e s su r e .B ecau s eo ft h i se qua l iza t ion o fp r e s su r e a nd t h ef o rg iv ing s o f twood t r eena i l ,p l ank sa nd f r ame sw e r e n o ts pl i tw hen t h et r eena i lb ecame w e ta nd s wo l len .U n l ik e h a rdwood ,t h es o f twood a l so p rov id ed as of tc o r r ido rf o rt h e n a i lt op a s st h rough ,a nd i mp roved t h ew a t e r t igh tne s so ft h e f a s t en ing b y s e rv ing a s at i gh t s hea th a r ound t h e n a i l . F ina l ly , t h e s o f twood t r eena i l a c ted t oc u sh ion t h e n a i l , w h ich m igh to t he rw i se t e nd t ow o rk l o o se ( S t ef f y 1 985b : 9 1 ;p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) . T he t i gh tne s si n he r en ti ns uch p l ug t r eena i lf a s ten ing s , p a r t ly af u nc t ion o ft h es i ze o fn a i lu sed ,m u s th ave m ade t h e e mp loym en to fh a rdwood t r eena i l s d i ff i cu l t , b ecau se t h e g r a in s o f mo s t h a rdwood s a r e g ene ra l ly f i ne r a nd t i gh te r t h an t h o s eo fs o f twood s . We d oh ave r e po r t so fs uch u s age , h ow eve r . T he f o l low ing c h rono log ica lc a ta logue p r e sen t st h eb a s i cc ha r a c te r i s t ic s o fp l ug t re ena i l f a s t en ing s u sed t ob i nd f r ame st op l ank ing o nk nown G r eek a nd R oma» Med i t e r ra n ean w r e ck s( Tab le V I .5 ) . T he p l ug t r eena i l f a s t en ing si n t h ef o u r th -cen tu ry Y a s s iA da h u l la nd w i th in t h eA t h l i tr am d i dn o ts e rve t h i sp u rpo se , b u ta r e i n c luded f o rc omp le t e n e s s . 24 C a ta logue o fA r chaeo log i ca l E v idence f or P lug T re ena i lF a s t en ing s . Ma 'agan M ichae l( c a .4 00 B .C . , Lc a . 1 3m ) :i r on n a i l s w e r e d r iven t h rough t r eena i ls ( s pec ie s n o t y e t i d en t if i ed ) a nd c l enched t w ic e o n t h e f r ame t o p s , t owa rd t h e k ee l ( L inde r1 989 :6 ;1 992 :2 6 ,3 3 ,3 4 ;R o s lo f f1 990 :4 ;p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . K y r en ia ( l a t ef o u r th c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .1 4m ) :e ve ry p i ne t r eena i lh ad d r iven t h rough i tar ound c opp e rn a i lc a .0 . 0 1m i nd i ame t e rt h a tw a sc l enched t w ice o nt h et o po ft h ef r ame , t owa rd t h e k ee l , t h u s c r ea t ing ah e r r ingbone p a t t e rn a t op e a ch f r ame ( S te f fy 1 985b : 8 4 ,a nd p l .2 1 ,f i g . 3 ) . Mar sa la ( m id th i rd c en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 3 5 m[ ? ] ) : t h e P un ic s h ip h ad s qua r eb ronze n a i l sa nd p o s s ib ly s om eo fi r on d r iven t h rough a tl e a s ts ome o ft h eo ak t r e ena i l sa nd c l enched o v e rt h ef r ame t o p s( F ro s t1 981b :o ppo s i t ep .3 2 ,f i g .9 ,3 6 , f i g . 1 ,3 7 ,f i g . 1 2 ,p .1 22 , f i g . 5 8 :1 ,p .1 26 ) .

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A s n o ted a bove i n S ec t ion V I .D , e a r ly d raw ing s o f t h e

D ramon t Ah u l ls how o n ly p lug t reena i l sp i e rced w i th n a i l sa st h e f a s t en ing sj o in ing f r ames t op lank ing ( Beno i t1 961 : 1 43 ,p l .2 8 :1 ; T h rockmo r ton 1 972 : 6 8 , f i g . 1 ) . T hese a nd o the rd e ta i l so fc on s t ruc t ion a r ew rong , a cco rd ing t oS an tama r ia ( 1975 : 1 91-94 ) .

V LF :P r imary F a s ten ings A th l i t R am ( 204 -167 B .C . , Lu nd e t e rm ined ) : b ronz e n a i l s w i th h ead s 0 . 025 -0 .027 m i nd i ame t e ra nd s ha f t so f 0 . 01 -0 .0 13 m d i ame te rw e r ed r iven t h rough p l ug t r e ena i l st o f a s t en t h ew a le st ot h er amm ing t imbe r .S uch f a s ten ing sa r e h ypo the s ized t oh ave b ound f r ame st ot h ep l ank ing a sw e l l ( S te f fy 1 983 :2 38 ,2 39 ,f i g .7 ;1 991 :2 1 ,2 2 -23 ,f i g .2 19 ,2 5 , f i g .2 -2 1 ,3 1 , 3 5 ,f i g .2 -26 ) . J eaune -Gard e B( l a t et h i rd o re a r ly s e cond c en tu ry B .C . , Lu nde te rm ined ) : l i on n a i l s w e re d r iven t h rough t h eo ak t r eena i l sa nd c l enched o nce t owa rd t h ek ee l( Ca r r aze 1 976a : 1 63 ; 1 977 : 3 02 ,f i g .6 ) . T r eS enghe A ( s econd o rf i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .2 0 -24 m ) :n a i l sa l te rna t ing w i th p l ug t r eena i lf a s ten ing sw e r eu s ed t ob i nd f r ame st ot h ep l ank ing ( F r e s ch i 1 982a :9 3 ) . P oz z ino ( l a t es econd o re a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lu nde t e rm ined ) :a tl e a s tt h ef u t tock sa r ef a s t ened t ot h ep l ank ing w i th t r eena i l sp i e rced b yc oppe rn a i l s , w h i ch w e r ed r iven f r om o u t s ide a nd c l enched o nt h ei n t e r io rf u t tock s u r f a ce s ( R i cca rd i 1 990 ) . G rand C ong loud ( 1 10 -70 B .C . , Lc a . 2 3 m ) : t h e o ak t r eena i ls j o in ing t h ep l ank s ,h a l f -f rame s ,a nd t i mbe r ss pan n i ng t h eh a l f -f r ame s ,w e re p i e rc ed w i th c oppe rn a i l sc l enched o nc et owa rd t h ek ee lo n t h es i de so ft h es pann ing t i mbe r s ( Beno i t1 96 1 : 1 35 ,p l .2 3 ,1 37 ,p l .2 5 :1 ,2 ,1 5 1 ,1 89 ,1 90 ,p l . 3 4 :b , 1 91 , f i g s . 1 02 , 1 03 ) . S t .J ord i 1( 100 -80 B .C . , Lu nde t e rm ined ) :c oppe rn a i l s w i th h ead s0 . 02m i nd i ame t e ra nd s ha f t s0 . 0 1 ms qua r ew e r e d r iven t h rough t h e p i ne t r eena i l s a nd c l enched o ve r t h e f r ame t o p s . Mo s tw e re c l enched t owa rd t h ek ee l ,s i xi nt h e o ppo s i te d i r ec t ion ( Coi l s 1 987 : 2 4 , 2 9 -31 , 3 5 , 3 6 ,f i g . 1 3 ) . A lbenga ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .3 5 -40 m ) :c oppe r n a i l s w i th h ead s 0 .02 m i n d i ame te r w e re d r iven i n to t r eena i l s o f" s of twood" 0 . 0 14 m i nd i ame te r ( Lambog l ia 1 953 : 2 03 -4 ,2 06 ,f i g . 5 9 ,2 07 ) . A n t iky thera ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .3 0m ) :b r onze n a i l sw i th h ead d i ame te r so f0 . 03 -0 .035 m a nd s ha f td i am e t e r s o fc a . 0 . 0 15 -0 .02 m a ppa ren t ly w e r e d r iven i n to t h e t r eena i l s( Th ro ckmo r ton 1 965 :4 1 ,4 5 ,f i g . 1 5 ) . C hrd t ienne A ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a . 2 4 -32 m ) : c oppe rn a i l sw e re d r iven i n to t r eena i l st h a tb i nd s ome f l oo r t i mbe r sa nd o t he rf r ame c omponen t st ot h ep l ank ing ( Duma s 1 964 : 1 42 , 1 43 , f i g . 2 2 , 1 44 , a nd p ho to s4 ,2 8 , 3 5 ) . F ro s t ( 1 963b :2 66 ,f i g .5 2 )i n d ica t e st h ec opp e rn a i l sw e r ec l enched o ve rt h ef r ame t o p s ,b u tn o tt h a tt h ey w e r ed r iven t h rough t r eena i l s . P lan ier 3( 5 0 -25 B .C . , Lc a . 1 5 -20 m ) :f i rt r eena i l sw e r e p i e rc ed w i th b ronze n a i l sc l enched o ve rt h ef r ame t o p s( L iou 1 973 : 5 88 ,f i g .2 1 ;C ouve r t 1 978 : 11 ,n .3 ) . T i tan ( I le d uL evan t )( m idd le o rl a t ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,L 5 _2 5m ) :t h ei n ne rl a ye ro fp l ank sw a sf a s t ened t ot h ef r ame s w i th c oppe rn a i l sd r iven t h rough t r eena i l s ( Ta i l l iez 1 96 1 : 1 95 , f i g s . 1 9 , 2 0 ; B eno i t 1 96 1 : 1 39 , p l . 2 6 ;T h roc i cmo r ton 1 96 5 :4 4 , f i g . 1 ,4 5 ,f i g . 1 4 ) . G rand -R ibaud D ( l a s td ecade o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,L c a . 1 8m ) : o ne o ft h r ee t r eena i l si nf r ame f r agmen tB .2 i s p i e r ced b y an a i ls qua r ei ns e c t ion . I nf r ame f r agmen tB .3 o ne t r eena i lc on ta in st h er emnan to f as qua r e sha f ted n a i l .A s e cond t r eena i lb ea r sn os u ch e v idence ( R iva l ,H e sna rd ,& C af e 1 988 : 1 08 , 1 2 1 ,p l .4 1 ) .

1 93

L ak eN em i( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry , Lc a .7 1a nd 7 3m ) :f r ame s o ft h e s h ip s w e r e f a s tened t ot h ep l ank s u sua l ly w i th t wo t r eena i l sp e rp l ank p e rf r ame . At r eena i lo fo ak w a sd r iven o n ly p a r t ly i n to t h ef r ame .T he s e cond t r eena i l ,o fe i the rp i ne o rf i r ,p ene t ra t ed t h ee n t i r e mou lded d imen s ion o ft h ef r am e a nd w a sp i e rced w i th ac opp e rn a i lc l enched t w ice o nt h et o p o ft h ef r ame ,i n ad i r ec t ion p a ra l le lt ot h ek ee l( Uc e l l i1 950 : 1 52 , 1 53 ,f i g . 1 53 , 1 54 , f i g . 1 54 ; T h roc lm io r ton 1 965 :4 5 , f i g . 1 3 ) . P un ta S c if o ( e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ,L .c a . 3 0 -35 m ) : f r ag m en t so ft h es h ip 's o ak p l ank ing a nd p o s s ib ly af r ame w e re f a s t ened w i th t r eena i l sp i e rced w i th l a rge i r on n a i l s( Pa rke r 1 992a : 3 6 1 ) . ( Because i ti sn o t c e r ta in t h a t af r ame w a s a ff ixed b yt h en a i la nd p l ug t reena i lf a s t en ing ,t h i sw r eck i s n o ti n c luded i nT ab le sV I .6 a nd V I .7 ) . Mus& d e sD ock s ( l a te t h i rd c en tu ry , Lc a . 2 0 -25 m ) : c opp e rn a i l sw i th h amme red c on ica lh ead sa bou t0 . 02 m .i n d i ame te rp i e rce t h ef i rt r eena i l s( Va roqueaux 1 970 :3 4 ,f i g . 7 ,3 7 ) . F ium ic ino I( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s , Lc a . 1 9 m ) : i r on n a i l s w i th s ha f t s 0 . 009 m s qua re w e re d r iven t h rough t r eena i l s made o f" s o f twood" t of a s ten f r ame st ot h ep l ank s . C he s tnu tt r eena i l sn o tp i e r ced b yn a i l sw e re a l so u sed t ob i nd f r ame sa nd p l ank s( Te s tagu zza 1 970 : 1 30 , 1 45 ) . F ium ic ino 2( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s , Lc a . 1 7m ) : i r on n a i l sw e r ed r iven t h rough t h e" s o f twood" t r eena i l so ft h i s v e s se lt o o ;s ha f t sw e r ej u s to ve r0 . 01 m s qua r e( Te s taguzza 1 970 : 1 32 ;S c r ina r i 1 979 :4 8 , f i g . 2 2 ) . Y a s s iA da ( s econd h a l fo ff o u r th c en tu ry , Lc a . 2 0m ) : s l ende r i r on n a i l sp a s sed t h rough t r eena i l s o ft h e l i ve o ak g roup t of a s t en w a le st of r ame s .T he n a i l sw e r ed r iven f r om i n s ide t h eh u l la nd w hen t h ey p ro t ruded b eyond t h ew a le s , t h ey w e r ec l enched o ve rt h eo u te rw a le f a ce ( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 : 18 ,f i g . 3 ,1 26 ) . S eve ra l o b se r va t ion s c an b e m ad e w i th r e spec t t ot h e d a t ing o f w r eck s t h a t d i sp lay n a i l s d r iv en t h rough t h e i r t r eena i l s ,t h es i ze sa nd t y pe so fs h ip su pon w h ich t h ey a r e f o und ,a nd t h et y p e so ft r eena i l st h en a i l sa r ed r iven t h rough ( Tab le V I .5 ) .I tmu s tb en o t ed t h a tt h i sd i scus s ion c once rn s o n ly t h ef a s ten ing o ff r ame st op l ank ing . P l ug t re ena i l f a s t en ing s w e re u s ed o n s e ago ing G reek a nd R oman s h ip so fa l ls i ze sd a t ing f r om t h e f i f th c en tu ry B .C .( Ma 'a gan M ichae l )i n to t h et h i rd c en tu ry A .C .( Mu se e d e s D o ck s ) . T he L ake N em i s h ip s a l so d i sp lay t h e t e ch n i que ,a sd ot wo F ium ic ino r i ve rv e s se l sd a t ed t ot h et h i rd t o f i f th c en tu r ie sA .C .I to ccu r so nf i f teen w r eck so fs e ago ing s h ip sd a ted n ol a t e rt h an t h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . G iv en t h eb r oad t empo ra lc on t ex ti nw h ich p l ug t r eena i l f a s t en ing s a r e f o und , n o f i rm d a t ing o f w r eck s c an b e a ch ieved b a sed o n ly u pon s u ch af e a tu r e .T ha tt h et e chn ique mo s to f t en o ccu r so nw r eck sd a t ed t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . m u s tb eb a lanced w i th t h ek now ledge t h a t al a rge n umbe ro f e xcava t ed w r eck sd a te t ot h i sp e r iod ( s ee P a rke r1 990a : 36 , f i g .1 ) . ; 1 992a :f i g s .3 ,4 ) .Y e ti td oe sa ppea rs i gn if i can tt h a t t h eh u l li nt h e Mu see d e sD ock sa nd p e rhap st h eP un ta S c i fo w r eck a r e t h e o n ly s e ago ing h u l l s f a s tened t h i s w ay a nd d a ted a f t e rt h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C .T h i ss e em st os ugge s tt h e f a s t en ing m e thod l a rge ly p a s sed o u to fu se d u r ing t h ef i r s t c en tu ry A .C .

C hap ter V I : T h eS h ip T ab le V I .5 : N a l l in -P lug -Treena i lF as ten ing so nG reek a nd R oman S h ip s : F rame st oP lank s S i te Ma 'agan M ichae l K y r en ia Ma r sa la

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i r on c oppe r b ronze , i r on ( ? )

J eaune -Ga rde B

G r .C ong lou6

N a i l s : S ha f tS hap e

N a i l s : Ma t e r ia l

c oppe r c oppe r

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V e s se l L( m ) Wood T yp e 1 3 1 4 3 5

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A lbenga A n t iky the ra C h r6 t ienne A P lan ie r3 T i tan G rand -R ibaud D

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Twe lve a nd p e rhap sf ou r teen o ft h et wen ty th ree w reck s ( i f t h e P un ta S c ifo w reck i si n c luded ) d i sp lay ing s uch f a s ten ings a r er econs t ruc ted t ol e ng ths o fa tl e a s t2 0m .O f n ine w reck s o fp re -Byzan t ine s eago ing s h ip s b e l ieved t o h ave b een 3 0mo r mo re i nl e ng th ( c oun t ing C h r e t ienne A ) , t h e me thod o ff a s ten ing f r ames t op l ank ing i sk nown f o r t h o se a t Ma r sa la , A lbenga , A n t iky the ra , C h r e t ienne A , G iens , a nd C ae sa rea . A l l b u t t h e o ne a t G iens d i sp lay e v idence o ft h eu se o fp lug t reena i l f a s ten ings ( c f . T ab le s V I .1 , 2 ,5 ,w i th T ab le V I .5 ) . T he se f a c t sm igh th i n ta tt h e g rea te rd emand s made b y l a rge r s h ip so n t h e i r ma jo rh u l l f a s ten ings ,o r ,e qua l ly ,t h a ts uch d emand sw e re b e l ieved b y t h ea nc ien ts h ipw r igh t st ob ea tw o rk . T reena i l wood t ype s h ave b een i d en t if ied f o r t h i r teen w reck si nw h ich p lug t r eena i lf a s ten ing sa r ee v iden t ;i nn i ne

f r ame st op l ank s ,u na ss i s ted n a i ls w e re a l so u sed ,b u tt h is i s e x t reme ly r a re i nd ocumen ted w reck s .2 5 H ead p rof i le sr ange f r om f l a tt or ounded ,b u to f ten t a ke t h ef o rm o fh amme red , o rt r unca ted ,c ones ;h ead sa r eu sua l ly r ound a sv i ewed f r om a bove .S ha f t sa r e mo re o f ten s qua re t h an r ound ,a nd s ome t ime s t h ey a r e f ound c l enched o ve rt h e f r ame t o p s . I nt h e G r eek a nd R oman p e r iod s c oppe r a nd b ron ze w e re t h e p re f e r red m e ta l s f o r p r ima ry s h ip f a s ten ing s . T h roughou t t h e p e r iod , i r on w a s f a i r ly c on s i s t en t ly , i fi n f requen t ly , e mp loyed i nt h es ame c apac i ty a nd f o rr epa i rw o rk . N a i l so fc oppe ro rb ronze o f ten s e em t ob ei d en t if ied a s s uch o nt h eb a s is o fo b serva t ion o n ly ,a st h e re i s an o tab le d ea r th o fp ub l ished m e ta l lu rg ica l a na lyses o fG raeco -Ro m an s h ip f a s ten ing s .T he w o rk t h a th a sb een d one ,h oweve r , i n d ica t e st h a tc oppe ro fe xcep t iona lp u r i ty w a su sed d u r ing

i n s tanc e st h ey a r es of twood s ,w i th t h er ema inde rb e ing o ak o f s ome k ind . O f t we lve h u l l s f a s tened w i th h a rdwood

t h e R oman p e r iod ; w e k now l e s s a bou t b ronze , p a r t ly b ecau se o fd i f f icu l t ie sa s soc ia ted w i th a na ly s i so fi t sc o r ro -

t r eena i ls ( s ee T ab le V I .2 )--exc lud ing t h o se a tL ake N em i a nd C a esa rea ( t he l a t te rb ecau se t h ep l ug t reena i l wood h a s

s i on p roduc t s( s ee F ro s t 1 981b : 1 20 -25 ) .

n o tb een i d en t if ied ) ,j us tf ou rd i sp lay n a i l sd r iven i n to t h e

C a ta logue o f Me ta l lurg ica l A na ly s i s o f C opper a nd

t r eena i ls . S o f twood ss e em ing ly w e re p r ef e r red .

B ron ze N a i l s

T he s ha f t s o fn a i ls w i th in p lug t reena i l s a r e s qua r e i n e i gh to ft h i r teen i d en t if ied i n s tance s .T h i sa tf i r s ti ss u rp r i s i n g ,a si tw ou ld s e em t h a tr ound s ha f t sw ou ld p rov ide b e t te r e qua l iza t ion o ft h e p r e s su re s e xe r ted o n t h e t r eena i l s a nd s u r round ing t imbe r s . Ap ref e rence f o rs qua r e s ha f t sp rob a b ly d eve loped ,h oweve r ,b ecause t h ey w e r e much e a s ie rt o

T he f o l low ing c h rono log ica lc a ta logue r e v iew st h em e t a l lu rg ica la na ly s i so fc oppe ra nd b ronze n a i l s f r om G reek

manuf ac tu re ( c f . S ec t ion V I .F .4 . ) . I np l ug t r eena i ls ,c oppe ro rb ronze n a i l sa r e mo s to f ten

C apo T e s ta a nd l ' i so la d i Ma ld iV en t re .B ecau se b o l t s a r e much

f ound ; i r on i sr epo r ted i no n ly t wo a nd m aybe t h ree o ft h e c a ta logued h u l l sd a t ing b e fo re t h et h i rd c en tu ry A .C . V I .F .4 .N a i l s .I na dd i t ion t ot h ee mp loymen to ft r eena i l s a nd p lug t reena i l sw i th n a i l sd r iven t h rough t h em t of a s ten 1 94

a nd R oman s h ip s .2 6 2 5

N a i l s a r e s ome t ime s d i scove red b i nd ing f l oo r t imbe r s t o

k ee l s , a so n Wreck 2a tL au ron s , a nd p o s s ib ly o n t h e w reck s a t mo r eo f t en f ound s e rv ing i nt h i sc apac i ty ,t h en a i l si nt h ek e e l so f t h e se w r eck s a r ed i scu s sed i nS ec t ion V I .F .5 . 2 6 A n a l loy o f 9 0 p e rcen t c opp e r a nd 1 0 p e r cen t t i n w a s s e le c t ed b yt h em ake r so ft h eA th l i tr am ( E i senbe rg 1 991 : 4 0 -43 ,

4 4 ,f i g .3 3 ;c f .S t ef fy 1 983 :2 34 ) . Wh i le n o tp e r t inen tt oG re ek a nd R oman c opp e rp roce s s ing ,n o rt ot h eu se o fc oppe rf a s ten ing so n

V LF : P r imary F as ten ings K yr en ia ( l a te f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . ) :t h ea moun to fc oppe r i nf ou rn a i l sa nd o ne t a ck f r om t h es h ip r a nge sf r om 8 8 .22%

c en tu ry m i l i ta ry w r i te r ,s ugge s t su se o fb ronze n a i l sb ecau se t h ey r e s i s tc o r ro s ion b e t te rt h an t h o se o fi r on .J u l iu sC ae sa r ( Ga l . 3 . 13 ) d esc r ibe s t h e s h ip s o ft h eV ene t ia sb u i l t w i th

t o9 1% .T race so fo the re l emen t sa r ep re sen t ,b u ti nn oc a se i st h e re mo re t h an 0 . 05% t i n ( S tef fy 1 985b : 8 4 ,n .5 ) . Mar sa la ( m id th i rd c en tu ry B .C . ) :o ne b ronze n a i lf r om t h es h ip i s8 0% c oppe r ,1 2 .3% l e ad ,7 . 1% t i n( ±0 .5% ) ,0 . 6% z i nc . O ft wo t a ck s f r om t h e " S is te r s h ip ," o ne c on s i s t s o f 8 0 .9% c oppe r , 1 0 .7% l e ad , 9 .4% t i n , 0 . 3% z i nc , a nd l e s s t h an 0 . 05% a r sen ic ( equa l l ing 1 0 1 .35% ) .T he o the rt a ck i s 7 3 .6% c oppe r , 1 7 .3% l e ad , 7 . 3% t i n , 0 . 4% z i nc , a nd l e s s t h an 0 . 05% a r sen ic ( equa ll ing 9 8 .65% ) .O ne n a i lf r om t h e " S i s te r "s h ip i sc omposed o f8 4 .7% c opp e r ,7 . 3% l e ad ,7 . 7% t i n , 0 . 2% z i nc , a nd t r ace s o f i r on , a r sen ic , magne s ium , n i cke l ,a nd a n t imony ( F ro s t 1 981b : 1 22 -23 ) . G rand C ong loud ( 1 10 -70 B .C . ) :s ome o ft h ec oppe rn a i l s a r ea s much a s9 8 .5 -99% p u re , w i th t r a ce so ft i n ( 0 .01% ) , z i nc ( 0 .3 -0 .4% ) ,a nd i r on ( 0 .2% ) .O the r sn a i l sh ave s im i la r t r ace s o f t i n ( 0 .02 -0 .03% ) a nd i r on ( 0 .0 1% ) , a l ong w i th s i lve r ( 0 .1 % ) , a n t imony ( 0 .03 -0 .07% ) , l e ad ( 0 .03% ) , a nd a r sen ic ( 0 .02% a nd t r ac es )( Beno i t1 96 1 : 1 93 ) .

i r on f a s ten ing s ,a nd T a c i tus ( H i s t .3 . 47 )n o ted t h a tc amarae , b oa t su sed b yb a rba r ian si nP on tu s ,w e re f a s tened t o ge the r w i thou ts p ike so fb ronze o ri r on . T he a r cha eo log ica lr e co rd b ea r so u tt h ee xamp le o ft h e S y racus ia ,a st h eg rea t ma jo r i ty o fn a i l sf a s ten ing f r ame st o p l ank ing o n G ra eco -Roman s h ip s b efo r e t h e l a te R oman p e r iod a r e r epo r t ed t ob e c oppe r . B ronze a ppea r s t oh ave b een u sed l e s sf r equen t ly ,a nd p e rhap sp a ssed o u to fg ene ra l u se s ome t ime i nt h et h i rd c en tu ry . Aw reck o ft h eS eve ran p e r iod n ea r G igl io h a rbo r d i sp lays f r ame s f a s tened t o p l ank ing w i th n a i l so f ac oppe ra l loy ( l ega d ir ame )( Rend in i 1 99 1 : 1 58 ) . T he p a s sage i nT a c i tus s e ems t oh ave c l ea ri mp l ica t ion s f o rt h eu se o fi r on f a s ten ings i nR oman s h ip so fh i st ime ( l a te f i r s ta nd e a r ly s econd c en tu r ie s ) ,l i on ,h oweve r , mu s th ave b een i nc ommon u se a tl e a s ti nt h eu ppe rw o rk sa nd i n te r io r s

A lbenga ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) :i n conc lu s ive a na lyse s o ft h ei n te rna lb ronze o ft wo n a i l sf r om t h ew reck s howed o ne n a i lt ob e5 6 .48% c oppe r ,4 .76% t i n ,2 . 40% l e ad ,4 . 70% z i nc , 1 %i r on ,a nd t r aces o fs u lphu r( e qua l l ing 6 9 .34% ) .I n t h e s e cond n a i l t h e amoun t o f c oppe r w a s 4 7 .50% , t i n 8 . 50% ,l e ad 2 . 88% ,z i nc 6 . 50% ,i r on 3% ,a nd a ga in t r ace so f s u lphu r( e qua ll ing 6 8 .38% )( Lambog l ia 1 953 : 2 07 ) . C he ienne A ( e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) : s ome c oppe r n a i l sf r om t h ew reck h ad n ot i na nd m e re ly t r a ce so fs i lve r a nd i r on ( Beno i t 1 961 : 1 93 ) . Mand ia ( e a r ly f i r s t c en tury B .C . ) : s ome c opp e r n a i l s f r om t h ew r eck s howed n ot i nc on ten ta nd j u s tt r ace so fi r on a nd s i lve r( Beno i t 1 961 : 1 93 ) . P a lam i i s ( 100 -50 B .C . ) : s ome q ua l i ta t ive a na ly se s o f c oppe ra nd b ronze n a i l sw e re d one ( Foe r s te rL au re s1 983c ) . T i tan ( he d uL 6van t )( m idd le o rl a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : t h ew reck y i e lded s ome c oppe rn a i l sw i th at i nc on ten to f 5% ( Beno i t1 961 : 1 93 ) . L ak eN em i( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) :t h el u xu r ious ly f u rn i shed b a rge sw e re f a s tened w i th n a i ls made o fc oppe ro ve r9 9% p u re . A na lys is o f al a rge n a i lr evea led i tw a sc ompos ed o f 9 9 .64% c oppe r ,0 . 05% l e ad ,0 .22% i r on , a nd t r ac e so ft i n , n i cke l , z i nc , a nd mangane se . As ma l l n a i l w a s f ound t o c ons is t o f 9 9 .71% c oppe r , 0 .03% l e ad , 0 . 18% i r on , a nd t r ace s o f t h e s ame ma te r ia l s f ound i n t h e l a rge n a i l . A s hea th ing t a ck w a s9 9 .60% c oppe r ,0 . 06% l e ad ,0 . 25% i r on , a ga in w i th t r ac ea moun t so ft i n ,n i cke l ,z i nc ,a nd mangane se ( Uc e l l i 1 950 : 2 72 ) . MusJ ed es Docks ( l a te t h i rd c en tu ry ) :T he t i nc on t en ti n s ome n a i ls w a sf ound t ob e8 . 5% ( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 93 ) .

o fG reek a nd R oman s h ip s o f much e a r l ie rd a te , b ecause t h ey o rt h e i rc onc re t ion sa r ef r equen t ly d i scove red o ns i te s d a ted l o ng b efo re t h eR oman I mpe r ia lp e r iod .T h i s ,c oup led w i th t h e f a c t t h a t i r on f a s ten ings j o in ing p l ank ing a nd f r ame s i sp r ima r i ly al a te -Roman a nd B yzan t ine p henom e non ,l e ave st h eu ppe rw o rk sa nd i n te r io r so fs h ip sa st h et wo mo s tl i ke ly e xp lana t ion sf o rt h e i rp re senc eo ne a r l ie rw reck s i te s .T he l a te -second c en tu ry w reck a tL au rons m igh ts hed s ome l i gh to nt h ef a s ten ings o fs upe r s truc tu re s ,e xcep tt h a t t h es h ip w a si ns e rv ice a tat ime w hen i r on w a sg a in ing mo re f a vo r a s af a s ten ing ma te r ia l , a nd s o i sn o t n ec es sa r i ly i lus t ra t ive o fe a r l ie rp rac t ice s . A no the ra pp l ica t ion o fi r on n a i l s a ppea r s t ob e t h a to f r epa i r s . O n t h e S t . J o rd i 1w reck o ft h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,a l lo b served n a i ls b i nd ing f r ame st op l ank sa r ec oppe r , s ave f ou ri r on o ne so n as i ng le f r ame .T hese a r eb e l ieved t o b ea s soc ia ted w i th h u l lr epa i r s( Co i l s 1 987 : 3 5 ) . Ap a tched a r ea o ft h e h u l l b e low t h e w a te r l ine o ft h e T o r re S ga r ra ta s h ip ( l a te s e cond c en tu ry ) w a s s e cu red w i th w rough ti r on n a i l s ,w he rea st h en a i l so r ig ina l ly u sed t ob u i ld t h eh u l la r e c oppe r( Th rockmo r ton 1 969 : 3 00 ; 1 989 : 2 64 -65 ) .C a rpen t e r sa boa rd G ra eco -Roman s h ip ss u re ly s t ocked i r on a sw e l l a sc oppe ra nd b ronze n a i ls . A tl e a s tf ou r ,a nd p o s s ib ly s i x ,w reck so fs eago ing s h ip s d a ted p r io r t o t h e l a te R oman p e r iod e xh ib i t i r on n a i l s j o in ing f r ames t op l ank ing .T he Ma 'a gan M icha e lv e sse l ,o f c a .4 00 B .C . ,h a si t sf r ames a ff ixed t ot h ep l ank sw i th i r on n a i l s d r iven t h rough t r eena i l s a nd c l enched t w ice o n t h e f r ame t o p s , t owa rd t h ek ee l ( L inde r 1 989 : 6 ;1 992 : 2 6 , 3 3 , 3 4 , R o s lo f f 1 990 : 4 ;p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ; K ahanov 1 991 : 6 ) . T he w reck a tL aS ecca d iC ap is te l lo , o ft h e l a te f ou r th o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . , y i e lded t h ree i r on n a i l s ,

S ynops i so ft he U se o fC opper ,B ronze ,a nd I r on N a i l s .

o ne o fw h ich i sc l enched t w ice a nd i so f al e ng th s uff ic ien t

Wr i t ing i nt h es e cond c en tu ry , A thenaeus ( 5 .207b )r e la te s

t oh ave j o ined f r ame s t op l ank s . I tw a s n o t f ound i ns i tu , h oweve r( F rey ,H en t sche l ,a nd K e i th 1 978 :2 95 ,f i g . 1 9 ) .I n

t h e u se o fc oppe r s p ike s o n t h e g r ea t S yracus ia b u i l t f o r H ie ro I( 305 -215 B. C . ) ,2 7 a nd V ege t iu s( 4 .34 ) , al a te -fou r th

1 973 t h e P un ic s h ip a t Ma r sa la , d a ted t e n ta t ive ly t ot h e m idd le o ft h et h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ,w a sr epor ted t od i sp lay i r on

s uch s h ip s ,i ti si n te re s t ing t on o te t h ec oppe ro fh igh p u r i ty f ound

n a i l sd r iven t h rough o ak t r e , ena i ls a nd c l enched o ve rt h et o p s o ft h ef l oo rt imbe r s( F ro s t 1 973b : 3 6 ,f i g .4 ,4 5 ,f i g . 1 3 ) .I n t h ef i na lp ub l ica t ion s uch n a i ls a r es a id t ob eb ronze ( F ro s t 1 981b : o ppo s i te p .3 2 , f i g . 9 ,p .1 20 , 1 22 , f i g . 5 8 :1 , 1 26 ) .

o nt h eR oya lS h ip o fC heop s( c a . 2 500 B .C . ) . S t ap le su sed i nt h is f une ra ry b a rge a r e 9 4 .5 p e rcen t c oppe r , 1 . 4 p e rcen t a r sen ic , 0 . 8 p e rcen ti r on , w h i le z i nc a nd o xygen m ake u p t h e r ema in ing 3 . 3 p e rcen t( Nou re ta l . 1 960 : 4 9 -54 ) . 2 7

F rame sa r ef a s tened t ot h ep l ank ing o ft h eJ eaune -Ga rde B

S ee t h e t r an s la t ion i nC a sson 1 971 : 1 91-94 .

1 95

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip w r eck w i th t r eena i l s p i e r ced b y i r on n a i l s c l enched o nc e t owa rd t h ek ee l .T he w re ck i sd a ted t ot h el a te t h i rd o re a r ly s e cond c en tu ry B .C .( Ca r r az61976a :1 63 ;1 977 :3 02 ,f i g .6 ) . Wr eck 1a tA po l lon ia , o f t h e m id second t oe a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ,a l so h a sf r ame sb ound t ot h ep l ank sw i th i r on n a i l s --bu tn o td r iven t h rough p l ug t r eena i l s --c lenched a w l ) t h ef r ame s( Long 1 992 :7 4 ) .O nt h eD r amon t Aw r eck ( f i r s t h a l fo ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) ,t h ef r ame sa r ef a s tened t ot h e g a rboa rd a nd s e cond s t r ake o n ly w i th i r on n a i l s .F u r the r ,t h e f a l se s t e rnpo s to ft h es h ip w a sj o ined t ot h es t e rnpo s tw i th i r on n a i l sa nd b o l t s( L iou & P omey 1 985 :5 69 ,f i g .2 1 ,5 72 ) . l i on n a i l sb e low t h ew a t e r l ine b ecame s omewha t mo r e c ommon i nt h e Med i te r ranean l a te ri nt h eR oman p e r iod . 28 Wr eck so fs e ago ing s h ip sb u i l tw i th i r on f a s ten ing si nt h e f ou r th c en tu ry a nd l a te r i n c lude t h e f o u r th - a nd s e ven th c en tu ry v e s se l sa tY a s s iA da ( v an Doo rn inck 1 976 :1 25 -26 ; 1 982 : 3-34 ,5 6 -58 ,2 52 -58 ) ,P an tano L onga r in i( c a .A .D . 6 00 ) ( Th roc lano r ton & T h ro ckmo r ton 1 973 : 2 44 , 2 49 ; T h roc lano r ton 1 987 :9 5 ) ,a nd S t .G e rva i s( 2 )( l a t es i x th o r e a r ly s even th c en tu ry ) ( . 1 6z6gou u npub l i shed : 1 4 ; 1 985 : 3 54 ) .2 9 P ro cop iu so fC a esa r ea ( bo rn c a .A .D .5 00 )m en t ion s i r on n a i l sb i nd ing p l ank st ot h ef r ame so ft h es h ip o fA enea s ( Go th .8 . 22 .7 -16 ) .G ianf ro t ta ( 1 991 :8 5 -88 )p l ace st h ev e s s e l much l a t e rt h an t h e( A rcha ic ) Ur n eo fA enea s ,a nd B a s ch ( 1 985 )a r gue si tt ob eo fB yzan t ine d a t e . C l enched N a i l s .T he p ra c t ice o fc l ench ing n a i l so ve rt h e t o p s o f f r ame s i sf o und i ne a rl ie r G ra eco -Roman s h ip s ( Tab le V I .5 ) .W i th t h ee xc ep t ion o ft h eL ak eN em ib a rge s , t h ep r a c t ice s e em sc on f ined g ene ra l ly t ow r eck sb e fo r et h e m idd le o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . P or t ic e l lo ( 4 15 -385 B .C . ) : s ome o ft h e s qua r e c opp e r n a i l sf o und o nt h es i te a r ec l enched e i the ro nc eo rt w ic e ,b u t n one w e re d i s cove r ed w i th in p l ank ing o rf r ame s( E i seman 1 979 : 2 5 -27 , 2 9 , 5 4 , f i g . 2 . 13 , 5 6 , f i g . 2 . 15 , 5 7 , f i g . 2 . 16 ; E i seman & R idgeway 1 987 :1 ,1 3 ,1 4 ,f i g .2 . 6 ,1 5 ,f i g .2 . 7 ) . Ma 'agan M ichae l( c a .4 00 B .C . ) : f r ame sa r ea f f ixed t o p l ank s w i th i r on n a i l s 0 . 005 m s qua r e . T hey a r e d r iven t h rough t r eena i l s( s pe c ie sn o ty e ti d en t if ied )a nd c l enched t w ice o n t h e f r ame t o p s , t owa rd t h ek e e l( L inde r 1 989 : 6 ; 1 992 :2 6 ,3 3 ,3 4 ,R o s lo f f1 990 :4 ;p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ; K ahanov 1 991 : 6 ) . K y ren ia ( l a te f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . ) : r o und c opp e rn a i l s d r iven t h rough p i ne t r eena i l sw e re c l enched t w ice t owa rd t h ek ee l( S te f fy 1 985b : 8 4 ,a nd p l . 2 1 ,f i g .3 ) . C ap i s te l lo ( l a te f ou r th o r e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ) : c oppe rn a i l sw e re r e po r t ed t ob ec l enched o nt h ef r ame t o p s . F u r the r , o ne i r on n a i l f ound l o o se o n t h e s i t e i sd oub le c l enched ,a nd t h el e ng th o ft h es t ra igh tp o r t ion o ft h es ha f t m a tche st h ec omb ined m ea su r ed t h ickne s se so ft h ep l ank ing a nd f r ame s( F rey ,H en t sche l , &K e i th 1 978 ,2 93 ,2 95 ,f i g . 1 9 ) . 2 8

Mar sa la ( m id th i rd c en tu ry B .C . ) : i n 1 973 i r on n a i l s w e r er e po r t ed t ob ed r iven t h rough o ak t r eena i l sa nd c l ench ed o ve rt h et o p so ft h ef l oo rt imbe r s( F ro s t1 973b :3 6 ,f i g .4 ,3 7 , f i g .5 ) .I nt h ef i na lp ub l ica t ion s uch n a i l sa r er e po r ted t ob e b ron ze . O ne b ronze .n a i l f o und l o o se o n t h e s i te h a s i t s d oub le -c lenched s hape p re s e rved ( F ro s t1 981b :o ppo s i t ep . 3 2 , f i g .9 ;1 20 , 1 22 , f i g . 5 8 :1 ) . I na ny c a se , t h en a i l s w e r e c l en ched . J eaun e -Gard e B( l a t e t h i rd o r e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry B .C . ) : i r on n a i l s d r iven t h rough t h e o ak t r e ena i l s w e r e c l enched o nce t owa rd t h ek ee l( Ca r ra ze 1 976a : 1 63 ; 1 977 : 3 02 ,f i g .6 ) . A po l lon ia 1 ( m id se cond t oe a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) : c l enched i r on n a i l sf a s ten f r ame st op l ank s .T he h u l lr ema in s a r ea lmo s td evo id o ft r eena i l su s ed f o rt h i sp u rpo se ( Long 1 992 : 7 4 ) . P o z z ino ( l a te s e cond o re a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) :c opp e r n a i l sa r ed r iv en t h rough t r eena i l sb i nd ing f u t tock st op l ank s a nd c l enched o nt h ei n ne rf u t tock s u r f a ce s( R icca rd i1 990 ) . G rand C ong loug ( 1 10 -70 B .C . ) : t h ec opp e rn a i l sw i th in t h eo ak t r eena i l sj o in ing t h ep l ank ing ,h a l f -f rame s ,a nd t h e t i mbe r s s p ann ing t h e h a l f -f r ame s w e r e c l enched o nce t o w a rd t h ek e e lo nt h es i de so ft h es pann ing t i mbe r s( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 35 ,p l .2 3 , 1 37 ,p l . 2 5 :1 ,2 ,1 5 1 ) . C h rg t i enne A ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : F ro s t( 1 963b : 2 66 , f i g . 5 2 )r e po r t s t h e n a i l s b i nd ing f r ame s t op l ank ing w e r ec l enched .D uma sd oe sn o tm en t ion t h i sd e ta i l ,b u th i s p ho to ss how n a i l sa r ei n deed c l enched o nt h ef r ame t o p si n a tl e a s t o ne i n s tance ( Duma s 1 964 : p ho to 2 8the u ppe r f r ame and p e rhap sp ho to 3 2 ) . S t .J ord i 1( 1 00 -80 B .C . ) :s qua re c oppe rn a i l sa r ed r iven t h rough p i ne t r eena i l sa nd t h eg r ea tm a jo r i ty a r ec l enched , a lb u ts i xt owa rd t h ek ee l ;t h eo t he r st owa rd t h et u rn o ft h e b i lge . S ome a ppea rt ob ec l enched t w ice , mo s to n ly o nce , a nd s ome t a ke t h ef o rm o fa na r ca bove t h ef r ame t o p s( Co i l s 1 987 : 2 4 ,2 9 -31 , 3 5 ,3 6 , f i g . 1 3 ) . L ake N em i( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) :T he s qu a r ec oppe rn a i l s d r iven t h rough t h ep i ne a nd f i rt r e ena i l sw e r ec l enched t w ice i n ad i r ec t ion p a ra l le lt ot h ek ee l( Uce l l i1 950 : 1 52 ,1 53 ,f i g . 1 53 , 1 54 ,f i g . 1 54 ) . O b ser va t ion s .T ab le V I .6 s umma r ize st h ep r ima ry c ha r a c t e r i s t ic so fn a i l s f o und o nm a jo r Med i te r ranean s i t e s . I t s ugge s t st h ee mp loymen to fb ronze n a i l sb e low t h ew a te r l ine p eaked i nt h e f i r s t c en tu r ie s B .C . a nd A .C . , t h ough t h i s m igh tb eb e cau se o ft h eg r ea te rn umb e ro fs i te sd a ted t ot h e p e r iod ( s ee P a rke r 1 990a : 3 36 , f i g . 1 ) . T he a l loy a pp ea r s o n ly o c ca s iona l ly b e fo r ea nd a f t e rt h i st i r ne . 3°O ns e ago ing s h ip s ,n a i l so fc oppe ra r et h o se f o und m o s to f ten ,f r om t h e f i f th o rf o u r th c en tu ry B .C .i n to t h ef ou r th c en tu ry A .C .I r on n a i l s a s p r ima ry f a s t en ings o n s e ago ing Med i t e r r anean s h ip s a pp ea r r a the r e a r ly ( c a . 4 00 B .C . ) , a nd a r e f a i r ly c on s i s t en t ly i ne v idence t h rough t h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .T hey

N a i l si nt h et h i rd -cen tury w r eck a tC oun ty H al i nL ondon a r e

i r on ( Ma r sden 1 974 : 5 7 , 5 9 -60 ) . A l though t h i s s h ip w a s b u i l ti n mo r t i se -and tenon Med i te r ranean f a sh ion , t h e p re senc e o f i r on n a i l s m igh tr ef lec tl o ca l p rac t ice o rt r ad i t ion r a the r t h an amove f r om c oppe r -ba sed t oi r on f a s ten ing s .

3 0

N umbe r so fb ronze n a i l sl a rge e nough t ob ea s soc ia t ed w i th

f a s ten ing f r ame st op l ank ing h ave b een d i scove red o u to fc on tex t o n Wreck s 1( t h i rd t of ou r th c en tu ry ) , 3( f ou r th t of i f th c en tu ry ) , a nd 4a tL au ron s . On t h el a t te rw reck ,t e n ta t ive ly d a ted t oe a r ly i n t h ef o u r th c en tu ry ,o ne w a sa l so f ound f i x ing ama s ts t ep s t r inge r

2 9 R ive rv e s se l s 1a nd 2a tF ium ic ino ( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s ) w e re a l so b u i l t w i th i r on f a s ten ing s ( T e s taguzza 1 970 : 1 30 -31 , 1 45 ) .

t o af r ame ( X im6ne s & Moe rman 1 987 : 1 74 , 1 77 , 1 78 , r e spe c t i ve ly ) .

1 96

V LF :P r imar yF a s t en ing s B .C . ,a nd t h e r e ,a f t e ro ccu ro n ly o cca s iona l ly .I ti si n te r e s t ing t on o te t h a t ,i nt h et a b le ,h amme r ed c on ica lh ead sa r ef o und o n ly o nn a i l sw i th s qua r es ha f t s . C l enched n a i l s , w he the ra s soc ia t ed w i th p l ug t r e , ena i l s o rn o t ,a r ef o und o ne a rl i e rG reek a nd R oman w r eck s .T hey a r en o ti ne v idence o ns e ago ing G ra eco -Roman Med i te r ra n ean s h ip sa f t e rt h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . e xcep to n t h e f ou r th -cen tu ry w reck a tY a s s i A da ( v an D oonünck 1 976 : 1 26 ) .I nt h i sc a se ,b ecause n o ta l ln a i ls p ro truded t h rough t he o u t e rs u r f a ce so ft h ew a le s ,c l ench ing s e em st oh ave b e en a s imp le w ay o fd ea l ing w i th e x t ra long n a i l s , r a the rt h an a d i s t inc tf a s ten ing t e chn ique .

a r e a s soc ia ted o n ly w i th h ul r e pa i r so rr i ve rv e s se l sa f t e r t h a t t i me , u n t i l t h e f ou r th c en tu ry . T he rea f te r t h ey w e r e u t i l i zed mo re a nd mo re f r equen t ly . I nt h et a b le ,c oppe ra nd b ronz en a i l sw i th s qua r es ha f t s a r ef o und h a l fa ga in a so f ten a st h o se w i th r o und o ne s( 9v s . 6 )t h rough t h e f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . , a f te rw h ich o n ly s qua r e s ha f t sa r e i ne v idence . E a se a nd e conomy o fm anu fa c tu r e m igh tb eo ne e xp lana t ion f o rt h ee ven tua lp r eva lence o ft h e l a t t e r . A sm igh tb ee xpec ted ,r ounded a nd f l a t tened h ead s a r ef o und i na l lp e r iod s , w i th t h ef o rme rb e ing mo re c om mon .H amme r ed c on ica lh ead si nt h i sb ody o fd a ta a ppea r f o rt h ef i r s tt ime o nt h eP un ic w reck o ft h em id th i rd c en tu ry

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C hap ter V I : T h eS h ip V I .F .5 .B o l t sa nd Wa sher s .B o l t so fe i the rt h ep i ened o r f o re lo ck t y pe s e em t oh ave b een u nknown i na nc ien t Med i t e r r anean h u l lc on s t ruc t ion b e fo r et h eR oman p e r iod .T hey mo s tc ommon ly f a s ten f l oo rt imbe r s a nd s ome t ime sm a s t s t ep so rk ee l son st ot h ek ee l ,a l though t h ew r eck a tP un ta A la ( A .D .2 50? )a nd Wreck 3a tL au ron s( f ou r th c en tu ry o rl a te r ) d i sp lay f r ame sf a s tened t op l ank ing a nd s t r inge r s ,o rj u s tt o p l ank ing , w i th i r on b o l t s o rc l enched i r on n a i l s t h a t e v i d en t ly s e rved a sr i ve t so rb o l t s . T he p r ima ry f unc t ion o fa tl e a s t s i x f a s ten ing s o n t h e C a e sa rea h ul t h a tm igh tb eb o l t si su nknown ,b u ti tw a sn o t ( a tl e a s te xc lu s ive ly )t of a s ten f r ame st ot h ep l ank ing .T he mo s tr e ady e xp lana t ion ,w he the ra sb o l t so rj u s tn a i l s ,i st h a t t h ey s e cu red s t r inge r st ot h ep l ank ing a nd f r ame s .I ft h i si s i n deed t h e c a se , i tc on s t i tu t e s o ne o f t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t a sp ec t so ft h eC ae sa r ea h u l l : e x t rao rd ina ry m ea su r e sw e r e t a ken t om ax im ize l o ng i tud ina l i n teg r i ty . T h i sm e thod o f f a s ten ing t o ge the rp l ank s , f r am e s , a nd s t r inge r s w ou ld b e o n ly t h e s e cond k nown e xamp le a mong G ra eco -Roman Med i te r r anean h ul s , a nd t h ee a r l ie s tb y p e rhap s 1 50 -200 y ea r s ,i ft h ed a t ing o ft h eP un ta A la w r eck i si nf a c tn ea rA .D . 2 50 ,a nd i ft h ed a te o ft h eC ae sa rea h u l li sv a l id ( s ee s e c t ion V I .M .1 .b e low ) . T o g a in b e t t e ri n s igh ti n to t h i sf e a tu r eo ft h eC a e sa r ea h u l l ,a nd i n to t h ee mp loymen to fb o l t s( a nd s ome l a rge n a i l s ) t of a s t en k ee l s t oo t he r s t ruc tu ra l t i mb e r s , t h e f o l low ing c h rono log ica lc a ta logue r e v iew st h ee v idence f r om R oman a nd B yzan t ine w r eck st h rough t h ef i f th c en tu ry . A th l i t R am ( 204 -167 B .C . , Lu nde te rm ined ) : t we lve b ronze b o l t sf a s tened t h er am t ot h et i mbe r sw i th in i t .O ne s u rv iv ing b o l te xh ib i t s as ha f t0 . 0 15 m i nd i ame t e r ,w i th a h ead o f0 . 025 m d i ame t e rt h a ti sr o unded a nd 0 . 0 12 m t h ick a ti t sc en t re ( S te f fy 1 983 :2 32 ,f i g .2 ,2 33 ,f i g .3 ,2 35 ; 1 991 : 1 2 -13 ,a nd f i g s .2 7 ,2 -9 ) . S parg i( c a . 1 20 -100 B .C . , L3 0 -35 m ) :p o r t ion so fs e ven f l oo r t imbe r s d i sp lay e v idence t h a t t h e i r a pp rop r ia te s u r f a ce sw e re w o rked i no rde rt op e rm i tg ood c on ta c tw i th t h e k ee l .T hey e xh ib i tt h er ema in so fn a i l so rb o l t sa bou t0 . 60 m l o ng —o fu n spec if i ed m e ta l— tha tb i nd t h em t ot h ek e e la nd ( r epo r ted ly ) t o t h e k ee l son . T he se f a s ten ings d i sp lay r i ba t t i tura a l l 'e s t erno ( Pala it s 1 983b : 1 0 , 1 2 , 3 8 ; 1 983f : 2 22 ) . I ft h i s p h ra se i st r an s la t ed a s" ex te rna l r i ve t t ing" o r " r ive t t ing a t / to /on t h eo u t s ide ," t h em ean ing i sa mb iguou s . O u t s ide w ou ld s e em t od eno t et h eb o t tom f a ce o ft h ek e e l , b u to nt h eu ppe r( h ence i n t e r io r )s u r f a ce o fo ne o ft h ef l oo r t i mb e rf r agmen t s , t h e re a ppea r st ob e ar e c tangu la ro b jec t t h a tm igh tb e am e ta lp l a te o ve rw h ich t h ef a s t en ing c ou ld b e p i ened . T h i s w ou ld m ean t h e b o l t s h ad b een d r iven u p t h rough t h ek ee l ,a sw a st h ea ppa ren t ly n o rma lp r ac t ice ( s e e S ec t ion V I .F .6 ) .T h i s may n o tb et h ec a se ,h oweve r ,j udg ing f r om t h ew reck p l an s( Pa l la it s1 983f :2 23 ,f i g .1 ;1 986b :9 2 , f i g .5 ) .B e tween a bou tt wo a nd f o u rm e t r e ss ou thwe s to ft h e s ou the rnmo s tf l oo rt imbe rr emnan ts t il a t ta ched t ot h ek e e l , t h e re a r e w ha t a ppea r t ob e t wo o t he rc en t ra l p o r t ion s o f f l oo rt i mb e r s ,e a ch r e s t ing o no ne o ft h e i r mou lded s u r f ac e s . O n t h e u ppe r , o ri n te r io r , s i ded s u r f ac e o ft h e s ou thwe s t mo s tt i mbe ri sd r awn ar ounded o b jec tt h a ta ppea r st ob et h e h ead o f an a i l o rb o l t , w h ich t h e re fo r e w ou ld h ave b e en d r iven d ownwa rd t h rough t h ek ee l .

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I na ny c a se ,t h i sw r eck a ppea r st oc on s t i tu te t h ee a r l ie s t e v idence f r om p ubl i shed G ra eco -Roman h u l l s k nown t o t h i sw r i t e ro ff l oo rt i mbe r sf i rm ly f a s tened t ot h ek ee l( s ee S ec t ion sV I .M .3 -4 b e low ) . D ramon t A( f i r s th a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .2 5m ) : t h eo u t e r( f a l se )s t e rnpo s tw a sf a s tened t ot h es t e rnpo s tw i th i r on b o l t sc a .0 . 025 m in d i ame t e r( L ion & P omey 1 985 :5 69 , f i g .2 1 ,5 72 ) . C apo T e s ta ( f i r s th a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lu nde t e r m ined ) : al a rge b ronze n a i lw i th ah amm e red c on ica lh ead p ro t rud e ss ome 0 . 38 -0 .40 m a bove t h es e ab ed .I ti st a ken t o i n d ica t et h ep o s i t ion o ft h ek ee l ,w h ich i ss t i l lb u r ied ,a nd t o s ugge s tt h ef a s t en ing o ft h ek ee lt o ak e e l son ( p arame z za l e ) . F rame s a r e n o t m en t ioned ( Gando l f i 1 983 : 4 5 -46 ; 1 985 : 3 15 ;1 986a :8 4 -85 ) .( U se o ft h ew o rdparame z za l es hou ld b e r e ga rd ed c a re f u l ly .S ee S pa rg ie n t ry a bove ,p .1 87 ) . L a Mad rague d eG i en s( 60 -40 B .C . , Lc a . 3 8m ) :b o l t s p robab ly o fb ronze f a s ten f l oo rt imbe r so fo ak t ot h ek ee la t F rame s9 0 ,9 4 ,9 8 , 1 04 , 10 , 14 , 1 20 , 1 28 ,a nd 1 34 .T hu s t h ei n t e r va lo fo c cu r r ence i s4 -4 -6 -6 -4 -6 -8 -6 .T he f o rwa rd m o s tb o l t( a tF rame 1 34 )i sp l a ced a tt h ef o rwa rd e x t r em i ty o ft h em a s ts t ep a nd m a rk st h ec ommencemen to ft h er i se o f t h ek ee lt ot h es t empo s t .T h i sf a s ten ing p i e r ce st h ek ee ls c a r f a nd t h es ma l lt i mb e rt h a to ve r l ie si t .B o l t sa r ec a .0 . 03 m i n d i ame te r , a nd w a she r s o ve rw h ich t h ey a r ep i ened o n t h e f r ame t o p sm ea su re 0 . 05 -0 .06 m o n as i d ea nd c a .0 . 0 1 m t h ick . T h e m e ta l o f w h ich t h e w a sh e r s a r e m ade i sn o t s p ec if ied ( Pomey 1 978a :7 7 ,f i g . 1 0 ,8 2 -83 ; 1 982 : 1 43 ,f i g . 7 ;L ion & P omey 1 985 :5 64 ,f i g .1 5 ,5 6 5 ;R iva l1 99 1 :2 03 ) . L 'i s o la d i Ma ld iV en t re ( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , Lc a .3 6 m ) :a tl e a s tt wo f a c to r sl e ad t h ei n ve s t iga to rt op ropo se ah u l l b u i l t t oi t s t a sk : 1 )t h e l a rge c a rgo o fl e ad i n go t s i tw a s b ea r ing w hen i tc ame t og r ie f ;2 )e l even i r on n a i l ss t and ing v e r t ica l ly o nt h es e ab ed ,p r e se rved t o ah e igh to fc a .0 . 40 m ( l o s s f r om o x ida t ion a nd c onc re t ion a s ide ) , a nd d i spo sed l o ng i tud ina l ly a l ong t h ew r eck a tf a i r ly r e gu la ri n t e rva l s .I t i so n ly s ubm i t ted t h a t t h ey c ou ld c on s t i tu t e am ean s o f r e in fo rcemen t b e tween t h e k ee l a nd t h e p arame z za l e , o r k ee l son ( s ee n o t ea tS pa rg ie n t ry a bove ,p . 1 87 ) ,b ecau se t h e k ee l h a s y e t t ob e e xpo sed , a nd n o k ee l son i sd e sc r ibed e l sewhe r e ,n o ra r ef r ame s( Sa lv i1 991 : 1 47 ,1 50 ,1 52 ) .I ft h e p ropo sed f u nc t ion o ft h e se f a s ten ing si sv e r if ied , t h ey p e r f o rmed at a sk r e se r ved f o rb o l t si na lmo s ta l o t he rk nown G ra eco -Roman v e s se l s . T hey a r e i n c luded h e r e f o r t h i s r e a son . F o s 1( 5 0 -25 B .C . , Lu nde te rm ined ) ; t h eh u l lw a sd ou b l e -p l ank ed a tl e a s ta tt h ek e e l .T owa rd t h es t er n ,t wo f l oo r t i mb e r s a r e b o l t ed t ot h e k ee l , b u t f u r the rd e ta i l s a r e n o t a va i lab le ( Pomey e ta l . 1 988 : 1 ) . T er ra s in i( f i r s tc en tu ry , Lu nde t e rm ined ) : ac opp e rb o l t 0 . 0 18 m i nd i ame t e ra nd 0 . 20 m i np r e se rved l e ng th w a s f o und w i th in a w ood f r agmen t o f u nknown f unc t ion ( G iu s to l i s i 1 975 : 3 1 ,a nd p l . 1 5 ) . S t .G er va i s 3( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry , Lc a . 1 7m ) :t h re ef l oo r t i mbe r s a r e f a s tened t ot h e k ee l . Ac oppe ro rb ronze b o l t p a s se st h rough e a ch o ft h et wo " Thunde rbo l to fJ up i te r "k ee l s c a r f s . At h i rd w a si n s ta l led a tt h es i x th f r am ea f to ft h ek ee l / s t e r npo s ts c a r f ,f o rr e a son su nknown . Mea su r emen t st a ken f r om t h ed r aw ing si n d ica te b o l ts ha f td i ame t e r so fc a .0 . 0 13 0 . 0 14 m ,w i th h ead d i ame te r so fc a .0 . 06 m .T he e x t rem i t ie s a r ep i ened o n w a she r s c a . 0 . 04 m s qua r e a t op t h e f r ame s

V LF : P r ima ry F a s ten ing s ( Pomey e t .a l . 1 988 : 1 3 ;L iou & G a s send 1 991 :2 23 ,f i g .8 5 , 2 29 ,2 30 ,f i g . 8 9 ,2 33 , f i g .9 4 ,2 35 , f i g .9 7 ) . T i bou l en d e Ma ir e I( f i r s tt os e cond c en tu ry , Lu nde t e r m ined ) : ac oppe rb roche d 'a s semb lage ( a s semb ly b o l t )h a s b een d i scove red o nt h es i te ,b u tn od e ta i l sa r eg i ven ( Pomey e ta l . 1 988 : 1 5 ) . G rand -Ba s s in C ( f i r s th a l fo fs e cond c en tu ry ? ,Lu nde t e rm ined ) : t wo f l oo r t imbe r s r e vea l e v id enc e o f b ronze b o l t s .P a r to f ab o l ta nd t h es qua r ew a she ro ve rw h ich i tw a s p i ened o n t h e f r ame t o p w a s f o und i no ne t i mb e r . I nt h e s e cond t i mb e r r emnan t s o f ab o l t w e r e m e r e ly e v iden t ( Cheva l i e r 1 982 : 8 6 , 8 7 , f i g . 3 6 :1 ,2 ) .T he d a t ing o ft h e se t imbe r si ss u spec t ,h oweve r ,b ecau se t h el amp sa nd mo r ta r ia f r agmen t s , w h i ch s ugge s t ad a te o fa bou tA .D . 1 30 , w e r e f ound s ome 2 00 m f r om t h eh u l lr ema in s . C ap T aorm ina ( Had r ian ic o r l a te s e cond c en tu ry ?L u nde t e rm ined ) : f o und l o o se o n t h e s i te w a s ac opp e rb o l t 0 . 71 m l o ng a nd 0 . 023 -0 .026 m i nd i ame te r . I ti sp i ened a t t h ee nd o ppo s i t et h eh ead ,a nd as qua re p l a te o ve rw h ich t h e p i en ing c ou ld h ave b een d one i ss t i l lo nt h eb o l t .T he p l a te i s0 . 0 1 mt h ick a nd 0 . 085 m s qua r e .C lea r ly ,t h i sa s s emb ly c ou ld h ave f a s tened m a jo rh ul t i mbe r s( Kap i tän 1 96 1 :3 06 , 3 08 , 3 09 ,f i g .4 ;v an D oo rn inck 1 972 : 1 38 ) . L aurons 2 ( l a te s e cond c en tu ry , Lc a . 1 5 m ) : a l l f o u r p r e se rved s c a r f si nt h es p ine o ft h es h ip e xh ib i tn a i l s( o fa n u n spe c i f ied m e ta l )d r iven u pt h rough t h em a nd t h ef r ame s a bove ;t h ey a r ec l enched t w ice o nt h ef r ame t o p s( Ga s send , L iou , &X im6ne s1 985 :9 1 ,9 2 ,f i g .1 7a ,9 3 ,f i g .1 7b ,9 5 ,f i g . 1 7d , o ppo s i te p .9 6 , f i g . 1 9 ) . T he f u n c t ion o ft h e se n a i l s s e em s c l ea r ly r e la t ed t o s e cu r ing t h e s c a r f s i nt h e k ee l c omponen t sa nd p o s t s ,a sw el a sf a s ten ing f l oo rt i mbe r st o t h ek ee l -an a s s ignmen tg i ven t ob o l t si na lmo s ta l o t he r k nown G ra eco -Roman v e s se ls . H ence i n c lu s ion h e r e . B our se ( l a te s e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry , Lc a .2 3m ) : e i gh tc oppe rb o l t s , o ne a bou te ve ry e i gh th t ot e n th f r ame , e x t end t h rough t h ek ee la nd F loo rT imbe r s 19 , 1 27 , 1 35 , 1 43 , 1 55 , 1 63 a nd 1 70 ;o ne a tF rame 1 09 a nd o ne a tf r ame 1 55 s e cu r et h es c a r f sj o in ing t h ek ee lt ot h e s t empo s ta nd s t empo s t , r e spe c t ive ly . T he b o l t s a r e 0 . 02 m i nd i ame te r w i th r o unded h ead so f0 . 05 m d i ame t e r .O nt h ef r ame t o p s t h ey w e re p i ened o ve rp l a te so rw a she r s0 . 05 m s qua r ea nd 0 . 02 m t h ick ( Ga s send 1 975 ; 1 982 : 8 0 -81 ; G a ss end & C uomo 1 985 : 3 45 ,3 48 -49 , f i g . 8 ) . Monaco ( l a t es e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry , Lc a . 1 2 -15 m ) : as i ng le f l oo rt i mbe ri sf a s t ened t ot h ek ee lw i th al a rge c opp e rb o l ta pp rox ima te ly 0 . 027 m in d i ame te r ,w i th ah ead d i ame t e r o f a bou t 0 . 055 m . T he w a she r o ve r w h i ch i t a ppa ren t ly w a sp i ened o nt h ef r ame t o pm ea su re sr o ugh ly 0 . 05 m s qua r ea nd 0 . 02 m t h ick .T h i si sp robab ly t h eo n ly i n s tanc eo f af r ame b o l ted t ot h ek ee lo ft h i ss h ip ,a nd i tm igh t h ave p a s sed t h rough ak ee l s c a r f( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 46 , f i g . 7 9 :7 ; Moucho t1 970a : 1 81 ,2 0 1 ,p l . 1 5 ; Moucho t1 978 :8 0 ) . P un ta A la ( A .D .2 50 ? ,L .c a .2 5m ) :t h es t r inge r sp l a ced j u s t o u tboa rd o f t h e k ee l t op o r t a nd s t a rboa rd a r e e a ch f a s t ened t ot h eu nde r ly ing f r ame sa nd p l ank ing w i th s qua r e i r on r i ve t sd r iven f r om t h eo u t s ide , w he re t h eh ead s w e r e a ppa ren t ly s e a led w i th t a l low .T he r i ve t sw e r ec l enched o n t h e f r ame t o p s a nd s e a led w i th l e ad ( P a rke r 1 992a : 3 45 ) . T h i su s eo ft h et e rm " r ive t "b yP a rke r ,a nd t h a to f" bo l t "i n a no the rr e f e renc et ot h i sw reck ( P a rke r1 992a :2 5 ) ,i mp l ie s

1 99

t h a t w a she r s w e r e i n vo lved . T he f a c t t h a tn one a r e m en t i oned b yP a rke rs ugge s t sh ei sr epea t ing t h et e rm su sed b y t h ea u tho r so ft h er epo r t sh eh a ss umma r ized .T he se t e rm s a r et h eb a s i sf o ri n c lu s ion i nt h i ss e c t ion o nb o l t sa nd n o tt h a t o nC lenched N a i l s( p . 1 95 )a bove . P o in t ed el aL uque B ( l a te t h i rd o re a r ly f ou r th c en tu ry , Lc a .2 0m ) :f ou rb o l t so fi r on c a .0 . 025 m in d i ame te rp i e rc e t h e k ee l a nd o ne p o s t o f t h e w r eck . Two a r e d ef in i t e ly f o r e lock b o l t s ,o ne o fw h ich e x tend st h rough t h ek ee l /po s t s c a r f ,F loo rT imbe r2 4 ,a nd t h ek ee l son .I t sw a she ra nd k ey a r ei n tac t ;t h ew a she ri smade o fc a s tl e ad .A no the rb o l tw i th i t sk ey a nd w a she r ( 0 .06 m o u te rd i ame t e r ) f a s ten s F loo r T imbe r 8t ot h ek ee l ,a nd at h i rd b i nd st h em a s ts t ep t ot h e k ee l a nd F loo rT imbe r 1 4 , t h ough h ow i tw a s s e cu red i s u nk nown .E v idence f o rt h ef o u r th b o l tr ema in so n ly w i th in t h ep o s t ( C le rc & N eg r e l 1 973 : 6 3 , f i g . 1 ,6 6 , 6 8 ; N eg r e l 1 973 :6 1 ,f i g .5 ,6 2 ,6 3 ,6 5 ;L iou 1 975 :5 78 ,5 80 ,f i g .1 0 ,5 81 , f i g . 1 ;G ian f ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 2 48 ) .C le rc a nd N eg r e l ( 1 973 :6 6 )r e po r tt h a tt h es t r inge r ss uppo r t ing t h em a s ts t ep a r er i ve t t ed ( t he r ef o r ep i ened? )t ot h ef r ame s ,b u tt h i si sn o t m en t ioned b yL iou ( 1 975 ) ,a nd s os e em sc u r iou s ,g i ven t h e l a t e rd a te o ft h eL iou r e po r t .I ft r ue , i tw ou ld c on s t i tu te ,t o t h i sw r i te r 's k now ledge , t h eo n ly e xamp le o ft h ep r a c t ice . D ramon t F( m idd le o rl a te f ou r th c en tu ry , Lc a . 1 0 -12 m ) : i r on n a i l s o r b o l t s 0 . 0 1 -0 .0 15 m i nd i ame te r e x t end t h rough t h ek ee l a nd s ome f l oo rt imb e r s , a nd p o s s ib ly t h e k ee l son ( J onche ray 1 975c : 1 22 ,1 25 ,1 26 ;1 977 :4 ,f i g .2 ,6 ) . T he i r on n a i l s u s ed t oa f f ix t h e c e i l ing p l ank ing e x tend t h rough t h e f r ame s a nd h u l l p l ank ing . When t h e i r t i p s p ro t r ude , t h ey a r ec l enched ( P a rke r1 992a : 1 69 ) . Y a s s iA d a ( s econd h a lf o ff ou r th c en tu ry , Lc a . 2 0m ) : F loo rT imbe r sA -5 ,B -4 ,B -11 ,a nd B 17 w e re b o l t ed t ot h e k e e l ,F loo rT imbe r sB -23 ,B -27 ,a nd B -29 t ot h es t e rnpo s t . T he se b o l t so fi r on h ad h ead s0 . 037 -0 .045 m in d i ame te ra nd s ha f t s0 . 02 -0 .026 m i nd i ame te r .H ow t h ey w e r es e cu red o n t h ef r ame t o p si su nc e r ta in ,t h ough o ne r e cove red s ha f te nd h ad as l o ti ni t ,s ugge s t ing t h ey w e r ef o r e lock b o l t s .N ob o l t f a s ten ed t h e s c a r fj o in ing t h e k ee l a nd s t empo s t , b u to ne m igh th ave b ound t h ee nd so f Wa le 3t ot h es t empo s t( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 : 18 , f i g . 4 ,1 20 , 1 2 1 , 1 24 ; G ian f ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 2 38 , f i g .b ) . L auron s 3( f ou r th c en tu ry , Lu nde t e rm ined ) :t h ree f l oo r t i mbe r s a ppa r en t ly w e r e b o l ted t o t h e p l ank ing , b u t n o d e ta i l sa r ea va i lab le ( X im6ne s & Moe rman 1 987 : 1 76 ) . P or t -V end r e s 1( l a te f o u r th o re a r ly f i f th c en tu ry , Lc a . > 20 m ) : i r on f o re lock b o l t sc a .0 . 02 m i nd i ame t e rf a s tened b ow F loo r T imbe r s 2a nd 8 t o t h e s t em a nd k ee l , t h u s b r a cke t ing t h es t em /kee ls c a r f ,a nd a l so f i xed F loo rT imb e r 2 2t ot h ek ee l . I nt h es t em a sw e l l ,t h ek ee l / s t em p o s ts c a r f w a s b r a cke t ed b y b o l t s t h a t b ound l em a s s if t ot h e s p ine t h rough F loo rT imbe r s4 0a nd 4 4 .A no the rb o l ted e x tended d i agona l ly u pt h rough t h ek ee lf r om t h ep o s i t ion o fF r ame 4 1a nd e me rged a tt h eu ppe rs u r f ace o ft h es t e rnpo s tb e tween F loo r T imb e r s 4 2 a nd 4 3 . A t t h e a f t e xt r em i ty o f t h e p r e s e rved s t em p o s t a no the r b o l t i si ne v idence , b u t t h e a b senc e o fa s soc ia t ed t i mbe r s a bove i tr e nde r s i t sp r ec i se f u nc t ion u nknown ( L iou 1 974 :4 16 ,f i g .2 ,4 17 ,4 19 -20 ,4 2 1 , f i g .6 ,4 24 ,f i g .8 ;R iva l1 991 :2 68 ,2 70 ,p l .9 2 ,2 72 ,p l .9 4 ) . F ium ic ino 1( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s , Lc a .1 9m ) :a lmo s t e ve ry f l oo rt i mbe r i sf i xed t ot h e k ee l w i th p e rn id if e r ro

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip ( i ron p in s )0 . 018 m in d i ame te r .O ne p a s se st h rough t h ek ee l / s t empo s ts ca r fi n to t h e f r ame a bove i t( Te s taguzza 1 970 :

a bove ,a si smo s tc onunon ly f ound o nG ra eco -Roman s h ip s . O nt h eo t he rh and ,a l lp ubl i shed b o l t si ns h ip so ft h eR oman

1 30 , 1 36 , 1 45 ) . T he w o rd f o rp in i su sed f o r t h e se r ound

a nd e a r ly B yzan t ine p e r iod sw e re d r iven f r om b e low .T h i s c anno tc onf i rm t h a tt h eC ae sa rea f a s ten ings a r ee i the rn a i l s o rb o l t s ,b u tt h ep re f e rence f o ri n s ta l l ing b o l t sf r om b e low i s c l ea r . T he C a esa r ea f a s ten ings w e re p robab ly c apab le o fb i nd -

f a s ten ings , a nd p re sumab ly t h ey w ou ld h ave b een t e rmed n a i l sw e re t h e i rs ha f t ss qua re o rr e c tangu la r .T h i ss ugge s t s t h ey a r e b o l t s t h e u ppe re x t rem i t ie s o fw h ich h ave d i sap p ea red ,p reven t ing a sce r ta inmen to fh ow t h ey w e re s e cu red o nt h ef r ame t op s .I ti so fc ou r se e qua l ly p o s s ib le t h a tt h ey a r et h er emnan t so fl a rge n a i l sw i th r ound s ha f t s . V LF .6 . Ana ly s i so ft he C ae sarea F a s t en ing sa nd G en e ra l P a t terns o fU se . T he C aesa rea n a i l s o r b o l t s , w i th d i ame te r so fc a .0 .0175 ma tt h e i rh ead sa nd 0 . 012 ma tt h e i r e x t rem i t ie s , a r e among t h e s ma l le s t b o l t s d i scove red o n R oman a nd e a r ly B yzan t ine s h ip s .T ho se i nt h eD r amon tF w reck , av e s se lo r ig ina l ly s ome 1 0 -12 m l o ng ,h ad d i ame te r s o f0 . 01-0 .015 m ,w h i le t ho se w i th in t h ek ee la nd f r ame so f

i n g t o ge the r p l ank ing , f r ame s a nd s t r inge r s . I ft h i s wa s i n deed t h e i rf unc t ion ,t h i si so n ly t h es econd e xamp le o ft h e c ommon f a s ten ing o fs uch h u l l memb e r si nG raeco -Roman s h ip s .T he i d en t if ica t ion o ft h ef a s ten ing sr ema ins p rob lem a t ic .T he u se o fc oppe ro rb ronze s ugge s t s ad a te p r io rt ot h e l a te s e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . W i th r e spec tt ot h e g ene ra l d eve lopmen to ft h e u se o f b o l t s i nR oman a nd B yzan t ine Med i te r ranean s h ip s , t h e

t h eS iGe rva is 3s h ip ,r e cons t ruc ted t oa bou t1 7m in l e ng th ,

i n c idence o fc oppe r , b ronze , a nd i r on a ppea r s t oe cho t h e b a s ic t r end t owa rd i r on f o r m e ta l f a s ten ing s d u r ing t h e B yzan t ine p e r iod . B ronze i sr epo r ted o n ly a tC apo T e s ta

a r en ol a rge r , mea su r ing 0 .013 -0 .014 m i nd i ame te r . Mo s t o t he rb o l t s r ange i nd i ame te r f r om 0 . 018 -0 .028 m , w h i le

G e rva i s 3( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) , a nd a tG rand -Ba s s in C ( f i r s t

t ho se a tL a Mad rague d eG iens a r et h el a rge s t : D0 . 03 m .S o t h e s ma l ld imens ions o ft h eC a esa r ea f a s ten ing sa l ong t h e w es te dge m ake i tu n l ike ly t h a tt h ey b ound t h ek ee lt of l oo r t imbe r sa nd /o r ak ee lson — the p r ima ry f unc t ion o fb o l t so n a lmo s ta l lw reck s . B o l t s emp loyed i no t he rc apa c i t ie si nR oman a nd e a r ly B yzan t ine h u l l s a r e q u i te s ca rce . O n ly t h e i r p r esence o n Wreck 3 a t L au rons s ugge s t s u sage t o b ind f r ame s t o

( p robab ly 7 5 -50 B .C . ) , G ien s ( 60 -40 B .C . ) , p e rhap s St .h a lf o f s econd c en tu ry ? ) . T he w r eck s a tC ap T ao rm ina , Mona co ,a nd B ou r se a l ld a te t ot h es e cond c en tu ry o re a r ly i nt h et h i rd ,a nd r ep r esen tt h el a te s tu se o fc oppe rb o l t s .T he w r eck a t S pa rg i ( c a . 1 20 -100 B .C . ) r evea l s t h e e a r l ie s t e mp loymen t o f i r on b o l t s , f o l lowed b y Wreck A a tC ap D ramon t( f i r s th a lf o ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) .T he e a r l ie s tl c nown b o l t s i nG raeco -Roman s h ip s o ccu r i nt h eh u l l r ema in sa t S pa rg i ,i n Wreck A a tC ap D ramon t ,a nd a tG ien s .T ho se a t

p l ank ing .I r on b o l t sf a s t en t h eo u te rs t e rnpo s tt ot h es t e rnpo s t o ft h eD ramon t Aw reck .T he f ou r th -cen tu ry w reck a tY a s s i

G ien sa nd p robab ly a tS pa rg ia r ep i ened ;t h en a tu re o ft h o se a tD ramon ti su nknown . T he f o re lock d e s ign i su na t te s ted

A da p robab ly h ad a ni r on b o l tf a s ten ing o ne p a i ro fw a le st o t h es t e rnpo s t .O nt h eP o in te d el aL uque B w r eck ,t wo b o l t s b i nd t h e ma s ts t ep t ot h ef r ame sa nd k ee l ;t h i s mo s tc l o se ly a pp rox ima te s w ha t i sp ropo sed f o r t h e C a e sa rea n a i l s o r b o l t s :p l ank s ,f r ame s ,a nd s t r inge r sa l lb ound t o ge the rw i th as i ng le f a s ten ing .T he s even th -cen tury w reck a tY a ss iA da h ad w a le sf a s tened t of r ame s w i th i r on f o re lock b o l t s t h a t p a ssed t h rough i n te r io rb ack ing c l amp s . T he C ae sa rea w a she r s , w hose i n ne r d i ame te r s m a tch p e r f ec t ly t h ed i ame te r s o ft h e n a i l s o rb o l t s a tt h e i r u pp e r

u n t i lt h el a te t h i rd o re a r ly f ou r th c en tu ry , o n t h eL uque B w r eck ,a nd t h en a ppea r so nt h ef ou r th -a nd /o rf i f th -cen tu ry w r eck sa tY a s s iA da a nd P o r te -Vend r e s .I ft h em echan ica l d emand so ft h ef o re lock s l o t -and -key -upon -wa she ra r range m en t t a xed t h e c apab i l i t ie s o f ar e la t ive ly s o f t me ta l l i ke c oppe ro re ven b ronze ,p e rhap st h ea ppea rance o ft h i st y pe o fb o l t i ns h ip s i sa tl e a s t p a r t ly r e la ted t oi r on 's g r ea t e r s t reng th a nd h a rdne s s . P i ened b o l t sa r ef ound o no n ly o ne s i te d a t ed l a te rt h an

e x t rem i t ie s ,a r et h in ( 0 .0045 -0 .009 m )c ompa red t ot h ef ew w a she r sf ound o no t he rw reck s .T he s qua r ea nd r e c tangu la r

t h e f o ur th c en tury : Wreck 2 a tS t .Ge rva i s , o f t h e e a r ly s even th c en tu ry . O n t h i s v e sse l , c a . 1 5 -18 m i n l e ng th , p i ened i r on b o l t s a bou t 0 .015 m i nd i ame te r f a s tened a l l

p l a t es o ve rw h ich b o l t sw e r ep i ened o nt h ew reck sa tG iens

p r e se rved f r ame s , s ave o ne f l oo r t imbe r a nd f i ve h a lf -

a nd Monaco a nd t h e s qua re p la te o n t h e b o l t f r om C ap T ao rm ina a r e c a . 0 . 01 -0 .02 m t h ick ( no i n fo rma t ion i s a va i lab le a bou tt h ec a s tl e ad w a she rf ound o nt h eP o in te d e l aL uque Bw reck ) .T he C ae sa rea w a she r sc ou ld h ave s e rved e qua l ly w e l lw i th p i ened o rf o re lock b o l t s ,b u tt h ey e xh ib i t

f r ame s , t ot h ek ee l . T hey a l so b ound t h ea f tp o r t ion o ft h e k ee l son t ot h ek ee la nd f r ame sa tF loo rT imbe r s9 1 ,9 3 ,9 5 , 9 7 ,a nd 9 8( . 1 6zegou 1 985 :3 53 ,f i gs .3 ,4 ,3 54 ,3 55 ) .T he b o l t a tF rame 9 7p a sse st h rough a ne n la rged p o r t ion o ft h ek ee l t h a tc ou ld b et h es ca r fj o in ing t h ek ee la nd s t e rnpo s t ,b u tt h e

n os i gn so fw ea ri nd ica t ive o fu se b enea th af o re lock k ey . L a s t ly , S t ef fy p o in t s o u tt h a t t h e u ppe re x t rem i t ie s o ft h e

e n la rgemen ti sn o tl a be l led as ca r f( . 1 6zegou 1 985 : 3 53 ,f i g . 3 ) .

n a i l so rb o l t s ,w i th s uch d im inu t ive d i ame te r s ,d on o ts e em

T he b enef i t s t ot h e i n teg r i ty o f t h e h ul o f f a s ten ing s

l a rge e nough t oa ccommoda te s a f e ly af o re lock k ey .T he re -

( n ea r ly a lway sm e ta l )p a s s ing t h rough t h es ca r f si nt h ek ee l

f o re ,i fi ndeed t h ew a she r sw e re u sed w i th b o l t s ,i ti s mo re l i ke ly t h eb o l t sw e re o ft h ep i ened t y pe .

a nd p o s t sa ppea rt oh ave b een w ide ly a pp r ec ia ted a tl e a s tb y t h e t h i rd c en tu ry ( t hough t h e G ien s h ul i st h e e a r l ie s t a pp l ica t ion Ih ave f ound ) . B o l t s p i e rc ing f l oo r t imbe r s o r

A no the rc ons ide ra t ion r ega rd ing t h e i d en t if i ca t ion a nd f unc t ion o ft h eC ae sa r ea f a s t en ings i st h ef a c tt h a tt h ey a r e d r iven f r om b e low . No rma l ly , w hen a t h inne r t imb e r i s b ound t o at h icke ro ne ,t h ef a s ten ing p a s se sf i r s tt h rough t h e t h inne ro ne a nd t h en i n to t h et h icke ro ne .F o rt h i sr e a son w e m igh te xpec tt h a tt h eC ae sa rea s t r inge r sw e re f a s tened f r om

20 9

o t he rm embe r sp a s st h rough s ca r f sj o in ing k ee lc omponen t s o r k ee l s a nd p o s t s o n w reck s a tS t .Ge rva i s ( 3 ) , B ou r se , Monaco , P o in te d el aL uque ( B ) , a nd F ium ic ino ( 1 ) . I na t l e a s tt h ree i n s tance so nt h eL au ron s 2w reck ,c l enched n a i l s w e r e u sed f o r t h is p u rpo se ( Ga s send , L ion , & X im6ne s

V LG :L ead S h ea th ing 1 985 :o ppo s i te p .9 6 ,f i g .1 9 ) . Mo reove r ,t h ek ee ls c a r fi nt h e Mona co v e s se lw a ss e cu red w i th t h r ee t r eena i l s( Moucho t 1 970a :1 81 ,2 01 ,p l .1 5 ) .T he u nda ted G o b ow r eck d i sp layed ak ee ls c a r ff a s tened w i th t wo s qua re t r eena i l s( Ba s ch 1 973 : 3 31 , f i g .2 ) .T he B yzan t ine w reck a tY a s s i A da e xh ib i t sa b o l tp a s s ing t h rough t h ek ee l / s te rnpo s ts c a r f ;t h i sm igh ta l so b et r ue o ft h eS t .Ge rva i s 2w r eck . I nde ed ,i ti sc on sp icuou st h a t ,o ft h ew reck sc a ta logued h e re t h a td i sp lay b o l t s ( o rc l enched n a i l s )a s soc ia t ed w i th s c a r f si nt h es p ine o ft h eh ul ,i na l lb u to ne t h ef a s ten ing s p a s st h rough t h es c a r f s .T h i si sn o tt h ec a se o n ly f o r Wr eck 1a tP o r t -Vend r e s , w he re t h e k ee l /po s t s c a r f s a r e i n s t ead b ra cke ted b ya ni r on b o l tt h rough f r ame sf o r ea nd a f t . T h i s s t r ik ing ly c on s i s ten te mp loymen t o fb o l t s o rt h e l i ke s e em st oi n d ica te e i the rt h a t as t ruc tu ra la dvan tage w a s p e rce ived ,o rt h a te xp e r ience h ad i lu s t ra ted t h eb enef i t so f mo re d eve loped f r am ing t oo ve ra l lh u l li n teg r i ty ,a sn o tt h e b o l t s t h em se lve s , b u t t h e a dded s t r eng th o f t h e a f f ixed f r am ing m embe r s ,a ppea r st ob et h ef u ndamen ta lc oncep t . R iva l( 1 991 : 2 68 ) s ugge s t st h i s s pe c i f ica l ly i nt h ec a se o f P o r t -Vend r e s 1 .H ep ropo se s t h a ti nt h eb ow , t wo f r ame s i n s tead o ft h et r ad i t iona lo ne w e r eb o l t ed t ot h es p ine ,o ne f o r e a nd a f t o f t h e k ee l / s t em s c a r f , t oc omba t b e t t e r t h e b a t te r ing o ft h ew ave so nt h i si n he ren t ly w eak e rr e g ion o f t h e h u l l . I fe v idence f r om o t he r h u l l s c o r robo ra te s t h i s t h eo ry ,t h eP o r t -Vend r e sc onf igu ra t ion m ay b ee v idence o f a na dvanced a pp roach t ok ee l /po s tc on s t ruc t ion .I na ny c a s e , i ta ppea r st ob es i gn i f ican tt h a tb o th p r ima ry a pp l ica t ion so f b o l t s i nt h e k ee l s o fG r aeco -Roman s h ip s , i . e . , f a s t en ing f r ame st ot h ek ee la nd s t r eng then ing k ee lo rk ee l /po s ts c a r f s , o c cu r red f i r s ti nl a rge s h ip s : t h o se t h a tw r ecked a tS pa rg i a nd G i en s( s ee b e low ,S ec t ion sV I .M .3 -5 ) . Mo reove r ,b o l t s m ay h av e h e lped max im i ze t h e b enef i t s o f t h e C ae sa r ea s h ip 's h eavy f r am ing t oi t sl o ng i tud ina ls t r eng th b yf a s ten i n gs t r inge r st of r ame sa nd p l ank s .T h i st e chn ique w a sa l so e mp loyed o n t h e s h ip t h a t w r ecked a tP un ta A la ( P a rke r 1 992a : 2 5 , 3 45 ) , p re sumab ly a l so t o g a in l o ng i tud ina l s t r eng th , b u t s ome 1 50 -200 y ea r s a f t e rt h e C a e sa r ea s h ip w a sw recked .

