The Green House: New Directions in Sustainable Architecture [1 ed.] 1568984812, 9781568984810
From the arid deserts of Tucson, Arizona to the icy forests of Poori, Finland to the tropical beaches of New South Wales
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The Green House
Princeton Architectural Press New York
The National Building Museum Washington, D.C.
the
Alanna Stang and Christopher Hawthorne
g
ho
reen
use
New Directions in Sustainable Architecture
4
Copyright
For András, Rachel, and Willa; and for architects, writers, and environmentalists to come
Dedication
5
contents
18
9 FOREWORD
10 INTRODUCTION
Camera-Ready Green Design
52
Suburb
54 Solar Tube
62 Charlotte Residence
68 Villa Sari
6
84 Naked House
Contents
80 Mill Valley Straw-Bale
House
74 Little Tesseract
20 P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E. Project
34 Viikki
48 The Solaire
92 House with Shades
96 SolarHaus III
Mountainside
106 R128
42 Sea Train House
38 1310 East Union Street
30 Colorado Court
100 Great (Bamboo) Wall
26 156 Reade Street
90
City
112
Waterside
114 Howard House
120 Swart Residence
140
126 Lake Washington House
160
168 Taylor House
154 Loloma 5 Lofts
180
174 Casa de Carmen
148 Giles Loft/Studio
Tropics
162 Casuarina Beach House
142 Tucson Mountain House
134 McKinley House
130 Walla WombaGuest House
Desert
Anywhere
182 Glide House
188 FEATURED ARCHITECTS 190 RESOURCES
Contents
7
acknowledgments
8
Acknowledgments
foreword
Foreword
9
camera-ready green design
ONE AFTERNOON SEVERAL MONTHS AGO,
we found ourselves waiting in the quiet, impossibly picturesque Swiss town of Domat/Ems to meet an architect named Dietrich Schwarz. Though still in his thirties, Schwarz has already earned a reputation as one of Switzerland’s leading practitioners of the environmentally friendly approach to architecture known as sustainable, or “green,” design. Using a combination of new, high-tech materials—some of his own invention— and old-fashioned architectural wisdom, he creates houses and other buildings that are snugly energy-efficient and sit lightly on the land.
10
Introduction
Camera-Ready Green Design
11
Standards and Practices Introduction
12
A Very Short History
Camera-Ready Green Design
13
14
Introduction
A Movement’s Priorities
Camera-Ready Green Design
15
16
Introduction
The Damage Done
Camera-Ready Green Design
17
city
Cities have been around for more than six thousand years, drawing successive waves of new residents with their blend of commerce, culture, energy, and opportunity. The first city to surpass a population of one million was Baghdad, thirteen centuries ago. London topped five million in 1825; New York exceeded ten million a hundred years later. The metropolitan area around Tokyo surpassed twenty million in 1965 and is now closing in on thirty.
18
City
City Urban
19
20
City
P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E. project
Korteknie Stuhlmacher Architecten
Rien Korteknie and Mechthild Stuhlmacher
2001
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E. Project
21
22
City
Urban
23
24
City
P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E. Project
25
30
City
Colorado Court
Santa Monica, California
Pugh + Scarpa Architecture
Angela Brooks
2002
Colorado Court
31
32
City
W
Colorado Court
33
34
City
Viikki
Helsinki, Finland
Various architects
Ongoing
Viikki
35
36
City
Viikki
37
38
City
1310 East Union Street
The Miller/Hull Partnership
David Miller
2001
Seattle, Washington
1310 East Union Street
39
40
City
1310 East Union Street
41
42
City
sea train house
Office of Mobile Design
Jennifer Siegal
Los Angeles, California
2003
Sea Train House
43
44
City
Green Features
ADAP TI VE RE -USE OF M AT ERIAL S
The house’s structural elements are old sea-going storage containers, some of which had been on site before the project began.
NATURA L L I GH T
R E C L A I ME D WO O D
NAT U RAL M ICR O CLIM AT E
With a glass curtain-wall facade and strategically placed exposures on the side and rear elevations, the house uses nothing but natural light during the day.
The massive Douglas fir crossbeams, which support the cantilevered roof, were reclaimed from a nearby construction site.
The lush front garden, which includes a stream fed by recycled water, generates cool breezes and fresh air, both of which are lacking in Sea Train’s asphalt-covered neighborhood.
