The First Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect, Volume II: Early Neolithic (Starcevo-Cris) Sites on the Territory of Romania 9781407307435, 9781407337364

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BAR S2188 2011 LUCA & SUCIU (Eds) EARLY NEOLITHIC (STARČEVO-CRIŞ) SITES ON THE TERRITORY OF ROMANIA

B A R Luca and Suciu 2188 cover.indd 1

Specific Targeted Research Project on the Formation of Europe: Prehistoric Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity Institute of Archaeology Jagiellonian University

The First Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect Volume II

Early Neolithic (Starčevo-Criş) Sites on the Territory of Romania Edited by

Sabin Adrian Luca Cosmin Suciu

BAR International Series 2188 2011

14/01/2011 12:09:38

Specific Targeted Research Project on the Formation of Europe: Prehistoric Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity Institute of Archaeology Jagiellonian University

The First Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect Volume II

Early Neolithic (Starčevo-Criş) Sites on the Territory of Romania Edited by

Sabin Adrian Luca Cosmin Suciu

BAR International Series 2188 2011

ISBN 9781407307435 paperback ISBN 9781407337364 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407307435 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

BAR

PUBLISHING

From the series editor The modelling of the process of Neolithization – one of the basic tasks of the FEPRE project – requires to built a complete database i.e. not only the register of radiocarbon dates but also the inventory of the FTN sites: both those excavated as well as those recorded in the course of surface surveys. In view of the fact that in the Neolithization of Europe the axis running from the Balkans to the Carpathians is of essential importance we have decided to make up the inventory of FTN sites along this axis. Within the territory from 41 to 51 degrees latitude north the following sheets have been taken into account: I – Bulgaria, II – Romania, III – Eastern Hungary, IV – Eastern Slovakia, V – Southeastern Poland (see map). The result are five volume catalogue of FTN sites with the following contents: 1. General information about cultural evolution at the onset of Neolithic in a given territory: taxonomic definitions, stratigraphic sequences, seriations, basic data on settlement, material culture, subsitance economy 2. Additional data on cultural and economic problems specific for a given region 3. A list of radiometric dates 4. A catalogue of sites in alphabetical order. Site catalogues are made up of the following data categories: Identification and location of sites Name of a site (and number on the map) 1. Administrative unit appropriate to a given site 2. River basin 3. Geographical coordinates 4. Geomorphological situation (river basin, location in relation to the land relief)

A. Information on excavated sites 1. Name(s) of researcher(s) responsible for the excavation 2. Date of excavation (years) 3. Bounded research area: excavated and surveyed 4. Type and number of features 5. Relative chronology based on archaeological seria- tion and absolute chronology; number of settlement phases B. Information on sites recognized on the basis of surface finds 1. Area of occurrence of portable finds 2. Taxonomic attribution and – when possible – chronological framework of sites C. The most important references Each volume deals with a different taxonomic unit representing FTN in a given territory: Volume I – Bulgaria – sites of the Monochrome and the Early Painted Pottery Phase (Karanovo I type); Volume II – Romania (Transilvania and Banat) – sites of the Early Phase (with white-painted pottery) of Criº- Körös Culture; Volume III – Eastern Hungary (Tisza basin) – sites of the Körös-Starèevo Culture; Volume IV – Eastern Slovakia – sites of the Early Phase of the Eastern Linear Pottery Culture; Volume V – South-Eastern Poland – LBK sites. The database and the analysis of archaeological records provides the most up-to-date groundwork for the construction of the model on Neolithization of Central Europe within the framework of the FEPRE project; it is also aimed at any other modeling of these processes. Janusz K. Koz³owski

CONTENTS Sabin Adrian Luca, Cosmin Ioan Suciu and Florian Dumitrescu-Chioar Starcevo-Criº Culture in Western part of Romania – Transylvania, Banat, Criºana, Maramureº, Oltenia and Western Muntenia: repository, distribution map, state of research and chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Gheorghe Lazarovici and Cornelia Magda Lazaovici Architecture of the Early Neolithic in Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Michela Spataro Technological uniformity? Early Neolithic ceramic vessels, cult objects, net weights and daub production in Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Georgeta El Susi The management of livestock in Early Neolithic settlements (Starèevo-Criº complex) from Transylvania and Banat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Corneliu Beldiman and Diana-Maria Sztancs Technology of skeletal materials of the Starèevo-Criº Culture in Romania. Some considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Paolo Biagi Some aspects of the earliest Neolithic chipped stone assemblages of Transylvania and the Banat (Romania). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Sabin Adrian Luca, Cosmin Ioan Suciu and Florian Dumitrescu-Chioar Cataloque of the Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania – Transylvania, Banat, Criºana, Maramureº, Oltenia and Western Muntenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Fepre Map reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

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S.A. Luca et al.: Star¹evo-Criê Culture ...

7–17.

Star¹evo-Criº Culture in Western part of Romania – Transylvania, Banat, Criºana, Maramureº, Oltenia and Western Muntenia: repository, distribution map, state of research and chronology Sabin Adrian Luca1, Cosmin Ioan Suciu2 and Florian Dumitrescu-Chioar1 1

The National Brukenthal Museum, Brukenthal Palace, Piaþa Mare, Nr. 4, Sibiu, Romania; [email protected], [email protected] 2 "Lucian Blaga" University, Faculty of History and Patrimony, 5-7, Victoriei Street, Sibiu, 550024, Romania; [email protected]

187–200; Vlassa 1964, 463–464). Another hypothesis, agreed in most of the latest studies, assumes that the North Danubian territory was settling down due to a migration from South, started from the Near East (Vlassa 1966; Lazarovici 1977; 1979; 1984; 1996; Paul 1989; Draºovean 2007; Luca 1999; Luca & Suciu 2005; 2007; Luca et al. 2004; Ciutã 2009). Considering the early Neolithic occurrences from Romania as a component piece of the neolithisation of the South-East Europe, and not as a local phenomenon, Gh. Lazarovici defines the first Neolithic exhibitions as part of the Protosesklo – Sesklo – Starèevo-Criº – Körös – Karanovo I – Kremnikovæ cultural complex (Lazarovici 1979; 1983; 1984; 2005) and for Romania he uses the StarèevoCriº Culture term (Lazarovici 1969; 1977; 1979; 1984). The chronological system accepted by the most of the researchers for Starèevo-Criº Culture is the one developed by Gh. Lazarovici (Lazarovici 1977; 1979; 1984; 1996; 2005; Maxim 1999; Luca & Suciu 2007; Luca et al. 2008; Ursulescu 1984; Mirea 2005; Draºovean 2007; 2009; Andreescu, Mirea 2008; Andreescu et al. 2009; Popuºoi 2005; Tulugea 2008; Ciutã 2009, 73; El Susi 2008; Ciubotaru 1998). As a result of publication of a monograph for Körös Culture from the Hungarian Plain in early ‘50 (Kutzián 1944), the Romanian researchers will use the Criº Culture term (translation of the Hungarian term Körös) to define Early Neolithic (Nestor 1957; Horedt 1956; Vlassa 1966). The problem appeared because Transylvania is having settlements evolving from first stage to the last one and the term Criº defined the last stages. Based on the excavations from Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, I. Paul defines the first Neolithic horizon from Transylvania with the Precriº (before Criº) Culture term (Paul 1989, 11; Ciutã 2005). The system was based on the stratigraphy relations from Ocna Sibiului:

INTRODUCTION The neolithisation of the Balkan Peninsula was described as a migration or diffusion process, or both (Bogucki 2004, 201; Price 2000; Lazarovici 1996, 22). From Thessaly area the neolithisation goes forward to the North Balkans along three routes: the first one, which connects Thessaly with Vardar-Morava (the discoveries from Anzabegovo, Vršnik) and then the Iron Gate of the Danube area, the Middle Basin of Danube and the Middle Basin of Mureº (the discoveries from Donja Brajevina, Grivac, Cârcea, Ocna Sibiului, Miercurea Sibiului, Gura Baciului, SzarvasFeature 23). The second route connects Strimon-Struma region from Sofia Basin (the discoveries from Kovaèevo, Gãlâbnik, Kremikovici). The third route connects the South area with the centre of Bulgaria through Mariþa Valley, with Karanovo discoveries (Lazarovici 1996, 22).

EARLY NEOLITHIC IN ROMANIA – TERMINOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEM USED The origin of the North Danubian Neolithic was explained based on two hypotheses: the autochthons theory and the migration theory (Luca & Suciu 2007). After the discoveries made in the settlement of Argissa, in 1956 (Milojèic 1956), a group of Romanian researchers tried to prove the existence of an aceramic Neolithic also in Romania, and the neolithisation of the epipaleolithic populations around the Danube as an independent process (Berciu 1958; 1961; Pãunescu 1958; Boroneanþ 1968). These statements were based on the discoveries made at Bãile HerculanePeºtera Hoþilor (Nicolãescu Plopºor 1957); Schela Cladovei-Peºtera la Adam (Berciu 1958); Dârþu-Ceahlãu (Pãunescu 1958); Cremenea (Nicolãescu Plopºor 1958). Afterwards these theories were disproved (Dumitrescu 1970,

7

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Table 1 Relative chronology frame and main systems used for Early Neolithic, Star¹evo-Criê complex (Schier 1995, 297) Miloj¹iæ 1949, 1950

Garaëanin 1954

IV (¥berlappung mit Vin¹a A ?)

III

III

II b

Dimitrijeciæ 1969, 1974

Srejoviæ 1971

Final (¦dralovi - A1 Spiraloid B - Vin¹a A1

IV B - Vin¹a A3

¥bergang zu Vin¹a

IV A - Vin¹a A2

Proto-Vin¹a sp¬t

III B - Vin¹a A1

Proto-Vin¹a frò

III A

KØrØs-Star¹evo klassische Phase

II Girlandoid

I

Makkay 1987

III Spiraloid A

II

Lazarovici 1979

Linear B

I (Lep. Vir. IIIb)

II B

Linear A

Proto-Star¹evo II

II A

Monochrom B

Proto-Star¹evo I

IC

Monochrom A

(Lepenski Vir IIIa Grubenhorizont)

IB

II a

I

Precriº I, Precriº II, Criº (Paul 1989, 11). The names for the first stages hold a dispute on because of: the individuality of excavators; of geographical area of discovery; the cultural policy of the area. As a result of the excavations made in Oltenia, at Cârcea-La Hanuri (Nica 1976), Cârcea-Viaduct (Nica 1977) and Grãdinile-Islaz (Nica 1981), Marin Nica proposed the term: Cultural Group Cârcea (Nica 1985), as an occurrence previous to Starèevo Culture. Based on Milojèiæ’s system (Milojèiæ 1949), Gh. Lazarovici suggests a chronological system based on four main phases I-IV, adding another three phases IA, IB, IC for the first phase and two phases for the others IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, IVB (Lazarovici 1969, 21; 1977, 34–42; 1979, 24; 1984, 54–55; 2005), system created initially for Banat and then extended for the whole Romania. The lack of radiocarbon data forced Gh. Lazarovici to build his system on typological basis (Table 1).

KØrØs-Star¹ev Fròhphase (Wei¢ auf Rot)

I A (hypothet.)

2008; Luca & Gudea 2010; Luca et al. 2003; Costea 2004; Németi 1999; Criºan et al. 1992; Cavruc et al. 1998; Cavruc et al. 2000; Lazãr 1995; Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001–2002; Mirea 2005; Luca & Suciu 2007). The requirement from FEPRE management was to record all the sites from Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia and from the Western Muntenia. We created a database in Microsoft Access with all the Early Neolithic sites. We also used another database with all the radiocarbon data available to us regarding the NeoEneolithic from Romania. We used the format of Radon Database designed by Johannes Müller (http://www.jungsteinsite.uni-kiel.de; Rinne 2009). In the last year we correlated with data from early Balkan Neolithic from CANEW system (Reingruber 2005) and Context database (Böhner et al. 2006) as with individual data. The first step was to identify in the literature all the references for Early Neolithic materials and to plot them, on the map, using the description gave by the authors. There are a lot of bad descriptions making it hard to identify sites with a small error (max. 100 m). For Transylvania we walked on the main sites with a GPS device. In most of the cases we were able to find the exact point location using a GPS Garmin Etrex Vista. In some cases we contacted the archaeologists from the area to try to spot the points better. For the sites with poor description we approximated the position. A program used by our Garmin device fit perfect for our purposes. It is a topographic map, one of the most important handheld maps used in Romania, R.O.A.D. 2008, version by Sheba company designated for off road landscape with administrative borders, updated off road names, caves, forests, rivers, mountains, etc. (Fig. 1) We identified some of the reasons which made it harder to spot the points: terrain modifying in the last years (channels, dams, roads); point names changed during time (eg: in Transylvania some names were translated from Hungarian to Romanian or from Romanian to Hungarian); time itself changed landscape memory a lot, some points were related to buildings or streets or private owners that are hard to be find in our days; the way the excavations were published

FEPRE REPOSITORY – METHODOLOGY USED FOR ROMANIA The activity of registering all Early Neolithic sites was made nationally by Gheorghe Lazarovici, latest in 1984, when he found 131 points for entire Romania. Other materials were published locally after this (Draºovean 1981; Criºan et al. 1999; Moga & Ciugudean 1995; Luca 2006;

Fig. 1. R.O.A.D 2008 Garmin topo map used to record accuratelly sites.

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S.A. Luca et al.: Star¹evo-Criê Culture ...

Fig. 3.

Graphic with percentages of dated and undated sites.

Fig. 4. ture.

Site distribution across the phases as reported in litera-

Fig. 5.

Settlement distribution across river basins.

Fig. 2. Map distribution – Star¹evo-Criº points recorded in FEPRE project, Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia and Western Muntenia.

was problematic – with space limits, with short reports, with few material published and not so many excavation drawings; for many times, the published maps were hand made, not so exactly as was needed; accurate maps were forbidden to print because of military restriction; the exactly GPS coordinates were provided by authors only in 2 or 3 cases; the excavation results were in most cases only short reports sustained by few materials or analyses; the access to foreign articles and books was hard in communist times; the relative chronology was in debate in last decades and made it hard for non specialists in Neolithic and Eneolithic to date materials found accidentally or in excavations; the radiocarbon data series arrived only recently for this period. We have few sites where the error is around 2 km. Still, for most of the sites the error is around 50 to 100 m. For the points with no record or description we choose the middle of settlement (example of usual description: From village X were recovered some SC sherds).

RESULTS The Starèevo-Criº database, recorded in FEPRE Project, count 320 points for Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia, Criºana, Maramureº and Western Muntenia (Fig. 2) From all the points, only 135 points (42%) had relative chronology assignment (Fig. 3). The explanation is that in the most points were found few materials.

Table 2 Relative chronology frame and main systems used for Early Neolithic, Starèevo-Criº complex (Schier 1995, 297) Table 2. Phase

SC IA_IB_IC

SC IC_IIA

SC_II

SC_III

SC_IV

Late SC-

SC IA_IB_IC

Nr. of sites

10

14

57

61

40

17

10

9

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 6.

Radiocarbon data from Romania (IPCTE Radiocarbon Database).

From dated sites we could see the distribution across phases. We can observe the low proportion of sites for first phase (5%). Some sites were reported as SC IC-IIA (7%). In the second phase the reported sites grow (29%) to reach maximum in third phase (31 %). In the forth phase we have

only 20% (Table 2, Fig. 4). Other sites were designated as Late SC, mostly sites from last phase. River basins (Fig. 5) settlement distribution suggests a dispersion following rivers valleys. Mureº River Basin holds 23% of all sites followed closely by Olt River basin

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Fig. 7.

Wooden pot from Grãdinile-Islaz, a. original drawing (Nica 1983, fig. 4/1); b. photo Cosmin Suciu 2008.

with 20%. Mureº and Olt hold a large area and are quite long. Danube River count only 10 % of sites, but with a high concentration in the Danube Gorges area. Someº River Basin holds 9%. Almost all the sites are nearby the first terrace of the main rivers but we have 13 cave sites suggesting mountain habitat exploitation.

The sample was taken from the entire pot (Fig. 7) and was dated, using AMS at Poznan laboratory, at 36700±800 BP (Poz-25226). The data is out of Starèevo-Criº range. The percentage of old carbon in the sample is 90% which exclude the possibility of artificially introduction of such quantity of carbon. We tried to collect another sample from the wooden objects found in the Starèevo-Criº settlement from MãguraBuduiasa, kindly helped by excavator Pavel Mirea. Some wooden objects were published recently (Andreescu et al. 2009). The final data will be publish soon, but is confirming the data from Grãdinile. Between both settlements there is a 79 km distance in straight line, but the results show the same pattern. A possible explanation could be that the Early Neolithic communities used intentionally fossil wood as raw material for different objects. This means advanced knowledge about the properties of fossil wood. These discoveries show that we underestimate the use of wood in prehistory. The data from Starèevo-Criº I are closed to the data from Anzabegovo, Gyálarét –Szilágyi, Donja Branjevina, Magareæi Mlin-Apatin and Blagotin-Poljna (Biagi et al. 2005; Whittle et al. 2002; Thissen 2009; IPCTE Radiocarbon Database). For Bulgaria the moment is almost the same documented at Early Neolithic sites from Galabnik, Èavdar, Kovaèevo, Tell Azmak, Karanovo and Polyanitsa (Kohl, Quitta 1966; Reingruber et al. 2005; Hiller et al. 1997; Boyadzhiev 2009). The first Early Neolithic sites from Oltenia and Western Muntenia are situated on a parallel line with the Danube, not so far from the water course. Another cluster is the older one situated close to the South-West of Transylvania, near the Middle Mureº Valley and in the North-West part, on Someº. This is the first migration from the South following the Timoc Valley to Oltenia and from there to Transylvania (Fig. 8) (Luca, Suciu 2007, 84). A new migration seems to happen in Starèevo-Criº IC (Fig. 10), but it imposes with all elements in the Starèevo-

First phase – Starèevo-Criº I The sub-phases of the first phase could be fit well with radiocarbon data between 7200–7000 (6100/6000–5900/ 5800 BC). The first cluster is formed by data coming from Gura Baciului (GrA-24137) and Ocna Sibiului (GrN28110) before 6000 BC, followed closely by data from Miercurea Sibiului (GrN-28520, Poz-24697, GrN-29954), euºa (GrN-28114) and Foeni-Sãlaº (GrN-28454). All the sites with radiocarbon data from this phase fit well to the relative chronology. Transylvanian sites were well represented with radiocarbon data (Gura Baciului, Ocna Sibiului and Miercurea Sibiului), Banat area is having one site (Foeni) and Oltenia was not represented. For Muntenia, some data is unpublished (from Mãgura) (Fig. 6). Some data were processed in FEPRE program, but unfortunately only few samples were provided after the work done by Biagi and his team in 2004. Miercurea SibiuluiPetriº was excavated in the last years, so we have a data from level Ib, complex B17 (phase SC_IC-IIA – Poz-24697, 7030±50 BP, 5990BC-5870BC. Were processed samples from Southern Romania, from Grãdinile and Mãgura sites. The samples are special, collected from a series of wooden objects, the oldest recovered from this time in the Eastern Europe. The Grãdinile site was excavated by Marin Nica and was published locally, in Romania, in 1983 (Nica 1983). He found wooden fragments of pots, bracelets in 1980 campaign and an entire wooden polished pot inside the house 4, in 1981.

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Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Gura Baciului I level, the terms “Proto – Pre Starèevo” would not be used (Lazarovici 1979, 39–40). The characteristics of this horizon can not be specified, because of the lack of certain data from the earliest features from Gura Baciului, Ocna Sibiului, Cârcea (Lazarovici 1984, 55). Starèevo-Criº IB Phase – the characteristics of this phase were defined based on the materials discovered in level I from Gura Baciului. The ceramic type is Protosesklo, but with shapes similar to Fruhkeramik, good quality and well polished ceramic, polished with a metallic gloss, with husk and sand as grease remover, red, black, yellow colours, not very high burning temperature. The aspect of the unpainted ceramic is monochrome. The shape of the pots is spherical. The main ceramic types are the pot, bowl, spherical bowl. The painting is made with white colour, simple motifs, oblong bowlines, dots disposed in line, vertical lines, triangles (Lazarovici 1977, 34; 1979, 40; 1984, 55–56). To this phase belong the discoveries from Gura Baciului: B2A, B1 (Lazarovici, Maxim 1995); Cârcea I (Lazarovici 1977, 34; 1979, 40; 2005, 23–78.); Ocna Sibiului I (Paul 1989), Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº Nivelul Ia, B10; B19; G26 (Luca et al. 2008, 9). Starèevo-Criº IC Phase was defined based on the materials from Cârcea-Hanuri and Ocna Sibiului-Triguri. During this phase the mixture with husk and red engobe. Speaking of the shapes it can be noticed a growing of the wide pots and a reduction of spherical vessel, the pots are oblate with cylindrical neck and the cups have bitronconical walls. Nail impressions are used more often, in the so called impress style, the grease remover for coarse ceramic is husk and for the fine and semi fine one is refined sand, the white painting is maintained, the bowlines are organized in triangles, rhomb, line combinations and bowlines. Characteristic for this period is the painting technique named solid style (points on the lines), wavy lines (Lazarovici 1979, 41; 1984, 58). For this phase we have the settlements from Cârcea Hanuri, Ocna Sibiului, Grãdinile I, Cuina Turcului, Valea Rãii, Verbiþa, Gura Baciului B8 (Lazarovici 1977, 35; 1979, 41–42; 1984, 58–60); Foeni-Sãlaº (Draºovean 2007, 71; 2009, 272); Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº nivelul Ib, B17; B20; B1 (Luca et al. 2008, 11–12); Ceriºor-Peºtera Cauce (Luca et al. 2004, 101). After mapping the Starèevo-Criº IC-IIA sites we can observe that site number grows slightly in Transylvania, around older sites, which could suggest a better exploitation of the habitat. We also have a movement to the west, following the Mureº River. Around Gura Baciului the situation is almost the same. This situation became more clearly seen on the phase Starèevo-Criº IIA for both centres.

Fig. 8. Distribution map Star¹evo-Criº I (SC_A, SC_B and SC_IC sub-phases).

Fig. 9.

Sites reported of SC_IC-IIA.

Criº IIA phase (Lazarovici 1996, 28–29) (Fig. 11). The moment is catch by some authors under the term Starèevo-Criº IC-IIA (Fig. 10). Sub-phases from Starèevo-Criº I stage have almost all characteristics common, the evolution is defined mostly in a statistically way, and the local evolution is important.