V LG .L ead S hea th ing o nG raeco -Roman Med i t e r ranean S h ips . V LG .1 .I n t roduc t ion .L ead s hea th ing w a sf i t ted t oG r eek a nd R oman h ul sp r ima r i ly t oe nhanc ew a t e r t igh tne s s ,b u t a l so f o r p ro tec t ion a ga in s t w ood b o r e r s a nd a s a n a n t i f oul ing m ea su re .I nt h eR oman I mpe r ia lp e r iod t h i sp ro ce d u r em igh th ave b een e xecu ted b ys h ip w o rke r sk nown a s s t uppa tor e s—cau lke r s( Rouge 1 966 : 1 90 -91 ) .B ecau se t h e p ra c t ice a ppea r st oh ave p a s sed o u to fg ene r a lu s ee a r ly i n t h eR oman I mpe r ia lp e r iod ( Tab le V I .7 ;G ian f ro t ta &P omey 1 981 . .2 59 ) ,i tc on s t i tu t e s av a luab le m ean so fb e t t e rd a t ing t h eC ae sa rea w reck . I ns h ea th ing ah u l l , al a ye ro ff a b r ic o ro t he rm a te r ia l i mp r egna t ed w i th p i tch o r as im i la r s ub s tance w a s f i r s t a pp l i ed ,p r e sumab ly u pt os ome d i s t anc ea bove t h ew a t e r l ine . L ead s h ee t s w e re f a s t ened o ve r t h i s l a ye r w i th c l o s e ly s paced , b road -headed t a ck s . T he m a t e r ia l s a ndw iched b e t ween t h eh u l la nd t h es hea th ing w a sh emp o nt h ew r eck a t G rand C ong loue ( Beno i t1 96 1 : 1 52 ) ,w oo lo nt h ew r eck a t

2 0 1

L a Mad rague d eG ien s( Pomey 1 978a :8 5 ,n .2 6 )a nd o nt h e N em ib a rge s( Uce l l i1 950 :1 53 ) .A gave l e ave sw e r eu s ed o n t h e K y r en ia s h ip ( S t e f fy 1 985b : 8 4 , 9 8 ) , a n u n iden t if ied w oven f a b r ic w a s n o t ed o n t h e P un ic s h ip ( F ro s t 1 981b : 2 63 ) ,a nd s ome t y pe o fp l an tf i be r sw e re e mp loyed o nt h eS t . J o rd i 1w r eck ( Co i l s 1 987 : 3 6 ) . T he l e ad s hee t sa r e mo s to f ten f ound t ob e0 . 00 1 -0 .002 mt h ick ,a nd l e ng th a nd w id th d imen s ion ss e em t oc onf o rm t or o ugh s t anda rd s .F o rc ompa r i son sa tC a e sa r ea ,s e e M41 M42 ( p .7 6 ) .O nt h eK y ren ia s h ip t h es hee t sw e r e1 . 05 m t o 1 . 23 m w ide a nd s ome w e re a lmo s t2 . 0mi nl e ng th ( S te f fy 1 985b : 8 3 , 9 8 ) . T he l e ad s hea th s c ove r ing t h e t wo N em i s h ip s c omp r i sed i n d iv idua lp i ece s 1 . 4 -1 .7 m h i gh ( Uc el i 1 950 :1 53 ,2 81 ) ,a nd t h o se o nt h eG rand C ong loue h u l lw e re n o to ve ro ne m e t r el o ng ( Beno i t1 961 : 1 52 ) .A ne xcep t ion i sr e p res en t ed b y t h e w r eck a tS t . J o rd i , w h ich d i sp lay s s h ee t so n ly 0 . 35 -0 .50m i nl e ng th ( Co l l s1 987 :2 8 ,f i g .9 ,3 5 ) . S hee t sw e re a ppl ied i n as t e rn to s tem d i rec t ion o nt h e N em is h ip s ,t r an sve r se ly f r om t h ek ee l t ot h ef i r s tw a le ,t o r e duce d r ag o ve rt h eh ul ( Uce ll i1 950 : 1 53 ) .T h i sw a sa l so d one o nt h eK y ren ia s h ip ( S te f fy 1 985b : 9 9 , f i g . 1 9 ) . T he t a ck s f a s ten ing t h e l e ad w e re u sua l ly d r iven i na d i amond o rq u incunx p a t t e rn w i th as pac ing o fa bou t0 . 0 3 0 . 06 m , t h ough t h ey m igh th ave b een s ome 0 . 08 -0 .10 m a pa r t o n t h e P un ic s h ip . S hea th ing f r om t h e w r eck s a t K y r en ia a nd L ake N em ie xh ib i t sl i ne ss co r ed o nt h el e ad t o g u ide s u ch p l a cemen t( Sw iny & K a tzev 1 973 : 3 49 ; S t ef f y 1 985b :8 4 ;U ce l l i1 950 : 1 53 ) .T ack sa r ea lway sr e po r ted t o b ec oppe r ,w i th o ne e xcep t ion :t h o se u sed o nt h eP un ic s h ip a tMa r sa la a r el e aded b ronze ( Ty lec ,o te 1 977 :2 73 ) .H ead so f p ub l i shed t a ck s a r e a lway s r o und a nd 0 . 015 -0 .02 m i n d i ame te r ,e xcep to nt h eN em is h ip s , w he re t h ey m ea su r ed 0 . 025 m t o0 . 03 m . H ead sw i th p ro t ru s ion so nt h e i ru nd e r s i de s ,i nt h ef o rm o fb a r sa nd p o in t si nv a r iou sp a t t e rn s ,w e r e e mp loyed o nt h eP un ic s h ip a nd o nf ou rw reck sd a ted t ot h e t wo c en tu r ie sa f t e rc a .1 00 B .C . :G rand C ong loue ,A lbenga , a nd b o th N em ib a rge s .S uch p ro t ru s ion sw e re a l so f ound o n t a ck h ead sd i scove r ed i n aw icke rb a ske to nt h eD r amon tD w r eck ( F io r i &J onche ray 1 973 : 8 1 ,8 2 -83 ,p l . 3 ,9 3 ,p l .C ; J onche ray 1 975b :9 ,p l .2 ,1 0 ) ,w h ich i sd a ted t ot h em idd le o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry a nd w a sn o ts hea t hed w i th l e ad .S im i la r t a ck st h ough tt ob ep a r to f ac a rpen te r 's s t o r ew e r ef ound o n af o u r th -cen tu ry s i t e , G rand -Ba s s in D , w h ich a l so l a ck s s h ea th ing ( Bou sca ra s 1 982 : 15 , 16 ,f i g . 5 0 ) .3 1 F ive s i te s h ave y i e ld ed t a ck sw i th s ha f t s0 . 003 -0 .005 m s qua r ea tt h e h ead , w h i le t h r ee o t he r s , i n c lud ing C a e sa r ea , h ave r ound s ha f t so fd i ame t e r0 . 003 -0 .005 m a tt h eh ead . V LG .2 . C a ta logue o fW r eck sw i th L ead S hea th ing . K y r en ia ( l a t e f o u r th c en tu ry B .C . ) : al a ye r o f a gave l e ave sa ppl i ed w i th p i tch l a yb enea th t h el e ad s h ea th .S co r ed d i agona ll i ne su s ed t or e gu la te t h ep l acemen to ft h ec oppe r t a ck sw e re o b se rved o nl e ad s hee t sm ea su r ing 1 . 05 -1 .23 m

3 1 S im i la rt a ck sw i th p ro t ru s ion p a t te rn sc on s i s t ing o f as i ng le r i ng a r ound t h eu nde r s ide o ft h eh ead ,e i the rc l ose t ot h et a ck s haf t o r a l ong t h e o u t e r c i r cum f e r ence o ft h e h ead , h ave b een f ound a s soc ia ted w i th f oo twea r i nG a l lo -Roman t omb s a tC a lade . T he t omb s a r ed a ted t ot h ee a r ly I mpe r ia lp er iod ( B6 ra rd 1 961 : 1 27 , 1 28 ,p l . 1 5 :84 , 1 52 ,p l . 3 2 :243 , 1 53 ) .

C hap t er V I : T he S h ip w ide a nd a lmo s t 2m l o ng .T hey w e r e0 . 00 1 mt h ick ,h e ld i n p l ace b y c oppe rt a ck s w i th h ead s 0 . 02 m i nd i ame te ra nd s ha f t s0 . 005 m i nd i ame te ra nd 0 . 0 115 -0 .025 m l o ng .S t e f fy s uppl ie se v idence ,h oweve r ,t h a tt h el e ad w a sa pp l ied l a te r i nt h el i f eo ft h es h ip ,n o ta si tw a sb u i l t( Sw iny & K a t zev 1 973 : 3 49 ; S t e f fy 1 985b : 8 3 -84 ,9 5 ,9 8 ,9 9 , f i g . 1 9 ) . F e th iy e ( l a t e f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . ) : f r agmen t s o f l e ad s h ea th ing a r ea t ta ched t ow ha tm igh tb e aw a le ( P u la l c1 985 : 2 ;P u lak & T ownsend 1 987 : 3 5 ,n .1 0 ) . D onuz lav ( l a te f ou r th o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . ) :n i ne f r agmen t s o f l e ad s hea th ing w e r e d i scove r ed , t h e l a rge s t m ea su r ing 0 . 50 x0 . 60 m .T hey a r ea bou t0 . 00 1 mt h ick w i th t a ck h ead i mp r e s s ion su pt o0 . 0 16 m i nd i ame t e r .T he t a ck h o le sa r e0 . 045 -0 .075 m a pa r t ,s ome i nr ow s( B lava t sky & P e t e r s 1 969 : 2 5 ,2 8 ,f i g .4 ) . S erv eL iman i( 2 80 -275 B .C . ) :l e ad s h ee t s0 . 00 1 -0 .00 15 mt h ick c ove red t h eh u l l .T he c opp e rt a ck sa r e0 . 0 19 m l o ng w i th s ha f t s0 . 003 m s qua r ea tt h eh ead s ,w h ich w e r e0 . 0 15 m in d i ame te r .T he s pa c ing b e tween t a ck r ow si s0 . 03 m ;t h e d i s tance b e tween t a ck si nt h es ame r ow i s0 . 08 m ( Pu la l c& T own send 1 987 : 3 5 ) . Mar sa la ( m id th i rd c en tu ry B .C . ) : l e ad s h ea th ing h ad b een f a s tened t ot h ep l ank ing w i th l e aded b ronze " d raw ing p i n" t a ck s .O ns ome p l ank st h ey w e r es e ta l ong t h ep e r im e t e ra nd i n ad i amond p a t te rn a bou t0 . 08 -0 .10 m a pa r t .O n s eve ra lp l ank sl i ne so ft a ck sp a s sv e r t ica l ly a c ro s st h ep l ank s u r f a ce s , w h i le i n af ew i n s tance s t h e l i ne s o f t a ck s r u n h o r izon ta l ly .O ne t a ck h a s ap ro t ru s ion o nt h eu nde r s ide o f i t sh ead , s ugge s t ing t h ep o s s ib il i ty o fo t he rp ro t r u s ion so n o t he rt a ck s . T he t a ck s ha f t sa r ea bou t0 . 004 m s qua r ea nd 0 . 015 -0 .02 m l o ng ;h ead sm ea su r e0 . 0 16 -0 .0 17 m i nd i am e t e r .T he l e ad i t se l fw a se n t i r e ly c o r roded a nd r e duc ed t oa b l u ish p a s t e ,b u ts hee tw id th ss e em t oh ave b een a bou t1 . 2 m . A n u n iden t if ied w oven f a b r ic s a tu ra t ed w i th p i t ch w a s p l aced b e tween t h eh u l la nd t h el e ad ( F ro s t1 981b : 1 22 ,f i g . 5 8 :4 , 5 ,1 30 ;2 62 ,2 63 ;T y le co te 1 977 : 2 73 ) . T r e S enghe A ( s econd o rf i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : l e ad w a s f a s tened t ot h ep l ank ing a nd t h es i de so ft h ek e e lw i th c oppe r n a i l s s qua re i n s e c t ion w i th l a rge r o und h ead s ( F r e sch i 1 982a : 9 3 ) . P oz z ino ( l a te s e cond o re a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : l e ad w a so b se rved c ove r ing t h ee x te r io rp l ank ing a nd t h ek e e l , f a s tened w i th s ho r t , b road -headed c oppe r n a i l s ( R icca rd i 1 990 ) . G rand C ong louJ ( 1 10 -70 B .C . ) :s h e e t so fl e ad n ol o nge r t h an o ne m e t re a nd 0 . 00 1 -0 .00 15 m t h ick c ove r al a ye ro f p i tch a nd h emp a ppl ied t ot h e h u l l , a nd b e tween t h e t wo l a ye r so fp l ank s ,i ts e em s .T he c opp e rt a ck sh o ld ing t h el e ad i np l a ce d on o te xceed 0 . 02m i nl e ng th ,h ave s l igh t ly c onvex h ead s 0 . 0 15 -0 .02 m i nd i ame t e r , a nd w e re d r iv en i nt h e t y p ica l d i amond p a t te rn 0 . 05 -0 .06 m a pa r t ( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 52 , 1 53 , f i g . 8 4 , 1 71 ,p l . 2 9 :1 , 1 89 ) . Di . B lackman e s t i m a te s t h e s hea th ing o n t h i s h u l l w e ighed a bou t 2 0 t o n s ( Sw iny & I C a tz ev 1 973 : 3 57 ) . A lbenga ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) :s h ea th ing w a sr e cov e r ed w i th c oppe rt a ck s s t i l l i np l a ce . T he l e ad i sa pp rox i ma te ly 0 . 00 1 m t h ick a nd t h e o ve ra l l d imen s ion s o f t h e l a rge s tp i ece r e cove r ed a r e0 . 18 x0 . 46 m .T ack s h a f t sa r e 0 . 002 m s qua re a nd h ead sa r e0 . 0 18 m d i ame te r ,s p ac ed 0 . 05 ma pa r t .T he h ead sh ave o nt h e i ru nd e r s id e sp ro t ru s ion si n

2 02

t h e f o rm o fp o in t s a nd b a r s . T he t a ck s w e r ed r iven i nt h e t y p ica ld i amond p a t te rn ( Lambog l ia 1 953 :1 47 ,f i g .1 3 ,2 06 , f i g . 5 9 ,2 07 -8 ,2 09 , f i g s .6 2 ,6 3 ) . S t .J ord i 1( 100 -80 B .C . ) :T he h ul w a sc ove red i nl e ad s h ee t sa bou t0 . 002 m t h ick a nd 0 . 35 -0 .50 m l o ng . C oppe r t a ck ss qua r ea nd r e c tangu la ri ns e c t ion a nd 0 . 025 m l o ng a r e s p a ced 0 . 0 9 -0 .15 m a pa r t i nt h e u sua l q u incunx p a t t e rn . T ack h ead sa r er e po r t ed ly 0 . 045 m in d i ame te r .B e tween t h e s t r ake sa nd t h el e ad i sal a ye rc ompo sed o fp i t ch o rr e s in a nd at e x t i le m ade f r om av ege ta l ma te r ia l( Ce rdä J uan 1 980 :9 5 , a nd f i g . 1 57 ;C oi l s 1 987 : 2 8 , f i g .9 ,3 5 -36 ) . C apo T e s ta ( 7 5 -50 B .C . ) :l a rge s hee t so fl e ad h ave b een d i scove r ed ( Gando l f i 1 983 :4 5 ; 1 985 : 3 15 ; 1 986 a : 8 4 -85 ) . L a Mad rague d eG i en s( 60 -40 B .C . ) :t h el e ad s hee t sa r e 0 . 002 m t h ick ,a nd t h et a ck sa r er e gu la r ly s pa ced 0 . 055 m a p a r ti nad i amond p a t t e rn . Much o ft h i sl e ad ,l i ke t h a tf o und o n t h e Ma r sa la s h ip , w a s e x t reme ly d eg raded . Woo l a nd r e s in o rw ax w e r eu sed b e tween t h et wo p l ank ing l a ye r sa nd b e tween t h e o u te r l a ye r a nd t h e s hea th o f l e ad ( Pomey 1 978a : 8 5 ,8 6 ,f i g . 1 2 ,a nd p l . 3 4 :1 ,2 ) . L ak eN em i( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) :f l a tt a ck h ead sm ea su r ed 0 . 025 -0 .03 m i nd i ame t e r a nd h ad p ro t r u s ion s o n t h e i r u nde r s id e s i na tl e a s t f o u r d i f f e r en tp a t t e rn s . S ha f t s w e r e 0 . 004 -0 .005 m s qua re a tt h eh ead sa nd 0 . 043 -0 .053 m l o ng . T he t a ck s w e r e d r iven i n t y p ica l q u incunx p a t te rn a nd c en t r e to -cen t r ed i s tance sa ppea rt oh ave b een c a .0 . 08 -0 .10 m .S co r el i ne su s ed t og u ide t a ck p l ac emen tw e r es t il v i s ib le o nt h el e ad .L ead s hee t s0 . 001 m t h ick a nd 1 . 5 mw ide ,w h i ch w e re f a s tened a t op al a ye ro fw oo la nd p i tch ,w e r ea pp l ied f r om t h ek e e lt ot h ef i r s tw a le i n at r an sve r se d i r ec t ion f r om t h es t er nt owa rd t h eb ow t or educe d r ag ( Uce l l i1 950 :7 0 ,f i g . 7 0 ,7 5 ,f i g .7 8 ,7 9 ,f i g .8 2 , 1 53 , 1 58 , 1 59 ,f i g . 1 62 ,2 65 -68 ) . Me z zap ra ia ( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) :l e ad s h ea th ing i sm e r e ly m en t ioned a mong t h ei t em sf ound o nt h es i t e ,a nd n od e ta i l s a r ea va i lab le ( Pu rpu ra 1 986 : 1 46 ) . T er ra s in i ( f i r s tc en tu ry ) : af r agmen to fl e ad w i th t a ck h o le s( i nv .n o .4 1 )i st h ough tt oh ave b een u s ed t oh e lp c ove r t h eh u l l( G iu s to l i s i 1 975 : 3 0 ,a nd p l . 1 6 ) . Mar r i t za ( f i r s tt om idd le o ft h es e cond c en tu ry ) : al a rge q uan t i ty o fc on to r t ed l e ad s hea th ing f r a gmen t s a nd r em n an t so fc oppe rt a ck sw e re f o und o nt h es i t e .T he t a ck ss e em t ob ea r ranged i nad i agona lp a t te rn o nt h es h ee t s ,a ti n te r va l s o fa bou t0 . 07 -0 .08 m .N ega t ive i mp r e s s ion so ft a ck h ead s o b s e r ved o nt h er e e fr o ck m ea su r ed c a .0 . 02 m i nd i ame t e r ( Gando lf i1 986b : 7 0 , 7 2 , f i g . 5 ;P a l la r e s 1 986a : 7 5 -76 ,7 6 , f i g s .4 ,5 ) . S t .Ger va i s 4( f i r s t c en tu ry ) : t r a ce s o f s h ea th ing a r e e v iden to na l s t rak e s ,b u tn os p ec if ic d e ta i l sa r ea va i lab le . T he i mpo r tan tp o in ti st h a tt h es i t ey i e lded D re s se l2 0a nd B e l t ran I B a mpho ra s t h a tc an d a t et ot h ef i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie s .B u td ue t ot h ep r e sence o fl e ad s h ea th ing ,w h ich i sb e l ieved t oh ave f a l len o u to fu s en ea rt h ee nd o ft h ef i r s t c en tu ry , t h e e xcava to r s p r e f e r ad a t e n o l a t e r t h an t h a t c en t u r y( Pomey e ta l . 1 988 : 1 3 ) . E v id ence f o rs hea th ing i nt h ef orm o ft a ck d e ta i l s . S pa rg i( 1 20 -100 B .C . ) :c oppe rt a ck sw i th s h a f t s0 . 0 15 m l o ng s pa ced 0 . 03 -0 .055 m a pa r ta t ta ched af r agmen to fl e ad s h ea th ing t oo ne p l ank ( Lambog l ia 1 961a : 1 55 , f i g . 1 2 :a , 1 56 ) .L ambogl ia s a y st h es h ea th ing w a sa f f ixed w i th c opp e r

V LG :L ead S hea th ing t a ck s0 . 02 m l o ng ,w i th h ead s0 . 0 15 -0 .02 m i nd i ame t e r ,i n r ow s a n a ve rage o f 0 . 045 m a pa r t . T ay lo r ( 1 965 : 15 ) r epo r t st h et a ck sw e re c oa t ed w i th l e ad .P a l la r e s( 1 983b :3 8 ) a dd s t h a t t h e b ron ze n a i l s s e cu r ing t h e w e l l p r e se rved s hea th ing a r e0 . 025 m l o ng a nd p l aced i n ad i agona lp a t te rn 0 . 04 -0 .06 m f r om o ne a no the r .T he d imen s ion sa nd s pa c ing o ft h et a ck so rn a i l sa r ec on s i s ten tw i th t h ee a r l ie rr e po r t s , b u tt h eb ronze i sn o t .P a l la re sw ou ld h ave t h e mo s tr e cen t i n fo rma t ion , y e t t h e d i f f e r en t d e sc r ip t ion s o f t h e m e ta l w ou ld b er e conc i led i ft h et a ck sa r ei nf a c tl e aded b ronze ,a s a r et h o se o nt h e Ma r sa la s h ip . A n t iky thera ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : p l ank f r agmen t s h ad r emnan t so fc oppe rt a ck st h a ts e cu r ed t h el e ad s h ea th i n g ,n one o fw h ich w a sp r e se rved o nt h ep l ank s .T a ck sw e r e s e ti nt h es t anda rd d i amond p a t te rn a nd s paced a bou t0 . 033 0 . 048 m a pa r t( Th roc lano r ton 1 965 :4 2 ,f i g . 5 ,4 3 ,4 4 , f i g . 1 2 ) . T he f o l low ing w re ck s i te s e xh ib i t s ome e v idence o f s hea th ing ,b u tn od e ta i l sa r ea va i lab le :P ec io d e lS ec ( P a l la re s

S a lvado r 1 972 : 2 96 ) , F i l icud i F( Lambog l ia & P a l la r e s 1 983b : 1 89 ) , S ea o f Ma rma ra ( Pu lak 1 985 : 3 ) , J e aune G a rde B( Ca r r aze 1 977 :3 02 ) ,S an ta C a ta r ina d iN a rdo '( Le ) ( F r e sch i 1 988 : 1 20 ) , B agaud 2( Long 1 985 : 9 3 ) ,C a r ry le R oue t( L 'H ou r , &L ong 1 986 :5 6 ) , Mand ia ( d eF rondev ile 1 956 : 2 19 , 2 2 1 , f i g . 7 ,2 22 ; T ay lo r 1 965 : 4 8 ) , P l an ie r 3 ( T che rn ia 1 970 :5 9 ) ,P o r t -Vend re s 5( Pomey e ta l .1 988 :2 ) , L a T rade l ib r e ( Pomey e ta l . 1 988 : 4 9 ) , a nd I s o la d e l le C o r r en t i ( Kap i tän 1 96 1 : 2 88 ) . P a rke r ( 1 992a : e n t ry n o s . 190 ,2 36 ,8 88 [ 1 ,9 60 ,9 70 ,9 87 ,1 020 ,1 ,2 47 ,9 19 ,1 0 10 , 9 8 , 1 53 , 8 0 1 , 8 75 , 8 85 , 1 0 17 , 4 64 , 4 70 , 8 34 , 9 06 , 6 8 [ 1 , f r om e a r l ie s t t o l a te s t ) c a ta logue s 2 2 s i te s t h a t a r e n o t i n c luded a bove .F ou ra r ed a ted t ot h es e cond c en tu ry A .C . , a nd p e rhap so ne d a te st ot h et h i rd c en tu ry .O ft h er ema in ing 1 7 ,t h r ee a nd p o s s ib ly f o u ra r ed a ted b e fo re t h el a t es e cond c en tu ry B .C . , s e ven f a l l b e tween t h e l a t e s e cond c en tu ry B .C .a nd t h ee nd o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ,a nd s i xd a t et ot h e f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .

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C hap t er V I : T h eS h ip V LG .3 .A na l y s i so fDe s ign a nd P ur po se o fLead S hea th i ng .T he ma te r ia la th and r e vea l sn od eve lopm en ta lp a t t e rn s i ns hea th ing d e ta i l so nh u l l so fa ny s i ze o rd a t e .F a s t en ing t e chn ique s a nd t h e t h ickne s s o f s h ee t ing a r e e s sen t ia l ly c on s i s ten t ,a l though t a ck sw i th s qua r es ha f t ss e em t oh ave b e en p r e f e r red t ot h o se w i th r ound o ne s . I ti s mo s t i n te re s t ing t h a t t h e l a t e s t a r cha eo log i ca l ly d ocumen t ed u se o fl e ad s hea th ing o n a ny h u l l l i s t ed h e r e d a t e st ot h ef i r s to rs e cond c en tu ry ( Ma r r i tza a nd S t .Ge rva i s 4 ) .O n ly f o u ro t he rs t r ic t ly f i r s t -cen tu ry w re ck ss how e v i d ence o rp o s s ib le e v idence o fs h ea th ing ,t wo o fw h ich w e r e t h eL ake N em i v e s se l s . I na dd i t ion , t h e f a c tt h a ta l lo t he r w r eck sw i th l e ad s hea th ing ( 20 )a r ed a t ed p r io rt ot h ef i r s t c en tu ry ,p e rm i t sd a t ing o ft h eC ae sa rea h u l ln ol a t e rt h an t h e f i r s t c en tu ry , a nd mo r e l i ke ly i nt h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , p rov ided t h e C a e sa r ea r emnan t s a c tua l ly r e p r e sen t h u l l s hea th ing . T he a r chaeo log ica le v idence c on f i rm sr e f e r ence si nt h e a nc ien tl i t e ra tu r et ot h eu se o fl e ad s h ea th ing a nd i t sa ppa r en t r e p la cemen tb yo t he rm a te r ia l se a r ly i nt h eI mpe r ia lp e r iod . A thena eu s( c a .A .D .2 00 )p rov ide st h eo n ly r e f e r ence Ih ave f ound t ol e ad s hea th ing : i nh i sd e sc r ip t ion o ft h ec on s t ruc t i on o ft h eS y racus ia ,l e ad s hea th ing i sa ppl ied o ve r al a ye r o ft a r red f a b r ic a f t e rt h eh u l li sc omp le t e( A thena eu s5 . 207a b ;t r an s la t ion i nC a s son 1 986 : 1 91 -94 ) . T he re i s mo re t e s t imony r e ga rd ing h ul s c ove r ed w i th p i tch a nd r e s in . V e rg i l ( A4 . 398 ) w r i t e so fA enea s ' p i t ch c ove r ed s h ip s ( u nc ta c ar ina ) , t h ough i ti su nce r ta in i ft h i s c an b e t a ken a sr ep re sen ta t ive o fc on t empo ra ry p r a c t ice s ( l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) o ro ft h o se s ome s e ven c en tu r ie s e a rl ie r .I nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry ,P l u ta r ch ( Mor .6 76A )s t a t ed t h a t n oh u l lw a ss e awo r thy w i thou t ac o a to fp i ne p i t ch o rr e s in . T he se t wo p a s sage sd on o tn ece s sa r i ly e xc lude t h e u s eo f l e ad s hea th ing i na dd i t ion t ot h ep i t ch a nd r e s in ,o fc ou r se . I n af ou r th -cen tu ry d i scu s s ion o ff i r ew a r f a r ea ts e a ,V ege t iu s ( 4 .44 )d e sc r ibe st h et a c t ic o fs hoo t ing f l am ing a r row si n to e nemy h u l l sc ove red w i th p i t ch a nd r e s in .I ts hou ld b en o t ed , h oweve r ,t h a tV ege t iu su s ed m a te r ia l sf r om m any p r ev iou s p e r iod s t oc omp i le h i s h andbook ( Wa t son i n OCD2,s . v . " Vege t iu sR ena tu s" ) . Wax a l so w a s u s ed t op ro tec t a nd w a te rp roo f h u l l s , a cco rd ing t ow r i te r so ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .a nd l a te r( Ov id , Me t . 1 .514 -15 ; A r r ian , P er ip lu s Mans E ux in i 5 ;L uc ian , DMor t . 4 ;V ege t iu s 4 . 37 ) . P l iny ( f i r s t c en tu ry ) m en t ion s " l ive p i tch ," w h ich c on s i s t so fp i tch s c raped o f ft h eb o t tom s o fs e ago ing s h ip s a nd m ixed w i th w ax . H e s a y s t h i sp ro d uce s as up e r io r ma te r ia l f o ra l l t h ep u rpo se sp i t che sa nd r e s in ss e rve ( Na t . 1 6 .23 .56 ;c f .V a le r iu sF l a ccu s1 . 478 -80 ) . D i scu s s ing w ax f u r the r( Na t .3 5 .41 .149 ) ,h er e la t e st h a ti ti s m e l t ed a nd m ixed w i th p a in tt h en b r u shed o n t od eco ra te w a r sh ip s .S uch ac oa t ing i sn o ts po i led b ys un ,s a l twa t e r ,o r w ind . Mo s tp e r t inen tt om e rchan ts h ip si sap a s sage i nw h ich h e s t a te s t h a t w ax i ss t a ined w i th c o lo r s f o r e ncau s t ic p a in t ing ,w h ich i sc ommon ly d one o nn ava lv e s se l sa nd a l so m e rchan ts h ip s , b ecau se e ven v eh icu la a r ed eco ra t ed w i th p a in t ing s ( Na t . 3 5 .31 .49 ) . P ro togene s , ac on tempo r a ry o f t h ef amou sp a in t e rA pe l le so ft h el a te rf o u r th c en tu ry B .C . , m igh th ave b een j u s ts uch as h ip p a in te ru n t i lh ew a sa bou t f i f ty y ea r so l d .H i ss t a tu sa s ac o l league o fA pe l le sm ay h ave b een a ch ieved a f te r t u rn ing h i s t a len t s t o mo r e a r t i s t ic

2 04

p u r su i t sl a t e ri nl i f e( Pl iny ,N a t . 3 5 .36 .10 1 ) . B eno i t( 1 96 1 : 1 53 -54 )t a ke st h ep a ssage si nV e rg i la nd P l iny t om ean t h a tl e ad s hea th ing w a sr e p la ced b yw ax a nd e ncau s t ic p a in ti nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry .O the rs c ho la r s ,h oweve r , c i te t h i rd -cen tu ry mo sa ic s f r om N o r th A f r ica a se v idence t h a tl e ad s h ea th ing w a su sed o ns ma l lf i sh ing b oa t s( Ca s son 1 978 )a nd b i gw a r sh ip s( F ro s t1 978 ;B a sch 1 979 ;D e l l 'O r co 1 979 ;B a sch 1 980 ;1 987 :4 77 ,4 82 ) .T h i sd eba te i sp rob lem a t ic p a r t ly b ecau se o ft h en a t u re o ft h ep i c to r ia lr e p re s en ta t i on s ,b u tt h el i t e r a ry a nd a r cheo log ica le v idence m igh th e lp c l a r i fy m a t te r s .T he r e f e r ence st ow ax m ixed w i th p i tch h i n t a t ag r ow ing p r ef e rence f o rt h i sm a te r ia lt op ro tec ta nd h e lp w a t e rp roo fh ul sa f t e rt h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . T he t a c t i c o f s hoo t ing f l am ing a r row s i n to t h e s i de s o f e nemy h u l l s c ove r ed w i th p i tch , a s d e sc r ibed b y V ege t iu s , c e r ta in ly s ugge s t s l e ad s h ea th ing w a s n o t b e ing u s ed i n h i s d ay , a l though h i si n fo rma t ion m ay n o th ave b een c on tempo r a ry . F u r the r ,t h ef ew p ub l i shed s h ipw reck sd a ted t ot h es e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s ,t h ough n o ts ma l lf i sh ing b oa t so rl a rge w a r sh ip s , d on o td i sp lay e v idence o fl e ad s h ea th ing .T h i s s uppo r t s a tl e a s tp a r to fw ha tB eno i t 's s t a temen ti mp l ie s , a nd w ha tP omey ( 1 973a :4 9 -50 )o b se rved t wo d ecade sa go , i . e . , t h a t l e ad s h ea th ing p a s sed o u t o f g ene ra l u s e i nt h e c ou r se o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry . S t i l l , n o th ing i nt h e a nc ien t l i t e ra tu r er e qu i r e sn ece s s a r i ly t h a tw ax a nd e ncau s t ic c oa t i n g sr e p lac ed l e ad s hea th ing o nh ul sa tt h i st i me .T ha tt h e s e m a t e r ia l sw e r eu s ed t od eco ra te f i r s tw a r sh ip sa nd t h en ,a s t h e i d ea c augh to n , m e rchan tc r a f t , a sm igh tb e s u rm i sed f r om P l iny ( Na t .3 5 .31 .49 ) ,d oe sn o tm ean t h ey w e r eu s ed t o p ro t ec th ul sb enea th t h ew a te rl ine .Y e tt h ep o s s ib le c on t em p o raneou so ccu r r ence o ft h e t wo e ven t s i sp rovoca t ive ; a d i scon t inua t ion o ft h ea pp l ica t ion o fl e ad s h ea th ing w ou ld s e em t oh ave b een a ccompan ied b y t h e d eve lopmen t o f o t he r m ean s o f a ch iev ing t h e s ame e nd w i th a ccep tab le e f f ec t ivene s s . B ecaus et h e re a ppea r s t ob en oe v idence i nt h ea nc ien t l i t e ra tu re f o rt h ei n t en t iona lu se o fl e ad a s ab a r r ie rt os h ip w o rm ,i t sp r e sence o nt h eL ake N em is h ip sm ake sb e s ts e n se i nt h ec on tex to fw a te r t igh tne s s( a si nF ro s t1 981b :2 63 ;c f . U ce ll i 1 951 : 1 53 ) , u n le s s t h e s h ip s w e r e s ub jec t t os ome o t he rk i nd o fb i o log ica la t ta ck .I tw a sc ommon k now ledge i na n t iqu i ty t h a tt h es h ip w o rm ( t er edon )i sc onf ined t ot h e s e a s( Theoph ra s tu s , HP 5 . 4 .4 ;P l iny ,N a t . 1 6 .80 .220 ) .E v i d ence t h a tt h el e ad s h ea th ing o ft h eK y ren ia s h ip w a sa dded l a te r i ni t sl i f e , a nd n o t w hen n ew ly b u i l t , m igh t s e em t o c on t rad ic t t h i s n o t ion . Y e t i n h i s s t udy o f t h a t v e s se l 's w ooden a nd l e ad s h ea th ing ,S t e f fy ( 1 985b :9 6 -99 )p rov ide s c l ue st h a tt h eG r eek s ,a nd t h e refo r ep robab ly t h eR oman s , v i ewed l e ad s h ea th ing i nt h ec on t ex to fw a t e rp roof ing . T he K y r en ia s h ip 's w ooden s hea th ing i sb e l ieved t oh ave b o l s t e r ed t h e b ow s t ruc tu r e s omewha t , a nd t oh ave h e ld s ome t y pe o fc au lk ing ma te r ia li np l a ce a t op o l da nd w o rm e a t en p l ank ing .T ha ti s ,i tw a se mp loyed p r ima r i ly t oh e lp s e a l al e aky h ul . R a the r s ho r t ly a f te r t h i s c ove r ing w a s n a i led o n , r e pa i r s t op l ank ing s e am s a nd t h e k ee l w e r e e xecu ted , a nd t h en t h e e n t i r e h u l l w a s f i t t ed w i th al e ad s h ea th . U pon e xcava t ion , t h e w ood u sed f o r t h e p l ank ing r e pa i r sl o oked f r e sh a nd n ew , w h i le t h ew ooden s hea th ing w a s d a rke r , a nd t h e r e fo r e s omewha t o l d e r , t h ough s t i l l u ndamaged b yb i va lve mo l lu sk s .T he r e la t iv e ly c l o se t er n-

V IG :L ead S hea th ing p o ra lp rox im i ty o ft h e se t wo ma in tenance o pe ra t ion s , a nd t h ef a c tt ha tt h e wooden s hea th w a sf r ee o fs h ip w o rm w hen t h el e ad w a sa pp l ied ,r ende r sa lmo s ti n escapab le t h ec onc lu s i on t h a tt h ep r ima ry p u rpose o ft h el e ad s hea th ing w a st o h e lp r e s to re w a te r t igh tne s s . U nfo r tuna te ly , t h is d oe s n o t e s tabl i sh t h a t t h e G reek s w e re u nawa r et h a tl e ad i sag ood b a r r ie ra ga in s ts h ip w o rm . T he a b sence o fl e ad f r om t h eK y r en ia s h ip w hen l a unched c ou ld b e a t t r ibu tab le t o a n e xpense t h a t w a s b eyond t h e m ean s o ft h eo wne ro rb u i lde ra tt h et ime o fc on s t ruc t ion . T he N em iv e s se l s ,h oweve r ,d oc on s t i tu t ee v idence f o rt h e u se o fl e ad s hea th ing p r ima r i ly t oc omba tl e akage ,n o tw ood b o re r s . A s n o ted b yF . Hocke r ,3 2 i tw a sd i ff icu l tt oe f f ec t w a te r t igh tness i n l a rge mor t ise -and tenon -bu i l t h u l l s . A ch iev ing s u ff ic ien t s t ruc tu ra l s t i f fne s s o n s uch a s ca le , w i th a ne l a s t ic ma te r ia ll i ke w ood a nd t h et e chno logy o ft h e d ay , w a s n o mean f e a t . C on sequen t ly , i tw ou ld h ave b een d e s i rab le t os hea the ab ig s h ip e a r ly i ni t sw o rk ing l i f e , o r w hen b u i l t ,a sw a sd one f o rt h eS yracus ia a nd p r e sumab ly t h eN em ib a rge s .T he refo re i tm igh tb en oc o inc idence t h a t , o ft h en ine w reck sc a ta logued i nt h is s t udy r e cons t ruc ted t o c a .3 0 mo r mo re i nl e ng th a nd d a ted b e fo re a bou tA .D .2 00 , o n ly o ne ( a tP un ta S ca le t ta )d oe sn o te xh ib i te v idence o fl e ad s hea th ing ( c f .T ab le sV 1 .1 ,3 ,5 ,w i th T ab le V I .7 ) . Mo reove r , p u t t ing s h ip so fg rand s i ze i n to d ry d ock t ob er e t ro -f i t ted w i th l e ad s hea th ing wou ld h ave b een am a jo ru nde r tak ing , a nd w ou ld s eem t oh ave e ncou raged s u ch m ea su re st ob e t a ken a tt h et ime o fc on s t ruc t ion .3 O the r o ppo r tun i t ie s t o max im ize w a te r t igh tne s s a tt h e t ime o fb u i ld ing w e re c e r ta in ly e xp lo i ted .R e s in o rw ax a nd w oo l w e re p la ced b e tween t h e i n ne r a nd o u te r l a ye r s o f p l ank ing ,a nd b e tween t h el e ad a nd t h eo u te rp l ank ing l a ye r , o ft h es h ip t h a ts ank a tG ien s .T h i sm ea su re w a sa l so t a ken o nt h ed oub le -p lanked s h ip st h a tw recked a tC ap D ramon t ( A ) ( San taman ia 1 973 : 1 33 ; 1 975 : 1 92 -94 ) a nd a tG rand C ong loud .T he se t wo v e sse l ss ank i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . a nd w e re e ach c a . 2 0 mi nl e ng th , b u to n ly t h e l a t te rw a s c ove red w i th l e ad . H ocke rp ropo se st h a tt h ed i sappea r ance o fl e ad s hea th i n ga f t e ra bou tt h ef i r s tc en tu ry w a st h er e su l to fh e igh tened e conom ic a wa rene ss a nd s oph i s t ica t ion ; h ence e f fo r t s t o d eve lop e a s ie r a nd l e ss c o s t ly me thod s o fw a te rp roo f ing s h ip s . T h i s s e em s q u i te c ons i s ten tw i th t h e d ynam ic e co n om ic e nv i ronmen to ft h e Med i te r ranean i nt h e f i r s tc en t u ry , b u t i tl e ave s t ob e e xp la ined t h e i n con s i s t en t u se o f s hea th ing b e fo re t ha t t ime . I ndeed , e conom ic c on s ide ra t i ons m igh ti lum ina te t h i s ma t te re qua l ly w el .P e rhap sl e ad s hea th ing r ep re sen ted a pp rec iab le a dd i t iona l e xpense t h roughou ti t sp e r iod o f emp loymen t ,a nd s ow a su sed o n ly w hen t h es i ze o ri n tended u se o ft h es h ip d i c ta ted i t ;o rw hen al e aky h u l ln eeded t ob ek ep ti ns e rv ice ;o rs imp ly b ecause s hea th ing a s ma l le r s h ip a t t h e t ime i tw a s b u i l t w a s a p rocedu re a f fo rdab le b y o n ly t h e mo re f i nanc ia l ly e s tab 3 2

It h ank

D r .H ock e rf o ra l low ing m et or e ad h i ss t imu la t ing

p ape r( Hocke r ,F o r thcom ing )p r io rt op ub l i ca t ion .T h i sd i scu s s ion i sc on sequen t ly amo re t h o rough e xam ina t ion o ft h ei s sue s . 3 3 R iva l( 1991 :4 0 )s ugge s t st h a tl e ad s h ea th ing w a su sed o nt h e h ul a tG ien st op ro tec tt h eo u te rl a ye ro ff i rp l ank s ,a sf i rd oe sn o t f a re w e l l i nh i gh h um id i ty o r i mme r s ion i nw a te r . T h i s m igh t , h oweve r , b et a k ing t oo n a r row av i ew o ft h ei s sue sa th and .

2 05

l i shed b u i lde ro ro wne r . S ome s uppo r t f o rt h i s s ugge s t ion c ome s f r om t h e w reck o f as h ip s ome 1 3 m i n l e ng th d i scove red a t mode rn -day K ibbu tz Ma 'agan M icha e l , I s r a e l . D a ted t oa bou t4 00 B .C . , t h is v esse l s ank v e ry s oon a f t e rb e ing b u i l t ,j udg ing f r om t h ec o lo ra nd p r i s t ine c ond i t i on o ft h ew ooden h u l lc omponen t sa nd d unnage ,t h e wood c h ip si nt h eb i lge ,a nd t h ea b senc eo fe v idence o fw ea ro nt h e f a lse k ee la nd w a te r l ine w a le .I th ad n o tb een c ove red w i th l e ad , j u s t t h in ly p ayed w i th ay e l low s ub s tance ( Ro s lo f f 1 990 :4 ;p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ;L inde r1 992 :2 8 ,2 9 ,3 1 , 3 4 , ) . T he p o s i t ive e v idence , t h ough q u i te s ca rce ,d oe sa r gue a ga in s tk now ledge b yt h eG reek so ft h ep ro tec t ion a ga in s t s h ip w o rm o f f e red b y l e ad , a nd i nf avo r o f t h e i r s imp le r e cogn i t ion o fi t sp rese rva t ive e f f ec t so nt h et a ro rp i tch a nd a s soc ia t ed c l o th , v ege ta l , o ro the r ma te r ia l s a pp l ied t ot h e e x te r io ro ft h eh u l l .I tt h e re fo re s eem sr ea sonab le t os uppo se t h a tt h el a t te rw a si t sp r ima ry p u rpo se ,a nd t h a to n ly i n c iden t a l ly d i d i tp rov ide a dd i t iona l b enef i t s . Mo reove r , l e ad w ou ld h ave b een s upe r io rt oe xpos ed t a ro rp i tch i nk eep ing t h es ubme rged p o r t ion o ft h eh u l lf r ee o fb a rnac le sa nd o t he r s e s s i le m ahne l i f ea nd d eb r is ( S tef f y ,p e r sona lc ommun ica t i on ) . F ina l ly ,g iven t h a tt h el e ad s hea th ing o nt h eN em is h ip s w a st op romo te w a te r t igh tne s s , p e rhap s t h en ew ma te r ia l s a nd t e chn ique ss h ipw r igh t sm igh th ave b een e xpe r imen t ing w i th o r d eve lop ing a tt h e t ime w e re f e l t t o b e s t i l l t oo u np roven f o ru se o nt h e empe ro r 's c o lo s sa lb a rges .

V LH .L ead B oxe sa nd P ipe so nG raeco -Roman Med i te r r anean S h ips . V LH .1 .I n troduc t ion . An umbe ro fl e ad b oxe ss im i la rt o t h e o ne f ound a tC ae sa rea , t h ough o fn o u n i fo rm s i ze o r c onf igu ra t ion ,h ave b een r e cove red f r om s h ipw reck so ft h e R oman p e r iod .S ome h ave p ipe ss t i l la t ta ched ,a nd a l ls e em t oh ave b een f i t ted w i th p ipe so r ig ina l ly . Many G reek a nd R oman w reck s i te sh ave y i e lded p ipe sw i thou tb oxe sa sw e l l ( Tab le V I .8 ) . On ly o ne f unc t ion h a sb een p roposed f o rt h e b oxes : t h a to fc a tch b a s in sf o rb i lge p ump s .T he f o l low ing r e v iew o ft h ed eve lopmen to ft h ec a tch b a s in c oncep t ,a nd o ft h eb oxe sa nd p ipe sf ound o no t he rs i te s ,c a s t sd oub tu pon i d en t if ica t ion o ft h es ma l lC a esa rea b ox a ss uch ab a s in . R e f e rence st ot h eb i lge a bound i nt h ea nc ien tl i t e ra tu r e , b u tb ecause n oi n tac tb i lge p ump s y s tem h a sb een f ound ,w e h ave o n ly t h eo r ie sa bou th ow t h ey w o rked .3 4 U ce l l ip re sent s

3 4 S e eT o r r ( 1964 : 6 1 , n .1 39 ) , C a sson ( 1971 : 1 75 -76 ) , a nd O le son ( 1984 )f o ra nc ien tr e f e r ence st o ma t te r so ft h eb i lge .T he re a r e n o i n d i spu tab le r ep re sen ta t ion s o f b i lge p ump s ys tems o n

s h ip s ,b u ti th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tc e r ta in v e r t ica le l emen t sa bove d eck a f to fa m id sh ip so nv e s se l si ns ome N o r th A f r ican mo sa ic s c ou ld r ep re sen tc omponen t s o fb i lge p ump s ( Pomey 1 982 : 1 48 5 0 ) .T he se r ep re sen ta t ion sc an b es een i nF ouche r1 957 : 1 0 ,f i g .3 , 1 2 ,f i g .4 ,1 4 ,f i g .5 ;1 967 : 8 4 ,f i g . 1 ,8 5 ,f i g .2 ,9 0 ,f i g . 1 6 ,9 1 ,f i g . 2 0 .S ome o ft h es ame mo sa ic sa r ep i c tu r ed i nE r ic s son 1 984 : 3 5 , p l . 1 3 ,3 6 ,p l . 1 4 ,a nd B a sch 1 987 :4 84 , f i g . 1 098 ,4 85 ,f i g . 1 099 , 4 85 ,f i g . 105 ,4 87 ,f i g s . 108 -10 ) .I th a sa l so b een s ugge s t ed t h a t as im i la rf e a tu re v i s ib le i nt h es t e rn o ft h eE ur opa ,a sd ep ic t ed i n ag r af f i to f r om P ompe i i( Th rockmo r ton 1 972 :7 2 ,f i g . 1) ,c ou ld b e ab i lge p ump e l emen t( Ca r r e &J ezegou 1 985 : 1 40 , n .6 9 ) .

C hap te rV I : T he S h ip T a s san 's r e con s t ruc t ion o f aw ood en b ox a nd o t he ro b jec t s f ound o nt h et wo N em is h ip sa sr e p re sen ta t ive o ft h eb i lge p ump e qu ipmen tu sed o nt h ev e s se l s( Uce l l i1 950 : 1 8 1 -84 ) , b u to t he rs cho la r sa r ec r i t ica lo fv a r iou sa s pec t so fT a s san 's i n t e rp r e ta t ion s( Wh i t e1 962 : 1 03 -6 ;C a r r e &J e z6gou 1 985 : 1 25 -29 ;O le son 1 984 : 2 30 -31 ) . L ead p i pe s r e cove red f r om t h e w r eck a tA lbenga a r e s ugge s t ed t o b e r emnan t s o f t h e b i lge p ump a ppa ra tu s ( Lambog l ia 1 953 :1 98 -200 ) ,a sa r et h o se f o und o nt h ew re ck a tG rand C ong lou6 ( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 74 -75 ) , b u ti nn e i the r c a se i s as pec i f ic s y s t em p ropo s ed . Ag ene ra li d ea o fh ow l e ad b oxe sa nd p i pe sc ou ld h ave h e lp ed e mp ty as h ip 's b i lge w a sp r esen ted b ye xcava to r so ft h ew r eck a tP a lamö s ,w he r e l o ng l e ad p ipe sa nd t h ep o s s ib le r ema in so f al e ad b ox w e r e d i scove r ed . A r e con s t ruc t ion d r aw ing d ep ic t s t h e p i pe s s pann ing t h eb r ead th o f as h ip a nd p ro t rud ing f r om e i the r s i de n ea rd eck l e ve l .T he p ropo sed l e ad b ox i sj o ined t ob o th p i pe s i n t h e c en t re o f t h e h u l l s e c t ion , b u t n o s p ec if i c a r rangemen tw i th r e spec tt o ab i lge p ump i sv en tu r ed ( V ida l &P a scua lG ua sch 1 971 : 1 24 , f i g . 5 ,1 25 -26 ) .D uma ss ub m ined t h e s ame i d ea t oe xp la in t h e f u nc t ion o ft wo l o ng p i pe sa t ta ched t o al e ad b ox f o und o n aw r eck a tC ap d e s Mäd e s( Tche rn ia 1 969b :4 78 ;D uma s1 972b :1 99 -2 19 ) .T he l e ad b ox c augh tb i lge w a te rr a i sed t on ea rd e ck l e ve lb yt h e p ump .T he w a te rw a st h en d r a ined b ym ean so fp i pe se x i t ing t h eb ox a beam a nd e x tend ing t h rough t h eh ul t op o r ta nd s t a rboa rd .T he b a s ic a r r angemen ti si l u s t ra t ed b yF oe r s te r L au r e s( 1 979 : 1 74 ,f i g .3 ;1 985a ) ,w ho h a si n ve s t iga t ed t h e w a t e r -mov ing c apab i l i t ie so ft h i sp ump t y pe b ym ean so fa w o rk ing mode l( Foe r s te rL au r e s 1 983c ; 1 985c ) . [ here h a sb een d isagreemen ta bou t whe the rf o rce p umps ( s ee ,e .g . ,R ouane t1 974 ) ,c ha in -Dump s ,o re ven A rch imedean s crews w e re u s ed t oe l im ina te w a t e r f r om t h e b i lge s o f a nc ien t s h ip s . O le son ( 1 984 ) ma in ta in s t h a t f o rc e p ump s w e r ee mp loyed ,w h i le P u lak ( Pu lak & T own send 1 987 :3 7 3 8 )a r gue s f o rt h eu se o fc ha in -pump s .C a r r ea nd J e z6gou ( 1 985 )p rov ide ag ood d i scu s s ion o ft h es t a t eo fk now ledge a tt h et ime o fp ub l ica t ion .T hey s uppo r tt h ei d ea o f ac ha in p ump e x i s t ing o na tl e a s to ne o ft h eL ake N em iv e s s e l s ,a nd p r e sen tf r om Wreck 2a tS t .Ge rva i s t h ef i r s ti n d i spu tab le r ema in so f ac ha in -pump t u be ( c f . D 'A t r i 1 986 ;D 'A t r i& G ian f ro t ta 1 986 ; A ra ta 1 988 ) . E ven mo r e s ub s tan t ia l r e m a in so ft h eb o t tom p o r t ion so ft wo c ha in -pump t u be s ,a nd a s soc ia t ed f i t t ing s ,h ave b een d i scove red o n aw r eck s i t ea t C ap G ro s a nd o n ad o l ia w r eck a tI l e -Rou s se ( J onche ray 1 989a : 6 8 -78 ; A l fon s i &G ando l fo 1 988 ) . U n fo r tuna t e ly , u ppe r e l emen t s o f ac ha in -pump h ave y e t t ob e f o und . O le son ( 1 984 :2 24 ) ,c i t ing D ra chmann ( 1 973 ) ,n o t e st h a tt h e c r ank i nF oe r s t e rL au r e s 's cheme i sp robab ly a na ch ron i s t ic , w h ich r e nd e r s p rob lema t ic t h e o p e ra t ion o fc ha in -pump s a nd t h er e con s t r uc t ion b yT a s san i nU c e l l i( 1 950 : 1 84 ,f i g . 1 99 ) . T a s san p ropo sed ac r ank a nd f l ywhee l a s semb ly t o d r ive at o o thed g ea ra nd ac ha in o fb a i le r s ,b u t Wh i t e( 1 962 : 1 03 -6 )p o in t so u tt h ep rovenance so ft h ec omponen t sm ake s t h i s p ropo s i t ion a r chaeo log ica l f a n ta sy . N eve r the le s s , D ra chmann i nf a c ta c cep t st h ei d ea o f ac r ank w i th r e ga rd t o t h e N em i v e ss e l s . A w ooden w he e l o r d i sk 0 . 24 m i n d i ame te rw a sf ound o nt h eT re S enghe A w r eck ( s econd t o f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) . Ac en t ra lh o le i nt h es hape o f at r unca ted p y ram id d oe sn o te x tend t h rough t h ed i sk ,a nd t wo h o le sa t

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t h eo u t e re dge a r es e t1 80 d eg ree sf r om o ne a no the r .B a sed o np rovenanc e ,t h ee xcava to rs ugge s t st h i so b jec tm igh tb e p a r to f ab i lge p ump s y s t em ( F r e sch i 1 982b ) .3 5 I na dd i t ion t ot h ee v idenc ef r om t h ew r eck sa tP a lamö s a nd C ap d e s Mede s ,t h es c heme o u tl ined a bove i ss uppo r ted b yt h ed i scove ry o fp i pe sl y ing p a ra l le lt ot h eh u l lf r ame sa t L a Mad rague d eG ien sa nd L aT rade l iä re a nd a t op t h et o p l a ye ro fa mpho ra so ft h eD ramon t Aw reck .P e rhap st h eb e s t e v idence c on s i s t so fp i pe sf ound a pp rox ima t e ly o ne m e t r e a bove t h eh ul p l ank ing o ft h ew r eck a tL o sU l la s t r e s .T hey r e s tu pon t h en eck so ft h ec a rgo a mpho ra s ,r un p a ra l le lt ot h e f r ame s ,a nd o ne t e rm ina t e sa lmo s tp r ec i se ly a tt h ee x t r em i ty o ft h ef r ame sa to ne e dge o ft h eh ul r ema in s . T he s y s t em j u s tr e v iewed s e em st oe xp la in r e a sonab ly w el mo s to ft h e l e ad b oxe s f ound w i th p i pe s o n R oman w re ck s . B u tt h el a rge n umbe ro fl e ad p ipe sf o und w i th n o b oxe s , a nd t h e s ma l l s i ze o f t h e C a e sa r ea b ox a nd i t s c onf igu ra t ion , s ugge s tt h a tc ha in -pump s , a nd b i lge p ump s i ng ene r a l ,m igh tn o ts a t i s f ac to r i ly e xp la in a l lo ccu r renc e s o ft h e se o b jec t so n w r eck s i te s . V LH .2 . C a ta logue o f Wreck s Y i e ld ing L ead B oxe s . G rand C ong loud ( 1 10 -70 B .C . ) : al e ad p i p ea bou t1 . 5m l o ng w a sr e cove r ed i nf ou rp i ec e s .A l ld i sp lay o ne s o ld e r ed l a te ra ls e am ,a nd t h et h icknes so ft h el e ad i sa bou t0 . 003 m . Ad i ame t e ro f0 . 06 m a to ne e nd s we l l st o0 . 08 ma tt h eo t he r , w he r e al i po rf l ange w a sf a sh ioned p r e sumab ly t oe f ec ta j o in tw i th ar e s e rvo i r .B eno i ts ugge s t st h a tt wo f r agmen t so f l e ad s h ee t sa bou t0 . 003 m t h ick f ound i nt h es ame a r ea m igh t b ep a r to fs u ch ar e se rvo i r ,a st h ey a r ee a ch p i e r ced b y ah o le o f0 . 05 m d i ame t e r( Beno i t1 96 1 : 1 74 , 1 75 ,f i g .9 3 ,1 81 ,p l . 3 2 :b :4 ) . P a lam t 5 s( 1 00 -50 B .C . ) : o nt h i sw reck w e r ef o und t wo l e ad p i p e s ,e a ch a bou t 2m l o ng a nd 0 . 05 m in d i ame te r ,w i th f l ange s a tt h e i re x t r em i t ie s . F ragmen t so f as uppo sed b ox e s t ima ted t oh ave b een a bou t0 . 40 m l o ng w e r es t i l la ta ched t oo ne e nd o fo ne o ft h ep i pe s .A l though t h ef u nc t ion o ft h i s a s s emb ly i su nc e r ta in ,i th a sb een r e con s t ruc ted a s ac o l lec t i on b a s in a nd e va cua t ion d ev ice f o r ab i lge p ump ( V ida l& P a scua lG ua s ch 1 971 : 1 24 ,f i g . 5 ,1 25 -26 ) . C ap d e s 1, 9d e s( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .? ) : t h i si so ne o ft h e m o s t n o tab le w r eck s i te s p roduc ing l e ad b oxe s w i th a t t a ched p i pe s .T he b ox w a sf o und i nt h es uppo sed s h a f to ft h e b i lge p ump .I ti s0 . 60 m s qua re a nd 0 . 32 m d eep ;t h el e ad i s 0 . 08 -0 .10 m t h ick . Two p i pe s0 . 09 m i nd i ame t e re x i tt h e t a nk o ppo s i t e o ne a no the r a nd s pan t h e w reck s i t e i ni t s w id th ( Tche rn ia 1 969b :4 77 , f i g s .2 3 ,2 4 ) .C o r s i -Sc ia l lano a nd L iou ( 1 985 : 6 0 ,6 2 ,f i g .4 7 )r epo r td imen s ion sf o rt h i s b ox o f0 . 63 x0 . 6 1 x0 . 34 m a nd n o te t h a tt h ep i pe sa r e 3m l o ng a nd e x i tt h et a nk a ti t sb o t tom .T he c apa c i ty o ft h i sb ox i st h e re fo r e 15 .2 -130 .7 1 i t re s . C hr t s t i enne H ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry ) : ab ox s ome 0 . 45 m l o ng ,0 . 35 m w ide ,a nd 0 . 16 m d eep w a sf o und a td eck l e ve l , a t ta ched t o aw ood en c ha s s i s .I tw a sm ade o f as i ng le s h ee t o fl e ad a bo u t0 . 002 m t h ick ,w i th n of o ld s ,c u t s ,o rs o lde red s e am s . Ap i p ef a sh ioned f r om at h icke rs h ee to fl e ad r o l l ed a nd s o lde r ed i nc l a s s ic f a sh ion e x i t st h et a nk a to ne c o rne r . 3 5 S ee F o e r s t e rL au re s 1 989 f o ra ni d ea r e ga rd ing t h eo r ig in s o fb i lge p ump s .

