The Formation of the Chinese People: An Anthropological Inquiry [Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674184664, 9780674333598

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THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE

LONDON : HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

ERRATA The manuscript of this book was completed in the spring of 1923. Immediately after, the author returned to China. It was sent to the press more than two years later, but it was impossible foi· him to read the proofs of the work. Unexpectedly, the author revisited this country just after the printing of the book had been completed. A number of errata, mostly concerning the Chinese proper names, have been found. Some are of a general nature : for instance, a di-syllabic Chinese proper name may appear in different places differently, as, Yiing Chia, Yüng-Chia, Yüng-chia, Yüngchia, and so forth; they can be easily recognized as the variants of the same term. Those that need specific correction are included here : NOTE:

Page 39 40 41 64 68 70 108-112 117 122 123

136 137 138 148 157 160 167 242 243 244 256 258 262 263 266 267 269 275

Line Read For 70.02 Table 11, last column 78.80 35 Y = 1.67 X + 15.85 Y = 1.98 X + 5.54 Table 13 Y = 1.67 Χ + 15.85 Y = 167 Χ + 15.85 10 (from the bottom) deviation derivation 7 (p. 103) (p. 60) 1 differences (Graph 6) differences Maps 14-18, inclusive, belong to Chapter IV, immediately preceding Map 19, p. 169 29 E-period 29 C-period 30 F-period 30 D-period Graphs 69-80 80 Kiangsi 80 Kiangei 82 Chekiang Graphs 81-86 82 Chekiany 84 Kwangtung 84 Kuxesitung 86 Kweichow 86 Yuveichow 1 Ch'ên Ch'en 2 Wang Shih-chên Wang Shih-chêg Account 2 " T h e surname Chu . . . The surname Chu . . . Chus of Tan-yang." Chus of Tan-yang. 10 Kao-tsu Nao-tsu 16 Hsiung-nu Hiung-nu 22 Ch'ên Chen 4 (from the bottom) surname name 31 Liao Lias 14-15 History of the Earlier History of Ch'ien Han Shu Han Dynasty 26 Yang-t'u Hang-tu 32 Tungt'ing Tungting 25 Lang-jen Lang-S'en 13 (from the bottom) Chiang T'ung Tsiang-tung Yiing Ch'u 30 Yüng Ch'ie Table 76, 3d column 907-1119 A.D. 907-1003 A.D. 2 Ch'iangs Changs 11 Han-jen Hanj er Ching K'ang 20 Chiang K'ang

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL INQUIRY

BY C H I L I , P H . D . (HARVARD) LECTURER

IN ANTHROPOLOGY

IN

THE

TSING

HUA

RESEARCH

CAMBRIDGE HARVARD UNIVERSITY

1928

PRESS

INSTITUTE

COPYRIGHT, 1928 BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OP HARVARD COLLEGE

PRINTED AT THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASS., ü . S . A.

PREFACE

I

N preparing this book I have tried to combine the zoological and the genetic methods. At present, there are hardly enough facts for a thorough study of this problem; yet, by making use of both the historical material and the anthropometrical data, one sees this problem in a different light and finds a new angle of approach. It is not merely an attempt to make a compromise between the ways of the older school of the Chinese historians, who rely almost entirely on past records for their work, and those of the Western anthropologists, who have frequently over-simplified the problem. The inquiry is designed also to help to smooth away many of the unnecessary difficulties which have persistently confronted both the Chinese historians and the Western anthropologists. No longer, for instance, do we have to look for a Chinese type as an unchangeable physical unit, or invent plausible theories to account for the Chinese origin. I have stated the nature of the problem quite clearly in the first chapter. Here it remains for me to acknowledge my indebtedness to many of my friends and teachers, who have helped me in the course of preparing this book. Professor Roland B. Dixon went over the whole book and made many valuable suggestions; Professor E. A. Hooton did the same thing. To both of them I owe my special gratitude. They have helped me both as teachers and as friends ; without their guidance and encouragement the book would not have attained the present form. My friend, Dr. Biraja Guha, was a very unsparing critic of the manuscript; his criticism caused me to rewrite many parts. I wish to record my thanks to him. There are many other friends in Cambridge and at home who have assisted me in one way or another, to all of whom I wish to express my indebtedness. Special mention must be made of Mr. C. W. Bishop, who has shown a great interest in the publication of this book and has made it possible for me to get relieved from some of the pressure of work in order to revise the manuscript, which was completed more than two years ago, but was delayed in being sent to the printer because of lack of revision. CHI LI PEKING, January, 1926

CONTENTS CHAPTER

I

T H E PROBLEM

3 CHAPTER

II

T H E PHYSICAL T R A I T S OF THE M O D E R N C H I N E S E CHAPTER

III

T H E EVOLUTION OP THE W E - G R O U P : SIZE CHAPTER

56 IV

T H E EVOLUTION OP THE W E - G R O U P : CONSTITUENTS CHAPTER

7

124

V

MIGRATIONS OF THE W E - G R O U P : F I F T E E N HUNDRED Y E A R S OP THE C H I N E S E CENSUS

229 CHAPTER

VI

T H E SOUTHERN Y O U - G R O U P

239 CHAPTER

VII

T H E T H R E E G R E A T N O R T H E R N INVASIONS PREVIOUS TO 1 6 4 4 A.D CHAPTER

262

VIII

INTEGRATION OF THE M O D E R N C H I N E S E

273

APPENDIX

285

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM

F

OR generations Chinese history was studied from only one point of view. But since the rise of the Oriental school in Europe, a different angle has been chosen and consequently a different perspective is presented. These two positions are by all means new to each other — not, indeed, in open conflict, but certainly as far apart as the two polar regions. The advantage seems, when all is considered, to be on the side of the Orientalists, if only because they know something about the history of their own countries in addition to their acquaintance with the Chinese. The Chinese historians, on the other hand, have hitherto seldom transcended the boundary of the Middle Kingdom. Handicapped by their ignorance of other centres of civilization, the Chinese historians, sharing human foibles in common with the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans, have considered their own country as the centre of the world, and the outsiders as barbarians, interesting only in so far as they are in some way related to the Middle Kingdom. Once this view is understood, all Chinese history becomes readable, even to a European. But the Orientalists are, of course, a little irritated at this somewhat unwarranted assumption on the part of the Chinese historian, whereby a set opinion has been developed regarding the Chinese: "They have no historical sense, they are unchanging, and their culture has remained on a dead level for four thousand years," and so on. It is obvious that both views are equally untenable. There would be no necessity to consider them, if it were not for the fact that they tend to obscure certain anthropological problems. To say, for instance, that the Chinese have been unchanging for several thousands of years would immediately obliterate all problems concerning the physical make-up of the modern Chinese and the ethnographical changes pertaining to them during their quite remarkably long existence. It may help to simplify the task of scientists, but it certainly does not bring the solution of the problem any nearer. Rightly considered, the formation of the modern Chinese cannot be dismissed as a simple affair just because of their apparent physical homogeneity. Physically, they are in no way as homogeneous as they may appear at first glance, and