Second phase – Starèevo-Criº II Mapping the sites assigned as Starèevo-Criº II phase (Fig. 10), it is becoming clearly the tendency from StarèevoCriº IC-IIA (Fig. 11), in increasing of the site number around the Middle Mureº Valley to the West and to the North on Someº River. The Banat area is now fully settled. The same situation could be observed in the southern part of Oltenia, where the Danube River plays an important role. From radiocarbon point of view we have no data for Starèevo-Criº IIA (Fig. 7). Interesting is that we have two

Starèevo-Criº IA Phase we understand the horizon of the first migration which starts the neolithization process. This phase is characterized by monochromatic pottery, well polished and well burned, similar shapes with the ones from Gura Baciului I. This horizon is only hypothetical, because at Gura Baciului were found materials, but not in explicit features (Lazarovici 2005, 23–78; 1977, 34; 1984, 55). However, Gh. Lazarovici considers this phase unquestionable, so that if there are discovered earlier materials than

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S.A. Luca et al.: Star¹evo-Criê Culture ...

data designated as Starèevo-Criº IC-IIA at Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº (Poz-25226 and GrN-28521). The data are starting from the end of Starèevo-Criº I. The data for StarèevoCriº IIB phase are close to the end of Starèevo-Criº IC too. This means that Starèevo-Criº IIA is short in time and correlated with accelerate grow of the settlement number supports the second migration theory (Lazarovici 1996, 29; Luca & Suciu 2007, 85) and is starting around 7000 BP (5950/5850 BC) (Fig.7). Couples of data for Starèevo-Criº phase IIB are mainly coming from Banat and Oltenia: Dudeºtii Vechi (GrN28111, GrN-28113, GrA-26951), Foeni-Gaz (GrA-25621) and Mãgura (Wk-14435, Wk-14436, Wk-14437). The data fit between 7000–6750 BP (5950/5850–5800/5700BC). For Transylvania the radiocarbon data are missing. Starèevo-Criº IIA Phase – the characteristics of phase II A were established based on the materials discovered at Cârcea, Grãdinile and Verbiþa (Nica 1983, 23–26). Gheorghe Lazarovici identified three main groups for this phase: the discoveries from Oltenia area, where is maintained the connection with the South-Balkan area; South of Banat, where the communities are connected to the ones in Serbia, with the epipaleolithic communities and with the South of Balkan Peninsula; the communities from Someº, Mureº and Criº basins which are almost isolated of the Balkan world. The shapes of this phase are similarly to the previous ones, and as a characteristic for this phase is the cone platter with low foot. This phase is characterized by the increase of impresso decoration and the decrease of white painted ornaments, the disappearance of the motifs with bowlines and pearls, the generalization of red painted pots, the painting with geometrical motifs, the lack of barbotine and the apparition of pseudo-barbotine (Lazarovici 1984, 60–61). For this phase we have the materials from: Cârcea II, Beºenova, Cenad, Grãdinile I, Uioara de Sus (Lazarovici 1984, 49– 104), Valea Rãii, Verbiþa (Lazarovici 1977, 36; 1979, 42.), Gura Baciului G29, G2a, G18, B20, B23 (Lazarovici, Maxim 1995, 79–89). Starèevo-Criº IIB Phase. In this phase occur some changes in the Starèevo-Criº complex, in some areas continuing the painting with white and in other areas occurring the painting with black, as well as elements like organized or splashed barbotine, incisions. The painting with black colour is associated with altars and seals which are strongly connected to the south-Danubian civilizations, especially with Sesklo. The characteristics of this phase were established based on the excavations made at Cârcea and Cuina Turcului (Lazarovici 1984, 62–64). The quality of the ceramic is good, also the polishing, it’s noticed an increase of the ceramic with red slip, it appears and develops the painting with dark colours on red background, usual with linear motifs. Another characteristic is the increase of the ceramic decorated with impressions with the nail or finger, initially appears the splashed barbotine followed by the organized one. The shapes of the pots remain the same with a small evolution, the rectangular pot with perforated foot, the spherical pot, pot with pear-shape (Lazarovici 1984, 62– 64). For this phase we have the sites from Gornea – Locurile Lungi, Gornea Cãuniþa de Sus, Dubova Cuina Turcului (Lazarovici 1977, 36; 1979, 43–46.), Cârcea, Grãdinile,

Fig. 10. Distribution map of Star¹evo-Criº II phase.

Fig. 11. Distribution map of Star¹evo-Criº III.

Verbiþa, Basarabi, Ocna Sibiului, Nandru – Peºtera Spurcatã, (Lazarovici 1984, 49–104; Draºovean 1981, 33–44.) ? IIA-IIB Iosaº-Anele (Luca & Barbu 1992–1994, 13–23.), Gura Baciului G19, G22 (Lazarovic &, Maxim 1995, 90– 93.); Miercurea Sibiului-Pustia; Pojejena-Nucet (Luca 1995, 9), Foeni-Gaz (Draºovean 2009, 276). Third Phase – Starèevo-Criº III For the third phase we can present a general overview relating all settlements (Fig. 11), but the phase distribution is interesting because some authors indicate to a third migration process (Lazarovici 1996, 31) at the end of the phase during the transitional phase between IIIB and IVA and occur at the impulse of the Vinèa Culture and what is known as Polychrome Complex.

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Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Giulvãz (GrN-28456), La Hoþu Cave (Sac-2001), Parþa (GrN-28459), Limba (GrN-29052, GrN-28457). Once with Starèevo-Criº IIIB the Eastern part of Transylvania is settled, showing a movement to Moldavia through South-East direction, confirmed by radiocarbon data from Trestiana (GrN-17003, 6665±45, Mantu 2000, 98). In the chronological system of Lazarovici the StarèevoCriº IIIB should be contemporary with Vinèa Culture, A1 phase. Unfortunately we do not have radiocarbon data for the first wave of advance for Vinèa Culture at Gornea or Liubcova. On statistic and relative analogies it is possible to have two moments IIIB phase (IIIB1 and IIIB2), and IIIB to be longer in time. At Liubcova-Orniþa site, we have a moment (named IIIB1) when Vinèa Culture did not touched Danube Gorges area and a second one (named IIIB2) when Vinèa A1 displaced some Starèevo-Criº communities (Luca 1998, 99). The newest radiocarbon data (Biagi et al. 2007, Fig.3; Suciu 2009; IPCTE Radiocarbon Database) dated the Vinèa A2 moment (GrA-33127, 6475±40) just around 5450 BC, which goes well with Karanovo III data and Dudeºti data (IPCTE Radiocarbon Database). So it is possible to have for Vinèa A1 moment data with 150 years older and the relative chronology to be sustained. Starèevo-Criº IIIA Phase (Fig. 12) – it is characterized by a good quality ceramic, continuing the red polished slip, and a large variety of colours for the monochromatic pottery. As grease remover for the coarse ceramic it is still used husk, and for fine an semi fine ceramic is used sand or sand with husk, the pottery is generally well but not very strong burned, better polishing especially inside the pots. The pot shapes are very varied, the dishes are higher evolving towards bowls, the decorations are increasing, the barbotine varies, the impression wit the nail are organized, the incisions can rarely be found. It appears the decoration with pinches, are used plastic decorations, alveolar belts. The predominant painting is the painting with black but sometimes it occurs the painting with white, the black dots are associated with black curveiliniar decorations, garlands under the rim (Lazarovici 1984, 64–66). For this phase we have the settlements from Beºenova, Cenad, Dubova-Peºtera lui Maovãþ, (Lazarovici 1979, 47–48), Ostrovu Golu, Giulvãz, Cârcea, Jupa, Sebeº (Draºovean 1981, 33–44.) Gura Baciului G8, Platforma PV (Lazarovici, Maxim 1995, 95–97), Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº Nivelul Ic (Luca et al. 2008, 14), Miercurea Sibiului-Pustia (Luca et al. 2004, 101), AradGrãdiºte 1, Cârcea-Hanuri, Grãdinile-Fântâna lui Duþu, Gornea-Locurile Lungi (Lazarovici 1984, 66). Starèevo-Criº IIIB Phase. At this level can be noticed the first Vinèa influences (Luca 1988–1991, 1–12), this phase being characterised by two important phenomenon: a diffusion phenomenon which led to the neolithisation of some peripheral areas like the north of Criºana, Carei area, the inferior basin of Someº, Moldavia (Fig. 13), and a new phenomenon determined by a southern influence determined by the Balkan-Anatolian chalcolithic (Lazarovici 1984, 66). The Balkan-Anatolian chalcolithic has two main characteristics, one being the apparition of the black, polished ceramic, the blacktoped type, characteristic to Vinèa A1 phase, and another characteristic is represented by the ce-

Fig. 12. Distribution map of Starcevo-Criº III A.

Fig. 13. Distribution map of Starcevo-Criº IIIB.

From radiocarbon data point of view we have data for Starèevo-Criº IIIA (Fig.13) from: Dudeºtii Vechi (GrA24115, GrN-28876), and Parþa (GrN-28460) which overlap on Starèevo-Criº IIB period of time. Those data are supported by the distribution maps which have the same boundary aspect. The phase known as Starèevo-Criº IIIB (Fig. 14) is starting around 6750 BP (5800/5700BC) and it is coming to the end around 6550 BP (5600/5500 BC). The area from North-West Transylvania is settled now, along the Someº and Barcãu rivers. Couple of data comes from this moment:

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ramic wit polychrome painting, barbotine, bitronconical shapes (Lazarovici 1984, 66; Luca 1998, 96). This is the reason why IIIB phase was fragmented in two sub phases – IIIB1 when Vinèa elements are still not present and IIIB2 with the earliest Vinèa A1 elements in Romania. Some settlements continue their evolution, like the one from Giulvãz, but others end their evolution suddenly – GorneaLocurile Lungi, Liubcova-Orniþa (here was noticed the most obvious succession between Starèevo-Criº and Vinèa). The quality of the ceramic is different in the two cases, for the local one is used as grease remover more sand, the burning is strong, the coarse aspect making necessary a better polishing on the interior of the vessel, fact noticed in the settlements from Ostrovu Golu II, Gornea-Cãuniþa de Sus, Cuina Turcului III, Arad-Grãdiºte 1, Fughiu, Suplacu de Barcãu, Zãuan. In the settlements influenced by the Balkan-Anatolian chalcolithic, like the sites from Leþ I, Trestiana I, Cârcea-Viaduct, the ceramic has a good quality, as grease remover is used the fine sand, sometimes in mixture with husk, very good burning (Lazarovici 1984, 67). The predominant shape of the vessel is the bowl. Remarkable are the cups, bitronconical cups, cups with incisions or painted, there is a variety of foot vessel, the painting is represented by spiral motifs, the painting with white disappears. Was noticed an increase of the incised ornaments and of the alveoli, we assist at the apparition of the cuts and prominent ornaments which are quantitative increasing. In the contact areas with Vinèa A1 phase are developed the incisions, the short cuttings and the organised barbotine, and in the peripheral areas are used barbotine and pinches (Lazarovici 1984, 66–68). Representative for this period are the sites from: Dubova-Cuina Turcului II, Gornea-Locurile Lungi, Leþ (Lazarovici 1979, 49–50), Cârcea-Viaduct, Hunedoara-Biserica Reformatã, Giulvãz, Sebeº-Casa Jampa, Gura Baciului P 5a, G14, Platforma 21a (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 97–100; Lazarovici 1984, 66–68; Draºovean 1981, 33–44), Liubcoviþa-Orniþa (Luca 1998, 96–97), Orãºtie-Dealul Pemilor X8 (Luca 2005, 112).

Fig. 14. Distribution map of Star¹evo-Criº IV.

Starèevo-Criº IVA Phase. In most of the areas the evolution of Starèevo-Criº culture ends in this phase. In Banat, because of some Vinèa communities, the devolution of Starèevo-Criº communities will end sooner, being also notice a cohabitation phenomenon with the Vinèa communities in the Danube Gorge at Gornea-Cãuniþa de Sus, Moldova Veche-Rît, Ostrovu Golu. In Criºana, Vinèa and late Starèevo-Criº influences, plus western elements will lead to the apparition of the linear cultural groups, and in Moldavia this period represents the apogee of this complex. The characteristics remain the same with the ones from IIIB phase, as grease remover is used the sand instead of husk, in some cases being used ooze and crushed potsherds, good burning, an increase of the quantity of black, the polishing is not as good as before, the fine ceramic decreases at 40%. As ornaments, at this horizon, the incisions are very often used, being followed by barbotine and pinches. Characteristic for this phase are the polished ornaments. In Oltenia the polychrome painting is preponderant (Lazarovici 1984, 68–70). For this phase we have the settlements from Cipãu, Homorodul de Sus, Iernut-Bideºcutul Mare, Leþ II-III, Zãuan, Sfântu Gheorghe Bedehaza (Lazarovici 1979, 51–53), Cârcea Viaduct II, Dubova-Cuina Turcului III, Giulvãz, Glãvãneºtii Vechi, Iacobeni, Perieni, Þaga, Valea Lupului (Lazarovici 1984, 68–70). Starèevo-Criº IVB Phase. In this phase most of the settlements disappear: some of them are assimilated by the Vinèa communities, and others stop their evolution. In Transylvania the evolution is different than in Banat, each settlement having different characteristics. In the Danube Gorge area based on the synthesis of Starèevo-Criº IIIB phase and Vinèa A phase appears the Starèevo IV phenomenon, in the settlements from Gornea, Moldova Veche, Parþa. In Oltenia was noticed a retardation process of the communities with painted ceramic, the latest materials being discovered Cârcea-La Haltã. In North-West of Transylvania, based on Starèevo-Criº communities developed liniar ceramic communities (Lazarovici & Németi 1983, 26). Also in Transylvania at Pãnade-Tãul Pãnãzii settlement were identified ceramic materials made with Starèevo-Criº technique but the decorations belong to a cultural horizon which

Fourth phase – Starèevo-Criº IV (Fig. 14) Under the pressure from the South and the settle down of Vinèa communities along the Danube and in the Southern Transylvania we can observe a decrease of the site number in the Middle Mureº Valley, in Banat and Oltenia. The settlements are increasing along Someº, Barcãu, Tisa, and in Eastern Part of Transylvania connected with Moldavia. The most important Moldavian settlements start in Starèevo-Criº IIIB and with a maximum reached in Starèevo-Criº IV, with around 250 points reported for Moldavia region (Lazarovici, Lazarovici 2006, 67; Vãleanu 2003), supporting Lazarovici s third migration model. The radiocarbon data suggest a starting point for Starèevo-Criº IV at around 6550 BP (5600/5500 BC) and the end is not unitary, depending by region. It is very hard to date the materials because of the close connection with Starèevo-Criº IIIB phase. On the periphery of the complex new civilizations are born with a strong Starèevo-Criº component. Other sites survive for a long time, in a retardation process, very hard to catch in time, without more radiocarbon data. Many sites are designated as Late Starèevo-Criº.

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Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

2002–2006.http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/, doi:10.1594GFZ.CONTEXT.Ed1]) Boroneanþ V. 1968. Neoliticul timpuriu in zona porþilor de Fier. Comunicãri, Seria Arheologie, 7, 1–5. Boyadzhiev J. 2009. Early Neolithic Cultures on the territory of Bulgaria. Gatsov I. & Boyadzhiev J. (eds.), Early Neolithic Sites on the territory of Bulgaria, BAR 2048, 7–44. Cavruc V., Bartók B., Bãrbulescu M., Chirilã E., Criºan I. H., Criºan V., Székely Z., Székely Z., Vasiliev V., Winkler I., 1998. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Covasna. Sf. Gheorghe. Cavruc V., Bató A., Bãrbulescu M., Chirilã E., Criºan I. H., Criºan V., Vasiliev V. 2000. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Harghita. Sf. Gheorghe. Ciubotaru D. 1998, Plastica neoliticã din aºezarea de la FoeniSãlaº (jud. Timiº). Analele Banatului (serie nouã), 6, Timiºoara, 73–82. Ciutã M. 2005. Începuturile neoliticului timpuriu in spaþiul intracarpatic transilvãnean. Alba Iulia. Ciutã M. 2009. Cercetãri arheologice la Ÿeuºa-La cãrarea morii (sat Ÿeuºa, comuna Ciugud, judeþul Alba), I, Locuirile Preisto- rice. Sibiu. Costea F., 2004. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Braºov. Braºov, 2004. Criºan I.H. (ed.) 1999. Repertoriul arheologic al Mureºului Inferior. Judeþul Arad, Timiºoara. Criºan I. H., Bãrbulescu M., Chirilã E., Vasiliev V., Winkler I., 1992 Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Cluj. Cluj-Napoca. Demoule J-P. 1993. Anatolie et Balkans: la logique evolutive du neolithique egeen. J. Roodenberg (ed.), Anatolia and the Balkans, Anatolica, 19, 1–13. Dennell R. 1983. European Economic Prehistory: a New Approach, Academic Press. London. Draºovean F. 2007. Regional aspects in the process of the neolithisation of the Banat (south-western Romania): the settlement of Foeni–Sãlaº. In Biagi P. & Spataro M. (eds.) A short walk through the Balkans: The first farmers of the Carpathian basin and Adjacent regions, Societa per la preistoria e protoistoria della regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Quaderno, 12, 67–76. Draºovean F. 2007. Aspecte regionale in procesul de neolitizare a Banatului. Locuirea Starcevo-Criº de la Foeni-Sãlaº. In V. Cotiugã, F. A. Tencariu, G. Bodi, (eds.) Itinera in praehistoria. Studia in honorem magistri Nicolae Ursulescu. Iaºi, 269–280. Dumitrescu V. 1970. Cu privire la cea mai veche culturã neoliticã din România. Studii ºi Comunicãri de Istorie Veche, 2, Bucureºti, 187–200. El Susi G. 2008, The comparative analyze of faunal samples from Sites dated in Starèevo-Körös-Criº Culture – phase IB-IIA from Transylvania and Banat. Acta Terrae Septemcanstrensis, 7, Sibiu, 91–106. Gimbutas M. 1974. Achilleion: a neolithic mound in Thessaly. Preliminary Report on the 1973/1974 excavation. Journal of Field Archaeology, 1, 277–303. Higgs, E. S. & Jarman, M. R. 1972. The origin of animal and plant husbandry. In Papers in Economic Prehistory, Higgs E. S. &. Jarman M. R (eds.) Cambridge, 3–13. S. Hiller, V. Nikolov (eds) 1997, Karanovo – die Ausgrabungen im Sudsektor 1984–1992, Band I, 1. Horedt K. 1956. Aºezarea de la Sf. Gheorghe-Bedeháza. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 2, Bucureºti, 7–39. IPCTE Radiocarbon Database. http://arheologie.ulbsibiu.ro/radiocarbon/download.htm in 10.01.2010 Kohl G. & Quitta H. 1966. Berlin Radiocarbon Measurements II. Radiocarbon, 8, 27–45.

synthesizes late Starèevo-Criº, Vinèa and Linear ceramic elements (Luca et al. 2000, 51). The ceramic paste of this phase contains sand and pebble, a small amount of organic remains, well burned, plissés and flutings on the fine and semi fine ceramic. Beside the old shapes there also appear some new ones: bitronconical dishes, with flared rim, bitronconical pots. There is an increase of incised and plastic decorations and of the organized barbotine (Lazarovici 1979, 54–55; 1984, 70–71).

CONCLUSION The beginning of the Early Neolithic in Romania belongs to Starèevo-Criº Culture. The development of new radiocarbon series is helping to finely define the relative chronology, which is tempted to become longer. Sometimes different phases from relative chronology overlap, but we can observe regional differences. The work done supports the three main migrations waves of Lazarovici s chronological system, supported both by absolute chronology and the sites distribution. The late phases of Starèevo-Criº Culture should have more radiocarbon data and more studies relating the evolution to the new cultural aspects. Some areas show lack of research. The same problem seems to be for mountain areas where caves discovered in the last year suggest a higher exploitation of mountain habitat. Acknowledgement Thanks to Professor dr. Janus K. Kozlowski for opportunity to work in FEPRE project and for kindly advices. Also thanks to prof. dr Gh. Lazarovici, dr. Dragoº Diaconescu, Cristian Din, Pavel Mirea, dr. Paolo Biagi, dr. Ridiche Florin and Adrian Beniamin Pãrãu for their help.

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19–35.

Architecture of the Early Neolithic in Romania Gheorghe Lazarovici1 and Cornelia Magda Lazarovici2 1

"Lucian Blaga" University, Faculty of History and Patrimony, 5-7, Victoriei Street, Sibiu, 550024, Romania; [email protected] 2 Institute of Archaeology Iaºi, Lascar Catargi Street, Iaºi, 700107 Romania; [email protected]

Sites with specific occupations, such as salt exploitation, are represented by Lunca – Poiana Slatinii, Sovata, Ÿeuºa and the one from Buzãu area (Mirea 2005). Between the sites related with the flint or siliceous material exploitation we mention Cãlineºti – Oaº. Habitations related especially with fishing are those from islands, islets or on the Danube bank (Dubova – Cuina Turcului, Ostrovu Golu, Schela Cladovei etc.). The neolithisation process, that start at Monochrome horizon (in the sense of definitions and Balkan technologies), is in connection with exploitation and capitalization of the salt. We appreciate that for Romania three of the four big migrations (I, II, IV) are related with the salt sources exploitation. The II-nd and III-rd migrations are also related with the animal breeding and agricultural occupations.

INTRODUCTION For some authors, the term architecture seem to be too pretentious, but if we take into account the new PPN A and B discoveries in Anatolia, the Mesolithic/Neolithic architecture at Lepenski Vir – Schela Cladovei, or the one of the Early and Developed Neolithic in Greece (Dimini, Sesklo), the cultic architecture at Madžari in Macedonia, this term is completely justified. Starèevo-Criº culture (abbreviated SC) defines the Early Neolithic in Romania.

SETTLEMENTS Classification. Taking into account the ration of length and the habitation density, occupations, character, lasting of the houses and archaeological inventory (dynamism, characteristics, type and functionality) settlements can be divided into: main, secondary, seasonal and specialized. The distance between two main sites is about 40–60 km, and the one between secondary ones is 4 to 30 km; seasonal settlements are related with the nature of the occupations, as well as of the exploited/used resources. From the main sites start swarm sites, and most often the seasonal sites become secondary ones. The specialized and seasonal settlements very often can be confused; the return can let the impression of a permanent habitation. The habitation density in a settlement of the Early Neolithic, even in the main ones is very poor. Statistic and comparative studies regarding the evolution of the complexes find at Gura Baciului, Ocna Sibiului, Trestiana, Dudeºtii Vechi (Beºenova V. = Óbessenö Hungarian) prove this and they represent the most extensive excavations and well published sites. Main settlements are Cârcea, Miercurea Sibiului, Ocna Sibiului, Gura Baciului, Copãcele etc. Gura Baciului (Figs 1, 2a) and Miercurea Sibiului settlements are especially related of pastoral activities, animal breeding, and agriculture; the last one is also related with the controll of the area (to the south) and the salt exploitation. Around them there are seasonal settlements, named swarm, which origin s from the main sites and that are connected with different economic activities.