V IM :L ead B oxe sa nd P ipe s O nt h es ame s i de o ft h eb ox i sah o le t h a ts ugge s t sa no the r p i pe w a sf a s tened t ot h eb ox ( San tama r ia 1 985 :5 0 ) .C apa c i t yi s2 5 .2 l i t re s . G rand -Rouv eau ( m id -f i r s t c en tu ry ) : t h e r ema in s o fa l e ad t a nk w i th al e ng th o fl e ad p i pe s t i l la t ta ched i ss t a ted t o b e t h e r emnan t s o f ar e se rvo i r i n tended t or e ce iv e w a t e r d e l ive red b yt h eb i lge p ump .T he t a nk i sr e con s t ruc t ed t oc a . 0 . 315 -0 .32 x0 . 25 m . Ap ipe 0 . 055 m in d i ame t e rw a sd r iven i n to ah o le n ea ro ne c o rne ro ft h et a nk a nd b ea ten b a ck o ve r i n ac a r e fu l ly made j o in t ; t h e l e ad w a l l o f t h e t a nk w a s f o rmed a r ound t h ep i pe o nt h ee x t e r io r . Two o t he rp i ece so f p i pe ,0 . 44 m a nd 0 . 70 m l o ng a nd 0 . 05 m i nd i ame t e r ,a r e t h ough tt ob ep a r to ft h e s ame s y s tem ( Co r s i -Sc ia l lano & L iou 1 985 :6 0 ,6 1 ,f i g s .4 5 ,4 6 ) . L ake N em i( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) :n ume rou so b jec t sf o und o nS h ip 1a tL ake N em iw e r er e con s t ruc t ed b yT a s san a sa b i lge p ump s y s t em . O ne i t em w a s as ha l low w ooden b ox w i th as pou t .T he b ox i t se l fm ea su red a bou t0 . 55 m s q ua re a nd 0 . 11 m h i gh . T he s pou tw a s s ome 0 . 185 m w ide a si t e x i t ed t h e b ox , t a pe r ing t o aw id th o fc a . 0 . 13 m o ve r a p r e se rved l e ng th o fa bou t1 . 30m .N ume rou sl e ad p i pe sw e r e a l so f ound o nt h ef i r s ts h ip w i th i n sc r ip t ion so nt h em ,a nd w e r e s u r e ly i n vo lved w i th t h e c i rcu la t ion o fw a te ro n t h e s h ip , t h ough t h ey c anno t n ece s sa r i ly o r e xc lu s ive ly b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h eb i lge p ump a ppa ra tu s .S i xp i pe sw e r eo f 0 . 09 m d i ame te r , 1 . 35 -3 .6 m l o ng ; t h r ee w e r e 0 . 03 m i n d i ame t e ra nd 0 . 50 -0 .60 m l o ng ( Ucel i 1 950 : 1 8 1 -86 , 1 87 , f i g .2 03 ,4 10 -11 ) . V LH .3 . C a ta logue o fW re ck s Y i e ld ing L ead P ipe s . S er v eL iman ' ( 280 -275 B .C . ) : o ne l e ng th o fl e ad p i p e a bou t0 . 08 m in d i ame te ri sf i t t ed o ve ra no the ro ne o fc a .0 . 06 md i ame te r . T hey a r e s o ld e r ed t o ge the ra nd m ea su r e a p p rox ima te ly o ne m e t re i ne xpo sed l e ng th .T he s e gmen tw i th t h es ma l le rd i ame te rd i sp lay s as e am o ve ri t sv i s ib le e x ten t ( Pu lak & T own send 1 987 : 3 6 -38 ) . Ma r sa la ( m id th i rd c en tu ry B .C . ) : o ne s ho r tl e ad p i p e w a sf o und o nt h en o r th s l ope o ft h ep o r tb a l la s ta r ea .I ni t s d i s to r ted s hape i tm ea su re s a bou t 0 . 124 x 0 . 03 m , a nd e s t ima ted o r ig ina l d imen s ion s a r e 0 . 09 x0 . 055 m ( F ro s t 1 98 1b : 1 32 ) . G rand -R ibaud A ( c a . 1 30 B .C . ) : ac onc re ted b a r w a s d i scove r ed b u t l e f t o n t h e s i t e . T he e xcava to r s ugge s t s i t c ou ld b e ap ipe a s so c ia ted w i th ab i lge p ump s y s tem ( Ca r raz d 1 975 : 2 6 ) . L aC io ta t( l a t es e cond c en tu ry B .C . ) :p ipe f r agmen t sa r e 0 . 05 m i nd i ame te r .T hey m ay b ea s soc ia ted w i th t h es h ip 's b i lge p ump s y s tem , o rw i th t h e t e r ra c o t ta " s l ippe rb a th" f o und o nt h ew reck ( Beno i t 1 958 : 2 4 -26 ) . T r eS engh e A( s econd o rf i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : al e ad p i pe o fo va ls e c t ion w i th as o lde r ed s e am w a sd i scove r ed ,b u tn o d e ta i l sa r eg i ven ( F re sch i 1 982b ) . M i /adou ( e nd o fs e cond t of i r s th a l fo ff i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : t wo l o ng l e ad p i pe sw e r ed i scove r ed r e s t ing o nt h es hou lde r s o ft h ec a rgo a mpho ra s .R ega rded a sh av ing r ema ined i ns i tu s i nce t h ew r eck ing e ven t ,t h ey w e re e s sen t ia l ly a l igned w i th o ne a no the ra nd l a ye xac t ly p e rp end icu la rt ot h el o ng a x i so f t h ew r eck .T he o u tboa rd e nd sl a y3 . 67 m a pa r t ,w h i ch m igh t i n d ica te t h eb eam o ft h es h ip a tt h el e ve lo ft h ep i p e s ,t h ough n o t n ece ssa r i ly i t s max imum b eam a tt h a t p o in t i n t h e

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v e s se l 's l e ng th .T he i n boa rd e x t r em i t ie sw e re s epa ra ted b y ad i s tance o f0 . 58 m .T h i sc ou ld r e p re sen tt h eb r ead th o fa t a nk o rr e se rvo i rt h a tr e ce ived t h ep umped w a t e r ,a si nt h i s s pa ce w e r ef o und t wo s ma l lf r agmen t so fl e ad ,t h el a rge s to f w h ich i sas h ee tm ea su r ing 0 . 0 10 m x0 . 0 12 m a nd 0 . 00 1 0 . 003 m t h ick .I ti sa cknow ledged t h a tt h er e se rvo i rc ou ld h ave b een w ooden , h oweve r . N o f u r the r e v idence w a s e xpo sed i nt h ev i c in i ty . T he p ipe s , e gg shaped i ns e c t ion , w e r e o r ien t ed w i th t h e i rl o ng i tud ina l s o lde red s e am s f a c ing u p , a t te s t ing t oa l a ck o fc on f idence i nt h e i rw a t e r t igh tne s s ,a cco rd ing t ot h e e x cava to r s .T he p o r tp i pe i s1 . 40 m l o ng a nd s e em sb roken o rw o rn a tt h ei n boa rd e nd ,w h ich c ou ld e xp la in t h eg r ea t e r l e ng th o fi t sc oun te rpa r t .I t so t he re x t rem i ty i sp r e se rved a nd c on s i s t s o f ac o l la r o r f l ange p i e rced b y h o le s . T he l e ad t h ickne s s v a r ie s , b u t i sg ene ra l ly c a . 0 . 004 m ; t h e p i p e d i ame te ri s0 . 062 x0 . 050 m . T he p ipe t o s t a rboa rd i so f t h e s ame c onf igu ra t ion , p r e se r ved t o1 . 600 m ,i n tac t .I t si n boa rd c o l la ro rf l ange i s o r ien ted a ta na ng le o f4 5d eg r ee sf r om t h ea x i so ft h ep i p e . T ha ti tw a sf a s t ened t o as u r f ace i n cl ined a tt h es ame a ng le i sp r opo sed ( Dumon t ie r&J onche ray 1 992 : 10 , 13 , 16 , 18 , 1 2 1 , 1 24 -25 , 1 30 , 1 32 , 1 37 -38 ) . A lbenga ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) :u n spec if i ed l e ng th so f l e ad p i pe sw e r er e cove red w i th d i ame te r so f0 . 06 m a nd 0 . 08 m .T he e xcava to rs ugge s t su s ei nc onnec t ion w i th e i the ra b i lge p ump ,o rw i th as y s tem f o rp ump ing w ine t oa nd f r om l a nd ( Lambog l ia 1 953 : 1 98 -200 ) . A n t iky the ra ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : al e ad p i pe 0 . 68 m l o ng w i th ac r ude f l ange a to ne e nd w a s f o und . A ve rage i n t e r io rd i ame te ri s0 . 065 m , a nd t h et h ickne s so ft h el e ad a ve rage s 0 . 006 m . I t i s s ugges ted t o b e as cuppe r ( Th roc i cmo r ton 1 965 :4 4 ) . D ramon t A( f i r s t h a l f o f f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) : a t t h e f o rwa rd a nd r e a rt h i rd so ft h ew reck t wo l e ad p ipe so f0 . 06 md i ame te rw e r ef o und o nt o po ft h et o pl a ye ro fa mpho ra s ; t h ey f olowed t h ea ng le o ft h et umu lu si n to t h e mud .T ha t t h ey w e r e f o und a t op t h e t o p l a ye ro fa mpho r a s s e em s t o p r ove t h ey w e r eo r ig ina l ly l o ca t ed o n o ri mmed ia te ly b e n ea th t h ed eck o ft h es h ip ,i ft h es i te w a sn o tl o o ted p r io rt o e x cava t ion ( S an tama r ia 1 96 1 : 1 73 -74 ; 1 975 : 1 90 ; L iou 1 973 :5 93 ) .A no the rp i pe f r agm en ts l igh t ly o vo id i ns e c t ion h a s am ax imum o u te rd i ame t e ro fc a .0 . 07 m a nd am ax imum i n ne r d i ame t e r o fc a . 0 . 06 m . I ti s0 . 35 m l o ng ( F io r i & J onche ray 1 973 : 8 9 ,p l .6 : 9 ,9 0 ) . S aN au P erd uda ( 100 -50 B .C . ) : t h ree p i pe sw e r ep r ob a b ly j o ined o r ig ina l ly , a s p a r t o f ab i lge p ump s y s t em , a c co rd ing t ot h ee xcava to r s .T he i rl e ng th sa r e0 . 45 m ,0 . 55 m ,a nd 1m ,a lw i th d i ame te r so f0 . 05 -0 .055 m ( Foe r s te r& P a scua l 1 970 : 2 78 ,2 86 -87 ) . C ap oT e s ta ( 7 5 -50 B .C . ) :t h r ee p i ece so fl e ad p i p e0 . 31 , 0 . 35 ,a nd 0 . 59 m l o ng w e re f ound s l igh t ly s ou thea s to ft h e h ul ,w i th d i ame te r so fa bou t0 . 07 m .I ti ss ugge s t ed t h ey a r e r emnan t so ft h eb i lge p ump s y s t em ( Gando l f i1 983 :4 5 ,5 1 ; 1 985 : 3 15 -16 ; 1 986a : 8 4 , 8 8 ,f i g . 1 6 ) . L a Mad rague d e G ien s ( 6 0 -40 B .C . ) : t wo p i pe s w e re f o und n ea rt h es ha f to ft h eb i lge p ump o nt h eu ppe rl e ve lo f t h eh u l l , a nd w e r ea r r anged s ymme t r ica l ly w i th r e spec tt o t h es h ip .T hey a r eb o th 0 . 50 m l o ng ,0 . 06 m i nd i ame te r ,a nd e xh ib i tl a t e ra ls o lde red s e am si nl e ad 0 . 008 m t h ick .E a ch

C hap t er V I : T he S h ip p i pe h a s af l ange a to ne e nd t h a ti so va l shaped a nd s how s t r ac e so fn a il ing a r ound t h ep e r im e te r . S uch f l ange sc ou ld h ave s e rved t of a s ten t h ep ipe st oa ne vacua t ion t a nk ,a mong o t he rt h ing s( Ca r re & J 6z6gou 1 985 : 1 4 1 ,f i g .1 9 ,a nd n .7 ) . C ap C arque i ranne ( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) :s ome f r ag m en t so fl e ad p i pe sa bou t0 . 07 m in d i ame te rw e r ef o und a nd a r eb e l ieved t ob er emnan t so f ab i lge p ump s y s t em ( Ca r raz 6 1 976b : 1 56 ) . L aT rad e Ur e( l a te f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : al e ad p i pe 1 . 13 m l o ng a nd al e ad p l a te 0 . 30 x0 . 50 m m igh tb er ema in so fa b i lge p ump s y s tem .T he p ip el e ad i s0 . 006 m t h ick ,t h ep i p e 0 . 05 m i nd i ame te r .P re se rved f o r al e ng th o f1 . 73 m ,i tl a y p e rpend icu la rt ot h ea x i so ft h es h ip ( J onche ray 1 976a ;F i o r i 1 976 :o ppo s i te p .60 ,w re ck p l an ) .A no the rp i ec eo fp i pe w a s a t ta ched t o ap i ece o fc oppe rt h a tc ou ld b et h er ema in so fa r e se rvo i r( Cane & J dzegou 1 985 : 1 41 ) . h eR ous se ( Augu s tan p e r iod o rl a t e r ) : ap i p e0 . 37 m l o ng a nd 0 . 06 m i nd i ame t e rw a sf ound o n aw r eck d a t ed b yr e d A r re t ine w a re . T he u sua lb i lge p ump a ppl i ca t ion mu s tb e k ep ti nm ind ,b u tb ecause t h i ss h ip w a sc a r ry ing ac a rgo o f d o l ia ,a na l ter na te e xp lana t ion o ft h ep r e sence o ft h ep i p e h a sb een s ugge s t ed .I tm igh tr e p r e s en tp a r to f as y s t em u s ed t od epo s i ta nd r emove l i qu id sc a r r ied i nt h ed o l ia ( B r enn i 1 985 : 2 54 ) . Mo re l e ng th so fp i pe , a l ong w i th c ha in p ump p a r t s ,h ave b een p ubl i shed r e cen t ly . Two p i p e s ,w i th o u t e r d i ame t e r so f0 . 070 m a nd l e ng th so f1 . 195 m a nd 0 . 50 m , w e igh 1 k ga nd 6k g ,r e spec t ive ly .A no the rm ea su r e s0 . 058 min o u t e rd i ame t e r ,a nd i s0 . 160 m l o ng . Ap i pe o fs im i la r l e ng th ,0 . 170 m ,h a sa no u t e rd i ame t e ro f0 . 038 m ;i t sl e ad t h ickne s si s0 . 003 m ( A lfon s i &G ando l fo 1 988 :7 0 ,7 1 ,f i g . 1 ,7 3 ,f i g s . 1 ,3 ) . G rand -R ibaud D ( l a s td ecad eo ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : f ou rd e fo rmed f r agmen t so fl e ad p i pe a r e s em i -c i r cu la rt o t r iangu la ri ns e c t ion .T he i rc umu la t ive l e ng th i sc a . 2 . 9m ; e ach h a s ac r u shed e x t rem i ty .O ne h a s ac o l la ro rf l ange a t o ne e nd a nd n o t r a ce o f a s semb ly w i th a no the r p i ece . A no the rr e s ted v e r t ica l ly b e tween f r agmen t so ft wo d o l ia , t h ep r ima ry c a rgo o rc a rgo c on ta ine r so ft h es h ip .T he p i pe s w e r ed i scove red i nt h ef o rwa rd t h i rd o ft h eh u l l ,i ft h ec ab in w a s l o ca t ed i n t h e s t er n . I ti sn o t ed t h a t t h i s p o s i t ion i s c on t r a ry t o t h a t o f b i lge p ump s i no t he r w r e ck s ( R iva l , H e sna rd , &C a r re 1 988 : 16 -17 ,1 26 ,p l .4 6 :1 ,4 6 :2 ;P omey e ta l . 1 988 : 3 1 ) . L o sU l la s t re s( f i r s tc en tu ry ) :t h ew r eck d i sp lay sa bou t5 mo fl e ad p ipe st h a tr un p a ra l le lt ot h ef r ame so ft h ew r eck . O ne p i pe t e rm ina t e sa lmo s tp r ec is e ly a bove t h ee x t r em i t ie s o ft h e h ul f r ame s . T he p ip e s r e s t o n t h e n e ck s o fc a rgo a mpho ra s ,a bou t am e t r ea bove t h eh u l lp l ank ing a nd s ome 0 . 80 m a bove w ha t a r e s ugge s t ed t ob e t h e r ema in s o fa c ha in -pump ( Foe r s te rL au re s 1 978 , 1 979 ) . G rand -Ba s s in B( f i r s tt h i rd o ff i r s tc en tu ry ) : al e ad p i p e f r agmen t m ea su r ing a bou t 0 . 30 m l o ng a nd 0 . 05 m i n d i ame t e rw a sr e cove red .T he l e ad i s0 . 004 m t h ick ( So l ie r 1 982 : 8 3 ) . D ramon tD( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) : ap i ece o f as ma l lp i p e s l igh t ly o va l i ns e c t ion a nd 0 . 23 m l o ng h a s am ax imum o u te r d i ame te r o fa bou t 0 . 035 m a nd am ax imum i n ne r d i ame te ro f0 . 03 m ( F io r i &J onche ray 1 973 : 8 9 ,p l . 6 : 10 , 9 0 ) . P e t i t -C ong loue ( r a id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) : al e ad p i p e wa sr e -

2 08

c ove r ed f r om w ha ti sp e rhap st h es t er na r ea o ft h es h ip .I ti s 0 . 53 m l o ng a nd 0 . 005 m t h ick , w i th a no u te rd i ame te ro f 0 . 07 m ( Co r s i -Sc ialano & L iou 1 985 :2 6 ,3 0 ,f i g . 1 4 ) .T h i s t o oi s ad o l ia w r eck ,a nd t h ef u nc t ion o ft h ep i pe c ou ld b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e d o l ia o r ab i lge p ump ( Br enn i 1 985 : 2 52 ) . T i rap e iP romon tory ( m id -f i r s tc en tu ry ) : n od e ta i l s a r e a va i lab le f o r al e ad p i pe d i scove r ed o n t h i s d o l ia w r eck ( Br enn i 1 985 : 2 55 ) . C h i e s s i( l a s tq ua r te ro ff i r s tc en tu ry ) : al e ad p i pe t h a ti s n o tv e ry l o ng a nd h a sf l ange so fd if e ren ts i ze sa te a ch e nd i sa s so c ia t ed w i th as h ee to fl e ad d eco ra t ed w i th ah un t ing s c ene .T he s h ee th a s ah o le a to ne c or ne ri n to w h ich t h ep i p e m igh th ave f i t ,b u tt h ep i pe c ou ld b e as c uppe r( Ro s s i1 982 : 8 0 , f i g .6 6 , 8 1 ,f i g s .6 7 ,6 8 ) . C hr d t i enne I( f i r s tc en tu ry ? ) : ap i pe w i th af l ange a to ne e nd w a sf o und , b u td e ta i ls a r en o tp rov ided ( Pomey e ta l . 1 988 :4 4 ) . G ig l io ( f i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry ) : al e ad p i pe 0 . 30 -0 .35 m in l e ng th w a sr e cove r ed ,a nd i ss ugge s ted t oh ave b een a s so c i a t ed w i th t h e b i lge p ump . N o d i ame te r i sr e po r ted , b u ta m ea su r emen tt a ken f r om t h ep ho tog raph i n d ica t e sa ni n ne r d i ame te rn ea r0 . 06 m ( A robba e ta l . 1 983 : 1 26 , f i g .6 ) . O gn ina ( s econd h a lf o ft h i rd c en tu ry ) : s ome l e ad a nd e a r thenwa r ep i pe sw e r ef o und ,b u tn od e ta i l sa r ea va i lab le ( Ga rgalo 1 972 :4 45 ) .

V LH .4 .A na l y s i so fL eadBoxe sa nd P ipe s . An umbe ro f c ha ra c te r i s t ic sa r ea ppa ren tw i th r e spec tt ol e ad b oxe sa nd p i p e si ng ene ra l . Whe re c ompa r i son sa r ep o s s ib le ,t h ew a l l s o fl e ad b oxe sa r et h inne rt h an t h o se o fp i p e s .P i pe sd i sp lay am a rked c on s i s tency i nd i ame t e r , t h ough i n ne ra nd o u t e r d i ame te r s a r e n o t a lway s s pec if ied i na r cha eo log ica l r e p o r t s .W i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h ep i pe sf r om C ap d e s Med e s , t h ed i ame t e r s o fp i pe sf o und a t ta ched t ob oxe sa r ee s sen t i a l ly 0 . 05 -0 .06 m . A pp rox ima t e ly t wo th i rd so ft h ep i p e s f o und n o ta ta ched t ob oxe sd i sp lay d i ame t e r sb e tween 0 . 05 ma nd 0 . 065 m .T he r ema in ing p i p e sr a nge f r om 0 . 07 m t o 0 . 09 min d i ame te r . V i t ruv iu s( 8 .6 .4 )a nd P l iny ( Na t .3 1 .31 .58 ) ,b o th w r i t ing i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry ,g i ve t h eb a s ic s p ec if ica t ion sg over n ing t h e m anu f a c tu r e o f l e ad p i pe s , o rf i s tu lae p lumb eae ; t h e w e igh ti nR oman p ound sp e rt e nR oman f e e ti ss p ec if ied f o r e a ch s t anda rd s i ze o fp i pe .E a ch s i z ew a sd e s igna ted a cco rd i n g t o t h e w id th o f t h e l e ad s h ee t , e xp r e s sed i nd i g i t i ( "f inge r s" o fc a .0 . 0 185 m e ach ) ,b e fo r ei tw a sb en ta r ound af o rm a nd i t s s e am c l o sed .3 6 F o r e xamp le t h e s ma l le s t s t anda rd p i pe , af i s tu la q u inar ia ,o r" f ive ," w a st h e r e fo r e m ad ef r om al e ad s h ee tf i ve d i g i t i( 0 .0925 m )w ide ;i tw a s t ow e ig h6 0p ound s( c a . 1 9 .65 k g )o ve rt h et e n -foo tl e ng th ( c a .2 . 96 m ) .3 7 S im i la r ly , at e n foo tl e ng th o f a" twen ty "w a s

3 6

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s o lde rp ipe s c on s i s t s o ft wo p a r t s b l ack l e ad ( l ead ) a nd o ne p a r t w h i te l e ad ( t in ) .N r iagu ( 1983 :2 42 )p rov ide sd e sc r ip t ion so ft h r ee a nc ien ts o lde r ing t e chn ique s . 3 7 B a sed o n t h e R oman l i bra o ra s o f3 27 .45 g ram s a nd t h e R oman p e so f0 . 296 m ,c omp r i s ing 1 6d i g i t i( F .N .P ryce ,a nd M . L ang i n OCD2,s . v . "We igh t s" a nd "Mea su re s" ) .

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t ow e igh 2 40 p ounds . S ex tu s J u l ius F ron t inu s , w ho w a s a ppo in ted c ura tor a quarum ( wa te rc omm i s s ione r ) f o r t h e c i ty o fR ome i nA .D .9 7 ,h a s ad i f f e r en tv i ewpo in t ,h oweve r . H ei n c lude si nh i s t r ea t i se o n t h ea queduc t so fR ome ( Aq . 1 . 25 -31) amuch mo re d e ta i led d i s cu s s ion o ft h e s i z ing o f l e ad p ipe s ,a nd d i sag ree sw i th V i t ruv iu sa nd P l iny a st ow ha t t h e p ipe s i ze d e s igna t ions a c tua l ly s i gn if ied . H e s ubm i t s ( Aq . 1 . 25 ) t h a t t h e mo s t p robab le e xp lana t ion i st h a t t h e b a s ic u n i ti nt h en omenc la tu re w a s 1 / 4o f ad i g i tus , s ot h a t aq u inar ia d e s igna ted ap ipe w i th ad i ame te r o f5 / 4 o fa d i g i tus ( =c a .0 . 0231 m ) ,a nd t h a tp ipe s i ze sw e re t e rmed i n

2 1 B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C .? 1B .C .

1B .C . 1B .C . 1B .C . A ugu s tan 1A .C . 1A .C . 1A .C . 1A .C .

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3B .C . 2B .C . 2B .C . 2 1 B .C . 2 / 1 B .C .

1B .C . 1B .C .

P ipes . N od e ta i l sa va i lab le

P e t i t -Cong lou6 T i rap e iP rom . C h ie s s i C h r 6 t ienne I G ig l io H a rbou r Ogn ina

5

P ipe s . N od e ta i l sa va i lab le

C ae sa rea L o s Ula s t re s

D ramon tD G rand -Rouveau L ak eN em i

6

5

D ramon tA S aN au P e rduda C apo T e s ta M .d eG ien s C ap C a rqu ie ranne L aT rade l ie re t i eR ou s se G rand -R ibaud D

3

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A lbenga A n t iky the ra P a lamd s C ap d e s Mede s

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C en tu ry

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1A .C .

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1A .C . 1A .C .

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1A .C . 1A .C . 1A .C . 1A .C . 1A .C .? 1 3 A .C . 3A .C .

t h o se f ound o n o t he r s i te s i n t e rm s o f c on s truc t ion , t h e t h ickne s so ft h el e ad ,a nd t h ed i ame te ro ft h ep ipe s .B u tw i th av o lume o fo n ly a bou t9 . 5 l i t re s , i ti st h es ma l le s tb ox y e t r e cove red t h ec onf igu ra t ion o fw h ich i ss ugge s t ive o fu se i n ab i lge p ump s y s tem . Mo reove r , t h ea r rangemen t o fp ipe h o le si nt h eb ox i sn o te a s i ly c ompa t ib le w i th t h ec oncep to f ac ha in -pump c a tch b a s in . T he p re sence o f ah o le n ea rt h e t o po ft h eb ox o no ne l o ng s i de s ugge s t s ap ipe w a s f i t ted t h e re ,w h ich w ou ld h ave r e qu i red t h a tt h eb i lge w a te r ,a f te r h av ing b een r a ised t o s ome l e ve l , f l owed e i the r f r om a c ha in -pump c a tch b a s in o ro the r( p resumab ly l a rge r )r e se r -

t h i sw ay u pt ot h es i ze o f a" twen ty ," t h ed i ame te ro fw h ich w a st h e re fo re 2 0 /4 =5d i g i t i =c a .0 .0925 m .T he d i ame te r s o ft h e C a e sa r ea p ipe s , c a . 0 . 03 m , w ou ld t h en c o r r e spond

v o i rt h rough t h ep ipe t ot h eb ox .A ss uch ,i twou ld h ave b een as ma l ls e conda ry r e cep ta c le f r om w h ich t h ew a te re x i ted . T h is e l abo ra te a nd c umbe r some a r ran2emen ta rQue s ma ins t

w e l lt ot h a to fa n" e igh t" : 8 /4 = 2d i g i t i =c a .0 . 037 m ; t h e

s u ch ah ypo the s i sa nd u rge sa no the re xp lana t ion .I ft h eb ox w a si n deed p a r to ft h eb i lge e va cua t ion s y s tem ,p e rhap st h e p i pe o nt h el o ng s i de n ea rt h et op w a sc onnec ted t o af o rce p ump t h a td e l ive r ed w a te rd i rec t ly t ot h eb ox .W i th t wo e x i t p i pe so fd i ame te r s e qua l t ot h a to ft h ei npu tp ipe , t h eb ox c ou ld h ave r e c e ived a nd e va cua ted q uan t i t ie s o f w a t e r d e l ive r ed b ya l lb u tt h e mo s te f f ic ien tf o rce p ump .I tmus tb e a cknow ledged ,h oweve r , t h a tt h eb ox a nd p ipe c ou ld h ave s e rved as t i l lu nknown f unc t ion o nt h es h ip . Mo re g ene ra l ly , l e ad b oxe s o n w reck s i te s n eed n o t

d i ame te r so ft h e o the r s i ze s o fp ipe s mo s to f ten f ound o n w reck s i te s( c a .0 .05 -0 .07 m ) ,a r et h en e s sen t ia l ly " twe lve s" ( 12 /4 = 3d i g i t i =0 .055 m ) ,o r" twen t ie s" ( 20 /4 =5d i g i t i= 0 . 0925 m ) .T he s ys tem F ron t inu sd e sc r ibe si sp re sen ted i n t a bu la rf o rm b yL ande l s( 1978 :5 5 ,T ab le 2 )a nd r ep roduced i nH odge ( 1992 : 2 97 ) ,b o th o fw hom d i scus s t h ei s sue si n d ep th ( Lande l s1 978 :4 3 ,44 ,T ab le 1 ,5 1 ,5 ,T ab le 2 ,5 6 -57 ; H odge 1 992 : 2 96 -97 , 3 09 -14 a nd e sp .n n . 1 6 -21) . T he l e ad b ox a nd p ipe s f r om C a e sa rea a r e t y p ica l o f

2 09

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip a lway sb er ega rded a sr emnan t so tb i lge p ump s y s tem s .T h i s s eem se spec ia l ly l i ke ly i nv i ew o ft h el a rge n umbe ro fs i te s t h a th ave y i e lded l e ad p ipe sw i thou tb oxe s .S uch s i te sd a te f r om t h e t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . t h rough t h e f i r s t c en tu ry , i n a dd i t ion t ot h et h i rd -cen tu ry w reck a tO gn ina . P a rke rl i s t s t e n o the rs i te sn o ti n c luded h e re ; a l ld a te f r om t h e s econd

f r om af i shhook t oa n a ncho r c an b e f r eed a nd r e tr ieved ( Foe r s t e rL au re s 1 985b ; P u lak & T ownsend 1 987 : 3 9 -40 ) . Many r i ng so fs t one ,l e ad ,o ri r on h ave b een r e cove red t h a t a r e f a r t o o l a rge t oh ave b een u sed f o r a ny th ing b u t t h e f r ee ing o fh eavy l i ne sa nd r opes .S uch r i ngs h ave b een f ound

c en tury B .C .t h rough t h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C .( Pa rke r 1 992a : e n t ry n o s .1 54 ,9 47 ,9 87 ,9 8 ,1 27 ,1 53 ,1 99 ,436 , 149 , 195 ,

( Pu lak & T ownsend 1 987 :3 9 -41 ) ,D ramon t A( San tama r ia 1 975 : 1 90 ) , G rand C ong loue ( Beno i t 1 961 : 1 76 , p l . 3 0 :1 , 1 78 , f i g .9 4 ) ,L avezz i 5( Bebko 1 971 :4 0 , p l . 3 4 :235 ) ,a nd

f r om e a r l ie s t t ol a te s t ) . F u r the r , al e ad p ipe f ound o n t h e w r eck o f ame rchan tv e sse la tL aC io ta tc ou ld b ea s soc ia ted

a t t h e f o l low ing w reck s i te s : S ewe L iman i ( He l len i s t ic )

p o s s ib ly G igl io ( Bound & Va l l in t ine 1 983 : 14 ,f i g .3 , 19 2 0 ) a nd P o r t ice l lo ( E i seman 1 979 : 4 0 -4 1 , 8 0 , f i gs . 2 . 53 , 2 . 54 ;E i s eman & R idgeway 1 987 :2 3 ,2 4 ,f i gs .2 -23 ,2 -24 ) .3 8

w i th t h eo pe ra t ion o f at e r raco t ta b a igno ir es abo t( s l ippe r b a th ) , ab a th t ub t a k ing t h e f o rm o f as l ippe ro rc l og , a l so r e cove r ed f r om t h e s i te ( Beno i t 1 958 : 2 4 , f i g . 2 8 , 2 5 -26 ; 1 960 : 4 3 ; 1 961 : 1 74 -75 ; G ianf ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 1 82 ) . F ina l ly ,i ti sn o ti n conce ivab le t h a tl e ad p ipe sd i scove r ed o n d o l ia w r eck sc ou ld h ave b een u sed t of i l la nd e mp ty t h o se

S uch a n e t -f ree ing r i ng wa s a l so r ecove red f r om a n u n s t ra t i f ied c on tex ti nt h eh a rbou ro fC ae sa rea ( s ee M28 ) . B ra i l ing R ing s . I n t h e G raeco -Roman p e r iod , s a i lo r s v a r ied t h e s hape o f t h e s a i l a nd t h e a moun t o f s a i l a r ea

g rea tc on ta ine r s . I ti sc u r ious t h a ta l ll e ad b oxe sh ave b een r e cove red f r om

e xpo sed t ot h e w ind b y means o f b ra i d ing l i ne s . T he se

w reck sd a ted t ot h ef i r s tc en tu r ie sB .C .a nd A .C .I ft h ey a r e i ndeed i nd ica t ive o fb i lge p ump s y s tem s , d oe s t h e i r c on s p icuous c onf inemen t t ow r eck s o ft h i s p e r iod m ean t h a t b i lge w a te r w a s h and led d i f f e ren t ly i n e a r l ie r a nd l a t e r p e r iod s? O r i st h i s s imp ly ar ef lec t ion o fo u r i n comp le te k now ledge? S im i la r ly , i ft h eo r ie s c oncer n ing t h e r o le o f l e ad p ipe s i nb i lge p ump s y s tem s a r e c o r re c t , d oe s t h e i r g ene ra l a b sence f r om w reck s a f te r t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . s ugge s tn ew d e s ign sr e su l ted i na no ve ra l ld ec l ine i nt h eu se o fl e ad p ipe s? I nl i gh to ft h e se a nd o t he rq ue s t ion s ,i d en t if i ca t ion o ft h e

c on s i s ted o fr ope sf a s tened p robab ly t ot h eb o l t rope a tt h e b o t tom o ft h es a i lt h a tr an u pt h es a i l 's l e ewa rd f a ce t h rough r i ngs ( p r e sumab ly o f l e ad ) , t h en o ve r t h e y a rd t h rough f a i r lead so rp e rhap ss ma l lb lock sa t tached t ot h ey a rd ,a nd d own t ot h e d eck a f t . A sc ond i t ion sd i c ta ted , t h e s a i l a r ea w a sd ec r ea sed o ri n c rea sed b yh au l ing i no rp ay ing o u tt h e b luf f ing l i ne sa l ong t h el e ng th o ft h es a i l( Ca s son 1 986 :f i g . 1 88 ) . G r eek a nd R oman p i c to r ia le v idence f o rb ra i l ing l i ne si s p l en t if u l ( DeV r ie s &K a tzev 1 972 : 5 6 -57 , i l s . 1 0 , 1 , 1 3 ;

C ae sa r ea b ox a sp a r to f ab i lge p ump a ppa ra tus i sd ub iou s ,

C a sson 1 986 :f i gs .3 3 ,8 1 ,8 2 ,9 0 ,9 1 , 10 , 17 ,1 50 ,1 51 ,a nd p o s s ib ly f i g s .8 8 , 8 9 ;T h roc lano r ton 1 972 : 7 2 ,f i g . 1 ) ,b u t

a l though i t s a s soc ia t ion w i th af o rce p ump s hou ld n o tb e d i scoun ted . T he b ox c on t r ibu te s l i t t le t ot h e d a t ing o ft h e w reck ,b u ti ti ss ugge s t ive ( s ee b e low S ec t ion V I .M .1) .

a c tua l r i ng s d on o t a ppea r i nt h e r e p re sen ta t ion s u n t i l t h e R oman p e r iod . Two v e s se ls w i th b ra i l ing g ea r , i n c lud ing r i ngs ,a r ed ep ic ted i n amosa ic o f aN i le s c ene d a t ed t ot h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C .( V ie re ck 1 975 :p ho to 8 ) .B luf f ing r i ng sa r e

V U. L ead R ing sf rom Med i terranean S i te s . V LLI . I n t roduc t ion . T he s ma l l l e ad r i ng sr e cove red a t C aesa r ea c ou ld h ave s e rved a se i the rb ra i l ing r i ng so rl i ne o r n e t" t r ip s ." T he q ue s t ion o ff unc t ion i sp rob lema t ic ,b ecau se n o b ra i l ing r i ngs h ave e ve rb een d i scove red f a s tened t oa s a i l , s oi ti sn o tk nown w h ich o ft h e s und ry t y pe so fr i ng s f ound o nw reck s i tes w e re u sed f o rb ra i l ing .K nown r i ng sa r e c i rcu la r , s em i -c i rcu la r , o r r e c tangu la r i ns e c t ion , w i th o r

a l so v i s ib le o n as a i li n ar e l ie fi nt h eL amou rgu ie r mu seum i nN a rbonne ( Rouge 1 966 : p l . 4 :b ) , o n t h e f amou s P o r tu s r e l ief o f c a . A .D . 2 00 ( Ca sson 1 986 : f i gs . 1 44 , 1 46 ; T h rockmo r ton 1 972 :8 6 ,i l . 1 6 ) ,a nd o n av esse li n amo sa ic f r om at h i rd -cen tu ry h ouse i nR ome ( Ca s son 1 986 :f i g .1 54 ) . T he re a r en ume rou sl i t e ra ry r e f e rence st ob luf f i ng l i ne s i nH ome r( Od . 5 . 260 ) , H e rodo tus ( 2 .36 ) , a nd l a te rw r i te r s ( Ca s son 1 986 : 2 59 , n . 3 ) , b u t f ew t o t h e a c tua l r i ngs t h em se lve s( Ca s son 1 986 : 2 57 , n .1 35 , 2 58 ,n .1 36 ) .

w i thou tl u gs ,h o le s ,o rs p l i t s ;t h ey c an e xh ib i ta ny c omb ina V LI .2 . C a ta logue o fL ead R ing sf rom A r chaeo log i ca l

t i on o ft h ese f e a tu re s . Mo r eove r ,w hen an umbe ro fr i ng sa r e f ound i na s soc ia t ion o ri nc l o se p rox im i ty ,t h ey u sua l ly v a ry

S i t e s . N ume rous s i te s t h roughou t t h e Med i t er ranean h ave

i ns i ze o rd e s ign ,o rb o th .T he i s sue i sc l ouded f u r the rb yt h e w el -known p ra c t ice o f mode rn a sw e l la sa nc ien ts ea fa re r s o fu s ing r i ng st of r ee o b jec t sa ss ma l la sf i sh h ook sa nd a s l a rge a sa ncho r sf r om t h es ea b o t tom .S uch r i ng sa r eo f ten i d en t ica l i nd e s ign t os ma l le rr i ng s t h ough t t ob e b ra i l ing r i ngs . C onsequen t ly , i ti se s sen t ia l ly i mpo s s ib le t od e te r -

y i e lded l e ad r i ngs s im i la rt ot ho se f ound a tC ae sa rea , b u t mo s ta r el a rge r ,a nd m any d i sp lay a dd i t iona l f e a tu r es .T he f o l low ing a l phabe t ica ll i s to fs i te sy i e ld ing l e ad r i ngs i sn o t e xhau s t ive , b u ti ti sp robab ly r ep re sen ta t ive o f mo s t s uch r i ng sf ound t od a t e .T he re i sl i t t le o rn op rac t ica ld i f f e rence b e tween t h er i ngs , w he the r t hough tt ob eb ra i l ing r i ng so r

m ine t h ep rec i se f unc t ion o fa ny s ma l ll e ad r i ng f ound a l one

" t r ip s ." L aB a l i se d uP r e t r e( s econd c en tu ry B .C . ) : al e ad r i ng i s s p l i to no ne s i de a nd h a s al u gp i e rced b yo ne h o le .I nne rr i ng

o nt h es ea f l oo r . L ine o rN e t" T r ips ." When r i ngs a r eu sed i nt h i sc apa c i t y , al i ne i st i ed t h rough ah o le i nt h er i ng o rr i ng l u g ,o rt o t h er i ng i t se lf .T he r i ng i ss l ipped o ve rt h ef ou led l i ne o rn e t a nd a l lowed t os l ide d own t ow he r ei ti sc augh to rh ung u p . B y maneuve r ing t h e r i ng w i th t h e a t ta ched l i ne , a ny th ing

2 10

d imens ion sa r ec a .0 . 085 x0 .067 m ,a nd o u te rd imen s ion s ,

3 8

S ee Moucho t ( 1970b : 3 12 , 3 13 , f i g . 6 ) a nd P u lak &

T own send ( 1 987 : 4 0 -41 ,n n .3 9 ,4 0 ,4 6 -49 )f o ro the re xamp le so f l a rge r i ng st h ough tt ob el i ne o rn e t" t r ip s ."

WI :L ead R ings i n c lud ing t h el u g ,a r ec a .0 . 116 x0 .098 m ( Bebko 1 971 : 3 , 1 2 ,p l . 5 : 26 ) . B ru zz iI s land s : al e ad r i ng c a .0 . 12 m i no u te rd i ame te r

ma nd 0 .055 x0 . 06 m ( Uce l l i 1 950 : 4 12 ) . L ave z z i 5( d ispe r sed s i te ) : as ma l ll e ad r i ng o n ly c a .0 . 07 m in o u te rd i ame t e rw a sr e cove red ( Bebko 1 971 :4 1 ,p l .3 5 :

d i sp lay ing al u gw i th ah o le i st e rmed ab r a i l ing r i ng ( Bebko 1 971 : 5 3 ,p l .4 8 :326 ) ,b u ts e em s ab i tl a rge f o rt h ep u rpo se .

2 40 ) . Mand ia ( e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) : b ronze r i ngs ame re

C ap d 'An t ibes : al e ad r i ng h a sa no u t e rd i ame te ro f0 . 085 m( Bound a nd V a l l in t ine 1 983 : 1 20 ) .

0 . 02 m i nd i ame te r ,w i th l u g sb u tn oh o le sa nywhe re ,w e re i d en t if ied a sb ra i l ing r i ng s( Beno i t 1 952 : 2 75 ; 1 961 : 1 79 ) .

C ap d es W d es ( f i r s t c en tu ry B .C .? ) : t h ree l e ad r i ngs w e re f ound b enea th t h e l e ad t a nk t h a th ad f a l len i n to t h e s ha f t o f t h e b i lge p ump . T hey a r e d e sc r ibed a s " open" ( Tche rn ia 1 969b :4 77 ) .

T aran to ( c a . 3 50 B .C . ) : ar i ng s im i la rt ot ho se f ound a t G rand C ong loue w a sr e cove red ( McCann 1 972 : 1 82 ) . T r e S enghe A ( s econd o rf i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) : t wo l e ad r i ngs w e re f ound o nt h ew reck s i te ( F re sch i 1 982b ) .

C he i enne C ( 175 -150 B .C . ) : ar ounded p i ece o fw ood w i th o ne s t ra igh te dge h a so ne l a rge h o le i nt h ec en t r ea nd t wo s ma l le ro ne sa long t h es t ra igh te dge .T he w ood i ss ome 0 .016 m t h ick a nd 0 .055 x0 .053 m a tt h es t ra igh te dge .T he c en t ra lh o le i s0 .03 m i nd i ame te r , t h es ma l le ro ne sa bou t 0 . 008 m . No s pec if ic f unc t ion i sp ropo sed f o r t h is o b jec t ( J onche r ay 1 975a : 1 04 , 1 05 ,f i g .5 0 :3 ) .I t sc onf igu ra t ion i s c ons is ten tw i th s e rv ice a s ab ra i l ing r i ng , a si tc ou ld h ave b een a t ta ched t ot h e s a i lb y mean s o ft h e t wo s ma l l h o le s a l ong t h es t ra igh te dge .T he w e igh ta dvan tage o ve rl e ad i s o bv ious ,b u tr e l iab i l i ty a nd l o ngev i ty m igh tb ei n f e r io r .T he d iame te ro ft h e c en t ra l h o le s eem s b a re ly s u ff ic ien t f o r a b luf f ing r ope ,h oweve r . G ig l io ( c a .6 00 B .C . ) :f ou rr i ngs a r ek nown t oh ave c ome f r om t h e w reck . Two a r e f l a t o n o ne s u r f a ce a nd i n ne r d i ame te r sa r ec a .0 .05 m ;o u te rd i ame te r sa r ej u s tu nde r0 . 07 m .T he r ea r en ol ug s ,h o le s ,o rs p l i t so ne i the ro ft h ese t wo r i ngs ( Bound 1 985 : 6 0 ,f i g .5 . 9 ,6 1 ) . G rand C ong loud ( 1 10 -70 B .C . ) :n ume rou sl e ad r i ngs o f

Sma l ll e ad r i ngs t hough tt ob el i ne " t r ip s" h ave a l so b een f ound o f fI l eR iou ( Duma s1 972a : 11 , 13 ,p ho to 2 ) ,a nd o f f t h eS i c i l ian c oa s t( Ga rga l lo 1 962 : 1 94 , 1 95 , f i g .5 ) . L ead r i ngs h ave b een r e cove red f r om i s o la ted s po t s a l ong v a r ious ma in land a nd i s land c oa s t l ine s , w i th n o a r c haeo log ica l c on tex t , a nd t h e refo re c ou ld b e mode rn o r a nc ien t( Beno i t1 960 :4 3 ; Moucho t1 970b : 3 11 ,f i g .4 ,3 12 , f i g . 5 ;F io r i &J onche ray 1 973 : 8 9 , p l . 6 : 1 -6 ) . O ne l e ad b luf f ing r i ng ( M29 ) w a s r e cove red f r om a n u n s t ra t if ied c on tex ti nt h eC ae sa rea h a rbou r . V I .I .3 . C onc lus ions . T h is s ea r ch f o r r i ngs c onf igu red l i ke t h o se f r om C ae sa rea h a sr e vea led t h a ta pp rox ima te ly 1 o f3 4r i ngs i lus t ra ted i nt h er e f e rence sh ave n ol u gs ,s p l i t s , o rh o le s . B u ti ts e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h ev a s t ma jo r i ty o fr i ng s t h a th ave b een f ound o nt h e Med i te r ranean s ea b ed h ave n o t b een p ub l ished , s o a ny s t a temen t s r e ga rd ing t h e r e la t ive

a l ls i ze sw e r er e cover ed . Mo s t( 80 )w e re o n ly c a .0 . 08 m i n o u te rd i ame te r ,a nd a sa tC a esa r ea ,o c cu r red i nt h r ee f o rms : f l a to nb o th f a ces ,r ounded o no ne f a ce a nd f l a to nt h eo t he r , a nd r ound ed o nb o th f a ce s( Beno i t1 96 1 : 1 76 ,p l .3 0 ,1 77 ,p l . 3 1 , 1 78 ,f i g .9 4 ) .S ome r i ng so fd i ame t e r0 .09 -0 .12 m h ave l u gs p i e r ced b yo ne o rt wo h o les ( Beno i t1 96 1 : 1 76 ,p l .3 0 :2 6 ) . At h ick r i ng o fo n ly 0 . 05 m d i ame te r e xh ib i t s ah o le t h rough t h er i ng i t se l f( Beno i t1 952 :2 74 ,f i g .3 7 ;1 96 1 : 1 77 , p l . 3 1 :1 ) .S ome o ft h es ma l lr i ngs 0 .08 -0 .09 m i nd i ame te r a nd 0 . 01 -0 .03 m in s ec t ion s how s i gn so fw ea r( Beno i t1 952 : 2 74 ) .S ome a r es t re tched a nd d i s to r ted i nt h ed i rec t ion o ft h e l u gs ,a nd o t he r sa r ef o lded o ve rt h em se lves .O ne r i ng w i th al ug i ss p l i to no ne s i de ( Beno i t1 961 : 1 76 ,p l .3 0 :3 ) ,w h i le s p l i t sa l so o c cu ri no the rr i ngs w i th n ol u gs ( Beno i t 1 961 : 1 76 ,p l . 3 0 :7 ,9 ) . G u ida loca ( Repub l ican p e r iod ) :r i ngs o fl e ad a r eo nt h e s i te ,b u tn od e ta i ls a r ea va i lab le ( Pu rpu ra 1 986 : 1 57 ) . K y ren ia ( l a te f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . ) : mo re t h an 1 00 f l a t l e ad r i ng st h ough tt ob eb ra i l ing r i ngs w e re d i scove r ed i nt h e

f r equency o fo ccu r rence o ft h ev a r ious c onf igu ra t ion sa nd t h e i ru se e i the ra sb ra i l ing r i ngs o rl i ne " t r ip s" i sp rema tu re . T he l e ad r i ng s f ound o n o t he r s h ipw r eck s i tes mus t h ave b e en u sed i nb o th c apa c i t ie s , a sb o th f u nc t ion sc ou ld h ave b een s e rved b ya lmo s ta ny c onf igu ra t ion . B ecause t h e d i ame te r s o f t h e C ae sa rea r i ngs ( 0 .018 0 . 037 m ) a r e a mong t h e s ma l les t t h a t h ave b een r epo r ted f r om t h ea bove s i te s , t h ey c ou ld h ave s e rved a sl i ne " t r ip s" o ra sb ra i l ing r i ng so n ar a the rs ma l ls a i ll i ke a na r temon ,a s t h en eed a ro se .

V I .J . C ordage U sed o n G raeco -Roman Med i ter ranean S h ip s . L i te ra ry a nd p i c to r ia le v idence f o rt h en a tu re o fa nc ien t c o rdage i ss pa r se ,a nd i t so rgan ic n a tu re make si tr e la t ive ly u ncommon o n b o th t e r r e s t r ia l a nd u nde rwa te r s i te s . I n R oman t imes r ope make r s w e re k nown a s r e s t iones ( Sue ton iu s , A ug . 2 . 6 ) , b u t t h e re s e em t o b e n o d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ions o f t h e a c tua l m ak ing o fr ope i nt h e G rae co R oman l i t e ra tu re . R ouge ( 1966 : 1 91 , n .3 ) t h eo r ize s t h a t

s t e rn a r ea o f t h e s h ip ( Sw iny & K a tzev 1 973 : 3 51 ) . N o d e ta i l sa r ea va i lab le ,b u to ne p ho tog raph s how sr i ngs w i th n os p l i t s , l u gs o rh o le sa nywhe re ( Ka t zev 1 970 : 8 53 ,8 54 ) .

t h e re w e re w o rke r s k nown a ss t uppa tor e s r e s t ione s ( r ope c au lke r s )w ho a pp l ied t a ro rp i tch t oc o rdage t oi mp rove i t s

O the r r i ng s d o e xh ib i t l u gs w i th h o le s i n t h em ( S tef fy ,

d u rab i l i ty a t s e a , b u t h e a cknow ledge s i ti sa n a lmo s t u nver if iab le i d ea b a sed o n ly o n amo sa ic a tO s t ia .W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f( a tl e a s t )o ne p i ece o fr ope f r om t h ew reck a t Ma 'agan M icha e l , I s rae l , a nd t h e r ope s u sed t oh e lp b ind t o ge the rt h er i ve r v e s se l f ound a tV a l le P on t i , p i tch o rt h e l i ke i sn o tr epor ted o nc o rdage d e sc r ibed i nt h ea r chaeo log i -

p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) . L a Mad rague d e G iens ( 60 -40 B .C . ) : s ome o ft h e l e ad ( a nd w ood )r i ngs f ound o n t h ew r eck a r eb e l ieved t oh ave b e longed t o as a i l( L iou & P omey 1 985 :5 65 ,5 67 ,a nd n .6 7 ) . L ak e N em i ( m id -f i r s t c en tury ) : f i ve l e ad r i ng s w e r e f ound ,t h ree o fw h ich w e re o b long a nd m ea su red 0 . 05 x0 . 10 m ,0 . 06 x0 . 10 m ,a nd 0 . 07 x0 . 10 m . Two w e re 0 . 05 x0 .06

c a l l i t e ra tu re Ih ave r e ad , b u t r e s t ione s a nd s t uppa tor e s s ha r ed as t a l li nt h eP ia zza d e l le C o rpo raz ion ii nO s t ia ,a nd p robab ly w e re c l o se ly a s soc ia ted ( He rman sen 1 982 ) . 2 11

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip V LJ .1 . L i terar y R ef erence s t oN au t ica l C ordage . I n Od y ssey 1 0 .165 -68 , Odys seus w eave s t o ge the rt w igs a nd o s ie r s( p robab ly w i l low )t of a sh ion aw e l l tw i s ted r ope w i th w h ich h e h au l s ad owned s t ag b a ck t oh i s h ung ry men . X enophon ( Cyn . 2 . 5 , 1 0 .2 ) s pec if i e s t h e n umbe ro fy a rn s a nd s t rand st ob eu sed f o rt h e c o rd so fd i f f e ren ts i ze sa nd t y pe so fh un t ing n e t s .P o l lux ( 5 .27 )p rov ide ss im i la ri n fo r ma t ion f o rp a r t icu la rk ind so fr ope ( Ga i tz sch 1 985 :4 6 -47 ) . Ga i tz sch ( 1985 :4 6 ,a nd n .2 3 )a l so n o te st h a t ,a l though w e h ave n o d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion s o fr ope manufa c tu re i nt h e l i t e ra tu re ,t h e r ea r er e f e rence sf r om C la s s ica lG r eek t ime st o t h ed ev ice su sed t ot w is tt h ef i be r s . A nc ien tw r i te r sm en t ion s h ip 's r ope s made o fp apy ru s , f l ax ,h emp ,a nd e spa r to g ra ss .I nH ome rt h e re i sar e f e renc e t o as h ip 's c ab le made f r om b yb los ,t h ep apy ru sp l an t( Od . 2 1 .390 -91) .T heoph ra s tus w r i te so fp apy rus r ope s made b y t h e E gyp t ians , a nd t h a t A n t igonus f a sh ioned f r om i tt h e c ab le s f o r h i s s h ip s ( HP 4 .8 .4 ) . H e rodo tus ( 7 .25 .1 , 3 4 .1 , 3 6 .3 )r e la te st h a tX e rxe s ' b r idge a c ro ss t h e S t rymon r i ve r w a sb u i l tw i th r ope s made o fp apyru s f ur n i shed b y E gyp t i an s ,a nd w i th f l ax r ope s made b yP hoen ic ian s .I nt h eL oeb e d i t ion o fH e rodo tus ( God ley 1 922 :3 39 ,n .1 )i ti sn o ted t h a t T öX cuK6X Lvov ,w h ich i st r an s la ted a sf l ax i nt h i sp a s sage ,i s a ppa ren t ly S pan ish e spa r to g ra ss i mpor ted b y t h e P hoen ic ian s . I nE u r ip ide s( IT 1 043 ) as h ip i s moo red w i th " f laxen b r id le s ," a nd O v id t e l l so f as a i ll owe red b y( p re sum a b ly r ope s o f ) " tw i s t ed f l ax" ( F as t . 3 . 587 ) .3 9 We h ave m en t ion o fp a lm f i be rr ope i n ap apyru sf r agmen t( Ca sson 1 986 : 2 57 , n . 1 35 , 2 58 ) a nd P l iny ( Na t . 1 6 .37 .89 ) s ay s s t rong r opes o fp a lm l e ave s a r e made i nt h e e a s t a nd a r e e spec ia l ly s u i ted f o r u se i n w a te r . A cco rd ing t o R ouge ( 1981 :6 6 -67 ) ,t h e re a r ea l so r e f e rence st ot h e ma r i t ime u se o fl i nden b a rk a nd c e r ta in r u she s .R ope s made f r om h emp a cqu i red f r om t h eR hone v a l ley a nd S pan i sh e spa r to g ra s s a r e i n c luded i n ad e sc r ip t ion o f t h e e qu ipmen t u sed o n H ie ro 's S yracus ia ( A thenaeu s5 . 206 f ;t r an s la t ion i nC a s son

man w i th a t o o l f o r t w i s t ing t h e s t rand s t oge the r w a lk s b a ckwa rd a way f r om a s econd man h o ld ing t h e s t rand s t a ugh t .F in i shed r ope sh ang o n t h ew a l lw h i le o t he r sl i eo n t h ef l oo r( Ga i tz sch 1 985 :4 7 ,f i g . 1 ) . Ar e l ief o n as a rcopha g us o ft h eR oman I mpe r ia lp e r iod f ound a tO s t ia d ep ic t sa s hoemake r a nd a r opemake r . T he l a t te r i su s ing a t o o l s omewha t s im i la r t ot h e o ne i nt h e p a in t ing a tT hebe s t o t w i s ts ome t y pe o f ma te r ia lt oge the r .A si tw ou ld t a k e mo re t h an o ne p e r son t ot w is ta nd f a sh ion s t rand si n to ar op e ,t h i s s c ene i si n te rp re ted a sa ni lus t ra t ion o fy a rns b e ing t w i s ted i n to s t r and s( Ga i tz sch 1 985 : 4 4 , f i g . 7 ,4 9 ) . R ope sa r es hown a sl a id e i the rr i gh to rl ef t , b u tu sua l ly t h e re a r ee xamp les o fb o th i nt h es ame r ep re sen ta t ion .T h i s o ccu r s o n t h e P o r tus r e l ief ( Ca sson 1 986 : f i gs . 1 44 , 1 46 ; T h roc lano r ton 1 972 :8 6 ,i l .1 6 ) ,o nT ra ja n ' sC o lumn ( Ca s son 1 986 : f i g . 1 50 ) , o n as a rcophagus f ound a tS idon ( Ca s son 1 986 : f i g . 1 56 ; T h roc lano r ton 1 972 : 8 0 , i l . 2 ) , a nd o n a s a rcophagus f r om B e i ru t ( Ca s son 1 986 : f i g . 1 47 ) . T he se r e l ie f sd a t et ot h es e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s . S im i la rp rob l em s a r e f ound i n n on -nau t ica l r e p re sen ta t ion s . O n t h e Monumen to ft h eH a te r i i ,d a ted t oc a .A .D . 1 00 ,t h er ope so n t h el e f ts i de o ft h ec r ane a r el a id l e f t ,w h i le t h o se t ot h er i gh t o ft h ec r ane a r el a id r i gh t .T h i sc er ta in ly s e ems c u r iou s ,a nd w e may w onde ri ft h e re w e re n o ts ome a e s the t ic r e a son f o r t h is s cheme . T he re i sa n i n con s i s ten cy i n t h i s p a t t er n , h oweve r . Ar ope p a s s ing t h rough t h es e cond b lock f r om t h e t o po ft h ec r ane o nt h el e f ts i de i sl a id r i gh ta si tc ome so f f t h et op o ft h es heave ,a nd l a id l e f ta si tc ome so f ft h eb o t tom o ft h es ame s heave ( Shaw 1 967 : p l . 7 8 :a ; Wh i te 1 984 : 1 5 , f i g .3 ) .N au t ica lr ope sd ep ic ted o n ap o r t ion o ft h et r iumpha l a r ch a tO range ( c a . 2 1-27 ) , h oweve r , a r e a l l l a id i no ne d i rec t ion ,t ot h er i gh t( Amy e ta l . 1 962 :p l .2 5 ;O le son 1 983 : 1 60 , f i g . 5 ) . T h i s e v idence d emon s t ra t es t h e f u t il i ty o f a t temp t ing t od e te rm ine f r om r ep re sen ta t ions i fr op e s o f p a r t icu la r s i ze s a nd f unc t ions w e re c ha rac te r i s t ica l ly l a id l e f to rr i gh t .T he a r cha eo log ica le v idence i smo re h e lp fu l .

1 986 : 1 91 -94 ) . P l iny ( Na t . 1 9 .8 .29 ) s ay s t h a to n d ry l a nd h emp r ope sa r ep re f e r r ed t ot ho se o fe spa r to g ra s s ,b u tt h a t

V LJ .3 . R ema ins o f Anc ien t N au t i ca l C ordage . A l -

S pan i sh e spa r to g ra s sh a su n r iva l led u t i l i ty i nw a te r ,a ts e a , a nd f o rt h er i gg ing o fs h ip sa nd o the rt h ing s( Na t .1 9 .7 -8 .26 3 0 ) .I n2 17 B .C .H a sd ruba l ,t h ef ounde ro fC a r thago N uovo ( Ca r tagena ) ,a cqu i red ag rea tq uan t i ty o fe spa r to g ra s s f o r h i sn avy ( L ivy 2 2 .20 .6 ) . 4°

t h ough n o td i rec t ly p e r t inen tt o ac ompa ra t ive a s se s smen to f t h e r ope s f r om t h e C ae sa rea w reck , t h ec o rdage f r om t h e R oya l s h ip o fC heop s , C ape G e l idonya , a nd E z ion G ebe r ( E i la t )i si n c luded h e re f o rc omp le tene s s .4 1 R oya lS h ip o fC heop s( c a .2 500 B .C . ) :t h ep i tt h a th e ld t h e

V LJ .2 . V i sua l R epre sen ta t ions o fC ordage . D e ta i led

d i sman t led v e s se lc on ta ined g r ea tq uan t i t ie so fr ope m ade f r om t he l e aves a nd c u lms ( s tems ) o f h a lfa g ra ss

d ep ic t ion so fr ope so ns h ip so ft h eG reek a nd R oman p e r iod a r er e la t ive ly s ca rce ,a nd t h ey c on t r ibu te l i t t le t oo u rk now l e dge o fw ha tk ind so f ma te r ia ls w e r eu sed o rh ow r ope sw e re

( Desmos tachyab ip inna ta L . ) .T hey w e r eo fd i ame te r s0 . 0 1 , 0 . 015 ,a nd 0 . 025 m ( Nou re ta l . 1 960 :4 2 -45 ,4 9 ,6 8 ,6 9 ,a nd p l s .3 2 :B ,3 8 :B ,4 1 :A ,6 3 :A ,6 3 :B ,6 4 ,6 5 ) .S ome r ope ss t i l l

made .T he o lde s tr ep re sen ta t ion o fr ope -mak ing a ppea r si n aT heban t omb p a in t ing d a ted a bou t1 500 B .C .i nw h ich o ne

4 1

A tX an ten H a rbo ro nt h eu ppe rR h ine ,t h eR oman s i te k nown

a sC o lon ia U lp ia T ra iana ( A .C .7 0 -305) y i e lded f ou rp i ece so fr ope T he t r an s la t ion so fb o th E u r ip ides a nd O v id a r eb yC a s son ( 1971 : 2 31 , n .2 7 ) . R . W i l l iams ( 1986 ) a r gue s p l aus ib ly f o r t h e a va i lab il i ty o ff l ax i nt h e P y lo s a r ea d ur ing t h e l a te rf i f th c en tu ry 3 9

B .C . , a nd n o tes t h ep lan tw a s wo rked i nt h ea r ea i nt h e 1 950 s .S he p ropo se st h a ti nA ch i l le id 1 . 413 -22 ,S ta t ius i sr e f er r ing t oN e s to r 's c on t r ibu t ion n o t o fs i ege e ng ine s b u t o ff l axen r ope s t ot h e w a r e fo r ta ga ins tT roy . 4 0

S ee T or r( 1964 : 9 7 , n .2 11) f o ro the rg ene ra lr e f e rences t o

r ope .

made f r om t h er o l led l e aves o fS t ipa t e nac i ss ima . N o tf ound i na n au t ica lc on t ex tb u ti n aw e l l ,t h ef r agmen t sa r e0 . 035 m i nd iame te r a nd t o ta la bou t0 . 80 m i nl e ng th . E ach i s made o ft wo s t rand sl a id r i gh t ;e ach s t rand i s0 .02 -0 .025 m t h ick ,c on s is t ing o fy a rns 0 . 004 0 .006 m i nd i ame te r . T he y ams e ach c omp r i sed t w is ted f i be r s 0 . 0003 -0 .0007 m t h ick ( Kö rbe r -G rohne 1 979 ) . P ompe i ih a s y i e lded n ume rous t ype s a nd s i ze s o fc a rbon ized c o rdage . S ome f r agmen t s a r e h emp , o f t h ree s t rands l a id l e f t . D iame te r sr a nge f r om 0 .003 -0 .025 m ( Ga i tz sch 1 985 :4 1 ,4 2 ,f i g . 3 ) .

2 12

V U: C ordage l a shed t imbe r s t o ge the r ( p l . 6 3 :A ) , o t he r s w e re t h rown b e tween t h el a ye r so f wood ( p l .6 3 :B ) , a nd al a rge n umbe r w e re f ound b enea th t h e wooden m embe r s ( p l . 6 4 ) . T h i s a r rangemen to fb o th " new" a nd u sed r ope m ake sf e a s ib le t h e

d i scove red o n t h ee xpo sed s ea b ed , t wo w i th r ope st i ed t o t h em .B o th r ope sa nd t h ec o rd s e iz ing t h er ope o fA ncho rA a r ei d en t i f ied a sl e a f le t so ft h ed a te p a lm ,P hoen ixdac ty l if era , al o ca l ly a va i lab le m a te r ia l . T he A ncho r Ar ope , D0 . 035 -

n o t ion t h a ta tl e a s ts ome o fi tw a sn au t ica li nn a tu r e ,s ot h a t

0 .04 m ,i so ft wo s t rand sl a id l e f t .E ach s t rand mea su re s0 . 02 m in d i ame te ra nd i st w i s ted t ot h er i gh t .T he a s soc ia ted c o rd c on s i s t so ft wo s t rand sl a id r i gh ta nd i s0 .0035 -0 .0038 m i n

t h eb oa tc ou ld b ep rope r ly r e a s semb led a nd o p e ra ted i nt h e a f te rwo r ld ( s ee a l so p l . 3 8 :B ) . L ipke ( 1985 : 2 1) r epo r t s d i ame te r so f0 .0 1 ,0 .015 ,a nd 0 .02 m ,b u tt h e se d imen s ion s a r en o ta d jus ted f o rs h r inkage ( t h i sm igh ta l so b et r ue f o rt h e d imen s ions i nN ou re ta l . 1 960 ,a sw e l l ) . L ipke a l so s t a t e s

d i ame te r .T he s t rand sa r ei nt u rn made f r om y a rn sc a .0 . 002 m i nd i ame te r , t w i s ted l e f t . T he r ope d i scove red t i ed t o

t h a t mo s to ft h ec o rdage i so ft h ree s t and sl a id r i gh t ,b u ti n t h ei lu s t ra t ion si ti sa l ll a id l e f t( s ee L ipke 1 984 : 1 4 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 7 ,f i g . 1 2 ,2 4 ,9 1 ,f i g .6 0 ; 1 985 :2 4 ,f i gs . 3 . 4 ,3 . 5 ,2 7 ) . H e d e sc r ibes t h er ope a si tr eced es f r om t h e v i ewe r , h oweve r ( L ipke ,p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ; s e ep .1 65 n .2 ) . C ape G e l idonya ( s econd h a l fo ft h i r teen th c en tu ry B .C . ) : t h ew reck s i te y i e lded p i ece so ft h ree d i f f e r en tr ope s .O ne s ma l lf r agmen to fd i ame te r0 . 009 -0 .010 m c on s is t ed o ft wo s t rand sl a id l e f t .T he s t rand se ach h ad d i ame te r so f0 . 005 0 .0057 m , a nd w e re f a sh ioned f r om a bou t s even s t em s l o ose ly t w is ted r i gh t . Two l e ng th s o fr ope o fu n spec if i ed d i ame ter w e re made f r om g r a ss a nd p a lm f i be r s .T he p a lm f i be r sb e long t ot h eg enu sH yphaene ,a nd a r ep o s s ib ly f r om t h ed oum p a lm ( Hyphaene t h eba ica Ma r t . ) .T he g ra s sw a s p e rhap sS t ipa t e nac i ss ima L . ,e spa r to g ra s s , b u tt h i sc ou ld n o t b e d e te rm ined p o s i t ive ly . S t rand s c on s i s ted o f s uch f i be r st w is ted l o o se ly t ot h er i gh t ,t wo o fw h ich w e re t h en l a id l e f tt of o rm t h er ope .T he t h i rd r ope t ype c on s is ted o fa s amp le 1 . 5ml o ng made f r om t w i s ted g ra s ss t em s ,p o s s ib ly o fP hragm i tes c ommun is v a r . i s iacus ( Tay lo r 1 967 : 1 6° -

A ncho r Ci s0 . 053 -0 .056 m i nd iame te r ,o ft h r ee s t rand sl a id l e f t , e a ch 0 . 025 -0 .030 m i n d i ame te r a nd t w i s ted r i gh t ( Hada s 1 992 ; S h imon i ,Y ucha , & We rke r 1 992 ) . C ap G ro s ( e nd o f t h e s e cond t of i r s t h a lf o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) : r emnan t s o f t h e r ope w h ich c a r r ied t h e w ooden d i sk so f ac ha in -pump w e re f ound w i th in s ome o f t h e d i sk s . T he r ope i se i the r S t ipa t e nac i ss ima , L ygeum s par tum ( ah a l fa g ra ss , a nd a no the r s ou r ce o fe spa r to ) , o r Ampe lod esmos t e nax ( a lso k nown a s Ampe lodesmos m aur i tan ica )( J onche ray 1 989a : 7 5 ,p ho to , 7 6 ) . C ap Nar ( f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) :u n iden t if ied p l a i ted v ege ta l c o rdage w a s u sed t o a i d t h e f a s ten ing o f f r ame s t o t h e p l ank ing ( c f .S ec t ion V I .F .1 . )( Pomey e ta l . 1 988 : 2 -3 ) .

6 1) . E z ion -Geber ( e igh th t o f ou r th c en tu r ies B .C . ) : r ope s

P rocch io ( Roman ) : ac o i lo fs ub s tan t ia l r ope i sc l ea r ly l a id l e f t ,a nd a ppea r st ob eo ft h ree s t rand s ,b u tn od e sc r ip t i on i sp rov ided ( Ca rpano 1 986 : p ho to sp p . 1 24 , 1 35 ) . V a l l e P on t i ( Comacch io ) ( l a s t q ua r te r o f f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . ) :b o th p l a i ted a nd t w is ted c o rdage o fS t ipa t e nac i s s ima w a su s ed t oh e lp f a s ten t h eh u l lo ft h i sr i ve rv es se l .T h ree s t rand p l a i ted c o rdage amax imum o f0 . 013 m w ide a nd 0 . 008 m t h ick w a se mp loyed t ob ind t o ge the rt h ef r ames a nd h u l lp l ank ing .T he s t rand sa te ach e nd o ft h el e ng th so fp l a i t w e r el e f tl o o se .R op e sc omp r is ing t h ree o rf ou rs t rand sl a id

p e rhap s f r om n au t ica l c on tex t s w e re f ound a tt h is p o r to f K ing S o lomon 's m e rchan tf l e e t( DeV r ie s &K a tzev 1 972 :

l e f tm ea su re 0 . 04 m ,0 . 054 m ,a nd 0 . 08 min d i ame te r .T ha t m ea su r ing 0 . 054 m c on s i s t so ft h ree s t rand se ach 0 . 025 m in

3 8 ,f i g .1 ) .T he s ma l les tp i ece o fc o rdage p i c tu red a ppea r st o b em ade o ff i be r st w is ted t ot h er i gh t , a si s al a rge rs i ng le s t rand o fc oa r se r ma te r ia l . S im i la ri nd i ame te rt ot h el a t te r a r et wo p i ece so fr ope t h a tc omp r i se t h ree s t rand sl a id l e f t . T he l a rge s tf r agmen ti nt h ep ho to i sl a id l e f t ,b u to t he rd e ta i l s

d i ame te r ; t h e s ma l le s t i s made o ft h ree s t rand s o f0 .02 m d i ame te r ,a nd t h el a rge s tc omp r ise st h ree s t rand se a ch 0 . 04 mi nd i ame te r .G ene ra l ly , t h ei nd iv idua l s t rand sc on s is to f y a rn st w i s ted r i gh t ,w h ich i nt u rn a r e made o ff i be rb und le s t w i s ted l e f t .T he l a rge r ope su sed t os e cu re h u l lp l ank st oo ne a no the ra r e o fe spa r to g ra s s c ove red i nw oo len f ab r ic a nd t a r red o rp i tched , a si sa l so t h e c o rdage made f r om l i nden b a rk ( T i l ia s p . )p l aced o ve rt h ei n te r io rp l ank s eam s( Bon in ( ) 1 985 :9 1 -93 ;1 990 :3 5 -37 ,4 1 ,f i g .5 ;B en i1 986 :2 6 ,2 8 ,f i g s . 1 9 ,2 0 ,3 1 ,f i g .2 4 ;B e r t ie ta l . 1 990 :2 79 [ c a ta logue n o s .2 78 , 2 79 ] , 2 80 , f i g s . 2 78 , 2 79 ; c f . h e rc a ta logue n o s . 2 80 -283 ;

a r eu nc lea r . Ma 'agan M ichae l( c a .4 00 B .C . ) : an umbe ro fl e ng th so f t h ree s t rand r ope u pt o0 .04 m in d i ame te rw e re f o und o nt h e s i te .T hey a r el a id l e f t ,a nd a tl e a s to ne s amp le e xh ib i t sc l ea r e v idence o fh av ing b een t a r red .U pon d ry ing ,t h ep i ec ew a s h a rd ; w hen b roken , t h e s e c t iona l s u r fa ce w a s f ound t ob e d a rk a nd s h iny . I den t if ica t ion o ft h e t a r r ing ma te r ia l i si n p rog res s( I Cahanov 1 991 :6 ;J . P .R o s lo f f ,p e r sona lc ommu n i ca t ion ; L inde r 1 992 : 3 2 ) . T h is a ppea r s t ob et h ee a r l ie s t e xamp le o ft a r red c o rdage f r om an au t ica lG ra eco -Roman s i te i nt h e Med i te r ranean . Mar sa la ( m id th i rd c en tury B .C . ) : av a r ie ty o f s h ip 's c o rdage w a s r e cove red f r om t h e P un ic s h ip . A l l t h er ope , c o rd ,p la i t ,a nd s t r ing w a so ft h eS t ipa g enu s ,p robab ly S t ipa t e nac iss ima L . Mo s to ft h er ope w a s0 . 03 m in d i ame te r ,w i th t h eh eav ie s tm ea sur ing 0 . 055 m . T he t h ree s t rand so fb o th s i ze sw e re l a id l e f t ,u n l ike t h es ma l le rc o rd so fl e s st h an 0 . 0 1 mi nd i ame te r ,w h ich w e re l a id r i gh t .T he e xcava to ra s se r t s t h er ope 0 .055 m i nd iame te rc ou ld h ave t a ken t h ew e igh to f a na ncho r( F ro s t 1 973b : 4 0 , f i g .9 ;1 981b : 9 3 -97 , 1 00 ) . D ead S ea ( c a .3 50 -110 B .C . ) : t h ree s t one a ncho r sw e r e

2 13

B e r t i 1 990a :6 2 ,f i g .9 ;1 990b :2 9 ,3 0 ,f i g s .2 ,4 ,3 1 ,f i g . 1 0 , 3 3 ,f i g .3 ;1 992 :2 20 ,f i gs . 1 ,2 ,2 24 ;C a s te l le t t ie ta l . 1 990b ; 1 990c ; Me l lo & P i zz igon i 1 990 ) . L ake N em i ( m id -f i r s t c en tury ) : t h e h awse r w a s s t i l l a t ta ched t ot h el a rge w ooden a ncho ra s soc ia ted w i th t h et wo b a rge sf ound i nt h el a ke .I tw a s made o fp u re e spa r to g ra s s l a id l e f ta nd h ad ad i ame te ro fc a . 0 . 10 m .T he s ma l lr ope s t ow h ich t h e h awse r w a s t i ed , a nd t h e s ma l le r r ope s t h a t s e cu red t h em , w e re l a id l e f to rr i gh t . O the rr opes o fh emp a nd e spa r to g r a ss w e re a l so f ound o nt h es h ip s( Uce l l i1 950 : 2 43 ,f i g .2 75 ,2 45 ,f i g .2 78 ,2 68 ,431 ,n o .4 40 , 442 ,n o .5 89 ) . T er ra s in i ( f i r s t c en tury ) : t wo r ope f r agmen t s l a id l e f t w e r e r e cove r ed . T he i r d i ame te r s mea su re c a . 0 . 04 m a nd 0 . 028 m ( G iu s to l i s i 1 975 : p l . 1 6 ) . S t .Ger va i s 3( m id f i r s tc en tury ) : as ma l lr ope 0 . 015 m in

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip d iame te r , made o ft h ree s t rand s l a id l e f t , w a s d i scove red w i th in t h el imbe rh o les ( L iou & G a ssend 1 991 : 2 29 , 2 33 , f i g .9 5 ) .T he d i ame te ra nd c onf igu ra t ion a r ei d en t ica lt ot h e r ope f ound i nt h ew a te rcou r se sa tC ae sa rea . F ium ic ino 1( t h i rd t of i f th c en tu r ie s ) : s egmen t so fr ope

g i ven t h a t , i na l lt h ea dequa te ly d ocumen t ed c o rdage c a ta l o gued h e r e ,t h es t rand sa r el a id l e f tt of o rm t h er ope ,t h ef i r s t d i rec t ion t h e f i be r s w e r e t w is ted w a s u sua l ly a l so l e f t .

w e r ef ound b enea th t h ek ee l .T hey c on s is to ft h ree s t rand s

S ome t ime s ,h oweve r ,s t rand sw e re f o rmed b yf i r s tt w i s t ing t h ef i be r st ot h er i gh t , s ot h a tt h ef i n ished c o rdage w a ss t i l l l a id l e f t .F o rs ma l l -d iame te rp roduc to fa bou t0 . 01 m o rl e s s ,

l a id l e f t a nd mea su re f r om c a . 0 . 012 m t o 0 .0 13 m i n d i ame te r . E ach s t rand i sc ompo sed o ft h ree y a rn s l a id l e f t ( Sc r ina r i 1 979 :4 3 ,4 5 , f i g .2 0 ,p l . 3 2 :2 ) . P or t -V end r e s 1( l a te f ou r th c en tu ry o re a r ly f i f th c en t u ry ) : c o rdage o fv a r ious t y pe sa nd d imen s ions w a sf ound

i ta ppea r st h a t mo s to f ten t h ei n i t ia lf i be rb und le sw e re l a rge e nough t ob e t w i s ted f i r s tl e f ti n to y a rns , w h ich t h en w e re l a id r i gh t . E ven t h e s pun t h read i n woven c l o th r e cove r ed f r om t h es i te a tV a l le P on t ii st w i s ted l e f t( s ee C a s te l le t t ie t a l . 1 990b : 1 57 , 1 60 , t a b le 1 ) .

o nt h es i te ( L iou 1 974 : 4 27 ; 1 975 : 5 72 ) , i na dd i t ion t ot h e r ope f ound i nt h el imbe rh o les o ft h ev e sse l . No d e ta i ls a r e a va i lab le . S t .Ger va i s 2( l a te s i x th o re a r ly s even th c en tu ry ) : r op e w a s f ound w i th in w ooden d i scs a s soc ia ted w i th ac ha in -

V LK . P ine C one s F ound o n G raeco -Roman Med i ter ra n ean S h ips . Ap i ne c one o ft h e I t a l ian s t one p i ne ( P inus p inea ) o r

p ump d i scove r ed o n t h e w reck , a nd i no t he rs im i la rd i sc s f r om o the rw r eck s i te s( Ca r re & J 6z6gou 1 985 ) .

umb re l la p i ne d i scove red o n t h e w reck a tC ae sa rea c ou ld r e p resen tc a rgo ,p rov is ions f o rt h ep a ssenge r sa nd c r ew ,o r

G o bo( unda ted ) : s eve ra lb i t so fr o t t en c ab le w e re f o und w i th t h is v es se l . One f r agmen tw a s0 . 027 m in d i ame te r ,l a id l e f t .I ta ppea r st oh ave b een made o ft wo s t rand s ,b u tt h is i s u nc e r ta in ( Ba sch 1 973 : 3 30 , f i g . 1 ,3 42 ,A ppend ix 1 ) .

i tm igh tb ee v idence o fd unnage u sed i nt h eh o ld .

V I .J .4 . Ana ly s i so fE v id ence . A cco rd ing t ot h el i t e ra ry , p i c to r ia l , a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence a s semb led h e re , i t a ppea r st h a tt h eu se o fp apyru sf o rn au t ica lc o rdage d ec l ined r a the re a r ly i n mo s t Med i te r ranean r eg ion s .P e rhap si t su se i nE gyp tw a sp ro longed s imp ly b ecause o ft h ea bundance o f r aw ma te r ia l t h e r e . L i te ra ry t e s t imony t ot h e u se o fp a lm

V LK .1 . R e la t ion t o F ood a nd D r ink . C o lume l la , a n a g r icu l tu ra lw r i te ro ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry , men t ions t h ec u l t iva t i on o fP inus p inea c one s( Arb .2 2 .3 ) ,a nd P a l lad ius ,w r i t ing i nt h ef ou r th c en tu ry ,p rov ide s i n s t ruc t ion sf o rt h ec u l t iva t i on o ft h et r ee sa nd c ones ( 12 .7 .9 ; 1 2 .7 .12 ) . At r ea t is eb y A p ic iu s d e sc r ibe s t h e c u l ina ry u se s b y R oman s o fP inus p inea s e ed s( K is lev 1 988 : 7 7 ) ,a nd p r ices f o rc l eaned p i ne s e ed s ( p robab ly P inus p inea ) w e re f i xed b y D ioc le t ian 's e d ic to n max imum p r ice s( 6 .54 ) .F rom t h is e v idence K i s lev ( 1988 : 7 4 ) c onc lude st h a tt h e" cu l t iva ted p ine" men t ioned

f i be ri sb o rne o u tb yt h eC ape G e l idonya e xcava t ion a nd t h e D ead S ea a ncho rr ope s .R oug6 ( 1981 :6 6 )o b se rve st h a tf l ax b ecame t oo v a luab le f o rs uch u t i l i ta r ian p u rpo ses ,p r e sum a b ly b y v i r tue o f i t s g row ing r o le i nt h e manu f ac tu re o f t e x t i le s( c f .T ac i tus ,G erman ia 1 7 ;P l iny ,N a t . 1 9 .1 -6 .1 -26 ) ; t h u st h e ma te r ia l so fc ho ice f o rs h ipboa rd c o rdage b ecame h emp a nd e spa r to g ra s s .T he l a t te rw a sp a r t icu la r ly p r ized b ecause o fi t se xcep t iona lr e s is tance t or o t .J udg ing f r om t h e a r chaeo log ica le v idence r ev iewed a bove , i ti se v iden tt h a t e spa r to g ra s s ,f r om w h ich t h eo ne i d en t if ied C ae sa r ea r ope w a s made ,b ecame t h ep r ef e r red ma te r ia lo ft h o se a va i lab le f o r n au t ica l c o rdage i nt h e R oman p e r iod . I n c lud ing t h e C a esa r ea s amp le , i th a s b een f ound o n f i ve a nd p o s s ib ly s even o ft h ee i gh tl i s ted u nde rwa te rs i te sy i e ld ing n au t ica l c o rdage t h a th a sb een i d en t if ied . T h i sg r a s sw a sn o tc u l t i v a ted b y t h eR oman s b u tg r ew w i ld i ns ou thea s te rn S pa in a nd n o r the rn A f r ica ( P l iny ,N a t . 1 9 .7 .26 -27 ;S t rabo 3 . 160 ) , a si td oes t o day ( Kö rbe r -G rohne 1 979 : 1 68 , 1 71) .

b yT heoph ra s tu s( HP 3 . 9 .1) i s ar e f e rence t oP inus p inea . O nt e r r e s tr ia ls i te s ,s uch c one sh ave b een d i scove r ed i n h ou se s ,c ook ing p o t s ,a nd f r u i tb a ske t s ,a sw e l la si ng rave s a nd t emp le s ( K i s lev 1 988 : 7 5 -76 , 7 8 ; G i ra rd & T che rn ia 1 978 : 18 , n .6 ) . O n t h e w re ck a tG iens , 6 1 P inus p inea c one s w e re f ound s t rewn among t h e w ine a mpho ra s ; i ti s a r gued t h a tt h ey w e re p a r to ft h ec a rgo ,l i ke t h ec oa r sewa re a l so f ound d i s t r ibu ted a mong t h e ampho ra s o f t h e s h ip ( Tche rn ia & P omey 1 978 :p l s .6 :2 , 1 2 ;C ouve r t 1 978 : 11 ; G i ra rd & T che rn ia 1 978 ) .F rom s uch e v idence i ti sc l ea rt h a t t h es e ed so fP inus p inea t r ee sw e re s ough ti na n t iqu i ty f o r r i tua lp u rpo se sa nd p a r t icu la r ly f o rt h e i rf ood v a lue ,a st h ey a r et oday ( Me iggs 1 982 : 4 4 ; K i s lev 1 988 : 7 7 ) . C o lume l la ( 12 .30 .2 )a l so n o te st h eu se o fp i ne c one si n t h ep roce s s ing o fw ine .T he r im sa nd n eck so fw ine ampho r a s a r e t ob e r ubbed w i th t h e c one s w heneve rt h e w ine i s b e ing a t tended t o . I n te r e s t ing ly e nough , p ine c ones w e r e f ound i nt h e n eck s o fs ome o f t h e w ine a mpho ra s o n t h e

T he manufac tu r eo fa nc ien tn au t ica lc o rdage ,a cco rd ing t h ee v idence p re sen ted h e re ,a ppea r st oh ave b een c ha ra c te r i z ed b yc ons i s ten tp rac t ice s .O n ly c o rdage o fd i ame te rl e s s

w r eck a tA lbenga . T he e xcava to r s ugges t s t h ey w e re t o s e rve a na roma t ic p u rpo se ,t op re se rve t h et a s t eo ft h ew ine

t h an c a .0 .01 m i sl a id r i gh t ;l a rge rr ope sa r el a id l e f t ,u sua l ly i nt h ree s t rand s .T h i si sp e r f ec t ly l og ica l ,g i ven t h a tc o rdage

o ro t he rl i qu id sd u r ing t h e v oyage ( Lambog l ia 1 953 : 1 55 5 6 ) .T h i s v i ew i sc on te s ted b yG i ra rd a nd T che rn ia ( 1978 :

w a s ( a nd s t il i s ) c ompo sed o fs ma l l u n i t s t w i s t ed i no ne d i rec t ion t op roduce al a rge rc omponen t , an umbe ro fw h ich

18 ) ,h oweve r ,w ho a r gue t h ec ones w e re u s ed a so percu la . P ine c one s o f u nde te rm ined s pec ie s w e r e f ound o n

w e re t h en t w i s ted t o ge the ri nt h eo ppo s i te d i rec t ion ,a nd s o o n , u n t i lt h ed e s i red d iame te rw a sr ea ched . Wo rk ing b a ck w a rd s , t h e re fo re , f r om a s ub s tan t ia l t h ree -s t rand r ope , i t c omp r ised t h ree s t rands l a id l e f t , w h ich w e re t h emse lve s made o fs ma l le ry a rns t w is ted t ot h er i gh t ,a nd t h ey i nt u rn w e r e p roduced b y t w is t ing t h e f i b e r s t ot h e l e f t . H enc e ,

Wr eck 1a tL au ron s ( X imenes & Moe rman 1 987 : 1 74 , n .