4

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE

their ethnography is full of ups and downs. The process of this formation is itself an anthropological problem of great magnitude, and it has taken quite a long period of time. If we take the better-known part alone, it is at least a matter of twenty-six centuries. "The Chinese of the present day," says James Legge in his Prolegomena to the translation of Shê-king, "what we call China proper, embracing the eighteen provinces, may be described in general terms as lying between 20° and 40° north latitude and 100° and 121° east longitude, and containing an area of about 1,300,000 square miles. The China of Chow dynasty lay between the 33rd and the 38th parallels of latitude, and the 106th and 119th [meridians] of longitude. The degrees of longitude included in it were thus about two thirds of the present, and of the 20 degrees of latitude, the territory of Chow embraced no more than five." 1 One question may immediately occur: are all the inhabitants who to-day live between 20° and 40° north latitude and 100° and 121° east longitude the descendants of those who occupied the territory between 33° and 38° north latitude and 106° and 119° east longitude twentysix hundred years ago? The affirmative answer may invariably be inferred from such loose statements as: "What the Chinese are to-day is what their ancestors were four, three, or two thousand years ago." If this were true, the task that I propose to undertake here would amount to an identification of the formative process of the modern Chinese with a simple biological phenomenon of multiple breeding. The problem as to the formation of the modern Chinese would be no more than that of the formation of the Chinese whose life was sung by the bard in the period of the Book of Poetry. This, I contend, is not true. The Chinese have not remained unchanged for four, three, or two thousand years. Nay, not even for one thousand or five hundred years. In the course of their expansion, they have been conquering, conquered, and reconquering, adapting themselves to new environment and reshaping their culture, absorbing new blood wherever they have gone; therefore there is a real problem in regard to the formation of the modern Chinese. Until this problem is solved, it is useless to inquire into the origin of the Chinese, as many have attempted to do. It is useless, not only because it is a case of putting the cart before the horse, but also because no one knows exactly what the Chinese are, except as to their geographical distribution. They cannot be defined by a study of the etymological derivation of their name, for "etymological research is a scientific investigation only of second or third 1

The Chinese Classics, vol. rv, part i, p. 127.

THE PROBLEM

5

rank," says an author who has spent valuable time on this task, 1 and its value at its best will always remain philological. To study this problem properly, a consideration of the physical traits of the Chinese seems to be the only rational starting-point. The Chinese head, the Chinese body, the Chinese hand, and the Chinese foot must be studied, in order to establish a firmer concept of the physical status of the Chinese. Without a firm concept of the physical anthropology of the Chinese, it is hard to see how we can search for their origin. But a starting-point is merely a starting-point : it helps us to establish the type of the Chinese and their affiliation with other varieties, but no more. It defines the man only in repose. The man in action, his dynamic aspect, has to be studied by a method other than biological, which may be called ethnological. The name, however, does not matter. Let us see what it may accomplish. The Chinese historians, as has been pointed out, have always considered their country the cultural centre of the world. But they are also aware of the existence of other human beings on the fringe. From the very beginning of Chinese history, there are two distinct ethnographical concepts in their mind. The one, to borrow Mr. Sumner's apt phrase here, may be described as the "We-group," the group which the Chinese historians consider as their kind, the civilizers. What they have called the barbarians may be described for our purpose as the "You-group." 2 It must be emphasized here that the line of demarcation between these two groups is by no means always a political one. Political boundary, no doubt, helps to clarify the frontier of the We-group in many cases; but it has not been such a powerful agency of assimilation as it might have been under different circumstances. The coexistence of several distinct ethnical units on the constantly changing political map of China is familiar to any reader of Chinese history. Even now there are at least five distinct ethnical units under the flag of the Chinese Republic. The grouping is, then, entirely ethnographical. There are distinct ethnographical traits, which, in the minds of Chinese historians, are always associated with the We-group. Any human being possessing 1

This refers to an article by Berthold Laufer on "The Name China," T'oung-Pao, 725. The most recent discussion on the etymology of this word is between Laufer and Paul Pelliot. The article by Pelliot is to be found in Bull. École Française de l'Extrême Orient, iv (1904), 143-150. A summary of earlier discussions on this interesting topic is also found in these two articles. 2 Mr. Sumner, however, considers this concept peculiar to primitive society. Folkways (Ginn & Co., 1911), p. 12. XIII,

6

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE

these traits, no matter what his physical appearance, black-haired or red-haired, is to be classified in the We-group; devoid of these traits, he is a barbarian — of the You-group. The ethnographical traits associated with the We-group, however, are in no way stereotyped at any time, in spite of Chinese conservatism. Compare, for instance, the manners of the Chinese in the She-king period with those of their descendants under the T'ang dynasty, and again with what one observes at the close of the nineteenth century, when the men wear queues and the women bind their feet. The immensity of the gap needs certainly many years to bridge; and the changing ethnical characters studied in their changing perspective are useful clues in interpreting the formative process of the modern Chinese. If we confine our inquiry spatially within the eighteen provinces and temporally between the period of the Book of Poetry and the fall of the Ming dynasty (A.D. 1644) we are even then setting ourselves quite a formidable task. But it is not a desperate one, since we need not go into the four dimensions of the problem all at once. I propose to attack the problem on the basis of the two fundamental Chinese historical concepts which I have already explained. On the one hand, we have all the romances and adventures associated with the evolution of the historical We-group in the course of its expansion; on the other hand, the evolution of the You-group within these limits, proceeding side by side with this expansion. Several salient aspects of the problem are immediately suggested here. What are the routes that the We-group have taken in their course of expansion? What are the characteristics of the historical You-group? What are the relations of the You-group with the Wegroup — are they exterminated, absorbed, or simply driven southward? All these aspects of the question I propose to study here in a somewhat novel fashion; and I believe that only in this way can we arrive inductively at any substantial knowledge of the Chinese prototype in regard to whose origin there has been so much discussion.

CHAPTER II THE PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE

T

HE starting-point is to be China proper. China proper, defined politically, lies between 20° and 40° north latitude and 99° and 121° east longitude. This immediately excludes from our attention everything outside of this boundary — Manchuria and Tibet, for instance, in spite of their cultural affiliation with China proper in many respects. But within this limit there is reason to draw another line. In China proper there are some inhabitants who have been associated with the making of Chinese history from the very beginning and who acknowledge their association with it. There are others who do not — for instance, the Miaotze and the Manchus, who still call themselves the Miaotze and the Manchus. They are found in most parts of China proper. But with them we shall be concerned only in so far as they are related to the historical Chinese. We are thus led to a tentative definition of the Chinese. The Chinese are the people who are found in, or whose origin is traceable to, the land called China proper, and who acknowledge their association with the making of Chinese history from the beginning. This, it must be emphasized, is only a tentative definition. But it is these Chinese whom I propose to study physically in this chapter. I.