THE MAIN SETTLEMENTS The dimensions of the settlements are subjectively appreciated in ratio with the intensity of the researches or excavations. In very few cases there are prospectings or soundings (Miercurea Sibiului, Foeni, Gura Baciului, Trestiana), some maybe have been completely researched (Glãvãneºtii Vechi circa 800 m2) (Comºa 1978, 10–11, 29), in others there have been made large excavations (Gura Baciului, Miercurea Sibiului) or there were sections and cassettes on large areas (Trestiana). In the literature there is little information regarding the size of the sites, but the biggest seems to be the one at Cârcea, extended on two terraces on the length of several phases. Gura Baciului has cca. 1,6 Ha, at Leþ the area with the complexes is circa 4.2 Ha. In Hungary the sites have between 0.3–0.8 Ha, and some are bigger, 12 Ha (Szajol – Felsöföld) (Trogmayer 1968, 12; Raczky 1982, 93–94). In Serbia, at Divostin the surface of the site is bigger (over 50 Ha), but is also associated with Vinèa C habitations. The main sites have a long evolution period; some of the last phases are more dynamic and cover large areas. Starting with SC II phases there are surface houses, with massive structures and postholes, besides the bigger number of pit houses are mentioned in SC IIB stages. Such surface

19

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 1. IA-IC.

Gura Baciului, reconstruction of complexes SC IA-IB,

Fig. 3. Moruþ, SC IC-IIA: a) the cliff; b) the pit house with postholes.

SECONDARY SETTLEMENTS AND HABITATIONS There are habitations with one-two houses or marked only with sherds pottery, seasonal houses, only one habitation level, few materials, especially usually pottery. These are the most frequent. Habitation forms cover almost all geographic specters. There are hundreds of such habitation traces. Some of them represent swarms born from seasonal habitations. The main type of house is the pit house in the beginning phases and the hut in most of the stages. But the hut did not preserved too many archaeological features and the archaeologist did not have the proper technique of excavation. Moruþ (related with the first two migrations) is one of the several such small sites, where human communities choose for settlement a slaw large valley (necessarily for shepherding), with a small river or spring on the beginning of the valley (necessarily for the animals and for the preparation of the products), with rubble cliff or karst edge that ensure a dry area, limiting the wind or water currents power (Fig. 3). These sites practically have not an archaeological time. Such sites there are in many places in Transylvania at Fundãtura, Livada, Þaga, Vultureni etc.

Fig. 2. Settlements’ type: a) Gura Baciului, level II, SC IIAIIB; b) Donja Branjevina II.

houses, with such structures appear even at Donja Branjevina, besides excavations have not been such elegant as in the drawings, for which we have made some reconstructions. There are tens of main settlements, very poor investigated. As a result of their evolution, the main settlements in their developed stages are fortified, but unfortunately there are few prospectings, systematic excavations or technical details about complexes in such sites. Through specialization some of the seasonal settlements become permanent habitations, the most common case being sites involved in fishing.

20

G. Lazarovici et al.: Architecture of the Early Neolithic ...

SEASONAL SETTLEMENTS AND HABITATIONS There are many types of such settlements, difficult to define withought systematic excavations, or especially complex analyzes on pottery, bones, flint or of the charcoal. Therefore we will present some case studies.

FISHERS’ SETTLEMENTS Even there are much more such sites, we intent to present two of them, Dubova – Cuina Turcului (Fig. 4) and Ostrovu Golu. The beginning of the sites is in Mesolithic, they end being neolithisated, but keep occupations and tools of the previous period. During SC time on all settlements located on big rivers there are pieces named in literature as “altars” (Fig. 5). Such artefacts have been used for preparing the fish, spawn or the fish fats. In many sites located on Danube (Lepenski Vir, Padina, Cuina Turcului, Gornea – Locurile Lungi, Donja Branjevina) such pieces have been discovered. At Dubova in all levels there are several types of hearths, simples, deepened-lobbed and lined with stones (Nicolãescu-Plopºor et al. 1968; Comºa 1969, 30). Between pits, one in stairs have been discovered in the ábri (shelter under the rock) (Comºa 1969, 40; Lazarovici Gh. 1979, 27, n. 89). Hearths with stones and frame are for length fires, also used for warming, but during winter time the abri with a large opening was not good for a longer habitation (was exposed to frost, strong winds, or cold currents permanently present in the Danube Gorge). We have to specify that semideepened hearths are used especially by nomads and seminomads or hunters, especially for protecting against the currents and not to be noticed from distance in the plain, which is not the case at Cuina Turcului. We believe that is a seasonal habitation, especially used in the warm period of the year. The area, being a karst one, there are several caves, and the large quantity of pottery suggests the existence of some settlements where it was produced. The cereals rest in the paste of the pots indicate the use of the agriculture too. Settlements and houses of hunters. It is very difficult to define a hunters’ settlement, but some complexes related to the hunting is possible to be identified. At Gornea – Locurile Lungi, in two adjacent complexes L1 and L2, Fig. 6 (also mentioned in the literature as P1 and P2), the analyze of the animal bones show that 41% of the material has traces of fire, and 2% of the bones present traces of cutting (El Susi 1996, 32, fig. 72). Based on pottery characteristics (sand mixture in the clay and the painting) we have considered that the material found in the houses belong to SC IIIB stage (Lazarovici Gh. 1977, 44–45, pl. XIX–XXVII). Reconsidering the discoveries after the publishing of the materials from pit house 5 from the same site by S. Luca (Luca, Dragomir 1985) and reinterpretation of the depositions from the complex, after the publishing of the materials from Gura Baciului houses, we consider that the two complexes have different meanings and dating: one contain a human skeleton in a crouch position; both contains several animal bones; the houses (Fig. 6) are later, belonging to SC IIB/IIIA, and the pit houses belong to SC IIA stage. Very characteristic are the dishes with pressings on lips (type AP)

Fig. 4.

Stratigraphy sequence at Cuina Turcului

Fig. 5.

Altars: 1 – Lepenski Vir; 2 – Padina; 3 – Cuina Turcului.

Fig. 6. Gornea-Locurile Lungi, houses (L/DW) 2 and 3, the grave and a Boleráz pit.

(Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, fig. 51–52; Lazaro- vici Gh. 1994; 1996; 1998; 2005; 2006, 125–125, fig. 14– 15). The animal bones from both complexes, throw away here after their abandonment has the same content and archaeo-zoological characteristics. It belongs to seven Bos taurus or Bos primigenius, six sheep-goats, a boar, a roebuck, fish bones (sheat fish, pike, carp). Having burned traces (41%) and cutting ones (2%) their deposition in the perimeter of the two huts (withought traces of postholes) seem to indicate a banquet in relation with the burring of the person find in L2. Dwelling 3 after dimensions might be a hut or an annex and the depositions are concurrent (pottery, bones, shells). Such a funerary banquet has analogies at Zau, in Pit (G) 4 (Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 438, fig. IIIe.37).

21

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

borhood, but related with Cucuteni habitations (Cavruc et al. 2006; Lazarovici Gh. & Lazarovici C.-M. 2008). In Transylvania there are many sites involved in the salt exploitation and salt controll such as Ocna Sibiului, Miercurea Sibiului, Ÿeuºa, Cojocna, Cluj and Gherla, the last ones related with Developed and Late Neolithic, all located in area with salt deposits (Lazarovici Gh. & Lazarovici C.-M. 2008). Other sites related with the salt exploitation have been discovered in Oltenia at Copãcele, near Râmnicu Vâlcea (Petre-Govora Gh. f. a.), belonging to SC IIIB-IVA stages. Salt is very important for the health of humans and animals, for treatments and especially for the conservation of the products, for trade (Chapman & Gaydarska 2003).

FORTIFIED OR DEFENDED SETTLEMENTS This aspect is very little known for Early Neolithic because of the small excavations, withought prospectings. Only in few sites such defensive systems have been identified. The earliest Neolithic fortifications appear starting with the end of Early Neolithic, at one time with the BalkanAnatolian Chalcolithic (Lazarovici Gh. 1987–1988; 1990; 1993; Lazarovici Gh. & Nica 1991), when are noticed large size settlements, and the first tell like sites in Macedonia. Fortifications have been noticed at Cârcea corresponding with an horizon of “red painting on black”, after M. Nica, while during Polychrome horizon the ditch is deserted, the bottom was flatted and transformed in “workshops” for pottery (Cârcea – Viaduct, Nica 1977, 30, fig. 14; Lazarovici Gh. 1990, 94, fig. 1.2; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, fig. II.66a). During SC IIIB-IVA at Ostrovu Golu has been prepared a ditch with a palisade and it seems that was another ditch too (with a deepened bottom, frequent situation in sandy soil – Figs 8, 9) (Roman & Boroneanþ 1974; Lazarovici Gh. 1977, 25; 1979, 25, 95, fig. 1–2; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, fig. II.53–56, 65). The remnants of the ditch are covered with flow stones from the big houses platforms. Also related with Early Neolithic period, SC IIIB level on our opinion, a ditch was noticed at Schela Cladovei, for which there are few explanations (Davidescu 1966, 547; Boroneanþ 1990, 146, fig. 2). But during the last researches nails, glass etc. (Boroneanþ 1973; 1973a; 1990; 2000; Dobrescu et al. 2008) were discovered here, so it might be more recently. From profile it seems to be a double ditch platted with stones. New prospecting’s at Dudeºtii Vechi as well as a recently aerial photo of the area indicated a sort of defensive system (Ciobotaru 2002). The researches being on a small scale it can not be exactly dated. We believe that can be attributed to SC III, but the stage is difficult to be established (Fig. 11). Some sites have been fortified with ditches and sometimes palisade (Marinescu 1969). Walls have not been discovered, so we believe that the resulted clay was used for the building of the houses, of different inner structures or for making the pots. During Vinèa A phase at Gornea (1978–1980 excavations), the ditch was intercepted in several sections. In the

Fig. 7. Lunca - Poiana Slatinii: a) well with salty water; b) the deposit aspect.

SETTLEMENTS OF POTTERY MAKERS AND FOR SALT XPLOITATION Traces of Starèevo – Criº activities have been identified at Lunca – Poiana Slatinii, in an area with a strong salt spring. Analyzes on pottery (Ghergari et al. 1999), the structure of the depositions, the presence of some painted fragments, the aspect of the pottery, plead for an open area for firing pottery, as in the ethnographic models of Manta tribes in Mali (Lazarovici Gh. & Traore Fako 1993; Traore Fako 1989–1993; Godea 2007a) in Morocco, India and others. Associated to these activities are the salt exploitation (Fig. 7) – the authors of the discoveries believe that here the salt was boiled for crystallization – we believe that the pots fired here have been used for salt transportation, as salty water or as jellied salt (that can be obtained just drying in the sun). Briquettages have been discovered in the neigh-

22

G. Lazarovici et al.: Architecture of the Early Neolithic ...

eastern area of the ditch Starèevo – Criº sherds associated with shells have been discovered, supposing such a habitation or a cohabitation of both cultures (Fig. 12). The cup here discovered has Vinèa shape, but the paste and decoration are typical for Starèevo-Criº (mixture with chaff and mud, red slip). Later on is noticed a synthesis between the SC and Vinèa A communities (Lazarovici Gh. 1969, 18; 1977, 25; 1979, 25, 29–30; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, fig. II.66b). Fortification seems to surround only the Vinèa A1 habitation. The fortification apparition is related with tell like sites, settlements with several habitation levels, where the space is carefully managed, that supposed very well defined socio-economic rules and the existence of an organizational authority. These mark in fact the beginning of the Developed Neolithic. The first tell like settlements appear during Early Neolithic in Macedonia (Porodin, Veluška Tumba, Grgur Tumba) (Sanev 1988). Here there are depositions of 2–5 m height and a type of house with an evolved architecture, sanctuaries and monumental altars. Such dwellings should be present in our areas too, at least in some parts. The group of the two houses, such as at Glãvãneºti seems to prove the existence of some rules in the collectivity (Comºa 1978, 29) as it was noticed at Gura Baciului too.

Fig. 8.

Cârcea, images with the defensive ditch.

Fig. 9.

Ostrovu Golu, palisade in area of Platform 2.

Houses Modern researches at Gura Baciului, Cârcea, Miercurea Sibiului or Trestiana, only seldom permit the identification of the building system, but has been collected important information regarding the disposition of the houses in a site. From our database with 880 complexes of the Danube area we have extracted the houses from Romanian territory (Table 1). From all 130 complexes, for 29.4% the surface can not be calculated. Most of them, regardless their type, has an area of 7.5–10 m2. They belong to middle and late stages pleading for the pair family, followed by those with an area of 10–29 m2 that involved two generations of the same family. 12.4% of structures are related with the early stage and over 50% with the late one. This is another prove for a demographic extending as we have noticed before with large settlements, some of them with fortifications. From about 780 complexes (Table 2) in the Balkans in our database, houses (L) represent 76.7%, most of them related with Developed and Late Neolithic (ND3); pit houses (B) represent 19.3%, and sanctuaries 2.6%. There are few pits and have not been studied as surface and meaning in relation with the habitation. The Early Neolithic (NT1-3) pits represent 5–12%, altogether being 26.5%. All these show to us the dynamism of the habitations. As houses have been considered pit houses, huts and tents too, even their evolution is another one. Hut or tent Archaeological researches are very lacunars regarding these sort of dwellings because postholes and traces of pillars in only few cases have been noticed (at Lepenski Vir where the floors have been “cemented” the holes were obviously). Most of them can be inferred when garbage was throw on inside. The smallest complexes are under 5 m2 (type B, Table 1), others can reach 7.5 m2 (type C). In most

of the sites these sorts of complexes mark the second habitation level (Fig. 13: Gura Baciului, Donja Branjevina), the first one involving pit houses. In few cases these complexes have inside hearths.

23

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Table 1 Dynamic of the complexes area (huts, pit houses, houses) in Romanian Early Neolithic Stages Surfac m2

Early

Middle

D 7.5-10

Late

Sum

Percentage

32

8

40

31

indeterminate

6

5

27

38

29.4

F 10-20

4

4

6

14

10.8

3

7

10

7.7

7

9

7

C 5-.,5 I 20-30

2

J 30-40

3

1

3

7

5.4

Q over 100

1

3

4

3.1

L 60-80

1

2

3

2.3

1

1

2

1.5

1

2

1.5

129

B 2.5-5 H 40-50

1

Sum

16

48

65

%

12.4

37.2

50.39

100

Table 2 Dynamic of the Balkans complexes Fig. 10. Ostrovul Golu: a) plan with the ditches direction; b) ditch under platform 3.

B ND3

1

ND2

24

G 6

EC1

Sum

%

103

104

15.3

67

97

14.2

82

83

12.2

82

12

NT2

50

32

NT3

42

22

NT1

13

19

S

1

65

9.5

34

5

2

22

3

25

3.7

3

20

5

25

3.7

1

24

24

3.5

5

18

21

3.

EC2

21

21

3

P

21

21

3

16

17

2.5

ND1

Fig. 11. Dudeºtii Vechi, location of the site and a possible ditch.

L

1

3

4

10

14

2

EC3

12

4

12

1.7

ND4

12

12

1.7

Under 1% have been eliminated from the table

Such dwellings withought walls, with a roof on two slopes, are noticed at Zãuan (Houses 7–8, Bãcueþ-Criºan 2008, 14, pl. 6), Gornea-Locurile Lungi (Fig. 6: L3), Valea Lupului, Trestiana (Popuºoi 1980, 110; Mantu et al. 1992), but also in Hungary, in Körös culture (Trogmayer 1968, 12), or in Serbia at Baštine and Nosa – Biserna obala (Garašanin 1958, fig. 16/8; Brukner 1974, 35–36; Lichter 1993, kat. 70).

Sum

131

6

%

19.3

0.9

521 76.7

18 2.6

679 100

tween 7.5–10 m2. In most of the cases the pit houses appear at the beginning of the habitation or after destruction periods. In the Balkans such pit houses are more frequent at SC IIB level, when are noticed retardation or involution processes, due to the arrival in the area of new population with Mediterranean features. The pit house has many qualities, preserving during the winter time a constant temperature, keep away from winds and currents and preserving coolness during summer time. Its presence in this period might also be related with the

Pit house (Tables 3, 4) The pit house or deepened houses have been noticed in Romanian territory in over 105 situations, being more frequent during Middle Neolithic (NT2: 47,6%) and Late Neolithic (NT3: 40%). Most of them (37.1%) have an area be-

24

G. Lazarovici et al.: Architecture of the Early Neolithic ...

Fig. 13. Gura Baciului, SC IIB, disposition of huts (P), and graves (M).

Table 3 Frequency of pit houses in Romanian Early Neolithic

Indeterminate

NT1

NT2

NT3

Sum

8

9

14

31

29.5

1

1

2

1.9

2

7

10

9.5

32

7

39

37.1

3

6

11

10.5

1

2

1.9

2

2

1.9

1

3

2.8

2

3

2.8 1.9

B 2.5-5 C 5-7.5

1

D 7,.5-10 F 10-20

2

H 40-50

1

I 20-30 J 30-40 L 60-80

2 1

Q over 100

1

1

2

Sum

13

50

42

105

Percentage

12.4

47.6

40

Percentage

100

Fig. 12. Gornea-Locurile Lungi: a) the defensive ditch StarèevoCriº –Vinca A; b, c) the profile of the ditch and the plan.

– Èukar) (Milojèiæ 1944–1945; 1949; Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 63) and farther to the south with those from Sesklo culture (Kutzián 1944, 112, 122–123; Milojèiæ 1943–1944 for categories B3 alpha and B3 beta; Grbiæ 1958; 1959). These correspond with a colder period around 5700 CAL BC (Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 69, 83). A pit house related with the Monochrome horizon has been investigated at Þaga – Valea Mileului. This pit house has several pits in the interior and a hearth out side in an annex, so we can reconstruct both structures. It was located on a glade, close to a spring, on a valley bottom, specific area for shepherds. It was 0.60–1.2 m depth (Fig. 14). One of the most interesting pit houses was those discovered at Moldova Veche (Lazarovici Gh. 1979, 27; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 93, fig. II.37), with an oven excavated in the wall and with a hearth in front of it (Fig. 15). Such ovens are quite frequent in latest settlements, at SC IIIB horizon (Leþ, Trestiana, Karanovo I late in Bulgaria etc.) (Nestor 1957, 61, in section III; Lazarovici Gh. 1979, 27; Popuºoi 1980, 109; Larina 1994, 51; Ursule-

cool period during Holocene: o longer stage around 6.300– 6.100 B.C. and others, shorter at 5.700 B.C., 5.400 B.C. and 5.150–5.200 B.C. The plan of the pit houses is different, from one case to another. The earlier pit houses are at Gura Baciului (B2a, B1, G11), Ocna Sibiului (B1). The earliest complex at Miercurea Sibiului is a pit (G26/2005, level 1) with Monochrome pottery and white painting. Following pit houses dynamism during Starèevo – Criº culture the highest concentration is related with SC IIB phase when a retardation process has been noticed in several sites. For this phase we have radiocarbon data from Parþa – Tell II and Dudeºtii Vechi (Biagi & Spataro 2004; Biagi et al. 2005), both sites in evolution, when appear the pottery decorated with black rectilinear motives, while in Serbia, S. Dimitrijeviæ define the horizon as Linear B (Dimitrijeviæ 1974; 1979; Garašanin M. 1979, 119; Bogdanoviæ 1994, 10–11). Retardations from SC IIA, SC IIB, might be connected with the diffusion process from the south Serbia (Pavlovac

25

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

SC IC-IIA

L 60-80

M 80-100

Q 100-

J 40-50

I 30-40

H 20-30

F 10-20

1

1

1

SC IIA

1 1

2 31

1

1

1

1

SC IIIAB

1

SC IIIB

1

1

SC IIIB - IVA

1

1

1

SC IIIB-IVA

1 1

2

Vinèa B1 Banat culture

1

2

SC IC/IIA

SC IVA

2

1

SC IB-IIB

SC IIB

K 50-60

SC IB-IC

D 7.5-10

Phases¡

C 5-7,5

Surface m2

B 2-5 m

Table 4 Surface of the pit houses during SC, Vinèa B1 and Banat cultures (on columns the surface groups)

1

2 4

7

1

1

1

Fig. 15. Moldova Veche, pit house with oven and hearth.

1

scu 2000; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 93, fig. II.37). The Early Neolithic pit houses at Miercurea Sibiului are quite large (Luca & Suciu 2005; Luca et al. 2006), having an area between 7.2–16 m2. Building activity is quite intensive, complexes have been remake or enlarged, after abandonment being used as clay pits. The semi-subterranean houses (Fig. 16) This represent an intermediary type of dwelling between the surface house and the pit house, with walls, that is a little bit deepened (30–40 cm); the area is not very big, between 6–13 m2, sometimes reaching 20 m2, as the one at Divostin (Mc Pheron & Srejoviæ 1971; Bogdanoviæ 1988; Lichter 1993, kat. 27). Sometimes the walls have traces of post. For NeolithicEneolithic periods archaeologists describe them for Romania and neighboring area as having a quadrilater or trapezium shape, sometimes with two rooms (Berciu 1966, 71; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 48, 96, 97, 156, 157, square with 5m side; 158, at Novoselskoe I, trapezium shape; with 2 rooms, between 9 m and 160 m2; Dolukhanov et al. 2002, 40, 45, 158). Such complexes have been noticed at Gura Baciului (B8 and B9b in SC IC; B10 and B20 in SC IC-IIA, and fewer at Miercurea Sibiului. At Cârcea – Hanuri the semisubterranean house 2 was 40 cm deep; at Grãdinile – Izlaz in the semi-subterranean house 6 a snake figurine made of bone was find (Nica 1979, 32; 1980, fig. 33; 1981, 28, fig. 5–4, 3–10; 1984, 32, fig. 3/1, 3), other such semi-subterranean house was discovered at Ostrovu Golu (Comºa 1966, 360; Roman, Boroneanþ 1974; Lazarovici Gh. 1979; Lichter 1993, 129, kat. 76) related with SC IIIB late phase and having an area of 13 m2. Another semi-subterranean house investigated at Foeni, has several postholes around his mouth and permits us the

Fig. 14. Þaga – Valea Mileului picture with pit house 1 and our reconstruction

26

G. Lazarovici et al.: Architecture of the Early Neolithic ...

Fig. 16. Main types of SC pit houses.

reconstruction of wooden structure of the roof (Fig. 17). The mentioned complex has a similar structure of a hut or tent with stick stakes. The semi-circle back also remembers a hut or tent. In other geographical areas there are semi-subterranean houses with vertical walls.