2 14

1 3 ) , a nd t h e s ca le s o fp ine c one s a nd s he l l s o fp i ne s e ed s w e r ea l so d i scove red i no ne o ft h es ma l le rv e s se l se xcava ted a tF ium ic ino ( Sc r ina r i 1 979 : 2 8 ) . S ing le p i ne s eed h ul s ( s pec ie s u n iden t if ied ) f ound i nt wo d i f f e ren ta mpho ra so n t h e B yzan t ine w reck a t Y a s s i A da a r e n o t r e ga rded a s

V LK : P ine C ones r ema in so fc a rgo o r ig ina l ly c a r r ied i nt h ea mpho ra s ,b u ti ti s

C a e sa r ea p ine c one b een r e t r ieved ,d e te rm ina t ion o fi t ss t a t e

a cknow ledged t h a t t h ey c ou ld h ave b een t r an spo r ted i n

o f ma tu r i ty m igh t h ave p rov ided e v idence o f i t s p u rpo se ( G i ra rd & T chern ia 1 978 : 17 ; K is lev 1 988 : 7 6 ) . Y e tt h e i s sue w ou ld h ave r ema ined p rob lema t ic . I ft h e c one w a s m a tu re ,u se e i the ra sf ood o rd unnage i sp o s s ib le .I fi mma t u re ,i tm igh th ave c l ung t o ap ine b ranch u sed f o rd unnage , o r i tc ou ld h ave b een i nt h e p roce s s o f ma tu ra t ion , t ob e c onsumed a tt h e a pp rop r ia te t ime b y c r ew , p a s senge r s , o r o t he r s .

p e r i shab le c on ta ine r so nt h es h ip .T hey c ou ld a l so b ei n t ru s i ve t ot h es i te ;t h ep o ss ib i l i ty t h a tt h ey r ep re sen td unnage i s n o tr a i sed ( Bryan t & Mu r ry 1 982 :3 29 ) ,a nd s e em su n l ike ly . V LK .2 .P ine C one sA s soc ia t ed w i th Dunnage .T he p i ne c one f r om t h eC ae sa rea s h ip m igh tb e ar emnan t o fp i ne d unnage , a l though n e i the rc e il ing p l ank ing n o rc a rgo , b e t we en w h ich t h ed unnage w ou ld h ave b een s andw iched ,h a s s urv ived . C u sh ion ing c a rgo i n t h e h o ld o f av e s se l w a s c ommon p rac t ice i na n t iqu i ty ,b u tr ema ined u nknown t ou s u n t i l av ague p a s sage i nH ome r( Od .5 . 256 -57 )w a sc l a r i f ied t h rough e xcava t ion o f t h e B ronze A ge w reck a t C ape G e l idonya . Tw igs a nd s t ick so f( p robab ly o ak )b ru shwood w e r e f ound l y ing o n t op o f w ha t w e r e p robab ly c e i l ing p l ank s ,a tr i gh ta ng le st ot h em .T he p r ima ry c a rgo o fc oppe r o xh ide i ngo t sh ad b een p l aced o nt o po ft h eb rushwood p i le ( Ba s s 1 967 :4 9 , f i gs .4 7 , 4 8 , 5 1 , f i g . 5 3 ) . A no the rB ronze A ge w reck r e cen t ly e xcava ted a tU lu B u run , T u rkey , h a s d i sp layed e x ten s ive q uan t i t ie so ft h o rny b u rne t , ac ommon Med i te r ranean s h rub ,b enea th t h ec oppe ri n go t s( Ba s s1 987 : 6 96 , 7 29 ) . A t h ick l a ye r o f d unnage c on s i s t ing o f w el p re served t w igs a nd b ranche so fp ine a nd p i s ta ch io ( P i s tac ia p a laes t ina ) w e re f ound i n t h e b o t tom o f t h e w reck a t Ma 'agan M ichae l , I s ra e l . S ome o f t h e p i s tach io l e ave s a ppea red t oh ave b een q u i te f r e sh w hen t h ev es se lw a sl a ded

V LL . R econs t ruc t ion o ft he C ae sarea S h ip . I nt h is a nd t h e f o l low ing s ec t ion ( V I .M ) , t h e C a esa rea s h ip i sr e con s t ruc ted a nd e va lua ted w i th r e spec t t o i t s h i s to r ica l c on tex t . T he r e cons t ruc t ion i sb a sed u pon r aw e xcava t ion d a ta ,s upp lemen ted b yt h ec ompa ra t ive ma te r ia l a nd r e levan tl i t e ra ry e v idence r ev iewed a bove . F olow ing t h er e con s truc t ion s ec t ion i sad i scuss ion o ft h ed a t ing o ft h e v e sse l .T hen ab r ief o verv iew o ft h ep ol i t ica la nd e conom ic i nf luence s u pon t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f l a rge G raeco -Roman s h ip si n t roduce s as ome i d ea sr ega rd ing t h eC ae sa r ea h u l l 's s i gn if i cance i nt h eh i s to ry o fG ra eco -Roman s h ipbu i ld ing . V LL .1 .R e cons t ruc t ion o fM in imum B eam a nd L eng th . P robe d a ta i n d ica te a m in imum l e ng th o f 3 4 m f o r t h e C a esa r ea s h ip . A b sence o ft h ek ee lp roh ib i t s mo re t h an a n

a nd /o rc ame t og r ief ( Kahanov 1 99 1 : 5 ;L inde r 1 992 : 2 9 ; J . P . R o s lof f ,p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) .T he d eep w r eck a t L aS e cca d iC ap i s telo e xh ib i t sb rushwood d unnage b enea th a mpho ra s a nd s p read o ve r t h e i n te r io r o f t h e h ul ( F r ey , H en t s che l , &K e i th 1 978 :2 95 ) .O n Wr eck A a tC h re t ienne

e s t ima t ion o ft h es h ip 's b eam ,b u tm in imum o ve ra l ld imen s i on s a nd g ene ra l h u l l f e a tu re s c an b e e s tab l i shed . C u r r e n t ly ,w eh ave n o mean so fi d en t i fy ing t h em id sh ip f r ame o rt h ek ee l 's o r ig ina lp o s i t ion w i th r e spec tt ot h er ema in s . N oe v idenc eo f ama s t s t ep , ma s t s tep s t r inge r ,o rk ee lson ,i n t h ef o rm o ff a s t en ings o rf a s ten ing h o le si nf l oo rt imbe r so r

a r et w igs a nd b ranche st h a tp robab ly s e r ved t op ro t ec tt h e

n o tche so ri mp r e s s ions o nt h ef r ame t o p s ,h a sb een d i scov -

c a rgo ( Duma s 1 964 : 1 59 ; F ro s t 1 963b : 1 82 , p l . 2 0 ) . T en d r i ls , p runed b ranche s , s t raw , a nd b und le s o f s t ick s w e re

e r ed . N o ra r e t h e re c u t t ings i nt h e w e s te x t rem i t ie s o ft h e f l oo rt imbe r so rh a lf -f rame st h a tc ou ld h ave s e rved a sl imbe r h o le s . T he f l oo r t imbe r s i n c rea se o n ly s l igh t ly i n t h e i r mou lded d imen s ions a st h ey a pp roach t h ek ee le dge o ft h e w re ck ,a nd , f i na l ly , t h e re i sn oi nd ica t ion t h a tt h ew e s te rn -

u sed t op ad a nd f a c i l i ta te s t owage o ft h ea mpho ra so nt h e d ol ia w reck a tD iano Ma r ina ( Pa l la re s 1 985a : 6 42 ; 1 985b : 5 90 ) .S t raw i sa l so i ne v idence a sd unnage o n aw r eck i nl a B a ie d el 'Am i t ie ( Pomey e ta l .1 988 :5 ) .D unnage c on s is t ing o fh ea the ro rb r ie rr oo ta nd v ine s hoo t sw a sf ound b e tween t h ea mpho ra sa nd c e i l ing p l ank so f Wreck 1a tP o r t -Vend re s ( L ion 1 974 :4 27 ,n .2 ,4 30 -31 , f i g . 1 2 ) . P ine d unnage w a sf ound o n Wreck 3a tP lan ie rI s land ,a s w el a so nt h ew reck sa tC ava l ie re a nd P an tano L onga r in i ( G ianf ro t ta & P omey 1 981 : 2 70 ) . A l though i tw a s n o t

mo s t p re se rved s t rake i st h e g a rboa rd . T ha t t h e k ee l w a s o r ig ina l ly q u i te n ea r t h e e x tan t r ema ins i ss t rong ly s ug g e s ted b y t h e f a c t t h a t H a lf -F rame s 8 ,1 0 , a nd 2 2 ( o ft h e f r ame sr e co rded t od a te )t e rm ina te a s much a s0 . 40 m f r om t h eb roken w e s te x t rem i t ie so ft h e i ra d jacen tf l oo rt imbe r s . B ecaus eh a lf -f rame se x tend t ov ery n ea rt h ek ee li nG raeco -

t h a tp u rpo se . B ranche so fj un ipe r , h ea the r , a nd r u sh w e re

R oman s h ip st h a th ave b een c a ta logued , t h es ame c ou ld b e e xpec ted i nt h eC ae sa rea h u l l . F o r t h es e r e a son s , r e con s t ruc ted d imen s ion s a r e c on s e rva t ive ly d e r ived f r om t h er e co rded f r ame w i th t h e max i mum s pan a nd t h eg ene ra ls hape so ft h ef r ames d ocumen ted .

w edged b e tween ampho ra s o n t h e s h ip , p re sumab ly t o

T he mou ld ed b eam o ft h ep re se rved p o r t ion o ft h eh u l lc an

p reven tb reakage ( Conve r t 1 978 : 11 ; T che rn ia & F or ney 1 978 : 2 0 -21 ) . Many s p ec ie so fw ood s ,i n c lud ing p i ne , a r e t h ough t t oh ave s e rved a s d unnage o n t h e P un ic s h ip a t Ma r sa la ( F ro s t 1 981b : 5 9 , f i g .2 0 :b ,p p . 7 9 -83 ,9 9 ) .

b ea pp rox ima ted a nd u sed a s at h eo re t ica lm id sh ip d imen -

b e l ieved i n i t ia l ly t ha td unnage w a su sed i nt h eh o ld a tG ien s ( Tche rn ia & P omey 1 978 : 2 0 -21 ) , G ianf ro t ta a nd P omey ( 198 1 : 2 70 )r epo r tt ha tp i ece so fp i ne ,e lm ,a nd o ak s e rved

W i th t h e f o r ego ing i n fo rma t ion i tr ema in s i mpo s s ib le t o

s i on , f r om w h ich a no ve ra l ll e ng th c an b ee s t ima ted . T he max imum r e co rded s pan o f3 . 8mo ccu r si nF rame s 2 7 a nd 2 8 ; F rame 3 8 s pan s 3 . 6 m , a nd F rame 1 3 e x tend s a lmo s t3 . 4m .T he se t imbe r sa l lh ave c urva tu re sf u l le rt h an t h a to fL a Mad rague d eG iens F rame 13 ( f ig . 7 1) , w h ich m igh tb et h em id sh ip f r ame o ft h a ts h ip .R ough p ro jec t ion s

d e te rm ine t h es pec if ic p u rpo se o ft h eC a e sa rea p i ne c one . U se a sf ood s tuf f si sa t te s ted i nt h ea nc ien ta nd a r cha eo log i -

o fC a esa rea F rame 3 8t o ah e igh te qua lt oi t sp re served s pan s ugge s t am in imum o r ig ina ls pan o fc a .4 . 35 m . When t h i s

c a ll i t e ra tu re ,a nd p ine d unnage w a sn o tu ncommon .H ad t h e

f i gu re i sa ugmen ted a c co rd ing t ot h eg rea te rs pans o fF rame s

V LK .3 .C onc lus ion sR egard ing t h eC ae sar ea P ine C one .

2 15

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip 2 7a nd 2 8 ,i na dd i t ion t oa l low ing f o rt h ek ee la nd a d ja cen t a r ea s ,u s ing t h eG ien sf r ame a s ag ene ra lg u ide , am in imum mou lded b eam o fa pp rox ima te ly 1 0me me rge s . T he l a te s tr econs t ruc ted d imen s ions o ft h eh ul a tG iens a r e3 7 .6x 8 . 66 x 4 .5 m ( R iva l1 991 : 1 49 ) .T h is i saL :B r a t io o fc a .4 . 34 :1 ,a nd t h a to ft h eC a esa rea s h ip p robab ly w a sn o t

X imene s 1 985 : 1 03 -5 ) . A l though t h ey w e re n o t s eago ing v e sse ls , i nt h e i n te re s t o fc omp le tene ss i ts hou ld b em en t i oned t h a t t h e t wo L ake N em i s h ip s h ad r a t io s o fa bou t 3 . 57 :1 a nd 2 . 85 :1 ( Uce l l i 1 950 ) . C ompa r ing t h eC ae sa rea f r ame sw i th t ho se o ft h eG ien s h ul r e info r ces t h en o t ion o f al a rge s h ip .A ve rage c en t r e to -

much d i f f e ren t .S h ip se xceed ing a bou t3 0mi nl e ng th w i th t oo much b eam c anno th o ld c ou r se o r maneuve rv e ry w e l l a t s ea . I n f a c t , i th a s b een s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e k ee l a nd

c en t re s pac ing i nb o th v e s se ls i sc a .0 . 25 m ,b u tt h eC ae sa rea f r ame s a r e s i ded much mo re a nd t h us s paced u p t o3 3% c l o se rt o ge the r . Ac ompa r ison o ff r ame s e c t ion sa tt h et u rn o ft h eb i lge s hows t ha ts e c t iona la r ea so f mea su red C a e sa rea

c u twa te ro ft h eG iens v e s se lw e re i n t ended t oc omba ts uch p rob lem s ( Pomey 1 982 : 1 34 -39 ; T che rn ia 1 987 ) . Mo reo v e r , o u rs can tl i t e ra ry e v idence f o r t h e p ropo r t ion s o fb ig s h ip s s uppo r t s a n a rgumen t f o r aL :B r a t io n ea r4 : 1 . I ti s i n te res t ing t on o te t h a t t h e T a lmud r e commend s as h ip 's b read th mea su re o ne -s ix th o fi t sl e ng th ,i t sd ep th o ne ten th . T hese r a t io sa r ea ppa ren t ly d e r ived f r om t h eB ib l ica ld imen s i on s o f Noah 's A rk ( Spe rbe r 1 986 : 6 3 -64 ) . T he I s is d e s c r ibed b yL uc ian ( Nay . 5 )w a sa nA lexand r ian g ra in s h ip 1 20 c ub i t sl ong ( c a . 5 3m )a nd b e t te rt h an aq ua r t e ro ft h a t i nt h eb eam .4 2 I no the rw o rd st h eL :B r a t io w a sl e s st h an 4 : 1 , b u tp e rhap sn o t much l e s s ,i fw ec r ed i tL uc ian w i th r e po r t ing

T he r e fo r e , ac onserva t ive e s t ima t e b a sed o n o u r e v i d ence a nd t h e c ompa ra t ive ma te r ia l y i e ld s d imen s ion s o f a bou t 1 0 x4 0m , w h i le al e ng th n ea re r4 5 mi sl i ke ly . V LL .2 . R e cons t ruc t ion o f Hu l lS hape a nd S t ruc ture . Wa te rcou r se sp l aced c l o se rt ot h et u rn o ft h eb i lge t h an t ot h e k ee la nd t h ef l a tne s so ft h ef r ame ss ugge s t af l a tb o t tom .T he f l a t -bo t tomed s e cond N em i s h ip , t hough n o t as eago ing c r a f t ,s e ems t oo f f e r ah e lp fu lp a ra l le l .I td i sp layed ar ow o f w a te rcou r s e s b enea th e ach o f i t s f ou r s i s te r k ee l sons , i n

ar a t io c l o se rt o4 : 1t h an t oa ny o t he r .P rocop iu so fC a e sa rea r e la tes t h a tA enea s 's h ip mea su red 1 20 f e e tl o ng a nd 2 5f e e t

a dd i t ion t ot h e l imbe r h o les a tt h e k ee l . W i th o n ly af ew f r ame p rof i le s a nd n o e v idence f o r t h e d ead r ise o f t h e

w ide ( Go th . 8 . 22 .9 ) , ar a t io o f 4 . 8 :1 . B u t , a s t h i s w a s p re sumab ly aw a r sh ip , t h er a t io c anno tb e u sed t os uppo r t c ha rac te r i s t ic L :B r a t io si nl a rge m e rchan ts h ip s . Whe the r t h is v e sse lw a sa nc ien to ro fP rocop iu s ' t ime i si mma te r ia l h e re ,b u ts ee B a sch ( 1985 ) . Ar a t io n ea r4 : 1 w a sn o ta ni s sue w i th s ma l le rs e ago ing

C aesa r ea f r ames , h oweve r , t h e i s sue o f s e c t iona l s hape a m id sh ip si sp rob lema t ic . As e cond l a yer o fp l ank ing n ear t he k ee l . Two c on s t ruc t i on d e ta i l sa r eb e s te xp la ined b yt h eo r ig ina le x i s tence o fa

G ra eco -Roman v es se ls .T ho se a dequa te ly d ocumen ted r e v ea lt h ey w e re n o ti n f requen t ly b u i l tw i th L :B r a t io ss i gn if i c an t ly l e s st h an 3 : 1 .T he v e s se la tC ava l ie r ei se s t ima ted t o h ave h ad ar a t io o fa bou t2 . 6 :1 , w i th r e con s t ruc ted d imen s i on so fc a . 1 .98 x4 .6 m ( Cha r l in ,G a ssend , &L equemen t 1 979 :7 9 -80 ) .T he B ou r se h u l li st hough tt oh ave b een 2 3m l o ng a nd 9 m b road , y i e ld ing ar a t io o f 2 . 55 :1 ( Ga ssend 1 982 :9 4 ) .S im i la r ly ,t h ef ou r th -cen tu ry w r eck a tY a s s iA da i sr e cons t ruc ted t oa bou t 2 0 m i nl e ng th w i th amou lded b eam o fj u s tu nde r 8m ,p ropo r t ion ss l igh t ly l e s st h an 2 . 5 :1 ( van Door n inck 1 976 : 19 ) . Wreck 3a tS t .Ge r va i sp rob a b ly mea su r ed a bou t 1 7 x7 . 5m , f o r ar a t io o f2 . 26 , w h ich i sn ea r ly i d en t ica lt ot h e2 . 25 r a t io p ropo sed f o rt h eP o r t e V end res 1w reck ( L iou & G a s send 1 991 : 2 58 ) . Wre ck Ca t C h re t ienne i sr e cons truc ted t od imen s ions o f1 5 -16 x5 . 5 -6 m , f o r L :B r a t io s r ang ing f r om 2 . 5 :1 t o2 . 9 :1 ( J onche ray 1 975a :6 9 -77 ) .T he K y ren ia s h ip i sr e con s t ruc ted t o1 3 .86 i n l e ng th a nd amou lded b eam o f4 .2 m ( S tef fy 1 985b : 1 00 ,i l . 2 0 ) , ar a t io o f3 . 3 :1 .T he w e l l -p re se rved L au rons 2w r eck i s b e l ieved t oh ave mea su red 1 5 x 5m ( Ga s send , L iou , &

4 2

h a lf -f rame sa nd f u t tock sa r e ,r e spec t ive ly ,a bou t1 90% a nd 1 40% l a rge rt h an t h e i rG ien sc oun te rpa r t s .

C osma ( 1970 :5 14 )c r ed i t sV i t ruv iu s( 3 .3 )w i th a dv i s ing t h a t

L :B r a t io sf o r me rchan ts h ip sf a l lb e tween 3 : 1 a nd 4 : 1 ,b u t Ih ave b een u nab le t of i nd t h i si n fo rma t ion i nV i t ruv ius .T he c hap te rc i ted c once rns a r ch i tec tu ra lp ropor t ion s . On p h i lo log ica l g round s , H ous ton ( 1987 ) c ha l lenge s t h e b e -

s e cond l a ye ro fp l ank ing a tt h ew e s te dge o ft h eh ul r ema in s . T he se c on s is to f1 )p lank ing t h a ti s0 .09 m t h ick a l ong t h e w es to rk ee le dge a nd 0 .094 m t h ick a tt h eo ppo s i t ee dge ,a nd 2 ) l a rge f a s t en ing s , p re sumab ly a mong o t he r s s t il u n r e c o rded ,a tt h ew es te x t rem i t ies o fF loo rT imbe r s 1 5a nd 2 5 . T he o r ig ina ls ha f tl e ng th o ft h ef a s ten ing i nF loo rT imbe r 1 5 i sr e cons t ruc ted t oc a . 0 . 37 m ( t he u ppe rp o r t ion o ft h e f a s t en ing a tF rame 2 5i sl o s t ) .I t su ppe re x t rem i ty t e rm ina ted c a .0 . 0 1 ms ho r to ft h ef r ame t op ,w h i le t h eu nde r s ide o ft h e h ead s t i l l r ema in s a pp rox ima te ly 0 .055 m f r om t h e o u t e r p l ank ing f a ce . I f0 . 37 m i st h eo r ig ina ll e ng th o ft h ef a s ten i n g , i . e . i fi tw a sn o tb roken i na n t iqu i ty , a nd i fi t s v er t ica l p o s i t ion i nt h ef l oo rt imbe rh a sn o tc hanged s i nc et h es h ip w a sb u i l t ,t h en 0 . 055 m c ou ld w e l lr ep re sen tt h et h ickne s so f a n o u te r p l ank ing l a ye r i nt h i s p a r t o f t h e h u l l . B u t t h i s p o s s ib i l i ty i sc l ouded b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e h ead o f t h e f a s t en ing i nF loo rT imbe r2 5i sa pp rox ima te ly 0 . 10 m f r om t h e o u te r p l ank ing s u r fa ce . We re t h ese me ta l f a s ten ing s p u l led a way f r om t h es i ng le p lank ing l a ye ri nt h ec ou r se o f t h e w reck ing e ven t o r l a te r? A t r eena i l a l so d i scove red p ro t rud ing a bou t0 . 05 m f r om t h eo u te rp l ank ing f a ce n ea r F rame 2 5m igh ta n swe rt h eq ues t ion .N o emp ty t r e ena i lh o le w a so b se rved o nt h ef r ame t o p ,a nd i ndeed i ts e em si mp rob a b le t h a tt h et r eena i lw ou ld h ave b een p u l led o u to ft h ef r ame l i ke t h em e ta l f a s ten ings c ou ld h ave b een . I ti s much mo re l i ke ly t h a tw hen ap l ank o ft h e s e cond p lank ing l a ye rw a s

c a l e v idence t o s uppo r t t h em . I ft h e ma t er ia l p resen ted i n t h i s

s t r ipped f r om t h eh u l l ,t h et r eena i lr ema ined i ns i tu w h i le t h e f a s ten ing a tF rame 2 5 c ou ld h ave b een p a r t ia l ly d i s lodged

r e po r t ,p a r t icu la r ly i nt h i ss ec t ion a nd i nS ec t ion sV I .L .2 ,3 ,V I .M. 2 -

f r om t h ef r ame a nd i n ne rp l ank .

l i evab i l i ty o ft h e/ s i s 'd imen s ions ,r i gh t ly c a l l ing f o ra r cha eo log i -

5 ,c ons t i tu te a na ccep tab le e f for tt owa rd t h a te nd ,t h en t h es i ze o f t h eI s i sa sr e la ted i nL uc ian i sn o ti mp lau s ib le .

I nc on sequence , as e cond p lank ing l a ye rn ea rt h e w e s t e dge ,a nd t h e refo re n ea rt h ek ee l ,i sp l aus ib le .T h is w ou ld b e

2 16

VWR econs t ruc t ion o ft h e C ae sar ea S h ip u se o fs t r inge r ss ome 0 . 30 -0 .35 m w ide w i th mob i le c e il ing

c on s i s ten tw i th t h es t anda rd s cheme i nG ra eco -Roman h u l l s o f ag r ea te rp l ank ing t h icknes sn ea rt h ek ee lt h a tt h ins a nd s t ab il izes o u tboa rd .F ina l ly ,t h ed i s tance t h a tt h ef a s ten ing i nF loo rT imbe r 1 5 c ou ld h ave p ro t ruded a bove t h ef r ame

p l ank s a bou t 0 . 20 -0 .35 m i nw id th p l a ced b e tween t h em . T he l o ca t ion o ft h ec en t ra li r on n a i lc onc re t ion i nF rame 1 0 , a bou t0 . 25 m i nboa rd o ft h el i ne o fg ap sb e tween t h ef l oo r t imbe r sa nd f u t tock s ,s ugge s t s as t r inge rw a sf i xed h e re ,a nd as t r inge ro nt h eo the rs i de o ft h el i ne o fg ap si ss ugge s ted b y

t o p ,c a .0 .045 m ,s e ems t oo t h in t or ep re sen tt h et h ickne s so f as t r inge ri n al a rge h ul . S t r inger s . I ti sc e r ta in t h a ts t r inge r sp rov ided af l oo rf o r much o ft h es h ip 's h o ld ,t hough t h e i rd i spo s i t ion i su nknown b ecause f ew f a s ten ings a r ee v iden to nt h ef r ame t o p s .T he mo s tn o tab le o ft h ese f a s ten ings a r el a rge c opp e ro rb ronze n a i l so r ,p o ss ib ly ,b o l ts . R emnan t so fs uch f a s ten ing s ,o ne o fw h ich i sk nown t o h ave b een d r iven f r om t h ee x te r io ro ft h eh ul , h ave b een o bse rved n ea r t h e e a s t e x t rem i ty o f F rame 1 2 , i n H a lf F rame s2 2 ,2 4 ,2 6 ,a nd i nF u t tock 2 5 .T he b e s te xamp le i st h e o ne t h a tp ro t ruded 0 .08 m a bove t h et op o fH a l f -F rame 1 2 a bou t0 . 93 m f r om i t sw es te x t rem i ty . At h ickne s so f0 . 08 m i sq u i t e s u i tab le f o r s t r inge r s o n ab i g s h ip , a nd f u r the r s uppo r t f o rt h i s i d ea r e s t s w i th t h e f a c t t h a ta l l f a s t en ing s f ound t od a te s ave o ne h ave b een f ound i nh a l f -f rame s , w h ich g ene ra l ly a r e mou lded mo re t h an t h e f l oo r t imbe r s e xcep t n ea r t h e k ee l . I n c omp r i s ing a s e r ie s o f t imbe r s e l eva ted a bove t h ef l oo rt imbe r st h rough ( p re sumab ly )t h e h u l l 's l e ng th a nd mo s to fi t sb read th ,t h eh a l f -f rame sw ou ld

t h e i r on n a i l s ha f t s ome 0 . 26 m e a s to ft h e f l oo r t imb e r s / f u t tock g ap o fF rame 2 3 t h a ti sa l igned w i th t h ec opp e ro r b ronze f a s ten ing i nF rame s2 2a nd 2 6 .T h i sm ak e sp e r f ec t s en se : t h e l i ne o fg ap s w ou ld h ave b een f l anked o ne i the r s i de b y f i xed s t r inge r s , w h i le a movab le c e i l ing p l ank p rov ided a cce ss t o t h e w a te rcou r se s b e low . F ina l ly , t h e w e s te rn -mo s ti r on n a i lc onc re t ion i nF rame 1 0i se s sen t ia l ly a l igned w i th t h e o ne c oppe r o r b ronze f a s ten ing t o b e d i scove red s t i l l p ro t rud ing a bove t h e f r ame t op , i nF loo r T imbe r1 2 . As t r inge ra lmo s t0 . 08 m t h ick a tt h i sp o s i t ion i s t h e re fo re l i ke ly a sw el . V LL .3 .C onc lus ions .I ns um ,t h i sf u l la nd c apac iou sh u l l p robab ly mea su r ed s ome 1 0 x4 0 -45 m . I t s t h ick , s i ng le l a ye ro fp la nk s ,p o s s ib ly w i th as e cond l a ye rn ea rt h ek ee l , h eavy c l o se -se t f r ame s , a nd s t r inge r s p o s s ib ly t h rough f a s tened t ot h ef r ame sa nd p lank s , make i tt h e mo s th eav i ly b u i l tR oman s h ip y e td ocumen ted a r cha eo log ica l ly ,w i th t h e

s cheme , a nd o the r sp robab ly a r ea sw e l l . A sn o ted a bove , s uch am e thod o fb i nd ing s t r inge r s i s

e xcep t ion o ft h eg r ea tv e sse lt h a tc a r r ied a no b el i sk t oR ome f o rC a l igu la ( P l iny ,N a t .1 6 .40 .201 ,2 02 ) .T e s taguzza ( 1970 : 1 05 -19 ) e s t ima te s t h ed imen s ion s o ft h i s l a t te rv e s se l , t h e i mp re s s ion o f wh ich i sa ppa r en t ly p r ese rved i nc onc re te a t P o rt o s ,t oh ave b een 1 04 x2 0 .3 m ( L :B o f5 . 1 :1) .4 3 A ss uch ,

u npa ra l le led i nt h ea r chaeo log ica ll i t e ra tu re ,a nd i ft h i sw a s t h e f u nc t ion o ft h ef a s ten ings , i twou ld b e s t range i n deed .

t h eC a esa rea v e sse lw ou ld h ave b een c apab le o ft r anspo r t i n gh eavy b u lk ma ter ia l ss uch a ss t one ,t imbe r ,a nd m e ta l s ,

When a t h ick a nd t h in t imbe r a r e f a s tened t o ge the r , t h e t h inne ro ne i su sua l ly p ie rced f i r s tb yt h ef a s ten ing . Mo reo v e r , s t r inge r s e a s i ly c ou ld h ave w o rked o f fo f f a s ten ing s d r iven f r om b e low , w e re n o t t h e f a s ten ings c l enched o r o t he rw ise mod i f ied t op reven ti t . A s o lu t ion t o t h is p rob lem c an b e p rov ided b y t h e

a sw e l la sc ommod i t ie sc on ta ined i na mpho r a so rd o l ia .

w a she r sf ound o nt h es i te ,t h eh o le d i ame te r so fw h ich m a tch t h e d i ame te r s o f t h e u pp e r e x t rem i t ie s o f t h e r e co rded f a s ten ing f r agmen t s . I tw i l l b e r emembe red t h a t o ne w a s f ound b enea th t h ew e s tp l ank ing e dge b e tween F rame s 1

e qu ipmen td e ta i ls t h a tp e rm i tu st od a te t h eC a esa rea s h ip w i th af a i rd eg ree o fc onf idence . Wh i le t h es ed e ta i l sa nd t h e

h ave b een t h eb e s tt imbe r st ow h ich t h e s t r inge r sc ou ld b e f a s tened . F u t to ck 2 5 i s mou lded e nough t ob eu sed i nt h e

V LM . Ana ly s i sa nd C onc lus ions . V LM .1 . Da te o ft he C ae sar ea S h ip . T he c ompa ra t ive ma te r ia l r e vea l s as u rp r i s ing n umbe r o fc on s t ruc t ion a nd

t ime p e r iod s i nw h ich t h ey o ccu r c anno t b e r e ga rded a s d i agno s t ic o n a n i n d iv idua l b a s is , t h ey a r e s u ff ic ien t ly d e l im i ted i nt ime t oc ons t i tu te ap l aus ib ly h omogeneou s b ody o fd a t ing e v id ence . Among w reck s d i sp lay ing l e ad s hea th ing , t h e l a te s t d a te t ot h e s econd c en tu ry A .C . , o f w h ich t h e re a r ef ou r ,p e rhap sf i ve ; t ot h e se at h i rd -cen tu ry A .C . w r eck may p o s s ib ly b e a dded . T he v a s t ma jo r i ty o f l e ad shea thed s eago ing h u l l s a r e d a ted t o t h e l a s t t h ree

a nd 1 2— le s s 1m f r om t h ef a s ten ing i nF rame 1 5 .I fw a she r s w e r eu sed i nc once r tw i th t h ef a s ten ing s ,t h el a t te ra r eb o l t s a nd t h e ma t te r o f s ecu re ly b i nd ing t h e s t r inge r s t o t h e p l ank ing a nd f r ame si sr e so lved .T he i s sue ,h oweve r , mu s t a wa i t mo re i n fo rma t ion a nd s t udy . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e se f a s ten ing s a c ro s s t h e h u l l , a s sum ing t h ey d id h e lp s ecu re s t r inge r s , d oe s n o t a l low p rec is e d e te rm ina t ion o fs t r inge r o rc e il ing p l ank w id th s .

c en tu r ie sb e fo re C h r i s t ;o n ly e i gh ta r ea s s igned t ot h ef i r s t c en tu ry A .C . S im i la r ly , p l ug t reena i l f a s ten ing s a r en o ti n e v idence i ns eago ing s h ip sa f te rt h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . ,s ave

Y e tt h e s t anda rd s cheme o fa l te rna te s t r inge r sa nd c e il ing p l ank si se a s i ly a ccommoda ted b yt h ei n fo rma t ion a th and , a tl e a s tf o rt h ea r ea o u tboa rd o ft h ea l igned g ap ss epa ra t ing t h ef l oo rt imbe r sa nd t h e i rf u t tock s( f ig .5 8 ) .T he c oppe ro r b ronze f a s ten ings i nF rame s2 2a nd 2 6a r ee ach a bou t0 . 25 mf r om t h el i ne o fg ap s ;t h ee a s te rn -mo s ti r on n a i lc onc re t i on i nF rame 1 0 a l ign s w e l l w i th t h e c oppe r o r b ronze f a s ten ing i nF u t tock 2 5 ,a st h ey a r eb o th l o ca ted a bou t 1m f r om t h ea l igned f r ame g ap s .I nc once r tw i th t h es ub sequen t s pac ing o ft h ec oppe ro rb ronze f a s ten ings i nF rame s2 4a nd 1 2f a r the ro u tboa rd ,t h e se f a s ten ing l o ca t ion sa l low f o rt h e

2 17

o ne ,o rp o s s ib ly t wo ,i nt h et h i rd c en tu ry .A l lo t he rs eago ing h u l l s t h a t d i sp lay t h is f e a tu re d a te f r om t h e l a t e f ou r th c en tu ry B .C .t h rough t h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .I ts hou ld a l so b e n o ted t h a tt h eC ae sa rea p l ank f r agmen t( whe the rp a r to fa s c a r f , h ood ing e nd , o r s t ea le r ) e xh ib i t s d e ta i l s c on s i s ten t w i th s c a r fj o ine ry k nown i ns even o t he rw reck s ,o n ly o ne o f w h ich d a te s t oa f te r t h e m id -f i r s t c en tu ry A .C . T hey a r e 4 3

C a sson ( 1971 : 1 88 -89 a nd n n . ; 3 67 , n . 2 3 ) n o te s t h e

u nce r ta in ty o ft h i sc a lcu la t ion .

C hap ter V I : T he S h ip c onf ined t ot h ep e r iod b e tween t h em id th i rd c en tu ry B .C . a nd t h em id -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C .L a s t ly ,a l lk nown l e ad b oxe s h ave b een r e cove red f r om s i te sd a ted t ot h ef i r s tc en tu r ie s B .C .a nd A .C . ,a nd o ne o ft h eo n ly t wo o t he rr ope sf o und i n l imb e r h o le s c ome s f r om aw r eck d a ted t ot h e m id -f i r s t c en tu ry ; i t s d i ame t e r a nd l a y m a tch t h a t f r om C a e sa r ea p r ec i se ly . A dm i t ted ly , t h e se l a s t t h ree f e a tu r e s a r e p oo r ly d o cu m en t ed i nG ra eco -Roman w r eck s ,a nd e ven i ft h i sw e r en o t t h ec a se , t h ey w ou ld b ed ub iou si n d iv idua ld a t ing t o o l sa t b e s t .N eve r the le s s ,t h ey d on o tl e ad a way f r om t h et e rm inus a n t eq uem s ugge s t ed b yt h eo ccu r rence o fb o th l e ad s h ea th i n g a nd p l ug t re ena i l f a s ten ing s . I n g ene ra l , f ou r o f t h e f e a tu r e so ccu r mo s to f t en o nw re ck so ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , b u tt h e i rs po rad ic o ccu r r ence si nl a te rp e r iod sm u s tb et a ken i n to a ccoun t . T he re fo r e , t h e e nd o ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . m igh tb e s t s e rve a s ac ons e rva t ive a nd r e a l i s t ic t e rm inu s a n t eq uem f o rt h es h ip 's c on s t ruc t ion .T h i sd oe sn o tc onf l ic t w i th r a d ioca rbon a na ly se st h a ti n d ica t et h ew ood w a sc u tn o l a te rt h an a bou tt h em id -f i r s tc en tu ry A .C . Ad a te o f2 2B .C . ,w hen t h ec on s t ruc t ion o fC a e sa r ea a nd S eba s to s b egan , i s at e nab le t e rm inus p o s t q ue r n f o r t h e w r eck ing e ven t .T he re i sn o mo r et h an ar a ndom p robab i l i ty t h a t t h e s h ip c ou ld h ave b een w r eck ed a nd c ome t or e s t w he r ei td i db e fo r et h i st ime ,a st h en ea r e s tR oman p o r t so f a ny c on sequence w e r eJ oppa ,s ome 5 0 km t ot h es ou th ,a nd P to lema i s ,a bou tt h es ame d i s tance t ot h en o r th ( c f .S t rabo , 1 6 .2 .21 -30 ) .I ft h es h ip h ad b een b ound f o ro ne o ft h e se p o r t s o rt h o se f a r the rn o r th o rs ou th i tp robab ly w ou ld h ave b een s a i l ing an umbe ro fm i le so f fs ho r e .S oi ti smo r el i ke ly t h a t t h ev e s se l s omehow w a sa s so c ia ted w i th C ae sa r ea a nd i t s h a rbou rw hen i tc ame t og r ie f —a f te r2 2B .C .T he C a e sa r ea s h ip m igh t h ave b een a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e t r an spo r t o f c on s t ruc t ion m a t e r ia l sf o rt h eh a rbou ra nd c i ty ,o ra ny o ft h e c omme rc ia la c t iv i t ie st h a ts oon f o cu sed o nt h es i t e .J o sephu s ( A J2 0 .51 ,1 0 1 )r e la te st h a t af am ine i nP a le s t ine i nA .D .4 6 o r4 7w a sr el ieved b y as h ipmen to fE gyp t ian g r a in . C lea r ly , af i rm d a t ee i the rf o rt h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h es h ip o ri t sd em i se i sd i ff icu l tt od e r ive s o le ly t h rough ac ompa ra t i ve s t udy o fc on s t ruc t ion f e a tu re s . U nde r t h e se c i r cum s t ance s ,i ts e em s mo s tp ruden tt os ugge s tt h a tt h es h ip c ame t og r ie fi nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .C . V LM .2 . Hu l lA na ly s i si nH i s tor i ca lC on t ex t . S h ip so f p rod ig iou s s i ze h ad b een p l y ing t h e Med i te r r anean l o ng b e fo r e t h e R oman s s t a r t ed b u i ld ing t h em , a s a bundan t l i t e ra ry e v idence f o r g r ea t H e l len i s t ic w a r sh ip s d emon s t ra t e s . A cco rd ing t oD iodo ru sS i cu lu s( 14 .42 .2 ) , t h ef i r s t m an t ot h ink o fb u i ld ing q uad r i reme sa nd q u inqu i reme sw a s D iony s iu s o f S y ra cu se ( c a . 4 30 -367 B .C . ) , t h ough P l iny ( Na t .7 . 56 .207 -8 )r e po r t st h a tA r i s to t le a t t r ibu t ed t h i sd eve l o pmen tt ot h eC a r thag in ian s .T he se s h ip sm igh th ave b een l a rge rt h an c l a ss ica lt r i reme s ,b u tt h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod s aw m uch l a rge rw a r sh ip s( P l iny ,N a t .7 . 56 .207 -8 ;C a s son 1 969 ; 1 986 :9 7 -123 , 1 37 -40 ;R ouge 1 981 :9 3 -96 )t h a tm u s th ave e xceeded d imen s ion s a t t r ibu ted t ot h e f amou s A then ian w a r sh ip s . Mo reove r ,r e cen te v idence g l eaned f r om t h eo n ly w ood f r om w i th in a n a c tua l w a r sh ip r am s ugge s t s t h a t w a r sh ip sw e r eh eav i ly b u i l t ,a tl e a s ti nt h el owe rp o r t ion o f t h eh u l l .T he A th l i tr am c ou ld b ef r om aP t o lema ic " f ou r "o r

2 18

" f ive "o ft h el a t et h i rd o re a r ly s e cond c en tu ry B .C .( Mu r ray &P e t sa s1 988 : 3-34 ;1 989 : 1 00 , 1 05 , 14 ; Mu r ray 1 991a ; 1 99 1b ) t h a tw a sp e rhap s 3 5 ml o ng . I t sp r e se rved b o t tom p l ank ing a ve rage s 0 . 075 m , a nd i ti sb e l ieved t o h ave r e ta ined t h i st h ickne s su pt ot h ew a t e r l ine w a le ,a nd n ea r ly s oi nt h ef i r s tp l ank a bove t h a tw a le .T he rea f t e r ,i tp robab ly d ec r ea sed s omewha tt om in im ize v e s se lw e igh ta bove t h e w a t e r l ine ( S tef f y1 983 :2 36 ,f i g .5 ,23940 ;1 991 :1 8 -20 ,2 8 , 3 2 -37 ) .B o t tom p l ank ing o n ly s l igh t ly t h icke rt h an 0 . 075 m i st y p ica lo nw reck so fR oman m e r chan tc r a f to fc ompa rab le s i ze ( s ee T ab le V I .3 ) . We h ave t e s t imony t oo ne l a rge g r a in s h ip o ft h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod .T he S y racus ia o fH ie ro Io fS y ra cus e( c a .3 06 2 15 B .C . )w a s av e s se ls ob i g —a " twen ty" — tha tn oh a rbou r c ou ld b ef o und t or e ce ive i t ,s oi tw a sg i ven t oP t o lemy a nd s imp ly m oo red a tA lexand r ia ( A thena eu s 5 . 206d -209b ) . T he c apa c i ty o ft h i s v e s se lh a s b een c a lcu la ted b y m any , w i th e s t ima t e sr a ng ing f r om 100 t o3 500 t o n s ; mo s td on o t e xce ed 2 000 t o n s( Ca s son 1 986 : 1 85 -86 ;c f .D uncan Jone s 1 977 ) . S o i ti se v iden t t h a t H e l len i s t ic s h ipw r igh t s h ad t h e k now l edge a nd t e chno logy t ob u i ld s h ip so fg r ea tt o nnage , a nd d i ds o . Y e to ne s c ho la rs ugge s t s t h e re w a s l i t t le e co n om ic j u s t if i ca t ion f o r s uch m e r chan t c r af t p r io r t o t h e e x i s tence o ft h ev a s tm a rke tp lace e mbod ied i nt h eR oman Emp i re .O n ly t h en eed t ot r an spo r tg r ea tq uan t i t ie so ff ood i n ar e la t ive ly s ho r ts a i l ing s e a son b r ough te conom ic v i ab i l i t yt ob i gs h ip s ,w h ich c on sequen t ly u nde rwen tm o r ee x t en s i ve d eve lopmen tt h an e ve rb e fo r e( Rouge 1 981 :7 8 ) . A se a r ly a st h ef ou r th c en tu ry B .C .t h eR oman s t a te h ad i mpo r t ed g r a in f o rc heap s a le a th ome i nt i me s o fe xcep t i ona ln e ed ( Levy 1 967 : 6 8 -69 ) , b u ti nt h es e cond c en tu ry B .C . I t a l ian c e rea l' p roduc t ion b egan t od ecl ine s e r iou s ly ( Lew i s &R e inho ld 1 966a :4 40 -50 ) . Men o ft h el a nd m ad e u pt h eb u lk o ft h eR oman a rm ie se ngaged i nt h es t rugg le s w i th C a r thage d u r ing t h e t h i rd c en tu ry B .C . , a nd t h e i r n umbe r sf e la cco rd ing ly .T ho se f o r tuna t ee nough t or e tu rn t ot h e i rf a rm s o f ten f o und t h em h ope le s s ly m o r tgaged o r b eyond r e cove ry .A s ar e su l t , many f a rm sw e r eu l t ima te ly i n co rpo ra t ed i n to t h e e ve r -g row ing n umbe ro fl a t if und ia , a nd m uch o f t h e l a nd w a s c onv e r ted t o mo r e p r o f i tab le v i t icu l tu r ea nd o l ive p roduc t ion .A sl a rge n umb e r so fr e t i r ed s o ld ie r sa nd r u ra li n hab i tan t sf ound i ti n c rea s ing ly d i ff i cu l t t os uppo r tt h em s e lve s , t h eI t a l ian c oun t ry s ide y i e ld ed l e s s a nd l e s sg r a in . Mo r eove r ,t h eo ve r land t r an spo r to fg r a in o n al a rge s c a le o ve r a ny a pp rec iab le d i s tance w a s p roh ib i t i ve ly e xp en s ive . T hu s d ep r ived e ven o f t h e m ean s o f s ub s i s t enc e , mo re a nd mo re p eop le f l ocked t oR ome a nd o t he rl a rge c i t ie s— in s e a r ch o fl i ve l ihood a nd r e l ie f . I n ev i tab ly , ac h ie fs oc ia l ,p o l i t ica l ,a nd e conom ic i s sue f o rt h eg ove rnmen tb ecame t h a to fk eep ing t h eb u rgeon ing u r ban m a s se s f e d , p a r t icu la r ly i nR ome i t se l f . T he mo s t e f ec t ive w ay t od o t h i s w a s t os t r ive f o r as e cu re g r a in s upp ly f o rt h ec ap i ta lc i ty ( Lew i s &R e inho ld 1 966a :4 4 1 ; 1 966b : 1 38 -42 ) . I n 1 23 B .C . t h e t r ibune G a iu s G rac chu s s pon so r ed p a s sage o ft h el e xS empron iaf rum en ta r ia ,w h ich o r gan ized as y s tem f o rt h et r an spo r ta nd s t o rage o fw hea t .I t a l so p rov id ed f o re ve ry R oman c i t izen f i ve m od i ip e r mon th a tt h ef i xed a nd s l igh t ly s ub s id ized p r ice o f 61 / 3a s s es .T he t r ue d o l ea r o se o n ly l a t e r .G ra in w a sf i r s td i s t r ibu ted g ra t i s

V LM :A na ly s i sa nd C onc lu s ion s i n5 8B .C . ;d u r ing t h er e ign o fA ugu s tu st h en umb e ro f( a du l t ma le ) r e c ip ien t s a ppa r en t ly o nce r e ached 3 20 ,000 —ea ch c o l lec t ing f i ve f r ee m od i i p e r mon th . T h i s w a s al a rge p o r t ion o ft h ep e rhap so ne m i ll ion s ou l sr e s id ing i nR ome a t t h et ime ,a nd i tm ake s man i f e s tt h es p ec ia li mpo r tanc eo ft h e a nnona .Y e tn o tu n t i lt h ee nd o fh i sr e ign ,d e sp i te n ume rou s f ood r i o t so fn os ma l lc on sequence ,d i dA ugu s tu sc r ea t et h e o f f ice o fp raef ec tu sa nnonae , w h ich e f f ec t ive ly made o ne man r e spon s ib le f o rt h eg ra in s upp ly .T he d o le w a sn o tt h e o n ly i s sue , a s t h e r e h ad t ob e e nough g r a in a va i lab le a t ma rke t t oa ccommoda te t h e r ema inde r o ft h e p opu la t ion ( Ca s son 1 980 ;R ickman 1 980b ;E van s1 981 ;G a rn sey 1 983 ; 1 986 ; 1 987 : 8 3 -89 ; L evy 1 967 : 7) . E a rl i e r i n R ome 's h i s to ry , m o s to fi t si mpo r t ed g r a in h ad c ome f r om S i c i ly , S a rd in ia ,a nd N o r th A f r ica ;a nnexa t ion o fE gyp ti n3 0B .C . made w hea ta va i lab le o na ne ven g r ea te rs c a le . T he a cqu i s i t ion o fe nough g r a in t o ma in ta in c i v i lo rde r i nR ome r e qu i r ed s pec ia lm ea su r e s ,b u tt h e r es e em st ob en o e v idence f o ra no f f ic ia l ,g ove rnmen t run " g ra in f l e e t ." A ny s uch f l ee tp robab ly c omp r i sed p r iva te ly o wned s h ip s ,s ome o fw h ich p r e sumab ly s a i led i nc onvoy w hen p o s s ib le ,a nd s ome o fw h ich w e re t h ei mmen se g r a in f r e igh te r s( Ca s son 1 986 : 2 97 -99 a nd n n . ; R ickman 1 980a : 1 26 , 1 28 -31 ) .T he / s i so ft h es e cond c en t u ry w a so ne s u ch v e ss e l ;i tm ea su r ed c a .5 3m in l e ng th a nd mo r et h an aq ua r t e ro ft h a ti nb r ead th . C a s son ( 1 950 :5 1 -56 ;1 986 : 1 86 -88 )c a lcu la te sf o rt h i ss h ip ac apac i ty o fo ve r1 200 t o n s ,b u tb eyond L uc ian 's d e sc r ip t i on ( N ay .5 ) ,l i t t le i sk nown o ft h e s eg r ea ts h ip s .E nr ou t e f r om C ae sa rea t oR ome ,S t .P au lb oa rded o ne a t My ra t h a t t o ok o n2 76 p a s senge r s —who w ou ld h ave l i ved o nd eck — i na dd i t ion t oi t sc a rgo ( Ac t s2 7 .1 -28 .23 ) ,t h ough i tp robab ly c ou ld h ave a ccommoda t ed many m o re ( Ca s son 1 986 : 1 72 , n .2 6 ) .T he s h ip t h a te mba rked f r om J udaea i nA .D .6 1w i th J o sephus a nd 6 00 p a s senge r s( J o sephu s ,V i t .1 5 )m igh th ave b een o ne , a cco rd ing t oR ouge ( 1 966 : 6 9 ; 1 975 : 7 8 ) . H e e s t ima t e st h i sv e s se lt oh ave b een o fs ome 1 000 -1200 t o n s , w i th am in imum d eck a r ea o f4 0 x1 5m . A ga in ,o n ly t h e mo s ti mpo r tan tp a s senge r sw e r ea f fo rded s h e l t e ro ra ccom moda t ion sb e low d eck s .O the rs ma l le rv e s s e l st r an spo r ted w hea tf o rt h es t a te ,t h ough s u ch e n te rp r i se d oe sn o ta pp ea r t oh ave b een p a r t icu la r ly l u c ra t ive f o r t h o se i n vo lved , a s C laud iu s w a s r e duc ed t o o f f e r ing s p ec ia l i n c en t ive s t o a t t ra c th e lp f r om t h e p r iva te s e c to r . L a t in s c ou ld a cqu i r e c i t izen sh ip b y b u i ld ing as h ip w i th ac apac i ty o fa tl e a s t 1 0 ,000 m od i io fg r a in ( c a . 6 8 m e t r ic t o n s ) a nd d e l ive r ing g ra in t oR ome f o ra tl e a s ts i xy ea r s ,e i the rw i th t h a ts h ip o r a no the ri ni t sp l a ce ( Ga iu s ,i n s t . 1 . 32C ) .O the re n t icemen t s i n c lud ed e xemp t ion o fc i t izen sf r om t h eP ap ian -Poppaean L aw o fA .D . 9 ,w h ich , a mong c and ida t e s c ompe t ing f o r p ub l ic o ff ice , g ave p r ecedence t of a the r s . C laud iu s a l so g ua ran te ed e xpen se s a ga in s t l o s se s i n cu r r ed , e ncou raged w in te rv oyage s ,a nd a cco rded t h ep r iv i lege so f mo the r so f f ou rc h i ld r en t ow omen w ho u nde r took t oh e lp s upp ly R ome w i th g r a in ( Sue ton iu s , C l . 1 8 -19 ) . L a te r , i nt h e r e ign o f Ma r cu sA u re l iu s ,t h ej u r i s tS ca evo la ( D ig .5 0 .5 .3 )n o ted t h a t s h ipowne r sw e r ee xemp ted f r om c i v i ls e rv ice w ho h ad b u i l t a nd p rov ided f o rt h ea nnona as e ago ing s h ip o fn o tl e s st h an 5 0 ,000 m od i ic apac i ty ( c a .3 40 m e t r ic t o n s —pe rhap ss ome w ha tl e s st h an t h ec apa c i ty o ft h es h ip t h a ts a nk a tG ien s ) ,o r an umbe ro fv e s se l st h a tc ou ld c a r ry 1 0 ,000 m od i ie a ch .

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S upp ly ing R ome w i th g r a in c l ea r ly w a so ne r e a son b i g m e r chan ts h ip sw ou ld h ave b ecome e conom ica l ly d e s i rab le a nd f e a s ib le ,b u tt h e r ew e re o t he rf a c to r si n vo lved . B road e n ing R oman p owe ra nd i nf luence a f te r2 02 B .C .a nd d u r ing t h eP r inc ipa t eb rough ts t agge r ing e conom ic o ppo r tun i t ie s . E ven a s e a r ly a s 2 19 o r 2 18 B .C . , l e ga l s anc t ion s w e r e i n s t i tu t ed t op r even tm en o fs e na tor ia lr a nk a nd t h e i rs on s f r om e ngag ing i nl a rge sca le m a r i t ime t r ade .T hep l eb i sc i tum C laud ianum p roh ib i ted o wne r sh ip o fs e ago ing s h ip s ,w h ich w e r ed ef ined a sh av ing ac apa c i ty o f mo re t h an 3 00 j a r s .T he l aw t e chn ica l ly w a si nf o rc ei n5 9B .C .a nd a sl a t ea st h ee a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry A .C .( D 'A rm s 1 98 1 : 5 ) . T he r e a son f o rs u ch m ea su r e si sd eba tab le .D e sp i te t h ec ons e rva t ive t r ad i t iona l v a lue s t h a ta cco rded v i r tus t ot h em an w ho se w ea l th w a s d r awn f r om t h e l a nd , i ta ppea r s t h a t f a i r ly e a r ly i n t h e e xpan s ion o fR ome 's h o r izon ss e na to r sc ou ld b et emp t ed b y t h ep ro f i t so fm a r i t ime e xchange . I nt h ew ake o ft e r r i to r ia l a cqu i s i t ion ,l a rge m a s se so fc u r rency b ecame a va i lab le f o r t r ad ing a c t iv i ty a nd o t he rv en tu re s . Wea l th p l unde r ed f r om G r eec e p ou r ed i n to R ome o ve r t h e c ou r se o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry B .C . ,d u r ing w h ich t i me t h ea moun to fs i lve rc o ined b y R ome i n c rea sed s e ven - t of ou r teen -fo ld . B e tween 1 57 B .C .a nd 5 0B .C . ,t h en umbe ro fs i lve rc o in si nc i rcu la t ion s o a r ed mo r et h an t e nt i me s ,a nd t h en n ea r ly d oub led o ve rt h e s u cc eed ing c en tu ry ( Hopk in s 1 988 : 7 58 -59 ) . Mo reove r , p i racy w a se r ad ica t ed f r om t h es e a si nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C . , a nd t h e s ub juga t ion o fG au l b y J u l iu s C a e sa ro pened t h e d oo rt o al a rge m a rke tf o rI t a l ian w ine .A f te rt h ec i v i lw a r s e nded i n3 1 B .C . , e conom ic e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h ep rov ince s r o s et oe ve rg r ea t e rh e igh t s ,a nd a pp r ec iab le t r ade d eve loped w i th A rab ia ,I nd ia a nd t h eF a rE a s ta sw el .T he v o lume o f c omme r c ia l s h ipp ing w a s g r ea t , a sw e re p rof i t s , a nd m en w e r en o tm uch a f ra id o ft h er i sk si n vo lved ( D 'A rm s 1 981 : 8 9 ) . T he Y ounge rS eneca ( Ep . 19 .5 )m en t ion sm a r i t ime t r ad ea s ar e ady a venue t or i che s .J uvena l( Sa t . 1 4 .276 -77 ) s n ee r st h a tt h e re w e re mo re m en a ts e at h an o nl a nd ,s oe age r w e r e t h ey t ob e r i ch , a nd P l iny ( Na t . 2 . 45 .118 , 2 . 47 .125 ) c ommen t st h a th uge n umb e r so fm en w e r es a i l ing t h es e a s i ns e a r ch o fp rof i t ;f i r s tp i ra t e sa nd , then g r eed s pu r red t h em t or i sk w in te rv oyage s . T he f amou s f r eedman T r ima lch io e ngaged i nh i gh ly p rof i tab le m a r i t ime v en tu r e s( P e t ron iu s , S a t . 7 6 ;D 'A rm s 1 981 : 9 7 120 ) . S h ip s c ou ld t r an spo r t s t ap le g ood s a nd c ommod i t ie s c heap ly a nd i ng r ea t q uan t i t ie s ( J one s 1 964 : 8 4 1 -43 a nd n o t e s ;D uncan Jone s 1 974 : A pp . 1 7 ;R ickman 1 980b :2 73 , n .7 ;E van s 1 981 : 4 29 , n .5 ;G reene 1 986 : 3 9 -43 ; S ippe l 1 987 ;H opk in s1 988 :7 59 ,7 6 1 -62 ) .T he a ppea rance o fdo l ia o ns h ipw r eck so ft h ef i r s tc en tu r ie sB .C .a nd A .C .s ugge s t s a n i n c r ea sed i n te r e s t i n mov ing l a rge q uan t i t ie s o fw ine , o l ive o i l ,a nd r e la ted i t em sl i ke g r ape sa nd o i ll e e s( a sw e l l a sw hea t , p r e sumab ly ) , a to ne t i me ( He sna rd , L 'Hou r , & L ong 1 986 ;F io r i 1 972 ; P ala re s 1 983a ; 1 983c -e ; 1 985a -d ; 1 99 1 ;B r enn i 1 985 ;C o r s i -Sc ia l lano & L iou 1 985 : 1 69 -71 ; D 'A t r i1 986 ;D 'A t r i &G ianf ro t ta 1 986 ;H e sna rd e ta l .1 988 ; P omey e ta l . 1 988 : 2 0 , 2 7 -28 , 3 0 -32 ; G ianf ro t ta 1 990 ) . S a l t ed a nd p i ck led f i sh , f i sh s a uce ( g arum ) , m e ta l s l i k e c oppe r , t i n , a nd l e ad , a mong m any o t he r p roduc t s a nd c ommod i t ie s , w e re w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted . T imbe r , s t one ,a nd m a rb le w e r ec u ta nd t r an spo r t ed o n ag r and s c a le f o rp ubl i c a nd p r iva t e b u i ld ing p ro jec t s t h roughou t t h e Emp i r e .

C hap te r V I : T he S h ip P e t ron iu s ( Sa t . 17 ) m en t ion s t h e l a p ida r ia n au i s , as h ip t y pe t h a ts e em st oh ave b een s pec if ica l ly d e s igna ted f o rt h e t r an spo r to fs t one , a nd P l iny ( Na t . 3 6 .1 .2 ) r e f e r s t os h ip s b u i l t s pec ia l ly t ot r an spo r t m a rb le . R ouge ( 1 966 : 7 6 -77 ) p ropo se st h a tt h e se s h ip sw e r eb u i l t mo r eh eav i ly t h an o t he r s i no rde rt op e r fo rm t h e i rt a sk ( s ee L 'Hou r &L ong 1 986 ) . E xo t ic p roduc t sa nd l u xu ry i t em sf r om A rab ia ,I nd ia ,a nd t h eF a rE as tf o und r e ady m a rk e t sa sw e l l ,b eg inn ing i nt h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . a nd e spec ia l ly i nt h e f i r s tt wo c en tu r ie s A .C .C a ravan r ou t e ss t r e tched f r om t h eh ead o ft h eP e r s ian g u l ft h rough t h eE uph ra t e sv a l ley t oP a lmy ra ,a nd t h ence t o p o r t so nt h e Med i t e r r anean c oa s t .Y e tt h eP a r th ian sc on t ro l l e d s eve ra l i mpo r tan t r ou t e s f r om C en t ra l A s ia t oS y r ian p o r t s . T he t o l l st h ey e xac ted s e r ved t od i ve r tm uch o ft h e I nd ian a nd A rab ian t r ade t oA lexand r ia v i at h eR ed S ea a nd t h eN i le ( Lew i s &R e inho ld 1 966b : 2 03 ) .Hopk in s ( 1 988 : 7 70 )a nd C a s son ( 1 989 : 1 2 ,n .4 ,9 6 )c i t eS t rabo 's o b se rva t i on s( 2 .5 .12 ; 1 7 .1 .13 )t h a ti nt i me sp r io rt oh i so wn ,s i gn i f i c an t ly f ewe rt r ad ing v e s se l ss a i led f r om E gyp tt oI nd ia a nd E th iop ia I ts e em sl i ke ly t h a to n ly l u xu ry i t em sw e r ea ccep t a b ly p ro f i tab le a f t e re xpen s ive c a ravan t r an spo r t( Ra s chke 1 979 : 7 0 ) , f o r a s S t rabo ( 1 7 .1 .13 ) a l so p o in t s o u t , c o s t ly g ood sw ou ld h ave b een s ub jec tt oh i gh d u t ie si na ny c a se ( Hopk in s1 988 :7 69 -71 ) .S ome ,h oweve r ,c i t et h eP er ip lu s Mans E ry thrae ia se v idenc et h a tt h ee xpo r ta t ion o fl u xu ry g ood so n as ma l ls c a le f r om A rab ia a nd I n d ia w a sc oup led w i th t h el a rge sca le e xchange o fs t ap le p roduc t sl i k ep epp e r , c a s s ia ,m e ta l s ,t e x t i le s ,a nd o t he rg ood s( Ra schke 1 979 :6 9 7 0 ) . P l iny ( Na t . 6 . 26 .104 ) a nd t h e P er ip lus ( 3 9 :13 .12 -13 ; 4 9 :16 .31 -32 ;5 6 :18 .28 -29 )r e la t et h a tv oyage sf r om E gyp t t oA f r ica a nd I nd ia b eg in i nJ u ly .T h i si sw hen t h es ou thwe s t mon soon , t h eK u s i , i sh a lf s pen t( Hun t ingfo rd 1 980 : 1 64 6 5 ) .I no ne s cho la r 's o p in ion t h e mon soon ,h av ing g a the red i t sf u l lf o rce b yt h i st ime ,w a ss od emand ing o fs h ip sm ak ing t h es t ra igh tr un t oI nd ia t h a tt r ade c ou ld b ec onduc t ed o n ly b y p owe r fu l v e sse l s c apab le o fw i th s tand ing t h e p un i sh m en t( Ca s son 1 984a : 1 92 ; 1 989 :2 83 -91 ) . Whe the r mo s to f t h e se s h ip sw e re b u i l ti nc l a s s ic G ra eco -Roman f a sh ion ,o r w e r e n a t ive t o A rab ia a nd I nd ia a nd s o p robab ly b u i l t d i f f e ren t ly ,h oweve r ,i su nknown . I n s um , t h e e xpan s ion a nd c on so l ida t ion o f R ome 's d om in ion s a f t e r t h e b a t t le o fZ ama i n2 02 B .C . c r ea t ed e xcep t iona le conom ic o ppo r tun i t ie st h a tc u lm ina ted i nt h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . a nd e spec ia l ly d u r ing t h eP ax R omana . A l though l a rge m e rchan tc r a f tm igh tn o th ave b een an ew p henomenon , t h e i r e conom ic p r ac t ica l i ty a nd i n c r ea s ed n umbe r s m u s t h ave b een , a s s h ipw r igh t s r e spond ed t o v i go rou s s oc ia l a nd e conom ic f o rc e s b y p rov id ing g r ea t s h ip sc apab le o fp e rmanen t ly h ou s ing g r ea td o l ia a nd m ov i n gg r a in a nd o t he rb u lk c ommod i t ie so na nu np r eceden ted s c a le . I ti sn o t u n rea sonab le t oi mag ine t h a t u nde r t h e se c ond i t ion st h ec on s t ruc t ion o fl a rge m e r chan ts h ip su nd e r w en t mo re e xp lo ra t ion a nd d eve lopmen tt h an e ve rb e f o r e . T hu st h ep r ima r i ly m i l i ta ry i mp e tu sf o rt h ec on s t ruc t ion o f g r ea ts h ip s i nH e l len i s t ic t ime s a nd e a r l ie rw a sp a r t ly r e p l a ced b ya ne conom ic o ne i nt h eR oman p e r iod . V LM .3 . Hu l lA na l y s i si nA r chaeo log i ca lC on tex t .C u r r e n ta r cha eo log ica le v idence i sc on s i s t en tw i th t h i sh i s to r i -

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c a l o u t l ine a nd i n d ica t e s t h a t l a rge R oman m e rchan tmen s t a r t ed a ppea r ing b yt h em idd le o ft h es e cond c en tu ry B .C . a nd b ecame c ommon i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .a nd a f t e rwa rd . Wreck s o f s u ch v e s se l s h ave b e en d i s cove r ed a tP un ta S ca le t ta ( 1 50 140 B .C . ) , S pa rg i ( 120 -100 B .C ) , A lbenga , A n t iky the ra , Mand ia , G ien s , a nd l ' I so la d i Ma l d iV en t re ( a l l d a t ed t ob e fo r eo rn ea rt h em idd le o ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry B .C . ) . S ome c on s t r uc t ion f e a tu re so ft h e s ew reck s , i nc onc e r t w i th t h ei n fo rma t ion a bou tl a rge w a r sh ip sp rov ided b yt h e A th l i tr am , p romp t an umbe r o fq ue s t ion s a bou tG r aeco R oman s h ipbu i ld ing . F i r s t , w e re l a rge R oman s h ip s b u i l t s i gn if i can t ly d i f f e ren t ly t h an t h o se o ft h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod a nd e a rl i e r ? Mo r e f u ndamen ta l ly , d i d a pp roa che s t ot h e c on s t r uc t ion o f l a rge G r aeco -Roman v e s se l s d i f f e r f r om t h o se a s so c ia t ed w i th t h e i r d im inu t ive c oun te rpa r t s? T he d a ta a th and s ugge s tt h ea n swe rt ot h i sl a t te rq ue s t ion i sy e s : A s ide f r om t h es t ra igh t fo rwa rd i n c rea se i np l ank ing t h ick n e s sa nd t e non v o lume a sv e sse l si n c r ea se i ns i ze ,t h e r ea r e d i s t inc t i n d ica t ion s t h a t a tl e a s t s ome l a rge s h ip s g a ined m o r es t ruc tu ra li n t eg r i t yf r om t h e i rf r am ing t h an d id s ma l le r s h ip s .I fa ts ome p o in tt h i si sf ound t ob er e p r e sen ta t iv e ,w e m igh te nv i s ion l a rge R oman v e s se l st h a tw e re f r amed n o t v e ry d i f f e r en t ly f r om t h e i rG reek a nd H e l len i s t ic f o r e r un n e r s .T h i sr e su l ti nt u rn w ou ld r a i se t h ep o s s ib il i ty o fa ne a r ly d i s t inc t ion b e tween a pp roache st ot h ec on s t ruc t ion o fl a rge a so ppo sed t os ma l ls e ago ing s h ip s .U n t i l mo r ei n fo rma t ion i sa th and ,h oweve r , i ti sp o s s ib le o n ly t op o in to u td i f f e r e nce si nt h ed ocumen ted p l ank ing a nd f r am ing o fs ma l le ra s o ppo sed t ol a rge s e ago ing s h ip s . T h i cke rp lank ing a nd m or e mor t i se sa nd t e nons . B e c au se i nc l a s s ic m o r t i se -and t enon s he l l -f i r s tc on s truct ion t h ea s semb led p l ank s made u pt h ep r ima ry s t ruc tu ra lc om p onen to ft h eh u l l , t h en a tu ra lt h ing t od ow hen b u i ld ing a v e ss e lo fg r ea t e rs i ze w a s t oi n c r ea se t h e t h ickne s s o ft h e p l ank ing .T om ee tb e t te rt h eg r ea te rs t re s se so nt h ep l ank ing o f al a rge s h ip w o rk ing a ts e a ,i na dd i t ion t os uppo r t ing t h e i r o wn i n c r ea sed b u lk a nd w e igh t ,s uch p l ank sw e re f a s tened t o ge the ra nd s t i f f ened i n t e rna l ly w i th a sm any t e non s ,o ra s m uch t e non v o lume , a s n ece s sa ry o r p o s s ib le . T h i s w a s a ch ieved b ys t agge r ing t h ej o in t sa c ro s st h et h ickne s so fa s i ng le l a ye ro ft h ick p l ank s ,t h e r eby a l low ing t h et e non st o b e f a i r ly t h ick a nd c l o se t o ge the r w i thou tw eaken ing t h e p l ank s . T he b e s t e xamp le s a r e f ound i n t h e h u l l s a t A n t iky the ra a nd C a e sa r ea . B u tt h ep r e f e r r ed w ay o fb u i ld ing l a r ge s h ip sa ppea r st o h ave b een t h eu s eo ft wo p l ank ing l a ye r s .T h i sa r rangemen t a ccommoda t ed e ven mo r et e non v o lume a nd o f f e red s ome o ft h ea dvan tage so fl am ina t ion .E xamp le sa r ef ound a tL a Mad rague d e G ien s , Mand ia , p robab ly A lbenga ( t he r e c o rded l a ye ri s0 . 04 m t h ick )a nd S pa rg i( t he r e co rded l a ye r i sc a0 . 035 m t h ick ) ,a nd p o s s ib ly P un ta S ca le t ta . I na l lt h e se c r a f t ,s ave p e rhap st h eo ne a tP un ta S ca le t ta , t h es h ipw r igh t sa s semb led p l ank ing s hel sn ot h icke rt h an 0 . 10 m ,e xc lud ing a r ea sn ea rt h ek ee l . Un fo r tuna t e ly w ed o n o th ave e nough d a ta t oa s ce r ta in i ft h i s i st h e max imum s h e l lt h ickne s su s ed b yG reek a nd R oman s h ipw r igh t s .S t i l l , t h e r e s e em s t ob e s ome i n d ica t ion t h a tp l ank s e xceed ing 0 . 10 m in t h ickne s sw e re n o tf a vou red .O n ly a tA n t iky the ra ,

V LM :A na ly s i sa nd C onc lus ions p i e rc ed w i th c oppe ro rb ronze b o l t st h a te x tend t h rough t h e f r ame sa sw e l l .T he l a t te ri sa l so t r ue f o rt h en ex to ccu r rence i ns ma l ls eago ing s h ip s .O n Wreck 2a tL au ron s ,o ft h el a te

C a esa r ea a nd L ake N em ia r et h e re h u l ls w i th s i ng le l a ye r s o ve r0 .06 -0 .07 m t h ick ,a nd p l ank so fd oub le laye r ed s h ip s d o n o te xceed 0 .06 m i nt h ickne s s . P e rhap s t h e p ra c t ica l c ons truc t ion c on s ide ra t ion si nh and l ing p l ank so fs uch s i ze a nd w e igh ts e t at h icknes s l im i tf o r s o f twood p l ank ing o f a bou t0 . 10 m ,a nd f o rh a rdwood sc a .0 .06 m .I nt h i sl i gh t ,t h e P un ta S ca le t ta w reck m igh tp rov ide u sw i th t h eo u te rl im i t o fp l ank ing t h ickne s si ns t anda rd s eago ing s h ip s :t wo l a ye r s

s e cond c en tu ry a nd a bou t1 5 mi nl e ng th ,n a i l sw e re u sed i n t h ef ou rs c a r f si nt h ek ee l ." I nt h el a rge rB ou r se w reck ( c a . 2 3 ml o ng ) t h e c oncep to ff a s ten ing f r ame s t ot h ek ee l i s mo r ef u l ly d eve loped .D a ted t ot h el a te s econd o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ,a bou te ve ry e i gh th f r ame i sb ound t ot h ek ee lw i th ap i ened c oppe r b o l t ( Ga s send 1 975 , 1 982 ; G a ssend & C uomo 1 985 : 3 48 -49 , f i g . 8 ,3 50 , f i g . 9 ) . F loo r t imbe r s f a s tened f i rm ly t ot h ek ee la nd p o s t sb ecome mo re a nd mo re c ommon i ns h ip sd a ted t ot h is p e r iod a nd l a te r . T he l e a s t i mpo r tan t , a nd mo s t d ub ious ly d ocumen ted , c ha rac te r i s t ic o f at r end t owa rd mo re d eve loped f r am ing i n

e a ch a bou t0 .065 -0 .07 m t h ick . A sn o ted , t h is a g ree sw i th o u r l i t e ra ry e v idence f o r max imum p l ank ing t h ickne s se s . Y e tw e wonde rw ha tt h eA lexand r ian g ra in s h ip sw e r el i ke . We re t h ey b u i l tw i th t wo l a ye r so fp l ank sc omp r i s ing 0 . 13 0 . 14 m o ft h ickne ss ,o rp e rhap sw i th t wo l a ye r se ach n ea r ly 0 . 10 m t h ick ? One f a c to ra f f ec t ing t h e max imum p ra c t ica lt h ickne s so f p l ank ing wa st h e mo r t ise -and tenon j o ine ry .A ts ome p o in t ( s t i l lu nknown t ou s ) , s uch j o in t sa r en o tc apab le o f ma in t a in ing t h e s t ruc tu ra l i n teg r i ty o f t h e p l ank ing s hel . I t a ppea r s t h a t t h e j o ine ry i n t h e h u l l s a tA n t iky the ra a nd C aesa r ea w e re b e l ieved b y t h e s h ipw r igh t t ob e n ea r t h e max imum ,a nd t h a ti ft h ej o in t sw e re mo r ec l o se ly s pa ced , o ri ft e nons w e re a pp rec iab ly t h icke r ,p l ank i n teg r i ty w ou ld h ave b een j eopa rd ized .T h is h e lp se xp la in t h ee mp loymen t o ft wo p lank ing l a ye r s , w i th t h e a t t endan t a dvan tage s o f l am ina t ion , t h e mo re c onven ien t u t i l iza t ion o fh a rdwood p l ank s ,a nd i n c reased t e non v o lume . T hese c on s truc t ion p ra c t ices s ugges tt h en eed f o r mo re a nd mo re h u l ls t reng th i nl a rge rs h ip s ,a nd t h a tt h i sc ou ld n o t b e a ch ieved s a t i sfa c to r i ly t h rough t h e s he l l a l one . D eck s t ruc tu res a s ide ,w a les a nd s t r inge r s mus th ave b een a mong t h e p r ima ry h ul membe r s f i r s t u sed t o s t reng then b i g G raeco -Roman h u l l s .B u to n ly mo re d eve loped f r amewo rk c ou ld max im ize t h e i r p o ten t ia l b enef i t s . T he f o l low ing d i scus s ion a r gue st h a tf r ame sw e re i ndeed mo re i mpo r tan t h ul c omponen t s i nl a rge s h ip s t h an t h ey w e re i ns ma l le r

l a rge s h ip si st h a to fs ca r f ed f l oo rt imbe r sa nd f u t tock s .T he d ocumen ta t ion o ft h eL ake N em is h ip sa nd t h e An t iky the ra w reck i ss u spe c t ,p a r t icu la r ly t h el a t te r .T he e v idence f r om t h eC h r6 t ienne Aa nd G iens w reck si ss c a rce ly b e t te r .I nf a c t , t h eb e s te xamp le so f "made f r ames" c ome f r om t h el a te -f i f th c en tury B .C .v e s se ld i scove red o f f Ma 'a gan M ichae l ,I s ra e l . I nt h i ss h ip a bou t1 3ml o ng w e re f our teen f r ame sc omp r i s i n gc ro tch t imb e rf l oo rt imbe r sa nd t h e i rf u t tock s .T he l a t te r a r ef a s tened t ot h ef o rme rw i th t h ree -p lane h o r izon ta ls ca r f s af ixed w i th ( u sua l ly ) t h ree t r eena i l s . C a rpen t ry d e ta i l s a ff i rm u nden iab ly t h a t t h e f r ames w e re " made" b e fo re i n s ta l la t ion ( L inde r1 989 ;1 992 :3 4 ;R o s lo f f1 990 ;p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . T h i s e v idence c l ea r ly r a ises mo r e q ue s t ion s t h an i tr e s o lve sr e ga rd ing t h ep lace o ft h i sw reck i nt h ed eve lopmen t o fG ra eco -Roman f r am ing p rac t ices .W i th o ne o the re xcep t i on ,4 5 s ca r f ed o ne -p iece f r ame sd on o to ccu ru n t i lt h et h i rd o rf ou r th c en tu ry i ns ma l lG raeco -Roman s h ip s , a nd i nn o mo re d i s t inc to rr obu s tf o rm t h an t h a ti ne v idence f o re a r l ie r b i g s h ip s . C onf igu ra t ion s l i ke t ho se a tL ake N em i a nd C he ienne A w e re n o ted o n Wreck 1a tP o r t -Vend res ( L iou 1 974 :4 23 )a nd t h el a rge s tv e s se la tF ium ic ino ( Te s taguzza

o ne s , a nd t h a tt h i si nt u rn l e dt od i f f e ren tw ay so ft h ink ing a bou tf undamen ta ls h ipbu i ld ing p rac t ice s .