THE

D A T A AND T H E I R

SOURCES

The first observations on Chinese skulls, so far as we know, were published in 1790, by Blumenbach. Since then von der Hoeven, Sandifort, Aitgen, Lucae, Becker, von Baer, Maggiorani, Welcker, Retzius, Dusseaus, Pruner Bey, Davis, Swaving, de Koning, Hudler have all made casual observations. In 1877 Schaafhausen began the publication Anthropologischen Sammlungen Deutschlands, in which ninety Chinese skulls were described in more or less detail. This was followed by the studies of Flower, Zaborowski, and Broca. Ten Kate, however, was the first anthropologist who made an intensive study of the physical traits of the Mongoloids. In his doctor's dissertation, he made, among other observations, studies of ten Chinese skulls. Then appeared the catalogue of Quatrefages and Hamy and the study of Koganei. But it remained for Haberer to give the direction of all

8

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE

these studies a new twist. His publication on Schädel und Skeletteile aus Peking, although it has been out for twenty years, still remains as the standard reference to Chinese somatology. M a n y of the anthropometric means established by him are still used. I n the last twenty years, it seems t h a t the progress of study along this line has been almost nil. With the exception of some minor work by Mochi and Reicher, we have almost nothing worth mentioning here. Nor is the state of affairs in any way better with regard to the purely anthropometrical studies, which started much earlier. The workers in this field can be counted almost on the fingers of two hands — Weisbach, Bréton, Hagen, Koganei, Girard, Legendre, and Stein. Yet these studies are almost all, without exception, the products of casual diversion ; so we have to conclude t h a t there is as yet not a single series of systematic anthropometrical studies on the Chinese. However, it must not be inferred t h a t these results have no scientific value. 1 M y own observations were made between March 1 and October 1, 1921. T h e subjects consist of two classes: (1) Chinese students in the Eastern universities of the United States of America, and (2) Chinese laborers, all from Kwangtung, in Boston. Instruments Used Anthropometer—P. Hermann, Zürich. Spreading caliper—P. Hermann, Zürich. Sliding compass—Collin, Paris. Steel tape—Lufkin Rule Co., Saginaw, Mich., U.S.A. Color scale—P. Hermann, Zürich. METHODS

(a) Metrical 1. Stature. The subject was made to stand erect against a wall, with the heels together and the arms hanging in a natural position. The vertex of his head was ascertained. Then he was measured three times in succession b y the anthropometer. Whenever possible, the subject was made to take off his shoes; if not, the stature was corrected by taking off 2 cm. 2. Auditory height. With the subject in the same position, the bottom of the notch between the tragus and the helix of the ear was taken as the anatomical landmark. The head height was obtained b y subtracting the auditory height from the total height. 1

See the bibliography at the end of this chapter.

PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE

9

3. Head length. The distance between the most prominent point of the glabella and the most prominent point on the occiput was measured with the spreading caliper. 4. Head breadth. With the same instrument, the maximum transverse diameter was measured. 5. Minimum frontal diameter. The shortest horizontal breadth between the two temporal crests on the frontal bone was measured with the spreading caliper. 6. Bizygomatic diameter. The greatest distance between the bizygomatic arches measured with the spreading caliper. 7. Horizontal circumference. This was measured by passing the steel tape across the occipital point and over the brow-ridges. 8. Nasion-menton height. The nasion was first ascertained with the second finger of the right hand, and marked by a pencil point. The distance between the lowest point of the bony chin and the nasion was measured with the sliding compass. 9. Nasal height. The distance between the nasion and the nasal septum was measured with the sliding compass. 10. Nasal breadth. The greatest breadth of the nasal wings was measured with the sliding compass. (b) Descriptive Skin color. Von Luschan color scale was used. I have found that the yellow series of the scale is altogether unsatisfactory. In all cases, I have secured only a remotely approximate matching. The yellow series consists of 7 grades, numbered 15 to 21. The other descriptive terms are adapted from Hrdlicka, Anthropometry, pages 52-88.

10

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE TABLE

1

ANTHROPOMETBICAL MEASUREMENTS OF H I

A.

B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. 0. P. Q. R.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R.

1 Province

2

3

Chekiang

Kiangsu

Hupeh

CHINESE

4 Kiasgsu

5

6

Sex M. M. . M. M. M. M. Age 21 23 23 28 24 26 1662 1672 Stature 1744 1638 .1688 1740 Head height , 126 125 124 126 129 131 192 Head length 194 186 182 , ISO 198 Head breadth . 151 162 155 160 157 147 Height-length index. . . . 66.32 63.13 64.95 69.35 64.58 71.98 Length-breadth index . .. 79.47 81.82 86.02 79.7 81.77 80.8 Horizontal circumfer. . . Minimum frontal diam. 105 102 105 105 97 95 Bizygomatic diameter . . 130 143 147 148 138 140 Nasion-menton height.. 115 123 116 131 128 120 91.4 81.6 78.4 94.9 Facial index 88.5 86.01 54 52 49 Nasal height 46 51 56 42 Nasal breadth 35 38 36 35 38 76.09 70.39 82.35 73.47 62.5 Nasal index 73.1

17 Province

Hnnan

M. Sex 23 Age Stature 1578 Head height 119 Head length 185 152 Head breadth Height-length index . . . 64.32 Length-breadth index . 82.2 Horizontal circumfer. . * Minimum frontal diam. 105 Bizygomatic diameter 140 Nasion-menton height. 119 85 Facial index Nasal height 50 38 Nasal breadth 76 Nasal index

IS

19

Fukien

Kwangtung

M. M. 24 23 1664 1635 131 119 185 178 155 150 66.85 70.81 87.1 81.1 *

106 142 117 82.4 53 39 73.6

*

106 142 115 81.0 51 39 76.5

20

7

Chekiang Kwangtung Shansi

21

22

M. 27 1673 127 192 143 66. l i 76.6 100 137 119 86.9 52 38 67.3

23

Chihli Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwangtung

M. 24 1656 113 182 150 62.09 82.4 *

108 142 119 83.8 54 35 64.8

M. 56 1604 111 184 147 60.33 74.9 *

103 135 124 91.85 43 36 83.7

M. M. 21 23 1650 1662 116 115 200 192 155 157 58 59.90 81.2 77.5 *

*

114 104 146 141 118 116 80.82 82.3 47 50 44 37 74 93.6

PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE

11

T A B L E 1 (.CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMETRICAL MEASUREMENTS OF 111 CHINESE A

9

8 Hupehι

Β C,

Kiangsu

M.

D F F

13 Fukien

1« Kiangsi

16 Kiangsi

16 Kiangsu

M.

M.

M. 24

M. 24

M. 24

M.

25

1580

1610

1720

1655

1715

125

120

126

120

131

125

1645 114

186 162

196 145

191 147

182

185

169

177

177

153

157

167

165 70.62

149 64.41

93.22

84.2

186 158

J

12 Kiangsu

M. 22

1593

H Τ

11 Bunan

30 1673 132

M. 23

28 1572 120

G

10 Kiangsi

64.52

67.20

67.35

62.83

69.23

85

87

73.98

76.96

84.1

64.86 84.9

77.51 98.82

Κ Τ, M Ν O

105 135

108 142

117

120 84.5

Ρ

86.7 56

Q.