Sea Train House
45
46
City
Sea Train House
47
48
City
The Solaire
Cesar Pelli & Associates Architects
New York, New York Rafael Pelli
2002
The Solaire
49
50
City
The Solaire
51
suburb
Suburbs are everywhere,
everywhere cities are found. Conceived as a kind of utopia that would allow city workers to live in pastoral surroundings, the suburb, with its voracious appetite for open space and lowrise, low-density development, has turned out to be one of mankind’s more harmful intrusions on the environment.
52
Suburb
53
SOLAR TUBE
Driendl Architects
Georg Driendl
2001
Vienna, Austria
Solar Tube
55
56
Suburb
Green Features
IS OLATION GLASS Dual-ply windows containing a thin metallic layer that attracts winter’s short rays while deflecting summer’s long ones help regulate interior temperatures.
58
Suburb
CO NCRETE C O R E A massive base of reinforced concrete serves as both structural anchor and passive solar collector, absorbing heat during the day and then slowly releasing it at night.
C H I MNE Y E F F E C T In the warm months of summer, the retractable glass roof provides a convenient escape hatch for rising hot air as well an easy ingress for cool breezes.
L O C A L MAT ER IALS Driendl used locally quarried granite as floor covering for both the first and second levels and maple wood grown in a neighboring forest for the custom cabinetry and furniture.
Solar Tube
59
60
Suburb
Solar Tube
61
Charlotte residence
William McDonough + Partners
Charlotte, North Carolina
Allison Ewing and William McDonough
2002
Charlotte Residence
63
64
Suburb
Charlotte Residence
65
66
Suburb
L
Charlotte Residence
67
suburb
Suburbs are everywhere,
everywhere cities are found. Conceived as a kind of utopia that would allow city workers to live in pastoral surroundings, the suburb, with its voracious appetite for open space and lowrise, low-density development, has turned out to be one of mankind’s more harmful intrusions on the environment.
52
Suburb
53
68
villa sari
Pori, Finland
ARRAK R Arkkitehdit
Hannu Kiiskilä
2000
Villa Sari
69
70
Suburb
Villa Sari
71
72
Suburb
Villa Sari
73
Little tesseract
Steven Holl Architects
Rhinebeck, New York Y
Steven Holl
2004
Little Tesseract
75
Little Tesseract
77
0
10
25
50
bedroom
studio
cooling pond
78
Suburb
dining room
Mill valley straw-bale house
Arkin Tilt Architects
David Arkin and Anni Tilt
Marin County, California
2001
Mill Valley Straw-Bale House
81
82
Suburb
Mill Valley Straw-Bale House
83
Naked house
Kawagoe, Japan
Shigeru Ban Architects
Shigeru Ban
2001
Naked House
85
86
Suburb
Naked House
87
88
Suburb
Naked House
89
MOUNTAINSIDE
More than ten billion acres of the Earth’s surface are covered in forest, and most of that land falls in sparsely populated mountainous regions. These stunning landscapes, among the last to resist industrialization, urbanization, and suburban sprawl, are essential to the survival of the planet. They promote water and soil conservation, provide flood control, synthesize huge amounts of oxygen, help protect against climate change, and promote long-term biodiversity.
90
Mountainside
91
92
Mountainside
House with shades
Achenbach Architekten + Designer
Joachim and Gabriele Achenbach
Jebenhausen, Germany
2000
House with Shades
93
House with Shades
95
96
Mountainside
solarhaus iii
Schwarz Architektur
Ebnat-Kappel, Switzerland Dietrich Schwarz
2000
SolarHaus III
97
Mountainside
98
+
+
,
+++
! .
+
+
" ! # ! +
*
+
,
+
! .
+
+
+
+
SolarHaus III
99
100
Mountainside
Great (bamboo) wall
Kengo Kuma & Associates
2002
Kengo Kuma
Commune by the Great Wall, Shuiguan-Badaling, China
Great (Bamboo) Wall
101
102
Mountainside
Great (Bamboo) Wall
103
104
Mountainside
Great (Bamboo) Wall
105
106
Mountainside
R128
Stuttgart, Germany
Werner Sobek Ingenieure
Werner Sobek
2002
R128
107
108
Mountainside
Green Features
S OLA R PA NEL S
The electrical energy needed to run the mechanical ventilation system is supplied by solar receptors embedded in the roof. S P LIT- S YSTEM A IR C OND ITIONIN G
Each floor has a separate temperature control, which allows the system to cool or heat only the space being used. R E CYC LA B LE M ATERIAL S
From the wood panel flooring and glass walls to the bolted steel skeleton, every component of the house was chosen for its capacity to be recycled. TR IP LE G LAZIN G
With three layers of glass containing a film of metalcoated plastic foil in the air space between the outer and central panes, as well as inert gas between each layer, the windows have an extremely low heat transmission value. NATUR A L LI GH T
Floor-to-ceiling windows eliminate the need for artificial light during the day.