SURFACE HOUSES (Tables 5, 6) Starting with the second migration or diffusion from the south, where the architectonic development was more dynamic, at Gura Baciului and Donja Branjevina appear dwellings with large postholes. We do not know from the technical details if the plans are very exactly, while at Donja Branjevina the excavations were organized on sections and the graphic reconstruction was made by us (Fig. 2b; Karmanski 1989, fig. 5, cover 1, 4; Karmanski 1989–1993). Surface houses with posthole structures are meet in the south, in the tell type sites, as in Karanovo I. Because of the tell structure of the site, the architecture is much evolved. Starting with SC III at Gura Baciului appear surface houses with big postholes, but is missing adobes, proving that the structures have been made by wood, as well as the walls. There are several building periods. The houses have been built on top of a pit houses and semi-subterranean horizon, so the postholes are quite difficult to be attributed to a specific complex even they are in a large number (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, fig. 33, 36; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, fig. II.47a-b, 51a). From a lot of 103 houses, most frequent are those with an area between 20–50 m2, size similar with those of the houses from the early period in the Balkans (we have eliminated the houses with an unspecified area). Comparing the dynamic of used surfaces in Romania with those from the Balkans, we can observe that in Romania have been used especially houses of smaller size, of type

Fig. 17. Foeni, semi-subterranean house, plan and our reconstruction.

D, 7.5–19 m2, followed by types F, C. This situation might be related with the colder weather in Romania, comparing with the one in the Balkans. If we study the surface of the Early Neolithic (NT) houses in the Balkans, we notice an evolution with two clusters. The most numerous are the houses from latest phases 50.4%, followed by those of the middle period (37.2%). Regarding the large houses, they represent a small percentage, 3.1% comparing with 5.8%. But the lot is quite small circa 130 complexes giving us information only for orientation. In the investigated territory we present here there are few sites researched on large scale, comparing with Bulgaria or Macedonia. During SC IVA phase at Gura Baciului the houses are arranged such in a way that some walls are protected by the

27

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Table 5 Surface groups (on line) in comparation with the stages of the Early Neolithic (NT) Surface m2

NT1

NT2

NT3

Sum

Percent

J 30-40

14

15

5

1

35

33.9

I 20-30

5

6

8

1

21

20.4

K 40-50

7

5

2

14

13.6

2

1

6

5.8

2

6

5.8

1

5

4.85

4

3.88

F 10-20 Q over 120

4

L 60-80

2

2

H 40-50

1

2

M 90-100

4

B 2.5-5 C 5-7.5

2

1 1

1

NT2 4 NT2 5

1

1

D 7.5-10

1

1

4

3.88

1

3

2.9

1

3

2.9

2

1.94

Sum

38

33

22

6

2

Percent

36.9

32

21.35

5.82

1.94

Fig. 18. Karanovo I, walls structures and hearth.

103 100

Table 6 Surface of the Romanian houses comparing with Early Neolithic (NT) stages Phases Surface

NT1

D 7.5-10

NT2

NT3

Sum

Percent

32

8

40

31

Indeterminate

6

5

27

38

29.45

F 10-20

4

4

6

14

10.85

3

7

10

7.75

7

9

6.97

1

3

7

5.42

Q over 120

1

3

4

3.1

L 60-80

1

2

3

2.32

B 2.5-5

1

1

2

1.55 1.55

C 5-7.5 I 20-30

2

J 30-40

3

H 40-50

1

2

Sum

16

1 48

65

129

Percent

12.4

37.2

50.4

100

neighboring houses. Only in one case an annex was noticed, due to the stakes and pottery fragments (Fig. 20).

Fig. 19. Gura Baciului, SC IIIB, surface house.

LARGE DWELLINGS

These show some repairs or re-elevation of the floor. The dwelling, because of the large size, was related with the fish processing. Based on the postholes find on several successive plans, the dwelling seems that in one evolution stage was agglutinated to a certain defensive system (maybe a palisade, located on the margin of a ditch with a deepened bottom; this is a natural situation for the sandy soils, where the bottom become rounded), afterwards with a different evolution. Base on our database, this dwelling (108 m2) is the fourth large as area. The biggest is the one at Jaša Tepe

One of the largest houses have been researched by P. Roman and his team on Ostrovu Golu Island, and attributed to SC IVA phase. The dwelling has a stone base of 3–5 rows of rubble from the geologic background of the island, arranged as a flat platform, on top of which was discovered a thin yellow clay strata. The large pillars of the structure have been deeply thrusted (Roman & Boroneanþ 1974; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, fig. II.55). The house was contructed with wooden compartments, where only 1–2 rows of stones have been discovered.

28

G. Lazarovici et al.: Architecture of the Early Neolithic ...

Fig. 20. Gura Baciului, SC IVA complexes, plan and reconstruction.

(Detev 1948; 1959, pl. II; 1960; 1976; Lichter 1993, 143, kat. 114), in Bulgaria, of 288 m2 followed by another one of 132 m2 from Veluška Tumba (a tell type site with several large constructions) (Simoska & Sanev 1975, fig. 6a; Lichter 1993, 140, kat. 108), Slatina Sofia (117 m2) (Nikolov 1989, fig. 1; 1990; 1992; Lichter 1993, 135, kat. 93), Nea Nicomedeea (Rodden 1962; 1964; 1989; Lichter 1993, kat. 67) (105 m2) and Ostrovu Golu (104 m2) (Roman & Boroneanþ 1974, 120; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, fig II.54–56) (Fig. 21).

Fig. 21. Ostrovu Golu, photo and plan made by Roman.

have been discovered and explained by archaeologists as the area of the totemic or torture pillar, and/or pillar used for competitions. Such things are quite well known from the history of some tribes in the past centuries, where are mentioned totemic pillars for competitions, pillars for torture, or pillars with flags (signs of the community, or with scalps) (See at Native-Americans/amero-indians, Mandali’s square: Andrieº 1966, 53–63). Due to large surface excavations and comparative stratigraphy we have used, it was clear that houses have been

CONSTRUCTIONS AND PLACES WITH CULTIC CHARACTER Center of a settlement In the middle of Gura Baciului settlement (Fig. 22) it was an empty space of 400–700 m2, where only two pits

Fig. 22. Gura Baciului, center of a settlement.

29

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 23. Larissa, the Great Mother sleeping on the bench near the oven.

Fig. 25. Griddles find at Pojejena.

Lazarovici Gh. & Lazarovici C.-M. 2006, 124; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 195). This sort of representation is still used during Copper Age on similar models (Lazarovici C.-M. 2004). Between the special sort of ovens of the Early Neolithic it is one with a burning channel at Trestiana (Popuºoi 1980, 109; Ursulescu 2000). The oven built in the wall at Moldova Veche with a hearth in front of it, has multiple functionalities. Such ovens appear in Bulgaria at the same chronological sequence. The oven with the pit for ashes discovered at Cârcea it is one the first from this type, later on is present in Banat culture in the houses of 7b level at Parþa. For the baking oven at Leþ there are not details, but we imagine it as the one from Moldova Veche (Nestor 1957, 61; Nica 1984, 37–38, fig. 5/2, 5, 12). A special sort of oven, semi-movable, named griddles have been discovered at Aiman and Pojejena (Luca 1995; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 108, fig. II.58; Lazarovici C.-M. et al. 2009, 108.) (Figs 25, 26). Their presence is noticed starting with the end of Monochrome stage (SC IC) and have been maintained until SC III stage at Schela Cladovei (Davidescu 1966; Lazarovici Gh. 1979, pl. IB; Lazarovici C.-M. et al. 2009, 108). The griddles can be used for baking the bread and for cooking. Such sorts of artefacts made of clay are used for the same purposes even in our days in Oltenia.

Fig. 24. Porodin, Early Neolithic, sanctuary model with oven and cassettes inside it.

grouped around the center on several rows, every family preserving a certain area where in the next generation/generations have been raised new dwellings. This situation was proved too by seriation and cluster analyzes. Other similar researches are absent.

SACRED PLACES AND INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE HOUSES Bench, oven and griddles Oven is a sacred place in many of the Neolithic civilizations, even in the Mesolithic time (at Lepenski Vir the hearth has a human shape, sometimes with a sculpture or a slab in spite of a head. Almost all hearths have a human shape, see especially level LV Id: Houses 26–27, 27b, 35). During Early Neolithic ovens are moulded in house or sanctuary models (Figs 23, 24) (Porodin, Larissa etc.) (Dumitrescu 1965, 224; Gallis 1980; Monah, Cucoº 1985, 117, 369; Monah 1976, 36 sqq.; 1997, 36, fig. 3/4; Luca 1994, 363–367; Lazarovici C.-M. 2004, fig. 11–13, 20, 44;

Cassette and bench In the first clay houses models are moulded the bench and different cassettes. In most of the cases they can be finding on the left side or in front of the entrance, until the area closed to the oven. On some benches people sleep (Larissa), or were used for keeping the storing pots. During Middle Neolithic at Parþa (Lazarovici Gh. et al. 2001, 188, 293) several cassettes have been discovered, used for keeping cereals (seeds find inside), or located in a special dwelling

30

G. Lazarovici et al.: Architecture of the Early Neolithic ...

Fig. 26. Griddles find at Aiman.

used as mill at Banjica together with milling stones (Todoroviæ 1977). At Gura Baciului only lips, margins of such cassettes have been discovered. In the first stages of the Early Neolithic at Achilleion (Gimbutas et al. 1989) in Greece, on a bench several anthropomorphic idols have been discovered, ritual present in other later sanctuaries too (Sabatinovka) (Makareviæ 1960, 282, 290, fig. 1; Makkay 1971, 138; Gimbutas 1984, 25, 74; 1991, 261, fig. 7-59-a-b; Monah 1997, 35; Lazarovici Gh. et al. 2001, 290, 291, 293; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2007, 146). Domestic altar In south areas, at this time the first sanctuaries are noticed at Madžari and also there are monumental statues. In this time at Gura Baciului in Romania a distinct complex was discovered (Fig. 27). In a deserted house (L24) an incinerate skeleton lay down and over it a stone head was disposed (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995). In the inventory of the house a stone stella was discovered, rendering the Great Mother with signs and symbols related with fertility and fecundity (breasts, phallus and sperm) (Lazarovici Gh. & Lazarovici C.-M. 2006). We think that discovery can be seen as a domestic sanctuary of a “priestess” related with the Great Mother cult (Lazarovici Gh. & Lazarovici C.-M. 2006). On the level of House 24, on the north-east corner, in section B1/1970 was grave 4 (M4). We do not exclude that this skeleton also belong to the same complex (L24), another one is not in the area at the same level (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, pl. IVa). The stone head is related with the head and skull cult, with “sculptures”, not very often present at the beginning of Neolithic, but which are not missing. In time, other stone “heads” have been discovered and it is confirm that they mark graves, sometimes being used

Fig. 27. Gura Baciului: a) house (L) 24 = domestic altar (NE– SW orientated); stela. Gura Baciului; c) stone head.

even two such heads, as was shown by the first pictures published by N. Vlassa. Carving stones does not represent today a novelty, such pieces being discovered during PPN in Anatolia, Levant, then at Kirokitia, Lepenski Vir, Haiduèka Vodenica, Cuina Turcului and Piatra Iliºovii. Other times, stone pieces with strange shapes, especially chosen from the limestone of the area (rolled by the

31

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

(Vlassa 1972b, 22; 1972a, 191; 1976, 255, fig. 52, 13/3; Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 185, pl. IV/1-2, V/4) that can be related with the cultic grinding. Later on, when grinding stones have been discovered in communitarian and domestic sanctuaries (Parþa, Cãscioarele 1, Popudnja a.s.o.) we have reanalyzed this aspect, point out since 1978 by J. Makkay and others (Makkay 1978, 13–36; Ljamiæ-Valoviæ 1989, 429–431; Lazarovici Gh. & Dragomir 1993, 12, n. 46). There are a lot of situations with ritual deposition of grinding stones in wells (Hayden 2003, 198–199; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2007, 124, 132, 133), pit houses, in houses with the active part down.

RITUAL ACTIVITIES RELATED WITH THE ARCHITECTURE Depositions on building and abandonment Starting with the dawn of Neolithic civilization on PPN and later on during Early Neolithic in Anatolia are known foundation rituals for different constructions, temples, houses at ‘Ain Ghazal near Amman, Jerf el Ahmar, Çatal Höyük and other places in our regions (Hayden 2003, 198– 199, fig. 6.20; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2007, 124, 132, 133). In connection with the abandonment, we have noticed that in some houses the late was deposited together with some objects ritually broken. We are referring to house 24 at Gura Baciului (domestic sanctuary), where closed to the cremated person was deposited a stela (broken, with missing legs). The breaking or ritual splitting of the idols or “sacred effigies” is known from several situations (Karmanski 1989–1993; Paul 1992, 103; Monah 1997, 202–203; Lazarovici Gh. et al. 2001, 103, 212–214, fig. 171–174; Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 306–309, 360).

REFERENCES Andrieº Gh. M. 1965. Pieile Roºii, Ed. Tineretului, 53–63. Bãcueþ-Criºan S. 2008. Neoliticul ºi Eneoliticul timpuriu în Depresiunea Ÿimleului. Sibiu. Berciu D. 1966. Zorile civilizaþiei în Carpaþi ºi la Dunãre. Bucureºti. Biagi P., Shennan S. & Spataro M. 2005. Rapid Rivers and Slow Seas? New Data for the Radiocarbon Chronology of the Balkan Peninsula. In Nikolova L., Fritz J. & Higgins J. (eds.) Prehistoric Archaeology & Anthropological Theory and Education. RPRP 6-7, 41–50. Biagi P. & Spataro M. 2004. Noi datãri cu radiocarbon în aºezãrile culturii Criº din Banat ºi Transilvania (România). Patrimonium Banaticum, III, Timiºoara, 7–20. Boroneanþ V. 1958. Descoperiri gravettiene în Peºtera lui Climente. Revista Muzeelor, 6, Bucureºti, 542–546. Boroneanþ V. 1970. La période épipaleolithique sur la rive roumaine des Portes de Fer du Danube. Prähistorische Zeitschrift, 45, 1, 453–457. Boroneanþ V. 1973. Aperçu de la culture épipaléolithique Schela Cladovei. Actes VIII CISPP, Belgrade, 165–172. Boroneanþ V. 1973a. Recherches archéologiques sur la Culture Schela Cladovei de la zone de “Portes de Fer”. Dacia, N.S., XVII, 5–39. Boroneanþ V. 1977. Arta rupestrã din Peºtera Gaura Chindiei. Comuna Pescari (judeþul Caraº-Severin). Buletinul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice, 6, 1, 23–34.

Fig. 28. Gura Baciului: a-c) stone sculptures, d) Cuina Turcului sculpture.

waters) have been collected and deposited in the pit of the grave; such pieces present small human interventions. Such a fragment, find nearby the hips of skeleton from grave 6 (Fig. 28c, Lv-2157, 6400±90 BP for scheleton M6), has some broad incisions suggesting a human body (face, navel, sex). Another piece suggest a beast or wild horse skull, other piece a human face chosen and carved such in a way to represent a mask, as well as an triangle shape object. It is possible that such pieces can be finding in other sites too, while at Lepenski Vir besides the 28 famous sculptures other many pieces have been deposited in houses, marking the head or some parts of some hearths, shaped as a human. The derision attitude towards the “heads” discovered by N. Vlassa did not permit focus attention to the stone pieces discovered in graves, their neighborhood, or in houses, their role and possible meanings. N. Vlassa also draw attention towards a milling stone with pestle discovered in grave M4

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G. Lazarovici et al.: Architecture of the Early Neolithic ...

Fig. 29. Gura Baciului, graves 1,7 and 6.

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Lazarovici Gh. 1985. Sincronisme etno-culturale în neoliticul din Sãlaj ºi în vord-vestul României. Acta Musei Porolisensis, IX, 69–73. Lazarovici Gh. 1987–1988. Sãpãturile arheologice de salvare de la Cluj-Piaþa Baba Novac (1986). Acta Musei Napocensis, XXIV–XXV, 1013–1025. Lazarovici Gh. 1990. Über das Neo-bis Aneolithisch Befestigungen aus Rumänien. JahrMittDeutsch Vorgeschichte, 73, 93– 117. Lazarovici Gh. 1992. Aºezarea neoliticã timpurie de la Zãuan ºi câteva probleme privind neoliticul timpuriu din Balcani, Acta Musei Porolisensis, XVI, 25–59. Lazarovici Gh. 1993. Aºezarea neoliticã de la Zãuan II. Migraþiune ºi difuziune. Chalcoliticul balcano-anatolian. Propuneri pentru un sistem de analizã procesualã. Acta Musei Porolisensis, XVII, 11–47. Lazarovici Gh. 1994. Neoliticul timpuriu în România. Acta Musei Porolisensis, VIII, 49–104. Lazarovici Gh. 1995. Über das Frühneolithikum im sud-Osten Europas (I. Rumänien). In Kulturraum Mittlere und Untere Donau. Traditionen und Perspektiven des Zusammenleben, Reºiþa, 33–55 . Lazarovici Gh. 2006. The Anzebegovo – Gura Baciului Axis and the First Stage of the neolithisation Process in the Southern – Central Europe, in Tasiæ N., Grozdanov C. (eds), Homage to Milutin Garašanin, Belgrade, 111–158. Lazarovici Gh. & Lazarovici C.-M. 2006. A Home Altar at Gura Baciului, Analele Banatului, Arheologie – Istorie, XIV, 1, 103–111. Lazarovici Gh. & Maxim Z. 1995. Gura Baciului. Cluj Napoca. Lazarovici Gh. & Traore Fako 1993a. Un procedeu tehnologic de arderea ceramicii întâlnit din preistorie pânã în zilele noastre – un studiu etnoarheologic. Acta Musei Napocensis, XXVI– XXX, 1989–1993, 553–556. Lichter C. 1993. Untersuchungen zu den Bauten des südosteuropäischen Neolithikums und Chalkolithikums, Internationale Archäologie, Band 18, München. Ljamiæ-Valoviæ N. 1989. Eine unbekante Fund aus dem ÐjerdapGebiet und seine Bedeutung für dem Komplex der Öpferaltäre von Lepenski Vir. Archaeologische Korrespondenzblat, 12, 4, 429–439. Luca S.A. 1994. Complexul ritual de la Orãºtie – Dealul Pemilor, punct X2, (jud. Hunedoara). Studii ºi cercetãri de Istorie Veche ºi Arheologie, 45, 4, 363–367. Luca S.A. 1995. Aºezarea aparþinînd culturii Starèevo-Criº de la Pojejena-Nuceþ (jud. Caraº-Severin). Campania anului 1986. Banatica, XIII.1, Timiºoara, 5–22. Luca S.A. & Dragomir I. 1985. Despre o nouã descoperire arheologicã întâmplãtoare de la Gornea – Locurile Lungi. Banatica, VIII, Timiºoara, 457–465. Luca S.A. & Suciu C. 2005. The Beginning of the Early Neolithic in Transilvania. in Spinei V., Lazarovici C.-M., Monah D. (eds.) Scripta praehistorica. Miscellanea in honorem nonagenarii magistri Mircea Petrescu – Dîmboviþa oblata, Iaºi, 139– 156. Luca S.A., Diaconescu D., Georgescu A. & Suciu C. 2006. Cercetãrile arheologice de la Miercurea Sibiului – Petriº (jud. Sibiu). Campaniile anilor 1997 – 2005. Brukenthal Acta Musei I.1., Sibiu, 9–19. Makkay J. 1971. Altorientalische Parallelen zu dem ältesten Heiligtumstypen Südosteuropas. Alba Regia, 11, 1970 (1971), 137–144. Makkay J. 1978. Mahlstein und das rituale Mahlen in den prähistorischen Opferzeremonien. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 30, 13–36.

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Nikolov V. 1992. Die Untersuchungen der frühneolithischen Siedlung Slatina (Sofia) in den Jahren 1985–1987, in Kongress Dobriè 1988, Die Rolle des Schwarzen Meeres in der Urgeschichte Europas, Studia Praehistorica 11/12, S. 68–73. Paul I. 1992. Cultura Petreºti, Bucureºti. Pãunescu Al. 1972. The Early Epipaleolitic. In Atlasul Complex al Porþilor de Fier, 205. Petre-Govora Gh. f.a. Govora, de la primii oameni la contemporani, Ed. Petras. Popuºoi E. 1980. Sãpãturile arheologice de la Trestiana, comuna Griviþa, judeþul Vaslui. Cercetãri Istorice, S. N., XI, Iaºi, 105–134. Raczky P. 1982. The Prehistory of Szolnok County through Archaeological Finds. In Szolnok County: Crosswards of Many Races, Szolnok, 93–94. Roman P. & Boroneanþ V. 1974. Locuirea neoliticã de la Ostrovu Banului. Drobeta, I, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, 117–128. Sanev V. 1988. Neolitska Svetilište od Tumba vo Madjari. Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica, IX, 9–10. Simoska D. & Sanev V. 1975. Neolitska naselba Veluška Tumba kai Bitola. Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica, I, 25–88. Todoroviæ J. 1977. A Recently Diescovered House in the Neolithic Settlement of Banjica in Belgrade. Archaeologia Jugoslavica, XVIII, 13–16. Traore F. 1989–1993. Cercetãri etnoarheologice asupra ceramicii ºi olãritului tradiþional din satul Mante (Republica Mali), Acta Musei Napocensis, XXVI–XXX, 1.2, 335–350. Trogmayer O. 1968. Die hauptfragen des Neolithikums der ungarischen Südtiefebene. A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, 11– 19. Ursulescu N. 2000. Tipologia ºi organizarea internã a aºezãrilor primelor culturi neolitice din Moldova. In Contribuþii privind neoliticul ºi eneoliticul din regiunile est-carpatice ale României, vol. 1, Iaºi, 106–114. Vlassa N. 1966. Cultura Criº în Transilvania. Acta Musei Napocensis, III, 9–47. Vlassa N. 1972a. Eine frühneolithischen Kultur mit bemalter Keramik der Vor- Starèevo-Körös – Zeit in Cluj-Gura Baciului, Siebenbürgen. Prähistorische Zeitschrift, 47, 2, S. 174– 197. Vlassa N. 1972b. Cea mai veche fazã a complexului cultural Starèevo-Criº în România. Acta Musei Napocensis, IX, 7–38. Vlassa N. 1976. Neoliticul Transilvaniei. Studii, articole, note. Cluj-Napoca. Vlassa N. 1980. Din nou despre poziþia stratigraficã ºi cronologicã a orizontului Gura Baciului I. Marisia, X, 691–697.

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37–45.