38

R

67.86

A Β C D

M. 19

106 138

95 142

108 154

113

117

118

120 77.9

90.4

84.8 50

83.1 50

*

120

102

155 121

130 119

51

78.1 51

88.15 54

49

85.6 47

38

40

35

40

37

39

37

38

64.4

81.6

74.5

80

74

76.47

72.55

70.37

M. 33

1635

1689

121

138

G

180

H I

145 67.22

185 154

J

80.6

Κ

*

L

M Ν

108 77.14

R

95 132

*

24 26 26 27 29 30 32 28 31 Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwangtunj

E

Q

135 122

59

F

O Ρ

101

20

M.

M.

(?) 1702

60 1446

116 192

134

156

188 162

M. 24 1472

M. 33

M.

M.

M.

30

27

1669

26 1694

1693

1612

114 192

127

130

135

183

178

109 184

156

157

188 153

158 75.84

146 59.24

88.8

79.35

74.50

60.42

71.28

59.38

69.40

69.15

83.2

81.25

86.2

81.25

85.8

81.4

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

105

116

112

109

108

107

104

127

144

139 127

149 111

100 141

112

140

148

145

109 77.3 43

123 83.11

121

138 112

83.45 54

81.2

49

35 81.4

40 81.6

39 72.2

35

46 36 78.2

98 (?)

112

77.16 47 38

77.8 54 42

91.4 55

74.5 41

40

37

80.85

77.8

72.7

90.24

45 77.8

12

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE TABLE

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. 0. P.

Province

A. Province

(CONTINUED)

34 35 36 37 33 38 39 Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwaagtung Kwangtung Kwangtung Kwangtung Chekian

Sex M. 27 Age 1571 Stature 120 Head height Head length 175 146 Head breadth Height-length index . 68.57 Length-breadth index 83.43 Horizontal circumfer.. * Min. frontal diam. . . 98 Bizygomatic diam. . . 134 Nasion-menton height 106 79.1 Facial index 46 Nasal height 34 Q. Nasal breadth 73.9 R. Nasal index

B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P.

1

49 Kiangsu

M. 24 1630 120 196 146 61.22 74.5 *

107 146 123 84.25 52 40 76.9

50 Kiangsu

M. 30 1725 135 192 152 70.31 79.2 *

113 146 119 81.5 51 44 86.3

51 Fukien

M. 21 1710 127 197 153 64.47 77.66 *

M. 27 1697 130 186 154 69.89 82.8 *

110 141 128 90.8 53 39 73.6

52 (?)

109 149 134 89.9 61 38 62.3

M. M. 46 25 1700 1663 121 128 185 188 162 151 65.41 68.0Ç 81.62 86.2 *

105 147 124 84.35 54 44 81.5

*

112 146 136 93.2 55 34 61.8

53 54 66 Kwangtung Chekiang Nganhui

M. M. Sex M. M. M. M. M. 21 23 23 24 19 23 Age 27 1722 Stature 1698 1740 1701 1679 1685 1791 134 133 Head height 130 135 126 120 149 184 184 174 186 192 Head length 186 186 154 152 149 Head breadth 156 170 157 156 Height-length index . . . . 72.83 74.71 64.52 80.10 72.28 72.58 65.63 Length-breadth index . . 84.78 88.51 81.52 84.4 83.87 92.37 77.60 * * * 576 557 Horizontal circumfer. . . 550 105 Minimum frontal diam. 107 125 107 107 106 96 140 141 Bizygomatic diameter . 147 157 138 138 140 122 Nasion-menton height. . 122 118 133 136 129 116 84.06 85.51 95 97.14 91.49 82.99 77.71 Facial index 52 53 58 57 56 51 57 Nasal height 42 37 39 39 42 42 39 Q- Nasal breadth 67.24 64.91 69.64 80.77 73.58 82.35 73.68 R. Nasal index

PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE TABLE

A R C. Γ) F, F O H Τ J Κ Τ, Μ Ν Ο Ρ

. . .

40

41

Chekiang Chekiang

42 Fukien

43

1 (CONTINUED)

44

Kwangsi Kwangtung

45 Chihli

46 Fukien

M. .. . Μ. Μ. Μ. M. M. M. 22 22 . .. 23 23 31 25 30 ...1580 1604 1691 1655 1716 1681 1699 129 . . . 128 123 125 126 126 129 ... 194 184 186 188 192 185 195 150 147 . . . 151 150 158 146 160 68.62 70.15 65.63 68.11 . .. 65.98 70.11 67.20 .. . 77.84 85.9 77.66 83.33 79.46 85.7 80.65 * * * * 542 547 561 . . . 100 105 110 106 106 106 101 134 . . . 133 138 143 138 153 143 102 122 . . . 117 124 115 128 128 89.5 91.04 80.42 .. . 87.97 73.9 89.9 83.66 52 52 . .. 47 48 55 59 50 34 38 36 37 36 36 Q, • •.. . 35 61.02 73.1 69.23 62.27 72 R 74.5 70.8

Α Β Γ. Ό F, F Γτ Η Τ J Κ Τ, Μ Ν Ο

Ρ Q...

Ρ

56 Chihli

87 Chekiang

58 Chihli

59

13

60

61

Szechuan Kwangtung Kiangsi

47

48

Kiangsu

Fukien

M. 23 1701 130 185 152 70.27 82.16 538 104 135 125 92.59 56 39 69.64

M. 20 1796 138 188 154 73.4 81.91 570 112 148 131 88.51 59 40 67.8

62

63

64

Chekiang

Nganhui

Hunan

Μ. M. M. Μ. M. M. M. M. 24 24 24 21 22 22 23 26 1684 1632 1714 ...1691 1650 1699 1590 1775 1695 125 123 136 125 ... 139 128 126 138 120 184 193 187 183 183 ... 192 191 187 191 152 162 . . . 164 163 148 153 144 156 150 66.32 74.32 . .. 72.40 67.93 65.97 62.38 68.68 65.78 73.80 85.34 79.14 88.52 80.21 .. . 85.42 84.78 78.76 80.10 79.12 * 537 567 550 545 558 529 112 . . . 108 107 118 106 112 107 104 103 141 152 . . 143 144 147 138 135 143 135 111 132 . .. 127 119 133 115 128 111 118 78.72 . .. 88.81 82.64 75.66 87.41 89.51 82.22 89.80 96.38 . .. 55 54 46 58 58 46 47 51 47 .. . 39 36 40 36 38 37 39 37 40 .. . 70.91 72.22 78.26 68.97 78.72 78.72 62.07 82.61 78.43 ...

• . .

Μ.

(?)

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE

14

TABLE

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. 0. P.