110
Mountainside
R128
111
Waterside
While few of us make a living from the sea or a river these days, more and more people are moving to the water’s edge. Communities small and large are dismantling ports, repurposing docks, and greening embankments for the benefit of their citizens and businesses. The recent evolution of cities like Barcelona, London, and New York has been closely tied to the renaissance of their once-decrepit waterfronts, with the rehabilitation or addition of residential units there among the most prominent improvements.
112
Waterside
113
114
Waterside
howard house
West Pennant, Nova Scotia, Canada
Brian MacKay-Lyons Architects
Brian MacKay-Lyons
1999
Howard House
115
116
Waterside
Howard House
117
118
Waterside
Howard House
119
Swart RESIDENCE
Cocks Carmichael
Peter Carmichael
Melbourne, Australia
2004
Swart Residence
121
122
Waterside
Swart Residence
123
124
Waterside
Green Features
CE N T RAL A IR S HAFT
PH OTOVOLTA I C CEL L S
R A I NWAT E R C O L L E C T I O N
Cutting through all three levels at the center of the house, the airshaft is a sitespecific feature that improves the internal air quality by drawing fresh air from the exterior above the traffic line.
The solar collectors on the roof, which supply most of the house’s electric power, are connected to the power grid with a 0.2KV inverter so that excess electrical energy can be returned to the electrical supply authority.
Rain is collected from the roofs of the main house and the garage and distributed to the garden by an automated irrigation system.
AU T O MAT E D C L I MAT E C O NT R O L S
An integrated system controls lights, blinds, airconditioning, and security, and can be programmed to respond to light and temperature conditions as well as patterns of occupancy. Swart Residence
125
Waterside
While few of us make a living from the sea or a river these days, more and more people are moving to the water’s edge. Communities small and large are dismantling ports, repurposing docks, and greening embankments for the benefit of their citizens and businesses. The recent evolution of cities like Barcelona, London, and New York has been closely tied to the renaissance of their once-decrepit waterfronts, with the rehabilitation or addition of residential units there among the most prominent improvements.
112
Waterside
113
126
Lake Washington HOUSE
Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects
Jim Olson
2004
Mercer Island, Washington
Lake Washington House
127
128
U
Lake Washington House
129
walla womba guest house
Bruny Island, Tasmania, Australia
1+2 Architecture
2003
Cath Hall, Mike V Verdouw, Fred Ward
Walla Womba Guest House
131
spa 3
1
ov
s s
2
ct
1
b rh cw fw
dw fr
sh r
2
3
4 3
b
fw 0
1
3
6m
rh cw
3 m w t
sh r
3
t h b rh cw
fw b
b
outdoor living living sleeping 4 entry 1
23
Walla Womba Guest House
133
McKinley HOUSE
Venice, California V
David Hertz Architects/Syndesis
David Hertz and Stacy Fong
2004
McKinley House
135
McKinley House
137
McKinley House
139
desert
With its often unbearable temperatures and scarce amounts of natural water, the desert is one of the harshest environments on Earth. But it is also a place of refuge and solace—a sanctuary for people seeking rejuvenation, spiritual uplift, and relief from the crush of big cities. Recently, however, especially in the United States, large tracts of desert land have been metastasizing into suburbs, with homogenous subdivisions connected by six-lane highways.
140
Desert
Desert
141
142
Desert
tucson mountain house
Rick Joy Architects
Rick Joy
Tucson, Arizona 2001
Tucson Mountain House
143
144
Desert
Tucson Mountain House
145
146
Desert
Tucson Mountain House
147
148
Desert
Giles Loft/Studio
Lake/Flato Architects
San Antonio, Texas
Ted Flato, Bob Harris, Heather DeGrella
2001
Giles Loft/Studio
149
150
Desert
Giles Loft/Studio
151
152
Desert
Green Features
HIG H- EFFICI EN CY AIR - C ON DITION I NG
Because the peaked roof allows hot air to rise, less air conditioning is needed and then, only on the hottest days.