1 970 : 1 45 ) . O ne f l oo r t imbe r a nd f u t tock o n t h e f ou r th c en tu ry w r eck a tY a s s iA da w e re j o ined w i th a nu nf a s tened

More d eve loped f ram ing . S ome o f t h e w reck s o fb i g s h ip si nt h i ss t udy e xh ib i tf l oo rt imbe r sf a s tened t ot h ek ee l , s ca r f ed f l oo rt imbe r sa nd f u t tock s ,f r ame ss paced r e la t ive ly mo re c l o se ly t h an a r e f r ame s i n s ma l le r s h ip s , o r s ome c omb ina t ion o f t h ese t h r ee f e a tu re s . T aken c o l le c t ive ly , t h ey h in ta td i s t inc te fo r t s t od eve lop f r am ing e a r l ie ra nd

v e r t ica ls ca r f ,a nd t wo f u t tock sw e re f a s t ened t o ge the ri na d i agona ls c a r fw i th at r eena i lt h a tw a sd r iven f r om t h eh u l l 's e x te r io r( van D oo r rünck 1 976 : 1 24 ) . A s ide f r om f r ames b ound t ot h ek ee l , t h ea ppea rance o f c l ose se tf r ame sp o ten t ia l ly r ep re sen t s t h e mo s ti mpo r tan t d i f f e rence b e tween t h ef r am ing o fl a rge a nd s ma l ls h ip s ,a s i tn eve r o ccu r s i nw reck s o f t h e l a t te r d imen s ion s . I ti s

mo re f uly i nl a rge s h ip st h an i ns ma l lo ne s ,b ecause w i th v e ry f ew e xcep t ion st h ey o ccu ri nt h el a t te ro n ly much l a te r , i fa ta l l .T h is i sn o tt os ugge s ts uch t r a i t sc on s t i tu te e v idence

d i sp layed , h oweve r , o n ly b y t h e t wo l a rge w reck s b e s t k nown t ou s ,a nd p e rhap sb y at h i rd .I nt h eh u l ls a tG ien sa nd

o f" f rame -f i r s t" o r" m ixed " me thod s ,h oweve r . T he a ppea ranc eo ff r ames b ound t ot h ek ee li nl a rge s h ip s p reda te st ho se i ns ma l ls h ip sb ya tl e a s t ac en tu ry a nd ah a l f , a nd o ccu r so n amuch mo re e x ten s ive s ca le b o th i nt e rm so f t h en umbe ro fw reck sa nd i nt h eq uan t i ty o ff a s ten ing su sed ( c f . S ec t ion V I .F .5 .a bove ) .T he re i sg ood e v idence o nt h e w reck a tS pa rg i( c a . 1 20 -100 B .C . ,c a .3 0 -35 m )t h a t al a rge n umbe ro ft h e f l oo r t imbe r s w e re b o l ted t ot h ek ee l . T h i s t e chn ique i sc l ea ra nd i nd ispu tab le o nt h eG iens h ul ( 60 -40 B .C . ,c a .3 8m ) .T he e a r l ie s tp ub l ished e xamp le o f as im i la r p rac t ice o n an o tab ly s ma l le rs h ip i st h a to fS t .Gerva is 3 ,b u t

C a esa r ea ,f r ame sa r es i gn if ican t ly c l o se rt oo ne a no the rt h an t h e i rs i ded d imens ion s ; i nt h ec en t ra lp o r t ion o ft h eS pa rg i w reck , t h e s pa ce s b e tween f r ames a nd t h e i r s i ded d imen -

4 4 As ma l lb oa to ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry B .C .o rA .C . w a sf ound a t K inne re to nt h eS ea o fG a l i lee t h a th ad a tl e a s te i gh tf l oo rt imbe r s a nd h a l f f rame s n a i led t o t h e k ee l , t h ough f ew , i fa ny , w e re o r ig ina l ly s o( S t ef fy 1 987 : 3 72 ; Wach smann e ta l . 1 990 : 3 6 ,3 9 ) . 4 5 T he B on -Po r t 6v e s se l , as ewn b oa to fs ome 1 0md a t ed t ot h e s i x th c en tu ry B .C . , d i sp lay s t wo f r ame c omponen t sj o ined b y a

i n amo re r e s t r ic ted c apa c i ty .I nt h i sh u l lo fs ome 1 7 mt h a t w recked i nt h em id -f i r s tc en tury A .C . ,t h et wo k ee ls c a r f sa r e

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s c a r ff a s tened w i th t wo s ma l lt r eena i l s .N of r ame sw e re d i scove r ed f a s t ened t ot h ep l ank ing ,b u tl a sh ing i ss ugge s ted ( L iou 1 975 :5 95 9 7 ;J onche ray 1 976b : 2 6 -27 ) .

C hap ter V I : T h eS h ip s i on sa ppea rt ob er ough ly e qua l .T h i si sn o tt h ec a se a tP un ta S ca le t ta , a nd p robab ly i sn o t s oa tA lbenga ; t h e w r eck a t A n t iky the ra i sp oo r ly d ocumen ted . T he K y ren ia s h ip w il s u ff ice a s ar e p r e sen ta t ive o ft h e f r am ing f ound i ns ma l le r v e s se l s . W i th f r ame s s i d ed a n a ve rage o f0 . 09 m a ts t rake s i x a nd a n a ve r age r oom a nd s pace o f0 . 25 m ( S t e f f y1 985b :8 4 ) ,s pac e sb e tween f r ame s t h u sa ve rage 0 . 16 m , 1 77% o ft h e i rs i ded d imen s ion s . U n t i l mo re i n fo rma t ion c ome s t o l i gh t , i tc anno t b e a r gued t h a tt h ep l a cemen to ff r ame s mo r ec l o se ly t o ge the r t h an t h e i rs i ded d imen s ion sw a s ac ommon c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o f as i gn i f ican tn umbe ro fl a rge G rae co -Roman s h ip s .Y e tt h e e v idence i n t h e G ien s a nd C ae sa r ea h u l l s i sc l ea r a nd c ompe l l ing i ni t si mp l ica t ion sf o rt h ed eve lopmen to ff r am i n gi ns h ip sb u i l tw i th mo r t i se -and t enon j o ine ry . V I .M .4 .L arge S h ip sa nd t h eD eve lopmen to fF ram ing D e s ign . T he f e a tu re so u t l ined a bove c on s t i tu te e v idence o f s ome a t t emp t st og i ve mo re s uppo r tt ot h ep l ank ing s h e l lb y m ean so ff r ame s .I n te re s t ing ly e nough ,h oweve r ,f a s t en ing f r ame s t ot h e k ee l a nd p l a c ing t h em c l o se t o ge the rm igh t h ave e l im ina ted t h en eed t oe xp lo r ef u r the rt h ea dvan tage s o ff r amewo rk .T hey a ppa ren t ly a f fo rded a dequa t ee nhance m en tb o th o fl o ng i tud ina la nd l a te ra li n t eg r i ty ,j udg ing f r om t h ee v idence a th and . I mproved l ong i tud ina l s t i ff en ing . T he b a t t le a ga in s t h ogg ing a nd s agg ing d a t e sa tl e a s tt ot h eF i f th D yna s ty o f O ld K ingdom E gyp t . Ah eavy r op e o r " hogg ing t r u s s" e x tend ing f r om s t em t os t e rn w a s a ne a r ly d ev ice u s ed t o c omba t t h e p rob lem ( Ca s son 1 986 : f i g s . 1 4 , 1 7 , 1 8 ; B a s s 1 972 :2 1 ,f i g .1 7 ,2 9 ,i l .1 6 ,3 2 -33 ,i l .2 4 ) .C la s s ica lt r i r eme s a nd l a rge rs h ip s ,i n c lud ing t h eA lexand r ian g r a in s h ip t h a t b o re S t .P au lf r om My ra t o Ma l ta ( Ac t s2 7 .17 ) ,w e r ef i t ted w i th ah ypozoma t h a ti st h ough t t oh ave s e rved as im i la r p u rpo se ,b u tt h i sp i ece o fe qu ipmen ti sn o ty e tu nd e r s tood ( Mo r r i son & W il iam s1 968 :2 00 ,2 94 -98 ;C a s son 1 986 :9 1 9 2 ,2 11 ,n .4 5 ;R oug61981 :4 3 -44 ;K ennedy 1 976 ; Mo r r i son &C oa te s1 986 : 1 70 -72 ) .H o le s0 . 04 m i nd i ame t e rc en t r ed i n t h e f l oo r t imbe r s o f t h e s h ip a tG rand C ong lou6 a r e s ugge s t ed b y B eno i t t oh ave a ccommoda t ed c ab le s t h a t i mp roved l o ng i tud ina l s t i f f ne s s ( Beno i t 1 96 1 : 1 38 , 1 4 1 ) . T h is s e em s u n l ike ly , h oweve r , b ecau se t h e m echan ic a l a dvan tage o f ar ope p l a ced s ol ow i nt h eh u l lw ou ld h ave b een n eg l ig ib le ,a nd t h eb enef i t so f ar ope o n ly 0 . 0 3 -0 .04 m i nd i ame te rt o as h ip s ome 2 3ml o ng w ou ld s e em t oh ave b e en m in ima la sw e l l . N ume rou sf l oo rt i mbe r sb ound t ot h ek ee l ,c l o se ly s p ac ed f r ame s ,a nd t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tp l ank s ,f r ame s ,a nd s t r inge r s w e r e c ommon ly f a s tened o n t h e C ae sa rea h u l l , a ppea rt o r e p re sen ta tl e a s t s ome o ft h e w ay s i nw h ich t h e R oman s a dd re s s ed t h e pr ob lem so fh ogg ing a nd s a gg ing ( i na dd i t ion t ot h es t anda rd t e chn ique o fu s ing g a rboa rd sa nd a s soc ia ted s t r ake st h a tw e re t h icke rt h an t h o se h i ghe ru pi nt h eh u l l ) . I mp rov ing t h es t r inge rs y s t em a nd s ome t ime sn a i l ing c e i l i n gp l ank st ot h ef r ame s ,i nc once r tw i th t h ee mp loymen to f mo re a nd /o rl a rge rw a le sa nd c l amp sa nd aw e l ld eve lop ed d eck s t ruc tu r e ,w ou ld h ave b een a mong t h e mo s tc onven ien t m ean so fi mp rov ing t h el o ng i tud ina ls t r eng th o f ab i gs h ip m i s s ing as t i f fs p ine a nd i n teg ra ted s k e le ton .4 6 I no rde rt o

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m ax im i ze t h ec on t r ibu t ion so ft h e se l o ng i tud ina ls t i f f ene r s , h oweve r , t h ey h ad t ob e f a s tened t oc l o se -se tf r ame s . B y s a ndw ich ing h eavy o u te r p l ank s a nd w a le s , a nd i n te r io r s t r inge r s a nd c l amp s , a r ound ar e la t ive ly l a rge n umbe ro f f r ame s p e r u n i t o f h u l l l e ng th , t h e re w a s a ch ieved a n a pp rec iab le r e duc t ion o ft h ef l ex ib i l i ty e xh ib i ted ,f o re xam p l e ,b y al o ng p l ank s uppo r ted o n ly a ti t se nd s .F u r the r ,t h e mo re r obu s t t h e f r ame s w e r e , t h e s t i f f e r ag i ven p a i r o f p l ank ss a ndw iched a r ound t h em c ou ld b e made .4 7 A l though o u re v idence f o rt h en umbe ro fs t r inge r so nt h e C a esa r ea s h ip i si n comp le t e ,i ta pp ea r sp o s s ib le t h a tt i mb e r s s ome 0 . 08 m t h ick w e r eu sed i nt h i sc apa c i ty ,p robab ly a s p a r to ft h et y p ica lR oman s y s t em c omp r i s ing f i xed s t r inge r s a l t er na t ing w i th mob i le c e i l ing p l ank s .I ft h i si n t e rp r e ta t ion o ft h ee v idence i sc o r r ec t ,s t r inge r sc ommon ly f a s t ened t o p l ank ing a nd c l o se se t f r ame s r e p r e sen t , f o r t h e l owe r p o r t ion s o fb i g G ra eco -Roman h ul s , t h e mo s t a dvanced m ean sy e tk nown o fd ea l ing w i th h ogg ing a nd s a gg ing . I mproved l a t era ls uppor t . F u r the rs uppo r tf o rt h ei d ea t h a tf r ame s w e r e mo re i mpo r tan ti nb i g s h ip se a r l ie rt h an t h ey w e r e i ns ma l le r o ne s r e s t s w i th t h e u n ique f r am ing p a t te rn o ft h eC a e sa r ea s h ip .T he f l oo rt i mbe r / fu t tock g ap s a r ea l igned d own t h el e ng th o ft h eh ul .T h i si su ndoub ted ly t h e mo s t i n t r igu ing a nd p uzzl ing f r am ing f e a tu re o f t h e w r eck . A l lo t he rG ra eco -Roman s h ip s Ih ave b een a b le t o s t udy ,w i th o ne e xcep t ion ," d i sp lay f l oo rt i mbe r so fv a r iou s l e ng th s t h a t c r ea te ap a t te rn o f d i s t inc t ly s t agge r ed g ap s b e tween f l oo rt i mbe r sa nd f u t tock sa l ong t h eh ul .T he r ea r e t wo a dvan tage st ot h i ss cheme . O ne i st h ee ff ic ien tu s eo f m a t e r ia l ;t h es h ipw r igh tc an u se ap rope r ly c u rved t i mb e ra t a na pp rop r ia te p l a ce w i th n oc onc e rn f o ri t sl e ng th a to ne e nd o rt h eo t he r .I nc on t ra s t ,t h eb u i lde r so ft h eC ae sa rea s h ip h ad t o c u t o f f e x t r em i t ie s o f f l oo r t i mbe r s a nd f u t to ck s a s n e ce s sa ry t oc on fo rm t ot h e a l igned -gap d e s ign . T h i s , o f c ou r se , r e qu i r ed e xp end i tu r e s o fl a bou ra nd ma te r ia l sb e y ond t h o s ea s soc ia t ed w i th o t he rG raeco -Roman s h ip s o f w h ich t h i sa u tho ri sa wa r e ,a si te l im ina t ed f r om c on s id e ra t i on t i mbe r st h a to t he rw i se c ou ld h ave b een i n s ta l led . 4 6 F o ra ne xam ina t ion o ft h ed eve lopmen to ft h e ma s t s tep a nd k e e l son ,s e eG eane t t e 1 983 . 4 7 Whe the rb yd e s ign o rn o t ,c e i l ing p l ank ing c on sc ien t iou s ly f a s tened t ot h e f r ame sw ou ld h ave c on t r ibu ted i nt h e s ame w ay .

S uch w a sd one o nt h ew reck sa tS pa rg ia nd D iano Ma r ina ( s ee p p . 1 89 -90 ) . 4 8

T he S t .Ger va i s 3w reck e xh ib i t sf r ame sw i th a l igned f l oo r

t imbe r / fu t tock g ap sc a . 1 . 60 m f r om t h ek ee li nt h ec en t ra lp or t ion o ft h eh ul ,a nd s omewha tc l o se rn ea re rt h ee x t r em i t ie s . T he h a l f f r ame / fu t tock g ap s a r e c a . 1 . 50 m f a r the r o u tboa rd .

T h i s i s

s ugge s t ed t oh ave a r i sen b ecau se t h eh a l f -f rame sa nd f l oo rt imbe r s a r e e s sen t ia l ly o fe qua l l e ng th . T he t wo l i ne s o fg ap s w e r e n o t a l lowed t oc o inc ide s oa st oa vo id c r ea t ion o f az one o fw eakne s s i nt h er e g ion o ft h eb i lge ( L iou &Ga s send 1 99 1 :2 20 ,f i g .8 0 ,2 29 ) . T he a l ignmen to ft h ese g ap sd oe sn o t ma tch t h ep rec i s ion f ound o n t h e C ae sa r ea w reck , h oweve r , n o r a r e t h e g ap s s t a ted t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th w a te rcou r se sa nd r ope sw i th in t h em . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e S t .Gerva i s 3w reck e xh ib i t s a n u npa rale led f r am ing f e a tu re :a tv a r iou sp o in t st h es pace sb e tween t h e f r am ing c omponen t sa r ef i l led w i th w edge s( L iou &Ga s send 1 99 1 : 2 27 , f i g . 8 6 .4 , 2 29 ) .

V LM :A na l y s i sa nd C onc lu s ions Y e t t h e b i gge s t a dvan tage t os t agge r ed f l oo r t i mbe r / f u t tock g ap si st h a t mo r ee f f ec t ive s uppo r ti sp rov id ed t ot h e s h el . G ap s a r e n o tc oncen t ra ted a l ong a ny o ne s t rake o r p l ank ing s e am , s os t r e s se sa r e d i s t r ibu t ed mo r ee ven ly t o a d ja cen t a r ea s . T he a l ignmen t o f s u ch g ap s i n al a rge mo r t i se -and tenon -bu i l th u l l w ou ld h ave b een u nw i se u n l e s st h ef r ame sa nd o t he rs t ruc tu ra lm emb e r sw e r ea b le t o c ompen sa te a d equa t e ly .T he f a c tt h a tt h eC ae sa r ea s h ip w a s f r amed a si tw a sm u s tb ea ni n dex t oe xc ep t iona ls t r uc tu ra l i n t eg r i ty p rov ided i ng r ea tp a r tb yt h ec l o s ef r ame s pa c ing , a nd b yt h eh eavy h a l f -f rame st h a ti n as e n s eb r idged t h ef l oo r t i mb e r / f u t tock g ap s . V LM .5 . F ina l C onc lu s ions a nd H ypo the s i s . I fi ti s a ccep ted t h a tf r ame sp l ayed ag r ea t e rs t ru c tu ra lr o le i nl a rge r s h ip s e a rl i e r t h an t h ey d i d i ns ma l le r o n e s , t h i s q ue s t ion f olow s : Wa st h ep rog re ss ion f r om s h e l l -f i r s tt of r ame -f i r s t c oncep t s s imu l taneou s i nl a rge a nd s ma l l G ra eco -Roman v e s se l s? I nr e la t ive ly s ma l ls h ip s( unde rc a .2 0m in l e ng th )o ft h e G r eek , R oman , a nd B yzan t ine p e r iod s ,a ne vo lu t ion f r om t h e p ra c t ice o fa s sembl ing a nd s hap ing as h e l l o fp l ank s b e fo re m any o ra l lf r am ing t imbe r sw e r ei n s ta l led ,t ot h a to f f a s ten ing as e r ie so ff l oo rt imbe r s t ot h e s p in e o ft h eh u l l b e fo re t h ef i r s ts t rake w a sf i t t ed ,i se f f ec t ive ly i l u s t ra ted b y t h e f ou r th -cen tu ry B .C . K y r en ia s h ip ( S t e f fy 1 985b ) , t h e f ou r th -cen tu ry s h ip a tY a s s iA da ( v an D oo rn inck 1 976 ) ,t h e s e ven th -cen tu ry s h ip a tt h es ame s i te ( v an D oo rn inck 1 982 , S t e f f y1 982a ) ,a nd t h ee l even th -c en tu ry s h ip a tS av eL imam ( S te f fy 1 982b ) . T h i s p roce s s h a s b een c ha ra c t e r ized a sa r e spons et od e te r io ra t ing e conom ic c ond i t ion st h a tb egan i n t h e l a t e R oman p e r iod a nd s pu r red d eve lopmen to ff a s te r a nd c heap e rc on s t ruc t ion m e thod si nt h ef o l low ing c en tu r i e s . B u t t h e p roce s s h a s n o t b een d ocumen t ed f o r s h ip s m ea su r ing mo re t h an a bou t3 0m in l e ng th ,d ue p r ima r i ly t o al a ck o fg ood e xamp le sl i ke t h o se j u s tc i t ed .T h i s mu s tb e o ne r e a son o u rq ue s t ion h a sn o tb een f o rmu la t ed t od a te .Y e t t h ee x tan te v idence d emon s t ra t e sc l ea r ly t h a tf r ame sw e r e mo re i mpo r tan te a rl ie ri nl a rge s h ip st h an i ns ma l le ro ne s .I s ugge s tt h a tf u ndamen ta ld i f f e r ence sb e tween t h es t ruc tu ra l d ynam ic s i nl a rge a nd s ma l l s h ip s w e r e r e cogn ized a nd a dd re s sed d i f f e r en t ly b y as oph i s t ica t ed s h ipbu i ld ing t r ad i t i on t h a t a l so i n c luded s y s tema t ic g u idel ine s g ove rn ing m a te r ia l u sage ,p l ank ing t h ickne s se s ,a nd j o ine ry r e qu i r e m en t sf o rs h ip so fv a r iou ss i ze s . T he a r cha eo log ica l a nd h i s to r ica l e v idence u r ge s t h e s ame r e cogn i t ion , b ecau se i ti sa x ioma t ic t h a to ne o ft h e p r ima ry f o r ce s b eh ind t e chno log ica l d eve lopmen t i st h e d e s i re o rn ece s s i ty t oa dap tt on ew c ond i t ion so rc i r cum s t ance s . When s t ruc tu r e s mo r e t e chn ica l ly c omp lex a nd d emand ing t h an t h e i r p r edece s so r s a r e t ob e c on s t ruc t ed , n ew p rob lem sa r ep o sed a nd t h e i rs o lu t ion sf o s t e r ed .T he r e f o r e , v e s se l s l i ke t h e g r ea t H e l len i s t ic w a r sh ip s a nd t h e e x t rao rd ina r i ly l a rge g r a in f r e igh t e r so ft h eR oman e mp i r e r e p res en t ed t h e" cu t t ing e dge" o fs h ipbu i ld ing t e chno logy . T hey s e r ved t oe l ic i t ,t e s t ,a nd v a l ida t en ew t e chn ique sa nd a pp roache s t h a tu l t ima te ly c ou ld b e a pp l ied o n ab roade r s c a le . I nc onc lu s ion , Is ubm i t t h e f o l low ing h ypo the s i s . T he

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c on s t ruc t ion o f b i g s h ip s , i n sp i red p r ima r i ly b y m i l i ta ry c on s ide ra t ion s i nt h e H elen i s t ic p e r iod a nd b y e conom ic i s sue si nt h el a te R oman R epubl ic a nd e a r ly I mp e r ia lp e r iod , s t imu la t ed a dvance si nh u l ls uppo r tb a sed o nt h ea ugmen ta t i on o ff r am ing a nd s p ina li n t eg r i ty .T h i sw a s ap r e lud et o s im i la rd eve lopmen t si ns ma l le rs h ip st h a tb egan a tl e a s tb y t h e l a t e s e cond c en tu ry ; ac en tu ry o r t wo l a t e r , w i th a g row ing n eed t oe conom ize i nl a bo r a nd m a t e r ia l s i na w o r sen ing e conom ic c l ima t e , s h ipw r igh t s b egan t oa va i l t h em se lve s mo r ea nd mo re o ft e chn ique sp roven i nb i gs h ip s o ve r t h e p r ev iou s c en tu r ie s . T h i s h e lp ed t h em m ee t t h e c ha l lenge so ft h e i rd ay a nd s u s ta ined ac on t inuum t h a ts aw t h ea pp ea r anc eo fr ud imen ta ry f r ame -f i r s tc on s t ruc t ion t e ch n i que sa tl e a s tb yt h ee l even th c en tu ry .

V LN .N on -Nau t i ca lF ind sf rom A rea Y . [ J .P .O . ] As i gn i f ican tn umbe ro fc e ram ic a nd m e ta l f i nd sw e r e r e cove r ed f r om t h el o o se s u r f a ce s and a bov ea nd a r ound t h e h ul r ema in si nA rea Y . Many o ft h ec e r am ic f i nd sr e semb le c e r am ic s r e cove r ed f r om t h e I t a l ian e xcava t ion s o n t h e s ho r e1 00 m e a s to ft h ew reck ,a r ound t h eg a t et h a th a sn ow b e en p a r t ly e r oded b y t h e s e a , e . g . K 29 ( u n s t ra t i f ied ; c f . F rova 1 965 :2 47 -92 ) ,a nd i ts e em sl i ke ly t h a tt h e se r ep r e sen t s h e rd st h a th ave b een e rod ed f r om t h es ho r ea nd t r an spo r ted t ot h ea r ea o ft h e Wr eck b yt h ea c t ion o ft h es e a .T he r ea r e o t he rf i nd s ,h oweve r ,s uch a st h ef o ld ing t a b le ( M34 )t h a ti n t e rm so fc h rono logy a nd f u nc t ion m ake m o re s ens ea sp a r t o ft h ec a rgo o rf u rn i tu re o ft h es h ip .U n fo r tuna te ly ,n o th ing c an b ep roven .T he ma te r ia li sa s semb led h e r ea sa na i dt o i n t e rp re ta t ion o ft h ea r t if a c t sa nd o ft h es h ip . Mo s to ft h e ma te r ia lc l ea r ly i sl a t e rt h an t h ep ro jec t ed d a te o ft h ew r eck ,b u tK 27 a nd M34 m ay h ave f o rmed p a r t o ft h ec a rgo o rf u rn i sh ing s ,a l ong w i th S 9a nd p o s s ib ly S 8 . B ow lC l s hou ld b ea s soc ia t ed w i th p r e -He rod ian l e ve l so n t h en ea rby s ho re ,t h el e ad -f i l led l amp L 21 i st o ol a t et oh ave f o rmed p a r to ft h ew r eck ,b u ti tm ay h ave b een l o s ti nt h e c ou r se o fu se a s as ound ing l e ad o rf i sh ing w e igh ta nd t h u s b en au t ica li nc ha ra c te r . A 21 . C la s s 4 6 /62 a mpho ra . F rom C ae sa r ea ? S econd t o l a te f o u r th c en tu ry . A 22 . A sA 21 . A 23 . A sA 21 . K 25 . B a s in o rd e ep b ow l .E a s t e rn Med i t e r r anean? C h ro n o logy u nde te rm ined . K 26 . A s K 25 . As e cond , u nca ta logued e xamp le i sC 83 Y 1 -29 K 27 . B a s in E a s te rn Med i te r r anean .A ugu s tan? As e cond , u nca ta logued e xamp le i sC 83 -Y1 -33 . K 29 . Mo r ta r i tun w i th s t amp . S y r ian . T h i rd fou r th c en t u ry .O the rs t amped e xamp le sa r eC 83 -Y 1-30 ,3 1 , 3 4 . C l . B ow lo rf i sh p l a t e .E a s te rn Med i te r r anean .T h i rd o r s e cond c en tu ry B .C .? L 21 . L amp f i l led w i th l e ad .O r ig in u nd e te rm ined .F ou r th t os i x th c en tu ry . M34 . B ronze f o ld ing t r ipod t a b le . C en t ra l I t a ly? F i r s t c en tu ry . S 8 . Mo r ta r ium .E a s t e rn Med i te r r anean? R oman? S 9 . Sma l l a l ta r o rs t a tue b a se . O r ig in a nd c h rono logy u nde te rm ined .

BI B L IOGRAPHY

A bad i a s ,J av ie rA qu i lu6 1 987 L a sc erdm icas a f r icana sd el ac i udad r omana d e B ae tu lo ( H i span ia T a r raconen s i s ) . B r i t i s h A rcha eo log ica l R epo r t s , I n t l . S e r . , 37 . O xfo rd : B .A .R .

A lfon s i ,H . ,a nd G ando l fo ,P . 1 988 " No te s u r l ap ompe d e c a le d e I ' dpave d e d o l ia d el ' i le -Rou s se ." C ah i er sd 'ar cheo log ie s ubaqua t ique 7 :6 9 -75 .

A bad ie -Reyna l ,C a the r ine 1 992 " The S i ena Ampho ra C on f e rence : P a r t 2 : Ampho re s r oma ine s d 'O r ient" J ourna l o f R oman A r chaeo logy 5 :3 6 1 -66 . A bb ian i ,M .G r az ian i 1 969 L ucerne f i t t i l i p a l eocr i s t iane n e l l 'I t a l ia s e t ten t r iona le .S t ud id ia n t ich i tä c r i s t iane ,6 . B o logna :R .P a t ron . A bdu lHak ,S .a nd A . 1 951 C a ta logue i lus tre d u D epar temen t d es a n t iqu i te s g reco -roma ines a u Muse e d e D ama s .D ama scu s :D epa r tmen td e sa n t iqu i t e s g r eco roma ine s . A damo -Mu sce t to la ,S . 1 984 " O s se rvaz ion i s ula c ompo s iz ione d e il a ra r i c on s t a tue t te i n b ronzo d i P ompe i e d E rco lano ." P p .9 32 i nU .G eh r ig ,e d . ,T o r eu t ik u nc lf igür l iche B ron zen r öm i scher Z e i t .A k t en d er 6 T agung ü b er a n t ik e B ron zen . B e r l in : S t aa t l iche Mu seum . A dam sheck ,B . 1 979 K ench r ea i :E a s tern P o r to fC or in th ,I V : T he P o t t ery .L e iden :E . J .B r il .

A l len ,H ube r tL . 1 974 " Excava t ion sa tMo rgan t ina ( Se r ra O r lando ) , 1 970 -1972 :P r e l im ina ry R epo r tX I ." Amer i c an J ourna lo fA r chaeo logy 7 8 : 3 6 1 -83 . A lmag ro , Ma r t in 1 955 . L a sn ec rdpo la sd e Ampur ia sI :N ecrdpo las R omana sy n ecr6po la si nd i gena s .B a rce lona : I n s t i tu to d eA rqueo log ia yP reh i s to r ia . A lme ida , Em il io R . 1 984 I lmon t e t e s tacc io :An zb i en t e ,s t o r ia ,t n a ter ia l i . R ome :Q ua sa r . Ampho r e sr oma ine s 1 989 Amphor e sr oma ines e th i s to ir ee conom ique . D ix a n sd er e ch er che s .C o l lec t ion d el 't co le F r ança i se d eR ome , 14 .P a r i s :D eB oc ca rd . Amy ,R . ,e ta l . 1 962

" L 'a r c d 'O range ." G a l l ia , S upp lemen t 1 5 . P a r i s : CNRS .

A nde r son -S to janov ic ,V i rg in ia B . 1 987 " The C h rono logy a nd F unc t ion o fC e ram ic U nguen ta r ia ." Amer ican J ourna lo fA r chae o l ogy 9 1 : 1 05 -22 .

A dan -Bayew i tz ,D . 1 982 " The C e ram ic sf r om t h eS ynagogue o fH o r va t A nunud im a nd t h e i rC h rono log ica lI mp l ica t i on s ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l32 : 1 3 -31 .

A nonymou s 1 977 Me thod es c l a s s ique s e tm e thod e sf orme l l e s d an s e t ud ed e sa mphor e s .A c te sd uc o l loque d e R ome , 2 7 -29 m a i 1 974 . C o l lec t ion d e r tco le F r ança i se d eR ome ,3 2 .R ome :t co le F r anç a i se d eR ome .

A ha ron i ,Y ohanan 1 962 E xcava t ion sa tR ama tR aheL S ea son s 1 959 a nd 1 960 . R ome : U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S t ud i , C en t ro d iS t ud iS eme t ic i .

A ra ta ,F .P . 1 988

1 964

E xcava t ion sa tR ama tR aheL S ea son s 1 96 1 a nd 1 962 . R ome : U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S t ud i , C en t ro d iS t ud iS eme t ic i .

A la rcao ,J . ,E t ienne ,R . ,e ta l . 1 979 F ou i l le s d e C on imb r iga V I I : T rouva i l l e s d i ver s e s ,c onc lus ion sg ene ra l es .P a r i s :E .d e B occa rd .

A r id, D . 1 986

2 25

" I I r e l i t to d ela n ave r omana d e L ad i spol i : c on s ide ra z ion ip r e l im ina r i ." P p .2 3 -27 i nG . D 'Ange lo , e d . , D a l la b a t tag l ia d e l le E gad i p er u n 'a r cheo log ia d e l Med i t er raneo . 2 ° C onvegno I n te rnaz iona le d i A rcheo log ia S uba cquea d e l Med i t e r r aneo . F av ignana 2 8 Magg io 1 985 . R ome : E d iz ion i i l Ma re — L ibre r ia I n te rnaz iona le p er A z ienda P rov inc ia le T u r i smo d iT rapan i . " The C o in s ." P p . 1 37 -48 i nL ev in e &N e t ze r 1 986 .

B ib l iography A robba ,D . ,e ta l . 1 983 " S tud io p lu r id isc ip l ina re d e l ma te r ia le p roven ien t e d a u n c a r ico n ava le d e l I I I I s e co lo d .C .s cope r to s u if o nda l id el 'I s o la d e l G ig l io ( G ro s se to , I t a l ia ) ." F orma Mans A n t iqu iX I -X I I( 1 975 -1981 ) : 17 44 . A r s lan ,E . 1 965

" O s se rvaz ione s u l l 'i mp iego e d if f u s ione d e l le v o l te s o t t i l i i nt u b if i t t i l i ." B o l l e t t ino d 'Ar te 5 0 :4 5 -52 .

A r thu r ,P au l 1 989 " Some O bs e rva t ion s o n t h e E conomy o f B ru t t ium u nde r t h e L a te r R oman Emp i r e ." J ourna lo fR oman A r chaeo logy 2 :1 32 -42 . A scan i ,M . ,a nd P en so ,E .M . 1 988 " A lcune c on s ide raz ion i s ule n av i l u nghe d e l l 'an t ich i tä el an ave p un ica d e Ma r sa la ." P p .7 5 -98 i nG .D 'A nge lo ,e d . ,D a l la b a t tag l ia d e l le E gad i p er u n 'archeo log ia d e l Med i t er raneo . 2 ° C onvegno I n t er naz iona le d iA rcheo log ia S ubacquea d e l Med i t e r raneo . F av ignana 2 8 Magg io 1 985 .R ome :E d iz ion i Ma re-L ib r e r ia I nt e rna z iona le p e rA z ienda P rov inc ia le T u r i smo d iT rapan i .

E xcava t ion si nN a za re th ,I :F rom t h eB eg in n i ngs t i l lt h eX I IC en tu ry .P ubl i ca t ion so ft h e S t ud ium B ib l icum F ranc i scanum ,n o .1 7 .J e r u sa lem :F r anc i scan P r in t ing P re s s .

1 980

B a rag ,D . 1 962

L uce rnae S i ngu lar e s . C o l lec t ion L a tomu s , 9 3 .B ru s se l s :L a tomu s .

" G la s s V e s se ls f r om t h e C ave o f H o r ro r ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l1 2 : 2 08 -14 .

B a rke r ,G . ,a nd H odge s , R . 1 98 1 A r chaeo logy a nd I t a l ian S oc i e ty :P r eh i s tor ic , R oman a nd Med ieva l S t ud ie s . B r i t i sh A r c haeo log ica lR epo r t s ,I n t l .S e r . ,1 02 .O x fo rd : B .A .R . B a r to lom eo ,E z io D i 1 986 " Segna laz ion i en o te : G a e ta ." P . 2 10 i n A r cheo log iasubacquea ,3 .S upp l .t oB o l l e t t ino d 'Ar t e3 7 -38 .R ome :I s t i tu to P ol ig ra f ico d elo S t a to . B a sch ,L . 1 972

" A R oo f T i le o f t h e L eg io V I F e r r a ta a nd P o t te ry V e s s e l sf r om H o rva tH azon ." I s rae l E xp lora t ion J ourna l2 4 : 1 60 -69 .

B a i ley ,D .M . 1 965 " Lamp si nt h eV ic to r ia a nd A lb e r t Mu seum ." O pu scu la A then ien s ia 6 :1 83 . 1 975

B a ll ,A . 1 96 8

B a rke r ,G . ;B onanno ,A . ;L loyd ,J .A , ,R i ley ,J .A . 1 979 E xcava t ion s a t S id i K hr eb i sh , B enghaz i ( Ber en ice ) , 2 . L ibya A n t igua 5 . 2 , S upp l . T r ipol i :D ep t .o fA n t iqu i t ie s .

A v i l ia ,F il ippo 1 986 " Segna laz ion i en o te : G o lfo d i N apo l i . R inven imen t id i ma t e r ia l il i t ic i ." P p .2 11 -12 i n A rcheo log ia s ubacquea , 3 . S upp l . t o B o l l e t t inod 'Ar t e3 7 -38 ,S upp lemen to .R ome : I s t i tu to P o l ig ra f i co d e l lo S t a to .

B aha t ,D . 1 974

B a ld e l l i ,G ab r ie le 1 986 " Qua t t ro ` p ie t re f o ra t e 'd a lp o r to d iA ncona ." P p .49 -52 inAr cheo log iasubacquea ,3 .S upp l . t oB o l l e t t ino d 'Ar te 3 7 -38 . R ome : I s t i tu to P o l ig ra f ico d e l lo S ta to .

B a ramk i ,D .C . 1 942 " The P o t te ry f r om K h i rb e te lMe f je r ." Q ua r t e r ly o ft h eD epar tmen to fAn t iqu i t ie so fP a l e s t ine 1 0 : 6 5 -100 .

A v i -Yonah ,M . ,a nd N egev ,A . 1 963 " Cae sa rea ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l 1 3 : 1 46 -48 .

B aga t t i ,B . 1 969

B a lda cc i ,P . ,e ta l . 1 972 R echer ches s ur l e sa mphor e sr on za ine s .C o l l e c t ion d e l ' t co le F ran a i se d e R ome , 1 0 . R ome : Lo le F ran a i se d eR ome .

A C a ta logue o f t h e L amp s i n t h e B r i t i sh Mus eum , I :G r eek , H e l l en i s t ic a nd E ar ly R oman P o t te ry L amp s .L ondon :T he B r i t i sh Mu seum . A C a ta logue o f t h e L amp s i n t h e B r i t i sh Mus eum , 2 :R oman L amp s Mad e i nI t a ly . L ondon :T he B r i t i sh Mu seum . 2 26

" Anc ien t w reck s a nd t h e a r chaeo logy o f s h ip s ." I n terna t iona l J ourna l o f N au t ica l A rchaeo logy 1 :1 58 .

1 973

" The G o b ow r eck a nd s i de l igh t s o n o t he r a nc ien ts h ip sc u l led f r om A dm i ra lP a r i s 'S ou v en i r s d e m ar ine c on ser ve s ." I n t erna t iona l J ourna lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 2 :3 29 -44 .

1 979

" The m e ta l s h ea th ing o fR oman w a r sh ip s ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 6 5 : 2 9 -35 .

1 980

" The m e ta l s h ea th ing o fR oman s h ip s : T he ' t r apezo id ' o nt h eR oman m o sa ic sf r om T u n i s ia ." Mar iner ' sM ir ror 6 6 : 2 9 -30 .

1 985

" L en av i r ed ' nee ." N ep tun ia 1 58 : 2 3 -27 .

1 987

L e m usc l e i mag ina ir e d e l am ar ine a n t ique . A then s : H e l len ic I n s t i tu te f o r t h e P r e se rva t i on o fN au t ica lT rad i t ion .

B ib l iography - ,a nd F ro s t ,H ono r 1 975 " Ano the r P un ic w reck i nS i c i ly : i t s r am ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo l o gy 4 :2 0 1 -28 .

t i on s a tT e l Y ogne 'am , 1 979 a nd 1 981 ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l3 3 : 3 0 -54 . B en -To r ,A . ,a nd R os en tha l ,R . 1 978 " The F i r s t S ea son o f E xcava t ion a t T e l Y oqn iam , 1 977 .P r e l im ina ry R epo r t ." I s rae l E xp lora t ion J ourna l2 8 : 5 7 -82 .

B a s s ,G eo rge F . 1 967 " Cap eG el idon ia : AB ronz eA ge S h ipw reck ." T ran sac t ion so ft h e Amer i can P h i lo soph ica l S oc ie ty 5 7 ,n o . 8 . 1 972

" The E a r l ie s tS ea f a re r si nt h e Med i t e r ranean a nd t h eN ea rE a s t ." P p . 1 -36 i nG .F . B a s s , e d . , AH i s to ry o fS eaf ar ing b a s ed o nU nd e r w a t er A rchaeo logy .N ew Y o rk : Wa lke ra nd C ompany .

1 986

" A B ronze A ge S h ipw r eck a tU lu B u run ( Ka) : 1 984 C ampa ign ." Amer ican J ourna l o fA r chaeo logy 9 0 : 2 69 -96 .

1 987

B eno i t ,F e rnand 1 952 " L 'a rcheo log ie s ou s -ma r ine e n P rovence ." P p . 2 37 -307 i n N . L ambog l ia , F . B eno i t , " Fou ile ss ou s -ma r ine se nL igu r ie e te nP ro v ence ." R iv i s ta d i S tud i L igur i 1 8 .3 -4 . B o rd ighe ra : I n s t i tu t I n t e rna t iona l d 't tude s L igu re s , Mu s& B icknel . 1 956

" A p a v e sd e l ac ö te d e P rovence . T ypo log ie d e sa mpho re s ." G a l l ia 1 4 : 2 5 -34 .

" O lde s tK nown S h ipw r eck R evea l s B ronze A ge S p lendo r s ." N a t iona lG eograph ic 1 72 .6 : 6 93 -733 .

1 958

" Nouvele s6 pave sd eP rovence ." G a l l ia 1 6 : 5 39 .

1 960

" Nouvele s eave sd eP rovenc e( I ) ." G a l l ia 1 8 :4 1 -56 .

- ;P u lak ,C ema l ;C o l lon ,D . ; We in s t e in ,J . 1 989 " The B ronze A ge S h ipw re ck a tU lu B u run : 1 986 C ampa ign ." Ame r ican J ourna lo fA r c haeo logy 9 3 : 1 29 .

1 96 1

F ou i l l e s S ou s -Mar ines : L 'i pave d u G rand C ong louJ a Mar se i l l e . G a l l ia , S upp lemen t 1 4 . P a r i s : CNRS .

B 6 ra rd ,G . 1 96 1

- ,a nd v an D oo rn inck ,F .H . ,J r . ,e d s . 1 982 Y as s i A da , I :A S ev en th -C en tu ry B y zan t ine S h ipwr eck . C olege S t a t ion : T exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

B e r l in ,A nd rea 1 985 " He l len i s t ic a nd R oman C oa r s ewa re ."Amer i c an S choo l so fO r ien ta lR e sear ch , N ew s l e t t e r3 6 ,n o s .4 5 : 6 7 .

B au r ,P .V .C . 1 947 E xcava t ion sa tD ura E uropo s , F ina lR epo r t I V , p t . 3 : T he L amp s . N ew H aven : Y a le U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . B ebko , W . 1 971

" Le s eave s a n t ique s d u s ud d e l aC o r se ." C or s ica 1 3 : 1 53 .

B e ll inge r ,A lf r ed R . 1 966 C a ta logue o f the B y zan t ine C o in si nt h eD um b ar ton O ak sa nd i nt h e W h i t temor e C o l l ec t i on ,1 :A na s ta s iu sI t o Maur ic e . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : D umba r ton O ak s .

1 990

" Po t s a nd P eop le : T he T e l A na f aC ommon Wa r e s ." Amer ican J ourna l o fA rchaeo logy 9 4 : 33 -34 .

1 992

" He l len i s t ic a nd R oman p o t te ry ,p r e l im ina ry r e po r t , 1 990 ." P p . 12 -28 i nV ann 1 992 .

1 993

" I ta l ian C ook ing V e s se l s a nd C u i s ine f r om T e l A na f a ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l4 3 : 3 6 -44 .

B e rnha rd ,M .L . 1 955 L amp l iS t aro zy tne . Wa r saw : S z tuka .

B e l t rän L lo r i s ,M . 1 970 L as ä nf ora sr omana se nE spana .Z a ragoza : I n s t i tuc iön F e rnando e lC a tö l ico . 1 978

" La n 6c ropo le G a l lo -Roma ine d el aC a lade a C aba s se ." G a l l ia 1 9 : 1 05 -58 .

B e r t i ,F ede 1 985

C eram ica R omana : T i po log ia y C las if i c ac ion .Z a ragoza :L ib ro sP ö r t ico .

B en -A r ieh ,S . ,a nd N e tze r ,E . 1 974 " Excava t ion sa l ong t h e' Th i rd Wa l l 'o fJe r u s a lem ,1 972 -1974 ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J our n a l2 4 :9 7 -107 . B en -To r , A . ;P o r tuga l i ,Y . ;A v i s sa r ,M . 1 983 " The T h i rd a nd F ou r th S ea son s o fE xcava -

2 27

" La n ave r omana d iV a l le P on t i( Coma cch io ) ." F orma Mar i sA n t iqu i 1 3 ( 1 982 -1985 ) : 53 7 0 .

1 986

" R inven imen t i d i a r cheo log ia f l uv ia le c d e ndo laguna r en e ld e l ta f e r ra r e se ." P p . 1 9 -38 i n A r cheo log ia s ubacquea , 3 . B o l le t t ino d 'A r t e 3 7 -38 , S upp lemen to . R ome : I s t i tu to P o l ig ra f ico d e l lo S t a to .

1 990a

" Im a t e r ia l ii ns t iva ." P p .5 3 -64 i nB en ie ta l . 1 990 .

1 990b

" Lo s c a fo ." P p .2 9 -34 i nB e r t ie ta l . , 1 990 .

B ib l iography 1 992

— ,e ta l . 1 969 1 990

" La n ave d iV a l le P on t i ( Comac ch io ) ." P p . 2 19 -26 i nA t t i Vr a s segna d i a rcheo log ia s ubaquea . Vp r em io F ranco P apä . G ia rd in i N axos 1 9 -21 o t tob r e1 990 . Me s s ina :E d iz ion i P&M A s soc ia t is . r . l .

" O s t ia , I . L e T enne d e l N uo ta to r e : S cavo d e l l 'a mb ien te I . "S t ud iM i sc e l lane i , 1 6 .

" Anc ien t H a rbou r s i n t h e Med i te r r anean ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA rchaeo l o gy 1 : 7 9 -104 , 1 85 -2 11 .

B lake ly ,J e f f e ry A . 1 984 " AS t ra t ig raph ica l ly D e te rm ined D a te f o rt h e I n ne rF o r t i f ica t ion Wa l la tC a e s a r ea Ma r i t ima ." P p .3 38 i nH .O .T homp son ,e d . ,T he A n sw er s L ie B e low : E s say s i n H onor o fL awr ence E dmund T oomb s . L anham , MD : U n ive r s i ty P re s so f Ame r ica . 1 987

1 988

C ae sar ea Mar i t ima ,I V .T he P o t t er ya ndDa t i n g o f V au l t 1 : H or r eum , M i th raeum , a nd L a ter U s e s .Q ueen s ton :E dw in Me l len . " Ce ram ic s a nd C omme rc e . Ampho rae f r om C a esa r ea Ma r i t ima ." B u l l e t in o ft h e Am er ican S choo l so fO r ien ta lR e sear ch 2 71 : 3 1 -50 .

— ; B r inkmann , R obe r t ; V i t ia l iano ,C ha r le sJ . 1 989 " Pomp e ian R ed Wa r e : P roce s s ing A r cha eo l o g ica l C e r am ic D a ta ." G eoar chaeo logy 4 , n o .3 :2 01 -28 . 1 992

1 990

F or tuna Mans . L a n ave r omana d i C omacch io .B o logna :N uova A l f aE d i to r ia le .

B lackman , Di . ,e d . 1 973 Mar ine A rchaeo logy . C o l s ton P ape r s , 2 3 . L ondon : B u t te rwo r th s . 1 982

B on in° ,M . 1 985

" Roman mo r ta r ia a nd b a s in sf r om as e quence a tC ae sa r ea : f a b r ic s a nd s ou r ce s ." P p . 1 94 2 13 i nV ann 1 992 .

B o t t i ,G . 1 898

" Fou ile sd an sl ec e ram ique d 'A lexand r ie e n 1 898 ." B u l l e t in d e l aS oc id td a r cho log ique d 'A l exand r ie 1 :5 -24 .

B ound , Men sun 1 985 " Ea r ly o b ser va t ion so nt h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h e p r e -c la s s ica lw reck a tC amp e se B ay ,i s land o f G ig l io :C lue st ot h ev e s se l 's n a t iona l i ty ." P p . 4 9 -65 i nS . McG ra i l a nd E . K en t ley , e d s . , S ewn P lank B oa t s . B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s ,I n t l .S e r . ,2 76 .O xfo rd : B .A .R . 1 987

" Tub i f i t t i l i ( v au l t ing t u be s ) f r om t h e s e a— T he R oman w r eck a tP un ta d e lF ena io ,I s land o fG igl io ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica l A rchaeo logy 1 6 : 1 87 -200 .

— ,a nd V a l l in t ine , R . 1 983 " Aw r e ck o fp o s s ib le E t ru scan o r ig in o f fG igl io I s land ." I n t erna t iona l J ourna l o fN au t ica l A rchaeo logy 1 2 : 13 -22 . B ou sca ra s , A . 1 964 " No tes s u r l e s r e che rche s s ous -ma r ine s d 'A gd e ." R iv i s ta d iS t ud iL igur i3 0 : 2 67 -87 .

B ran t s ,J . 1 9 13

B l i s s ,F . J . ,a nd Ma cA l i s te r ,R .A .S . 1 902 E xcava t ion s i nP a l e s t ine D ur ing t h e Y ear s 1 898 -1900 . L ondon : P a le s t ine E xp lo ra t ion F und .

" T ecn ica c o s t ru t t iva e a r ch i te t tu ra n ava le , p ropo s t ep e rl ar i co s t ruz ione ." P p .3 5 -42 i nF . B e r t i ,e d . ,F or tuna Ma ns .L an av er omana d i C omacch io .B o logna :N uova A lf aE d i to r ia le .

B ou che r ,S . 1 973 B ron ze sr oma in sf igurd sd um us& d e sb eaux a r t sd eL yon .L yon :D eB occa rd .

1 982

B lava t sky , V .D . ,a nd P e t e r s ,B .G . 1 969 " Aw reck o ft h el a te 4 t ho re a r ly 3 r dc en tu ry B .C .n e a rD onuz lay ." T r an s . , Di .B la ckman i nI n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA r chae o l ogy 2( 1 973 ) : 2 5 -31 .

" Sewn b oa t si nI t a ly :S u t i l e sn ave sa nd b ar che c uc i t e ." P p . 8 7 -104 i n S . McG ra i l a nd E . K en t ley ,e d s . ,S ewn P lank B oa t s .B r i t i sh A r c haeo log ica lR epo r t s ,I n t l .S e r . ,2 76 .O x fo rd : B .A .R .

" Le g i semen t G rand -Bass in D ." A rchaeonau t ica 3( 1 981 [ 1 982 ] ) : 14 -75 .

A n t ieke T erra -Co t ta L ampen u i t h e t R i jk smu seum v an O udhed en te L e id en .L e iden : N .v .b o ekd rukk e r i j v / h ,L .v . N if te r ik H zn .

B r enn i ,G .M .R . 1 985 T he D o l ia a nd t h e S ea -Borne C ommer ce o f I mper ia l R ome . M .A . T he s i s , T exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty .

B oak ,A .E .R . ,a nd P e te r son ,E . 1 931 K aran i s .A nn A rbo r :U n ive r s i ty o fM ich igan . B öhme , H .W . 1 974 G erman ische G rabf unde d es 4 . b i s 5 . J ahrhund e r t s . Mun ich :C .H .B eck .

2 28

B r ewe r ,D oug la sJ . ,a nd F r iedman ,R enee F . 1 989 F ish a nd F ish ing i n A nc ien t E gyp t . Wa rm in s te r : A ns & P h i l l ip s . B r i l l ian t ,R . 1 979 P ompe i iA .D . 7 9 . N ew Y o rk : P o t te r .

B ib l iography B romme r ,R . 1 969 " A r yb a l lo i a u s B ronze ." P p . 1 7 -23 i nO pus N ob i le : F e s t schr if tz um 6 0 . G ebur t s tag v on U lf J an t zen .W ie sbaden :F .S t e ine r . B ronee r ,0 . 1 930 1 977

B rukne r ,O . 1 98 1

" O s t ia , I I . L e T enne d e l N uo ta to r e : S cavo d eg l i a mb ien t i I I , V , V I , V I I ." S tud i M i sc e l lane i ,2 1 .

1 983

" Po t t e ry a nd t h eA f r ican E conomy ." P p .1 45 6 2 i n P . G a rn sey , K . H opk in s , a nd C .R . Wh i t take r , e ds . , T rad e i n t h e A nc ien t E conomy .B e rke ley :U n ive r s i ty o fC a l ifo rn ia P r e s s .

C or in th I V , p t . 2 :T er raco t ta L amp s . C am b r idge : H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty P re s s . I s thm ia I I : T er raco t ta L amp s . P r inc e ton : Ame r ican S choo lo fC la s s ica lS t ud ie s .

R im ska k eram ika uj ugo s loven skom d e lu p rov incu eD on je P anon i je .D i s se r ta t ione se t Monog raph ia e ,2 4 .B e lg rade : S avez a r heo lo s k ih d ru s t ava J ugo s lav i je .

B runeau ,P h il ippe 1 965 E xp lora t ion A rchdo log ique d eD d lo s XXV I : L es L ampes .P a r i s :E .d eB occa rd . 1 971

" Lampes Co r in th iennes ." B u l le t in d e C or r espondanc eH e l ldn ique 9 5 :4 37 -50 1 .

1 977

" Lampes C o r in th iennes ." B u l le t in d e C or r espondanc eH e l ldn ique 1 0 1 : 2 49 -95 .

,e ta l . 1 970

1 973

E xp lora t ion A rchdo log ique d e D d lo s : P i lo t d e l am a i son d e s c omdd i en s . P a r i s : E . d e B oc ca rd .

- ,a nd Pa n da ,C . 1 977 " O s t ia , I V . L e t e rme d e l N uo ta to r e : S cavo d e l l 'amb ien te XV I ed e l l 'a rea XXV ." S t ud i M i sce l lane i ,2 3 . C a r ignano ,A . ,a nd P a ce tü ,F . 1 989 " Anfo re t a rdo -an t iche d ag l i s cav i d e l P a la t ino ." P p .6 10 15 i nAmphor es r oma ine s e th i s to ir e d conom ique : D ix a ns d e r e cher c he .C o l lec t ion d e rü co leF ran a i s ed eR ome , 14 .R ome :t co le F ranva i se d eR ome . C a rpano ,C .M . 1 986 A rcheo log ia s ubacquea . N o te d i v i agg io n e l l ' I ta l ia s om ,ner sa .R ome :F ra te l l iP a lomb i E d i to r i . C a r ra ze ,F . 1 975 1 976 a

" De C a rque i r anne a ux i l e sd 'Hye re s . Ap ropo s d e l ap r em ie re c ampagne d e f ou ile s s u r r epave B d e l a J eaune -Ga rde ." C ah ier s d 'ar chdo log i es ubaqua t ique 5 :1 6 1 -65 .

1 976b

" L 'epave r oma ine d e l a p o in te d e C a rque i ranne ." C ah ier s d 'archdo log ie s ubaqua t ique 5 :1 53 -60 .

1 977

"Med i te r ranean h u l lt y pe sc ompa red : 3 .T he J eaune -Ga rde B w reck a t P o rque ro l le s ( F ra nce ) ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica l A rchaeo logy 6 :2 99 -303 .

B ryan t ,V .M . ,a nd Mu r ry , R .E . 1 982 " P r e l im ina ry A na ly s i so f Ampho r aC on t en t s ." P p . 3 27 -31 i nB a s s &v an D oo rn ick 1 982 . B uchho lz ,H . -G . ;J öh r en s ,G . ; Mau l ! ,I . 1 973 J agd u nd F ischf ang . A rchaeo log ica H ome r ica , I ,J .G ö t t ingen : V andenhoe ck & R up rech t . C ahn -K la ib e r ,E va -Ma r ia 1 977 D ie A n t ik enT on lamp en d e sA rchäo log i schen I n s t i tu t sd er U n iv er s i tä tT ub ingen .T üb inge r S tud ien z ur A rchäo log ie u nd K un s tge sch ich t e ,2 .T üb ingen : Wa smu th . C a ley ,E a r le R . 1 970 " Chem ica l C ompo s i t ion o f G re ek a nd R o man S ta tua ry B ronze s ." P p . 3 7 -56 i n S . D oe r inge r , D .G . M i t t en , A . S t e inbe rg , e d s . , A r ta nd T echno logy . AS ympos ium o nC la s s i c a lB ron ze s .C amb r idge : M . I .T . P r e s s . C a lv i ,M .C . 1 96 8

Iv e t r ir oman id e lm u se° d iA qu i l e ia .A qu i le ia : A s soc iaz ione N az iona le p e rA qu i le ia .

C a rand in i ,A . 1 968 " O s t ia , I .L e T enne d e l N uo ta to r e : S cavo d e l l 'amb ien te I V ." S t ud iM i sc e l lane i , 1 3 .

2 29

" L 'epave ' G rand R ibaud A ' ." C ah ier s d 'ar chdo log i es ubaqua t ique 4 :1 9 -58 .

C a r r e ,M . -B . ,a nd J e zegou ,M . -P . 1 985 " Pompe s äc hape le t s u r d e s n av i re s d e l ' An t iqu i t e e t d u d ebu t d u Moyen -Age ." A rchaeonau t ica 4( 1 984 [ 1 985 ] ) : 15 -43 . C a r son , R .A .G . ;H il ,P .V . ;K en t ,J . P .C . 1 960 L a t eR oman B ron ze C o inage ,A .D .3 24 -498 . L ondon : S p ink . C a s son ,L ione l 1 950 " The ' I s i s ' a nd h e r V oyage ." T ran sac t ion s a nd P roc eed ings o ft h e Amer ican P h i lo log i c a lA s soc ia t ion 8 1 :4 3 -56 . 1 969

" The s upe r -ga l ley s o ft h e H e l len i s t ic A ge ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 5 5 : 1 85 -93 .

1 978

"Mo r ee v idenc ef o rl e ad s h ea th ing o nR oman c r a f t ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 6 4 : 1 39 -42 .

B ib l iography 1 980

" The R o le o ft h eS t a te i nR ome ' sG ra in T rade ." P p . 2 1 -33 i nJ .H . D 'A rm s a nd E .C . K op f f , e d s . , T he S eaborne C omme r ce o fA nc ien t R om e : S t ud ie s i nA r chaeo logy a nd H i s to ry . Memo i r so ft h e Ame r ican A cademy i nR ome , 3 6 .R ome : Ame r ican A cademy i nR ome .

1 984a

A nc ien t T rad e a nd S oc ie ty . D e t ro i t : Wayne S ta te U n ive r s i ty .

1 984b

" Egyp t ,A f r ica ,A rab ia ,a nd I nd ia :P a t t er n so f S eabo rne T rade i nt h e F i r s t C en tu ry A .D ." B u l le t in o f t he Amer ican S oc ie ty o f P apyro log i s t s2 1 .1-4 : 3 9 -47 .

1 986

S h ip sa nd S eaman sh ip i nt h eA nc i en tW o r ld . r e v .e d .P r inc e ton :P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

1 989

T he P er ip lus Mans E ry thrae i . P r ince ton : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

1 990

" Documen ta ry E v idence f o rG ra eco -Roman S h ipbu i ld ing ( P .F lo r . 1 . 69 ) ." B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer ican S oc ie ty o fP apy ro log i s t s2 7 : 1 5 -19 .

1 990 c

C ha r le swo r th ,D o ro thy 1 966 " Roman S qua re B o t t le s ." J ourna l o fG la s s S t ud ie s8 :2 6 -40 .

C havane , Ma r ie Jo se 1 975 S a lam ine d e C hyp r e , V I : L es p e t i t s o b je t s . P a r i s :E .d eB occa rd . C hehab , Mau r ic e 1 986 F ou i l le sd e T y r . L an tc ropo le , I V : D esc r ip t i on d e sF ou i l le s .P a r i s :L ib ra i r ie d 'Ame r ique e td 'O r ien t .

" Ana l i s it e cnol ig iche d e it e s su t i ." P p .1 57 -60 i n F . B e r t i , e d . , F or tuna Ma ns . L a n av e r omana d iC omacch io .B o logna :N uova A l f a E d i to r ia le .

C heva l ie r , Y . 1 982 " L 'epave G rand -Ba s s in C ." A rchaeonau t ica 3( 1 981 [ 1 982 ] ) : 8 5 -113 .

" Le c o rde eg l ii n t rec c id if i b ra v ege ta l e ." P p . 1 54 -56 i nF . B e r t i , e d . , F or tuna Mans . L a n av er omana d iC omacch io .B o logna :N uova A lf aE d i to r ia le .

- ,a nd S an tama r ia ,C . 1 97 1 " L 'epave d e l 'An se G e rba l aP o r t -Vend re s ( Py r enee s -O r ien ta le s ) ."R iv i s ta d iS t ud iL igu r i 3 7 : 7 32 .

C a s te 1 16 ,J a ime J uan 1 988 E p igraf l ar omana d eE bu su s .I b iza :C on s e l le r ia d eC u l tu ra ,E duca t i6 , iE spo r t s . C a l l ing ,H .W . 1 972 " An E a r ly B yzan t ine P o t te ry F ac to ry a t D h io r io si nC yp r u s ." L evan t4 :1 82 . 1 988

C e sno la ,L ou i sP .d i 1 885 -1903 AD esc r ip t ive A t las o ft h eC e sno la C o l l ec t i on o fC ypr io t eA n t iqu i t ie si nt h e Me tropo l i t a n Mus eum o fA r t ,N ew Y o rk . 3v o l s .B e r l in : A she r .

C ha r l in ,G . ;G a s send ,J . -M . ;L equemen t ,R . 1 979 " L 'epave a n t ique d el a Ba l ed eC ava l ib re ( L e L avandou , V a r ) ." A rchaeonau t ica 2 ( 1 978 [ 1 979 ] ) : 9 94 .

C a s tele t t i ,L . ; Ma spe ro , A . ; Mo tela , S . ;R o t to l i ,M . 1 990a " Ana l i s is i lo tom iche et e cn ica d el a vo ra z ione d e ll e gno ." P p .1 36 -43 i nF .B e r t i ,e d . ,F o r tuna Mans .L an av er omana d iC omacch io .B o lo g na : N uova A l f aE d i to r ia le . 1 990b

C e rdä J uan ,D . 1 980 L an ave r omano r epub l icana d el ac o lon ia d e S an t J ord i . P a lma d e Ma l lo rca : E d ic ione s C o r t .

" A r cha eo logy i nG r eece ,1 986 -87 ." Ar c haeo l o g ica lR epo r t s3 : 3 6 1 .

C an ing , H .W . ,a nd D ik igo ropou lo s ,A . I . 1 970 " The K o rnow C ave : a nE a r ly B yzan t ine S i t e i nC yp ru s ." L evan t2 :3 7 -62 . C avanagh ,W .G . ,a nd L ax ton ,R .R . 1 984 " L ead F igu r ine s f r om t h e Mene la ion a nd S e r ia t ion ." A nnua l o ft h e B r i t i sh S choo l a t A thens 7 9 : 2 3 -36 ,p l s .2 6 . C ebe i l la c -G e rva son i ,M . 1 979 " Apo s t i l le s äu ne i n sc r ip t ion d e P o r tu s : T . Me s s iu sE x t r ica tu se tl e sS abo r ra r i i ." P aro la d e lP a s sa to 1 87 : 2 67 -77 .

,a nd S o l ie r ,Y . 1 982 " L 'epave Ma t ei l e B. " Ar c haeonau t ica 3( 1 981 [ 1 982 ] ) : 2 24 -27 . C h iesa ,G emma S ena 1 985 A ngera R omana :S cav in e l la N ec ropo l i1 970 1 979 ,v o l . 2 .R oma :G io rg io B re t schne ide r . C h r i s ten sen ,A .P . ,a nd J ohan sen ,C .F . 1 971 H ama .F ou i l l es e tr e cher che sd el aF onda t ion C ar l sb erg 1 931 -1938 ,I I ,p t . 2 :L e sp o ter i e s h e l lin i s t iques e tl e st e r r ess ig i l lé e son i en ta l e s . N a t iona lmu se t t sS k r i f te rS to r eB e r e tn inge r , 8 .C openhagen : F onda t ion C a r l sbe rg . C lee re ,H . 1 976

" I ronmak ing ." P p . 1 27 -53 i nD .S t rong a nd D . B rown , e d s . , R oman C raf t s . L ondon : D uckwo r th .

C le r c ,J . P . ,a nd N eg re l ,J . C . 1 973 " P r em ie r sr e su l ta t sd el ac ampagne d ef o u i l le s

2 30

B ib l iography d 'amphor es D r e s se l2 -4 . A r cha eonau t ica ,5 . P a r i s : CNRS .

1 97 1s u r re pave B d el ap o in t ed el aL uque ." C ah ier sd 'archdo log ie s ubaqua t ique 2 :6 1 7 1 . C o sma ,V . 1 970

C le rgue s ,J .H . 1 972 " F ich ie rd 'a r cheo log ie s ou s -m a r ine d us e c t eu r d 'A n t ibes ." C ah ier s d 'archdo log ie s ubaqua t ique 1 :5 3 -64 . C oi l s ,D . 1 987

- ,e ta l . 1 977

C o l t ,H .D . 1 962

L 'dpave d e l a c o lon ia d e S an t J ord i I ( Ma jorque ) . P ub l ica t ion s d u C en t r e P i e r re ( UA 9 91 ) , 1 6 .P ub l ica t ion sd u CERASM , 1 . P a r i s : C en t r eP i e r re .

C ouve r t ,M . " I den t if ica t ion d e sb o i sd e re pave ." P p .1 09 1 978 1i nA .T che rn ia ,e ta l . ,L ' eav er oma ine d e l a Mad rague d e G i en s ( V ar ) . ( Campagne s 1 972 -1975 ) . G a l l ia , S upp lemen t 3 4 . P a r i s : CNRS . C ox ,D .H . 1 949

Ltpave P or t -V end r e s Ie tl ec omme rc ed e l a B d t ique a l ' epoque d e C laude . A rchaeonau t ica , 1 .P a r i s : CNRS

C r ema ,L u ig i 1 952 " Or ig ine e i mp iego d i f i t t i l i c av i n e l l 'a rch i te t tu ra r omana ." B o l le t t ino d e l C en t ro d iS t ud id iS t or ia d e l l 'Ar ch i t t e tura 6 : 7 .

C om fo r t ,H . " Supp lemen t a ry S i g i l la ta S i gna tu re sf r om t h e 1 938 N ea rF ag ." J ourna lo ft h e Amer i can O r ien ta l S oc ie ty 5 8 : 3 0 -60 . " La te A te iu sS i gna tu r e s ."Ac ta R e iC r e tar iae R omanae F au torum 4 :5 25 .

1 982

" S igna tu r e s a nd D eco ra t ion o n I t a l ian a nd G au l i sh Si g i l la ta a tS ab ra tha ." Amer ican J our n a lo fA r chaeo logy 8 6 :4 83 -507 .

E xcava t ion sa tD ura E uropo s ,F ina lR epor t , I V : T he G reek a nd R oman P o t t e ry I ,p t . 2 . N ew H aven : Y a le U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

C raw fo rd ,J .S t ephen s 1 990 T he B y zan t ine S hop sa tS ard i s . C amb r idge , MA : H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

" L amp s ." P p . 2 70 -303 i n H .D . C o l t , e d . , E xcava t ion sa tN es sana ( Au ja H af i r , P a l e s t i ne ) ,1 .L ondon :B r i t i sh S choo lo fA r cha eo l o gy i nJ e ru sa lem .

1 962

" An t ike Wracks a n d e r r umän ischen S chwa r z inee rk i l s te ." P os e id on 1 : 5 12 -17 .

C row f oo t ,G .M . 1 957 " L amp s ,a nd a nE a r ly S tone L amp H o lde r ." P p .3 65 -78 i nJ .W .C rowfoo t ,e ta l . , 1 957 . C row foo t ,J .W . ;C row foo t ,G .M . ;K enyon ,K .M . 1 957 S amar ia -S ebas te , I I : T he O b jec ts f rom S amar ia . L ondon : P a le s t ine E xp lo ra t ion F und .

- ,a nd Waage ,F .O . 1 936 " Se lec ted P o t te ry f r om B e th S han ( Roman D a te ) ." P a le s t ine E xp lora t ion F und Q uar t e r ly S t a temen t6 8 : 2 2 1 -24 .

D 'A r r n sJ .H . 1 98 1 C ommer ce a nd S oc ia l S t and ing i nA nc i en t R om e .C amb r idge :H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

C om s tock ,M . ,a nd V e rmeu le ,C .C . 1 97 1 G r eek , E t ru scan , a nd R oman B ron z e si nt h e Museum o fF ine A r t s . B o s ton :M .F .A .

D 'A t r i , V . 1 986

C o rbo ,P .V i rg in° 1 955 G l i S cav i d iK h . S i ya rE I -Ghanam . J e r u sa l em :T ipog ra f ia F rance scan i .

" I l r e l i t to d i L ad i spo l i ." A rch eo log ia v i va 5 . 4 :4 0 -47 .

- ,a nd G ian f ro t ta ,P .A . 1 986 " Un r e l i t to c on d o l ia aL ad i spo l i .C ampagne d i s cavo 1 983-1984 ." P p . 2 03 -8 i n A rcheo log iasubacquea ,3 .B ole t t ino d 'A r te , 3 7 -38 , S upp lemen t° . R ome : I s t i tu to P o l ig ra f ico d e l lo S t a to .

C o rbo ,P .V . ;S t an i s la s ,L . ; S p i jke rman ,P .A . 1 970 L aS i nagoga d iC af arnao d opo g l iS cav id e l 1 969 .J e r u sa lem :T ipog ra f ia F r ance scan i .

D a ta ,G . 1 962

C o rnel ,L .A .J r . 1 980 L a te H e l l en i s t ic a nd E ar ly R oman R ed S l ipped P o t te ry f r om T e lA naf a 1 968 -1973 . P h .D .d i s s . ,U n ive r s i ty o fM i s sou r i .

" Ch ron ique d e s f o u i l le s , 1 96 1 ." B u l l e t in d e C or r espondanc eH e l ldn ique 8 6 :6 59 .

D ava r a s ,C o s t i s 1 985 " Rhoma iko n ek ro taphe io H ag iou N iko laou ." A rcha io log ik eE phemer i s 1 985 : 1 30 -216 .

C o r s i -Sc ialano , Ma r t ine ,a nd L iou ,B e rna rd 1 985 L es eave s d e T e r rac ona i s e ac hargemen t 2 3 1

B ib l iography D av id son ,G lady s 1 952 C or in th , XV : T he M inor O b jec t s . P r inc e ton : Ame r ican S choo lo fC la s s ica lS t ud ie s .

o fEx cava t ions ,1 963 ,1 965 .2 v o l s . ` A t iqo t, 9 1 0 .J e ru sa lem : M in i s t ry o fE duca t ion . - ,a nd P o ra th ,Y . 1 982 A shdod , I V . E xcava t ion o fA r ea M . ` A t iqo t 1 5 .J e ru sa lem : M in i s t ry o fE duca t ion .

D awk in s , R .M . 1 929 A r t em i s O r th ia . J ou rna lo fH elen ic S t ud ie s , S upp . 5 .L ondon : S oc ie ty f o rH e l len ic S t ud i e s .

D ra chmann ,A .G . 1 973 " The C r ank i n G ra eco -Roman A n t iqu i ty ." P p . 3 -51 i nE . T e ich a nd R . Y oung , e d s . , C hang ing P er spec t i ve si nt h eH i s to ry o fS c i e nce .B o s ton :D .R e ide lP ubl i sh ing C ompany .

D ean , Ma r t in 1 989 " S tone A ncho r sf r om B r i t i sh Wa te r s ." N au t i c a lA rchaeo logy S oc ie ty N ew s l e t t e r( Sp r ing 1 989 ) : 5 -6 . D eC ap r a r i i s ,F . ;F io r in i ,C . ;P a lomb i ,D . 1 988 " Con ten i to r i d a t r a spo r to d e l l 'A r ea S i ro P a les t ine se ." Mé langes d 'Arch t so log ie e t d 'H i s to ir ed el 'Ao l eF ranva i se d eR ome 1 00 : 3 05 -20 . D el 'O rco ,P .G . 1 979 " The m e ta ls h ea th ing o fR oman s h ip s ." Mar i n er ' sM ir ror 6 5 : 3 60 .

D eonna ,W . 1 938 E xp lora t ion A r c Uo log ique d e[ A sk s , XV I I I : L er wb i l ier D d l ien .P a r i s :E .d eB occa rd .

L e sB ronze sa n t ique sd uL ouv r e ,2 :L e si n s t ru m en t s . P a r i s :L e roux .

" Exp lo ra t ion s omma i r e d e c e r ta ine s z one s c ö t iü re s d ' I les d e Ma r se i l le ." C ah ier s d 'ar ch t %o log ie s ubaqua t ique 1 :1 09 -13 .

1 972b

T r en t e s i 2c l es s ou s l am er . P a r i s : E d i t ion s F rance -Emp i re .

D unand , Mau r ice ,a nd D u ru ,R 2ymond 1 962 ( ) um ? !e l 'A m ed . P a r i s :L ib ra i r ie d 'Ame r iqu e e td 'O r ien t .

D e r inge r , H . 1 965 R öm i sch en L ampen a u s L aur iacum . L inz : I n s t i tu tf ü rL ande skund ev on O b e rö s t e r re ich . D eV r ie s ,K . ,a nd I C a t zev ,M .L . 1 972 " G r eek , E t ruscan a nd P hoen ic ian S h ip s a nd S h ipp ing ." P p . 3 7 -64 i nG .F . B a s s , e d . , A H i s to ry o fS eaf a r ing b a sed o n U nd erwa t er A rchaeo logy . N ew Y o rk : Wa lke ra nd C om p any . D im i t rov ,B . 1 979 " Unde rwa t e rr e sea r ch a l ong t h es ou th B u lga r i a nB la ck S ea c oa s ti n1 976 a nd 1 977 ." I n t er n a t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 8 : 7 0 -79 .

1 971

1 972a

D unand , Mau r ic e 1 939 F ou i l l e sd eB yb los , 1 926 -1932 , V o l . 1 .H au t C omm i s sa r ia td e l aR 6pub l ique f r anva i se e n S y nc e ta u L iban -S e r v ice d e s A n t iqu i t e s Bi b l io theque a r ch6o log ique e th i s to r ique ,2 4 . P a r i s : P .G eu thne r .

D eR idde r ,A . 1 913 L es B ron ze sa n t ique sd uL ouvr e , 1 :L es f i gu r i ne s . P a r i s :L e roux .

D o than ,M . 1 964

Ep av e sa n t iques .I n t r od uc t ion ä ra r chio log ie s ous -mar ine m id i t er rand enne . P a r i s : G . -P . Ma i sonneuve e tL a ro se .

D umon t i e r ,M ,a nd J onche ray ,J . -P . 1 992 " L 'Epave r oma ine d u M i ladou ." C ah ier s d 'ar ch t so log ie s ubaqua t ique 1 0 : 1 09 -74 .

D eneauve ,J . 1 969 L amp e sd e C ar thage . P a r i s : CNRS .

1 915

D uma s ,F . 1 964

D uncan ,G .C . 1 965 " Roman R epubl ican P o t t e ry f r om t h eV ic in i ty o f S u t r i ( Su t r ium ) ." P ap er s o f t h e B r i t i sh S choo la tR ome 3 3 : 1 34 -76 . D uncan ,J .G . 1 930 C orpu s o fD a ted P a l e s t in ian P o t t e ry . L on d on :B r i t i sh S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nE gyp t . D uncan Jone s ,R .P . 1 974 T he E conomy o ft h eR oman Emp ir e : Q uan t i t a t iv e S t ud ie s . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s . 1 977

" G ian tC a rgo -Sh ip si nA n t iqu i ty ." C la s s ica l Q uar ter ly ,N .S .2 7 : 31 -32 .

D y son ,S t ephen L . 1 968 E xcava t ion sa tD ura -Europos , F ina lR epor t I V , p t .1 , f a sc . 3 :T he C ommonwar e P o t t e ry , T he B r i t t l eW ar e .N ew H aven :D u ra -Eu ropo s P ubl ica t ion s .

" A shdod : P re l im ina ry R epo r to nt h eE xcava t i on si nS ea son s1 962 / 1963 ." I s rae lE xp lora t i on J ourna l 1 4 : 7 9 -95 . A shdod ,I II I .T he S econd a nd T h i rd S ea son s

2 32

B ib l iography 1 976

C osa : T he U t i l i tar ian P o t ter y . Memo i r s o f T he Ame r ican A cad emy i nR ome ,3 .R ome : Ame r ican A cademy i nR ome .

E dga r ,C .C . 1 904 G r eek B ronze s . C a ta logue g enera ld e sa n t iq u i t ie s e gyp t iennes d u Mu se e d u C a i r e , 1 9 . C a i ro : I n s t i tu t e F rança ise d 'A rcheo log ie O r ien ta le .

E nnab l i ,A . 1 976

E dwa rd s , C .M . 1 98 1 " Co r in th 1 980 : Mou lded R e l ie f B ow l s ." H e sper ia 5 0 : 1 89 -210 .

E i seman ,C .J . 1 973 " Ampho ra s f r om t h e P o r t ice l lo S h ipw r eck ( Ca lab r ia ) ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna l o fN au t i c a lA r chaeo logy 2 :1 3 -23 . T he P or t ice l lo S h ipwr eck : A Med i t er ranean Mer chan tV e s se lo f4I5 -385 B .C .P h .D .d i s s . , U n ive r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia .

- ,a nd R idgway ,B .S . 1 987 T h e P or t ice l lo S h ipw r eck A M ed i t e r ranean Merchan t V es se l o f 4 15 -385 B .C . C olege S t a t ion : T exa s A& M U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . E i senb e rg , S . 1 99 1 "Me ta l lu rg ica lA na ly s i so ft h eR am ." P p .4 0 5 0i nC a s son a nd S t e f fy ,e d s . ,T he A th l i tR am . C olege S ta t ion , TX :T exa s A &M U n ive r s i ty P re s s . E lam ,J .M . ;G la scock , MD . ;S l ane ,K .W . 1 989 " AR eexam ina t ion o ft h e t h e P rovenance o f E a s te rn S ig i l la ta A ." P p . 1 79 -83 i n R .M . F a rquha r ,e d . ,P roceed ings o ft h e2 6 th I n t er n a t iona lA r cheome t ry S ympo s ium , T oron to , 1 988 . T o ron to :U n ive r s i ty o fT o ron to . E l io t ,C .W . J . 1 976 " AB ron ze C oun te rpo i se o fA thena ." H e spe r ia 4 5 : 1 63 -70 .

E t tl inge r ,E . 1 962 " Vo rbeme rkungen z u E ine r D i sku s s ion d e s A te ius -P rob lems ." A c ta R e i C re tar iae R omanae F au torum 4 :2 7 -44 . E van s ,J .K . 1 981

" Po t te ry f r om t h e H e l len i s t ic S t ra tum a t S h iqmona ." I s rae l E xp lora t ion J ourna l 2 6 : 6 5 -76 .

Eme ry , Wa l te rB . ,a nd K i rwan ,L .P . 1 938 T he R oya l T omb s o fB anana a nd Q us tu l . 2 v o l s .C a i ro :G ove rnmen tP re s s . Empe reu r ,J ean -Yve s ,a nd P i con , Mau r ice . 1 989 " Le s r eg ion s d e p roduc t ion d 'ampho re s

2 33

"Whea t P roduc t ion a nd i t s S oc ia l C on se q uen ce si nt h eR oman Wo r ld ." C la s s ica lQ uar t e r ly ,N .S . 3 1 :4 28 -42 .