Technological uniformity? Early Neolithic ceramic vessels, cult objects, net weights and daub production in Romania Michela Spataro Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, UK; [email protected] – what type of resources were exploited, and whether different production techniques were employed in different areas or were adapted to the different geological settings; – whether in a culture which lasted almost a millennium there were technological innovations in pottery production that may have had functional advantages; – whether changes in pottery typology over the same period were reflected in changes in raw materials and/or manufacturing techniques; and – whether prestige or display items, such as the whiteon-red painted pottery and cult objects, were produced using different formulae to more utilitarian pottery and fired clay objects such as net weights. These answers/data/results can shed light on the implications for the Neolithic society, where pottery is seen as a means of cultural development, influences and contacts (Shepard 1936, 389). Identification of technological phases complements typological analyses, identifying a body of knowledge, and possibly cumulative knowledge about raw materials and techniques. The study of pottery production and the identification if any pot was made by a specific group of people (e.g. display items made by some, cooking pots by others) can identify specialization and standardization in the society and possibly technological behaviour. The results obtained from the 13 Romanian sites, in Banat and Transylvania, are summarised here. Some comparable data are now available from Hungary and Serbia, but nothing has been published from sites of this period in eastern and southern Romania.

INTRODUCTION This paper focuses on the scientific investigation of early Neolithic pottery – which was first in the Balkans produced in the Balkans during the beginning of the Neolithic period. Pottery appeared with the first farming communities, and was part of the so-called ‘Neolithic package’. Pottery has always been the main ‘guide fossil’ found on archaeological sites from the Neolithic onwards, and has long been used to define cultural groups and periods, based on changes in typology (form and decoration). Scientific investigations of pottery focus instead on understanding the technology of pottery production, identifying trade in pottery and describing the social context in which the pottery was made. Although there is little direct evidence of the Late Mesolithic in Romania (Pãunescu 1993; Spataro 2008a) and in the Central Balkans (e.g. Bonsall et al. 2000), much has been written on the Meso-Neolithic transition in south-eastern Europe (Ammerman & Biagi 2003; Colledge & Conolly 2007; Koz³owski & Nowak 2007; Whittle & Cummings 2007). The only area of Romania where contact between Mesolithic and Neolithic cultures is suggested is the Iron Gates region of the Danube (e.g., Boriæ 2007), but even if there was a significant period of interaction, we do not find pottery in Mesolithic assemblages. Were pottery to be found in Mesolithic contexts, it would be assumed that it had been acquired through exchange with Neolithic communities, and this could be tested by comparing the clay sources and production techniques used to make these pots with those attested at Neolithic sites. Until recently, however, little was known of Neolithic pottery technology in south-eastern Europe (Björk 1995; Manson 1995; Kaiser 1984). A research programme carried out by the author between 2003 and 2006 investigated the production and distribution of early Neolithic Starèevo-Criº pottery in Romania, Serbia and Slavonia. The main aims of the project were to identify – the scale of production – whether pottery was produced in workshops or individual households; – whether pottery was exchanged between sites, and whether some sites functioned as centres for the manufacture of ceramics;

GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND AND GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT The sites discussed in this paper are Dudeºtii Vechi (Luca 2006, 99), Foeni-Gaz (El Susi 2002), Foeni-Sãlaº (Greenfield & Draºovean 1994; Ciobotaru 1988), Giulvãz (Luca 2006, 122), Fratelia (Draºovean 2001) and Parþa (Lazarovici et al. 2001) in Timiº County in Banat, and Gura Baciului (Cluj-Napoca County, Lazarovici & Maxim 1995); Cauce Cave (Luca et al. 2004; 2005), Orãºtie (Mârza 1995) (Hunedoara County), Limba-Bordane (Paul & Ciuta, 1998), Ÿeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii (Ciutã 1997; 2005), Limba (Ciutã

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Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 1. Map of the Balkans showing the locations of the sites sample by the author. Key to sites: CC – Cauce Cave; DBR – Donja Branjevina; DDV – Dudeºtii Vechi; FGZ – Foeni Gaz; FNS – Foeni Sãlaº; FRT – Fratelia; GBC – Gura Baciului; GLV – Giulvãz; GLK – Golokut-Viziæ; LMB – Limba Bordane; MST – Mostonga; MRS – Miercurea Sibiului Petriº; PRT: Parþa; OCS – Ocna Sibiului; ORS – Orãºtie; SLM – Ÿeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii; VNK – Vinkovci; ZDR – Ždralovi (drawing by M. Spataro & J. Meadows).

2002) (Alba County), Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº (Luca et al. 2004) and Ocna Sibiului-Triguri (Sibiu County; Paul 1995) in Transylvania (Fig. 1 and Table 1). These sites were selected because they are considered to be key-sites for the understanding of the Starèevo-Criº (SC) culture (Lazarovici 1979; 1993; Paul 1995) and because the pottery typology covers the four SC phases (Table 1). As suggested by recent archaeological surveys in the Banat region (Spataro 2008a), the SC communities settled along the major river terraces (Maxim 1999, 45–60). In Transylvania, they settled either along the terraces of the Mureº (e.g Ÿeuºa La Cãrarea Morii and Orãºtie-Dealul Pemilor), or in the proximity of salt outcrops that are particularly attractive to livestock (Miercurea Sibiului Petriº, Gura Baciului, and Ocna Sibiului), in areas highly suitable for cultivation and pasture. Most of these sites were relatively long-lived, with more than one settlement phase represented. The two regions are morphologically and geologically very different. The Banat plain extends over south-east Serbia, south-west Romania and southern Hungary, between the Mureº, Tisza and Danube rivers. In Romania it is lo-

cated in the counties of Timiº, Caraº-Severin, Arad (south of the Mureº river) and Mehedinþi. Transylvania is a wide, hilly and mountainous region in the Carpathian Basin, in central-eastern Romania. On the west is the Banat plain, in the east Moldavia, and in the south Wallachia. It is crossed by three main rivers, the Someº, which flows northeast, the Olt, which cuts through the Transylvanian Alps and flows southwards into the Danube, and the Mureº, the most important tributary of the Tisza river, which runs westwards for over 700 km. The Banat plain has a very homogeneous geological setting, whereas Transylvania presents a lot of variation. The areas surrounding the sites of Dudeºtii Vechi, FoeniGaz, Foeni-Sãlaº, Giulvãz, Parþa and Fratelia in Banat (Fig. 1) are dominated by Holocene alluvial deposits, primarily sands, breccia, clays and gravels, with some loess deposits (Petrescu & Grigorescu 1962). By contrast, the geology of Transylvania is varied and distinctive. The north, near Gura Baciului, has marls and stratified limestone (Petrescu & Drãghici 1964); the central region, surrounding the sites of Ÿeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii and Limba-Bordane, features gravel, breccia, greys, sand, sandstone, limestone, and marl

38

Michela Spataro: Technology uniformity? Early Neolithic ...

polarised microscope allows the identification of minerals and rock fragments on the basis of the different optical properties of each mineral. Neolithic pottery is fired at relatively low temperatures and most of the original inclusions in the ceramic bodies (fabrics) will be still present, whereas with highly-fired pottery some inclusions can disappear. The identification of minerals and rock fragments, together with particle orientation and shape, allows the fabric of each sherd to be described and the pottery microstructure to be compared to those of the other sherds. Fabric groups, corresponding to different clay sources, can then be defined on the basis of the detailed descriptions. The fabric groups are then compared to the geological background surrounding the site, using geological maps, to see whether the minerals in the potsherds could be found in local clay sources. To better understand the local geology, a couple of soil and river sand samples were also collected from each site, and studied in thin section. Fired clay artefacts that are very probably of local origin (e.g., daub, net weights, and spindle whorls) were also analysed to complement the sediment samples. Petrographic analysis also shows whether any material was added as temper (Rice 1987, 406–413) to make the clay less plastic, or for other technological purposes. In this paper, temper is defined as an artificially added non-plastic inclusion (Rye 1981, 37; 1976; Velde & Druc 1999, 77; c.f. Maggetti 1982, where temper is defined as particles larger than a certain size) mixed with the clay during the manufacturing process. The identification of mineral temper (sand or rock fragments) can also suggest provenance of the raw material (local or non-local; Rice 1987, 413). In addition, aspects of fabric descriptions, such as the presence or absence of specific minerals (Rice 1987, 379–382) or vitrification, indicate whether the pot was fired above or below a specific firing temperature (hence whether a kiln or bonfire was used). The SEM/EDS was used to study the chemical composition of the fabrics, in particular the clay matrices and their microstructure, identifying and quantifying oxides such as iron, calcium, potash, etc. which are too fine to be identified and quantified using the polarised microscope. These two methods give a complementary picture of the low-fired pottery. The SC culture lasted about 800 years (Biagi et al. 2005; Spataro 2008b, 92) and throughout this long timespan, the shapes of the SC pots vary, from the globular vessels with everted rim typical of the early phase (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995), to the conical, straight and deep, carinated, pedestalled forms, to flasks, oval-shape bowls, and shortnecked globular vessels. The surface decorations vary: the earliest phases have red painted vessels, sometimes with white dots (Fig. 2), whereas in the third and fourth phases there are brown painted garlands and spirals, plain and rough surfaces with impressed motifs (Fig. 3), and the barbotine ware (Lazarovici 1993; Maxim 1999), with some local variations (e.g. Minichreiter 1992). The project sampling strategy paid particular attention to covering the wide range of shapes and surface treatments from the various sites, selecting – where possible – an average of 20/25 potsherds per site, although 78 everyday pot-

Table 1 List of Romanian sites sampled and their typological phasing Site

Starèevo-Criº Phase

Number of Potsherds Analysed

Banat Dudeºtii Vechi

IIB, IIIA-B

20

Foeni-Gaz

IIB

26

Foeni-Sãlaº

IIA

19

Fratelia

IIA

42

Parþa

IIIA

24

Giulvãz

IIIA

24

IVA

21

Transylvania Orãºtie ªeuºa La-Cãrarea Morii Gura Baciului Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº Limba Bordane Cauce Cave Ocna Sibiului-Triguri Total

IC/IIA

21

IB-IC, IC-IIA, IIA, IIA-B, IV

78

IB, IC-IIA, IIB

30

IIIB

24

IC-IIA

20

IC

27 376

clays. To the south-east, Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº is located on Upper Pleistocene deposits of gravels, breccia and sand, clays and marls (Petrescu & Dãus 1967). Further south, the area surrounding the site of Ocna Sibiului is characterised by marls, sedimentary rocks and alluvial deposits, with some small areas of organogenic limestone (Petrescu, Dãus 1967). Near Orãºtie, on the Mureº River to the west of Ÿeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii, are Holocene fluvial deposits and upper Pleistocene gravel, with metamorphic outcrops, micaschists, gneiss and sillimanite (Petrescu & Grigorescu 1968; Mârza 1995, 199). Finally, Cauce Cave is in a region of metamorphic rocks, including schists and micaschists (biotite and chlorite) (Petrescu & Mitroi 1965). Given these variation in geology and geography, it would be natural to expect different patterns of subsistence, settlement and pottery production in the two areas.

METHODS The project comprised both minero-petrographic and chemical analyses of potsherds. The main investigative tool was the petrographic description of thin sections, providing information about the raw materials and technological choices (e.g. firing temperature; Rice 1987, 431), whereas Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM/EDS) enabled comparison of the chemical signatures of the different fabrics identified by petrography (Spataro 2002, chapter 2; 2003a; forthcoming). A thin section is a microscopy slide in which a fragment of pottery (as small as 1 cm) has been glued to the glass and ground down up to a thickness of 0.03 mm, in order to obtain a very thin transparent layer of pottery, which can be studied by microscope. The study of the thin section using a

39

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 2. White-on-red painted globular vessels – with everted rim from the early Neolithic site of Donja Branjevina, Serbia (photograph by the author).

Fig. 3. Impressed surface treatment on globular vessels from Orãºtie (photograph by the author).

Fig. 4. Micrographs of a sample from Foeni Gaz (sample FGZ10) showing (a) the voids left by the organic temper in the fabric (PPL) and (b), the same area in XPL showing a non-calcareous fabric with abundant fine and well-sorted quartz (images width = 5.4 mm; photographs by the author)

tery samples were chosen from the different phases at Gura Baciului, to cover the long occupational sequence (Spataro 2007; 2008b). A total of 376 sherds were selected from Transylvania and Banat, 221 of which were from Transylvania and 155 from Banat (Table 1), covering a wide timespan and representing different phases of the SC culture, from the earliest (e.g. Ÿeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii), to the middle (Limba – Bordane, Dudeºtii Vechi) and final phase (e.g. Gura Baciului) (Table 1). Daub, spindle-whorls, net weights, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines were also analysed.

At each site various fabrics were identified. Despite the regional variation in geology, the majority of potsherds shows a bi-refringent, non-calcareous and slightly micaceous fabric, rich in well-sorted mainly sub-angular quartz, with fine lamellae of muscovite, occasional feldspar and pyroxene (Fig. 4; Spataro, in press ). Other fabrics contain calcareous fragments, fossiliferous limestone (e.g. at Gura Baciului; Spataro 2008b), higher percentages of pyroxene and feldspar, and occasionally fine igneous or metamorphic inclusions. The sediments from different sites show a great deal of variation, when analysed in thin section, whilst also showing strong similarities with the ceramic assemblage and daub samples, derived from wattle-and-daub structures, from the same site (Spataro 2008b; forthcoming), suggesting that the pottery was manufactured using local clay sources. This is evident even when sherds from neighbouring and contemporary sites are compared, as found at sites in the Banat (Spataro 2003a; 2006a; 2006b).

PROVENANCE AND TECHNOLOGY The results of the analysis of about 500 sherds, from twenty sites across Romania, Serbia and Slavonia (Fig. 1) demonstrate that despite the wide range of forms and decorative motifs employed, and the fact that there is no evidence of pottery being exchanged between sites, a single technological formula was used throughout (Spataro 2007). Most of the vessels analysed were manufactured using a common recipe. This consisted of non-micritic and slightly micaceous clay, rich in alluvial sand, heavily tempered with organic matter, such as cereal chaff and barley. In Transylvania, however, there is evidence that sand temper was added, instead of, or in addition to, organic matter.

Banat In Banat the results of the pottery analysis show a consistent picture, of a pottery industry similar to that found in

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Michela Spataro: Technology uniformity? Early Neolithic ...

the Starèevo communities in Slavonia (Spataro 2006a, 128– 132). At the sites of Foeni Gaz (Spataro 2003a), Foeni-Sãlaº (Spataro 2005), Fratelia, Giulvãz and Parþa (Spataro forthcoming), pottery was mainly manufactured using non-calcareous clays, rich in alluvial sand, mostly fine-grained. At many sites, a few fabric groups contain polycrystalline limestone and shell fragments. The fabrics from Banat were mainly tempered with organic matter (in a few cases, leaf fragments and cereal chaff were identified, J. Meadows and A. Rosen, pers. comm. 2006), although some groups of potsherds were not tempered, probably because the clay was regarded as perfectly suitable for pottery production. A few sherds have poorly-sorted quartz inclusions, suggesting deliberate addition of sand to make the clay less plastic, and very occasionally pots were tempered with both sand and organics. At Dudeºtii Vechi, throughout the SC phases II and III, the pottery was manufactured using similar raw materials (non-calcareous clays) but tempered with sand with abundant coarse grains of quartz and mica, and sometimes containing small rock fragments (Spataro 2006b, 70). The survival of some organic matter within the sherd fabrics, and the near-absence of vitrification, indicate that the firing temperature did not exceed 700–750 °C for any length of time. This suggests that the pots were probably fired in bonfires rather than kilns.

Fig. 5. Micrograph of a sample from Ÿeuºa - La Cararea Morii (sample SLM18) showing a non-calcareous fabric with both sand and organic tempers; a coarse polycrystalline grain of stretched metamorphic quartz is visible in the centre (XPL; image width = 5.4 mm; Photograph by the author).

near to each site and the same clay basins were exploited over a long period; in the case of Gura Baciului, the potters exploited a few well-defined clay sources for almost a millennium (Spataro 2007). The clay collected was probably used to make pottery without further processing in most cases, other than the addition of temper.

Transylvania Transylvanian potsherds contained more varieties of temper. The clays used are mainly non-calcareous and micaceous at all sites, and although most of them were tempered with cereal chaff and other organic matter, many had both added sand and organics (Fig. 5). In very rare cases, only sand was added, or there was no temper; a single sherd was tempered with grog (recycled pottery). The samples from Gura Baciului cover the entire SC chronological sequence (Table 1), and the fabrics show mainly organic temper, but in a few cases from the earliest phases (IB/IC) sand was also used as temper. Sherds from Limba Bordane mainly contain organic temper, a few are tempered with sand and organics and only one sherd is tempered with sand only. At Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº, most fabrics were tempered with organic matter. Throughout the three different phases, similar clays were exploited, which contain a sand of metamorphic origin; in a few instances the same type of sand was added as temper. At Ocna Sibiului – Triguri, vessels were tempered with both quartz sand and organics; others show addition of organic material only. At Orãºtie, most sherds contain only organic temper, and very few show addition of both organics and sand. At Ÿeuºa - La Cararea Morii, the potsherds are mainly organic-tempered, but a few sherds were probably tempered with both organics and sand. At Cauce Cave, the pottery was mainly organictempered, but a few sherds were not tempered and one was tempered with coarse sand. In both Transylvania and Banat, pottery was tempered with organics, but also with sand and organics or sand only (e.g. Gura Baciului, Miercurea Sibiului Petriº), from the earliest phases of the SC culture. These traditions continued throughout the middle and late phases (e.g. Gura Baciului, Limba Bordane). The clay sources were probably located

Other fired clay objects Twenty-four other Neolithic fired clay objects from Romania, including nine anthropomorphic or zoomorphic objects, were analysed (Table 2). Cult objects Nine fired clay ‘cult’ objects (altars, figurines and ‘black magic tools’) from the Romanian sites were analysed (Table 1). At Dudeºtii Vechi, Foeni-Gaz, Parþa, Gura Baciului, and Ÿeuºa La-Cãrarea morii the altars analysed were heavily tempered with organic matter, including grains such as barley (Fig. 6; Table 2). In contrast, the two figurines analysed, a bull head and an anthropomorphic figurine, and the two ‘black magic tools’, from Fratelia and Parþa, were not tempered. Nevertheless, the clay sources used for the production of cult objects appear to have been the same as those exploited to produce pottery vessels of all types, and it therefore seems that the cult objects were not produced by specialists. The only exception, perhaps, is the figurine from Gura Baciului, made with fossiliferous and slightly calcareous clay, and not tempered with vegetal material. The raw material utilised for the production of the altar is similar to those exploited for the everyday clay objects, but the figurine was made from more micaceous clay than the other objects, which, however, is still consistent with a local source. Net weights, spindle-whorls, and other ceramic objects Although only a relatively small number of samples in this category were analysed, it is possible to infer that there does not seem to be a consistent technique used to manufac-

41

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 6. Micrograph of an altar fragment from Parþa (sample PRT26) showing a grain of barley, which was part of the temper (grain identification by J. Meadows; PPL; image width = 5.4 mm. Photograph by the author).

Fig. 7. Micrograph of a net weight from Parþa (sample PRT31) showing a non-calcareous fabric rich in fine quartz and muscovite mica and tempered with organic matter (XPL; image width = 5.4 mm. Photograph by the author).

Table 2 List of cult and other clay objects analysed from the Romanian sites, with temper where present Site

Altar

Dudeºtii Vechi

1, organic tempered

Foeni-Gaz

1, organic tempered

Foeni-Sãlaº

Figurine

Net weight

Spindle whorl

Daub

Fireplace fragment

Clay ball

2, tempered with organics1, not tempered

2, organic tempered 1, tempered with organics 1, not tempered

Fratelia Parþa

Black magic tool

1, not tempered 1, not tempered 1, not tempered

1, organic tempered

1, not tempered

3, no temper

Giulvãz Orãºtie

1, not tempered 1, not tempered

ªeuºa LaCãrareamorii

1, organic tempered

Gura Baciului

1, organic tempered

1, not tempered

1, not tempered 1, not tempered

1, not tempered

ture net weights and spindle-whorls. Five of the seven net weights analysed were not tempered, but two samples from Dudeºtii Vechi were tempered with organic matter (Fig. 7). Two of the three spindle-whorls analysed were not tempered, but the sample from Foeni Gaz was tempered with organic matter (Fig. 8). In very few cases (e.g. at Orãºtie), the same clay was used to make both everyday pottery and a spindle-whorl, but not the net weight from the same site. In general, the clay used to make net weights is slightly different to that used to make pottery. When samples that must have been made from local clay were analysed, it was clear that the pottery fabrics were also compatible with local production, both from the point of view of raw materials and from the technological perspective. Daub from Dudeºtii Vechi was prepared with either addition of organic matter or without any temper. At Foeni-Sãlaº, the daub sample shows some fine and rounded fragments of polycrystalline limestone, which are present in

very few sherds analysed. A few samples of daub have vitrified fabrics, suggesting that the structure/building might have burnt. A fireplace fragment from Ÿeuºa - La Cararea Morii shows no addition of temper; it contains sand, similar to that occurring in the clay used to manufacture pottery from the same site, but coarser.

DISCUSSION Although we have good evidence of early Neolithic pottery production in Banat and Transylvania, far less is known from the nearby areas. Research carried out on Körös and Starèevo potsherds using petrographic and che -mical methods in Hungary (Szakmáni et al. 2004; Szakmáni, Starnini 2007) shows a similar pattern to that of the pottery production in Banat and Slavonia: chaff was used as temper, and the clay is rich in alluvial sand (op. cit. 551). All the ceramics analysed were of local provenance (Starnini,

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Michela Spataro: Technology uniformity? Early Neolithic ...