Q. R.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P.

Q. R.

65 Province

Hunan

1

66 Chihli

(CONTINUED)

67

68

69

Kiangsi Kwangtung Shensi

70

M. . M. M. M. M. Sex M. 23 . 20 26 23 27 23 Age .1613 1712 1745 1774 1651 1739 Stature . 114 123 133 121 134 Head height 130 192 Head length . 187 183 194 183 185 . 147 158 159 153 Head breadth 139 157 Height-length index . .. . 60.96 67.21 65.41 71.04 68.56 69.79 Length-breadth index .,. 78.61 86.34 85.79 81.96 82.71 72.40 505 565 543 Horizontal circumfer. ... 528 548 555 Minimum frontal diam. 99 117 108 110 101 108 142 Bizygomatic diameter . 138 144 143 143 137 Nasion-menton height.. 118 132 124 121 126 122 88.32 85.31 Facial index 85.51 87.50 92.96 86.71 52 52 54 56 51 Nasal height 50 40 Nasal breadth 36 39 37 39 35 72 74.07 69.94 75 68.63 Nasal index 71.15

Province

81

82

Hunan

Hunan

M. Sex , 25 Age 1612 Stature 127 Head height 192 Head length 145 Head breadth Height-length index... . 66.15 Length-breadth index . . 75.52 Horizontal circumfer. . . 560 Minimum frontal diam. 108 Bizygomatic diameter . 134 Nasion-menton height.. 119 88.81 Facial index 56 Nasal height 35 Nasal breadth 62.50 Nasal index

M. 24

83

84

85

Kiangsu Kwangtung Chekiang

71

Kiangsu Chekiang

86

M. 29 1730 122 185 154 65.95 83.24 543 105 143 113 79.02 51 42 82.35

87

Fukien Szechuaa

M. M. M. M. 22 21 22 29 1703 1678 1648 1699 (?) * 122 138 135 133 188 180 185 190 191 144 150 163 148 150 * 76.67 70.68 65.95 70 79.79 90.56 75.39 80 78.95 552 552 545 507 550 110 117 108 104 108 137 142 160 145 137 117 135 123 125 125 89.29 93.10 85.40 89.78 88.03 55 60 50 53 55 37 36 40 37 38 65.45 74 66.67 69.81 69.09

M. 30 1683 118 191 154 61.78 80.63 557 111 148 120 81.08 52 39 75

PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE TABLE

A

72

Β

Nganhui

73 Fukien

74

15

1 (CONTINUED)

75

Cbekiang Nganhui

76

77

78

Cbekiang Cbekiang Shantung

79

80

Kiangsi

Kiangsu

O

...

Μ.

Μ.

Μ.

Μ.

Μ.

Μ.

Μ.

Μ.

Μ.

D

. ..

23

23

22

22

22

24

28

25

26

E

...1740

1696

1667

1696

1628

1710

1806

1755

1658

F G H Τ J

...

132

128

141

129

127

135

134

129

...196

191

187

187

183

193

195

190

188

...

153

149

157

156

155

153

156

157

Κ

...

566

545

Τ,

...

113

Μ

...

143

Ν

...

122

Ο

...

85.31

89.78

87.86

91.55

85.92

90.48

Ρ

...

49

52

52

59

51

56

Q . . . .. .

40

39

35

43

36

R

.. .

81.63

94.23

67.31

72.88

Α Β Ο D Fr F G Η Τ J Κ Τ, Μ Ν Ο Ρ

. . .

91

Q, R

128 148

. ..

65.31

69.11

68.45

75.40

70.49

65.80

69.23

70.53

...

75.51

80.10

79.68

83.96

85.25

80.31

78.46

82.11

570

562

560

105

106

108

118

112

142

147

141

148

142

122

133

142

127

136

550

550

101

110

105

127

140

142

123

123

130

88

89

90

Yunnan

Chekiang

83.51

556

540

Kiangsu

68.62

100.7

85.81

95.77

55

55

56

40

38

42

38

70.59

71.43

69.09

76.36

67.86

92

93

94

Hanau Kwangtung Kwangtung Kiangsu

96

ffiiimn

96 Chihli

M. . . . Μ. Μ. Μ. M. M. M. M. M. 24 22 23 . . . 26 28 27 23 25 27 1703 1735 ...1654 1648 1627 1646 1754 1696 1815 117 137 . . . 127 138 135 130 123 128 143 192 . . . 188 178 190 190 191 177 203 175 154 154 . . . 156 149 153 150 145 155 164 . . . 67.55 60.94 72.63 76.97 71.05 68.06 72.36 60.59 81.71 80.21 .. . 82.98 83.71 80.53 81.05 78.53 81.92 93.71 76.35 552 . . . 557 560 530 560 560 501 581 550 127 111 111 102 . . . 115 106 103 111 117 . .. 138 142 136 145 146 140 137 145 151 . . . 121 127 125 113 123 128 127 118 123 86.21 . . . 87.68 93.38 86.62 77.40 91.43 92.70 81.38 81.46 . . . 53 62 53 52 48 50 53 49 56 39 41 35 43 40 36 38 41 •. . •. 38 .. . 71.70 72.92 62.9 77.36 76.92 67.92 86 73.21 77.55

16

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE T A B L E 1 (CONTINUED)

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

K. L. M. N.

0. P.

Q. R.

97 Province

Chihli

98 Shansi

99 Chekiang

100 Fukien

101

102

103

Kiangsu

Kiangsu

Kiangsu

Sex M. M. M. M. M. M. Age 24 24 36 23 20 • (?) Stature 1725 1663 1723 1682 1833 1666 Head height 135 141 141 127 119 145 Head length 188 185 182 196 201 181 Head breadth 151 153 163 153 158 163 Height-length index . . . 71.81 72.31 70.15 64.80 65.38 80.11 Length-breadth index . . 80.32 78.46 83.16 84.07 78.61 90.06 572 582 Horizontal circumfer. . . 507 534 550 560 Minimum frontal diam. 112 127 113 112 116 110 Bizygomatic diameter . 139 142 144 146 138 145 Nasion-menton height.. 126 130 128 126 136 130 Facial index 90.65 91.55 87.67 91.30 93.79 90.28 Nasal height 56 61 53 56 61 53 34 Nasal breadth 38 38 39 39 40 Nasal index 67.86 62.30 73.58 69.64 65.57 64.15

M. 24 (?) 1675 123 179 147 68.7 82.12 535 98 134 126 94.03 57 36 63.16

PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE TABLE

A Β C Γ) F F G H Τ J Tí Τ, M Ν O Ρ R

. ..

104

. ..

(?)