F a r i f ia sd e lC e r ro ,L . ;F e rnandez d el aV ega ,W . ;H e sna rd , A . 1 977 " Con t r ibu t ion a l ' e tab l issemen t d 'une t y po log ie d e sa mpho r e sd i te s ` D re s se l2 -4 ' ." P p . 1 79 -206 i nA nonymou s 1 977 . F a r jon ,A . 1 984

F a rka ,C . 1 977

P ine s .D raw ings a nd D esc r ip t ions o ft h eG e n us P INUS . L e iden : E .J . B r i l l /D r . W . B a ckhuy s .

D ie R öm i schen L am l ev om Magda l en sb erg . K ä rn tner Museum -sch r if ten , 6 1 ; A rch ä o log i schen F o r schungen z u G rabungen a u f d em Magda lensberg , 4 . K lagenfu r t : L ande smus eum sf ü rK ä rn ten .

F io r i ,P a t r ick 1 972 " A tude d er epave A d el aG aroupe ,d i t e ' d e s D ol ia ' ." C ah ier sd 'archeo log i es ubaqua t ique 1 :3 5 -44 . 1 974

" La T rad e l ie r e :1 973 c ampa ign ." I n t er na t iona l J ourna lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 3 :3 28 -29 .

1 976

" L 'epave d e l aT rade l ie re : t o pog raph ie e t s t ra t igraph ie ." C ah ier s d 'archeo log ie s ubaqua t ique 5 :5 9 -61 .

E lgav i sh ,J . 1 976

L ampe s c hre t ienne s d e T un i s ie : Muse es d u B ardo e td e C ar thage . P a r i s : CNRS .

E r ic s son ,C .H . 1 984 N av i s O nerar ia , T he C argo C a r r i er o fL a t e A n t iqu i ty .S t ud ie si nA nc ien tS h ip C arp en t ry . A c ta A cadem iae A boen s i s ,S e r ie sA ,V o lume 6 3 ,N o . 3 .A bo : A bo A l cadenü .

E dwa rd s ,G .R . 1 975 C or in th , V I I , p t . 3 : C or in th ian H e l l en i s t ic P o t t er y .P r ince ton : Ame r ican S choo lo fC la s s i ca lS tud ie sa tA then s .

1 979

i mpe r ia le se nm ed i tef an de o r ien ta le ." P p .2 23 4 8 i n Amphores r oma ines e t h i s to ir e e conom ique : D ix a ns d e r e cher che . C o l lec t i on d el ' ü .co le F ran a ise d eR ome , 14 .R ome : t co le F rança i se d eR ome .

- ,a nd J onche ray ,J ean -P ie r r e 1 973 "Mob il ie rm e ta l l ique ( o u t i l s ,a rme s ,p i ece sd e g r eemen t ) p rovenan t d e f ou ile s s ou s -ma r i ne s ." C ah ier sd 'ar cheo log ie s ubaqua t ique 2 :7 3 -94 .

B ib l iography F i tzge ra ld ,G .M . 1 931 B e th -Shan E xcava t ion s1 921 -1923 .T he A rab a nd B y zan t in eL eve l s .P ub l ica t ion so ft h eP a l e s t ine S ec t ion o ft h e Mu seum o ft h eU n ive r s i ty o f P enn sy lvan ia . P h i lade lph ia : U n ive r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia P r e s s .

A n t iqu i ty ." P p . 9 1 -96 i nH . T za la s e d . ,P ro c eed ings o ft h e F i r s t I n t erna t iona l S ympo s i um o n S h ip C ons truc t ion i n A n t iqu i ty . P i raeu s , 3 0A ugus t -1 S ep temb er 1 985 . A th e n s :H e l len ic I n s t i tu t ef o rt h eP r e se rva t ion o f N au t ica lT rad i t ion .

F i t zge ra ld ,M icha e lA . 1 989 " A R oman Me rchan t S h ip a t C ae sa rea Ma r i t ima , I s rae l ." I n s t i tu te o fN au t ica l A r c haeo logy N ew s l e t t er 1 6 .2 :4 -9 .

a nd P a scua l ,R . 1 970 " La n ave r omana d e` S aN au P e rduda ' ( Cabo B agu r , G e rona ) ." R iv i s ta d iS t ud iL igur i 3 6 : 2 73 -306 .

1 990

" The S h ip o fS a in tP au l ,P a r tI :C ompa ra t ive A r chaeo logy ." B ib l ica l A r chaeo log i s t 5 3 .1 : 3 1 -45 .

F l e i sche r ,R obe r t 1 967 D i er öm i schen B ron zen a u sö s t er r e ich . Ma inz : P h il ipp v on Z abe rn .

F ouche r ,L . 1 957 N av i r e se tb arque s .F igur e ss ur d es m o sa ique s d d couver t es aS ou s s ee ta ux e nv iron s. N o t e se t d ocumen t s , 1 5 .T un i s : Mus6e A laou i . 1 967

" Un v o il ie ra n t ique ." A n t iqu i td sa f r ica ine s1 : 8 3 -98 .

F oe r s te r ,G . 1 975 " The E a r ly H i s to ry o fC a e sa r ea" P p .9 -22 i n C .T . F r i t sch , e d . , S t ud ie s i nt h e H i s to ry o f C aesarea Mar i t ima . M i s sou la : S cho la r 's P re s s .

F r eme r sdo r f ,F . 1 922 R öm i schen B i ld lampen . B onn -Le ipz ig : E . L ü thgen .

F oe r s te rL au re s ,F . 1 978 " Lo sU l la s t re s( Ge rona ) ." I n t erna t iona lJ our n a lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 7 :1 62 -63 .

F r e sch i ,A . 1 982a

1 979

" Lo s U l la s t r e s . D i scove ry o fo b jec t s w h ich m ay b e ab i lge p ump i nt h ew r eck o ft h e i s t c en tu ry A .D . s h ip ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo f N au t ica lA rchaeo logy 8 :1 72 -74 .

1 980

" A R oman w re ck o f fC ap d e l V o l , G e rona , S pa in ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fNa u t ica lA r c haeo logy 9 :2 44 -53 .

1 983a

" The m e ta ln a i l sf r om t h ew r eck a tP a lamd s ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA rchaeo l o gy 1 2 : 3 42 -44 .

1 983b

" Roman n ava lc on s t ruc t ion ,a ss hown b yt h e P a lamö s w r eck ." I n terna t iona l J our na l o f N au t ica lA rchaeo logy 1 2 : 2 19 -28 .

1 983c

" Con s ide rac ione s s ob re l ac apa c idad d e l a b omba d ea ch ique d e lp ec io d el o s Ula s t r e s ." F orma Mans A n t iqu i X I -X I I ( 1 975 -198 1 ) : 1 67 -70 .

1 985a

" D ie B i lgepumpe d e rA n t ike ." D a sL ogbuch 2 1 .4 : 1 55 -56 .

1 985b

" The l i ne o rn e t' f reee r 'r i ng ." I n t erna t iona l J ourna lo fN au t ica lA rchaeo logy 1 4 : 8 0 -82 .

1 985c

" Nuevo sa sp ec to sp a ra l a si n te rp r e ta c ione sd e l a sb omba sd ea ch ique e nl a sn ave sd e6 poca i mpe r ia lr omana" P p . 31 -36 i nV IC ongr e s so I n ternac iona l d e A rqueo log ia S ubmar ina . C ar t egena 1 982 . Mad r id : Mu seo y C en t ro N ac iona le sd eI nve s t iga c ione sA rqueo ldg ica s S ubma r ina s .

1 989

" The P rob lem o ft h e B i lge a nd t h eP ump i n

2 34

1 96 1

R öm i sches g ef orm te sG la si nK ö ln .C o logne : L öwe .

" I lr e l i t to ' A 'd e l le T r eS enghe ( I so le T r em i t i ) . C ampagna d i s cavo 1 981 - R e laz ione p re l im ina re ." P p . 8 9 -99 i n A rcheo log ia s ubacquea ,4 .B ole t t ino d 'A r te ,S upp lem en t° . R ome : I s t i tu to P o l ig ra f ico d elo S t a to .

1 982b

" Cenn i p r e l im ina r i s u l la c ampagna d is c avo 1 982 ." P .1 00 i nA rcheo log ia s ubacquea ,4 . B ole t t inod 'A r te ,S upp lemen t° .R ome :I s t i t u to P o l ig ra f ico d e l lo S t a to .

1 988

" I l r e l i t to c on a n fo r e g r eco i ta l iche d i S . C a ta r ina d iN a rdo ' ( Le ) ." P p . 18 -20 i nG . D 'A nge lo , e d . , D a l la b a t tag l ia d e l le E gad i p er u n 'a rcheo log ia d e l Med i ter raneo . 2 ° C onvegno I n te rnaz iona le d i A rcheo log ia S uba cquea d e l Med i te r rane ,o . F av ignana 2 8 Magg io 1 985 . R ome : E d iz ion i i l Ma r e— L ibre r ia I n ternaz iona le p er A z ienda P rov inc ia le T u r ismo d iT rapan i .

F r ey ,D . ;H en t sche l ,F .D . ;a nd K e i th ,D .H . 1 978 " Deepwa te r a r chaeo logy . T he C ap i s t e l lo w r eck e xcava t ion , L ipa r i , A eo l ian I s land s ." I n t erna t iona lJ ou rna lo fN au t ica lA rchaeo l o gy 7 :2 79 -300 . F r i t s ch ,C .T . ,a nd B en -Do r ,I . 1 96 1 " The L ink E xped i t ion t oI s ra e l ." B ib l ica lA r c haeo log i s t2 4 : 5 0 -56 . F rond ev i l le ,G .d e 1 956 L es v i s i teur sd e l am e r . P a r i s : Ma i son d e l a B onne P r e s se .

B ib l iography F ro s t ,H ono r 1 963a " F rom r ope t oc ha in : o n t h ed eve lopmen to f a ncho r s i n t h e Med i t e r ranean ." Mar iner 's M i r ror 4 9 : 1 20 . 1 963b

U nd er t h e Med i ter ranean . Mar in e A n t iqu i t i es .E ng lewood C l i f f s ,N J : P r en t ic e -Ha l l .

1 970

" B ronze -age s t one -ancho r sf r om t h e e a s te rn Med i te r ranean ." Mar iner ' sM ir ror 5 6 : 3 77 9 4 .

1 973a

" An a nc ien tR oman ' y a ch t ' f r om ad i spe r sed c a rgo ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 5 9 : 34 .

1 973b

" F i r s ts e a son o fe xcava t ion o nt h eP un ic w r eck i nS i c i ly ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica l A rchaeo logy 2 : 3-49 .

1 973c

" The P un ic w r eck o f fS i c i ly . R e su l t s o ft h e 2 nd c ampa ign o fe xcava t ion ." Mar iner ' sM i r r o r5 9 : 2 30 -32 .

1 974

" Ancho r s , t h ep o t she rd so fm a r ine a r cha eo l o gy : o nt h er e co rd ing o fp i e r ced s t one sf r om t h e Med i te r r anean ." P p .3 97 -409 i nB la ckman 1 973 .

1 976

" Fu r the rn ew so nt h e Ma r sa la ' P un ic s h ip 'a nd t h ep row o ft h e ' s i s t e rs h ip ' ." Mar iner 's M i r r o r6 2 : 2 2 .

1 978

"Wa r sh ip sa nd l e ad s h ea th ing : Ar e p ly ." Ma r i n er 'sM ir ror 6 4 : 1 42 44 .

1 979a

" Egyp ta nd s t one a ncho r s : S ome r e cen td i s c ove r ie s ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 6 5 : 1 37 -61 .

1 979b

" The P un ic w a r sh ip i sr e -e r ec ted i nMa r s a la ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 6 5 : 3 7 -38 .

1 981a

" The P un ic s h ip mu seum .I t sp r es e rva t ion a nd s ome s t ruc tu ra lo b s e r va t ion s ." Ma r iner ' sM i r r o r6 7 :6 5 -75 .

1 98 1b

L i lybaeum .S upp lemen tt oN o t iz ie d eg l iS cav i 3 0 ( 1976 ) . R ome : I s t i tu to P o l ig raf i co d e l lo S t a to .

F rova ,A n ton io ,e ta l . 1 965 S cav id iC ae sar ea Ma r i t ima . M i lan : I s t i tu to L omba rdo ,A ccadem ia d iS c ienz e eL e t t e re . F u lf o rd ,M .G . ,a nd P ea cock ,D .P .S . 1 984 E xcava t ions a t C ar thage : T he B r i t i sh M i s s i on ,Vo l .I ,2 :T he A venue d uP r e s id en tH ab ib B ourgu iba ,S a lammbo :T he P o t t e ry a nd O the r C e ram ic O b j ec t s f rom t h e S i t e . S heff i e ld : U n ive r s i ty o fS he ff i e ld . G ae r t r ingen ,H i l le rv on 1 931 " Rhodo s ." PW s upp .5 :7 31 -839 . G a i tz sch ,W . 1 985 " An t ike S e i le re i ." A n t ik e W e l t1 6 :4 1 -50 . G a l il i ,E hud ;D aha r i ,U . ;S ha rv i t ,J . 1 991 " Ha if a ." E xcava t ion s a nd S ur vey s i nI s rae l 1 0 : 1 62 -63 .

2 35

1 993

" Underwa te rs u rv ey sa nd r e scue e xcava t ion s a l ong t h eI s rae l ic oa s t ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna l o fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 2 2 :6 1 -77 .

G ando l f i ,D an ie la 1 983 " I Ir e l i t to d iC apo T e s ta ( S .T e re sa d iG a l lu ra , S S ) .( P r ima C ampagna ,1 978 ) ." F orma Mar i s A n t iqu iX I -X I I( 1 975 -1981 ) :4 0 -68 . 1 985

" R e laz ione p r e l im ina re s a l r el i t to d i C apo T e s ta ,p r e s so S an ta T e re sa d iG a l lu ra . ( P rov . S a s sa r i ) ." P p . 3 13 -23 i n V I C ongr es s° I n t ernac iona l d e A rqueo log ia S ubmar ina . C a r tagena 1 982 . Mad r id : Mu seo y C en t ro N ac iona le sd eI n ve s t iga c ione sA rqueo l6g ica s S ubma r ina s .

1 986a

" I I r el i t to d i C apo T e s ta ." P p . 8 1 -88 i n A rcheo log ia s ubaquea , 3 .B o l le t t ino d 'A r t e , 3 7 -38 , S upp lemen t° . R ome : I s t i tu to P o l ig ra f ico d e l lo S t a to .

1 986b

" R ice r che a r cheo log iche n ele a cque d i Ma r i na d i S o r so , l o ca l i tä Ma r r i tza . P r ima c ampagna d i s c avo 1 981 ." P p . 6 9 -74 i n A r cheo log iasubacquea ,3 .S upp l .t oB o l le t t ino d 'A r t e3 7 -38 .R ome :I s t i tu to P o l ig raf ico d elo S t a to .

G a rga l lo ,P .N . 1 962 " Exp lo r ing o f ft h eC oa s to fS i c i ly ." A rchaeo l o gy 1 5 : 1 93 -97 . 1 972

" An a nc ien tR oman y a ch t ." Mar iner ' sM ir ror 5 8 :4 43 -46 .

G a rn sey ,P . 1 983 " G ra in f o rR ome ." P p . 18 -30 i nP .G a rnsey , K .H opk in sa nd C .R . Wh i t take r ,e d s . ,T rad ei n t h e A nc ien t E conomy . L ondon : C ha t to & W indu s . 1 986

" Fam ine i nt h eA nc iee t Med i te r r anean ." H i s t o ry T oday 3 6 : 2 4 -30 .

1 987

T he R oman Emp ir e : E conomy , S oc ie ty a nd C u l tur e .L ondon : D uckwo r th .

G a s send ,J . -M . 1 975 " Decouve r te d 'une A r cheo log ia 7 9 : 7 2 .

e pave

a n t ique ."

1 979

" Ve s t ige sd ' une e pave a n t ique d an sl ep o r td e P ommegue s ." A rchaeonau t ica 2 ( 1978 [ 1 979 ] ) : 1 0 1 -7 .

1 982

L e n av i r e a n t ique d u L acydon . Ma r se ile : Mus ee d 'H i s to i re d e Ma r se i l le .

a nd C uomo ,J . -P . 1 985 " Un a cqu is r ecen t d es r echerches d 'a r ch i te c tu r en ava le :l a' c on s t ruc t ion a l te rnee ' d e s n av i r e s a n t ique s ." P p . 3 43 -50 i n V I C ongr es so I n ternac iona l d e A rqueo log ia S ubma r ina . C a r tagena 1 982 . Mad r id : Mu seo

B ib l iography yC en t ro N ac iona le s d e I nve s t iga c ione s A rqueo lög ica sS ubma r ina s .

( P inu sp inea ) d 6couve r t s s u r l 'eave d e L a Mad rague d e G ien s ." P p . 17 -18 i n A . T chern ia , e t a l . , L 'gpave r oma ine d e l a Mad rague d eG ien s( V ar ) .( C ampagne s1 972 1 975 ) . G a l l ia , S upp lemen t3 4 . P a r i s : CNRS .

- ;L iou ,B . ;a nd X imene s ,S . 1 985 " L 'd pave 2d el ' an se d e sL au ron s( Ma r t igue s , Bo uche s -du -Rhöne ) ." Ar c haeonau t ica 4( 1 984 [ 1 985 ] ) : 7 5 -105 . G eanne t te ,M .A . 1 983 Mas tS t ep a nd K ee l son : T h eE ar ly D eve lop m en t o f aS h ipbu i ld ing T echno logy . M .A . T he s i s ,T exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty . G eva ,H . 1 983

" Excava t ion si nt h eC i t a .d e lo fJ e ru sa lem ,1 979 8 0 . P r e l im ina ry R epo r t ." I s rae lE xp lo ra t ion J ourna l3 3 : 5-71 .

G ianf ro t ta , Ne ro A . 1 983 R ev iew o f McCa s l in 1 980 .G nomon 5 : 36 3 9 . 1 990

1 991

" AR oman S h ipya rd i nM in tu rno :I n d ica t ion s f r om U nde rwa t e rA r cha eo logy ." P p .1 95 -205 i nH . T za la s ,e d . ,P roceed ings o ft h eS econd I n t erna t iona lS ympos ium o n S h ip C on s truc t i on i nA n t iqu i ty . A then s : H elen ic I n s t i tu t e f o rt h eP r e ser va t ion o fN au t ica lT rad i t ion . " Nav im i to log iche aR oma ." P p .8 5 -92 i nP .A . G ianf ro t ta , e d . , I Vr a s s egna d ia r cheo log ia s ubaqu ea .I Vp r em io F ranco P apö . G ia rd in i N axos 1 3 -15 o t tob r e 1 989 . A t t i . Me s s ina : E d iz ion i P&M A s so c ia t is . r . l .

- ,a nd P omey ,P a t r ice 1 981 A rcheo log ia s ubacquea : S t or ia , t e cn iche , s cop er t e er e l i t t i . M i lan : Mondado r i .

" The R oman w re ck o fc .AD 2 00 a tP l emm i r io , n ea rS i ra cusa ( S ic i ly ) :I n te r im r e po r t ." I n t er n a t iona lJ ourna lo fNa u t ica lA rchaeo logy 1 5 : 2 67 -304 .

1 991

" The R oman w r eck o fc .AD 2 00 a tP l emm i r io , n ea r S i racusa ( S ic i ly ) : t h i rd i n t e r im r e po r t . T he d ome s t ic a s semb lage ,2 :k i t chen a nd t a b l ep o t te ry ,g l a s sa nd f i sh ing w e igh t s ." I n t er n a t iona lJ ourna lo fNa u t i ca lA r chaeo logy 2 0 : 2 27 -46 .

G ib son ,S . 1 983

G je r s t ed ,E ina r 1 960 " Po t te ry T ype s . C yp ro -G eome t r ic t oC yp ro C la s s ica l ." O puscu la A th en ien s ia 3 :1 05 -22 . - ,e ta l . 1 934

G od ley ,A .D . 1 922 H erodo tus , H i s tor ies . C amb r idge , MA : H ar va rd U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . G o ldman ,H e t ty ,e d . 1 950 E xcava t ion s a t G ö z l i i K u l e , T ar sus , I :T he H e l len i s t ic a nd R oman P er iod s . P r ince ton : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P re s s . G o se ,E . 1 950

G e fes typen d er r öm i schen K eram ik i n R he in land . B onne r J ah rbuche r , B e ihe f t 1 . B onn : B u t zon & B e r ck e r .

G ra ce ,V i rg ina R . 1 952 " T imb r e sa mpho r ique sc on e s aD e lo s ." B u l l e t in d eC or r e spond enc eH e l lgn ique 7 6 :5 14 4 3 . 1 953

" Eponym s N amed o n R hod ian Ampho ra S t amp s ." H e sper ia 2 2 : 16 -28 .

1 962

" S tamped H and le s o f C omme rc ia l Ampho r a s ." P p . 1 06 -30 i nH .D . C o l t , e d . , E xcava t i on s a tN e s sana ( Au ja H af i r , P a l e s t ine ) , 1 . L ondon : B r i t i sh S choo l o f A rcha eo logy i n J e ru sa lem .

1 965

" The C omme rc ia l Amphora s f r om t h e A n t iky the ra Wreck ." T ran sac t ion s o f t h e Amer ican P h i lo soph ica lS oc ie ty 5 5 , 3 :5 17 .

" The S tone V e s se lI ndu s t ry a tH izma ." I s rae l E xp lora t ion J ourna l3 : 1 76 -88 .

G i l l ,D .W . J . 1 99 1

T he S w ed i sh C ypru sE xcava t ion s ,V o l .! :F i nd s a nd R esu l t s o f t h e E xcava t ion s i n C ypr u s 1 927 -31 . S t ockho lm : V ic to rP e t te r son .

G oud ineau ,C . 1 968 F ou i l l e sd el ' E co l ef ranva i sd eR ome d Bo l s ena ( Pogg io Mo sc in i ) , 1 962 -1967 :L ec gram ique a r e t ine l i sse . Me lange s d 'a rch6o log ie e t d 'h i s to i r ed el ' Aco le f r a f l i se d eR ome ,s up p l emen t6 .P a r i s :E .d eB o cca rd .

G ibb in s ,D . J .L . ,a nd P a rke r ,J . 1 986

G iu s to l i s i ,V . 1 975 L en av ir omane d iT er ra s in i el ' avven tura d i Am i lcare s u l Mon te H e irk te . S ic i l ia A r cheo log ica c he s compa re , 3 . P a le rmo : C en t ro d iD ocumen taz ione eR ice r ca p e r l a S i c il ia A n t ica " Pao lo O r s i ."

" Po t sa nd T rade :S pa ce -f ile r so ro b je t sd 'a r t ." J ourna lo fH e l len ic S t ud i e s 11 : 2 9 -47 .

G i ra rd ,M . ,a nd T che rn ia , A . 1 978 " R ema rque sa p ropo sd e sc one sd ep i np i gnon

- ,a nd S a r va t iannou -Pe t ropou la l cou ,M . 1 970 " L e s t i mb r e s a mpho r ique s G r ec s ." P p . 2 77 2 36

B ib l iography 3 82 i nE xp lora t ion a r chdo log ique d eD d lo s , v o l . XXVI I : L 'i l o t d e l a Ma ison d es C omdd ien s . P a r i s :E .d eB occa rd . G r and jouan ,C la i rbve 1 96 1 T he A then ian A gora , V I : T er raco t ta s a nd P la s t ic L amp so f the R oman P er iod P r ince ton : Ame r ican S choo lo fC la s s ica lS t ud i e si nA th e n s . G ra ta loup ,C a the r ine 1 988 L es c d ram iques ä paro i sf ine s :R ue d e sF arge s L yon .B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica lR epo r t s ,I n t l . S e r . ,4 57 .O x fo rd : B .A .R . G roh ,D enn i sE . 1 978 " No r th S y r ian Mo r ta r ia E xcava t ed a tC ae sa rea Ma r i t ima ( I s rae l ) ." L evan t1 0 : 1 65 -69 . G reene ,K . 1 986

T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e R oman E conomy . L ondon : B a t sfo rd .

G ua sch ,R ica rdo P . 1 977 " La s a nfo ra s d e l aL aye tan ia ." P p . 4 7 -96 i n A nonymou s 1 977 . G ue ry ,R . 1 972

" R ev i s ion d e s m a rque s d e p o t ie r s s t i r t e r ra s i g i l la ta d ecouve r te se nA lge r ie ." A n t iqu i td s A f r ica ine s6 :1 75 -2 18 .

G unneweg ,J .e ta l . 1 983 T he P roven ience ,T ypo logy a nd C h rono logy o f E a s te rn T e r ra S i g ila ta . Q ed em , Mono g raph s o ft h e I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy , H e b rew U n ive r s i ty , 1 7 .J e r u sa lem :H eb r ew U n i v e r s i ty . G unneweg ,J . ,a nd P e r lman ,I . 1 984 " He l len i s t ic B ra z ie r s f r om I s ra e l : R e su l t so f P o t t e ry A na ly s i s ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l 3 4 : 2 32 -38 . H ada s ,G . 1 992

" S tone A ncho r sf r om t h eD ead S ea ." ' A t iqo t ( Eng l i sh S e r ie s )2 1 : 5-57 .

H am i l ton , R .W . ,a nd G raba r ,O leg 1 959 K h i rba ta l* Oar :A nA rab ian Man s ion i nt h e J ord an V a l l ey .O x fo rd : C la r endon P r e s s . H anne s tad ,L . 1 983a I k aro s . T he H e l len i s t i cS e t t l emen t s , 2 . 1 : T he H e l l en i s t ic P o t t e ry f r om F a i laka w i th aS ur v ey o fH e l len i s t ic P o t t e ry i nt h e N ear E a s t . D an i sh A rchaeo log ica l I nve s t iga t ions o n F a i laka , K uwa i t . A a rhu s : J u t land A r cha eo l o g ica lS oc ie ty P ub l ica t ion s . 1 983b

I k aros . T he H e l len i s t ic S e t t l emen t s , 2 . 2 : T he

2 37

H e l l en i s t ic P o t te ry C a ta logue a nd P la te s . Dan i sh A rchaeo log ica l I nves t iga t ions o n F a i laka , K uwa i t . A a rhu s : J u t land A rchaeo l o g ica lS o c ie ty P ub l ica t ion s . H a rden ,D .B . 1 936 R oman G la s sf rom K aran i s .A nn A rbo r :U n i v e r s i ty o fM ich igan P re s s . H a r r i s ,W .V . 1 980 " Roman T e r raco t ta L amp s :T he O rgan iza t ion o fa nI n du s t ry ." J ourna lo fR oman S t ud i es 7 0 : 1 26 -45 . H a r r i son ,R . Ma r t in ,a nd F i ra t l i ,N ez ih 1 968 " Excava t ion sa tS a rnhane i nI s tanbu l : F i f th P r e l im ina ry R epo r t ,w i th aC on t r ibu t ion o na S even th -Cen tu ry P o t t e ry G roup ,b yJ ohn W . H ay e s ." D umbar ton O ak s P aper s 2 2 : 1 95 2 16 . H au tunun ,W . 1 98 1 S t ud ien z u Amphor en d er s p t i trdm i sch en u nd f rühby zan t in i schen Z e i t . P h .D .d i s s . ,B onn . H awk e s ,C .F .C . ,a nd H u l l ,M .R . 1 947 C amu lodunum . F ir s tR epor to nt h eE xcava t i on sa tC o lche s ter 1 930 -1939 . O x fo rd :O x f o rd Un ive r s i ty P r e s sf o rt h eS o c ie ty o fA n t i q ua r ie s . H aye s ,J ohn W . 1 967a " No r th S y r ian Mo r ta r ia ." H esp er ia 3 6 : 37 4 7 . 1 967b

" Cyp r io tS i g i l la ta ." R epor to f th eD epa r tm en t o fA n t iqu i t ie s , C yp ru s 1 967 :6 5 -77 .

1 968

" AS even th C en tu ry P o t te ry G roup ." P p .2 0 1 1 6i nH a r r i son & F i ra t l i 1 968 .

1 971

" Fou r E a r ly R oman P o t t e ry G roup s f r om K no s so s ." A nnua l o ft h e B r i t i sh S choo l a t A thens 6 6 : 2 49 -75 .

1 972

L a te R oman P o t t e ry . L ondon : T he B r i t i sh S choo la tR ome .

1 973

" Roman P o t te ry f r om t h eS ou th S t oa a tC o r i n th ." H esper ia 4 2 :4 16 -70 .

1 975

R oman a nd P r e -Roman G las s i nt h e R oya l O n tar io Mu s eum . AC a ta logue .T o ron to :R oya l O n ta r io Mu seum .

1 976 a

" Po t te ry : S t ra t if i ed G roup s a nd T ypo logy ." P p .4 7 123 i nH umph r ey 1 976 .

1 976b

R oman P o t tery i nt h eR oya lO n tar io Mu seum . AC a ta logue . T o ron to : R oya l O n ta r io Mu s eum .

1 977

" Ea r ly R oman Wa r e s f r om t h e H ou se o f D ionyso s , P apho s ." A c ta R e i C re tar iae R omanae F au torum 1 7 / 18 : 9 6 -108 .

1 978

" Po t te ry R epo r t -1976 ." P p . 2 3 -98 i n H umph r ey 1 978b .

B ib l iography 1 980a

A nc i en tL amp si nt h eR oya lO n ta r io Mu seum , 1 :G r eek a nd R oman C lay L amp s . T o ron to : R oya lO n ta r io Mu seum .

1 980b

AS upp l emen t t oL a t e R oman P o t ter y . L on d on : T he B r i t i sh S choo la tR ome .

1 983

" The V i l la D iony so sE xcava t ion s , K no s so s : T he P o t te ry ." A nnua lo ft h eB r i t i sh S choo la t A then s7 8 :9 7 -169 .

1 984

1 985

1 992

c he .E xpo s i t ion d u2 9j u in a u1 3o c tob r e1 986 , Ma i son d e sT raou ie ro sP e r ro s -Gu i r ec .N an te s : DRAS M .

G r eek ,R oman ,a nd R e la ted Me ta lwar ei nt h e R oya l O n tar io Mus eum . AC a ta logue . T o r on to : R oya lO n ta r io Mu seum " S ig ila te O r ien ta l i ." P p .1 96 i nE nc ic lop ed ia d e l l 'Ar te a n t ica c l a s s ica eo r ien ta l e .A t lan te d e l le f o rme c e ram iche , I L R ome : I s i tu to P o l ig ra f ico d e l lo S t a to . E xcava t ion sa tS aravhane i nI s tanbu l ,2 :T he P o t t e ry .P r ince ton :P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

H öckmann ,U . 1 972 A n t ike B ronzen . K un s t samm lungen .

Kasse l :

S taa t l iche

H odge ,A .T r evo r 1 992 R oman A queduc t s a nd Wa ter S upp ly . L on d on :D uckwo r th . H oh l f e lde r ,R obe r tL . 1 98 1 " Co in F ind s : AC on spec t u s ." P p . 4 7 -49 i n R .C . W iemken a nd K .G . Ho lum , " The J o in t E xped i t ion t oC ae sa r ea Ma r i t ima :E igh th S ea s on , 1 979 ." B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S choo l s o fO r ien ta lR e search 2 44 : 2 7 -52 .

R ev iew o fG unneweg 1 983 . Ame r ican J our n a lo fA r chaeo logy 8 9 : 3 65 -67 .

D ie r öm ischen B i ld lampen d er B er l iner A n t iken -Samm lung .B e r l in :A kadem ie V e r lag .

H ennan sen ,G . 1 982 " The S t uppa tor e sa nd t h e i rG u i ld i nO s t ia ." Amer ican J ourna l o fA r chaeo logy 8 6 : 1 2 1 2 6 . H e sna rd ,A . 1 980 " Un d epö t a ugus teen d ' ampho re s äl a L onga r ina ,O s t ie ." Memo ir so ft h e Am er ican A cad emy i nR ome 3 6 : 1 4 1 -56 . e ta l . 1 988

B r i t i sh Mu seum C o ins : P hoen ic ia . L ondon : B r i t i sh Mu seum .

H ocke r ,F .M . F o r thcom ing " Lead H u l l S hea th ing i nA n t iqu i ty ." F o r thcom ing i n , H . T za la s , e d . , T rop i s I I : P roceed ing so ft h eT h ird I n t erna t iona lS ym p o s ium o n S h ip C ons truc t ion i nA n t iqu i ty . A then s :H elen ic I n s t i tu te f o rt h eP r e se r va t ion o fN au t ica lT rad i t ion .

H enne s sy ,J . B . ; E dwa rd s , P .C . ; Wa lm s ley , A .G . ; B ou rke , S .G . ;T idma r sh ,J . C . 1 989 " P e l la ( Tabaqa tF ah l ) ." P p .4 06 -4 1i nH ome s F rede r icq & H enne s sy 1 989 .

-

" No te o n t h e P i ec ing o fB ronze S t a tue t te s ." H esper ia 5 1 : 2 77 -83 .

H i r sch f e ld ,Y . ,a nd B i rge r ,R . 1 988 " F a rm H ou se s a nd W ine P r e s s e s a tR ama t H anad ive ." Q admon io t2 1 .3 -4 : 1 00 14 .

H enk e l ,F r ied r ich 1 913 D ie r öm i sch en f i nger r inge d er R he in land e .2 v o l s .B e r l in :G eo rg R e ime r .

H e r e s ,G . 1 972

1 982

H il ,G .F . 1 9 10

H el s t r t im ,P . 1 97 1 L abraunda 4 ,V .I :1 .P o t t er yo fC la s s ica la nd L a ter D a t e , T er raco t ta L amp s a nd G la s s . L und : A c ta I n s t i tu t i A then ien s i s R egn i S uec ia e .

H e rbe r t , S . 1 985

H i l l ,D o ro thy K en t 1 951 " Roman P an the rT r ipod s ." Ame r ican J ourna l o fA r ch aeo logy 5 : 3 44 -47 .

L 't pave r oma ine G rand R ibaud D ( H y& es , V ar ) . A r cha eonau t ica , 8 .P a r i s : CNRS .

- ;L 'Hou r ,M . ;L ong ,L . 1 986 " D e sb a teaux c i ter n e s :l e s eave sr oma ine sa d ol ia ." P p .7 9 -81 i nA rdWo log i es ou s -mar ine s ur l e sc ö t e sd eF ranc e . V i ng ta n sd er e cher -

2 38

1 983

" The C ae sa rea Ma r i t ima C oa s t l ine b e fo r e H e rod : S ome P re l im ina ry O b se rva t ion s ." B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer ican S choo l so fO r i en ta l R e sea rch 2 52 :6 7 -68 .

1 984

" Cae sa r ea Ma r i t ima i n L a te A n t iqu i ty : A n I n t roduc t ion t ot h e N um i sma t ic E v idence ." P p .2 6 1 -85 i nW .H ecke la nd R .S ul ivan ,e d s . , A nc i en t C o in so ft h e G raeco -Roman W or ld . Wa t e r loo ,O u t . :W i l f r id L au r ie rP r e s s .

1 985

" Byzan t ine C o in F ind s f r om t h e S ea : A G l imp se o fC a e sa rea Ma r i t ima 's L a t e r H i s t o ry ." P p . 1 79 -84 i nR aban 1 985b .

1 988

" The 1 984 E xp lo ra t ion so ft h e A nc ien tH a r b ou r so fC ae sa rea Mar i t i m ,I s ra e l ." B u l l e t in o f the Am er ican S choo l so fO r i en ta lRe sear ch , S upp lemen t2 5 : 1 12 .

1 992

" The c hang ing f o r tune s o f C a e sa r ea 's h a r b ou r s i n t h e R oman p e r iod ." P p . 7 5 -78 i n V ann 1 992 .

B ib l iography 1 993

" An E xpe r imen t i n C on t ro l led E xcava t ion B enea th C a e sa r ea Ma r i t ima 's S ea , 1 990 ." B ule t in o ft h e Ame r ican S choo l so fO r ien ta l R e sea r ch 2 90 -291 :9 5 107 .

H un t ing f o rd ,G .W .B 1 980 T h eP er ip lus o ft h e Dy thraean S ea .L ondon : T he H ak luy tS oc ie ty . I c onomu ,C . 1 967 O pa i te G r ecoRomane . C on s tan t ia : Muzeu l

H o lum , K enne th G . ; H oh l f e lde r , R obe r tL . ; B u l l , R obe r t ; R aban , A vne r . 1 988 K ing H erod 's D r eam : C ae sar ea o nt h eS ea . N ew Y o rk :N o r ton .

R eg iona ld eA r cheo log ie D ob rogea . I l i f f e ,J .H . 1 936

H o lum , K enne th ; R aban , A vne r ; L ehmann , C lay ton ; l e B e r ru r ie r ,D iane ;Z iek ,R ob in ;S a ch s ,S t ephen . 1 992 " P re l im ina ry r e po r t o n t h e 1 989 -1990 s e a s on s ." P p .7 9 -111 i nV ann 1 992 . H ome s -F r ede r icq ,D . ,a nd J . B .H enne s sy ,e d s . 1 989 A rchaeo logy o fJ ordan , I : F i e ld R epor t s . 2 v o l s .A kkad ica , S upp .8 .L euven : P e , e te r s . H opk in s , K . 1 980 " Taxe sa nd T rade i nt h eR oman Emp i r e( 200 B .C . —A .D .4 00 ) ." J our na lo fRoman S t ud ie s 7 0 : 1 01 -25 . 1 988

" Roman T rade ,I ndu s t ry ,a nd L abo r ." P p .7 53 7 7i nM .G r an ta nd R .K i t z inge r ,e d s . ,C iv i l i z a t ion o ft h eA nc ien t Med i t e r ranean . G r eece a nd R ome ,I .N ew Y o rk : C ha r le sS c r ibne r 's S on s .

H ow land ,R .H . 1 958 A then ian A gora , I V : G r eek L amp sa nd t h e i r S ur v iva l s .P r inc e ton : Ame r ican S choo lo fC la s s i ca lS tud ie s . H umph rey ,J ohn H . 1 974 " P ro legomena t o t h e S t udy o f t h e H ippo d rome a tC ae sa r ea Ma r i t ima ." B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer ican S choo l so fO r i en ta lR e search 2 13 : 2 -45 . " AS umma ry o ft h e 1 974 E xcava t ion si nt h e C a esa rea H ippod rome ." B u l l e t inof the Ame r i c an S choo l so fO r i en ta lR e s ear ch 2 18 : 1 24 .

1 976

E xcava t ion sa tC ar thage ,v o l .I .T un i s :C e re s .

1 978a

E xcava t ion sa tC ar thage ,v o l .I .A nn A rbo r : K e l sey Mu seum .

1 978b

E xcava t ion sa tC ar thage ,vo l .I V .T un i s :C e r e s .

1 981

E xcava t ion sa tC a r thage ,v o l .V I .T un i s :C 6 r e s .

I s ing s ,C la s ina 1 957 R oman G la s sf r om D a ted F ind s .G ron ingen : J . B . Wo l t e r s .

I v äny i ,D . 1 935

" Po r t s i n P e r spec t ive : S ome C ompa ra t ive Ma te r ia lo nR oman Me r ch an tS h ip sa nd P o r t s ." Amer ican J our na l o fA r chaeo logy 9 2 : 53 6 4 .

1 975

" S ig ila ta Wa r e si nt h eN ea rE a s t ,I ." Q uar t e r ly o f t h e D epa r tmen t o fA n t iqu i t ie s f or P a l e s t ine 9 :3 1 -76 .

I s le r ,H an sP e te r . 1 969 " He ra ion v on S amo s :e i ne F rühbyzan t in i sche Z is te rne ." M i t te i lungen d es d eu tschen A rchao log ischen I ns t i tu ts , A then ische A b t e i lung 8 4 : 2 02 -30 .

H ous ton , G .W . 1 987 " Luc ian 's N av ig ium a nd t h e D imen s ion s o f t h eI s i s ." Ame r ican J ourna lo fP h i lo logy 1 08 : 4 44 -50 . 1 988

1 939

" S ig ila ta Wa re si nt h eN ea rE a s t ." Q ua r ter ly o ft h eD epar tmen to fA n t iqu i t i esf or P a l e s t ine 6 :4 53 .

J enk in s ,N . 1 980

D ie p annon i schen L ampen :E ine t y po log i sch c h rono log i sch eÜ b er s ich t .B udap e s t :S ä rkäny d ruk e r e i .

T he B oa tB enea th t h eP yram id K ing C heop s ' R oya l S h ip . N ew Y o rk : H o l t , R e inha r t a nd W in s ton .

J e z egou ,M . -P . 1 984 ? " L ' eave b yzan t ino -me rov ing ienne d e F o s s u r -me r ." U npub l i shed r e po r t . 1 985

" E lemen t s d e c on s t ruc t ion s u r c oup le s o b s e rve s s u r u ne e pave d u H au t Moyen -Age d ecouve r te ä F o s -su r -me r ( Bouche s -du R höne ) . P p . 3 51-56 i n V I C ongresso I n ternac iona l d e A rqueo log ia S ubmar ina . C ar t egena 1 982 . Mad r id : Mu seo y C en t ro N a c iona le sd eI n ve s t iga c ione sA rqueo lög ica s S ubma r ina s .

1 989

" L 'epave d e l ' an se S a in tGe rva i s aF o s su r Me r( Bouche sd u -Rhone ) :U nn av i r ed uh au t moyen -äge c on s t ru i ts u rs que le t te ." P p . 1 39 4 6i nH .T za la se d . ,P roceed ing so ft h eF i r s t I n t erna t iona lS ympo s ium o n S h ip C on s truc t i on i nA n t iqu i ty . P i raeus , 3 0A ugus t -I S ep t embe r 1 985 . A then s : H elen ic I n s t i tu te f o r t h eP r e se rva t ion o fN au t ica lT rad i t ion .

J ohn s ,C .N . " Excava t ion sa t` A t l i t( 1 930 -31 ) ,T he S ou th 1 933 e a s te rn C eme t e ry ." Q uar ter ly o ft h eD epar t -

2 39

B ib l iography J one s ,A .H .M . 1 964 T he L a t er R oman Emp i r e , 2 84 -602 . B a l t i mo r e :J ohn sH opk in sU n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

m en to fA n t iqu i t i e so fP a le s t ine 2 :4 1 -104 . J ohn son ,A .C . 1 927 " Anc ien tF o r e s t sa nd N av ie s ." T ran sac t ion s o ft h e Amer ican P h i lo log ica lA s soc ia t ion 5 8 : 1 99 -209 .

J one s ,F r anc i sF . 1 950 " The P o t te ry ." P p .1 49 -296 i n Go ldman 1 950 .

J ohn son ,B a rba ra 1 981 P o t t e ry f rom K a ran i s . U n ive r s i ty o fM ich i g an ,K e l sey Mu seum o fA r cha eo logy St u d ie s , 7 .A nn A rbo r : Un ive r s i ty o fM ich igan P r e s s .

K adman ,L eo 1 957 T he C o in s o f C ae sa r ea Mar i t ima . C o rpu s N ummo rum P a le s t inen s ium , 2 .T e lA v iv Je r u sa lem : S chocken .

1 986

" Sy ro -Pa le s t in ian B ag -Shaped Ampho r a s ." P p . 5 89 -97 i nR ech er che s s u r l e s a mphor e s g recques . B u l le t in d e C o r respondance H elen ique , S upp l . 1 3 .P a r i s :D eB occa rd .

K ahane ,P . 1 952

1 953

J ohn s tone ,W . 1 98 1 " S igns ." P p . 1 91-239 i n H . F ros t , e d . , L i lybaeum .S upp lemen tt oN o t iz ie d eg l iS cav i 3 0 .R ome : I s t i tu to P o l ig ra f ico d e l lo S t a to .

" Po t te ry T ype s f r om t h e J ew i sh O s sua ry T omb sa r ound J e ru sa l em ,I ,I . "I s rae lE xp lo r a t ion J ourna l2 :1 25 -39 , 1 76 -82 . " Po t te ry T ype s f r om t h e J ew i sh O s sua ry T omb sa r ound J e ru sa lem ,I I ." I s rae lE xp lo r a t ion J ourna l3 :4 8 -54 .

K ahanov ,Y . 1 99 1 " An I n ve s t iga t ion o f t h e Ma 'agan M icha e l S h ip ." CMS N ew s 1 8 : 5 6 .

J onche ray ,J ean -P ie r re 1 973 " Con t r ibu t ion ä1 'e t ude d e r epave D ramon t D , d i te ` d e sp e lv i s .- C ah ier sd ' ar c Mo log ie s ubaqua t ique 2 :9 -48 . 1 975a

L 'tpave " C" d e l a C hr t s t ienne . C ah ie r s d ' a rcheo log ie s ubaqua t ique , S upp lemen t 1 . G ap :L ou i s Jean .

1 975b

" e tude r epave D r amon t D : I V , l e s o b je t s me ta l l iques ." C ah ier s d 'arc yo log ie s ubaqua t ique 4 :5 18 .

1 975c

" Une e pave d u B a s Emp i r e , D r amon t ' F ' ." C ah ier s d 'ar ch & log ie s ubaqua t iqu e 4 :9 1 1 40 .

1 976a

" Canne s .L aT rade l ie re ." I n t erna t iona lJ our n a lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 5 :2 60 .

1 976b

" L 'Apave g r e c q u e ,o ue t ru sque ,d eB on P o r t e ." C ah ier sd 'arc Mo log ie s ubaqua t ique 5 :5 36 .

1 976c

"Med i t e r ranean h u l l t y pe s c ompa r ed . 1 .L a R oche F ou ra s ." I n t er na t iona lJ ourna lo fNa u t i ca lA rchaeo logy 5 :1 07 -14 .

1 977

"Med i te r r anean h ul t y pe sc ompa r ed .2 .Wr eck Ff r om C ape D r amon t( Va r ) ,F rance ." I n t er n a t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 6 : 3 7 .

1 987

" L 'Apave r oma ine d e T a i l la t ." C ah ier s d 'arch A log ie s ubaqua t ique 6 :1 27 -50 .

1 989a

" L 'tpave d uC ap G ro s -Ma te r ie ld uI «s .a y . J .C . , p ompe d e c a le e n b o is ." C ah ier s d 'ar chio log i es ubaqua t ique 8 :5 7 -84 .

1 989b

" L 'Apave g recque d e l a T ou r -Fondue ." C ah ier sd 'ar c Uo log i es ubaqua t ique 8 :1 35 4 8 .

K ap i tän ,G . 1 96 1 " Sch i f f sf ra ch ten a n t ike r B auge s t e ine u nd A r ch i tek tu r t e i le v o rd en K ü s t en O s t s iz il i en s ." K l io 3 9 :2 76 -318 . 1 984

" Anc ien tA ncho r s :T echno logy a nd C la s s if i c a t ion ." I n terna t iona l J ourna l o f N au t ica l A rchaeo logy 1 3 : 3 3 -44 .

K ap lan ,H aya R . 1 985 " R ema in so f aD ef ence L ine a tT el Q a s i le ." ` A t iqo t 1 7 : 1 95 -200 . K ap lan ,J . 1 964

T wo G roup so fP o t te r y o ft h e F ir s t C en tury A .D .f r om J af f aa nd i t sV i c in i ty .P ub l ica t ion s o ft h e Mu seum o f A n t iqu i t ie s o fT e l A v iv J a f f a , 1 .T e lA v iv Ja f f a : Museum o fA n t iqu i t i e s .

K a r ageo rgh i s ,V . 1 978 S a lam i s ,7 :E xcava t ion si nt h eN ec ropo l i so f S a lam i s ,I V .N ico s ia :D epa r tmen to fA n t iqu i t i e s ,C yp ru s . K a t zev ,M .L . 1 970 " Re su r r ec t ing t h eO lde s tK nown G r eek S h ip ." N a t iona lG eograph ic 1 37 .6 : 8 40 -57 . 1 982

K eay , SJ . 1 984

- ,a nd R och ie r ,R . 1 976 " L 'e pave d el aR o che F o tua s .C oque d un av i r e , e s tamp i l les s ur amphores ." C ah ier s d 'arc Uo log i es ubaqua t ique 5 :1 67 -80 . 2 40

" The I r on O b jec t s ." P p .2 31 -65 i nB a s s &v an D oo rn inck 1 982 .

L a te R oman Amphorae i nt h e W es te rn Med i t e r ranean . AT opo logy a nd E conom ic S t ud y : T h e C a ta lan E v id enc e . 2v o l s . B r i t i sh A r c haeo log ica lR epo r t s ,I n t l .S e r . , 1 26 .O x fo rd : B. A .R .

B ib l iography 1 992

" The S i ena Ampho ra C on f e r ence : P a r t 1 : Ampho ra ea nd t h eR oman E conomy ." J our n a lo fR oman A r chaeo logy 5 :3 53 -60 .

K e l so ,J . L . ,a nd B a ramk i ,D .C . 1 955 E xcava t ion s a tN ew T es tamen tJ er icho a nd K h i rbe t e n -N i t la . A nnua l o f t h e Ame r ican S choo l s o f O r ien ta l R e sea r ch , 2 9 -30 . N ew H av en : Ame r ican S choo l s o f O r ien ta l R e s e a rch . K ennedy ,C .A . 1 963 " The D eve lopmen to ft h eL amp i nP a le s t ine ." B e ry tu s 1 4 :6 7 -115 .

1 964

" La c ampagna 1 963 s u lr el i t to d iP un ta S ca le t ta a l l 'i s o la d i G iannu t r i . ( Re laz ione p r e l im ina re ) ." R iv i s ta d iS t ud iL igur i3 0 .1 -4 : 2 29 -57 .

1 97 1

" La s e conda c ampagna d is c avo s ula n ave r omana d iS pa rg i( 1 959 ) ." P p .2 05 -14 i nA c t e s d u I I P me C ongr i ss I n terna t iona l d 'Archa o log i eS ou s -mar ine .B ar c e lone 1 96 1 . B o rd ighe ra : I n s t i tu t I n te rna t iona l d 'A tude s L igu r e s , Mu see B icknel .

1 983b

K i s lev ,M .E . 1 988 " P inus p inea i na g r icu l tu re ,c u l tu r ea nd c u l t ." P p . 7 3 -79 i nD er p räh i s tor i sche M ench u nd s e ine Umwe l t . F es t schr if t f ür U d e lgard K ö rber -Grohne . S t u t tga r t : F o r s chungen u nd B e r ich t e z u r V o r - u nd F rühge sch ich t e i n B aden - Wü r t t embe rg ,3 1 . K lone r , Amo s ,a nd H e s s ,O rna 1 985 " AC o lwnba r ium i nC omp lex 2 1a tMa r e sha ." ' A t iqo t 1 7 : 1 95 -200 .

" 1 1 r e l i t to Fd iF i l icud i ." F orma Mar i sA n t iqu i X I -X I I( 1 975 -1981 ) : 1 88 -99 .

L amp inen ,P e te r 1 992 " The c o in s , p r e l im ina ry r e po r t , 1 990 ." P p . 1 69 -72 i nV ann 1 992 . L ande l s ,J .G . 1 978 E ng ineer ing i nt h eA nc ien t Wor ld . B e rke ley a nd L o s A nge le s : U n ive r s i ty o f C a l ifo rn ia P re s s . L angdon ,S u san 1 990 " F rom Monkey t o Man : T he E vo lu t ion o fa G eome t r ic S cu lp tu ra lT ype ." Amer ican J our n a lo fA r chaeo logy 9 4 :4 07 -24 .

K ö rbe r -G rohne ,U . 1 979 " Zwe i r öme rze i t l iche S e i l funde a us d en r öm i schen P rov inzen i nG e rman ien ."Ar chaeo P hy s ika 8 :1 65 -7 1 .

L app ,N ancy ,L . 1 978 T he T h i rd C ampa ign a tT e l le l -Fu l :T he E xca v a t ion s o f 1 964 . A nnua l o f t h e Amer ican S choo l so fOr i en ta lR e search ,4 5 .C amb r idge : Ame r ican S choo l so fO r ien ta lR e sea r ch .

K ra e l ing ,C a r lH . 1 938 G era sa , C i ty o ft h e D ecapo l i s . N ew H aven : Ame r ican S choo l so fO r ien ta lR e sea r ch .

L app ,P au lW . 1 96 1 P a le s t in ian C eram ic C hrono logy , 2 00 B .C . A .D . 7 0 . N ew H aven : Ame r ican S choo l s o f O r ien ta lR e sea rch .

" Med i z in i sche I n s t rumen t ed e rR öme r ze i ta u s T r ie r u nd Umgebung ." T r ier Z e i t schr if t4 7 : 1 53 -237 .

K un iho lm , P . I . 1 982 " The F i sh ing G ea r ." P p . 2 96 -309 i nB a s s & v an D oo rn inck 1 982 . L ambogl ia ,N . 1 953 " La n ave r omana d iA lbenga ." P p .1 31 -236 i n N .L ambog l ia ,F .B eno i t , " Fou ile ss ou s -ma r i ne s e n L igu r ie e te n P rovence ." R iv i s ta d i S t ud iL igur i1 8 .3 -4 ( 1 952 ) . 1 961a

" 1 1 r i levamen to t o ta le d e l la n ave r omana d i A lb enga ." R iv i s ta d iS t ud iL igur i2 7 :2 13 -20 .

— ,a nd %la r d s ,F . 1 983a " Due c ampagne d is c avo s u lr e l i t to d iP un ta A la ." F orma Ma ns A n t iqu i X I -X I I ( 1 975 1 98 1 ) : 1 72 -76 .

K ennedy ,D .H . 1 976 " Cab le r e in fo r c emen to ft h eA th en ian t r i r eme ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 6 2 : 1 59 -68 .

K ünz l ,E . 1 984

1 96 1b

" La n ave r omana d iS pa rg i( La Madda lena )— C ampagna d i s c avo 1 958 ." P p . 1 43 -66 i n A c tes d u I l e C ongrs I n terna t iona l d 'Ar chdo log ie S ous -mar ine , A lb enga 1 958 . B o rd ighe ra : I n s t i tu t I n te rna t iona l d 'A tude s L igu re s , Mu se B icknel .

2 4 1

1 970

" The P o t te ry o fP a le s t ine i nt h e P e r s ian P e r i od ." P p . 1 79 -97 i nA .a nd E .K u schke ,e d s . , A rchao log ie u nd d as A l te T es tamen t . T üb ingen : Moh r .

— ,a nd N ancy L . 1 974 D i scover ie si nt h e Wäd iE d -Dä l iy eh .A nnua l o ft h e Ame r ican S choo l so fO r ien ta lR e sea r ch , 4 1 .C amb r idge : Ame r ican S choo l so fO r ien ta l R e sea r ch . L a s t ,J o seph S . 1 975 " Kou r ion :T he A nc ien t Wa te rS upp ly ." P ro c eed ings o ft h e Amer ican P h i lo soph ica lS oc i e t y 19 .1 : 3 9 -72 , 1 f i g s . , 1 2p l s .

B ib l iography t i on —F i r s tS ea son , 1 988 ." C .M .S . N ew s 1 6 :

L aubenhe ime r ,F ane t te 1 989 " Les a mpho re s g au lo ise s s ous l 'e mp i re : r e che r che sn ouve l le ss u rl e u rp rodu t ion e tl e u r c h rono log ie ." P p . 1 05 -38 i n Amphores r oma ines e th i s to i r e &onom ique :D ix a n sd e r e cher che .C olec t ion d el ' Eco le F r ança i se d e R ome , 14 .R ome :E co le F r ança i se d eR ome .

5 7 . 1 992

L aumon ie r , A . 1 977 E xp lora t ion a r chdo log ique d eD d lo s , XXX I : L a c d ram ique h e l ldn i s t ique a r e l i ef s , p t . 1 : A te l ier s " I on i en s ." P a r i s :E .d eB occa rd . L ebe ! ,P au l 1 962

" Tonne l le r ie r oma ine ." R evue a rc No log ique d el ' E s te td u C en t r e -E s t 1 3 : 1 49 -53 .

L e ibundgu t , A . 1 977 D ie r öm i schen L ampen i nd er S chw e i z :E ine k u l tur - u nd h and e l sge sch ich t l iche S t ud ie . B e rn :F rancke V e r lag .

"Ma 'agan M icha 'e l S h ipw re ck . E xcava t ing a nA nc ien t Me r chan tman ." B ib l ica lA r chae o l ogy R ev iew 1 8 .6 : 2 4 -35 .

L ind say ,J a ck 1 963 D a i l yL i f ei nR oman E gyp t. L ondon :F . Mu l le r . L iou ,B . 1 973

" D i r ec t ion d e s r e che rche s a r cheo log ique s s ou s -ma r ine s ." G a l l ia 3 1 : 5 71 -608

1 974

" L 'Epave r oma ine d e l ' an se G e rba l äP o r te V end r e s ." C omp t e sr e ndus d el ' Acaddm ie d e s I n sc r ip t ion se tB e l l es -Le t t r e s 1 974 :4 14 -33 .

1 975

" D i r ec t ion d e s r e che rche s a r cheo log ique s s ou s -ma r ine s ." G a l l ia 3 3 : 5 71 -605

1 987

" I ns c r ip t ion sp e in t ss u ra mpho r e s :F o s( s u i t e ) , Ma r se i l le , T ou lon , P o r t -La -Nau t ique , A r le s , S a in tB la ise , S a in t -Ma r t in -de -C rau , Macon , C a lv i ." A rchaeonau t ica 7 : 5-139 .

L ev ine ,L . I . R oman C ae sar ea , A nA r chaeo log ica l -T opo 1 975 g raph ica lS t ud y . Q edem , Monog raph so ft h e I n s t i tu t eo fA r cha eo logy ,H eb r ew U n ive r s i ty , 2 .J e ru sa lem : H eb rew U n ive r s i ty .

— ,a nd D ome rgue ,C . 1 99 1 " Le c omme r ce d el aB e t ique a u l e rs i èc le d e n o t re e re , L 'Epave S ud -Lavezz i 2 . " A rchaeonau t ica 1 0( 1 990 [ 1 99 1 ] ) 1 -123 .

a nd N e tz e r ,E hud 1 986 E xcava t ion s a t C ae sar ea Mar i t ima , 1 975 , 1 976 , 1 979 —F ina l R epor t . Q edem , Mono g r aph so ft h e I n s i t i tu t eo fA r chaeo logy , H e b r ew U n ive r s i ty ,2 1 .J e ru sa lem :H eb r ew U n i v e r s i ty .

L iou , B . ,a nd G a s s end ,J . -M . 1 99 1 " L 'Epave S a in tG er va i s 3aF o s su r -Me r( m i l i eu d uI Ps i èc le a p .J . -C . ) .I n s c r ip t ion sp e in te s s u r a mpho re s d e B e t ique . V e s t ige s d e l a c oque ." A rchaeonau t ica 1 0 ( 1 990 [ 1 991 ] ) : 1 57 -264 .

L evy ,J . -P . 1 967

— ,a nd P omey ,P . 1 985 " D i r ec t ion d e s r e che rche s a r cheo log ique s s ou s -ma r ine s ." G a l l ia 4 3 : 5 47 -76 .

T he E conom ic L if e o f t h e A nc i en t W o r ld . C h icago : U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago .

L ew i s ,N . ,a nd R e inho ld ,M . ,e d s . 1 966a R oman C iv i l i za t ion . S our c ebook I :T he R e p ub l ic . N ew Y o rk : H a rp e ra nd R ow . 1 966b

L iph sh i tz ,N ,a nd B ige r ,G . 1 99 1 " Ceda ro fL ebanon ( C ed ru s l i ban i ) i nI s ra e l d u r ing A n t iqu i ty ." I s rae l E xp lora t ion J our n a l4 1 : 1 67 -75 .

R oman C iv i l i za t ion . S ou rc ebook I :T he Em p i r e .N ew Y o rk : H a rpe ra nd R ow .

L ipke ,P . 1 984

L ez ine ,A lexand re 1 954 " L e sv oü te sr oma ine s ät u be se mbo i t e se tl e s c r o i see sd 'og ive sd eB u l la R eg ia ." K ar thago 5 :1 68 -81 .

1 985

L 'Hoü r ,M . ,a nd L ong ,L . 1 986 " L 'Apave a n t ique d eC a r ry le -Roue t :u nn av i r e l a p ida i r e( f in I s .d ebu t1s .a y .J . -C . ) ." P p . 5 5 -56 i nA r c Mo log i es ou s -mar ine s u rl e se l i t e s d e F ranc e . V ing ta n sd e r e cher che . E xpo s i t i on d u2 9j u in a u1 3o c tob r e1 986 , Ma i son d e s T raou ie ro sP ef fo s -Gu i r ec .N an te s : DRASM . L inde r ,E . 1 989

T h eR oya lS h ip o fC heop s . B r i t i sh A r cha eo l o g i ca lR epo r t s ,I n t l .S e r . ,2 25 .O x fo rd : B. A .R . " R e t ro sp ec t ive o nt h eR oya lS h ip o fC heop s ." P p . 1 9 -47 i nS . McG ra i la nd E .K en t ley ,e d s . , S ewn P lank B oa t s . B r i t ish A r cha eo log ica l R epo r t s ,I n t l . S e r . ,2 76 .O xfo rd : B .A .R .

L oe schcke , S i eg f r ied 1 909a K eram i sche F und e i n H a l tern . Mün s te r : A schendo r f f

" The Ma 'agan -M icha e l S h ipw r eck E xcava -

2 42

1 909b

" An t ik eL a te rnen u ndL ich thäu schen ."Bonne r J ahrbüch er 18 : 3 70 -430 .

1 9 19

L ampen a us V indon issa . K omm i s s ion b e iB ee r &C ie .

Z ür ich :

I n

B ib l iography Mau ,A . 1 902

— ,a nd A lb rech t . 1 942 D a sR ömer lager i nO be rad en ,2 :D i er öm i sch e u ndd i eb e lg i sche K eram ik .D o r tmund :R uh f u s .

1 909

L o f f r eda , S . 1 974 C af ar nao I :L aC eram ica .P ub l ica z ion id elo S t ud ium B ibl icum F r anc i scanum ,1 9 .J e ru sa l em :F ranc iscan P r in t ing P r e s s . L ong ,L . 1 985

1 987

1 992

Magen , Y . 1 984

Maye r son ,P h i l ip 1 985 " The W ine a nd V ineya rd s o f G aza i n t h e B yzan t ine P e r iod ." B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer ican S choo l so fO r ien ta lR e sear ch 2 57 : 7 5 -80 .

" L 'Epave a n t ique B agaud 2 . "P p .9 3 -98 i nV I C ongr es so I n ternac iona l d e A rqueo log ia S ubmar ina .C ar tagena 1 982 . Mad r id : Mu seo yC en t ro N ac iona le s d e I nve s t iga c ione s A rqueo le ica sS ubma r ina s .

Maye t ,F ranço i se . 1 975 L es c d ram iqe s p aro i sf in e sd an sl aP en in su l e I bb ique .P a r i s :P ubl ica t ion sd uC en t re P i e r r e P a r i s .

" Le s e pave s d u G rand C ong loue . E tude d u j ourna l d e f ou i l le d e F e rnand B eno i t ." A rchaeonau t ica 7 :9 36 .

Ma za r ,B . 1 97 1

" L 'Epave a n t ique d 'Apo l lon ia ." L e sd o s s ier s d ea r ch6o log i e 1 67 : 7 0 -77 .

" Ka land ia —A V ineya rd F a rm a nd W ine ry o f S econd T emp le T ime s ." Q admon io t 1 7 .2 -3 : 6 1 -7 1 .

T he E xcava t ion si nt h eO ld C i ty o fJ erusa lem n ear t h e T emp l e Moun t . P r e l im inar yR epor t o ft h eS econd a nd T h i rd S ea son s ,1 969 -1970 . J e ru sa lem : I s ra e lE xp lo ra t ion S o c ie ty .

McCann ,A nna Ma rgue r i t e 1 972 " A F ou r th -Cen tury B .C . S h ipw reck n ea r T a r an to ." A rchaeo logy 2 5 : 1 80 -88 . — ,e ta l . 1 987

Ma r angou ,L . 1 976 B one C ar v ing sf rom E gyp t ,I :G raeco -Roman P er iod .T üb ingen : Wa smu th .

T he R oman P or t a nd F ishery o f C osa . P r ince ton : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

McCa s l in ,D an F . 1 980 S t one A ncho r s i nA n t iqu i ty : C oa s ta l S e t t l e m en t sa nd Ma r i t ime T rad e -Rou t e si nt h eE a s t e rn Med i t er ranean c a . 1 600 -1050 B .C . S t ud i e s i n Med i te r ranean A rchaeo logy , 6 1 . G ö tebo rg : P au lA s t rom sF ö r lag .

R oman L amp s i nt h e P rague N a t iona l Mu s e um a nd i nO ther C zecho s lovak C o l lec t ion s . P rague :N ä radon f muz eum .

Ma r sden , P . 1 972 " Sh ip so ft h eR oman P e r iod a nd a f te ri nB r i t a i n ." P p . 13 -32 i nG .F .B a s s ,e d . , AH i s tor yo f S eaf ar ing b a sed o n U nd e rwa t er A r chaeo l o gy .N ew Y o rk : Wa lke ra nd C ompany . 1 974

" T i tu l iv a s i sf i c t i l ibu si n sc r ip t i ." P p .6 19 -790 C orpu sI n sc r ip t ionum L a t inarum ,I V ,s up p l em en t ,p t .2 .B e r l in :G .R e ime r . i n

Magnes s ,J od i 1 992 " La te R oman a nd B yzan t ine p o t t e ry ,p r e l im i n a ry r e po r t , 1 990 . ' P p . 1 29 -53 i nV ann 1 992 .

Ma r sa ,J . 1 973

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" The C oun ty H a l l s h ip , L ondon ." I n t erna t i ona lJ ourna lo fNa u t ica lA r chaeo logy 3 :5 6 5 .

McD e rmo t t ,W i l l iam C o f fman 1 938 T he A pe i n A n t iqu i ty . B a l t imo re : J ohns H opk in sU n ive r s i ty P r e s s . McN icol , A .W . ,e ta l . 1 982 P e l la i nJ ordan , 1 :A nI n t er im R epor to nt h e J o in tU n iv er s i ty o fS ydn ey a nd t h eC o l lege o f W or ce s t er E xcava t ions a t P e l la , 1 979 -8 1 . C anb e r ra : A u s t ra l ian N a t iona lG a l le ry . Megaw , A .H .S . 1 970 -71 " Excava t ion sa t` S a randa K o lone s , ' P apho s , 1 966 -67 ,1 970 -71 ." R epor to ft h eD epar tmen t o fA n t iqu i t ie so fC yprus 1 970 -7 1 : 17 -46 .

Ma r sha l l ,F .H . 1 907 C a ta logue o ft h eF inger R ing s ,G r eek ,E t ru s c an ,a nd R oman i nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum .L on d on : B r i t i sh Mus eum .

Me igg s , R . 1 982

Ma the son , S u san B . 1 980 A nc i en tG la s si nt h eY a l eU n ive r s i ty A r tG a l l e ry . Me r idan :Y a le U n ive r s i ty P r in t ing S e rv i c e .

T r ee sa nd T imber i nt h eA nc i en t Med i ter ra n ean W or ld . O x fo rd : C la rendon P re s s .

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Ma t t ing ly , H a ro ld ; S ydenha r n ,E .A . ,e ta l . 1 923 R oman I mper ia lC o inage .L ondon : S p ink . 2 43

B ib l iography C omacch io .B o logna :N uova A l f aE d i to r ia le .

o fD eco ra ted L a te I t a l ian S ig i l la ta ."Amer ican J ourna lo fA rchaeo logy 8 4 : 3 19 -27 .

Menca cc i ,P . ,a nd Z ecch in i ,M . 1 982 L ucca R omana .F azz i :L ucca . Menze l ,H . 1 966 1 969

Mo l la rd -Be sque s , S imone 1 96 3 C a ta logue r a i sonnJ d e sf i gur ine se tr e l ief se n t e r r e -cu i t eg r ec se tr oma ins ,I : My r ina .P a r i s : Mu see sN a t ionaux .

D ie r öm i sch en B ron z en a us D eu t sch land ,I : T r ier . Ma inz : P h il ipp v on Z abe rn .

Mo r e l ,J . -P . 1 983 " La C e ram ique c omme i nd ic ed uc omme r ce a n t ique ( r ea l i t e se ti n te rp re ta t ion s ) ." P p . 6 6 7 4 i nP .G a rn sey a nd C .R . Wh i t take r , e d s . , T rad e a nd F am ine i n C la s s ica l A n t iqu i ty . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

A n t ike L ampen i n r öm i sch -german ischen Z en t ra lmus eum z u Ma in z . Ma inz :P h i l ipp v on Z abe rn .

- ,a nd E lgav i sh ,J . 1 96 1 " Luce rna ." V o l .4 ,p p .7 07 -18 i nR .B ianch i Ba nd inel i ,e d . ,E nc ic lop ed ia d e l l 'Ar t eA n t ica . R ome : I s t i tu to P o l ig ra f ico d elo S t a to .

Mo r r i son ,J . S . ,a nd C oa t e s ,J . F . 1 986 T h eA then ian T r ir eme . T he H i s to ry a nd R e c on s truc t ion o fa n A nc ien t G r eek Wa r sh ip . N ew Y o rk : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

Meye r s ,E r ic C . ;K raabe l ,T homa sA . ;S t range ,J ame sF . 1 976 A nc i en t S ynagogue E xcava t ion s a tK h i rb e t S hema ' , U pper G a l i l ee , I s rae l . 1 970 -1972 . A nnua lo ft h e Ame r ican S choo l so fO r ien ta l R e sea r ch ,4 2 .D u rham :D uke U n iv e r s i ty P r e s s . M ichon ,E . 1 904

Mo r r i son ,J . S .a nd W i l l iam s ,R .T . 1 968 G r eek O ar ed S h ip s9 00 -322 B .C .C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re ss . Moucho t ,D . 1 970a " Apave r oma ine ' A ' d u p o r t d e Mona co ." B u l le t in d u Musde d 'An thropo log ie P rdh i s tor ique d e Monaco 1 5 : 1 59 -20 1 .

" L ib ra ." D arSag 1 1 .2 : 1 227 -28 .

M idd le ton ,P . 1 983 " The R oman A rmy a nd L ong -D i s tanc eT rade ." P p .7 5 -83 i nP .G a rn sey ,a nd C .R . Wh i t take r , e d s . , T rad e a nd F am ine i nC la s s ica lA n t iq u i ty .C amb r idge :C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . M i l le r , S t ephen G . 1 976 " Excava t ion sa tN emea , 1 975 ." H e spe r ia 4 5 : 1 74 -202 .

1 970b

" P iec e sd ' anc r e s ,o r ganeaux e to r nemen t sd e p l omb a n t ique s d ec ,ouve r t s e n t r e A n t ibe s e t Mona co ." R iv i s ta d iS t ud iL igu r i3 6 : 3 07 -18 .

1 978

" Un b a teau r oma in d an sl ep o r t ed e Mona co ." L e sd o s s ier sd ea r ch & log ie 2 9 : 8 0 -82 .

Mucke l roy , K e i th 1 978 Mar i t ime A rchaeo logy . C amb r idge : C am b r idge U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

M ilen , Ma r t in 1 993 " Sam ian f r om t h es e a :C a la C u l ip s h ipw r eck I V ." J ourna lo fR oman A rchaeo logy 6 :4 15 1 9 .

Mu r ray ,W .M . 1 991a " C la s s if ica t ion o ft h eA th l i tS h ip : AP r e l im i n a ry R epo r t ." P p .7 2 -75 i nC a s son a nd S t e f f y , e d s . , T he A th l i t R am . C o l lege S t a t ion , T X : T exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

M i t t en ,D av id G . ,a nd D oe r inge r , S . 1 967 Ma s t er B ron z e sf rom t h e C la s s ica l W or ld . Ma inz : P h i l ipp v on Z ab e rn .

1 99 1b

M i rov ,N .T . 1 967 T he G enus P INUS . N ew Y o rk : T he R ona ld P re s sC ompany .

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" The P roven ience a nd D a t e :T he E v idence o f t h eS ymbo l s ." P p .5 1 -66 i nC a s son a nd S t e f f y , e d s . , T he A th l i t R am . C o l lege S t a t ion , TX : T exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

" Oc tav ian ' sC amp s i te Memo r ia lf o rt h eA c t ian Wa r ." T ran sac t ion s o ft h e Am e r ican P h i lo s oph ica lS oc i e ty 7 9 :4 .

Mu t z ,A l f r ed 1 978 " D ie j üd i sche S t e ind rehe re ii nh e rod ian i sche r Z e i t . E ine t e chno log i sche U n t e r suchung ." T echn ikge sch ich t e4 5 : 2 91 -320 .

" New E v idence f o ra nA b so lu t eC h rono logy

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N eg re l ,J . -C . 1 973 " Une c oque d u b a s -emp i r e d an s l ar a de d e Ma r se ile ." A rcheo log ia 5 : 5 9 -65 . - ,a nd C le r c ,J . P . 1 973 " R e leve p ho tog r amme t r ique d ' une c oque d u B a s emp ire ." C ah ier s d 'a rcheo log ie s ubaqua t ique 2 :1 89 -205 . N e t ze r ,E . 1 981

G r ea t er H erod ium . Q edem , Monog raph s o f t h eI n s t i tu t eo fA rcha eo logy ,H eb r ew U n ive r s i ty , 1 3 .J e ru sa lem : H eb r ew U n ive r s i ty .

N ibb i ,A le s sand r a 1 991 " F ive s t one a ncho r sf r om A lexand r ia ." I n t er n a t iona lJ our na lo fNa u t i ca lA r chaeo logy 2 0 : 1 85 -94 . N ou r ,M .Z . ,e ta l . 1 960 T he C heop sB oa t s , P t . 1 .C a i ro : G ene ra lO r g an i sa t ion f o rG ove rnmen tP r in t ing O f f ic e s . O le son ,J ohn P e t e r 1 983 " AR oman s h eave b l ock f r om t h eh a rbou ro f C aesa rea Ma r i t ima , I s ra e l ." I n t erna t iona l J ourna lo fN au t ica lAr cha eo logy 1 2 : 1 55 -70 .

O l iv ie r ,A lbe r ic ,a nd S to rz ,S eba s t ian 1 983 " Ana ly se e tr e s t i tu t ion d 'un p roced ed ec on s t r uc t ion a n t ique : r e a l i sa t ion d 'une v oü t e d ' a r e t e s u rc of f rage p e rdu e n t u b e s d e t e r r e c u i te ." P p . 17 f .i nA zed ine B e schaouch ,e t a l . , R echerches a rcheo log iques f ranco t u n i s ienne s aB u l la R eg ia , I :M i sce l lanea . C o l lec t ion d el ' Aco ie f r an9a i se d eR ome ,2 8 .1 . P a r i s :t co le F r ança i se d eR ome . O r land in i ,P . ,a nd A dame s teanu ,D . 1 960 " Ge la : n uov i s c av i ." N o t i z ie d eg l iS cav i 1 4 : 6 7 -246 . O vad iah , R .S . 1 966 " AB ronze F igu r ine o fT yche ." S ef un iml :2 3 2 4 ,p l .6 . 1 . O ve rbeck ,J . ,a nd Mau ,A . 1 884 P ompe j i i ns e inen G ebaud en , A l t er thi lmern u nd K uns twerken . 4 th e d . L e ipz ig : W . E nge lmann . O xe ,A . ,a nd C om fo r t ,H . 1 968 C orpu sV a sorumAr r e t inorum .B onn :H ab e l t . O z io l ,T . J . ,a nd P ou iloux ,J . 1 969 S a lam ine d eC hypr e ,I :L es L ampe s .P a r i s :E . d eB o cca rd . P a l la re s ,F ranc i sca 1 983a " La n ave r omana d e lg o l fo d iD iano Ma r ina . R e la z ione p r e l i r r u ina re d e l la c ampagna 1 981 ." F orma Mans A n t iqu i X I -X I I ( 1 975 -198 1 ) : 7 9 -107 . 1 983b

" La n ave r omana d iS pa rg i( La Madda lena ) . R e laz ione p r e l im ina r ed ele c ampagne 1 978 1 980 ." F orma Mans A n t iqu iX I -X I I ( 1 975 1 98 1 ) : 5 39 .

" Anc ien t L ead C i rc le s a nd S ound ing L ead s f r om I s ra el iC oa s ta l Wa t e r s ." S ef un im 7 :2 7 4 0 .

1 983c

" l ac ampagna d is c avo s ula n ave r omana d e l g o l fo d iD iano ." F o rma Mar i sA n t iqu iX I -X I I ( 1 975 -1981 ) : 2 10 -13 .

" An A nc ien t L ead S ound ing - We igh t i nt h e N a t iona l Ma r i t ime Mus eum ." S ef un im 8 .

1 983d

" 2 'c ampagna d is c avo s u lr e l i t to d e lg o lfo d i D iano ." F orma Mans A n t iqu iX I -X I I( 1 975 1 981 ) : 2 17 -19 .

- ,a nd B ran ton ,G raham 1 992 " The t e chno logy o fK ing H e rod 's h a rbou r ." P p .4 9 -67 i nV ann 1 992 .

1 983e

" 3 c ampagna d is c avo s u lr e l i t to d e lg o l fo d i D iano ." F orma Ma r l sA n t iqu iX I -X I I( 1 975 1 981 ) : 2 60 -62 .

1 983f

" 4 ac ampagna d is c avo s u lr e l i t to d iS pa rg i ,L a Madda lena ( Sa s sa r i ) ." F orma Mans A n t iqu i X I -X I I( 1 975 -1981 ) : 2 21 -24 .

1 985a

" R e laz ione s ula V I I Ic ampagna a r cheo log ica s o t toma r ina s u l r e l i t to d e l g o l fo d i D iano Ma r ina ( IM ) ." R iv i s ta d iS t ud iL igur i5 1 :6 39 4 3 .

1 985b

" Vc ampagna d is c avo s u lr e l i t to d e lg o l f od i D iano Mar ina ( IM ) ." R iv i s ta d iS t ud iL i gur i 5 1 : 5 86 -94 .

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G r eek a nd R oman Mechan ica lW a te r -L if t ing D ev ic e s : T he H i s to ry o f aT echno logy . T o r on to : U n ive r s i ty o fT o ron to .