Szakmáni 2009, 170). Recent work on the Starèevo pottery from Lepenski Vir and Starèevo (Logar et al. 2004), shows that a very similar technology, with organic temper and low firing temperatures, was also used in the ceramic manufacture of the Iron Gates region and in the Serbian Banat. These data show that a very similar recipe was used in the Iron Gates and Hungary to that used throughout Romania, Serbia and eastern Croatia (Spataro 2006a; forthcoming), based on the exploitation of local raw materials, mainly alluvial clay sources, and a specific type of temper – vegetal matter. This seems to be the formula for the entire Starèevo-Criº-Körös culture. Non-calcareous and micaceous clays were generally chosen for the pottery manufacture. In some cases, the clay might have been sieved, but usually the clay was not processed. The strong similarities between the fabrics of everyday ceramics and those of soil samples, and in some cases daub and fireplace fragments, from the same sites, suggest that the pottery was mainly produced locally. The variations in fabric suggest that different but similar sources were exploited. Most of these clays, probably being very sticky, were heavily tempered with organic matter. Potters probably utilised chopped cereal chaff and other by-products of crop processing. Vegetal matter makes ceramics lighter and more porous. Ethnoarchaeological evidence shows how the addition of mineral or vegetal temper is a consistent aspect of traditional pottery manufacture in many countries, such as India (Saraswati 1978; Kramer 1997) and Pakistan (Rye, Evans 1976; Spataro 2004a). In Transylvania, many different rock outcrops were available near the sites, and tempering with granite (or other available rock fragments) would have been more effective in terms of thermal shock resistance than chaff temper. Even at the Transylvanian sites, however, organic matter is the main temper used for any type of pottery, regardless of its shape and function. Thus the use of organic temper may not have been retained for functional advantages, but rather because it perpetuated a tradition in pottery production transmitted from one generation to the next. Although more than one type of temper was used, there seems to be no relationship between choice of type of clay and temper, again suggesting that the choice of temper was driven more by custom than by functional necessity. All the pottery could have been fired in bonfires. “Sandwich-like” structures, non-vitrified fabrics and in many cases organic remains that did not burn out of the clay completely, suggest that either the firing temperature was rather low (about 600–650 °C), or the pots were fired for a short time. The fact that kilns were unnecessary may suggest production by individual households rather than by specialist artisans. Pottery was produced according to the same formula for about a millennium, from the earliest phases of this culture, until the latest phase (e.g. Gura Baciului, phase SC IV; Spataro 2007). In contrast, typology changes very significantly over this period. It is possible to suggest that there are more indications of cultural continuity over time than was apparent from the typological sequence. From a technological point of view, it is interesting to point out the use of the same formula for vessels of different

Fig. 8. Micrograph of a spindle-whorl from Foeni Gaz (sample FGZ27) showing a non-calcareous fabric rich in fine quartz and tempered with organic matter (XPL; image width = 5.4 mm. Photograph by the author).

shape and surface treatment. The different shapes of pottery might have been intended for different uses, but there is no evidence that the clay source, temper or firing temperature was varied according to the shape of the vessel, and thus according to functional requirement. Nor is there a correlation between the production formula and surface treatment; for example, medium-fine white-on-red painted ware, which might have been more time-consuming to produce than thick coarse barbotine ware, was made with the same clay, temper and firing temperature. If decoration was related to the intended function of a pot (including its use purely for display), this is not reflected in the raw materials and manufacturing methods employed. The same formula was also used to make non-vessel objects. Although only a small number of these objects were analysed for this research project, the clays and the techniques (e.g., temper, firing temperatures) used for the manufacture of altars and figurines show strong similarities with the everyday pots. Net weights were produced without a specific recipe; both tempered and non-tempered objects were identified, sometimes using clays richer in carbonates (e.g. shell and calcareous fragments) than those exploited for pottery production.

CONCLUSION We now have a reasonably clear picture of pottery production in the central Balkans during the early Neolithic (the sixth millennium cal BC). From Slavonia to Transylvania (about 600km apart), pottery was produced following the same chaîne operatoire. This tradition coincides geographically with the area in which Starèevo-Criº-Körös pottery is found, and is markedly different to the technical formula used for everyday pottery production in the contemporary and neighbouring Impressed Ware communities along the Croatian coastline (Spataro 2002; 2004b), reinforcing the idea that a common culture (reflected in pottery style and production methods) unified the central Balkans during this period. It is not yet possible to say how long this tradition lasted, but there is no evidence of change during the entire sixth millennium.

43

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Gorges. Koz³owski J. K. and Nowak M. (eds.) 2007. Mesolithic/Neolithic Interactions in the Balkans and in the Middle Danube Basin. BAR International Series 1726, 31–45. Oxford. Björk C. 1995. Early Pottery in Greece. A technological and functional analysis of the evidence from Neolithic Achilleion Thessaly. Mediterranean Archaeology, CXV. Jonsered. Paul ströms Förlag. Sweden. Ciutã M.M. 2005. Începuturile Neoliticului Timpuriu în Spaþiul Intracarpatic Transilvanean. Bibliotheca Universitatis Apulensis, XII. Aeternitas. Alba Iulia. Ciutã M. 2002. O locuinþa Neolitica Timpurie descoperita în situl de la Limba - Bordane (Jud. Alba). Apulum XXXIX, 1–30. Ciutã M.M. 1997. Noi discoperiri aparþinând Neoliticului timpuriu în Ÿeuºa – “La cãrarea morii” (Com. Ciugud, Jud. Alba). Anua- rul Institului de Cercetãri Socio-Umane. Sibiu. Extras IV, 7– 34. Colledge S. & Conolly J. (eds.) 2007. The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe. Left Coast Press. University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications. USA. Draºovean F. 2001. Early neolithic settlement at TimiºoaraFratelia. In Draºovean F. (ed.) Festschrift für Gheorghe Lazarovici. Zum 60, p. 33–40. Geburtstag Editura Mirton Timiºoara. El Susi G. 2002. Cercetãri arheolozoologice preliminare in situri Starèevo-Criº timpurii în Câmpia Banatului. Fauna de la Foeni-Gaz ºi Dudeºtii Vechi (jud. Timiº). Analele Banatului S.N. IX, p. 15–40. Greenfield H.J. & Draºovean F. 1994. Preliminary report on the 1992 excavations at Foeni-Sãlaº an Early Neolithic StarèevoCriº settlement in the Romanian Banat. Analele Banatului S.N. III, p. 45–85. Kaiser T.M. 1984. Vinèa ceramics: Economic and Technological aspects of Late Neolithic Pottery Production in Southeast Europe. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. University Microfilms international, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Koz³owski J.K. & Nowak M. (eds.) 2007. Mesolithic/Neolithic Interactions in the Balkans and in the Middle Danube Basin. BAR International Series 1726. Oxford. Kramer C. 1997. Pottery in Rajasthan. Ethnoarchaeology in Two Indian Cities. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. Lazarovici G. 1979. Neoliticul Banatului. Biblioteca Musei Napocensis IV. Cluj Napoca. Lazarovici G., Draºovean F. & Maxim Z. 2001. Parþa. Monografie Arheologicã. Ed. Waldpress. Timiºoara. Lazarovici G. & Maxim Z. 1995. Gura Baciului. Monografie Arheologicã. Biblioteca Musei Napocensis IX. Cluj-Napoca. Lazarovici G. 1993. Les Carpates Meridionales et la Transilvanie. In Koz³owski, J. (Ed.) Atlas du Néolithique Européen, L’Europe orientale. Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de LiÀge. ERAUL, 45, 1, p. 243–284. Logar M., Periæ S., Mellini M. & Poharc-Logar, V. 2004. Mineral composition, microstructure and colour of Neolithis pottery with an insight into manufacturing. In Periæ, S. (ed.) The Neolithic in the Middle Morava Valley 1, p. 49–67. Belgrade. Luca A.S. 2006. Descoperiri Arheologice din Banatul Românesc – Repertoriu – Editura «Altip». Sibiu. Luca A.S., Roman C. & Diaconescu D. 2004. Cercetãri Arheologice în Peºtera Cauce (I). Bibliotheca Septemcastrensis IV. Sibiu. Luca A.S., Roman C., Diaconescu D., Ciugudean H., El Susi G. & Beldiman C. 2005. Cercetãri Arheologice în Peºtera Cauce (II). Bibliotheca Septemcastrensis V. Sibiu.

The two regions within Romania for which we have data fit well within this overall picture, despite their contrasting geological settings. In both regions, non-calcareous and micaceous clay was consistently used to make pottery, even when calcareous clays were available. There were more sand-tempered vessels in Transylvania, but sand temper was not unknown in Banat, and in both regions organic temper was used much more frequently. These observations again imply cultural transmission of a common knowledge. It is clear that it was the knowledge of how to make pottery that was shared, rather than the pottery itself, as all the material analysed appears to have been made with clay sourced close to the site where the pottery was found. It is also likely that pottery was produced on a household scale, rather than by specialist potters, as the technology is relatively simple and similar to that used to make daub, net weights and spindle whorls. Altars and figurines were made using the same techniques and raw materials used to make pottery, which implies that the cult objects were also produced for domestic use and not by specialised workshops. Acknowledgments This work has been possible thanks to the financial support of the Leverhulme Trust (UK) grant to the project “The early Neolithic in the Balkans: ceramic analysis and cultural processes” (F/07 134/AD), and it has also been supported by the British Academy Small Grants programme (AW6K 65C Archaeological Survey at the eastern fringes of the Banat region (Romania)”). The Author would like to thank all the kind colleagues who provided the samples for the scientific analysis of the pottery and other fired clay objects from the Neolithic sites, in particular Prof. F. Draºovean and Dr. D.L. Cibotaru (Museum of Banat, Timiºoara, RO), Prof. A.S. Luca and Dr. C. Suciu (Sibiu University, RO), Prof. I. Paul (Alba Iulia University, RO), Dr. M. Ciutã (Alba Iulia University, RO), Prof. G.Lazarovici (Resiþa University, RO), Dr Z. Maxim (Cluj-Napoca Museum, RO), Prof. Težak-Gregl (Zagreb University, HR) and to Dr. K. Minichreiter (Academy of Science, Zagreb, HR) and Dr . M. Buriæ (Zagreb University, HR).

Many thanks are also due to Professors S. Shennan (Institute of Archaeology, UCL, UK) and P. Biagi (Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, I), and Dr. R. Macphail (Institute of Archaeology, UCL, UK) for their help and suggestions. My deepest thanks to Dr. J. Meadows (English Heritage, UK) for his encouragement and discussion.

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Maggetti M. 1982, Phase analysis and its significance for technology and origin. Archaeological Ceramics, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, p. 121–133. Manson J.L. 1995. Starèevo Pottery and Neolithic Development in the Central Balkans. In Barnett, W. K. and Hoopes, J. W. (eds.) The Eemergence of Pottery. Technology and innovation in ancient societies, p. 65–77. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington and London. Mârza I. 1995. Les calcaires utilise ´ la construction des citadelles daciques des monts d’Orãºtie et les carriers antiques. Acta Musei Napocensis 32, p. 199–211. Maxim Z. 1999. Neo-Eneoliticul din Transilvania. Date arheologice ºi matematico-statistice. Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, XIX, Cluj-Napoca. Minichreiter K. 1992. Starèevaèka Kultura u Sjevernoj Hrvatskoj. Dissertationes et Monographie, 1. University of Zagreb. Paul I. 1995. Vorgeschichtliche Untersuchungen in Siebenbürgen. Universitatea “1 Decembre 1918“. Alba Iulia. Paul I. & Ciutã M.M. 1998. antierul arheologie del la LimbaBordane. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice, 66–67. Pãunescu A. 1993. Ripiceni-Izvor. Paleolitic ºi Mezolitic. Studiu Monografic. Editura Academiei Române. Institutul de Arheologie “Vasile Pârvan”. Biblioteca de arheologie LII. Bucureºti. Petrescu I. & Grigorescu C. 1962a. Sînicolaul Mare, L-34-XV, scale 1:200.000, Institutul Geologic Cartografic, Bucharest. Petrescu, I. & Grigorescu, C. 1962b. Jimbolia, L-34-XXI, scale 1:200.000, Institutul Geologic Cartografic, Bucharest. Petrescu I. & Grigorescu C. 1962c. Timiºoara, L-34-XXII, scale 1:200.000, Institutul Geologic Cartografic, Bucharest. Petrescu I. & Dãus V. 1967. Sibiu, Geological Map 34.L-34-XXV. Scale 1:200.000, Institutul Geologic Cartografic, I. Bucharest. Petrescu I. & Drãghici D. 1964. Cluj Geological Map, L-34-XII. Scale 1:200.000, Institutul Geologic Cartografic. Bucharest. Petrescu I. & Grigorescu C. 1968. Orãºtie, Geological Map, L-34-XXIV. Scale 1:200.000. Institutul Geologic Cartografic. Bucharest. Petrescu I. & Mitroi E. 1965. Deva, Geological Map, L34, XXIII. Scale 1:200000. Institutului Geologic Cartografi. Bucharest. Rice P.M. 1987. Pottery Analysis. A Sourcebook. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. Rye O.S. 1981. Pottery technology. Principles and reconstruction. Taraxacum. Washington. Rye O.S. 1976. Keeping Your Temper under Control: Material and the Manufacture of Papuan Pottery. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 11, 106–137. Rye O.S. & Evans C. 1976. Traditional Pottery Techniques of Pakistan. Field and Laboratory Studies. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 21. City of Washington. Saraswati B. 1978. Pottery-making cultures and Indian civilization. Abhinav, New Delhi. Shepard A. O. 1936. The Technology of Pecos Pottery. In Kidder A.V. and Shepard A.O. (Eds.) The Pottery of Pecos. Papers of the Phillips Academy Southwestern Expedition 7, p. 389–587. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut., Spataro M. 2002. The First Farming Communities of the Adriatic: Pottery Production and Circulation in the Early and Middle Neolithic. Società per la Preistoria e Protostoria della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Quaderno 9. Trieste. Spataro M. 2003a. Scientific study of ancient ceramic production and a case-study: The site of Foeni Gaz (Timiº County, Romania). Patrimonium Banaticum II, p. 7–26. Timiºoara. Spataro M. 2003b. Pottery technology and manufacture at the Korenovo Culture (LBK) site of Malo Korenovo (Bjelovar, Croatia). Opuscola Archaeologica 27, p. 49–61. Spataro M. 2004a. Pottery production in the Thar Desert (Sindh,

Pakistan): three case-studies (Hindwari, Pir chebo, and Hingorja). Rivista di Archeologia XXVIII, p. 171–180. Spataro, M. 2004b. Differences and similarities in the pottery production of the Early Neolithic Starèevo-Criº and Impressed Ware Cultures. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche LIV (54), p. 321–336. Spataro M. 2005. Early Neolithic Pottery production in the Balkans: minero-petrographic analyses of the ceramics from the Starèevo-Criº site of Foeni-Sãlaº (Banat, Romania). Atti della Società per la Preistoria e Protostoria della Regione FriuliVenezia Giulia, 2003 (2004) XIV, p. 25–43. Trieste. Spataro M. 2006a. Pottery production at a Linearbandkeramik site: a different ceramic technology from that of the Starèevo culture? A case-study: the site of Tomašica (Garešnica, HR). In Atti della Società per la Preistoria e Protostoria della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia, XV (2004–2005), p. 117–134. Trieste. Spataro M. 2006b. Pottery typology versus technological choices: an Early Neolithic case study from Banat (Romania). Analele Banatului XIV, p. 63–77. Timiºoara. Spataro M. 2007. Everyday ceramics and cult objects: a millennium of cultural transmission. In Spataro M. & Biagi P. (eds.) A Short Walk through the Balkans: the First Farmers of the Carpathian Basin and Adjacent Regions. Società per la Preistoria e Protostoria della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Quaderno 12, p. 149–160. Trieste. Spataro M. 2008a. Prospezioni archeologiche nel Banat (Romania sudoccidentale). In Gelichi S. (Ed.) Missioni Archeologiche e Progetti di ricerca e scavo dell’Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. Venice, p. 35–43. Spataro M. 2008b. Early Neolithic pottery production in Romania: the scientific analysis of the ceramics from Gura Baciului and Ÿeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii (Transylvania). Bailey D.W., Whittle A. & Hofmann D. (eds.) Living Well Together? Settlement and Materiality in the Neolithic of South-East and Central Europe, p. 91–100. Oxbow Books. Oxford. Spataro M. (forthcoming) Balkan Neolithic in Perspective: The Neolithisation of Southeastern Europe. Starnini E. & Szakmáni G. 2009. Besides Vessels: investigating Early Neolithic fired clay artefacts from Hungary. In Biró K., Szilágyi V. and Kreiter A. (eds.) Vessels Inside and Outside, 9th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramic, p. 24–27 October 2007, 165–172. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary. Szakmáni G., Gherdán K. & Starnini E. 2004. Early Neolithic pottery production in Hungary: a comparative archaeometricla study of Körös and Starèevo ceramics. In 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 3–7 May 2004, p. 549–554. Publicación No. 2621 de la Institución “Fernando El Católico”. Zaragoza, Spain. Szakmáni G. & Starnini E. 2007. Archaeometric research on the first pottery production in the Carpathian Basin: manufacturing traditions of the Early Neolithic, Körös Culture ceramics. Archeometriai Mûhely, IV,2, p. 5–19. Tringham R. 1971. Hunters, Fishers and Farmers of Eastern Europe 6000–3000 BC. Hutchinson, London. Velde B. & Druc I.C. 1999. Archaeological Ceramic Materials. Origin and Utilization. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. Whittle A. & Cummings V. (eds.) 2007. Going over: the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in North-West Europe. Proceedings of the British Academy, p. 144. Oxford University Press for the British Academ. Oxford.

45

Georgeta El Susi: The management of livestock ...

47–56.

The management of livestock in Early Neolithic settlements (Starèevo-Criº complex) from Transylvania and Banat Georgeta El Susi Institute of Archeology “Vasile Pârvan”, 11 Henri Coand² Street,010667 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] portant role throughout prehistoryi and history. Natural way of movement, linking the lower Danube basin of the Danube medium, southern and nothern East Central Europe, the “Djerdap” consists of a gorge, with several basins and depressions. Over a distance of 136 km bordering the southern Romanian province, separate the Banat Mountains of Transdanubian Carpathian, through a gorge that embed with 300–400 m in the mountain chain. Danube water always dug to south, towards the Serbian bank, creating steep banks, while the Romanian bank has developed into large basins with alluvial fertile terraces inhabited since ancient times. Upstream to downstream, the gorge is a series of basins (small hill depressions) as Moldova Veche, Liubcova, viniþa, Dubova and Orºova (Sencu 1967, 161–163). The sites to be mentioned in the text developed, either on the flood plain terrace (Gornea-Locurile Lungi) or mid-terrace of the river (Pojejena-Nucet, Moldova Veche-Rât). The Atlantic, characterized by an optimum climate, favored an expansion of hardwoods in high and low areas, along the

INTRODUCTION Problems involving the exploitation of animals by early Neolithic communities in SW Europe were discussed, ressumed and completed, when a new site has been excavated, many archaeozoological syntheses being developed (Bökönyi 1974, 1989; Vörös 1980). Unfortunately, the sites with faunal analysis are not so numerous as those excavated; to not repeat what is already known on this issue, we only insist on new data, trying to correlate them with existing ones. In the last decade, new data have accumulated over the management of animals by early Neolithic communities in the Banat plain and south-western Transylvania, by the contribution of new faunal samples. I refer to those from Miercurea Sibiului, Cauce, Dudeºtii Vechi and Parþa-tell II. Putting together this information, I tried to find common characteristics or those defining, in terms of animals’ exploitation during early Neolithic, known as Starèevo-Criº complex. “In Transylvania and not only here the term Starèevo-Criº was and is still used to define a cultural phenomenon spread over a long period of time, with four stages of evolution which span from the appearance of the first Neolithic communities to the arrival of the first Vinèa communities” (Luca & Suciu 2008, 39). Assumptions are indicative, the excavations have not yet been copleted (Miercurea Sibiului) and some lots are not very large. By and large, we speak about 15,847 animal bones, without considering additional samples from Ocna Sibiului, Zãuan, Leþ, Tãºnad and Tãrtãria, other than those examined by ourselves. The quantitative value of the samples primarily imposed those from Dudeºtii Vechi and Foeni-Gaz, with over 2,000 bones. Overall, the Banat settlements have provided an important collection of animal bones, talking about 1100 bones from sites along the Danube, and 10,581 of those of the Banat plain. The samples from Gura Baciului, Ÿeuºa, Miercurea Sibiului can be considered as well, each one totaling over 1,000 pieces, thus representing a valid basis for discussion. On spatial distribution, there is a concentration of sites in the Banat plain (Fig. 1) and another in the Danube Valley. “Djerdap” or the Iron Gates region is one of the most interesting geographical areas in Europe, which played an im-

Fig. 1. Map of sites Starèevo-Criº with faunal analyses: a – Miercurea Sibiului; b – Ocna Sibiului; c – Ÿeuºa; d – Gura Baciului; e – Cauce; f – Zãuan; g – Tãºnad; h – Tãrtãria; i – Leþ; j – Dudeºtii Vechi, k – Foeni-Gaz; l – Parþa-Tell 2; m – PojejenaNucet; n – Gornea LL; o – M. Veche-Rât.

47

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Table 1 Frequencies of taxa in sites Starèevo-Criº from Transylvania and Banat Miercurea Seuºa-Cãrarea Gura Baciului Sibiului Morii

Miercurea Sibiului

Cauce

Pojejena Nucet

Gura Baciului

Gornea-Locurile Lungi

Dudeºtii Vechi

IC-II A

IIA-IIB

IIA-IIB

II B

II B

3.5

43.3

Starèevo-Criº/ phase*

IB-IC

IB-IC

IA-IIA

IC-IIA

Bos taurus

63.7

30.8

40.1

50.1

Ovis/Capra

25.9

57.1

37.1

33.5

7.1

1.8

1.3

Sus domesticus Canis familiaris

39

44

22.9

75

7.1

31.8

28.3

25.7

11.9

0.9

3.4

12.6

5

85.1

90.4

51.3

74.2

11.3

4.7

3.8

28.1

12.9

8.9

4.1

3.4

2.1

1.9

6.8

0.7

2

1.8

0.7

1.1

10.9

1.9

2.9

12

3.8

6.1

3.8

3.4

2.2

0.2

Domestic taxa

89.6

95.2

Cervus elaphus

2.1

1.4

Capreolus c.

0.5

3

0.2 79

Sus scrofa ferrus Bos primigenius

7.8

0.2

1.7

Lepus europaeus

2.1

Ursus arctos

0.5 0.5

Meles meles

2.4

Lynx lynx

0.5

Equus sp.

0.5

Sample

10.4

4.7

297

21

1,086

14.9

402

9.6

881

727

55.3 23.5

6.4

0.8

Castor fiber

Wild taxa

85

0.3 0.5

48.6

25.8

302

14.9

423

Foeni-Gaz

Miercurea Sibiului

Dudeºtii Vechi

Parþa Tell II

Gura Baciului

Moldova Veche-Rât

Ocna Sibiului

Starèevo-Criº/ phase

II B

IIB-IIIA

III A

III A

III-IV

IVA

St. Criº

Bos taurus

34.4

66.7

33.9

28.1

41.2

40.4

56.03

62.82

Ovis/Capra

Zãuan

44.7

275 Tãºnad

515

Tãrtãria

Leþ

85.14

50.39

IIIB 76.92

40.4

12.5

14.5

45.5

30.6

11.7

28.44

22.43

2.97

19.68

Sus domesticus

5.1

1

8.1

10.8

5.9

3.1

2.15

1.92

1.98

19.68

Canis familiaris

0.3

1.5

Domestic taxa

80.2

80.2

Cervus elaphus

7.3

7.1

Capreolus c.