106 Fukien

106 Chekiang

1

107 Kiangsu

(CONTINUED)

IOS Kiangsu

109 Hunan

110 Hanan

m Kiangsu

. . . M. F. M. M. M. M. F. M. . .. 24 26 23 26 30 (?) 1722 ...1661 1658 1653 1565 1490 1585 1703 114 . . . 130 126 119 127 125 116 130 192 . . . 191 173 180 190 192 191 186 152 142 . . . 151 145 150 150 147 155 65.97 59.38 68.79 70.56 62.37 . .. 68.06 65.79 67.71 83.82 .. . 79.06 79.58 73.96 83.33 79.03 80.73 78.45 # * 565 547 542 . . . 563 545 563 112 . . . 107 99 107 110 108 107 110 141 141 142 . . . 143 128 140 138 133 122 .. 112 120 106 117 118 119 125 86.52 . . 78.82 85.11 82.81 83.57 85.51 89.47 88.03 52 57 47 53 .. 56 47 51 58.5 34 . . 39 37 40 36 36 38 39 .. . 69.64 71.15 70.18 76.60 64.15 76.60 74.51 66.81

17

18

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE TABLE

2

A N T H R O P O L O G I C A L O B S E R V A T I O N S OP 1 1 1

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

Col. Quan. Form d.

EYE

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

i·

NOSE:

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATO. CHIN

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

N. D. Sept.

Col. Quan. Form Col. Quan. Form

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Black

Black

Black

Black

Black

Straight

Straight

Straight

Straight

Straight

Black Black Med. Med. Straight Straight

V. Sm.

Black Black Sm. Sm. Straight Straight

Black Sm. Straight

D. Br. Sm. Straight

Black Sm. Straight

Br.

L. Br.

Med.

Med.

7 12, 9

Black Med. Straight

L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Med. Med. Med. Med. Mod.

Nar. Nar. Med. Nar. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Obi. Pr.

L. Br. Yellowish Bushy Mod.

Nar. Obi. Pr.

Nar. Obi. Sm. Obi. Pr. Abs.

Med. Med. Sm.

High Med. Round

Med. Med. Round

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Med. None

Med. Hori. Med. None Med.

Med. Hori. Med. None Pron.

Med. Hori. Mod. None Med.

Med. Sm. Up Pron. None Med.

Sm. Hori. Med. None Med.

Med. Hori. Med. None Med.

Sm. Up Pron. None Med.

16

17

18

19

20

SI

11. 9

14, 9

14, 9

9, 9

11, 9

14, 9

15, 9

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Black Black Med. Med. Med. Straight Straight Straight

Sm.

Sm.

Sm.

Sm.

Black Med. Straight

Sm. Sm.

Sm.

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Med. Med. Pere. Sm. Nar. Obi. Pr.

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Bushy Med. Mod. Mod.

Nar. Nar. Sm. Obi. Obi. Pr. Pr.

Nar. Obi. Abs.

L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Bushy Med. Med. ... Mod. Nar. Obi. Pr.

Nar. Obi. Pr.

Nar. Obi. Pr.

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope NOSE: N . D.

Sept. k. 1. m.

6 13, 9

COL.:

Opening Dir. Epican.

j-

5 12, 7

BEARD:

Iris Sclerotic

i.

4 9,7

IB

EYE

g· h.

3 12, 9

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope

d.

2 14, 9

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f. g. h.

1 10, 9

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form e.

CHINESE

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

Med. Med. Med. Med. Med. Med. Med. Broad Med. Broad Med. Med. Broad Med. Mod. Ro. Mod. Ro. Mod. Ro. Mod. Ro. Mod. Ro. Mod. Ro. Sm. Ro. Deep Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Down Pron. Med. Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Down Ex. Pron. Med. Med.

19

PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE TABLE

2

(CONTINUED)

ANTHROPOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF 1 1 1

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

Col. Quan. Form d.

EYE

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS :

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

i-

NOSE:

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

N. D. Sept.

SKIN COLOR HAIR: COL.

Quan. Form d.

EYE

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

NOSE: N . D.

Sept. k. 1. m.

Black Black Med. Med. Straight Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Black BL, D. Br. Med. Med. Med. Straight Straight Straight

Black Sm.

Sm.

Sm. Straight

SNI.

Sm.

Sm.

Sm.

L. Br.

L. Br.

L. Br.

L. Br.

L. Br.

L. Br.

L.'Br.

Med. Med.

Med. Med.

Med. Med.

Med. Sm.

Med. Sm.

Bushy Sm.

Med. Pere.

Round Hor. Pr.

Nar. Obi. Abs.

Round Hor. Pr.

Nar. Obi. Abs.

Nar. Obi. Pr.

Nar. Obi. Pr.

Nar. Obi. Pr.

Med. Broad Round

Med. Broad Round

Med. Med. Bulging

High Med. None

Med. Broad Round

Med. Med. Mod.

Med. Broad Mod. Ro.

Med. Hon. Med. Sm. Sm.

Deep Hori. Pron. None

Med. Down Sm. None

Deep Hori. Med. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Med. None Med.

Med. Pron. None Med.

12, 9

»

S3 12, 9

24 12, 11

it 13, 9

27 12, 9

28 12, 10

Black Med. Straight

Black Black Black Med. Med. Med. Sm.Wavy Straight Straight

Sin.

Sni.

L. Br. Yellowish Bushy Sm.

L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Bushy Med. Bushy Mod. Sm. Mod.

Nar. Obi. Pr.

Nar. Obi. Pr.

1« 9, 9

»6

Black Black Sm. Med. St. Sm.,Wavy Straight

Sni.

Sni.

Sin.

Sm.

L. Br. Med. Mod.

L. Br. Yellowish Bushy Sm.

Nar. Nar. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Pr. Abs.

Hori. Abs.

Long Sm. Obi. Pr.

Med. Med. Med. Mod. Ro. Mod. Ro.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Med. Mod. Ro.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Excès. Sm. Med.

Med. Up. Ex. Pron. None Med.

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope j.

13 12, 9

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f. g· h.

13 18, 9

BEARD: COL.

Quan. Form e.

11 13, 12

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope

a. b. c.

Black Med. Straight

10 14, 10

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f. g. h.

9 12, 9

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form e.

> 15, 10

CHINESE

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

Med. Med. Broad Broad Mod. Ro. None Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Sm. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Mod. Hori. Pron. None Med.

20

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE TABLE

a. b.

c.

29 SKIN COLOR HAIR:

Col. Quan. Form d.

EYE

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

J·

NOSE:

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

N. D. Sept.

Col. Quan. Form

e.

EYE

f. g. h.

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

36

12, 9

Black Black Sm. Med. Straight Straight

Black Med. Straight

BL, Y. Med. Straight

BL, Y. Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Sm.

Sni.

Sm.

Sm.

Sm.

Sm.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

L. Br. . .. Med. Pere.

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish .. . Med. Mod. Mod.

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Med. Bushy Sm. Mod.

Long Long Long Long Long Long Long Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Pr. Pr. Pr. Pr. Abs. Abs. Abs. Med. Med. Med. Med. Broad Broad Mod. Ro. Mod. Ro. Mod.

Med. Broad Pron.

Med. Med. Med. Broad Med. Broad Mod. Ro. Mod. Ro. Mod.