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" U lu B u run : 1 989 E xcava t ion C ampa ign ." I n s t i tu t eo fN au t ica lA rchaeo logy N ew s l e t t er 1 6 .4 : 5 11 .

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P on s ich ,M iche l 1 96 1 L e s L ampes R oma ines e n T er r e -cu i t e d e l a Maure tan ie T i ng i tane .P ub l ica t ion sd uS e r v i c ed e sA n t iqu ie sd u Ma ro c ,1 5 .R aba t :S e r v i c ed eA n t iqu i td s . — ,a nd T a r r ade l l ,M igue l 1 965 G arum e ti n du s tr ie sa n t iques d es a la i son d an s l a Med i t er rand e o cc id en ta l . P a r i s : P r e s s e s U n ive r s i ta i re s . P ou l sen ,E r ik 1 984 " Übe r Ma ssenher s te l lung r öm ischer B ronzes ta tue t ten : Dub le t tense r ren u nd Mode l lve rhä l tn i s se ." P p .2 07 -15 i nU .G eh r ig , e d . ,T or eu t ikundf i gur l iche B ron z enrom i sch er Z e i t .A k ten d er 6T agung a ber a n t ike B ron zen . B e r l in : S t aa t l iche Mu seum .

P u rpu ra ,G . 1 986

" The H elen i s t ic S h ipw r eck a tS e rve L i r nan i , T u rkey :P r el im ina ry R epo r t ."Amer ican J our n a lo fA r chaeo logy 9 1 : 3 1 -57 .

" R inven imen t i s o t toma r in i n e l la S ic i l ia o cc iden ta le ." P p . 1 39 -60 i n A rcheo log ia s ubacquea ,3 .S upp lemen tt oB o l le t t ino d 'A r t e 3 7 -38 .R ome :I s t i tu to P o l ig raph ico d e l lo S t a to .

R aban ,A vne r 1 969 /71 " The F ind s f r om t h e U nde r s ea S i te a tH o f H a ca rme l ." S ef un im 3 :6 2 -69 ,p l s . 1 -12 . 1 983

" R ecen tm a r i t ime a r cha eo log ica lr e sea r ch i n I s ra e l ." I n t erna t iona lJ ou rna lo fN au t ica lA r c haeo logy 1 2 : 2 29 -51 .

1 984

" Cae sa rea A nc ien t H a rbou r E xcava t ion P ro jec t , 1 984 ." I s rae l E xp lora t ion J ourna l 3 4 : 2 74 -76 .

P rachne r ,G . 1 980 D ie S k laven u nd F re ige lassenen i m A r re t in i schen S i g i l la tagew erb e . E p igraph i s che , n omenk la tor i sche s ow ie s o z ia l - u nd w ir t schaf t sge sch ich t l ich eU n t er suchungend er A r r e t in i schen F i rmen - u nd T öpf er s temp e l . W ie sbaden :F ranz S t e ine r .

1 985a

" Cae sa r ea Ma r i t ima 1 983 -1984 ." I n terna t i ona lJ ourna l o fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 1 4 : 1 55 -77 .

1 985b

H arbour A r chaeo logy . P roc eed ings o f t h e F i r s t I n terna t iona l W ork shop o n A nc ien t Med i terranean H arbours . C aesarea Mar i t ima .B r i t i sh A r cha eo log ica lR epo r t s ,I n t l . S e r . , 2 57 .O xfo rd : B .A .R .

P r i tcha rd ,J ame sB . 1 958 T he E xcava t ion sa tH erod ian J e r icho , 1 95 1 . N ew H aven : Ame r ican S choo l s o fO r ien ta l R e sea r ch .

1 988

" The C i ty Wa l l s o f S t ra ton 's T owe r : S ome N ew A r chaeo log ica l D a ta ." B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer ican S choo l so fO r i en ta lR e sear ch 2 68 : 7 1 -88 .

1 99 1

" The S ub s idence o fS eba s to s : When w e re t h e H e rod ian B reakwa te r si nC ae sa r ea F looded ?" T hrac ia P on t ica 4 :3 39 -60 .

1 992a

" Seba s to s : T he R oya l H a rbou r a tC a e sa r ea Ma r i t ima —A S ho r t -L ived G ian t ." I n t erna t i ona lJ ourna l o fN au t ica lA rchaeo logy 2 1 : 11 -24 .

1 992b

" I n S ea rch o fS t ra ton 's T owe r ." P p . 7 22 i n V ann 1 992 .

1 992£

" Ka ta c ip ta AT r p ö s z E ß ao n i i x t i . tvr . t w o h a rbou r sf o rt wo e n t i t ie s?" P p .6 8 -74 i nV ann 1 992 .

1 978

P ucc i ,G . 1 983

R ecover ing S ar ep ta , AP hoen ic ian C i ty . E x c ava t ion s a tS araf and , L ebanon 1 969 -1974 , b yt h eU n iv er s i ty Mu seum o ft h eU n iv er s i ty o f P enn sy lvan ia . P r inc e ton : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

" Po t te ry a nd T rade i nt h eR oman P e r iod ." P p . 1 05 -17 i nP .G a rn sey , K . H opk in s , a nd C .R . Wh i t take r ,e d s . ,T rad ei nt h eA nc ien tE conomy . B e rke ley : Un ive r s i ty o fC a l i fo rn ia P r e s s .

P u lak ,C .M . 1 985 " Tu rk i sh C oa s ta l S u rvey Y ie ld s Wr eck s i t e 2 47

B ib l iography 1 993

— ,e ta l . 1 989

c ampagne ,j a nv ie r -f 6v r ie r 1 9 11 ." B u l l e t in d e l as oc id tg ranva i sd ef ou i l l e sa rc No log ique s 3 . 2 :4 7 -82 .

"Ma r i t ime C a es a rea ." P p .2 86 -9 1 i nE .S t er n e ta l . ,e d . ,N ew E ncyc loped ia o fA r c haeo log i c a lE xcava t ion si nt h eH o ly L and ,v o l .l .N ew Y o rk : S imon a nd S chu s t e r .

T he H arbour so fC ae sa r ea Mar i t ima ,V o l . I : T h eS i te a nd t h eE xcava t ion s .E d i ted b yJ . P . O le son .B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica lR epo r t s ,I n t l . S e r . ,4 9 1 . i i i .O x fo rd :B .A .R .

R e inach ,S a lomon . 1 906 -10 Reer to i r ed el as t a tua i re g r ecque e tr oma in e . 2 nd e d . 3v o l s .P a r i s :E .L e roux . R end in i ,P . 1 99 1

R aban ,A vner ,H o lum ,K enne th ;B lake ly ,J e f f rey A . ,e d s . 1 993 T he C omb in ed C aesar ea E xp ed i t ion s : F i e ld R epo r t o ft h e 1 992 S ea son . H a i f a : R ecana t i C en t e rf o r Ma r i t ime S t ud ie s . R adcl i f f e ,W il iam 1 92 1 F i sh ing f rom t h eE ar l ies t T ime s . L ondon : J . Mu r ray . R ahman i ,L .Y . 1 967 " J a son 's T omb ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l 1 7 :6 1 -100 . 1 980

"M i sce l lanea —Roman t o Med ieva l ." ` A t iqo t 1 4 : 1 03 -105 .

1 984

" He l len i s t ic B ra z ie rF ragmen t sf r om I s ra e l ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l3 4 :2 24 -31 .

R icca rd i ,E . 1 990 " I ndag ine p r e l im ina r e s ub os c a fo ." I n t h e e xh ib i t c a ta logue R e l i t to d e lP o z z ino ( Bd e l G o l f od iB ara t t i ) . 1 4l u g l io -13 o t tobr e 1 990 . P iomb ino , C en tro d i i n i z ia t iva p er l eA r t i V i s iv e .F lo r enc e :E d iz ion iZ e ta . R ich t e r ,G .M .A . 1 915 G r eek , E t ruscan a nd R oman B ron ze s i nt h e Me t ropo l i tan Mus eum o fA r t . N ew Y o rk : Me t ropo l i tan Mu seum o fA r t .

R akob ,F r ied r ich 1 982 " Röm ische A rch i tek tur i n No rda f r ika . B au t echn ik u nd B au t rad i t ion ." P p . 1 07 -15 i n 1 50 J ah r -F e ier D eu t sche s a r chäo log i sch e s I n s t i tu t s R om . M i t t e i lungen d e s D eu t schen A rchäo log ischen I n s t i tu t s R öm ische A b t e i lung .E rganzung she f t2 5 . Ma inz :P h i l ipp v on Z abe rn .

1 956

C a ta logue o ft h e G r eek a nd R oman A n t iqu i t i e si nt h eD umbar ton O ak sC o l l ec t ion .C am b r idge : H a rva rd .

1 966

F urn i tur eo ft h eG r eek s , E t ru scan s , a nd R o m an s .L ondon : P ha idon .

R ickman ,G . 1 980a T he C orn S upp l y o fA nc ien t R ome . O x fo rd : T he C la r endon P re s s . 1 980b

R a schke ,M .G . 1 979 " The R o le o fO r ien ta lC omme r ce i nt h eE cono m ie s o ft h e C i t ie s o ft h e E a s t e rn Med i t e r ra n ean i nt h e R om an P e r iod ." A rchaeo log ica l N ew s8 . 2 -3 : 6 8 -77 . R a s son , A . -M . ,a nd S e igne ,J . 1 989 " Une c i tern b yzan t ino -omeyyade s u r l e s anc tua i r e d e Z eu s ( J e r a sh ) ." S y r ia 6 6 : 17 5 1 .

" The G ra in T rade u nde rt h eR oman Emp i r e ." P p . 2 6 1 -75 i nJ .H . D 'A rm s a nd E .C . K op f f , e d s . , T he S eaborne C omme r ce o fA nc ien t R ome : S t ud ie s i nA r chaeo logy a nd H i s tory . Memo i r so ft h e Ame r ican A cademy i nR ome 3 6 .R ome : Ame r ican A cademy i nR ome .

R i ley ,J ohn A . 1 975 " The P o t te ry f r om t h eF i r s tS e s s ion o fE xca v a t ion i nt h eC a e sa r ea H ippod rome ." B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer ican S choo l so fO r i en ta lR e sear ch 2 18 : 2 5 -63 . 1 976 -77 " Excava t ion so f aK i ln S i te a tT oc ra ,L ibya i n A ugu s t1 974 ." L ibya A n t igua 1 3 -14 :2 35 -63 .

R aveh , K u r t ,a nd K ing l sey , S ean A . 1 99 1 " The S t a tu so fD o ri nL a t eA n t iqu i ty : AMa r i t i me P e r spec t ive ."B ib l ica lAr chaeo log i s t5 4 .4 : 1 98 -207 .

1 979

" The C oa r se P o t t e ry f r om B enghaz i ." P p .9 1 4 65 i nB a rke r ,e ta l . , 1 979 .

1 98 1a

" I ta ly a nd t h e E a s te rn Med i t e r ranean i nt h e H elen i s t ic a nd E a r ly R oman P e r iod s : T he E v idence o ft h eC oa r se Wa re ." P p . 6 9 -78 i n B a rke r &H odge s 1 981 .

1 98 1b

" The P o t t e ry f r om t h eC i s t er n s1 977 .1 ,1 977 .2 a nd 1 977 .3 ." P p . 8 5 -124 i nH umph r ey 1 981 .

R e i l ,T heodo r 1 913

" Ir e l i t to d iG ig l io P o r to ." P p . 1 55 -60 i nP .A . G ian f ro t ta , e d . , I Vr a s segna d ia r cheo log ia s ubaquea .I Vp r em io F ranco P ap& G ia rd in i N axo s 1 3 -15 o t tobr e 1 989 . A t t i . Me s s ina : E d iz ion i P&M A s soc ia t is . r . l .

B e i trage z ur K enn tn i s d e s G ewerbe s i m h e l l en i s t i schen Ä gyp t en .L e ipz ig :N o ske .

R e ina ch ,A . J . 1 911 " Rappo r ts u rl e sf o u ile sd eK op to s ,D eux ieme

2 48

B ib l iograph y R inge l ,J . 1 972 -75 " The H a rbou r G od o f C a esa r ea Ma r i t ima ." S ef un im 4( 1 972 -75 ) : 2 2 -27 ,p l .2 . 3 -7 . R iva l ,M . 1 99 1

R ob in son ,D av id M . 1 94 1 E xcava t ion sa tO lyn thus ,X : Me ta la nd M inor M isce l laneous F ind s . B a l t imo re : J ohn s H opk in sU n ive r s i ty P re s s . R ob in son ,H en ry S . 1 959 E xcava t ion s i nt h eA then ian A gora , V : P o t t e ry o f t h e R oman P er iod : C h rono logy . P r ince ton : Ame r ican S choo lo fC la s s ica lS t ud i e s . R od z iew ic z ,M . 1 976 L ac g ram ique r oma ine t a rd iv ed 'A l exand r ie . C en t re d 'a rcheo log ie m ed i t e r raneenne d e l 'Acad em ie p o lona ise d e sS c ience se tC en t r e p o lona i sd ' a rcheo log ie m ed i t e r raneenne d an s l aR epubl ique A rabe d 'egyp t ea uC a i r e . Wa r s aw :E d i t ion sS c ien t if ique sd eP o logne . R ole r ,D .W . 1 980 " He l len i s t ic P o t te ry f r om C a e sa r ea Ma r i t ima : AP re l im ina ry S t udy ." B u l l e t in o ft h e Am er i c an S choo l so fO r ien ta lR e sear ch 2 38 :3 5 -42 . R omanel i ,P . 1 970 T opograph ia e a rcheo log ia d e l l 'A f r ica R omana .E nc ic loped ia C la s s ica ,S ez ione I I : A r cheo log ia eS to r ia d e l l 'A r te C la s s ica ,V o l . x , t omo v i i . T ur in : S oc ie tä E d i t r ice I n ter na z iona le . R o sen tha l ,R . ,a nd S ivan ,R . 1 978 A nc i en tL amp s i nt h e S ch loe s s inge r C o l l ec t i on .Q ed em , Monog raph so ft h eI n s t i tu t eo f A r chaeo logy , H eb r ew U n ive r s i ty , 8 .J e r u sa l em : H eb rew U n ive r s i ty .

R o s se r ,J . 1 985

R o s s i ,D . 1 982

R o t ro f f ,S 1 982

L ac harpen ter i en ava l er oma in e : Ma te r iaux , m e thod e s , m oyen s . P a r i s : CNRS .

R iva l ,M . ;H e sna rd , A . ;a nd C a r r e ,M . -B . 1 988 " L en av i r e ." A rchaeonau t ica 8 :1 05 -42 .

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P o l ig ra f ico d e l lo S t a to .

" The Ma 'agan M icha e l S h ipw r eck E xcava t i on 1989 S ea son ." CMS N ew s1 7 : 3 4 .

" Excava t ion s a t S a randa K o lone s , P apho s , C yp ru s , 1 981 -1983 ." D umba r ton O ak s P a p er s3 9 : 8 1 -97 .

" Ch ie s s i ." A rcheo log ia s ubacquea ,4 .S upp l . t o B o l le t t ino d 'A r t e : 8 0 -83 . R ome : I s t i tu to

2 49

T he A then ian A gora , XX I I : H e l len i s t ic P o t t e ry :A then ian a nd I mpor t ed Mo ldmad eB ow l s . P r inc e ton : Ame r ican S choo lo fC la s s ica lS t ud i e sa tA then s .

R ouane t ,G . 1 974 " E tude d e q ua t re p omp e s ae au r oma ine s p rovenan t d e r epave D ramon tD ." C ah ier s d 'archgo log i es ubaqua t ique 3 :4 9 -79 . R ouge ,J . 1 966

1 98 1

R ech er ch es s u rl ao rgan i sa t ion d uc ommer ce m ar i t ime e n Mgd i ter rang e s ous l 'e mp ire r oma in .P a r i s : S .E .V .P .E .N . S h ip s a nd F l ee t s o ft h e A nc ien t M ed i ter ra n ean .M idd le town : We s leyan U n ive r s i ty .

S a lder n ,A xe lv on 1 980 A nc i en t a nd B y zan t ine G la s s f r om S ard i s . C amb r idge : H a rva rd . S ai le r ,F r . S y lve s te rJ . 1 957 E x cava t ion sa tB e thany ( 1 949 -1953 ) .S t ud ium B ib l icum F ranc i sc anwn ,C o l lec t io Ma jo r ,1 2 . J e ru sa lem :F r anc i scan P r in t ing P re s s . S a lv i ,D . 1 99 1

" P r ime c on s ide ra z ion is u l lo s c avo d iu nr e l i t to r omano p r e s so l ' i so la d i Ma ld eV en t re ." P p . 1 47 -53 i nP .A .G ian f ro t ta ,e d . ,I Vr a s segna d i a rcheo log ia s ubaquea . I V p r em io F ranco P apä . G iard in iN axos 1 315 o t tob r e 1 989 . A t t i . Me s s ina :E d iz ion i P&M A s soc ia t is . r . l .

S an tama r ia ,C . 1 96 1 " T raveaux e td e couve r te ss u rr epave ' A ' d u C ap D r ammon t aS a in t R apha e l ( Va r ) ." P p . 1 67 -74 i nA c te sd uI l eC ongr gs I n t erna t iona l d 'Ar chgo log ie S ou s -mar ine . A lbenga 1 958 . B o rd ighe ra : I n s t i tu t I n te rna t iona l d 'e tude s L igu r e s , Mu see B icknel . 1 973

" A r ch i t ec tu re n ava le .N o t ep r e l im i na i r es u rl e mode d ec on s t ruc t ion d el ac oque d el ' epave r oma ine D r amon t' A ' ." C ah ier sd 'ar chgo log ie s ubaqua t ique 2 :1 33 -36 .

1 975

" A p a v e

Ad u c ap D ramon t( Sa in t -Rapha e l ) : F ou i l le s 1 971 -1974 ." R evue a r chgo log ique d eN arbonna i se 1 975 : 1 84 -98 .

1 985

" L' e pav e' H 'd el aC h r e t ienne aS a in t -Raphae l ( Va r ) ." A rchaeonau t ica 4 ( 1 984 [ 1 985 ] ) : 9 5 2 .

S aue r ,J ame s 1 973 H eshbon P o t t er y , 1 97 1 . A nd r ew sU n ive r s i ty Monog raph s , 7 . B e r r ien S p r ing s , M I : A n d r ew sU n ive r s i ty .

B ib l iography S ch ind le r ,M . ,a nd S che f f enegge r , S . 1 977 D ie g la t te r o te T erra S ig i l la ta v om Magda l en sb erg .K lagen f u r t :L ande s -mu seum f ü rK ann en . S chwendemann ,K a r l 1 92 1 " Der D re ifuss . E in F o rmen u nd R e l ig ion sge sch ich t l iche rVe r such ."Deu t sche s J ahrbuch 2 6 :9 8 -145 . S co toz za -Hö r ich t ,L .A . 1 986 Iv e t r ir oman id iE r co lano .R ome :L 'E rma d i B r e t schne ide r .

S e s t ie r i ,P .C laud io 1 956 " An U nde rg round S h r ine a tP a e s tum ." A r c haeo logy 9 :2 2 -33 .

S i nge r ,C . ,e ta l . 1 956 AH i s to ry o fT echno logy , I . T he Med i ter ra n ean C iv i l i za t ion sa nd t h eM idd l eA ges .N ew Y o rk :O x fo rd U n ive r s i ty .

S ka r la t idou ,E . 1 984 " P e l ino s ymp legma N eg rou -P i thekou a po t a s A bde ra s ." A r cha io log ik e E phemer i s 1 984 : 1 20 -29 .

" A Doub le -Sheaved P u l ley B lock f r om K ench r ea i ." H esper ia 3 6 : 3 89 -40 1 .

Sm i th ,R .H . 1 96 1 " The ` He rod ian ' L amp o f P a le s t ine : T yp e s a nd D a te s ." B er y tus 1 4 : 5 3 -65 .

- ,a nd B l i tze r ,H . 1 983 " S tone We igh t A ncho r s f r om K ommo s , C re te ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA r c haeo logy 1 2 :9 1 -100 .

Sm i th ,R obe r tH .e ta l . 1 989 P e l la o ft h eD ecap o l i s ,I :F ina lR epor to nt h e C o l l ege o f Woo s t er E xcava t ions i nA r ea I X , T he C iv ic C omp lex , 1 979 -85 . Woo s te r : C o l l e ge O f Woo s te r .

S hea r ,T .L .J r . 1 973 " The A then ian A go ra :E xcava t ion so f1 971 ." H esper ia 4 2 : 1 21 -79 . S h ie r ,L .A . 1 978

S imo s s i ,A nge l ik i 1 99 1 " Unde rwa te r e xcava t ion r e sea rch i nt h e a n c i en th a rbou ro fS amo s : S ep tembe r -O c tob e r 1 988 ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA r c haeo logy 2 0 : 2 81 -98 .

S i pp e l ,D .V . 1 987 " Some O b se rva t ion so n t h e Mean sa nd C o s t o ft h eT r an spo r to fB u lk C ommod i t ie si nt h e L a t e R epubl ic a nd E a r ly Emp i r e ." T he A n c i en tW or ld 1 6 : 3 5 -45 .

S c r ina r i ,V .S .M . 1 979 L en av id e lpo r to d iC laud io .R ome :T ipog raf ia C en tena r i .

S haw ,J .W . 1 967

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Sm i th ,R .W . 1 957 G la s sf r om t h e A nc ien t Wor ld i n t h e R oy W inf i e ld S m i th C o l l ec t ion .C o rn ing :C o rn ing Mu seum o fG la s s .

T er raco t ta L amp sf rom K aran i s , E gyp t . E x c ava t ion so ft h eU n iv er s i ty o fM ich igan .U n i v e r s i ty o fM ich igan K e l sey Mu seum o fA r c ha eo logy S t ud ie s , 3 . A nn A rbo r : K e l s ey Museum .

S o l ie r ,Y . 1 982

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" L 'epave G rand -Ba s s in B ." A rchaeonau t ica 3( 1 981 [ 1 982 ] ) : 5 9 -85 .

S pae r , Maud 1 988 " The P r e I s lam ic B ra ce le t so fP a le s t ine ."J ou r n a lo fG la s sS t ud i e s3 0 : 5 1 -6 1 .

S idebo tham , S .E . 1 978 " Lamp s f r om C a r thage i n t h e K e l sey Mu s eum ." P p .2 17 -38 i nH umph r ey 1 978 .

S pe rb e r ,D . 1 986

1 982

" Roman L amp s ." P p .2 43 -56 i n Wh i tcomb & J ohn son 1 982 .

1 986

R oman E conom ic P o l icy i n t h e E ry thra T ha la s sa 3 0B .C . -A .D .2 17 . L e iden : RI B r i l l .

S t au ropou l lo s ,P . 1 938 " H ie ra t ike o ik ia e n Z o s t e r i t e s A t t ike s ." A rcha io log ike E phemer i s 1 938 : 1 31 . S t e f f y ,J . R . 1 982a

S imonen ,C . 1 94 1 T es s iner G raberf e ld er . A usgrabungen d e s a r chäo log i schen A rbe i t sd i en s t es i nS o lduno , L oca rno -Mura l to , M inu s io u nd S t ab io 1 936 u nd 1 937 . Monograph ien z ur U r - u nd F rühgesch ich te d er S chwe iz , 3 . B a se l :

1 982b

2 50

N au t ica T a lmud ica .L e iden :E J .B r il .

" R econ s t ruc t ing t h eH u l l ." P p .6 5 -86 i nB a s s &v an Doo rn inck 1 982 . " The r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e1 th c en tu ry S av e L iman iv e s se l . Ap r el im ina ry r e po r t ." I n t er n a t iona lJ our na lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 1 : 1 3 -34 .

B ib l iography 1 983

" The A th l i tr am : Ap r e l im ina ry i n ve s t iga t ion o fi t s s t ruc tu re ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 6 9 : 2 29 4 7 .

1 985a

" The H e r cu laneum B oat P r e l im ina ry N o te s o n H u l l D e ta i l s ." Amer ican J ourna l o fA r c haeo logy 8 9 : 5 19 -2 1 .

1 985b

" The K y r en ia S h ip :A nI n t e r im R epo r to ni t s H ul C on s t ruc t ion ." Amer ican J ourna lo fA r c haeo logy 8 9 : 7 1 -101 .

1 987

" The K inne re tb oa tp ro jec t .P a r tI .N o t e so n t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h eK inne r e tb oa t ." I n t er 6 : n a t iona lJ ourna lo fNau t ica lA r chaeo loRv 1 3 25 -29 .

1 99 1

är i le d u L evan t ( Tou lon ) ." P p . 1 75 -98 i n A c tes d u Il e C ongrds I n terna t iona l d 'Ar chdo log ie S ous -mar ine . A lbenga 1 958 . B o rd ighe ra : I n s t i tu t I n te rna t iona l d 'A tude s L igu r e s , Musee B icknel . T a rbe l l ,F .B . 1 909 C a ta logue o fB ron z es i nt h eF i e ld Museum o f N a tura lH i s to ry ,R eproduc edf rom O r ig ina l s i nt h eN a t iona l Museum o fN ap l es .C h icago : F i e ld Mu seum . T ay lo r ,J oan d uP l a t 1 965 Mar ine A r chaeo logy : D ev e lopmen t sD ur ing S i x ty Y ea r si nt h e Med i t er ranean .N ew Y o rk : T homa sY .C rowel C ompany .

" The R a in a nd B ow T imbe r s : AS t ruc tu ra l I n t e rp re ta t ion ." P p .6 39 i nC a s son a nd S t e f fy , e d s . , T h e A th l i t R am . C olege S t a t ion , TX : T exa s A&M U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

S t e rn ,E ph ra im 1 978 E xcava t ion sa tT e l Mevorakh ( 1973 -76 ) ,p a r t 1 :F rom t h e I r on A ge t ot h eR oman P er iod Q edem , Monog raph s o ft h e I n s t i tu te o fA r c haeo logy ,H eb r ew U n ive r s i ty ,9 .J e ru sa lem : H eb r ew U n ive r s i ty . 1 982

Ma t er ia l C u l tur e o ft h eL and o ft h eB ib l e i n t h eP er s ian P e r iod ,5 38 -332 B .C . Wa rm in s te r : A ns & P h il ip s .

S t one , S .C . ,I I 1 987 " P re s ig i l la ta f r om Mo rgan t ina ." Amer ican J ourna lo fA rchaeo logy 9 1 : 8 5 -103 . S t o r z ,S . 1 984

1 993

" Ba ske t ry a nd Ma t t ing ." P p . 1 60 -62 i nB a s s 1 967 .

1 980

" Excava t ion s a tA y io s P h i lon , T he A nc ien t C a rpa s ia ,P a r tI .T he C la s s ica lt oR oman P e r i od s ." R epor to ft h eD epar tmen to fA n t iqu i t i e s , Cyru s 1 980 : 1 52 -2 11 .

- ,a nd Megaw ,A .H .S . 1 98 1 " Excava t ion s a tA y io s P h i lon , T he A nc ien t C a rpa s ia .P a r tI .T he E a r ly C h r i s t ian B u i ld i n g s ." R epor t o ft h e D epar tmen to fA n t iqu i t i e s , C ypru s 1 981 : 2 09 -50 . T che rn ia ,A nd it 1 969a " Les f ou i l les s ous -ma r ines d e P lan ie r ( Bouche s -du -Rhöne ) ." C omp te s r e ndus d e l ' Acaddm i ed e sI n scr ip t ion se tB e l l e s -Le t t r e s 1 969 : 2 92 -309 .

" Zu rF unk t ion v on k e r am i schen Wö lb röh r en i m r öm ischen u nd f r ühch r is t l ichen G ewö lbebau ." A rch i t ec tura 1 4 : 8 9 -105 . T onröhr en i m a n t ik en G ewö lbebau . Ma in z : v on Z abe rn .

S t r ange ,J . F . 1 975 " La te H e l len i s t ic a nd H e rod ian O s sua ry T omb sa tF r ench H il ,J e r u sa lem ." B u l l e t in o f t h e Amer ican S choo l s o fO r ien ta lR e sear ch 2 19 : 3 9 -67 . S u s sman ,V . 1 976 " AB u r ia lC ave a tK e f a r' A ra ." ` A t iqo t 1 :9 2 1 01 . S w iny ,H e lena W . ,a nd K a tzev ,M icha e l 1 973 " The K y ren ia s h ipw r eck : Af o u r th -cen tu ry B .C . G reek m e rchan t s h ip ." P p . 39 -59 i n B lackman 1 973 .

1 969b

" D i r ec t ion d e s r e che rche s a r cheo log ique s s ou s -ma r ine s ." G a l l ia 2 7 :4 65 -99 .

1 970

" P rem ie r sr e su l ta t sd e sf ou i l le sd ej u in 1 968 s u r r epave 3 d e Van ie r ." P ub l ica t ions u n iv er s i ta i r es d es l e t t r e se ts c ience sh uma ine s d 'A ix -en -P r ov enc e :E tud e sc l a s s ique s 3( 1 96 8 7 0 ) : 5 1 -82 .

1 978

" L e su r ina to re s ." P p .2 9 -31 i nA .T che rn ia ,e t a l . ,L ' eav er oma ine d el aMad rague d eG ien s ( V ar ) . ( Campagnes 1 972 -1975 ) . G a l l ia s up p l emen t3 4 . P a r i s : CNRS .

1 987

" The Mad rague d e G ien s w r eck ." T he C ou r i er ( Novembe r 1 987 ) : 1 .P a r i s : UNESCO .

- ,a nd V i l la ,J e an -P ie r r e 1 977 " No te s u nl e ma te r ie l r e cu il i d an s l af o u ile d ' une a t e l ie rd 'a mpho re s aV e laux ( Bouche s d u -Rhöne ) ." P p .2 31 -39 i nA nonymou s1 977 . - ,a nd P omey ,P . 1 978 " La d i spo s i t ion d uc ha rgemen t ." P p . 1 9 -27 i n A . T che rn ia , e ta l . , L 'dpave r oma ine d e l a Mad rague d eG ien s(V ar ) .( Campagne s1 972 1 975 ) .G a l l ia s upp lemen t3 4 . P a r i s : CNRS .

S zen t le leky ,T . 1 969 A nc i en tL amp s .C h icago :A rgonau t . T a il iez , P . 1 96 1

1 967

" T ravaux d eF e t e1 958 s u n e pave d u' T i tan ' 2 5 1

B ib l iography — ,a nd Z ev i ,F . 1 972

" Ampho re s v ina i res d e C ampane e t d e T a r ra cona i se aO s t ie ." P p .3 4 -67 i nB a ldacc i 1 972 .

T e s taguzza ,0 . 1 970 P or tus : I lus tra z ione d e ip or t i d iC laud io e T ra iano ed e l la c i t tä d ip or to a F ium ic ino . R ome :J ul ia E d i t r ice . T h i rgood ,J .V . 1 98 1 Man a n t / the Med i ter ranean F or e s t . AH i s tory o fRe sourc eD ep l e t ion .N ew Y o rk :A cadem ic P re s s . T homp son ,H ome rA . 1 934 " Two C en tu r ie s o f H e l len i s t ic P o t te ry ." H espe r ia 3 :3 11-480 . 1 951 " Excava t ion si nt h eA then ian A go ra : 1 950 ." H esper ia 2 0 :4 5 -60 ,p l s .2 4 -30 . T h rockmo r ton ,P . 1 964a T he L o s t S h ip s . A n A d v en tur e i nU nd er sea A r chaeo logy .B o s ton :L i t t le ,B rown a nd C om p any . 1 964b

" Roman s h ipw r eck s a nd mode rn A egean s h ip s ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 5 0 : 2 05 16 .

1 965

" The A n t iky the ra S h ip ." P p . 4 0 -47 i n G . We inbe rg ,e ta l . ,The A n t i ky thera s h i pR econ s i d er ed .T r an sac t ion so ft h e Ame r ican P h i lo s oph ica lS oc ie ty 5 .3 .

1 968

" The T o r r e S ga r ra ta : AL a t e 2 nd -Cen tu ry R oman S h ip ." u npubl i shed r e po r t .

1 969

" Anc ien tS h ipw reck Y ie ld sN ew F a c t s —And aS t range C a rgo ."Na t iona lG eograph ic 1 35 .2 : 2 82 -300 .

1 972

" Roman so nt h eS ea ." P p .6 5 -86 i nG .F .B a s s , e d . , AH i s tor yo fS eaf a r ing b a s ed o n U nd er w a t er A r chaeo logy . N ew Y o rk : Wa lke ra nd C ompany .

1 987

1 989

" Recon s t ruc t ion a nd C on se rva t ion /The S h ip w r igh t 's A rt" P p .9 2 -100 i nP .T h rockmo r ton , e d . , T h e S ea R ememb er s . S h ipw r eck s a nd A rchaeo logy . N ew Y o rk : We idenf e ld a nd N ico l son . " The T ont S ga r ra ta S h ip ." P p . 2 63 -74 i nH . T za la s , e d . , i s tI n terna t iona lS ympo s ium o n S h ip C on s t ruc t ion i nA n t iqu i ty . P i raeu s , 3 0 A ugus t -1 S ep t ember 1 985 .P roceed ing s .A th e n s :H e l len ic I n s t i tu te f o rt h eP r e s e rva t ion o f N au t ica lT rad i t ion .

-,a nd K ap i tän ,G . 1 968 " An A nc ien tS h ipw re ck a tP an tano L onga r in i ." A rchaeo logy 2 1 : 1 82 -87 . - ,a nd T h rockmo r ton ,J . 1 973 " The R oman w r eck a tP an tano L onga r in i ."

2 52

I n terna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA rchaeo l o gy 2 :2 43 -66 . T ö l le -Ka s tenbe in , R . 1 974 S amo s ,X IV :D a sK as tro T i gan i .D ie B au t en u nd F und e g r iech ischer , r öm i scher u nd b y zan t in i scher Z e i t .B onn : H abe l t . T omb e r ,R ob e r ta 1 993 " Quan t i ta t ive a pp roa che st ot h ei n ve s t iga t ion o fl o ng -d i s tance e xchange ." J ourna l o fR o m an A r chaeo logy 6 :1 42 -66 . T o r r ,C . 1 964

A nc i en tS h ip s .C h icago : A rgonau t .

T uche l t ,K lau s ,e ta l . 1 984 " D idyma .B e r ich tü be rd i eA rbe i t en d e rJ ah r e 1 980 -1983 ."I s tanbu l er M i t te i lungen 3 4 :1 93 3 44 . T u sa ,V . 1 973

" Anco re a n t iche n e ! Museo d iP a le rmo ." P p . 4 11 -37 i nB la ckman 1 973 .

T u sh ingham ,A .D . 1 985 E xcava t ion s i nJ e ru sa l em 1 96 1 -1967 , I .T o r on to : R oya lO n ta r io Mu seum . T y leco te ,R .F . 1 976 AH i s tory o fMe ta l lurgy .L ondon :T he Me ta l s S oc ie ty . 1 977

" Du räb le m a t e r ia l s f o r s e a w a t e r : T he a r c haeo log ica l e v idence ." I n terna t iona l J our n a lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 6 :2 69 -83 .

T za f e r i s ,V . 1 982 " The A nc ien tS ynagogue a t Ma 'oz H ayy im ." I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l3 2 : 2 14 -44 . U ce l l i ,G . 1 950

L en av id iN em i .2 nd e d .R ome :L ib r e r ia d elo S t a to .

V ande rhoeven ,M . 1 989 F ou i l l e sd 'Apamd e , D C .1 : L es t e r r e ss i g iM e s ( 1966 -1972 ) . B rus se ls : C en t re b e lge d e r e che rche sa r ch6o log ique s aA pam e , ed eS y r ie . v an D oo rn in ck ,F rede r ick H . 1 972 " Byzan t ium , M i s t r e s so ft h e S ea : 30 -641 ." P p . 1 33 -58 i nG .F . B a s s , e d . , AH i s to ry o f S eaf ar ing b a sed o n U nd erwa t er A r chaeo l o gy .N ew Y o rk : Wa lke ra nd C ompany . 1 974

" Ab r ie fn o t eo nB a sch 's r ema rk so nt h e7 t h c en tu ry B yzan t ine w reck a tY a s s iA da ." I n t er n a t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t ica lA r chaeo logy 3 : 3 10 -12 .

1 976

" The 4 t h c en tu ry w reck a tY a s s i A da . A n

B ib l iography i n te r im r epo r to nt h eh u l l ." I n terna t iona lJ our n a lo fN au t ica lA rchaeo logy 5 : 15 -31 . 1 982

P ub l icac iones E ven tua le s , 2 2 . B a rce lona : I n s t i tu to d eA rqueo log fa yP reh i s to r ia .

" The H u l lR ema in s ." P p .3 2 -64 i nB a ss & v an

,a nd B ruckne r , A ugu s te 1 975 N ovae s ium , V I . L ime sfo r schungen , 1 4 . B e r l i n : Mann V e r lag .

Doonünck 1 982 . 1 988

" The C a rgo : D ive r se a nd P a r t ly U nknown ." I n s t i tu te o fN au t ica lA rchaeo logy N ew s le t ter 1 5 .3 :4 -9 .

1 989

Y a s s i A da a nd 1t h C en tu ry S ewe L imam

V e s sb e rg ,O lo f 1 952 " Roman G lass i n C yprus ." Opuscu la A rchaeo log ica 7 :1 09 -65

S h ipw reck s : Two E xamp le s o f aR euse o f B yzan t ine Ampho ra sa sT ran spo r tJ a r s ." P p . 2 47 -56 i nV .D e roche a nd J . -M .S p ie se r ,e d s . , R echerches s ur l a cram ique b y zan t i r te . B u l l e t in d e C o r re spondance H e l len ique , S upp .

,a nd We s thohn , A . 1 956 T he S wed i sh C yprus E xped i t ion ,V o l .4 ,p t .3 : T he H e l len i s t ic a nd R oman P er iod s i n C y p rus . L und : H akan O h ls son .

" The C a rgo Ampho ra s o n t h e 7 t h C en tu ry

1 8 .P a r is : d eB occa rd . V ida l ,C . ,a nd P a scua lG ua sch , R . 1 971 " E lp ec io d eP a lam6 s ." P p . 17 -26 i nA c te sd u

V ann , R obe r tL . 1 987 " The H a rbo ro fH e rod t h eG rea ta tC ae sa rea

C ongrs I n te rna t iona l d 'Arch o log i e S ous -mar ine . B arc e lone 1 961 . B o rd ighe ra : I n s t i tu tI n te rna t iona ld 'E tudes L igu re s , Musee B ick ne l l . I I P me

Ma r i t ima : T he E xpan s ion o f R ome i n t h e E a s te rn Med i te r ranean ." P p . 3 19 i n D .M . Ma s te r son ,e d . ,N ava lH is to ry .T he S i x th S ym p os ium o f t he U .S N ava l A cademy . W i lm ing ton , DE : S cho la r ly R e sou rce sI n c . 1 989

V ie reck , H .D .L . 1 975 D ie r öm i sche F lo t te :C la s s i sR omana .H e r fo rd : K oeh le r s V e r lagsgese l lscha f t .

" The A pp l ica t ion o f aGyp sum -Ba s ed Mo r ta r a sa n A r t if ic ia l B u i ld ing Ma te r ia l i nR oman N o r th A f r ica ." P p .2 41 -47 i nR obe r tI .C u r t i s , e d . ,S t ud ia P ompe iana e tC las s ica i nH onor o f W i lhe lm ina J ashem sk i , v o l . I . N ew Y o rk : K a ra tza sB ro ther s .

1 991

" The D ru s ion : ac and ida te f o rH e rod 's l i gh t h ou se a tC ae sa rea ." I n terna t iona lJ ourna lo f N au t ica lA rchaeo logy 2 0 : 1 23 -39 .

1 992

1 993

C ae sar ea P aper s . S t ra ton 's T ower , H erod 's H arbour ,a ndRo rnanandBy zan t ine C ae sar ea . J ou rna l o f R oman A rchaeo logy , S upp l . 5 . A nn A rbo r :J RA . " Vau l t ing T ube s f r om C ae sa rea Ma r i t ima ."

Waage ,F .O . 1 948 A n t ioch o n the -Oron tes , I V , p t . 1 :C eram ic s a nd I s lam ic C o in s . P r ince ton , N J : P r inc e ton U n ive r s i ty P res s . Wach smann , S . 1 987 " An a nc ien tw o rkboa tf r om t h eS ea o fG a l i lee , I s ra e l ." Mar iner 's M ir ror 7 3 : 3 76 . ;R aveh , K . ;a nd C ohen ,0 . 1 987 " The K inne re tb oa tp ro jec t . P a r tI .T he e xca v a t ion a nd c ons er va t ion o ft h eK inne re tb oa t ."

I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l4 3 : 2 9 -35 .

I n terna t iona l J ourna lo fN au t ica lA rchaeo l o gy 1 6 : 2 33 -45 .

V a roqueaux ,C . 1 970 " L 'epave d u musee d e s d ock s äMa r se i l le ." P ub l ica t ion s u n iver s i ta ir e sd es l e t tr es e ts c i -

1 990

S ea o fG a l i lee ( Lake K inne re t ) ." ` A t iqo t( Eng l i sh S e r ie s ) 1 9 . J e rusa lem : I s ra e l A n t iqu i t ie s

e nces h uma ine s d 'A ix -en -Provence : E tud e s c l a s s ique s 3( 1968 -70 ) : 2 5 -50 .

A u tho r i ty . Wa ldbaum ,J ane C . 1 983 Me ta lwork f rom S ard i s : T he F ind s t h rough 1 974 . C amb r idge , MA : H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

d eV aux , R . 1 953 " Fou i l les a u K h irbe t Qumrän : r appo r t p r e l im ina i re ." R evue B ib l ique 6 0 : 8 3 -106 . 1 954

" The E xcava t ion s o fa n A nc ien t B oa t i nt h e

" Fou i l les a u K h irbe t Qumrän : r appo r t p r e l i rn ina i re s u rl ad eux i me c ampagne ." R e -

Wa ldhaue r , 0 . 1 914 K a i ser l iche E rm i tage .D i ea n t ik en T on lampen .

v ue B ib l ique 6 1 : 2 06 -36 .

S tP e te r sbu rg : H e rm i tage Mu seum . V ega s , Me rcede s 1 966 N ovae s ium , I : D ie r öm i schen L ampen v on

Wa l te r , H .

N eus s . B e r l in : G eb r . Mann . 1 973

1 958

C erdm ica C omün R omana d e l Med i ter räneo O cc iden ta l . I n s t i tu to d e A rqueo log fa y P reh is to r ia , U n iver s idad d e B a rce lona ,

2 53

" E in s pä tan t ike r S tuf enb runnen i m H e ra ion v on S amo s ."Archao log i scher A nze iger 1 958 : 7 2 -84 .

B ib l iography Wa l te r s ,H en ry B . 1 914 C a ta logue o ft h eG r eek a nd R oman L amp si n t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum . L ondon : B r i t i sh Mu s eum .

Emp i r e ." OPUS 4 :4 9 -75 . W il ,E i zabe th L . 1 982 " G r eco I ta l ic Ampho ra s ." H e sper ia 5 1 : 3 38 5 6 . 1 989 " Re laz ion i mu tue t r a l e a nfo r e r omane . I r i t rovamen t i i n o r ien t e , a l la l u ce d e i d a t i o t tenu t i n e l l 'occ iden t e ." P p . 2 97 -309 i n Amphor e sr oma in es e th i s to ir e avnom ique : D ix a n sd e r e cher che . C olec t ion d e l ' A co le F rança i se d e R ome , 14 . R ome : t co le F ran ça is ed eR ome .

Wa rd -Pe rk in s ,J . ,a nd C la r idge ,A . 1 978 P ompe i iA .D .7 9 .N ew Y o rk :A lf r ed A .K nop f . — ,a nd ' T h rockmo r ton , P . 1 965 " New L gh to nt h eR oman Ma rb le T rade :T he S an P i e t ro Wreck ." A rchaeo logy 1 8 : 2 0 1 -9 . Wa r ren ,P .M . 1 987 -88 " Kno s so s : S t ra t ig raph ica l Mu seum E xcava t i on s , 1 978 -82 ,P a r tI V ." A rchaeo log ica lR e p or t s3 4 : 8 6 -104 .

W il iam s ,C .K . 1 979 " Co r in th 1 978 : T he F o rum S ou th We s t —A P r e l im ina ry R epo r t ." H e sper ia 4 8 : 1 05 -44 .

We igal , A .E .P . 1 908 C a ta logue g dnra ld e sa n t iqu i ti sd gyp t ienne s d um use d uC a ir e ,4 2 :W e igh t sa nd B a lance s . C a i ro : I n s t i tu te F ran a i s d 'A r cheo log ie O r i e n ta l .

— ,a nd F i she r ,J . E . 1 976 " Co r in th 1 975 :F o rum S ou thwe s t ." H esper ia 4 5 :9 9 -162 . W il iam s ,C a rol ine 1 989 T he R oman a nd E a r l yB y zan t ine P o t teryf rom A n emur ium i nR ough C i l ic ia . T o ron to : P on t i f i ca lI n s t i tu t eo f Med ieva lS t ud ie s .

We inbe rg , S . S . 1 97 1 " Te l A na f a : T he H e l len i s t ic T own ." I s rae l E xp lora t ion J ourna l2 1 : 8 6 -109 .

W il iam s ,H ec to r 1 98 1 K ench r ea i , E a s t ern P or to fC o r in th , V : T h e L amp s .L e iden : B r il .

We i tzmann , K u r t 1 979 A ge o fS p i r i tua l i ty . L a t eA n t ique a nd E ar ly C hr i s t ian A r t ,T h ird t oS even th C en tu ry .N ew Y o rk : Me t ropo l i tan Mu seum o fA r t .

— ,a nd W il iam s ,C a ro l in e 1 988 " Excava t ion sa tMy t i lene ,1 987 ." P p .5 9 -6 1i n H .W .C a t l ing ," A r cha eo logy i nG r eece ,1 987 8 8 ."Archaeo log ica lR epor t sn o .3 4 ,1 987 -88 .

We s t e rn , A .C . 1 967 " I den t if ica t ion o f Wood ." P p . 1 68 -69 i nB a s s 1 967 .

W il iam s ,R . 1 986 " Ne s to r 's Wa rE f fo r t( St a t .A ch . 1 . 4 13 -22 ) ." C la s s ica lQ uar t er l y ,N .S .3 6 : 2 80 -83 .

Wh i tcomb ,D ona ld S . ,a nd J ohn son ,J .H . ,e d s . 1 979 Q use i ra l -Qad im 1 978 : P r e l im inar yR epor t . C a i ro : Ame r ican R e sea rch C en t e ri nE gyp t . 1 982

W i l son ,R . J .A . 1 992 " T e r ra co t ta V au l t ing T ube s ( t ub if i t t i l i ) : O n t h e i r O r ig in a nd D i s t r ibu t ion ." J ourna l o f R oman A r chaeo logy 5 :9 7 -129 .

Q us e i ra l -Qad im 1 980 : P r e l im inar yR epor t . Ame r ican R e sea r ch C en t e ri nE gyp tR epo r t s , 7 . Ma l ibu , CA : U ndena P ubl i ca t ion s .

Wh i t e , K .D . 1 984 G r eek a nd R oman T echno logy . I t haca , NY : C o rnel U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . Wh i te ,L . 1 962

W in te r ,F ranz 1 90 3 D ie T ypen d erf i g t ir l ichenT er rako t t en . 2v o l s . B e r l in :W .S pemann . W in te rmeye r ,U . 1 984 " Beme rkungen z ur T ypo log ie u nd C h rono log ie d e rh e l len i s t i s ch -ka i se r ze i t l ichen G eb rauch ske ram ik ." P p . 2 41 -59 i nT uche l t 1 984 .

Med ieva l T echno logy a nd S oc ia l C hange . O xfo rd :C la r endon P r e s s .

Wh i t ehou se ,D av id 1 988 " Commen t o n T ub if i t t i l i ( v au l t ing t u be s ) f r om t h es e a— the R oman w r eck a tP un ta d e l F ana io ,I s land o fG ig l io '( I JNA 1 6 :1 87 -200 ) ." I n t erna t iona lJ ourna lo fN au t i ca lA rchaeo l o gy 1 7 : 1 82 .

Wr igh t ,K a th leen S . 1 980 " AT ibe r ian P o t te ry D epo s i t f r om C o r in th ." H esper ia 4 9 : 1 35 -77 . Wu ileum ie r ,P . 1 928 "Mob il i e rd el ' a f r ique r oma ine ." Me langes d e l ' Eco l eF rança i se d eR ome 4 5 : 1 23 -49 .

Wh i t take r ,C .R . 1 985 " T rade a nd t h e A r i s to c ra cy i n t h e R oman

2 54

B ib l iography X im6ne s , S . ,a nd Moe rman ,M . 1 987 " Le s eaves I ,I I , e tI V d u p o r t r oma in d e l ' anse d e sL au rons ( Commune d e Ma r t igue s , B ouche sd uR hone ) ." C ah ier sd 'archeo log ie s ubaqua t ique 6 :1 71-82 . 1 990

" Le ma t6 r ie la r chdo log ique d er epave L au ron s 1( Ma r t igue s —Bouche s -du -Rhone ) ." C ah ier s d 'arch & log ie s ubaqua t ique 1 0 : 2 09 -22 .

Y ad in , Y . 1 963

T he F ind sf rom t h eB ar K okhba P er iod i nt h e C ave o fLe t ter s .J e rusa lem :I s rae lE xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty .

2 55

Masada , H erod 's F or tr e ss a nd t h e Z ea lo t s ' L as tS tand . N ew Y o rk : R andom House .

Z ayad in ,F awz i 1 966

" Po r t r oma in d es L aurons ( Ma r t igues ) : 6 1 6men t s d 'acca s t i l lage a n t ique s ." C ah i er s d 'archio log ie s ubaqua t ique 9 :5 -25 .

1 99 1

1 966

" Ea r ly H e l len i s t ic P o t te ry f r om t h e T hea te r E xcava t ion s a tS ama r ia ." A nnua lo ft h e D e p ar tmen to fA n t iqu i t ie so fJ ordan 1 : 5 3 -64 .

Z eme r , A . 1 978

S t orage J ar s i nt h eA nc ien tS ea T rad e . R ev . e d . H a i f a : N a t iona l Ma r i t ime Mu seum .

Z ev i ,F au s to , a nd T che rn ia , A nd re 1 969 " Ampho re s d e B yza cene a u B a s -Emp i re ." A n t iqu i t& A f r ica ine s11 73 -214 .

CO NCORDANCE SO F OB JECT A ND CAHEP RE G I STRAT ION NUMBER S T he re a r et h r ee c onco rdance sh e r e ,t h ef i r s t( p p .2 56 -63 ) i sa r ranged a l phab e t ica l ly b yt h eo b jec tn umbe r su sed i nt h i s b ook , t h es e cond ( p p .2 63 -70 )i sa r ranged b yt h e CA I IEP r e g i s t ra t ion n umbe r sa s s igned i nt h ef i e ld .T he t h i rd ( p .2 70 ) l i s t st h er e g i s t ra t ion n umbe r so fo b jec t sn o tc a ta logued i n t h i sb ook ,b u tm en t ioned i nc a ta logue e n t r ie s . T he se c on c o rdance sw i l lb eo fl i t t le u s et ot h er e ade r so ft h i sb ook ,b u t t h ey a r ei mpo r tan tt ot h ea r ch ive o ft h ef i nd sf r om C a e sa r ea h e ld i n H a i f a . I n t h i s o ne c a se , Ih ave n o t p r in t ed t h e c a ta logue n umb e r si nb o ld f a ce . [ J .P .0 . ]

A 37 A 38 A 39 A 40 A 4 1 A 42 A 43 A 44 A 45 A 46

C 83 -F 1 -8 C 83 -F1 -14 C 82 -G1 -110 C 84 -H1-17 C 84 -H1-11 C 84 -H1 -131 C 84 -T 1-3 C 84 -H1 -103 C 82 -D 1 -191 C 82 -D 1 -307

I .C a ta logued O b j e c t s ,b yC a t egory .

A 47 A 48 A 49

C 82 -D 1-146 C 82 -D 1-400 C 82 -D 1-355

Amphora s

A 50 A 51

C 82 -D 1 -145 C 82 -D 1 -135

A 52 A 53 A 54 A 55 A 56 A 57 A 58 A 59 A 60 A 6 1 A 62 A 63 AM A 65 A 66 A 67 A 68 A 69 A 70 A 71 A 72 A 73 A 74 A 75 A 76 A 77 A 78 A 79 A 80 A 81 A 82 A 83 AM A 85 A 86 A 87

C 82 -D 1 -282 C 82 -D 1-378 C 82 -D1 -345 C 83 -F 1 -78 C 83 -F1 -117 C 83 -F 1 -142 C 83 -F 1 -77 C 83 -F 1 -6 C 83 -F 1 -124 C 83 -F1 -109 C 83 -F1 -14 1 C 83 -F 1 -171 C 83 -F 1 -79 C 83 -F1 -17 C 83 -F1 -6 1 C 83 -F1 -173 C 83 -F1 -108 C 84 -H1-88 C 84 -H1-137 C 84 -H1 -82 C 84 -H1 -158 C 84 -H1 -72 C 83 -H1 -92 C 84 -H1 -42 C 84 -H1 -140 C 84 -H1 -247 C 84 -H1 -50 C 84 -H1 -71 C 84 -H1 -218 C 84 -H1-118 C 84 -H1 -156 C 84 -H1 -87 C 84 -H1-139 C 84 -H1 -216 C 84 -H1 -134 C 84 -H1 -162

A l A 2 A 3 A 4 A S A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A l0 A ll A l2 A l3 A l4 A l5 A l6 A l7 A l8 A l9 A 20 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 A 26 A 27 A 28 A 29 A 30 A 31 A 32 A 33 A 34 A 35 A 36

C 84 -R 1 -7 C 84 -R 1 -8 C 84 -R 1 -10 C 79 -Z 1 -2 C 82 -D 1 -204 C 82 -G 1 -109 C 84 -H 1 -127 C 79 -Z 1 -3 C 84 -R 1 -6 C 82 -G 1 -140 C 84 -R 1 -18 C 82 -G 1 -100 C 84 -H1 -19 C 84 -H 1 -109 C 81 -K 1 -6 C 84 -1 I1 245 CM -H 1 -244 C 81 -D 1 -3 C 84 -H1 -130 C 83 -F 1 -10 C 83 -Y1 -7 C 83 -Y1 -10 C 83 -Y 1 -12 C 81 -D 1 -6 C 82 -G 1 -136 C 84 -H 1 -10 C 84 -H 1 -215 C 84 -H 1 -2 17 C 82 -G 1 -152 C 84 -H1 -129 C 84 -R 1 -5 C 81 -Z 1 -4 C 84 -H1 -20 C 84 -H1 -12 C 81 -D 1 -64 C 84 -H1 -24 1

2 56

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s tra t ion N umb er s A 88 A 89 A 90 A 91 A 92 A 93 A 94 A 95 A 96 A 97 A 98 A 99 A 100 A 101 A 102 A 103 A 104 A 105 A 106 A 107

C 84 -H1 -133 C 84 -H1 -77 C 82 J1 -23 C 8241 -60 C 82 J1 -14 C 82 J1-4 C 82 J1 -12 1 C 82 . 11 -120 C 8141 -16 C 81 J1 -8 C 81 J1 -10 C 81 . 11 -12 C 81 J1 -7 C 8141 -11 C 81 J1 -9 C 8141 -3 C 81 J1 -13 C 8141 -17 C 82 . 11 -10 1 C 8241 -102

B one B 1 B 2 B 3

C 84 -R6 -28 C 83 -F6 -114 C 8 -H6 -161

B lack -G lo s sP o t t er y BG 1 BG2 BG3 BG4 BGS BG6 BG7 BG8 BG9

C 8241 -88 C 82 -D 1 -156 C 84 -H1 -116 C 82 -G 1 -39 C 82 J1 -11 C 82 J1 -55 C 8241 -67 C 82 J1 -35 C 8241 -57

C War e C l C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 C 10 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 C 17 C 18 C 19 C 20 C 21

C 83 -Y1 -3 C 82 -G 1 -2 C 83 -F 1 -56 C 82 -D 1 -14 C 82 -D 1 -153 C 82 -D 1 -113 C 81 J1 -14 C 81 J1 -126 ( f o rme r ly J 2 ) C 82 -D 1 -151 C 83 -F 1 -42 C 81 J1 -127 ( f o rme r ly J 6 ) C 81 J1 -125 ( f o rme r ly J 15 ) C 84 -H1 -242 C 84 -H1 -117 C 83 -F 1 -39 C 83 -F 1 -82 C 83 -F 1 -32 C 83 -F 1 -53 C 82 -D 1 -303 C 82 -D 1 -32 1 C 82 -D 1 -124

C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 C 27 C 28 C 29 C 30 C 31 C 32 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 C 37 C 38 C 39 C 40 C 4 1 C 42 C 43 C 44 C 45 C 46 C 47 C 48 C 49 C 50 C 51 C 52 C 53 C 54

C 82 -D 1 -137 C 82 -D 1-423 C 82 -D 1 -338 C 82 -D 1 -123 C 82 -D 1 -4 10 C 82 -D 1 -324 C 82 -D 1 -422 C 82 -D 1 -391 C 82 -D 1 -279 C 82 -D 1 -40 1 C 82 -D 1 -346 C 82 -D 1 -393 C 83 -F 1 -143 C 83 -F 1 -136 C 83 -F 1 -135 C 83 -F 1 -170 C 84 -H1 -76 C 84 -H1 -246 C 84 -H1 -32 C 84 -H1 -31 C 84 -H1 -122 C 84 -H1 -75 C 84 -H1 -7 C 84 -H 1 -155 C 84 -H 1 -48 C 84 11 -25 C 82 J1 16 C 82 . 11 -2 C 81 J1 -124 C 8241 -62 C 8241 -54 C 82 J1 -23 C 82 . 11 -50

C opper A l loy A r t if ac t sf r om S h ip C ul C u2 C u3 C u4 C u5 C u6 C u7 C u8 C u9 C ul l ) C ull C ul2 C ul3 C ul4 C ul5

C 85 -Y2 -3 C 83 -Y2 -8 .1 C 83 -Y2 -8 .2 C 83 -Y2 -8 .4 C 83 -Y2 -8 .3 C 83 -Y2 -8 .5 C 86 -Y2 -1 C 87 -Yw -46 .10 C 87 -Yw -46 -11 C 86 -Y2 -10 C 86 -Y3 -2 C 86 -Y2 -15 C 87 -Yw -1 C 87 -Yw -2 C 86 -Y2 -8

D Wa re D 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 D 6 D 7

C 81 -D 1 -7 C 84 -H 1 -105 C 83 -F 1 -25 C 82 -G 1 -95 C 83 -F 1 -59 C 82 -D 1 -251 C 83 -F 1 -55

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s D 8 D 9 D 10 D ll D 12 D 13 D 14 D 15

C 84 -R 1 -22 C 84 -H1 -243 C 82 -D 1 -257 C 82 -D 1 -149 C 82 -D1 -150 C 8141 -18 C 82 -D1 -330 C 83 -F 1 -11

G 7 G 8 G 9 G 10 G il G 12 K War e

D 16 D 17 D 18 D 19 D 20 D 21 D 22 D 23 D 24 D 25 D 26 D 27 D 28 D 29 D 30 D 31 D 32 D 33 D 34 D 35 D 36 D 37 D 38 D 39 D 40 D 41 D 42 D 43 D 44 D 45 D 46 D 47 D 48 D 49 D 50 D 51

C 84 -H1 -223 C 83 -E1 -6 C 82 -D 1 -30 1 C 82 -D 1 -83 C 82 -D 1 -278 C 82 -D 1 -125 C 82 -D 1 -105 C 82 -D 1 -398 C 82 -D 1 -289 C 82 -D 1 -290 C 82 -D 1 -277 C 82 -D 1 -78 C 82 -D 1 -376 C 82 -D1 -134 C 82 -D 1-406 C 82 -D 1 -319 C 82 -D 1 -392 C 82 -D 1 -79 C 82 -D 1 -287 C 82 -D1 -394 C 83 -F 1 -125 C 83 -F 1 -155 C 84 -H1 -79 C 84 -H1 -35 C 84 -H1 -120 C 84 -H1 -163 C 84 -H1 -8 C 84 -H1 -91 C 84 -H1 -68 C 84 -H1 -125 C 84 -H1-4 1 C 84 -H1 -66 C 82 J1 -6 1 C 82 J1 -59 C 82 J1 -22 C 8241 -51

K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 K 5 K 6 K 7 K 8 K 9 K 10 K ll K 12 K 13 K 14 K 15 K 16 K 17 K 18 K 19 K 20 K 2 1 K 22 1 C 23 K 24 K 25 K 26 K 27 K 28 K 29 K 30 K 31 K 32 K 33 K 34 K 35 K 36

C 84 -R 1 -20 C 82 -D 1 -54 C 83 -F 1 -20 C 83 -F 1 -54 C 83 -F 1 -29 C 84 -H1 -222 C 84 -R 1 -24 C 84 -R 1 -27 C 84 -H 1 -16 C 84 -H 1 -18 C 84 -R 1 -15 C 84 -H1 -106 C 83 -F 1 -13 C 84 -H 1 -110 C 84 -R 1 -25 C 84 -R 1 -3 C 8141 -114 ( f o rme r ly J 1 -80 ) C 81 J1 -123 C 82 -D 1 -16 1 C 82 -D 1 -328 C 83 -F 1 -5 C 78 -T 1 -1 C 82 -D1 -96 C 84 -R1 -13 C 83 -Y1 -20 C 83 -Y1 -14 C 83 -Y1 -32 C 81 -K 1 -2 1 C 83 -Y 1 -22 C 82 -D 1 -182 C 82 -D 1 -317 C 82 -D1 -344 C 82 -D 1 -302 C 82 -D 1 -340 C 82 -D 1 -363 C 82 -D 1-424

K 37 K 38

C 82 -D 1 -276 C 82 -D 1 -365

C 86 -Y3 -3 C 86 -Y3 -5 C 86 -Y2 -9 C 86 -Y2 -11 C 86 -Y2 -20

K 39 K 40 K 4 1 K 42 K 43 K 44 K 45

C 82 -D 1 -126 C 82 -D 1 -293 C 82 -D1 -408 C 82 -D 1 -362 C 82 -D1 -325 C 83 -F 1 -116 C 83 -F 1 144

C 82 -D5 -92 C 84 -R5 -16 C 84 -T5 -8 C 84 -T5 -9 C 82 -D5 -348 C 82 -D5 -349

K 46 K 47 K 48 K 49 K 50 K 51 K 52

C 83 -F 1 133 C 83 -F 1 -124b i s C 83 -F1 -119 C 83 -F 1 -132 C 83 -F 1 -159 C 83 -F 1 -118 C 83 -F 1 -107

I r on A r t if a c t sf rom S h ip F e! F e2 F e3 F e4 F e5 G la s s G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6

2 58

C 82 -D5 -387 C 83 -F5 -57 C 84 -H5 -144 C 84 -H5 -143 C 84 -H5 -229 C 82 J5 -32

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s K 53 K 54 K 55

C 83 -F 1 -139 C 83 -F 1 -28 C 84 -H1 -44

L 25 L 26 L 27

C 82 -D 1 -72 C 82 -D 1 -304 C 82 -D 1 -382

K 56 K 57 K 58 K 59 K 60 K 6 1 K 62 K 63 K 64

C 84 -H1 -69 C 84 -H1 -45 C 84 -H1 -99 C 84 -H1 -36 C 84 -H1 -253 C 84 -H1 -39 C 84 -H 1 -78 C 84 -H 1 -124 C 84 -H1 -29

L 28 L 29 L 30 L 31 L 32 L 33 L 34 L 35 L 36

C 83 -F 1 -4 1 C 84 -H1 108 C 84 -H1 -147 C 84 -H 1 -146 C 84 -H1 -150 C 84 -H 1 -238 C 84 -H 1 -58 C 84 -H1 -60 C 84 -H 1 -59

K 65 K 66 K 67 K 68

C 84 -H1 -30 C 84 -H 1 -90 C 84 -H1 -101 C 84 -H 1 -47

L 37 L 38

C 84 11 -38 C 8441 -42

Me ta l

K 69 K 70 K 71 K 72 K 73 K 74 K 75 K 76 K 77 K 78 K 79 K 80 K 81 K 82

C 84 -H 1 -81 C 84 -H1 -49 C 84 -H1 -138 C 84 -H 1 -52 C 84 -H 1 -38 C 84 -H1 -70 C 84 -H1 -230 C 84 -H1 -34 C 84 -H1 -2 1 C 84 -H1 -135 C 84 -H1 -89 C 84 -H1 -123 C 84 -H1 -154 C 81 J1 -118 ( f o rme r ly C 81 J -4 )

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14

C 82 -D2 -306 C 81 -D2 -70 C 81 -D2 -64 C 82 -G2 -105 C 82 -G2 -107 C 81 -D2 -47 C 81 -D2 -38 C 83 -E2 -1 C 84 -H2 -28 C 81 -D2 -40 C 84 -H2 -9 C 84 1 12 -115 C 82 -G2 -118 C 82 -G2 -71

K 83 K 84 K 85 K 86

C 82 J1 -5 C 8241 -46 C 8241 -58 C 8241 -36

M15 M16 M17 M18

C 81 -D2 -4 1 C 81 -K2 -17 C 83 -N2 -1 C 82 -D2 -59

M19 M20

C 81 -D2 -34b i s C 81 -D2 -42

L amps L i L 2 L 3 I A L 5 L 6 L 7 L 8 L 9 L 10 L 11 L 12 L 13 L 14

C 82 -G 1 -77 C 84 -H1 -237 C 81 J1 -15 C 84 -H 1 -3 C 84 1 1 -48 C 83 -Z 1 -2 C 8141 -10 C 83 -E 1 -4 C 82 -D 1 -23 C 81 -D 1 -9 C 84 -H1 -226 C 84 -R 1 -1 C 84 -H 1 -4 C 80 -D 1 -1

M2 1 M22 M23 M24 M25 M26 M27 M28 M29 M30 M31 M32 M33 M34

C 82 -D2 -88 C 82 -E2 -7 C 82 -G2 -132 C 81 -K2 -14 / 14b i s C 81 -K2 -14b i s C 8 1 -K2 -20 C 83 -N2 -1 C 82 -A2 -1 C 82 -G2 -97 C 83 -N2 -3 C 81 -D2 -43 C 81 -D2 -48 C 84 -Z2 -1 C 83 -Y2 -100

L 15 L 16 L 17 L 18 L 19 L 20 L 2 1 L 22 L 23 L 24

C 8 1 -D 1 -58 C 82 -D 1-72b i s C 81 -D 1 -52 C 82 -G 1 -44 C 82 -G 1 -43 C 84 -H 1 -236 C 83 -Y1 -9 C 82 -D 1 -67 C 82 -D 1 -268 C 82 -D 1 -267

M35 M36 M37 M38 M39 M40 M4 1 M42 M43 M44

C 83 -Z2 -4 C 84 -H2 -15 C 82 -D2 -256 C 82 -F2 -1 C 82 -G2 -86 C 81 -D2 -46 C 84 -R2 -26 C 84 -H2 -102 C 84 -H2 -102 C 82 -D2 -399

2 59

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s M45 M46 M47 M48 M49 M50 M51 M52 M53 M54 M55 M56 M57 M58 M59 M60 M6 1 M62 M63 M64 M65 M66 M67 M68 M69 M70 M71 M72 M73 M74 M75 M76 M77 M78 M79 M80 M81 M82 M83 M84 M85 M86 M87 M88 M89

C 83 -F2 -9 C 83 -F2 -9 C 84 -Z2 -2 C 81 -D 1 -37 C 83 -F2 -7 C 82 -D2 -202 C 82 -D2 -187 C 82 -D2 -180 C 82 -D2 -386 C 82 -D2 -4 16 C 82 -D2 -390 C 82 -D2 -81 C 82 -D2 -281 C 82 -D2 -281 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -250 C 82 -D2 -4 15 C 82 -D2 -250 C 82 -D2 -285 C 82 -D2 -285 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -285 C 83 -F2 -84 C 83 -F2 -112 C 83 -F2 -112 C 83 -F2 -75 C 83 -F2 -134 C 83 -F2 -134 C 83 -F2 -60 C 83 -F2 -134 C 83 -F2 -52 C 84 -H2 -67 C 84 -H2 -132 C 84 -H2 -100 C 84 -H2 -14 1 C 84 -H2 -84 C 84 -H2 -85

N 14 N 15 N 16 N 17 N 18 N 19 N 20 N 2 1 N 22 N 23 N 24 N 25 N 26 N 27 N 28 N 29 N 30 N 31 N 32 N 33 N 34 N 35 N 36 N 37 N 38 N 39 N 40 N 4 1 N 42 N 43 N 44 N 45 N 46 N 47 N 48 N 49 N 50 N 51 N 52 N 53 N 54 N 55 N 56 N 57 N 58 N 59 N 60

C 82 J4 -80 C 82 J4 -77 C 82 J4 -78 C 82 14 -81 C 81 -K4 -1 C 8144 -105 C 8244 -76 C 8244 -73 C 82 J4 -79 C 8144 -108 C 82 J4 -69 C 84 -T4 -11 C 82 J4 -70 C 82 J4 -3 C 81 J4 -106 C 8244 -71 C 82 J4 -83 C 8 144 -112 C 8244 -84 C 81 J4 -110 C 8244 -72 C 81 J4 113 C 84 -T4 -6 C 81 -D4 -13 C 84 -T4 -10 C 84 -T4 -1 C 8 1 -K4 -7 C 81 -K4 -22 C 81 -K4 -21 C 81 J4 -102 C 81 -K4 -3 C 81 -K4 -5 C 81 -K4 -4 C 8 1 -D4 1 C 81 -K4 -6 C 84 -H4 -196 C 84 -H4 -177 C 84 -1 14 -189 C 84 -H4 -166 C 84 -H4 -190 C 84 -H4 -234 C 84 -H4 -191 C 84 -H4 -200 C 84 -H4 -194 C 84 -H4 -20 1 C 84 -H4 -175 C 84 -H4 -197

N i N 2 N 3 N 4

C 84 -H4 -27 C 81 -D4 -5 C 81 -K4 -2 C 84 -D4 -1

N 6 1 N 62 N 63 N 64

C 84 -H4 -180 C 84 -H4 -182 C 84 -H4 -184 C 84 -H4 -183

N 5 N 6 N 7 N 8 N 9

C 81 -D4 -2 C 84 I4 -1 C 81 J4 -103 C 81 J4 -107 C 8144 -109

N 65 N 66 N 67 N 68 N 69

C 84 -H4 -185 C 84 -H4 -165 C 84 -H4 -187 C 84 -H4 -198 C 84 -H4 -199

N 10 N 11 N 12 N 13

C 81 J4 -104 C 81 J4 111 C 8244 -74 C 8244 -75

N 70 N 71 N 72 N 73

C 84 -H4 -232 C 84 -H4 -142 C 84 -H4 -142 C 84 -H4 -142

C o in s

2 60

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s tra t ion N umb er s N 74 N 75 N 76

C 84 -H4 -142 C 84 -H4 -62 C 8444 -2

L ead A r t if ac t sf rom S h ip P b ! P b2 P b3 PM P b5 P b6 P b7 P b8 P b9 P b 10 PM 1 P b 12 P b 13 P b 14 P b 15 P b 16 P b 17 P b 18 P b 19 P b20 P b21 P b22 P b23 P b24

C 83 -Y2 -1 C 83 -Y2 -2 C 83 -Y2 -3 C 83 -Y2 -4 C 83 -Y2 -5 C 83 -Y2 -6 C 83 -Y2 -7 C 83 -Y2 -8 C 83 -Y2 -9 C 83 -Y2 -10 C 83 -Y2 -11 C 85 -Y2 -4 C 87 -Yw -45 C 83 -Y2 -6 .1 C 83 -Y2 -6 .2 C 83 -Y2 -6 .3 C 83 -Y2 -6 .4 C 83 -Y2 -6 .5 C 83 -Y2 -6 .6 C 83 -Y2 -6 .7 C 83 -Y2 -6 .8 C 87 .4 -Yw -46 .12 C 87 .4 -Yw -46 .13 C 81 -Y2 -1

R ope f r om S h ip

RG24 RG25 RG26 RG27 RG28

C 84 I1 -36 C 83 I1 -37 C 82 J1 -89 C 82 J1 -89b i s C 83 -N 1 -7

RG29 RG30 RG31 RG32 RG33 RG34 RG35 RG36 RG37 RG38 RG39 RG40 RG4 1 RG42 RG43 RG44 RG45 RG46 RG47 RG48 RG49 RG50 RG51 RG52 RG53

C 84 -R 1 -4 C 83 -Z 1 -1 C 81 -D1 -62 C 82 -D1 -212 C 84 -H1 -2 C 84 -H1 -5 C 84 -H1 -6 C 84 11a 1 -30 C 82 -D 1 -233 C 84 -H1 -1 C 84 -H1 -112 C 82 -D 1 -150 C 82 -D 1 -309 C 82 -D 1-407 C 84 -D 1 -1 C 83 -E1 -13 C 82 -G 1 -78 C 82 -G 1 -138 C 83 -Z 1 -3 C 84 -T 1 -2 C 84 -T 1 -7 C 82 -G 1 -149 C 84 -R 1 -17 C 82 -D 1 -186 C 82 -D 1 -288 C 81 -D 1-43 C 84 I 1a 22 C 81 -D 1 -26 C 84 -R 1 -14 C 84 -H1 -104 C 84 -H1 -2b i s C 82 -G 1 -119 C 82 -G1 -116 C 82 -G 1 -150 C 84 -H1 -113 C 81 -D 1 -7 C 81 -D 1 -58 C 82 -D 1-402 C 82 -G 1 -92 C 82 -G 1 -120 C 82 -G 1 -130 C 82 -G 1 -131 C 82 -G 1 -139 C 84 -H1 -25b i s C 84 11a -12 C 84 I1 -34 C 8441 -35 C 84 11b1 -39 C 84 -R 1 -13b i s C 84 -T 1 -15 C 84 -H1 -3b i s C 84 -R 1 -12 C 84 -R 1 -23 C 84 -T 1 -14 C 82 -G 1 -145

RG1 RG2 RG3 RG4 RG5 RG6 RG7 RG8 RG9 RG 10 RG11 RG 12 RG13 RG14 RG15 RG16 RG 17 RG18 RG 19 RG20

C 82 -D 1 -2 13 C 82 -D 1 -68 C 82 -D 1-70 C 82 -D 1 -208 C 82 -D 1 -368b i s C 82 -G 1 -38 C 82 -G 1 -52 C 82 -G 1 -79 C 84 -H1 -22 C 84 -H1 -24 C 84 -H1 -25 C 84 -H1 -128 C 81 -Z 1 -2 C 81 -D 1 -14 C 82 -D 1 -158 C 82 -D 1 -203A C 82 -D 1 -209 C 82 -D 1 -232 C 82 -D 1 -252 C 82 -G 1 -112

RG54 RG55 RG56 RG57 RG58 RG59 RG60 RG6 1 RG62 RG63 RG64 RG65 RG66 RG67 RG68 RG69 RG70 RG71 RG72 RG73 RG74 RG75 RG76 RG77 RG78 RG79 RG80

RG21 RG22 RG23

C 84 -H1 -23 C 84 -H1 -227 C 844 1-13

RG81 RG82 RG83

R 1 R 2 R 3

C 86 -Y2 -12 C 86 -Y2 -13 C 86 -Y2 -18

R ed -G lo s sP o t t ery

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s RG84 RG85 RG86 RG87 RG88 RG89 RG90 RG91 RG92 RG93 RG94 RG95 RG96 RG97 RG98 RG99 RG 100 RG 10 1 RG 102 RG 103 RG 104 RG 105 RG 106 RG 107 RG 108 RG 109 RG110 RG 111 RG 112 RG 113 RG114 RG115 RG116 RG117 RG118 RG119 RG 120 RG 121 RG122 RG 123 RG 124 RG125 RG126 RG127 RG 128 RG 129 RG 130 RG 131 RG 132 RG 133 RG134 RG135 RG 136 RG 137 RG138 RG 139 RG 140 RG 141 RG 142 RG143

C 83 -F 1 -22 C 82 -D 1 -170 / 171 C 82 -D1 -184 C 82 -D1 -189 C 82 -D1 -83 C 82 -D 1 -12 1 C 82 -D1 -305 C 82 -D 1 -377 C 82 -D1 -357 C 82 -D 1 -343 C 82 -D1 -358 C 82 -D1 -368 C 82 -D1 -409 C 82 -D1 -104 C 82 -D1 -380 t o3 85 C 82 -D1 -4 19 C 82 -D 1-320 C 82 -D 1-374 C 82 -D 1 -369 C 82 -D 1 -148 C 82 -D 1 -375 C 82 -D 1 -384 C 82 -D 1-39 1 C 82 -D 1-360 C 82 -D 1 -122 C 82 -D 1 -355 C 82 -D 1-4 12 C 82 -D 1 -359 C 82 -D 1-286 C 82 -D1 -332 C 82 -D 1-370 C 82 -D 1-34 1 C 83 -F 1 -67 C 83 -F 1 -44b i s /95 C 83 -F 1 -172 C 83 -F 1 -12 C 83 -F 1 -104 C 83 -F 1 -147 C 83 -F 1 -151 C 83 -F 1 -92 C 83 -F 1 -44 C 83 -F 1 -97b i s / 16 1 C 83 -F 1 -87 / 102 C 83 -F 1 -94 C 83 -F 1 -167 C 83 -F 1 -91 / 168 C 83 -F1 -106 C 83 -F 1 -103 C 83 -F 1 -89a C 83 -F 1 -89b C 83 -F 1 -89c C 83 -F 1 -93 C 83 -F 1 -162 C 83 -F 1 -166 C 83 -F 1 -97 C 83 -F 1 -72 /98 C 83 -F 1 -46 C 83 -F 1 -76 C 83 -F 1 -12 1 C 84 -H1 -83