4.1

Sus scrofa ferrus

2.7

Bos primigenius

4.9

84.4

77.7

56.2

19.3

6.1

14.1

24

8.4

4.5

2.3

1

10.3

4.5

10.4

2.8

0.5

Lepus europaeus

58

0.1

0.1

Vulpes vulpes

0.2

0.1

Meles meles

1

87.82

76.92

7.75

7.05

10.25

1.1

1.72

0.64

3.5

16.2

0.43

2.56

7.69

2.3

1.4

3.01

1.28

2.56

1.98

1.57

0.2

0.1

0.1

19.8 7,561

19.8 178

42

23.08

9.9

8.66

1,942

6.93

91.34 7.09

0.99

0.4

0.2

0.1

90.1

0.64

0.2

Felis silvestris

1.57

86.64

0.3

Martes martes

Sample

0.64

0.6

Castor fiber

Wild taxa

0.9

15.6 563

22.2 165

43.7 530

13.36 305

12.18 193

39

112

153

* Lazarovici chronological system

flood-plains and terraces in the Danube basin, mainly. The pedo-climatic and phyto-geographic peculiarities favored an increase in the Danube Valley population, yet the Early Neolithic, as shown by a large number of investigated settlements (Lazarovici, 1977). For the phase I of StarèevoCriº complex, there is not faunal information, for the south-

ern Banat. Few data offered by analysis of samples from Gornea-LL and Pojejena-Nucet (Table 1) provided some information of livestock exploitation in the second phase of the Starèevo-Criº complex. As there, faunal composition significantly differ between sites, although they are chronologically close. The differences lie in the large share of

48

Georgeta El Susi: The management of livestock ...

game in Pojejena-Nucet sample (48.6 versus 14.9 % NISP) and the high rate of small ruminants in Gornea-LL (28.3%). The only connection between them is the highest cattle rate in both sites (about 43–44%). Hunting is focused on exploitation of red deer and wild boar, both taxa widespread on the terraces of the river that time. We do mention the wildlife, relatively rich in taxa, eight versus four mammals at Pojejena-Nucet, despite the reduced sample. Perhaps, not only environmental complexity mattered, a more specialized in hunting community evolved in Pojejena. A look at the early Starèevo-Criº sites on the right bank of the Danube highlights some interesting aspects: the communities Lepenski Vir (III) hunted a rich fauna, its bones accounting for 74.5% of the total sample (Bökönyi 1970, 1702–1703). Among domestic species, cattle had a certain importance in subsistence (15.8%), other identified taxa, with insignificant contributions. Fauna from Padina is also dominated by wild component which represents 92.6% (Clason 1980, 148–149), of domestic species only dog having some importance (6.2%). By contrast, the fauna from MihajlovacKnjepište (Bökönyi 1992a, 77–87) reveals the prevalence of sheep and goat, in value of 51.3% versus 30.4% – share of cattle, and a rate of 18% – the game. There are some data provided by sample from Moldova Veche-Rât for the late stages of Starèevo-Criº culture (III–IV). According to them, about half of bones comes from game (43.7%), and among domestic segment, cattle predominate at a rate of 40.5% followed by sheep (11.7%) and pigs (3.1%) at some distance. It seems, the dominant tendency of the early Neolithic economy in the mentioned sites is the cattle rising and hunting of species that inhabited the Danube terraces. Unfortunately, information related to fishing, harvesting of mollusks and other seasonal economic activities are insignificant (according to preserved remnants), they certainly had important role in supplying. The settlements from the lower Banat plain, as Dudeºtii Vechi, Foeni-Gaz, Foeni-Sãlaº and Parþa-Tell II are placed in the low region of the district, on natural elevations, in the vicinity of watercourses, the region, being characterized by land below 100 m altitude. Morphological viewpoint, the area is a low plain with negative forms, embodied by large and deep depressions, which represent the old riverbed of the Mureº arms, in the overflow (Aranca, Galatca) and others less. Besides these negative forms, the aspect of the plain is interrupted by irregular elevations, resulting from the alluvial river overflows or dunes. Today they are much lower, giving the area a wavy shape (Oprea 1965, p 252– 253). The area is devoid of arboreal vegetation except for some patches of forest planted in modern times. Information on animal exploitation in the earliest levels of Starèevo-Criº culture of the Banat Plain (IIA–IIB) are given by samples from Foeni-Sãlaº (Greenfield & Draºovean 1994, 70.), Foeni-Gaz, and Dudeºtii Vechi (the earliest layer). All three assemblages contained large quantities of shells, often their number exceeding that of mammals, for example. So 87.3% is the percent of shells (Unio ssp.) versus 12.7% that of mammals in Foeni-Gaz. In such case is Foeni-Sãlaº, six species of snail were determined, 99 % of them came from the common snail (Helix sp.). It is also specified, that the snails as a good source of carbohydrates could replace for grains

(Greenfield & Draºovean 1994, 74). 13.2% is the quota of aquatic resources (fish, mollusks) at Dudeºtii Vechi. When referring to domestic segment, the prevalence of ovicaprids by 40.4% is recorded at Foeni-Gaz, as compare to 25% at Foeni-Sãlaº and 25.7% at Dudeºtii Vechi (earliest layer). Contrasting cattle dominate by 52% at Foeni-Sãlaº, not exceeding 35 % at Foeni-Gaz and Dudeºtii Vechi (22.9%). Domestic pigs show lower rates, below 5%. It is hard to conceive of archaeozoological viewpoint, what underlies that major differences between the sites, chronologically close, with surroundings and resource almost identical. We cannot argue the differences as being due to small samples or poor collection methods. The research team also coordinated both excavations and samples exceeding 3000 bones individually. In all cases the game rate is notably, accounting for about 20–23%. Emphasis is on red deer (7.3%), aurochs (4.9%), roe deer (4.1%), and wild boar (2.7%) exploitation, which recorded significant values at Foeni-Gaz (those listed in parentheses). Smaller quota of red deer, in tandem with significant increases of roe deer and aurochs bones, may suggesting an open landscape and absence of well forested areas, around 6900 BP (IPCTE, 2008), in this part of the Banat. It is interesting to observe the reduced boar frequency (less than 4%), in both sites as expected. Therefore, the hunting is a well-defined segment of the animal economy, recording the highest value at Dudeºtii Vechi – 44.7% and much less at Foeni-Gaz, 19.8 %. The phase III of the Starèevo-Criº culture is documented by samples from Dudeºtii Vechi (upper layer) and Parþa-tell II, both in the same area of the Banat. According to available data, significant variations between sites were found, the reduced sample from Parþa (563 bones), may be a reason. Domestic segment covers almost the meat supplying of the communities at Parþa (the game is quoted with 15.6%); it covers almost half of needs in case of Dudeºtii Vechi. Specifically, cattle prevail in the meat supplying (34%), followed by small ruminants (14.5%) and pig (8%). Internal development of Dudeºtii Vechi shows an ascendant rate of cattle, from 22.9 to 33.9%, with a visible reduction of ovicaprids from 25.7% to 14.5%, and a pig increasing from 5% to 8%. In the other case, sheep prevails with 45.5%, cattle rank the second with 28.1% and pig total up to 10.8%. The earliest Neolithic sites of Transylvania are located in south-western region, in the middle Mureº River valley (along its tributaries too) and the Someº River (Cluj county area). Most of them are settled away from each other, either in mountain-cismontane regions (Cauce, Gura Baciului), or plateau (the most). One of the most important and timely settlement is that from Miercurea Sibiului, located in a trough between the Cindrel – Ÿureanu Mountains piedmont and the Secaºelor plateau, on the edge of a long terrace, 4–5 m higher than the floodable meadow of the Secaº River. In somewhat similar environmental conditions, the Ÿeuºa site is settled, also on a high terrace of a left Mureº tributary. The existence of fertile land, rich in humus and mold in the surroundings of settlements, has facilitated the development of a wild tree meadow, of grassland and a diverse fauna. A variety of living conditions will be offered and the location of the Gura Baciului site, placed on a terrace towards the river Suceag, in the foothills of the Gilãu Mountains. The

49

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Table 2 Distribution of taxa in Starèevo-Criº complexes from Miercurea Sibiului-Pietriº IB-IC Complexes

B.10

B. 19 Gr. 26

Bos taurus

54

44

Ovis/Capra

30

20

25

IC-IIA Total NISP

%

123

B. 17 B. 20 B. 21 Gr. 31 Gr. 34 Gr. 35

Total NISP

%

63.7 125

152

5

14

299

25.9

6

7

B. 1

41

142

Sus s. domesticus

6

1

Canis familiaris

1

Domestic taxa Cervus elaphus

50

25

173

84

64

2

2

4

2.1

89.6 173

1

1

0.5

8

11

Sus s. ferrus Bos primigenius

21

1 1

2

3 1

295

11

21

3

1

3

3

Capreolus c.

IIB-IIIA

1

4

3

B. 9

Gr. 43

Total NISP

50.1

63

1

64

66.7

200

33.5

10

2

12

12.5

8

1.3

1

1

1

1

0.2

508

85.1

74

77

80.2

28

4.7

7

7

7.4

1

1

1

6

10

10.4

1

4

1

20

3.4

37

6.1

4

1

1

89

14.9

13

6

19

19.8

87

9

96

7

1

8

4

2

9

15

7.8

7

30

Wild taxa

6

5

9

20

10.4

39

44

1

5

Identified

90

69

34

193

212

339

12

26

2

3

0.7

Meles meles

Bos sp.

1

1

Bos/Cervus

47

Splinters

20

34

Mammals

111

150

47 36

100

1

4

3

12 62

3

54

48

143

297

322

497

Birds

597

100

1

66

13

5

2

3

3

204

63

4

67

31

3

7

6

879

157

14

171

14

178

2

2 7

111

150

36

297

322

499

100

12

Fish TOTAL

3

%

13

31

Cauce Cave is located in western Poiana Ruscã Mountains, a high forested region, dominated by altitudes of 600– 680 m, an area influenced by a mild climate with sub-Mediterranean influences, in a word good living conditions for humans and livestock. The latest radiocarbon data show that a fully-Neolithic culture appeared in Tranylvania around 7200 BP “with artifacts very similar-if not identical-to those of contemporary communities south of the Danube” (Luca & Suciu 2008, 39). We refer to settlements of Gura Baciului I, Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, Ÿeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii (excavations M. Ciutã) and Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº Ia-b (Luca & Suciu 2008, 40). All of them have provided more or less numerous faunal samples (Table 1). 4,159 animal bones were included in our statistics; in addition, 802 bones from other sites (denoted by 16–20 in Table 1) are added. Nevertheless, the earliest horizon with faunal remains is that from Gura Baciului I. The horizon I includes complexes, which started their evolution, since the phase IA (hypothetical in Romania) of the complex cultural Starèevo-Criº, the oldest is the hut B2a, according to site researchers (Lazarovici & Kalmar 1995, 68). Unfortunately, only 27 faunal remains were collected from that context, ten of them originate in cattle, four in small ruminants, two in pig and two in red deer (El Susi 2008, 94). The material is too small to draw any conclusion; it is worth noting the prevalence of cattle, versus sheep and nothing more. Other archaeological complexes of the same

3

7

6

881

164

1

horizon have provided more bones, is about 375 fragments; overall 402 fragments have been introduced in statistics, their distribution according taxa is shown in Table 1 (Complexes have been numbered to facilitate the graphical representation). The horizons II and III of the settlement provided 423 respectively 165 waste. As a matter of fact, what characterizes the sample of this settlement is excessive fragmentation of the bones, about one third of the bones were identified (El Susi & Bindea 1995, 181). A sample of 305 bones from Ocna Sibiu- Triguri was recently published (Bindea 2008, 52–53). Unfortunately chronological details are not specified. The faunal sample from Ÿeuºa-La cãrarea morii, totaling 1086 pieces comes entirely from a dwelling (El Susi 2000, 49). The excavations at Miercurea SibiuluiPietriº provided a rich faunal sample covering a long span time, from Prehistory until Middle Age. Considered as, one of the earliest Neolithic settlements in our country, the site “belongs to the early wave of First Temperate Neolithic communities who reached Romania” (Luca et al. 2008, 325). So far about 1,356 remainders from the Starèevo-Criº habitation have been registered, of which 297 bones originate in the earliest levels (Table 2). The second stage of the culture is better documented, by 881 remainders. Referring to the third stage of the culture, so far only 178 animal bones have been tabulated. Reduced in terms of numbers of bones (727 fragments), the sample from Cauce is unique, because it offers data about the management of animals in the cave

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dwelling conditions. It is the only sample, more consistent from a cave, some bones were also determined from cave Lesiana (IA-II levels, 12 bones) (Haimovici 1989, 393– 395). There are several settlements Starèevo-Criº in Transylvania, well known in archaeological literature, which provided some faunal data. We mean Zãuan, Leþ, Tãºnad, Tãrtãria, all together amounts about 500 animal bones (Bindea 2008, 48–57).

TAXA DISTRIBUTION IN SITES A brief overview of the variation curves of the three basic domestic species (cattle, sheep/goat and pig) in each site put forward some interesting questions. Apropos of Transylvanian sites, the prevalence of cattle (63.7%), followed by sheep/goat by 26% is worth mentioning at Miercurea Sibiului in complexes belonging to the phase I. Pig bones were not identified. The same dominance of bovines is found in the second phase, but some percentage reduction up to 50%, beside an increase in the sheep rate by 33.5%. Pig bones already occur, but does not amount more than 1.5%. The high rate of cattle (about 67%) maintains along the third phase, but a significant decline in the small ruminants share to 12.5% is observed. Pig has the same minor participation. In terms of wild species there is an ascending curve toward the end of the early Neolithic levels, doubling-up the share of game. Interestingly, the first level contained few red deer bones (about 2%), but an aurochs prevalence (7.8%) may outlined, which suggests forest-steppe surroundings. Changes in the landscape are assumed, based on variations of the frequency curves of species over time. Specifically, red deer fluctuates upward, reaching 7.4% by the end of Starèevo-Criº habitation at Miercurea Sibiului. Aurochs maintains at a high level of 10.4%, perhaps the highest in Transylvanian sites, telling about a landscape dominated by forest-steppe, with some wooden spots. As to Gura Baciului, a dominance of cattle by 40% in the early levels, maintained throughout the site function. Changes occur when sheep/goat. Their share is only 3% lower than cattle, but significantly decreased to 31.8% in the second horizon. A close rate of 30.6%, towards the end of the settlement is emphasized. The pig is unimportant element in local domestic fauna in the early settlements phase (1.8%), reaching about 6%, toward the end. Wild species maintain at a rate of 20–25% in all levels, red deer prevailing by 11–14%. Probably, the site location in the foothills, will be favored an active hunting, especially that of red deer, which would have had higher density than in plateau areas (eg. Miercurea Sibiului). It is not the only factor worthy of being heeded. An assessment of the domestic/ wild ratio according to the biotope location highlights discordant data even for sites located in areas which meet similar conditions. May be further evidence that, it is risky to interpret a settlement after its current biotope data, in the absence of paleo-environment information, or simply unequal samples generate these discrepancies. Overall, the hunting share widely ranges (8– 26%) in Transylvanian sites (Fig. 3), but do not reach large values, if compared to some settlements in the Banat. An exception is the faunal sample from Cauce cave, where the share game is less than 5%, albeit the cave is located in a

Fig. 2. Taxa frequencies in Banat and Transylvania sites: A – Transylvania - St.C/ I-IV(personal data); B – Banat - St.C/ II-IV; C – Transylvania - St. C/ I-IV; D – Red deer - St.C/ I-IV

Fig. 3.

Domestic/Wild ratio.

mountainous area. The living in cave has left its mark on animals’ exploitation, exposed on another occasion (El Susi 2005, 95–100). Besides mammals, capture of birds was carried though, little debris in all studied samples were collected. Fishing and gathering of mollusks or turtles are insufficiently reflected in the samples, although the locations required water sources nearby. Fish bones only at Ÿeuºa and Miercurea Sibiului were identified, only a few. When levels I–II of the Starèevo-Criº sites, some points can be highlighted: the existence of two types of settlement, in terms of animal exploitation: a. with prevalence of cattle, in proportion of 40–60% at Miercurea Sibiului, Gura. Baciului and Ocna SibiuluiTriguri (Bindea 2008, 52); b. with prevalence of small ruminants in proportion of 75% at Cauce or 57% at Ÿeuºa. On the whole, the pig has some importance only at Cauce (12%) and Ÿeuºa (7%) and few exploited in the other sites.

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Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Neolithic, a situation reflected by the reduced frequency of its skeletal remains, less than 2%. On the consumption of dog meat, the data are inconclusive. There are few complete bones, most are broken, but cutting traces were not identified, most of the bones were collected from waste dumps. Interestingly, there are some cases (Dudeºtii Vechi, Miercurea Sibiului, Fig. 10) with broken skulls, possible to remove the brain.

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT: PROFILES OF SLAUGHTER AND THEORETICAL EXPLOITING MODELS

Fig. 4.

Kill-off patterns in cattle, Transylvania-IB-IIA.

Fig. 5.

Kill-off patterns in cattle, Transylvania-IIA-IV.

Obviously, the chapter provides general information on animal management the subject is too large to be treated in several pages. For a better understanding of what we want to communicate, the results are grouped by species and sites, from the early to the late stages. The histograms show the frequencies of age-classes and the theoretical exploitation models are inspired by the French Neolithic bibliography (apud Blaise 2009, 116–135). Talking about settlements from southern Banat, the age profiles show the prevalence of cattle slaughtering for meat (Fig. 6), in a rate of 67% (between 6 months–4 years) and 33% for the milk in Pojejena-Nucet. About 70% are slaughtered in Gornea-LL, so the two profiles are almost identical. Probably, the exploitation of more diversified animal resources, allowed large killing among young and sub-adults. There are few cuts of calves (16.7%), about 50% between 2–4 years (males, especially for meat) and 33% for milk at Moldova Veche-Rât. Referring to the Banat Plain samples, Foeni-Gaz offers a separate image, by the prevalence of cattle slaughter between 4–9 years, at a rate of 66.7%. Perhaps, the milk exploitation is characterized by the slaughter of females whose production declines, reformed between 4 and 9 years (in our case 4–6.5 years) (Helmer 1992, acc. to Blaise 2009, 133). Cattle use for traction is not excluded. Contemporary levels of Dudeºtii Vechi offers a different schedule, with emphasis on the age group of 2–4 years (60%), meaning the culling for meat, keeping a percentage of 20% for by-products. The upper stages of the same settlement retained a majority rate of cattle, cut prevalent for meat (74.3%), and only 19.4% for by-products. Finally, Parþa scheme highlights the exploitation of cattle for traction, in percentage of 27.3%, equal to that of animals slaughtered for meat. But in a statement, about 45.4% of the stock of individuals is eliminated, as young and sub-adults for a tender meat, obviously. A rate of 40% by one year is recorded, in the early levels of the Miercurea Sibiului (Fig. 4), meaning the milk production starts (by cutting calves). The same percentage of animals of 2–4 years is maintained, meaning meat production; a rate of 20% is registered over 4 years, for milk and traction. The same type of management is kept in the next chronologic segment, specifically, 35.5% individuals killed between 6–24 months, 32.2% between 2–4 years and 19.4% between 6–9 years, meaning milk, meat and labor. At Ÿeuºa, 60% is the percentage of cattle slaughtering for meat, and Gura Baciului has a 47.8% rate of animals reared for meat and 39% for milk, labour and reproduction. As for Cauce cattle exploiting, two third of presumed animals did-

A shortage in wild taxa and hunting focused on red deer, aurochs, wild boar and roe deer is typical for most part of the sites. The sporadic occurrence of bear and hare at Cauce and Gura Baciului (obviously in settlements located in piedmont or mountain areas) is noted, as well. To conclude, the settlements developed during the phases III–IV of the Starèevo-Criº complex generated animal economies focused on cattle exploitation, together with a much lower share of ovicaprids (below 22 %), compared to earlier levels, except Gura Baciului with 31%; the pig reaches different percentage, overall reduced, below 10%, excluding the site Leþ, with 20%. The dog had a minor importance in early

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n’t reach adulthood. Management of cattle will suffer some changes to the previous phase, concretized in: the slaughter rate decreases to 10% between 2–4 years and increase to 20% between 6–24 months. A percent of 70% individuals killed between 4–6 years means beginning of labour exploitation, besides use of milk. There is some change in cattle management into late levels from Gura Baciului (Fig. 5), expressed by augmenting of rate of animals kept for milk and traction (36.4%) and increasing age of cattle keeping. Aged nine years animals were identified in the sample. Additionally, the beef exploitation seems to dominate the ageclass profiles, especially the segment 6–24 months. The same trend is maintained in the later levels at Miercurea Sibiului. As a closing idea, there is some improvement in the management of bovines in late levels of the Transylvanian settlements. It results in the better representation of age classes over four years and longer duration of animal exploitation. So far, we have too few presumed individuals/ per site, to speak of certainties. Patterns in sheep/goat, based on slaughter profiles are shown in Figs 7–9, following the same spatial and chronological distribution. In this case we used hypothetical models developed and applied to Neolithic of France (Blaise 2009, fig. 20) as well. The early Neolithic settlements in the Danube Valley offer few and unrelated data on ovicaprids management, remember them, for information (Fig. 9). About 75% of presumed individuals are exploited for mutton at Pojejena-Nucet, and 50% at Gornea-LL, the other for milk. Half of the supposed individuals were cut between 4–6 years and half between 6 months–2 years in Moldova Veche-Rât, meaning meat and milk exploitation. About 57% of animals were exploited for meat, as juvenile (2–12 months, exploitation type a) or in the period of maximum weight (1–2 years, type b), at Foeni-Gaz. 21.4% is the percentage of slaughters between 2–4 years and 14.2% between 4–6 years, therefore, milk exploitation ranks the second. A similar distribution of age profiles offer the lower levels from Dudeºtii Vechi, but with an appreciable increase of animals used for milk, breeding: 47,4% versus 52.6%, the percentage of slaughter for meat, particularly that provided by animals 1–2 years old. Same distribution trends are maintained in the next levels from Dudeºtii Vechi as well (Fig. 9). A less balanced management of small ruminants (as it were), shows statistics from Parþa. According to their, the dominant note is the slaughter for mutton, either from juveniles (42.8%) or individuals in the second year of life (28.5%). So overall, 70% were slaughtered for meat, mining type A. There are some animals exploited for years running, just over 6 years. A high percentage of 42.8% (Fig. 7) is individuals killed between 6–12 months at Miercurea Sibiului (the earliest levels); we have to do with exploitation for meat, type a (Blaise 2009, 114–115). Values about 28.6% recorded between 1–2 years (slaughter for meat-type b), and 2–4 years (milk exploitation-type b). The same high percentage over 64% is attributed to slaughter for meat (classes B, C, D), the preservation of a quota of 30% for milk exploitation is found at eusa. Still talking about faunal material from a single dwelling, we consider the results with required reserve. At Gura Baciului- the earliest levels, all age classes are con-

53

Fig. 6.

Kill-off patterns in cattle, Danube Valley.

Fig. 7.

Kill-off patterns in sheep/goat, Transylvania-IB-IIA.