Med. Hori. Med. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Exc. Pron. Sm.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

12, 9

10, 8

11, 8

12, 9

9

7

9

Black Med. Wavy

Black Med. Straight

Black, R. Black Sm. Med. Straight Straight

Black Sm. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Thick Straight

Black Med. Wavy

Black Sm. Straight

Black, R. Bushy Sm. Straight

Sm.

Sm.

None

R. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Bushy Med. Sm. Sm.

L. Br. R. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Med. Med. Med. Med. Sm. Pron. Med. Med.

Br. Yellowish Med. Sm.

Long Obi. Pr.

Long Sm. Pr.

Long Hori. Pr.

Long Hori. Pr.

Long Hori. Abs.

Long Long Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. PR. Pr.

Med. Broad Mod.

High Med. Mod.

High Broad Mod.

Med. Med. Sm.

Med. Med. Sm.

Med. Med. None

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med.

Deep Hori. Pron. None Sm.

Deep Up Pron. Sm. Incon.

Med.

Med.

Med.

Pron. Sm. Med.

Pron. None Med.

Pron. None Med.

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope

k. 1. m.

34

13, 10

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic

Opening Dir. Epican.

i-

33

13, 10

BEARD :

Col. Quan. Form

i.

Sni.

32

13, 10

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope

d.

Black Med. Straight

31

13, 10

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f. g. h.

12, 10

(CONTINUED)

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form e.

30

15, 12

2

NOSE:

N. D. Sept. MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

Mod. None Sm.

PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE T A B L E

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

d.

BEARD:

36

Col. Quan. Form

37

2

21

(CONTINUED)

38

40

41

42

10, 8

10, 8

11, 7

Black Bl., some Y. Black Sm. Med. Med. Sm. Wavy Straight Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Bl., Y. Med. Straight

Bl., Br. Med. Straight

Sin.

Sm.

SNI.

Black Med. Straight

Sm.

Sm.

Sm.

L. Br.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowishι Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Bushy Med. Med. Med. Med. Sm. Sm. Mod. Mod. Mod.

Col. Quan. Form

e.

EYE

f. g. h.

EYEBROWS BKOW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

i.

FOREHEAD:

j·

NOSE :

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

d.

BEARD :

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic

Opening Dir. Epican.

Med. Mod.

13, 10

14, 12

39

11, 9

13, 10

Long Long Long Long Long Long Long Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Obi. (out) Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Pr. Pr. Pr. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.

Med. Height Broad Breadth Slope Mod. Pron.

Med. Med. Broad Med. Mod. (r) Mod.

N. D. Sept.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Mod. None Med.

so

61

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. V. Slight

52

Med. Broad None

Med. Med. Round

Med. Med. Med. Broad Mod. Ro. Mod.

Med. Med. Med. Hori. Down (out) Down (out) Pron. Pron. Mod. None Sm. None Med. Med. Med.

53

64

56

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

56

10

11

12, 10

Black Thick Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Sm.

Sm.

Sm.

Black Med. Straight

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Med.

Br. Yellowish Subm. Sm.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Imp.

10

13

13

10

Col. Quan. Form

Black Thick Straight

Black Thick Straight

Black Thick Straight

Col. Quan. Form

None

None

Iris Sclerotic

D. Br. Yellowish Subm. Sm.

Br. Br. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Med. Med. SM. Med. Med. SM.

Opening Dir. Epican.

Long Sm. Pr.

Long Long Long Long Long Long Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Pr. Pr. Pr. Pr. Pr. Pr.

Height Breadth Slope

Subm. Med. V. Broad Broad Sm. None

Med. Broad Sm.

High Med. Sm.

Med. Med.

Med. Med. Sm.

Med. Broad None

N. D. Sept.

Sm.

Med. Down Pron. None Med.

Med.

Sm.

Pron. None Med.

Pron. None Med.

Deep Up Pron. Sm. Incon.

Med. Up Pron. None Med.

e.

EYE

f. g. h.

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

i.

FOREHEAD:

i-

NOSE:

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

COL.:

Mod. None Med.

Med. Down Subm. None Med.

Sm.

22

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE TABLE

a.

b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

Col. Quan. Form d.

EYE

EYEBROWS BBOW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

j.

NOSE:

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

N. D. Sept.

EYE

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

Black Med. Straight

Black Black Med. Med. Straight Straight

Sm.

Bl., Br. Sm. Med. Straight Straight

Black Med. Straight

63

10, 9 Black Thick Straight

Sm.

Black Med. Straight

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Bushy Med. Sm. Mod.

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Bushy Med. Mod. Mod.

Long Hori. Pr.

Long Hori. Pr.

Long Long Long Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Hori. Pr. Pr.

Med. Broad Mod.

V. High Med. Med. Med. V. Broad Broad Mod. (r) Mod. Mod.

Med. Hori. Mod. None Med.

Deep Down Pron. None Marked

D. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Med. Med. Mod. Sm.

L. Br. Yellowish V. Bushy Mod.

Long Hori. Abs.

Long Hori. Abs.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Med. Mod.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Pron. Sm. Med.

Deep Hori. Pron. Mod. Sm.

Deep Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Deep Down Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. Mod. Med.

72

73

74

76

77

9, 8

12, 8

9, 7

10, 9

9, 7

75

10, 9

16, 9

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Sm.

Black Sm. Straight

Sm.

Black Sm. Straight

Sm.

Sm.

Sm.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

Br. Yellowish Med. Sm.

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic g. h.

Bl., Y. Black Med. Med. St. Wavy Straight

61

10, 9

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form

f.

Black Med. Straight

71

Col. Quan. Form

e.

61

8, 9

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope

d.

60

14, 10

89

10

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f. g. h.

58

11, 9

(CONTINUED)

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form e.

57

10, 8

2

L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Med. Bushy Med. Mod. Mod. Mod.

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Bushy Med. Mod.

Long Long Sm. Obi. Hori. Pr. Pr.

Long Long Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Hori. Pr. Pr. Abs.

Hori. Abs.

Long Hori. Abs.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Med. Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Up Excès. None Med.

Deep Up Pron. Sm. Med.

Deep Hori. Excès. None Med.

Med. Down Med. Mod. Sm.

Deep Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. Mod. Sm.

Med. Hori. Excès. Sm. Sm.

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope i-

NOSE:

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

N. D. Sept.

PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE TABLE

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIH:

Col. Quan. Form d.

EYE

g. h.

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

j·

NOSE:

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

N. D. Sept.

EYE

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

NOSE: N . D.

Sept. k. 1. m.

70

13, 9

10, 9

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Thick Straight

Black Black Thick Med. Straight Straight

Black Sm. Straight

SNI.

Sm.

Black Sm. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Sni.

Black Bushy Straight

L . Br. L . Br. L . Br. Br. L . Br. L . Br. L . Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Bushy Med. Bushy Bushy Bushy Med. Med. Mod. Mod. Mod. Sm. Mod. Mod. Mod. L.

Long Hon.

Long Long Long Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Hon. Pr. Pr. Abs.

Long Hon.

Long Hori. Abs.

Long Hori. Pr.

Med. Med. Mod.