RG 144 RG 145 RG 146 RG 147 RG 148 RG 149 RG 150 RG 151 RG 152 RG 153 RG 154 RG 155 RG 156 RG 157 RG 158 RG 159 RG 160 RG 161 RG 162 RG 163 RG 164 RG 165 RG 166 RG 167 RG 168 RG 169 RG 170 RG 171 RG 172 RG 173 RG 174 RG 175 RG 176 RG 177 RG 178 RG 179 RG 180 RG 181 RG 182 RG 183 RG 184 RG 185 RG 186 RG187 RG 188 RG 189 RG 190 RG 191 RG 192 RG 193 RG 194 RG195 RG 196 RG 197 RG 198 RG 199 RG200 RG20 1

C 84 -H 1-96 C 84 -H1 -149 C 84 -H1 -252 C 84 -H1 -97 C 84 -H1 -12 1 C 84 -H1 -250 C 84 -H1 -151 C 84 -H1 -33 C 84 -H1 -107 C 84 -H1 -152 C 84 -H 1 -153 C 84 -H1 -94 C 84 -H1 -56 C 84 -H1 -136 C 84 -H1 -251 C 84 -H1 -119 C 84 -H1 -148 C 84 -H1 -249 C 84 -H1 -239 C 84 -H1 -95 C 84 -H1 -54 C 84 -H1 -57 C 84 -H1 -64 C 84 -H1 -80 C 84 -H1 -55 C 84 -H1 -37 C 84 -H1 -145 C 84 -H1 -248 C 84 1 1a 17 C 84 11a -20 C 84 11b -26 C 8441 -10 C 844 1-15 C 84 11 -32 C 84 I1 -27 C 84 I1 -16 C 844 1 -19 C 8441 -23 C 8441 -18 C 81 J1 -4 C 82 J1 -129 C 82 J1 -20 C 82 J 1 -7 C 82 J1 -12 C 82 J1 -1 C 82, 1 1 -6 C 82 J1 -8 C 82 J1 -18 C 81 J1 locu s2 1 C 82 J1 -65 C 81 J1 lo cu s2 1 C 82 J1 -53 C 82 J1 -53b i s C 82 J1 -25 C 82 J1 -31 C 8241 -32 C 82 J1 -34 C 82 J1 -48

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s M15 M20 M31 M40 MO6 M32 MO3 MO2 S 13 S i N 47 N O5 N O2 N 37 S 15 A 103 RG 183 A 100 A 97 A 102 A 98 A 10 1 A 99 A 104 C 7 L 3 A 96 A 105 D 13 L 7 K 17 K 82 K 18 C 50 C 12 C 8 C 11 RG 192 RG 194 N 43 N O7 N 10 N 19 N 28 N O8 N 23 N O9 N 33 N 11 N 31 N 35 A 15 K 28 M24 M25 M16 M26 N 18 N O3 N 44

Worked S t one S i S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8 S 9 S 10 S ll S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 S 17 S 18 S 19

C 81 -D3 -45 C 82 -D3 -260 C 82 -D3 -66 C 84 -D3 -64 C 84 -H3 -111 C 83 -N3 -8 C 84 -R3 -2 C 83 -Y3 -1 C 83 -Y3 -25 C 83 -E3 -10 C 83 -E3 -4b i s C 83 -E3 -2 C 81 -D3 -21 C 83 -E3 -20 C 81 -F3 -1 C 82 -D3 -426 C 82 -D3 -364 C 82 -D3 -397 C 82 -D3 -425

T er raco t ta s T C 1 T C2 T C3 T C4 T C5 T C6

C 84 -H1 -228 C 84 -H1 -219 C 82 -D 1 -383b i s C 83 -F1 -145 C 84 -H1 -73 C 84 -H1-74

Worked W ood a nd C ork W1 W2 W3

C 82 -G7 -106 C 82 -D7 -144 C 84 -H7 -225

I . C a ta logued O b jec t s :b yR eg i s t ra t i on N umber . K 22 A 4 A 8 L 14 A 18 A 24 D 1 RG64 L 10 RG 14 RG56 M48 RG54 L 17 L 15 RG65 RG31 A 35 M19 MO7 M10

C 78 -T 1 -1 C 79 -Z1 -2 C 79 -Z 1 -3 C 80 -D1 -1 C 81 -D1 -3 C 81 -D1 -6 C 81 -D1 -7 C 81 -D1 -7 C 81 -D 1 -9 C 81 -D 1 -14 C 8 1 -D 1 -26 C 81 -D 1 -37 C 81 -D1 -43 C 81 -D 1 -52 C 81 -D 1 -58 C 81 -D 1 -58b i s C 81 -D 1 -62 C 81 -D1 -64 C 81 -D2 -34b i s C 81 -D2 -38 C 81 -D2 -40

2 63

C 81 -D2 -4 1 C 81 -D2 -42 C 81 -D2 -43 C 81 -D2 -46 C 81 -D2 -47 C 81 -D2 -48 C 81 -D2 -64 C 81 -D2 -70 C 81 -D3 -2 1 C 81 -D3 -45 C 81 -D4 -1 C 81 -D4 -2 C 81 -D4 -5 C 81 -D4 -13 C 81 -F3 -1 C 8141 -3 C 8141-4 C 81 . 11 -7 C 81 J1 -8 C 81 J1 -9 C 81 J1 -10 C 8141 -11 C 81 J1 -12 C 8141 -13 C 81 J1 -14 C 81 J1 -15 C 8141 -16 C 81 J1 -17 C 81 J1 -18 C 8141 -100 C 8141 -114 C 81 J1 118 C 8141 -123 C 8141 -124 C 81 J1 -125 C 8141 -126 C 8141 127 C 81 J1 lo cu s2 1 C 8141 locu s2 1 C 81 J4 -102 C 81 J4 -103 C 81 J4 -104 C 81 J4 -105 C 81 J4 -106 C 81 J4 -107 C 8144 -108 C 81 J4 -109 C 81 J4 110 C 8144 -111 C 81, 14 -112 C 81 J4 -113 C 81 -K 1 -6 C 81 -K 1 -21 C 81 -K2 -14 C 81 -K2 -14b i s C 81 -K2 -17 C 81 -K2 -20 C 81 -K4 -1 C 81 -K4 -2 C 81 -K4 -3

C oncordanc e so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s N 46 N 45 N 48 N 40 N 42 N 4 1 P b24 RG 13 A 32 M28 C 4 L 9 K 2 L 22 RG2 RG3 L 25 L 16 D 27 D 33 D 19 RG88 K 23 RG97 D 22 C 6 RG89 RG 108 C 25 C 2 1 D 2 1 K 39 D 29 A 51 C 22 MO A 47 RG 103 D ll D 12 RG40 C 9 C 5 BG2 RG 15 K 19 RG85 RG85 K 30 RG86 RG52 RG87 A 45 RG 16 A 5 RG4 RG17 RG32 RG 1 RG 18

C 81 -K4 -4 C 81 -K4 -5 C 81 -K4 -6 C 81 -K4 -7 C 81 -K4 -2 1 C 81 -K4 -22 C 81 -Y2 -1 C 81 -Z 1 -2 C 81 -Z 1 -4 C 82 -A2 -1 C 82 -D 1 -14 C 82 -D 1 -23 C 82 -D 1 -54 C 82 -D 1 -67 C 82 -D 1 -68 C 82 -D1 -70 C 82 -D 1 -72 C 82 -D 1 -72b i s C 82 -D 1 -78 C 82 -D 1 -79 C 82 -D 1 -83 C 82 -D1 -83 C 82 -D 1 -96 C 82 -D1 -104 C 82 -D 1 -105 C 82 -D 1 113 C 82 -D 1 -12 1 C 82 -D 1 -122 C 82 -D I -123 C 82 -D 1 -124 C 82 -D 1 -125 C 82 -D 1 -126 C 82 -D 1 -134 C 82 -D 1 -135 C 82 -D 1 -137 C 82 -D 1 -145 C 82 -D 1 -146 C 82 -D 1 -148 C 82 -D 1 -149 C 82 -D 1 -150 C 82 -D 1 150 C 82 -D 1 -151 C 82 -D 1 -153 C 82 -D 1 -156 C 82 -D 1 -158 C 82 -D 1 -16 1 C 82 -D 1 -170 C 82 -D 1 -171 C 82 -D 1 -182 C 82 -D 1 -184 C 82 -D 1 -186 C 82 -D 1 -189 C 82 -D 1 -191 C 82 -D 1 -203a C 82 -D1 -204 C 82 -D 1 -208 C 82 -D 1 -209 C 82 -D 1 -2 12 C 82 -D 1 -2 13 C 82 -D 1 -232

RG37 D 6 RG 19 D 10 L 24 L 23 K 37 D 26 D 20 C 30 A 52 RG 112 D 34 RG53 D 24 D 25 K 40 D 18 K 33 C 19 L 26 RG90 A 46 RG4 1 K 31 D 31 RG 100 C 20 C 27 K 43 K 20 D 14 RG 113 C 24 K 34 RG 115 RG93 K 32 A 54 C 32 A 49 RG 109 RG92 RG94 RG 111 RG 107 K 42 K 35 K 38 RG5 RG95 RG 102 RG 114 RG 10 1 RG 104 D 28 RG91 A 53 RG98 RG98

C 82 -D 1-233 C 82 -D1 -251 C 82 -D I-252 C 82 -D 1 -257 C 82 -D1 -267 C 82 -D1 -268 C 82 131 2 76 C 82 -D1-277 C 82 -D1 -278 C 82 -D 1 -279 C 82 -D1 -282 C 82 -D1 -286 C 82 -D1 -287 C 82 -D1 -288 C 82 -D1 -289 C 82 -D1 -290 C 82 -D 1-293 C 82 -D1 -301 C 82 -D1 -302 C 82 -D1 -303 C 82 -D1 -304 C 82 -D 1-305 C 82 -D1 -307 C 82 -D1 -309 C 82 -D1 -317 C 82 -D1 -319 C 82 -D1-320 C 82 -D1-32 1 C 82 -D1-324 C 82 -D 1-325 C 82 -D1 -328 C 82 -D1 -330 C 82 -D1 -332 C 82 -D 1-338 C 82 -D1 -340 C 82 -D1-34 1 C 82 -D1-343 C 82 -D1-344 C 82 -D1 -345 C 82 -D1 -346 C 82 -D1-355 C 82 -D1 -355b i s C 82 -D1 -357 C 82 -D 1-358 C 82 -D 1-359 C 82 -D1 -360 C 82 -D 1 -362 C 82 -D1-363 C 82 -D 1-365 C 82 -D 1 -368b i s C 82 -D1-368 C 82 -D 1-369 C 82 -D 1-370 C 82 -D 1-374 C 82 -D 1-375 C 82 -D1 -376 C 82 -D 1-377 C 82 -D 1-378 C 82 -D 1 -380 C 82 -D 1-381

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s L 27 RG98 RG98 T C3 RG98 RG 105 RG98 C 29 RG106 D 32 C 33 D 35 D 23 A 48 C 31 RG66 D 30 RG42 K 4 1 RG96 C 26 RG 110 RG99 C 28 C 23 K 36 M18 M56 M2 1 M52 M51 M50 M63 M65 M37 M57 M58 M66 M67 M74 M0 1 M59 M60 M6 1 M62 M68 M69 M70 M71 M72 M73 M53 M55 M44 M64 M54 S 3 S 2 S 17 S 18

C 82 -D 1 -382 C 82 -D1 -382b i s C 82 -D1 -383 C 82 -D1 -383b i s C 82 -D 1 -384 C 82 -D 1 -384b i s C 82 -D1 -385 C 82 -D1 -39 1 C 82 -D1 -391 C 82 -D 1 -392 C 82 -D 1 -393 C 82 -D 1 -394 C 82 -D1 -398 C 82 -D 1 -400 C 82 -D1 -40 1 C 82 -D 1-402 C 82 -D1-406 C 82 -D 1-407 C 82 -D 1 -408 C 82 -D 1 -409 C 82 -D 1 -4 10 C 82 -D 1-412 C 82 -D 1-419 C 82 -D 1-422 C 82 -D 1 -423 C 82 -D 1-424 C 82 -D2 -59 C 82 -D2 -81 C 82 -D2 -88 C 82 -D2 -180 C 82 -D2 -187 C 82 -D2 -202 C 82 -D2 -250 C 82 -D2 -250 C 82 -D2 -256 C 82 -D2 -281 C 82 -D2 -281 C 82 -D2 -285 C 82 -D2 -285 C 82 -D2 -285 C 82 -D2 -306 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -347 C 82 -D2 -386 C 82 -D2 -390 C 82 -D2 -399 C 82 -D2 -4 15 C 82 -D2 -416 C 82 -D3 -66 C 82 -D3 -260 C 82 -D3 -364 C 82 -D3 -397

S 19 S 16 G 1 G 5 G 6 G 7 WO2 M22 M38 C 2 RG6 BG4 L 19 L 18 RG7 L i RG45 RG8 RG67 D 4 A l2 A 6 A 39 RG20 RG6 1 RG60 RG68 RG69 RG70 A 25 RG46 RG71 A 10 RG83 RG50 RG62 A 29 M 14 M39 M29 MO4 MO5 M 13 M23 WO 1 A 13 RG 188 C 49 A 93 K 83 RG 189 RG 186 RG 190 BG5 RG 187 A 92 C 48 RG 191 RG 185 D 50

C 82 -D3 -425 C 82 -D3 -426 C 82 -D5 -92 C 82 -D5 -348 C 82 -D5 -349 C 82 -D5 -387 C 82 -D7 -144 C 82 -E2 -7 C 82 -F2 -1 C 82 -G 1 -2 C 82 -G 1 -38 C 82 -G 1 -39 C 82 -G 1 -43 C 82 -G 1 -44 C 82 -G 1 -52 C 82 -G 1 -77 C 82 -G 1 -78 C 82 -G 1 -79 C 82 -G 1 -92 C 82 -G 1 -95 C 82 -G 1 -100 C 82 -G 1 -109 C 82 -G 1 -110 C 82 -G 1 -112 C 82 -G 1 -116 C 82 -G 1 -119 C 82 -G 1 -120 C 82 -G 1 -130 C 82 -G 1 -131 C 82 -G 1 -136 C 82 -G 1 -138 C 82 -G 1 -139 C 82 -G 1 -140 C 82 -G 1 -145 C 82 -G 1 -149 C 82 -G 1 -150 C 82 -G 1 -152 C 82 -G2 -71 C 82 -G2 -86 C 82 -G2 -97 C 82 -G2 -105 C 82 -G2 -107 C 82 -G2 -118 C 82 -G2 -132 C 82 -G7 -106 C 82 -H1 -19 C 8241 -1 C 8241 -2 C 8241 -4 C 8241 -5 C 82 J1 -6 C 82 J1 -7 C 82, 11 -8 C 8241 -11 C 82 J1 -12 C 82 J1 -14 C 82 J1 -16 C 82 J1 -18 C 8241 -20 C 82 J1 -22

C oncordanc e so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umber s A 90 C 53 RG 197 RG 198 RG 199 RG200 BG8 K 86 K 84 RG20 1 C 54 D 51 RG 195 RG 196 C 52 BG6 BG9 K 85 D 49 A 91 D 48 C 51 RG 193 BG7 BG 1 RG26 RG27 A 106 A 107 A 95 A 94 RG 184 N 27 N 24 N 26 N 29 N 34 N 2 1 N 12 N 13 N 20 N 15 N 16 N 22 N 14 N 17 N 30 N 32 G 12 L 8 D 17 RG44 MO8 S 12 S ll S 10 S 14 K 2 1 A 59 A 37

C 8241 -23 C 82 -J1 -23b i s C 82 J1 -25 C 8241 -31 C 8241 -32 C 82 J1 -34 C 8241 -35 C 82 J1 -36 C 82 J1-46 C 82 J1 -48 C 8241 -50 C 8241 -51 C 82 J1 -53 C 82J1 -53b i s C 82 J1 -54 C 8241 -55 C 82 J1 -57 C 8241 -58 C 8241 -59 C 8241 -60 C 8241 -6 1 C 8241 -62 C 8241 -65 C 82 J1 -67 C 8241 -88 C 82 J1 -89 C 82 J1 -89b i s C 82 J1 -10 1 C 82 J1 -102 C 8241 -120 C 8241 -12 1 C 8241 -129 C 82 J4 -3 C 82 J4 -69 C 8244 -70 C 82 J4 -71 C 8244 -72 C 8244 -73 C 82 J4 -74 C 82 J4 -75 C 8244 -76 C 8244 -77 C 8244 -78 C 82 J4 -79 C 82 J4 -80 C 82 J4 -81 C 82 J4 -83 C 8244 -84 C 8245 -32 C 83 -E 1 -4 C 83 -E1 -6 C 83 -E1 -13 C 83 -E2 -1 C 83 -E3 -2 C 83 -E3 -4b i s C 83 -E3 -10 C 83 -E3 -20 C 83 -F 1 -5 C 83 -F1 -6 C 83 -F 1 -8

A 20 D 15 RG 119 K 13 A 38 A 65 K 3 RG84 D 3 K 54 K 5 C 17 C 15 L 28 C 10 RG 124 RG 117 RG 140 C 18 K 4 D 7 C 3 D 5 A 66 RG 116 RG 139 RG 14 1 A 58 A 55 A 64 C 16 RG 126 RG 132 RG 133 RG 134 RG 129 RG 123 RG 135 RG 127 RG 117 RG 138 RG 125 RG 139 RG 126 RG 131 RG 120 RG 130 K 52 A 68 A 6 1 K 44 A 56 KM K 48 RG 142 A 60 K 47 D 36 K 49 K 46

C 83 -F 1 -10 C 83 -F1 -11 C 83 -F 1 -12 C 83 -F 1 -13 C 83 -F 1 -14 C 83 -F 1 -17 C 83 -F 1 -20 C 83 -F 1 -22 C 83 -F 1 -25 C 83 -F 1 -28 C 83 -F1 -29 C 83 -F 1 -32 C 83 -F 1 -39 C 83 -F 1 -41 C 83 -F 1 -42 C 83 -F1 -44 C 83 -F 1-44b i s C 83 -F 1 -46 C 83 -F 1 -53 C 83 -F 1 -54 C 83 -F 1 -55 C 83 -F1 -56 C 83 -F 1 -59 C 83 -F1 -6 1 C 83 -F 1 -67 C 83 -F 1 -72 C 83 -F1 -76 C 83 -F 1 -77 C 83 -F 1 -78 C 83 -F1 -79 C 83 -F 1 -82 C 83 -F 1 -87 C 83 -F 1 -89a C 83 -F 1 -89b C 83 -F 1 -89c C 83 -F1 -9 1 C 83 -F 1 -92 C 83 -F 1 -93 C 83 -F 1 -94 C 83 -F 1 -95 C 83 -F 1 -97 C 83 -F 1 -97b i s C 83 -F 1 -98 C 83 -F 1 -102 C 83 -F 1 -103 C 83 -F 1 -104 C 83 -F1 -106 C 83 -F 1 -107 C 83 -F 1 -108 C 83 -F 1 -109 C 83 -F 1 -116 C 83 -F 1 -117 C 83 -F 1 -118 C 83 -F 1 -119 C 83 -F 1 -12 1 C 83 -F 1 -124 C 83 -F 1 -124b i s C 83 -F 1 -125 C 83 -F 1 -132 C 83 -F 1 -133

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s tra t ion N umb er s C 36 C 35 K 53 A 62 A 57 C 34 K 45 T C4 RG121 RG 122 D 37 K 50 RG125 RG 136 RG 137 RG 128 RG 129 C 37 A 63 RG 118 A 67 M49 M45 M46 M83 M81 M78 M75 M76 M77 M79 M80 M82 G 8 B 2 A 74 RG25 RG28 M17 M27 M30 S 6 C l A 21 L 21 A 22 A 23 K 26 K 25 K 29 K 27 PM P b2 P b3 PM P b5 P b6 P b14 P b 15 P b16

C 83 -F 1 -135 C 83 -F 1 -136 C 83 -F 1 -139 C 83 -F 1 -141 C 83 -F 1 -142 C 83 -F 1 -143 C 83 -F 1 -144 C 83 -F 1 -145 C 83 -F 1 -147 C 83 -F 1 -151 C 83 -F 1 -155 C 83 -F 1 -159 C 83 -F 1 -16 1 C 83 -F 1 -162 C 83 -F 1 -166 C 83 -F 1 -167 C 83 -F 1 -168 C 83 -F 1 -170 C 83 -F 1 -171 C 83 -F 1 -172 C 83 -F 1 -173 C 83 -F2 -7 C 83 -F2 -9 C 83 -F2 -9 C 83 -F2 -52 C 83 -F2 -60 C 83 -F2 -75 C 83 -F2 -84 C 83 -F2 -112 C 83 -F2 -112 C 83 -F2 -134 C 83 -F2 -134 C 83 -F2 -134 C 83 -F5 -57 C 83 -F6 -114 C 83 -H 1 -92 C 83 I1 -37 C 83 -N 1 -7 C 83 -N2 -1 C 83 -N2 -1 C 83 -N2 -3 C 83 -N3 -8 C 83 -Y1 -3 C 83 -Y 1 -7 C 83 -Y1 -9 C 83 -Y1 -10 C 83 -Y1 -12 C 83 -Y1 -14 C 83 -Y1 -20 C 83 -Y1 -22 C 83 -Y1 -32 C 83 -Y2 -1 C 83 -Y2 -2 C 83 -Y2 -3 C 83 -Y2 -4 C 83 -Y2 -5 C 83 -Y2 -6 C 83 -Y2 -6 .1 C 83 -Y2 -6 .2 C 83 -Y2 -6 .3

P b 17 P b 18 P b 19 P b20 P b2 1 P b7 P b8 C u2 C u3 C u5 C u4 C u6 P b9 P b 10 P b l1 M34 S 8 S 9 RG30 L 6 RG47 M35 RG43 S 4 N O4 RG38 RG33 RG59 I A RG79 L 13 RG34 RG35 C 44 D 42 A 26 A 4 1 A 34 K 9 A 40 K 10 A 13 A 33 K 77 RG 9 RG2 1 RG 10 RG 11 RG72 K 64 K 65 C 4 1 C 40 RG 151 K 76 D 39 K 59 RG 169 K 73 K 6 1

C 83 -Y2 -6 .4 C 83 -Y2 -6 .5 C 83 -Y2 -6 .6 C 83 -Y2 -6 .7 C 83 -Y2 -6 .8 C 83 -Y2 -7 C 83 -Y2 -8 C 83 -Y2 -8 .1 C 83 -Y2 -8 .2 C 83 -Y2 -8 .3 C 83 -Y2 -8 .4 C 83 -Y2 -8 .5 C 83 -Y2 -9 C 83 -Y2 -10 C 83 -Y2 -11 C 83 -Y2 -100 C 83 -Y3 -1 C 83 -Y3 -25 C 83 -Z 1 -1 C 83 -Z 1 -2 C 83 -Z 1 -3 C 83 -Z2 -4 C 84 -D 1 -1 C 84 -D3 -64 C 84 -D4 -1 C 84 -H1 -1 C 84 -H 1 -2 C 84 -H1 -2b i s C 84 -H 1 -3 C 84 -H1 -3b i s C 84 -H1 -4 C 84 -H1 -5 C 84 -H1 -6 C 84 -H1 -7 C 84 -H1 -8 C 84 -H1 -10 C 84 -H 1 -11 C 84 -H1 -12 C 84 -H1 -16 C 84 -H1 -17 C 84 -H1 -18 C 84 -H1 -19 C 84 -H 1-20 C 84 -H 1 -21 C 84 -H 1 -22 C 84 -H 1 -23 C 84 -H 1 -24 C 84 -H1 -25 C 84 -H 1-25b i s C 84 -H1 -29 C 84 -H1 -30 C 84 -H1 -31 C 84 -H 1 -32 C 84 -H1 -33 C 84 -H1 -34 C 84 -H1 -35 C 84 -H1 -36 C 84 -H 1 -37 C 84 -H 1 -38 C 84 -H1 -39

C oncordan ce so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s D 46 A 75 K 55 K 57 K 68 C 46 K 70 A 78 K 72 RG 164 RG168 RG 156 RG 165 L 34 L 36 L 35 RG 166 D 47 D 44 K 56 K 74 A 79 A 73 T C5 T C6 C 43 C 38 A 89 K 62 D 38 RG167 K 69 A 71 RG 143 A 83 A 69 K 79 K 66 D 43 RG 155 RG163 RG144 RG147 K 58 K 67 A 44 RG58 D 2 K 12 RG 152 L 29 A 14 K 14 RG39 RG63 BG3 C 14 A 81 RG 159 D 40

C 84 -H1 -4 1 C 84 -H1-42 C 84 -H1 -44 C 84 -H1-45 C 84 -H1-47 C 84 -H1 -48 C 84 -H1 -49 C 84 -H1 -50 C 84 -H 1 -52 C 84 -H1 -54 C 84 -H1 -55 C 84 -H1 -56 C 84 -H1 -57 C 84 -H1 -58 C 84 -H1 -59 C 84 -H1 -60 C 84 -H1 -64 C 84 -H 1 -66 C 84 -H 1 -68 C 84 -H1 -69 C 84 -H1 -70 C 84 -H1 -71 C 84 -H1 -72 C 84 -H1 -73 C 84 -H1 -74 C 84 -H1 -75 C 84 -H1 -76 C 84 -H1 -77 C 84 -H1 -78 C 84 -H1 -79 C 84 -H1 -80 C 84 -H 1 -81 C 84 -H1 -82 C 84 -H1 -83 C 84 -H1 -87 C 84 -H 1 -88 C 84 -H 1 -89 C 84 -H1 -90 C 84 -H1 -91 C 84 -H1 -94 C 84 -H1 -95 C 84 -H1 -96 C 84 -H1 -97 C 84 -H 1 -99 C 84 -H1 -10 1 C 84 -H1 -103 C 84 -H1 -104 C 84 -H1 -105 C 84 -H1 -106 C 84 -H1 -107 C 84 -H1 -108 C 84 -H1 -109 C 84 -H 1 -110 C 84 -H 1 -112 C 84 -H1 -113 C 84 -H1 -116 C 84 -H1 -117 C 84 -H 1 -118 C 84 -H1 -119 C 84 -H1 -120

RG 148 C 42 K 80 K 63 D 45 A 7 RG 12 A 30 A 19 A 42 A 88 A 86 K 78 RG 157 A 70 K 71 A 84 A 76 RG 170 L 31 L 30 RG 160 RG 145 L 32 RG 150 RG 153 RG 154 K 81 C 45 A 82 A 72 A 87 D 4 1 A 27 A 85 A 28 A 80 T C2 K 6 D 16 L 11 RG22 T C 1 K 75 L 20 L 2 L 33 RG 162 A 36 C 13 D 9 A 17 A 16 C 39 A 77 RG 171 RG16 1 RG 149 RG 158 RG 146

C 84 -H1 -121 C 84 -H1 -122 C 84 -H1 -123 C 84 -H1 -124 C 84 -H1 -125 C 84 -H1 -127 C 84 -H1 -128 C 84 -H1-129 C 84 -H1-130 C 84 -H1-131 C 84 -H1 -133 C 84 -H1 -134 C 84 -H1 -135 C 84 -H1 -136 C 84H1 -137 C 84 -H1 -138 C 84 -H1-139 C 84 -H1-140 C 84 -H1-145 C 84 -H1-146 C 84 -H1 -147 C 84 -H1-148 C 84 -H1 -149 C 84 -H1 -150 C 84 -H1-151 C 84 -H1-152 C 84 -H1-153 C 84 -H1 -154 C 84 -H1-155 C 84 -H1-156 C 84 -H1-158 C 84 -H1-162 C 84 -H1-163 C 84 -H1-215 C 84 -H1-216 C 84 -H1 -217 C 84 -H1 -218 C 84 -H1 -2 19 C 84 -H1-222 C 84 -H1 -223 C 84 -H1 -226 C 84 -H1 -227 C 84 -H1-228 C 84 -H1 -230 C 84 -H1 -236 C 84 -H1 -237 C 84 -H1 -238 C 84 -H1 -239 C 84 -H1-241 C 84 -H1 -242 C 84 -H1 -243 C 84 -H1-244 C 84 -H 1-245 C 84 -H1 -246 C 84 -H1 -247 C 84 -H 1 -248 C 84 -H1 -249 C 84 -H 1 -250 C 84 -H1 -251 C 84 -H 1-252

C oncordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s K 60 Mll M36 MO9 M84 M89 M86 M42 M43 M12 M85 M87 S 5 N 01 N 75 N 71 N 72 N 73 N 74 N 66 N 52 N 59 N 50 N 61 N 62 N 64 N 63 N 65 N 67 N 51 N 53 N 55 N 57 N 49 N 60 N 68 N 69 N 56 N 58 N 70 N 54 G 10 G 9 G il B 3 W3 RG175 RG23 RG 176 RG 179 RG 182 RG 180 RG 181 C 47 RG 178 RG 177 RG74 RG75 RG24 L 37

C 84 -H1 -253 C 844 12 -9 C 84 -H2 -15 C 84 -H2 -28 C 84 -H2 -67 C 84 -H2 -85 C 84 -H2 -100 C 84 -H2 -102 C 84 -H2 -102 C 84 -H2 -115 C 84 -H2 -132 C 84 -H2 -14 1 C 84 -H3 -111 C 84 -H4 -27 C 84 -H4 -62 C 84 -H4 -142 C 84 -H4 -142 C 84 -H4 -142 C 84 -H4 -142 C 84 -H4 -165 C 84 -H4 -166 C 84 -H4 -175 C 84 -H4 -177 C 84 -H4 -180 C 84 -H4 -182 C 84 -H4 -183 C 84 -H4 -184 C 84 -H4 -185 C 84 -H4 -187 C 84 -H4 -189 C 84 -H4 -190 C 84 -H4 -191 C 84 -H4 -194 C 84 -H4 -196 C 84 -H4 -197 C 84 -H4 -198 C 84 -H4 -199 C 84 -H4 -200 C 84 -H4 -20 1 C 84 -H4 -232 C 84 -1 14 -234 C 84 -H5 -143 C 84 -H5 -144 C 84 -H5 -229 C 84 -H6 -16 1 C 84 -H7 -225 C 84 11 -10 C 84 11 -13 C 84 I 1 -15 C 84 I1 -16 C 84 I 1 -18 C 84 1 1 -19 C 84 1 1 -23 C 84 I1 -25 C 84 11 -27 C 84 I 1 -32 C 84 I1 -34 C 84 I1 -35 C 8441 -36 C 84 11 -38

L 38 L 5 RG73 RG 172 RG 173 RG55 RG36 RG 174 RG76 N O6 N 76 L 12 K 16 RG29 A 31 A 9 A l A 2 A 3 RG80 K 24 RG77 RG57 K ll RG51 A ll K l D 8 RG81 K 7 K 15 K 8 M4 1 S 7 G 2 B 1 RG48 A 43 RG49 RG82 RG78 N 39 N 36 N 38 N 25 G 3 G 4 M33 M47 M88 C u1 P b 12 C u7 C u l5 F e3 C u l0 F e4 R 1 R 2 C u l2

C 8441-42 C 84 I1-48 C 84 11a 12 C 84 11a -17 C 84 11a -20 C 844 l a -22 C 84 1 1a 1 -30 C 84 11b -26 C 84 11b 1 -39 C 8444 -1 C 84 14 -2 C 84 -R1 -1 C 84 -R 1 -3 C 84 -R 1 -4 C 84 -R 1 -5 C 84 -R 1 -6 C 84 -R 1 -7 C 84 -R 1 -8 C 84 -R 1 -10 C 84 -R1 -12 C 84 -R 1 -13 C 84 -R1 -13b i s C 84 -R 1 -14 C 84 -R 1 -15 C 84 -R 1 -17 C 84 -R 1 -18 C 84 -R 1 -20 C 84 -R 1 -22 C 84 -R 1 -23 C 84 -R 1 -24 C 84 -R 1 -25 C 84 -R 1 -27 C 84 -R2 -26 C 84 -R3 -2 C 84 -R5 -16 C 84 -R6 -28 C 84 -T 1 -2 C 84 -T 1 -3 C 84 -T 1 -7 C 84 -T 1 -14 C 84 -T 1 -15 C 84 -T4 -1 C 84 -T4 -6 C 84 -T4 -10 C 84 -T4 -11 C 84 -T5 -8 C 84 -T5 -9 C 84 -Z2 -1 C 84 -Z2 -2 C 85 -H2 -84 C 85 -Y2 -3 C 85 -Y2 -4 C 86 -Y2 -1 C 86 -Y2 -8 C 86 -Y2 -9 C 86 -Y2 -10 C 86 -Y2 -11 C 86 -Y2 -12 C 86 -Y2 -13 C 86 -Y2 -15

C on cordance so fO b j ec ta nd R eg i s t ra t ion N umb er s R 3 F e5 C ull F el F e2 C ul3 C ul4 P b 13 C u9 C u8 P b22 P b23

C 86 -Y2 -18 C 86 -Y2 -20 C 86 -Y3 -2 C 86 -Y3 -3 C 86 -Y3 -5 C 87 -Yw -1 C 87 -Yw -2 C 87 -Yw -45 C 87 -Yw -46 -11 C 87 -Yw -46 .10 C 87 .4 -Yw -46 .12 C 87 .4 -Yw -46 .13

I I . U nca ta logued O b je c t sR ef e r red t oi nC a ta l ogue E n t r ie s C 81 -D1 -51 C 8141 -115 C 8141 -116 C 8141 -117 C 8141 -119 C 8141 -131 C 82 -D1 -8 C 82 -D1 -50 C 82 -D 1 -238 C 82 -D 1 -307 C 82 -D1 -314 C 82 -D1 -337 C 82 -G 1 -12 C 82 -G 1 -10 1 C 82 -G 1 -113 C 82 -G 1 -147 C 82 . 11 -3 C 8241 -46 C 8241 -13 C 82 J1 -45 C 8241 -46 C 82 J1 -47 C 83 -F1 -10 C 83 -F 1 -21 C 83 -F 1 -34 C 83 -F 1 -43 C 83 -F 1 -48 C 83 -F1 -64 C 83 -F1 -65 C 83 -F 1 -66 C 83 -F 1 -70 C 83 -F 1 -71 C 83 -F 1 -72b i s C 83 -F1 -81 C 83 -F 1 -88

s e eC 45 s e eK 82 s e eK 82 s e eK 82 s e eK 82 s e eK 82 s e eK 79 s e eK 4 1 s e eK 48 s e eC 38 s e eC 29 s e e KM s e eC 31 s e eK 39 s e e KM s e eK 28 s e eK 86 s e e RG 197 s e e RG 197 s e eC 47 s e e RG 197 s e e RG 197 s e eC 45 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e eK 5 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e eC 47 s e e RG127

C 83 -F1 -90 C 83 -F 1 -91 C 83 -F 1 -96 C 83 -F 1 -99 C 83 -F 1 100 C 83 -F 1 -10 1 C 83 -F 1 103 C 83 -F 1 -104 C 83 -F 1 -138 C 83 -F1 -152 C 83 -F 1 -156 C 83 -F 1 -160 C 83 -F1 163 C 83 -F 1 -164 C 83 -F 1 -165 C 83 -F1 -168 C 83 -F1 -169 C 83 -F 1 -172 C 83 -Y1 -29 C 83 -Y 1 -30 C 83 -Y1 -31 C 83 -Y1 -33 C 84 -H1 -10 C 84 -H1 14 C 84 -H1 -40 C 84 -H1 -43 C 84 -H1 -46 C 84 -H 1 -53 C 84 -H1 -72 C 84 -H1 -160 C 84 -H4 -167 C 84 -H4 -168 C 84 -H4 -169 C 84 -H4 -170 C 84 -H4 -171 C 84 -H4 -172 C 84 -H4 -173 C 84 -H4 -174 C 84 -H4 -176 C 84 -H4 -178 C 84 -H4 -179 C 84 -H4 -181 C 84 -H4 -186 C 84 -H4 -188 C 84 -H4 -192 C 84 -H4 -193 C 84 -H4 -195 C 84 -H4 -231 C 84 -H4 -233 C 84 -H4 -235 C 84 -H4 -240 C 85 -Y1 -34

s e e RG127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e eC 47 s e eK 64 s e e RG127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG127 s e e RG127 s e e RG127 s e e RG 127 s e e RG 127 s e eK 26 s e eK 28 s e eK 28 s e eK 27 s e eA 72 s e eC 6 s e eK 64 s e e KM s e eD 16 s e eK 77 s e eA 72 s e eK 79 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eN 49 s e eK 28

I N DEX A f r ican R ed S l ip : 4 4 -49 , 5 4 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 2 , 11 -12 , 14 -15 , 1 27 , 1 35 -36 , 1 52

E a s t er nT e r ra S i g i l la ta I :4 4 -52 , 5 6 , 5 8 ,8 8 ,9 8 -99 , 10 11 , 1 25 -26 , 1 36 , 1 40 -4 1 , 1 45 -47 , 1 56

A lexand r ia : 1 60

E a s t e rn T e r ra S i g ila ta I :4 5 -46 ,5 3 ,5 8 ,9 9 , 11 , 1 26 , 1 36 , 1 56

A l ta r : 8 3 ,2 23 Ampho ra :3 -24 ,8 7 ,9 1 -92 ,1 07 -9 , 17 -19 ,1 39 ,1 4 1 ,1 43 -44 , 1 47 , 1 49 -60 ,2 23

E ncau s t ic p a in t ing : 2 04 E SA ( s ee E a s te rn T e r ra S i g ila ta I )

Ampho ra ,h o le d r iled i n : 2 0

E TSA ( s ee E a s t e rn T e r ra S i g i l la ta I )

Ampho ra ,l i d : 2 3 -25 , 1 22 , 1 32 -33

E uropa : 1 82 n .1 7 ,2 05 n .3 4

Ampho ra ,r e cyc l ing o f : 8 ,1 51 -52

F a s ten ing s : 1 65 -68 , 1 74 -76 , 1 91 -201 ,2 17

A na s ta s iu sI :7 8 ,8 3 ,8 9 , 1 31 , 1 58 , 1 6 1

F ind s ,c ond i t ion o f : 1 ,3 ,2 4 ,7 7 , 1 49 -50

A ncho r : 8 2 ,8 4 -85 , 1 03 , 1 05 , 1 52

F i nd s ,p r e se rva t ion f i l t e r s : 1 ,3 ,6 5 , 1 49 -50

A ph rod i t e ,s t a tue t t eo f : 6 6 -67 , 1 32

F ind s ,s e lec t ion o f : 1 ,3 ,2 4 ,4 4

A r r e t ine w a re :4 4 ,4 6 ,9 7 , 1 27

F ine w a r e s :4 4 -57 , 1 05 , 1 50 -53 , 1 55 -56

ARS ( s ee A f r ican R ed S l ip )

F i r eb l a cken ing : 3 ,2 4 -25 ,3 4 -39

A ryba l lo s :7 4 , 1 00 -1 , 14

F i sh -hook :6 7 -6 8 , 1 52

B a l la s tb l o ck : 8 2 -83 , 1 52

F i sh p roduc t s : 8 ,1 ,2 0 -2 1 , 3 4 , 1 47 , 1 51 , 1 59 ,2 19

B a r re l :7 ,1 59

F i sh ing w e igh t( s ee We igh t )

B ead : 1 03

F rame : 1 64 -65 , 1 71 -74 , 1 76 -77 , 1 87 -89 ,2 15 -17 ,2 2 1 -23

B e lg ic T e r ra N ig ra :4 6 -47 , 5 6

G ar um ( s ee F i sh p roduc t s )

B oa tya rd ( s ee S h ipw r igh t )

G aza : 1 8 ,2 0 , 17 -18

B o l t : 1 90 -91 , 1 98 -201

G la s s : 8 5 -86 , 1 03 -4 , 14 , 1 32 , 1 47

B one ,w o rk ed : 8 6 , 14 , 1 32

G ra ff i to : 8 ,4 9 ,9 8 , 13 , 1 66 , 1 90 -91

B ra ce le t : 8 5 -86

G ra in t r ade : 2 18 -19

B r az ie r : 1 44 -45

H and le ,m e ta l : 7 4

B reakwa t e r ,r epa i ro f : 7 8 -79 , 1 58 -6 1

H a rbou rd e s ign :4 4

C anda r l iw a re :4 6 -48 , 11

H e r cu le s : 1 27

C a rbon d epo s i t s( s e eF i r eb l a ck en ing )

H e rod t h eG rea t : 1 58 -60

C i r c le ,l e ad : 1 30 , 1 52 , 1 69

H ie ro I : 1 71 , 1 95 ,2 18

C lamp s e t t ing : 7 3 ,7 6

I n sc r ip t ion : 8 ,6 6 , 6 9 -72 , 8 2 , 1 90 -91 ( s ee a l so D ip in to , G ra ff i to , S t amp )

C lay l a yer .8 7 ,9 1 , 1 04 , 1 07 , 17 , 1 53 C oa r s ew a r e : 2 4 -35 ,4 0 -41 , 9 3 -95 , 10 , 1 22 -23 , 1 36 , 1 40 , 1 45 , 1 5 1 -53 ,2 14

I s i s : 2 16 ,2 19

C o in : 7 7 -82 , 1 30 -31 , 1 35 , 1 49 , 1 53 -58

I t a l ian s : 2 7 , 3-34 , 5 9 , 1 60

C o lumn : 8 2

J o ine ry ( s ee Mo r t i se a nd t e non j o in t )

C o rdage ( s ee R ope )

J o sephu s :4 4 ,4 7 ,5 8 , 1 58 , 1 60 ,2 18

C o rk :2 4 ,8 6 , 1 32 -33

J up i te r ,s t a tue t te o f :6 7

C o sm e t ic i n s trumen t : 7 4 , 8 6

K ee l : 2 15 -17

C yl ind e r ,l e ad : 7 5 -76

K ee l son : 2 16

C yp r io tw a re s : 5 3 , 1 26 , 1 58

K ey :6 6 , 1 53

D ip in to : 8 ,2 1 , 1 90

K i t chen w a re : 3 , 2 4 -40 , 8 8 -89 , 9 2 -93 , 1 09 -10 , 15 , 19 2 2 , 1 39 -40 , 1 44 -45 , 1 51 -53 , 1 56 -58

I s i s -Fo r tuna ( s ee T yche )

D ome s t ic w a re :2 4 -35 ,4 1 -43 ,9 5 -97 , 10 ,1 23 -25 ,1 40 ,1 45 , 1 50 -53 , 1 56 -58

L amp :5 7 -63 ,8 5 -86 ,8 8 -89 , 1 00 , 1 04 , 13 , 1 27 -29 ,1 36 -37 , 1 50 , 1 52 -53 , 1 55 -56 , 1 59 -6 1 , 2 23

D unnage : 2 05 , 2 14 -15 2 7 1

I nd ex L amp h o lde r : 5 7 ,6 3 -64

S h ip d e s ign :2 15 -17

L imbe rh o le : 1 89 ,2 14

S h ipw r igh t : 1 60 , 1 70 , 1 76 , 1 83 , 1 90 -91 ,2 18

Mag ic :6 6 ,7 1

S o ld ie r s ,R oman :5 9 -60 , 1 60

Mega r ian b ow l : 1 40 -4 1 , 1 46

S ound ing w e igh t :7 3 , 1 52

Monkey :6 3

S ou th b ay : 1 60 -6 1

Mo r ta r ium : 3 9 ,8 3 ,9 3 , 1 22 ,2 23

S p ik e( s ee N a i l )

Mo r t i se a nd t e non j o in t : 1 63 -64 , 1 74 , 1 78 -87 ,2 20 -2 1

S t amp ,p o t te ry :8 ,1 -12 ,2 2 ,4 7 ,9 7 -98 , 1 27 , 1 39 ,2 23

Mou ld ing ,a r ch i tec tu ra l : 8 2

S t a tue b a se :8 3

Mud l a ye r( s ee C lay l a ye r )

S t ee lya rd :7 3 -75 , 1 30 , 1 5 3

N a i l :7 3 .7 5 , 1 0 1 , 13 , 1 49 , 1 66 -68 , 1 86 -87 , 1 9 1 -20 1

S t ra ine r : 1 69

N e tf l oa t : 8 6

S t ra ton 's T owe r :4 4 ,4 8 ,7 , 14 , 1 47 , 1 5 8

N e t -f ree r( s ee R ing )

S t r inge r : 1 89 -90 ,2 0 1 ,2 17

N e tw e igh t( s ee We igh t )

S t uppa tor es :2 0 1 ,2 11

N o t ch : 1 65 , 1 91

S y racus ia : 1 7 1 , 1 95 ,2 04 ,2 18

O l ive o i l :8 ,1 4 -16 , 1 5 1 , 1 59

T ab le ,f o ld ing :7 4 ,2 23

O l ive s : 1

T a lmud : 1 59

O r bob if ido :2 7 ,3 ,3 7 , 1 20

T e r ra S i g ila ta ,E a s t e rn ( s ee E a s t e rn T e r ra S i g i l la ta )

P e s t le :8 2

T e r ra S i g ila ta ,I t a l ian : 4-49 ,5 4 ,9 7 -98 , 1 27 , 1 35 -36

P i ne c one : 1 70 ,2 14 -15

T e r ra S i g ila ta ,n on I ta l ian :4 4 -49 , 12 , 1 4 1 , 1 60

P i pe :2 1 , 1 68 -69 ,2 05 -10

T e r r aco t ta ,m ou lded :6 3 , 1 00 , 1 49 -50

P i t ch :3 ,8 ,1 5 -16 ,2 0 -24 ,3 4 ,4 0 -42 ,8 7 -88 ,9 1 -97 ,9 9 ,1 08 , 10 , 17 -19 , 1 23 -24 , 1 33 , 1 52 , 1 68 , 1 80 ,2 0 1 -4

T ouch s tone :8 3

T hy r so s : 1 29

P i tche r ,l e ad : 1 29 -30 P l ank ing : 1 63 -64 , 1 71 -74 , 1 76 -87 ,2 20 -21

T rad e ,i n t e rna t iona l : 5 8 , 1 , 1 5 ,2 7 ,3 -34 ,4 4 -45 ,4 8 ,5 7 6 0 ,7 , 1 05 , 1 33 , 1 49 -6 1

P l ug t re ena i l( s ee F a s ten ing s )

T rade ,l o ca l :5 8 ,7 7 , 1 57 , 1 60

P ompe ian R ed Wa r e : 3 , 1 20 , 1 22

T r eena i l( s ee F a s t en ing s )

P o rm s : 1 5 1 , 1 60

T yche ,s t a tue t te o f :6 7

P ozzo lana : 1 60

V au l t ing t u be :6 3 , 1 29

P ump : 1 65 , 1 89 ,2 05 -6 ,2 13 -14

V enu s( s ee A ph rod i te )

P ump b ox : 1 68 -69 ,2 05 -10 ,2 17 R abb in ica ll i t e ra tu re : 1 57 -59

Wa l e : 1 74 , 1 79 -80 , 1 82 , 1 90 , 1 93 -94 , 1 97 , 1 99 -205 ,2 18 , 2 2 1 -22

R e l ie fw a re s , mou lded :4 6 -47 ( s ee a l so T e r ra s i g i l la ta )

Wa she r : 1 90 , 1 98 -20 1 ,2 17

R e s in ( s ee p i tch )

Wa te r ,d r ink ing :8 ,1 6 , 1 5 1

R es t ione s :2 11

Wa te r cou r s e : 1 6 5 , 1 70 , 1 89 ,2 14 ,2 16 -17 , 22 n .4 8 .

R eve tmen tp l aque : 1 03

Wax :2 04 -5

R ing ,b r a il ing : 7 3 , 1 52 , 1 69 ,2 10 -11

We igh t ,f i sh ing o rn e t : 6 8 -73 ,8 2 ,8 9 , 1 0 1 -3 , 1 0 5 , 13 -14 , 1 30 , 1 49 , 1 52 -53 ,

R ing ,b ronze :7 4 , 1 00

W ine :6 8 , 1 -24 , 1 5 1

R ing ,f i nger .6 5 -66

Wood ,s p ec ie so f : 1 04 , 1 63 , 1 70 -78

R ing ,n e t -f ree r :7 3 , 1 52 ,2 10 -11

Wooden o b jec t s :6 5 ,8 6 , 1 04 , 1 49 , 1 52

R ome : 1 5 1 , 1 59 -60 R oo f t i le : 13 R ope : 1 65 , 1 70 , 1 9 1 ,2 11 -14 ,2 17 S ama r ia -Seba s te : 1 49 -50 , 1 55 , 1 60 S andy w a re :4 6 ,4 8

E go J o hanne se xp l icav i V I I II d . Ma ia sa nno D om in i MCMXC IV , S o lus i nc e l la o paca • P rocu la bP a lae s t inae a pr ico l i t or e , Q uond am u b ie gr e s s ia bu nd i si u ven e s , r e cuban t e s C ec in imu sp a tu lae , a m ic i , s ub t e gm ine p a lmae . G ra t ia st i b ia go ,D om ine .

S ca r fj o in t : 1 64 , 1 85 -87 ,2 00 -1 S cu lp tu r e :6 6 -67 , 1 32 , 1 49 S hea th ing ,l e ad :7 3 ,7 6 , 1 52 , 1 68 ,2 17 S heave b l ock :8 6 , 1 04 -5 , 1 53 S h im : 1 65 , 1 90 2 72

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k l ET E ES

A l

A 4

A 5

A 7 F ig . 2 . U n s t ra t i f ied Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) .

A 6

O e A l2

A 8

A 9

A l4

A 10

A ll

A l5 F ig . 3 . U n s t ra t i f ied Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) .

A 18 A 16 A 17

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A 2 1

A 22

A 25

A 29

A 27

F ig . 4 . U n s t ra t if ied Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) .

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11 A 31

A 34

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A 37 F ig . 5 . U n s t ra t if ied Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) .

A 39

A 38

A 4 1

A 42

A 43

K 1

K 2

F ig . 6 . U n s t ra t i f ied Ampho r a s( 1 :4 )a nd U t i l i ta r ian w a re ( 1 :3 ) .

K 3

K 5

K 10

K 8

K 11

K 12 F ig . 7 . U n s t ra t i f ied U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) .

K 13

K 14

K 15

K 19

K 17

K 21

K 23 F ig . 8 . U n s t ra t i f ied U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) .

K 20

F ig . 9 . U n s t ra t i f ied U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) .

C l

C 4

C 3

C 5 C 6

C 7

C 11

C 9

C 10 F i g . 1 0 . U n s t ra t i f ied U t il i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) .

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C 13

C 12

C 14

C 16

C 17

C 15

C 18

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D 1

D 2

D 4

D 3

D 5

F ig . 1 . U n s t ra t i f i ed U t il i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) .

D 7 D6 D8

D 10

D 9

D 11

D 12

D 13

D 15 D 16

D 14

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F ig . 1 2 . U n s t ra t i f ie c lU t il i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) .

RG2

RG3

RG4

RG6

RG7

7 J RG8

RG9

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RG 10

RG 12

RG 13

F ig . 1 3 . U n s t ra t i f ied F i ne Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG 14

RG 15

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RG 16

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RG 18

RG20

RG 19

RG21

RG23

RG22

RG25

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F ig . 1 4 . U n s t ra t i f ied F i ne Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG28

RG29

RG31

RG30

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RG33

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F ig . 1 5 . U n s t ra t i f ied F i ne Wa re ( 1 :2 ) .

RG35

RG36

RG37

RG39

RG42

RG43

RG45

RG44

RG46

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F ig . 1 6 . U n s t ra t i f i ed F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG47

RG48

O 0 D oPO D OD P Dbo D Dr ib

RG49

RG51

RG52

RG53

-

21

RG54

RG55

RG56

RG57 F ig . 1 7 . U n s t ra t i f ie c lF i ne Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG59 RG58

RG60

RG61

RG65

RG66 , RG70

RG72

L 1111 11111 1

u me n u m nv ez t m unn tmmz u nmwn

RG73

RG74

RG75 F ig . 1 8 .

U n s t ra t if ied F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

1 / 1. 1

e G77

( .

N

/

2G78

el il i f i e 28 °1 01 4

RG81

1

-‘ )

1 1 11 e 1

RG84

F ig . 1 9 . U n s t ra t i f ie c lF ine Wa r e ( 1 :2 ) .

l

/ BG2

I I I i

1 .1410 ..

9 . ,1 01

4

BG4 BG3

L 2

L 3

L 4

L 13

L 11

L 12 F ig . 2 0 . U n s t ra t i f ie c lF i ne Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

L 2 1

L 14

TC2

M2

M3

M 1

M6

F ig .2 1 .

M7

U n s t ra t if ied L amp s( 1 :2 ) ,T e r raco t ta ( 1 :3 ) ,a nd Me ta lo b jec t s( Ml - M2 1 : 1 ; M3 - M7 1 : 2 ) .

M12

M1 0

M8

M 11 M13

M18 M14

M19

M20

M23

M25 1 12; Z

0

M26

M32

F ig . 2 2 . U n s t ra t if ied Me ta lO b jec t s( 1 :2 ) .

M27

1 1 1 1 11 1 13

M33

M30

am .

S 7 S 3

G 2

G 3 F ig . 2 3 . U n s t ra t if ied Me ta l ,S t one ,a nd G la s sO b jec t s( 1 :2 ) .

G 4

• ä

B 1

W1

D epo s i t1

K 30

K 31 A 45

A 46 RG85

RG87 RG86 F ig . 2 4 . U n s t ra t i f ied B one a nd Wood O b jec t s( 1 :2 ) .D epo s i t1 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) ,U t il i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) , F i ne Wa re ( 1 :2 ) .

L 24

M50

M52

D epo s i t2

A 47

A 49

A 48

F ig . 2 5 . D epo s i t 1 :L amp s ( 1 :2 ) ,F i sh ing We igh t s ( 1 :2 ) . D epos i t2 : Ampho ra s ( 1 :4 ) .

A 52

A 51

A 54

A 53

K 32

K 33 K 34

K 35

F ig . 2 6 . D epo s i t2 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) ,U t il i ta r ian Wa re ( 1 :3 ) .

K 36

K 38

K 39

K 40

K 4 1

K 42

C 19

C 20

1 1

0 C 22

F ig . 2 7 . D epo s i t2 :U t il i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) .

C 2 1

•

C 25

C 23 C 26 C 24

C 27 C 28

C 29

C 33 C 32 C 30

/ / // / / / / // / // / / /

D 18

D 19

D 2 1 F ig . 2 8 . D epo s i t2 :U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) .

D 20

D 22

D 25

D 23 D 24

D 27 D 26

D 28

D 29 D 31

D 30

D 33 D 34 D 32 Cue»

RG89

F ig . 2 9 . D epo s i t2 :U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) ,F i ne Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG90

RG91

RG93

RG92

RG94

RG95

RG96

RG97

RG98 RG99

RG 100

F ig . 3 0 . D epo s i t2 :F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG 10 1

RG 103

RG 102

• •

RG 104 RG 105

RG 108

RG 109

RG 110

RG 111 F i g . 3 1 . D epo s i t2 :F ine Wa re ( 1 :2 ) ,0 00 .

3

I f

RG 113

RG 114

RG115

M54

L 26

C AZ = M59

M61

M67

M65 M63

M66

M74

M72

F ig .3 2 .

D epo s i t2 :F ine Wa re ( 1 :2 ) ,L amp ( 1 :2 ) , Me ta lo b jec t s( 1 :2 ) .

I.

G 5

G 7 W2

D epo s i t3

A 57 A 55

A 56

•

•• •• r e .

•

. .... —

•

A 58

. • • •• • •.

F ig . 3 3 . D epo s i t2 :G la s s( 1 :2 ) , Wood ( 1 :2 ) .D epo s i t3 : Ampho ra s ( 1 :4 ) .

A 59

A 62

A 60

A 6 1

A 63

A 64

A 65

A 66 F ig . 3 4 . D epo s i t3 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) .

A 67

A 68

7.

K 44

K 45

K 46

K 47

K 48

K 50

K 49

K 51

K 52

K 53 F ig . 3 5 . D epo s i t3 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) , U t il i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) .

K 54

C 35

C 36

C 37

D 36 D 37

2

RG116 RG 117

_

RG 119

RG120

RG 121 F ig . 3 6 . D epo s i t3 :U t i l i ta r ian Wa r e( 1 :3 ) ,F i ne Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG 122

RG123

RG 124

L

M MM RG125

3 "w l..°M . " 1 11 1 .1

R " 1 G 1 P 1. 26

RG 127

RG 128

RG 129 F ig . 3 7 . D epo s i t3 :F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

J.

RG 130

RG 132

RG 134

w imm i l

ow wwww i l ma l la M183

RG 135 1

RG 136

RG 137

F ig . 3 8 . D epo s i t3 :F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG 138

RG 139

RG 140

RG 14 1

RG 142

L 28

T C4 F ig . 3 9 . D epo s i t3 :F ine Wa r e( 1 :2 ) ,L amp ( 1 :2 ) ,R oo f t i le ( 1 :3 ) .

B 2

M81 M82

D epo s i t4

A 69

A 70

A 74

A 71

A 77

A 75

F ig . 4 0 . D epo s i t3 : Me ta l( 1 :2 ) , B one ( 1 :2 ) .D epo s i t4 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) .

A 79 A 78

A 81

A 80

A 83

A 82

A 85

A 86 F ig . 4 1 . D epo s i t4 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) .

A 88

K 55

K 56

K 58

K 57 F ig . 4 2 . D epo s i t4 : Ampho r a s( 1 :4 ) ,U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) .

K 59

K 60

K 6 1

K 62

K 64

K 63

K 65

K 66

K 67

K 68

K 69

K 71

K 72 ,41.

K 73 F ig . 4 3 . D epo s i t4 :U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) .

K 74

K 75

K 76

K 77

K 78

K 79

K 80

C 41

C 40 C 39

F ig . 4 4 . D epo s i t4 :U t i l i ta r ian w a re ( 1 :3 ) .

C 43

C 42

C 45

C 46 D 38

C 44

D 39

D 40

D 42 D 43 D 41 F ig . 4 5 . D epo s i t4 :U t i l i ta r ian w a re ( 1 :3 ) .

D 44

D 45

1

D 47

RG 143

RG144

RG 146

RG 147

RG 145

RG 149 RG 148

RG 151

RG 150

RG152

F ig . 4 6 . D epo s i t4 :U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) ,F i ne w a re ( 1 :2 ) .

RG 155 RG 154

a im u um esm i ma l l

i RG 158

RG 156

RG 160

RG 162

n A ' RG -1 63

RG 166

7

1 1 3

T

RG 164 RG 167 F ig . 4 7 . D epo s i t4 :F ine w a r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG 169

RG168

f l omp ow ' RG 17 1

L 31

L 33 F ig . 4 8 . D epo s i t4 :F ine w a r e( 1 :2 ) ,L amp s( 1 :2 ) .

L 32

L 35

T C5 L 34

T C6

L 36

M88

M89

G il M84 •

B 3

D epo s i t5

RG 172 RG 173

1 G 174

RG 175

F ig . 4 9 . D epo s i t4 :L amp s( 1 :2 ) ,T e r ra co t ta s( 1 :3 ) ,B one ( 1 :1 ) ,G la s s( 1 :2 ) , Me ta l( 1 :2 ) .D epo s i t5 :F i ne w a r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG 176

\

1 18

RG 177

N

RG 178

RG 180 RG 179

RG 182

C 47

D epo s i t6

A 92 A 91

A 90

A 93

K 82

F ig . 5 0 . D epo s i t5 :F ine w a re ( 1 :2 ) ,U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) .D epo s i t6 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) ,U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) .

C 49 C 48

C 51

D 48

C 50

RG 183

RG 184

BG5 e

RG 185 r

RG 187

RG 186

L I P 1 11 1 ° RG 188

F ig . 5 1 . D epo s i t6 :U t i l i ta r ian w a r e( 1 :3 ) ,F ine w a re ( 1 :2 ) .

RG 190

RG 189

RG 191

D epo s i t7

A 97

A 99 F ig . 5 2 . D epo s i t6 :F i ne w a r e( 1 :2 ) .D epo s i t7 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) .

A 98

A 101 A 102 A 100

A 104

A 103

F ig . 5 3 .

D epo s i t7 : Ampho ra s ( 1 :4 ) .

K 83

K 84

A 105

K 85 K 86

C 52

C 53

D 49

D5 0 D 51

C 54 F ig . 5 4 . D epo s i t7 : Ampho ra s( 1 :4 ) ,U t i l i ta r ian w a re ( 1 :3 ) .

RG 193 RG 192

RG 195

RG 194

\ \

\

BG6

BG7

I

RG 197

F ig . 5 5 . D epo s i t7 :F ine w a r e( 1 :2 ) .

RG 198

RG199

RG200

BG8

BG9

1.•• • •

RG20 1

F ig . 5 6 . D epo s i t7 :F ine w a r e( 1 :2 ) .

MED ITERRANEAN S EA

1

I

e < . .

, . . . , , , . . . . . „ _ , ,

\ \ \

\

\

\

\ • /

• • • , . .« . ,_ . _ ,. .

Al i

• •

C ru sade rF o r t i f i ca t ion

_/ I

r ' s ) ,

1

S ewe r

---e . -_ /zz

-7

. R .

I

0

,

• N

1

••

. . . . . . .

.... ---

,. „ . j

/

i

44 ,

m r

/ /

I 1 I 1 t % 1

/ l • 1

N . ,

-) L a te H e l len i s t ic F o r t i f ic i I I .) i ( I i .-

I

/ 1

. . -> . . / / I i

. . • . ..

. i -_ . . _. .. .-- I . „ . . . .

I

1

L a t eR oman F o r t if i ca t ion s

I/ _ , • ,. .

1

I

. .

t = ' 5 3 = _ s _ r

. . .. . . . . . .--

---

.•.)

I )

\

• « . -

I

/

-

F ig . 5 7 . L oca t ion o fS h ipw reck i nr e la t ion t oH a rbou r( S .S a ch s ) .

•

• %• ••

; • _ ; , "

• • -

I t L L h .,j. .

7.. " .ruo t:

•

2 ( _

L L

(

7 t • U _

F ig . 5 8 .

S chema t ic p l an o f S h ipw reck h u l l a s e xcava ted i n 1 983 a nd 1 986 , w i th l o ca t ion s o f c oppe r o r b ronze f a s ten ing s( F )a nd i r on n a i l s( N ) i nf r ame t o p s .

S ou th S urvey P o in t

5

5

V )

a d

c e

z —4—

—

F ig . 5 9 . P l an o f1 986 e xcava t ion a r ea sa nd p r obe g r id .

0 0

C r )

C A

» ..

F ig . 6 0 . P l an o fF rame s8 11 ,a nd 1 3 , 1 986 ( L .G o ldb e rg ) .

= . .

F rame S h im ( ? )

M = 0 U L . a . ) l e

. = 2 2 " ä

e E

0

F ig . 6 1 .

P l an o fF rame 3 5 a nd a s soc ia ted p l ank ing , 1 986 ( L .G o ldbe rg ) .

F rame

7

8

1 0

9

1 2

1

1 3

T enon P eg s F ig . 6 2 .1 .

E leva t ion o fw e s tp l ank ing e dge a nd F ram e s7 13 , 1 986 ( L .G o ldbe r g ) .

F rame

1 4

1 7

1 6

1 5

T r eena i l T reena i l

C oppe ro rB ronze F a s ten ing

F ig . 6 2 .2 .

F rame

E leva t ion o fw e s tp l ank ing e dge a nd F ram e s 1 4 -17 , 1 988 ( D . Mc In t i r e ) .

1

1 2

1 3

1 0

I

e e

-4

8

% 1 1 4 "

V ee M ll

a

=

1

211

; i .

e

' •

Fe jleFn>

. % , ' •

•

.

•gal

•c ,

C oppe ro rB ronze N a i l

. 1 e .r " 4 . k "e i ".

b • : • (

N a i l sD r iven i n to P l ank E dge

F ig . 6 2 .3 .

E leva t ion o fe a s tp l ank ing e dge a nd F r am e s8 ,1 0 -13 ( L .G o ldbe rg ) .

1M M

W m"

0

1 1 1 1M IN

I Z M IR

1 1 1• 1 1 1 1 M IZ M I I

0 . 5

F ig .6 2 . E leva t ion o fe a s ta nd w e s tp l ank ing e dge sa nd f r ame s .

M I I

M I I I IM M I l l

1m

E nd V iew

O u te rP lank S u r face

E nd V iew

Uppe rP lank E dge

I nne rP lank S u r f ace

L owe rP lank E dge

0

0 . 10

F ig . 6 3 . F ragmen to fp l ank ( L . G o ldbe rg ) .

0 . 20

m

r c t .:

: 7 .

0 0 .

F ig .6 4 . P rof i le o fF rame s8 ,1 3 ;h u l ls e c t ion a tF r ame 3 8 . S chema t ic h ul s e c t ion a tF rame 3 8 . R ep re sen ta t ion o fS t rake G a s aw a le i sc on jec tu ra l .

P rof i le o fF rame 1 3 ,w i th c on jec tu ra lt r eena i lp a th s ( L . G o ldbe rg ) .

E

g z . 3

D o

F r ame 8

F r ame 1 3

F ig . 6 5 .1 .

P rof i le o fF rame s8 ,1 3 , 3 8 ;l a te ra la l ignmen ti sa pp rox ima te .

F rame C oppe ro rB ronze F a s ten ing

I r on N a i l 2 2 2 3 2 4

C oppe ro rB ronze F a s t en ing

1m F i g . 6 5 .2 .

P l an o fF rame s2 2 -24 , 1 988 ( D . Mc In t i r e ) .

F i g .6 5 . * P ro f i le o fF rame s8 ,1 3 ,3 8 .P l an o fF r ame s2 2 -24 .

F rame

•

•

8

.

9

J .

•

• . ‘ •r :

1 0 1

,.

.•

J . ,• •• • ' • 1 . ;•

. •X

1 3

• e • -‘

R op ei n Wa t e rcou r se

2 2 2 3 2 4

R ope i n Wa te r cou r se

3 3 5

0

0 . 5

1m

F ig . 6 6 . P l an o fh u l lt i mb e r sr e co rded i n1 986 , 1 988 .N o te i n con s i s ten ta l ignmen to ff m i shed h a l f f r ame e x t rem i t ie s w i th b roken e nd s o ff l oo r t i mbe r s a tw e s t e dge . G ap s b e tween f l oo r t i mb e r s a nd f u t tock s a l ign w i th t h e w a te r cou r se s .

C u2

C u3

C u4

C u5

C u6

0

C u7

C u8

0 F ig . 6 7 . C oppe ra nd b ron ze n a i l s( D . Me ie r ) .

5

1 0 a n

F ig . 6 8 .2 .

F ig . 6 8 .1 .

0

F ig . 6 8 .3 .

H ead o ff a s ten ing C ul3 ( D . Me ie r ) .

C a s tr e pl ica o fc onc re t ion Cul2 ( H .D e Wo l f ) .

6c m

C oppe ro rb ronze w a she r s : A . c o r e o f Cul4 , B .c a s tr e p l ica o f Cul4 ; C . c o re o fC ul5 , D . C a s tr e pl i ca o f Cul5 ( H . D e Wo l f ) .

F e3 F e4

F el F e2

0 F ig . 6 9 .1 .

6c m

C a s tr e pl ica so fi r on n a i l sa nd at a ck ( D . Me ie r ) .

T op V iew

0

S o lde r ed S eam

0 . 20

I n t e r io rL ead S hee t s E nd V iew

S i de V iew

F ig . 6 9 .2 .

S chema t ic r e con s t r uc t ion o fl e ad b ox ( Pb12 )a nd a t tached p i pe ( M .F i t zge ra ld ) .

CTER IST ICS

F i g . 7 0 . S chema t ic r e con s t r uc t ion o fG r eco -Rom an m e thod so fp egg ing s c a r ft i p s( M .F i t zge r a ld ) .

C ae sa r ea F r ame 8

C a e s a r ea F r ame 1 3

t ; ' ,4 • " . •

C a e sa r ea F r ame 3 8

L a Mad rague D eG ien sF r ame 13

0

0 . 5

F ig . 7 1 . C ompa r i son o fc u rva tu r e so fC a esa r ea F ram e s8 ,1 3 ,3 8 ,a nd Mad rague d eG ien sF rame 13 ;f l a t so ff r ame s a r eo r ien ted p a ra l le l( G ien sf r ame a f te rP omey 1 978a :p l .3 6 ) .

A 33

A 44

K 18

P l a te 1 . U ns t ra t i f ied Ampho ra s ,U t i l i ta r ian w a r e .

P la te 2 . Uns t ra t i f ied Ampho ra , U t i l i ta r ian w a re ,F ine w a re ,L amp .

e a

e,

P la te 3 . U n s t ra t i f ied L amp s .

L 10

L 8

L 7

L 13

L 9

P la te 4 . Un s t ra t if ied L amp s .

L 15

L 19

L 20

L 21

P la te 5 . Uns t ra t if ied L amp s , T e r raco t ta .

TC1

M1

Ml

M2

P la te 6 . U ns t ra t if ie c l Me ta l Ob jec t s : R ing s .

M3

M4

P la te 7 . Uns t ra t i t le c l Me ta l Ob ject s : S cu lp tu re .

a i m

P l a te 8 . Me ta lO b jec t s :U n s t r a t i f ied S cu lp tu re ;U n s t ra t i f ied a nd S t ra t i f ied F i sh ing We igh t s .

P la te 9 . Me ta lO b jec t s : U n s t ra t i f ied a nd S t ra t i f ied F i sh ing We igh t s .

M82

M20

M21

M52

II

1 11 1 11 11 11 1 1 N 1 28 M29

P l a te 1 0 . Me t a lO b jec t s :U n s t ra t i f ied a nd S t ra t if i ed F i sh ing We igh t s ;U n s t ra t i f ied N e t -f r ee r( M28 ) , B ro i l ing r i ng ( M29 ) .

M34

M34

M36

M34

P la te 1 . U ns t ra t if ied Me ta lO b jec t s : F o ld ing t a b le ( M34 ) , S t ee lya rd c oun te rwe igh t (M36 ) .

T

I

t

111 11 1 1 M76

M37

M38

II l l M39

I l l

M I M58

I I

I I

M56

M40

M40

P la te 1 2 . Me ta l Ob jec ts : U n s t ra t if ied a nd S t ra t if ied N a i ls ; U ns t ra t if ied L ead c y l inde r( M40 ) .

M47

II

1 1. 4

M45

M46

M46

M45

P l a t e1 3 . U n s t ra t i f ied Me ta lO b jec t s :C lamp s e t t ing s .

S 5 S 4

S S S 6

P la te 1 4 . U n s t ra t i f ied S tone Ob je c t s : I n sc r ip t ion ( S4 ) , P e s t le ( S5 ) , B a l la s tB lock ( S6 ) , Mo r ta r ium ( S8 ) .

S 9 SU )

S ll S 12

P l a te 1 5 . U n s t ra t if ied S t one O b jec t s : A l ta ro rS t a tue b a se ( S9 ) ,A ncho r s( S 10 -S12 ) .

S 13

S 14

S 15

P la te 1 6 . Un s t ra t if ied S tone Ob jec t s : A ncho r s .

L 24

P l a te 1 7 . D epo s i t1 :L amp s .

A 50

A5 0a

L 27

L 26

P l a te 1 8 . D epo s i t2 : Ampho ra s ,L amp s .

P la te 1 9 . D epo s i t2 :F ine w a r e .

TC3

M53

M54

MS4

P la te 2 0 . D epo s i t2 : Mou lded v es se l , B ronze r i ng , B ronze a r yba l lo s .

M57

M55 S 16

S 19

P la te 2 1 . D epo s i t2 :C oppe rs p ike s , S tone b ow l , S tone a ncho r .

P la te 2 2 . D epo s i t2 : Wooden s heave b l ock W2 .

M79

M80

L3 M75

M83

D epo s i t4

K 81

1 1

0

A 89

P la te 2 3 . D epo s i t3 :N a i l ,F i sh ing w e igh t s .D epo s i t4 : Ampho ra l i d , Mo r ta r ium .

L 33

L 34

P la te 2 4 . I kpo s i t4 :F ine w a r e , L amp s .

M84 M85

G 10

P la te 2 5 . D epo s i t4 :L ead p i t che r ,L ead s t ee lya rd w e igh t , N e s to fg l a s sc up s ,C o rk s t opp e r .

W3

M86

B 3

D epos i t6

A 91

P la te 2 6 . D epo s i t4 :L ead c i rc le , B one s t a tue t te . D epos i t6 : Amphor as t amp s .

A92

A 95

A94

A96 A 97

P la te 2 7 . D epo s i t7 : Ampho ra s .

A 102 A 100

A 106

P la te 2 8 . Depos i t7 : Amphor a s .

A 107

P l a te 2 9 . 1 .R emova lo fs a nd f r om F rame s6 10 ( l e f tt or i gh t ) . We s te dge o fh u l li se xpo sed i nt h ef o r eg round . 2 .P ho tomo sa ic o fF rame s 1 4 -8 ( l e f tt or i gh t ) .E a s te dge o fh u l li sa tb o t tom .

3 0 .1

3 0 .2

P la te 3 0 . 1 .D e ta i lo fe a s tp l ank ing e dge b enea th F rame 1 . 2 .D e ta i lo fe a s tp l ank ing e dge b enea th F rame 1 0 .

3 1 .4

P la te 3 1 . 1 .I nne rs u r f ace o fp l ank ing s c a r ft i pf r agmen t . 2 .U ppe re dge o fp l ank ing s c a r ft i pf r agmen t . 3 .O u te r s u r f ace o fp l ank ing s ca r ft i pf r agmen t . 4 .L owe re dge o fp l ank ing s ca r ft i pf r agmen t .

3 2 .1

3 2 .2

P la te 3 2 . 1 .R ope R 3w i th in w a te rcou r s ea tF rame 1 0 ,p ro t rud ing f r om n o r th f a ce . 2 . Ho r izon ta ln o tch l e ti n to F u t tock 3 9n ea re a s tern e x t rem i ty .

3 3 .1

3 3 .2

P l a te 3 . 1 .T reena i l si np l ank ing e x tend ing w e s to ff i n i shed e x t rem i ty o fH a l f -F rame 2 2 . 2 .G re ek g r a f f i to c a rved i n to i n boa rd e x t r em i ty o fF u t to ck 2 1 .

3 4 . 1

3 4 .2

3 4 .3

P l a te 3 4 . 1 .P l ug t r eena i ln o .C 85 -Y2 -3 . 2 .C on c r e t ion o fc oppe ro rb ronze f a s ten ing s ha f t COO . R emnan t so fw ood s t i l la dhe re t ot h eb o t tom . 3 .C onc r e t ion o fc oppe ro rb ronze f a s t en ing s ha f tC ul2

3 5 .1

3 5 .2

P l a te 3 5 . 1 .C oppe ro rb ronze f a s t en ing C ul2 i ns i tu a tt h eb r oken w e s te x t r em i ty o fF loo rT imbe r 1 5 . 2 .C oppe ro r b ronze f a s ten ing C ul2 i ns i tu ,a f te rb r eak ing .

3 6 .1

3 6 .2

P la te 3 6 . 1 .C oppe ro rb ronze f a s t en ing Cul2 w i th h ead e xpo sed b enea th p lank ing i n1 988 . 2 .D e ta i lo f3 6 .1 .

3 7 .1

3 7 .2

P la te 3 7 . 1 .C onc re t ion o fc oppe r o rb ronze f a s ten ing i nF rame 2 2 , p ro t rud ing s l igh t ly a bove f r ame n ea r e a s t e nd . 2 .D e ta i lo f3 7 .1 : e xpo sed i n te r io ro fc onc re t ion r e vea ls f a s ten ing wa sb en tt owa rd e a s t .

3 8 .1

3 8 .2

P la te 3 8 . 1 .R ep resen ta t ive s amp le o fl e ad s hea th ing f r agmen t . 2 .R ep r e sen ta t ive s amp le o fl e ad s hea th ing f r agmen t s a nd l e ad p ipe P b13 .

3 9 . 1

3 9 .2

P l a te 3 9 . 1 .O b l ique v i ew o fl e ad b ox P b12 w i th a ta ched p i pe . 2 .F ron tv i ew o fb ox P b12 w i th a t tached p i pe .

4 0 .1

4 0 .2

4 03

P la te 4 0 . 1 .R ea r v i ew o fl e ad b ox P b12 w i th a t tached p ipe . 2 .D e ta i l o f P b12 a nd p ipe j o in t , w i th s o lde red s e am n ea rt op o fp ipe . 3 .D e ta i lo fh o le o nl o ng s i de o fP b12 . I nne rl e ad r e in fo rcemen ts hee ti sv i s ib le a tt op a nd b o t tom o fh o le .

II

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4 1 .1

4 1 .2

4 1 .3

P la te 4 1 . 1 .L ead r i ngs . T op t ob o t tom ,l e f tt or i gh t : P b14 ,P b15 , P b16 , P b17 ,P b18 , P b19 ,P b20 , P b21 . 2 .L ead r i ng P b22 . 3 .L ead r i ng P b23 .

f f‚siNd44. 94

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4 2 .1

4 2 .2

P la te 4 2 . 1 .L ead s t ra ine r( ? ) P b24 . 2 .R ope sR 1 a nd R 2n ea rt h ew es te dge o ft h eh u l l .

1 111 11 11 1 4 3 .1

1 11 1 11 1 11 11 1 4 3 .2

11 11

al

III

II 4 3 .3

P la te 4 3 . 1 .R ope R I . 2 .R ope R 2 . 3 .R ope R 3 .

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4 4 .1

4 4 .2

4 4 .3 P la te 4 4 . 1 .P ho tom ic rog raph ( 500X )o ff i b re f r om R 1 : a l terna t ing l ong a nd s hor te p ide rm i sc e l ls o fS t ipa t e nac i ss ima l e aves . T he l ong c e l ls h ave w avy w a l ls . 2 .P ho tom ic rog raph ( 500X ) o ff i b re f r om R 1 : l a ye r so fc e l ls a tt h e i nne r s i des o ff i b re s c le re id b und les , r i ch i nb road p ap i ls ( s ho r t h a i rs ) c ha rac te r is t ic o fS t ipa t e nac iss ima l e aves . 3 .P inus p inea p i ne c one i ns i tu b e tween F rame s 1 2a nd 1 3 .