F RI T T E R E D GL A SS
PL A ST E R WA L L S
SAW-T O O T H R O O F
Covered with small ceramic dots that act like lighttransmitting blinds, the windows and skylights reduce heat gain and glare while keeping the space bright.
With a high sand content, the plaster walls act as thermal collectors, aborbing much of the heat so that the air temperature stays cool.
The north-facing glass panels flood the house with light. Even on gray days, artificial light is rarely necessary.
153
154
Desert
LoLoma 5 Lofts
Will Bruder Architects
Scottsdale, Arizona Will Bruder
2004
LoLoma 5 Lofts
155
156
Desert
LoLoma 5 Lofts
157
158
Desert
LoLoma 5 Lofts
159
tropics
Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn lies a region where there are just two seasons and temperatures are persistently high. The oppressive heat and humidity give way to periods of epic rainfall and punishing storms—typhoons, cyclones, tornadoes—that can cause indiscriminate damage whenever and wherever they strike.
160
Tropics
161
162
Tropics
Casuarina Beach house
Lahz Nimmo Architects
Annabel Lahz and Andrew Nimmo
2001
Kingscliff, New South Wales, Australia
Casuarina Beach House
163
164
Tropics
Casuarina Beach House
165
166
Tropics
Green Features
RE CL AIM ED W OOD CL A DD ING
All exterior timber cladding and battens are of blue gum, a hardwood native to the area that the architects salvaged from an old railway bridge. The hoop-pine plywood ceiling panels were sourced from plantation timbers.
N O -T ECH VENTIN G
Despite the tropical conditions, the house contains no mechanized air-conditioning aside from ceiling fans. Slatted panels above doorways allow for cross ventilation at night.
F O U NDAT I O N-L E SS ST R U C T U R E
O N- SI T E WAT E R PU R I F I C AT I O N
Elevated on treated steel struts (not shown), the house hovers over the landscape instead of being set into the earth. This arrangement not only minimizes the environmental impact, it also allows cool air to circulate up from underneath.
A series of cisterns converts rain into drinking water and treats waste water for use in irrigation and flushing so that neither storm water nor sewage ever leaves the site.
Casuarina Beach House
167
taylor house
Frank Harmon and Associates
Scotland Cay, Bahamas Frank Harmon
2001
Taylor House
169
170
Tropics
Tropics
171
172
Tropics
Taylor House
173
174
Tropics
casa de carmen
Leddy Maytum Stacy Architects
Marsha Maytum and Roberto Sheinberg
Baja California Sur, Mexico
2001
Casa de Carmen
175
176
Tropics
Casa de Carmen
177
Casa de Carmen
179
anywhere
One of the most significant developments in residential architecture over the last several years, particularly in the United States and Europe, has been the effort to rehabilitate the reputation of prefabricated, or modular, housing. Using powerful design software that allows them to combine the cost savings of factory-built homes with the aesthetic benefits of customized design, a number of young firms are creating modular houses that offer sophisticated architecture at a remarkably low price.
180
Anywhere
181
GLIDE HOUSE
Anywhere
Michelle Kaufmann
Michelle Kaufmann Designs
182
Anywhere
2004
Project name
183
184
Anywhere
Glide House
185
186
Anywhere
Glide House
187
FEATURED ARCHITECTS
188
Resources
Featured Architects
189
resources
190
Resources
Photography credits
156 Reade Street
Viikki
Charlotte Residence
Villa Sari
Mill Valley Straw-Bale House
Little Tesseract
Naked House
Howard House
McKinley House
Walla Womba Guest House
Giles Loft/Studio
Casaurina Beach House Taylor House Casa de Carmen
Tucson Mountain House LoLoma 5 Lofts
Swart Residence
Lake Washington House
R128
SolarHaus III Great (Bamboo) Wall
House with Shades
Sea Train House Solar Tube
130 East Union Street The Solaire
Colorado Court
P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E.
Photography Credits
191
This book is printed on Zander Mega, which is made from 40 percent reclaimed pulp. The typefaces used in this book are Thesis Serif, Clarendon, and Rosewood.
192
Colophon