Med. Med. Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Med. Mod.

Med. Med. Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Deep Up Pron. Sm. Med.

Med. Hon. Pron. Sm. Med.

Deep Hon. Excès. Pron. Incon.

Deep Hon. Pron. Med. Med.

Med. Hori. Subm. None Med.

Deep Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Sm. Hori. Pron. None Pron.

80

81

82

83

84

12, 9

12, 10

12, 9

14, 10

11, 9

21, 14

13, 9

Black Med. Straight

Black Thick Straight

Black Black Med. Med. Straight Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Thick Wavy

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Sm. Straight

Sm.

Sm.

V. Sm.

Black Sm. Straight

79

Sni.

L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Med. Med. Med. Med. Med. Mod. Mod. Mod.

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Bushy Bushy Mod. Mod.

Hori. Pron.

Long Hori. Abs.

Long Sm. Obi. Hori. Pr. Pr.

Hori. Pr.

Sm. Obi. Hori. Pr. Abs.

High Broad Sm.

Med. Broad Mod.

High Broad Mod.

Med. Med. Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Deep Up Excès. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Med. Hori. Subm. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope j-

69

12, 9

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic g. h.

68

12, 9

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form

f.

M

11, 9

78

Col. Quan. Form

e.

65

10, 9

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope

d.

«7

M

10, 9

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f.

(CONTINUED)

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form e.

2

23

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

Subm. None Med.

24

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE TABLE

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

Col. Quan. Form d.

EYE

g. h.

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

i-

NOSE:

k.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

m.

a. b. c.

N. D. Sept.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

Col. Quan. Form d.

EYE

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

i-

NOSE:

k.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

m.

Black Sm.

Black Sm.

89

90

91

11,7

10, 7

13, 10

Black Med. Straight

Black Black Med. Med. Straight Straight

Black Sm.

Black Sm.

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Sm.

Sm. L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Bushy Bushy Bushy Med. Pron. Pron. Mod.

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Med. Med. Mod. Mod.

Long Hori. Abs.

Hori. Abs.

Hori. Pr.

Hori. Pr.

Hori. Pr.

Long Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Abs. Pron.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Broad Med.

Med. Up Excès. Sm. Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Med. Up Pron. Mod. Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Pron.

Deep Down Pron. None Pron.

Deep Hori. Excès. None Pron.

Deep Hori. Pron. None Pron.

99

100

12, 7

14, 9

101

Black Thick Straight

Black Black Med. Sm. Straight Straight

13, 7

102

103

11,7

101

IOS

9, 7

13, 10

Black Med. Straight

Black Med. Med. Straight Straight

Black Thick Straight

Black Sm.

Sm. Straight

Black Sm. Straight

SNI.

V. Sm.

Black Sm.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Med. Med. Sm.

Ó'bì. Pr.

Sm. Obi. Hori. Pr. Pr.

Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Pr. Pr. Pr!

Obi. Sm. Obi. Pr.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Broad Sm.

High Broad Sm.

High Broad V. Sm.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Sm.

High Broad Sm.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Med. Down Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Deep Hori. Pron. None Pron.

Med. Up Pron. Mod. Med.

Med. Up Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Excès. Sm. Sm.

Sm. L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

FOREHEAD :

Height Breadth Slope

1.

Black Black Thick Med. Straight Wavy

88

9,7

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f. g. h.

Black Med. Straight

87

13, 7

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form e.

86

10, 8

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope

1.

85

11, 9

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f.

(CONTINUED)

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form e.

2

N. D. Sept.

PHYSICAL TRAITS OF THE MODERN CHINESE TABLE a.

b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

Col. Quan. Form d.

EYE

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

j·

NOSE:

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

a. b. c.

SKIN COLOR HAIR:

N. D. Sept.

Col. Quan. Form

EYE

EYEBROWS BROW-RIDGES EYELIDS:

Opening Dir. Epican. i.

96

96

13, 9

14, 11

14, 13

97

10, 8

Black Thick Straight

Black Thick Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Thick Straight

Black Med. Straight

Black Thick Straight

Black Med. Straight

Sm.

Sm.

Sin.

Black Sm. Straight

Black Sm. Straight

Black Sm. Straight

Black Med. Straight

L. Br. Yellowish Bushy Mod.

L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish. Yellowish Yellowish Bushy Med. Med. Med. Med. Med. Mod. Mod. Sm. Mod.

Hori. Abs.

Hori.

Ó'bì. Pr.

Hori. Pr.

Hori. Pron.

Sin. Obi. Pr. Pr."

Med. Broad V. Sm.

Med. Med. Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Broad V. Sm.

High Broad Mod.

Med. Broad Mod.

Mod. Hori. Pron. None Pron.

Deep Hori. Pron. Mod. Sm.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Deep Hori. Pron. Mod. Med.

Med. Hori. Pron. None Pron.

Med. Down Pron. None Med.

Deep Up Mod. Mod. Sm.

106

107

108

11,7

9, 7

9, 9

Black Med. Straight

Black Black Med. Thick Straight Straight

109

110

Ill

11, 9

12, 9

Black Med. Straight

Black Black Med. Thick Sm.Wavy Straight

Sm.

Sm.

L. Br. L. Br. L. Br. Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Med. Med. Med. Sm. Mod. Mod.

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f. g. h.

94

17, 9

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form e.

93

10, 8

98

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope

d.

92

13, 9

COL.:

Iris Sclerotic f. g. h.

(CONTINUED)

BEARD:

Col. Quan. Form e.

2

25

Obi. Obi. Sm. Obi. Pr. Pr.'

L. Br. Yellowish Med. Mod.

Br. Yellowish Subm. Mod.

Obi. Sm. Obi. Hori. Pr. Pr.

Sm. Obi. Sm. Obi. Pr. Pr.

FOREHEAD:

Height Breadth Slope j·

NOSE:

k. 1. m.

MALAR PROGNATH. CHIN

N. D. Sept.

Med. Broad Sm.

High Broad Sm.

High Broad Sm.

Med. Broad Sm.

Med. Broad Sm.

V. High V. Broad None

Med. Hori. Pron. None Med.

Med. Hori. Pron.

Med. Hori. Excès.

Pron.

Pron.

Med. Hori. Pron. Sm. Pron.

Deep Hori. Pron. Sm. Med.

Med. Down Mod. None Pron.

26

THE FORMATION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE TABLE

3

A SUMMARY OF THE M E T R I C A L OBSERVATIONS, SHOWING THE E X T R E M E S , THE M E A N S , AND THEIR P R O B A B L E E R R O R S ; STANDARD D E V I A T I O N S AND T H E I R

PROBABLE

E R R O R S ; T H E V A R I A B I L I T I E S AND T H E I R P R O B A B L E E R R O R S ( M A L E S ONLY) Traits

Stature H. H H. L Η. Β H. L. I L. Β. I Hör. Cir M. F. D Biz. Diam Ν. M. H F. I Ν. H Ν. Β Ν. I

No. of cases

Extremes

Means ="= Ε . M .