The Future of Post-human Transportation: A Preface to a New Theory of Networks and Operations 1443840491, 9781443840491


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Table of contents :
BOOKS ALSO BY PETER BAOFU
CONTENTS
TABLES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
PART ONE
CHAPTER 1
PART TWO
CHAPTER 2
PART THREE
CHAPTER 3
PART FOUR
CHAPTER 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
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The Future of Post-human Transportation: A Preface to a New Theory of Networks and Operations
 1443840491, 9781443840491

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