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 10. Bones from pit-house 1 (IC-IIA) from Miercurea Sibiului. Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Kill-off patterns in sheep/goat, Transylvania-IIA-IV.

cerned, best represented are the individuals slaughtered between 6 months–1 year and 2–6 years. Therefore, the lambs cut in the first six months of life (Class A, B) come to 19% a similar proportion is made up to one year (Class C). There are few slaughters (9.5% between 1–2 years, class D), the percentage doubled for the period 2–4 years (Class E, F) and 4–6 years (Class G). Over 6 years (class H) there is a percentage of 14.3%.Theoretically, these figures mean dairy obtaining (exploitation type b), tender mutton exploitation (type a), further exploitation of wool, goat hair actually, since most of the class H animals are goats. Wool is improperly said, only later, in the Bronze Age, speaking of this article. Profiles of the Miercurea Sibiului (IC–IIA) and Cauce are numerical very close in terms of distribution of individuals on classes of slaughter are pretty close in terms of distribution of individuals on classes of slaughter. In both cases, there is also reduced slaughtering of lambs 0–2 months (13.3%), then increasing between 2–12 months (26–24%), a rate of 26–29% recorded between 1–2 years. So this segment of time, meat product is primarily targeted. Exploitation of animals between 2–4 and 4–6 years (dairy) is about 30–31%. Then the percentage falls to 3.3% meaning animals for breeding. Identified specimens of small ruminants are culled after an identical schedule, meaning two-thirds slaughtered between 2 months–2 years (mainly meat) and one third for milk (Fig. 8), in levels II–III at Gura Baciului. In conclusion, ovicaprids management is focused on milk production in the early levels of Transylvanian sites, this trend is less well expressed (may be due to the smaller number of presumed individuals) in the later levels. On the pig, it provides meat and fat. The optimum age for slaughter is between 1 and 2 years, the slaughter of immature and sub-adults, represents the search for tender meat. Pig material is too reduced to obtain relevant conclusions. For the Banat, some information were obtained on material from Foeni-Gaz. Consistent with these, about two thirds was killed by two years, and rest afterwards. The late

Kill-off patterns in sheep/goat, Danube Valley.

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levels from Parts and Dudeºtii Vechi offered richer data. Specifically, of the seven individuals, 57% were killed by one year, 14.2% up to two years, 14.2% between 2–4 years, and 14.2% above. The relatively large sample of pig from Dudeºtii Vechi-IIIA provided a total of 29 individuals. About 41% was killed by one year (especially between 0–6 months), 31% between 1–2 years, and 24.4% between 2–4 years. A single individual reached an advanced stage. Adding the disparate date from the other sites, one stated that, in the Banat settlements, pigs was slaughtered mostly as juvenile and sub-adult (up to two years), with some animals, preserved as breeding. About four years is the upper limit of exploitation. Same profiles for slaughter are found in Transylvanian samples. Unfortunately, the number of identified specimens / per site does not exceed, in most cases, the figure four. Cauce only have a number of ten pigs, of which 50% are slaughtered before 6 months and 40% between 2–4 years. Resorting to comparisons with settlements landing at the same timeline, we primarily refer to site from Donja Branjevina; its statistics shows a prevalence of 50% of small ruminants, cattle and pigs are quoted with reduced frequencies, 15.3% and 0.98% (Blažiæ 1992, 66). Overall, the game has a high percentage, about 45%. The samples from Nosa and Ludaš-Budzak (located western Serbian Banat), show the same predominance of small ruminants versus cattle and other taxa (Bökönyi 1984, 31). A proportion of cattle 19.9%, compared to small ruminants, only 9% recorded at Golokut, actually due to favorable environmental conditions (Blažiæ 1984–1985, 35). Fauna from Starèevo (Clason 1980, 152) which clearly indicates the prevalence of cattle cannot be used for comparison because of its mixed assemblage. Prevalence of cattle at Divostin (I) was initially considered as a result of “an earlier beginning in the Starèevo Culture of a large-scale local cattle domestication” related to the “high frequency of aurochs” (Bökönyi 1988, 430). Then it was considered “the problem was with the improper collecting of animal bones resulting in an overrepresentation of the large bones of cattle, and in the under representation of the small caprovine bones“ (Bökönyi 1992, 78). Bukovaèka Cesma, another early settlement (6100–5100 BC) located in the central Balkans, by contrast emphasises a prevalent hunting rate 62%, with dominance of red deer. Of domestic mammals, cattle have a significant frequency of 25.5%, pigs just 7.7% and ovicaprids have a reduced participation by 4.7% (Greenfield 1992–1993, 103–113). The site from Endrõd 119 (Hungary) provided the largest number of animal bones, over 20,000 presents “the picture typical for Early Neolithic sites in Southeast and Southern Europe”, characterized by “domestic animals in overwhelming majority... among the domestic animals caprovines represent the absolute, sometimes enormous majority... followed, in lesser number, by cattle or alternatively pig”. Specifically, small ruminants sum up 74.11%, cattle 24.8% and pigs 0.67%. Wild mammals total 7.9%. (Bökonyi 1992b, 198). The animal husbandry with caprovines predominance “came over in this form from SW Asia”. Sheep/goat well adapted to a warm climate and dry environment, well survived in the southern regions of Europe (the well-known sites from Thessaly). “This fauna in an unchanged form

reached northwards to the Carpatian Basin but never crossed the northern chain of the Carpathians. Only individual animals reached territories north of the Carpathian Basin, but never this type of animal husbandry” (Bökönyi 1992b, 199). In light of these statements can be assumed, in the Transylvanian region have developed, especially livestock economies, based on cattle exploitation, however, a greater proportion of caprovines “under the pressure of a colder climate and moister soil” (Bökonyi 1992b, 199), so in Southern Banat. Gura Baciului sequence seems geared more towards small ruminants, arguments presented with another occasion (El Susi 2008, 98). The caprovines dominance in the earlier levels of the low Banat Plain can be linked to a climatic sequence, perhaps somewhat dry; the climate-soil conditions are rather related to the Pannonian area, than those of the Transylvanian Plateau. In our regions the first Neolithic communities introduced a husbandry supported by caprovines, containing also, cattle, pig and dog. “The comparatively high cattle and low pig ratio distinguishes the animal husbandry from that of the early Neolithic of the Southern Balkans and put it into the northern type” (Bökönyi 1992b, 79), typical to our regions. Having in view the new environmental conditions favourably to bovine breeding, over time a switch over towards cattle exploitation could happened. Positively, towards the end of the final phases of the Starèevo-Criº culture the prevalence of cattle in husbandry becomes certitude.

REFERENCES Bindea D. 2008. Arheozoologia Transilvaniei în pre-ºi protoistorie, Editura Teognost, Cluj-Napoca. Blaise E. 2009. Economie animale et gestion des troupeaux au néolithique final en Provence: approche archéozoologie et contribution des analyses isotopiques de l’émail dentaire, ThÀse de Préhistoire, http://www.tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/ tel-00402302 Blažiæ S. 1984–1985. Prilog prouèavanju ostatka faune sa arheološkog lokaliteta “Golokut”. Rad Vojvoðanskih Muzeja, 29, Novi Sad, 33–36 Blažiæ S. 1992. Fauna Donje Branjevine, Arheologija i prirodne nauke. Nauèni Srupovi, LXIV, 21, Beograd, 477–507. Bökönyi S. 1970. Animal Remains from Lepenski Vir. Science, vol. 167, 1702–1704. Bökönyi S. 1974. History of Domestic Mammals in Central Mammals in Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest. Akdemiai Kiadó. Bökönyi S.. 1984. Die Frõhneolitischen Wirbeltiernfauna von Nosza. Acta Archaeologica Hungarica, 30, 29–41. Bökönyi S. 1998. The Neolithic Fauna of Divostin, in Mc. Pherron, A. Srejoviæ (eds), Divostin and the Late Neolithic of Central Serbia, 10, Pittsburgh, 419–446. Bökönyi S. 1989. Definitions of animal domestication. In J. Clutton-Brock (ed.) The Walking Larder, London, 22–27. Bökönyi S. 1992a. Animal remains of Mihajlovac- Knepište; An early Neolithic Settlement of the Iron Gate Gorge. Balcanica, 23, 77–87. Bökönyi S. 1992b. The Early Neolithic fauna of Endröd 119, in Cultural and Landscape Changes in South-East Hungary, I, Budapest, 195–311. Draºovean Fl. & Ciubotaru D. 2002, Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice, 227–228. Ciutã M. 2005. Inceputurile neoliticului timpuriu în Transilvania

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intracarpaticã. Alba Iulia. Clason A. T. 1980. Padina et Starèevo: game, fish and cattle. Palaeohistoria, XXII, 141–173. El Susi G. 1996. Vânãtori, pescari ºi crescãtori de animale în Banatul mileniilor VI î. Chr. I d. Chr. Studii arheozoologice. Timiºoara. El Susi G. 2000. Determinarea resturilor faunistice dintr-o locuinþã neoliticã timpurie de la Ÿeuºa – “La cãrarea morii” (jud. Alba). Banatica, 15/1, 49–59. El Susi G. 2001. Cercetãri arheozoologice preliminare în situri Starèevo-Criº timpurii din Câmpia Banatului. Fauna de la Foeni-Gaz si Dudeºtii Vechi (Jud.Timiº). Analele Banatului SN, 9, 2001, 15–40. El Susi G. 2008. The comparative analyze of faunal samples from sites dated in Starèevo-Körös-Criº Culture – phases IB-IIA from Transylvania and Banat. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, VII, 91–107. El Susi G. & Bindea D. 1995. Raport preliminar asupra materialului faunistic din aºezarea neoliticã timpurie de la Gura Baciului, jud. Cluj. Acta Musei Napocensis, 32/1, 181–189. El Susi G., Luca S. A., Roman C., Diaconescu D., Ciugudean H. & Beldiman C. 2005. Cercetãri arheologice în pestera Cauce, vol II, Sibiu, 95–155. Grant A. 1982. The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic ungulates. In Wilson B., Grigson C. & Payne S. (eds.), Ageing and sexing animal bones from archaeological sites, British Archaeological Reports, 109, Oxford, 91–108. Greenfield H.J. & Draºovean Fl. 1992. Preliminary Report on the 1992 excavations at Foeni-Sãlaº: an early Neolithic StarèevoCriº settlement in the Romanian Banat. Analele Banatului, 3, 45–86. Greenfield H.J. 1992–1993. Faunal Remains from the Early Neolithic Starèevo Settlement at Bucovaèka Èesma. Starinar, XLIII–XLIV, 1992–1993, p, 103–113

Haimovici S. 1989. Studiul materialului paleofaunistic descoperit în douã nivele arheologice din Peºtera Lesiana (com. uncuiuº, jud. Bihor), Crisia, XIX, 1989, 393–395. IPCTE 2008, S. A. Luca & C. Suciu. IPCTE Radiocarbon database. http://arheologie.ulbsibiu.ro Lazarovici Gh. & Kalmar Z. 1995. Gura Baciului. Monografie Arheologicã, Cluj Napoca. Lazarovici C. M. & Lazarovici Gh. 2006. Arhitectura neoliticului ºi epocii cuprului din Romania, I. Neoliticul, Iaºi, 2006 Laziæ M. 1988. Fauna of Mammals from the Neolithic Settlements in Serbia. In D. Srejoviæ (ed), The Neolithic of Serbia, Belgrad, 24–38. Luca S. A., Diaconescu D., Georgescu A. & Suciu C. 2006, Cercetãrile arheologice de la Miercurea Sibiului – Petriº (jud. Sibiu), Campaniile anilor 1997–2005. Brukenthal Acta Musei, I.1, 9–21. Luca S. A. & Suciu C. 2008, Migrations and local evolution in the Early Neolithic of Transylvania. The Typological-stylistic analysis and the radiocarbon data. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, VII, 39–57 Luca S. A., Diaconescu D. & Suciu C. 2008. Archaeological Research in Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº (Sibiu County, Romania): The Starèevo-Criº level during 1997–2005 (a preliminary report). Documenta Praehistorica, 35, 325–343. Oprea C. 1965. Contribuþii la cercetarea solurilor ºi condiþiilor istorico-naturale de genezã ºi evoluþie a lor în vestul þãrii. Studii ºi cercetãri ºtiinþifice, 1, Timiºoara, 251–283. Sencu V. 1967. Cazanele Dunãrii. Câteva observaþii geomorfologice. Studii ºi cercetãri de geologie, geografie ºi geofizicã, Bucureºti, 2, T 14, 161–172. Vörös I. 1980. Zoological and palaeoeconomical investigations of the archaeozoological material of the Early Neolithic Körös culture. Folia Archaeologica, 32, 37–63.

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57–70.

Technology of skeletal materials of the Starèevo-Criº Culture in Romania. Some considerations Corneliu Beldiman1 and Diana-Maria Sztancs2 1

Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Faculty of History, 176, Splaiul Unirii, Sector 4, 040042, Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] 2 "Lucian Blaga" University, Faculty of History and Patrimony, 5-7, Victoriei Street, Sibiu, 550024, Romania; [email protected]

ture/façonnage phase, the perforation, the hafting, the way/ ways of use, the abandonment conditions). The artefacts dated from the earlier phases of the Starèevo-Criº culture (IB–IIA) present a special interest because they are the first tools belonging to the oldest communities of farmers which spread in the Northern part of the Lower Danube. Our approach compares the two chronological-cultural phases of the Starèevo-Criº culture (the subphases I B–II A, the phases II–IV) because it allows us to establish eventually the traditions and the elements of progress (the inventions, the innovations and the foreign influences). A part of the materials was discovered in complexes like subterranean dwellings (pit houses), houses, and pits. Another part was discovered in the cultural level such as outside the complexes. At Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriº” a large part of the artefacts belonging to the bone and antler industry was discovered in archaeological complexes like the pit house (B 6) and a pit (G 26). The typological associations in the complexes illustrate the specific context of manufacturing, the usage, the storage and the abandonment: types present in the inventory of the pit house (B 1): I A9 + I C4; types present in the inventory of the pit house (B 4): I F10 + I B1; types present in the inventory of the pit house (B 10): I A15 + I B1) etc.; types present in the inventory of the pit house (B 19): I A7 + I A9 (Beldiman & Sztancs 2004; 2005a, b; 2007; 2008; 2009a, b; Biagi et al. 2005; Diaconescu et al. 2009; Luca et al. 2007; 2009; 2006; 2008a, b; 2004; 2005; Luca & Suciu 2008a, b; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004).

INTRODUCTION The systematic research of the Early Neolithic sites from Romania (Starèevo-Criº culture) started in the first decade after the Second World War. There is a large bibliography from which we cite only some titles (Andreescu & Mirea 2008; Biagi et al. 2005; Ciutã 2005; 2009; Diaconescu et al. 2009; Lazarovici 1984; 1996; 2005; Lazarovici, Maxim 1995; Luca 1999; 2006a, b; Luca et al. 2007; 2009; 2006; 2008a, b; 2004; 2005; Luca & Suciu 2008a, b; Mantu 2008; Maxim 1999; Nica 1977; 1995; Paul 1989; 1995; Vlassa 1966; 1976; 1978). Despite the large amount of bone and antler artefacts discovered since then, these were only recently studied and in a unitary manner (Allain et al. 1993; Beldi- man 2000a, b; 2001; 2002; 2003; 2004a, b; 2007; Beldiman et al. 1993; Beldiman & Sztancs 2004; 2005a, b; 2007; 2008; 2009a, b; Nica & Beldiman 1997; 1998; Popuºoi 1982; Popuºoi & Beldiman 1999; 2002; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004). Of significant importance are the recent discoveries from some important sites, like: Ceriºor – “Cauce Cave”, Hunedoara County; Mãgura, Teleorman County; Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriº”, Sibiu County; Ÿeuºa – “La Cãrarea Morii”, village Ciugud, town Alba Iulia, Alba County (Andreescu & Mirea 2008; Beldiman & Sztancs 2004; 2005a, b; 2007; 2008; 2009a, b; Biagi et al. 2005; Ciutã 2005; 2009; Diaconescu et al. 2009; Luca et al. 2004; 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008a, b; 2009; Luca & Suciu 2008a, b; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004). The detailed study of these artefacts (the typology, the technological analysis – the manufacturing chain, the wear traces, the hypothesis regarding functionality) go a long way towards the technological research regarding the Starèevo-Criº communities (Beldiman 2007). The synthetic approach of the study takes into consideration different aspects: the repertoire, the typology, the dimensions, the technical study (the phases of manufacturing chain and the phases of use: the débitage, the manufac-

OBJECTIVES. METHODOLOGY In the wider context of the systematical approach of prehistoric discoveries of the bone and antler industry from Romania, our aim is to offer a synthesis of recent data regarding the artefacts made of skeletal materials (bone, teeth, antler, shell, snails), belonging to the Starèevo-Criº culture

57

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Table 1 The Starèevo-Criº culture sites in Romania: discoveries of skeletal artefacts 1 Dudeºtii Vechi, Timiº County

19a Ceriºor, com. lelese, Hunedoara County

2 Foeni, Timiº County

20 Dumbrava, com. Ciugud, town Alba Iulia, Alba County

3 Arad, Arad County

20a ªeuºa, com. Ciugud, town Alba Iulia, Alba County

4 Pojejena - "Nucet", Caraº-Severin County

21 Ocna Sibiului - "Triguri", Sibiu County

5 Moldova Veche, town Moldova Nouã, Caraº-Severin County

21a Miercurea Sibiului, Sibiu County

6 Liubcova, com. Berzasca, Caraº-Severin County

22 Zãuan, com. Ip, Sãlaj County

7 Gornea, com. Sicheviþa, Caraº-Severin County

23 Cluj-Napoca/Gura Baciului, Cluj County

8 Dubova - "Cuina Turcului", com. Plaviºeviþa, Mehedinþi County

24 Lunca, com. Vânãtori-Neamþ, Neamþ County

9 Dubova - "Peºtera lui Climente", com. Plaviºeviþa, Mehedinþi County

25 Grumãzeºti, Neamþ County

10 Drobeta-Tr. Severin/Schela Cladovei, Mehedinþi County

26 Suceava, Suceava County

11 Basarabi, Dolj County

27 Ipoteºti, Botoºani County

12 Verbicioara, com. Verbiþa, Dolj County

28 Glãvãneºti, com. Andrieºeni, Iaºi County

13 Sãlcuþa, Dolj County

29 Balº, com. Cucuteni, Iaºi County

14 Cârcea - "Hanuri", com. Coºoveni, Dolj County

30 Valea Lupului, com. Rediu, town Iaºi, Iaºi County

15 Cârcea - "Viaduct", com. Coºoveni, Dolj County

31 Vutcani, Vaslui County

15a Râmnicu-Vâlcea-Râureni, Vâlcea County

32 Trestiana, com. Griviþa, Vaslui County

16 Locusteni, com. Daneþi, Dolj County

33 Munteni, Galaþi County

17 Grãdinile - "Islaz", com. Studina, Olt County

34 Voetin, com. Sihlea, Vrancea County

18 Grãdinile - "Fântâna lui Duþu", com. Studina, Olt County

35 Leþ, com. Boroºneu Mare, Covasna County

18a Mãgura, Teleorman County

36 Sf. Gheorghe - "Bédeháza", Covasna County

19 Ohaba Ponor, com. Pui, Hunedoara County

mania. These were the basis for the PhD thesis of the main author (Beldiman 2007) and were taken into consideration when were accomplished more recent publications regarding this subject (Beldiman & Sztancs 2004; 2005a, b; 2007; 2008; 2009a, b; Luca et al. 2004; 2005; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004). The general methodological aspects of our approach are inspired by the Cahiers de Fiches typologiques de l’industrie osseuse préhistorique, edited by Henriette CampsFaber during 1988 (Allain et al. 1993). These aspects refer to: the criteria and the structure of the typology (categories, groups, types, sub-types); the structure of the discoveries’ repertoire, of the datasheet, of the vocabulary that is used; the data related to the manufacturing chain (the débitage and the manufacturing/façonnage); the specific morphologic and technical details (perforations, for example); the recordings and the conclusions regarding the macro- and microscopic traces of manufacture operations and wear traces. Every technical characteristic is designated by an abbreviation used in our database (Beldiman 2007; Sztancs 2010). The statistical processing of the information from the Access database is used to conclude the specificity of the bone and antler industry that is studied. The skeletal technological data analysis intends to define the common elements and the situations which are less frequent in the StarèevoCriº culture. The contributions of the traditional cultural background and of the innovations, the specific technological aspects are also revealing using the databases (Sztancs 2010). Every object from the repertoire was given an identification code comprising the abbreviation of the name of the

Fig. 1. The Starèevo-Criº culture sites in Romania: discoveries of skeletal artefacts (list of sites in tab. 1).

discovered in Romania. On the one hand, for a first category of artefacts the available data is retrieved only in publications (about 25%). On the other hand, a large number of artefacts were directly studied by us in the collections of some institutions – museums and archaeology institutes (about 75%). The second category of artefacts was studied taking into consideration a unitary methodology, including the microscopic analysis. The study take into consideration the well established criteria of typological classification and the schema of analysis recently proposed in the prehistoric research from Ro-

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C. Beldiman & D.-M. Sztancs: Technology of skeletal ...

Table 2 The Starèevo-Criº culture sites in Romania: discoveries of skeletal artefacts. Radiometric data Site/Level

Phase

Lab

B.P.

Cârcea - "Viaduct"

III/IV

Bln-1982

6430 ±60

Cârcea - "Viaduct"

III/IV

Bln-1983

6395 ±60

Cârcea - "Viaduct"

III/IV

Bln-2354

5860 ±60

Cluj-Napoca - Gura Baciului

IB-IC

GrA-24137

7140 ±45

Biagi et al., 2005, p. 49; Luca & Suciu 2008.

IIIB

Lv-2157

6400 ±90

Mantu, 1998, p. 13.

Miercurea Sibiului - "Petriº". Level I (B10)

IB-IC

GrN-28520

7050 ±70

Miercurea Sibiului - "Petriº". Level I (G 26)

IB-IC

GrN-29954

7010 ±40

Miercurea Sibiului - "Petriº". Level I (B 17)

IC-IIA

Poz-24697

7030 ±50

Miercurea Sibiului - "Petriº". Level I (B 1)

IC-IIA

GrN-8521

6920 ±70

Ocna Sibiului - "Triguri". Level VIII

IB-IC

GrN-28110

7120 ±60

Râmnicu-Vâlcea - Valea Rãii

III/IV

KN-I 102

6480 ±75

ªeuºa - "La cãrarea morii". Level I

7070 ±60

Cluj-Napoca - Gura Baciului (M 6)

IB-IC

GrN-28114

Trestiana. Level I

IIIB

GrN-17003

6665 ±45

Trestiana. Level I

IIIB

Lv-2155

6390 ±100

Bibliography Mantu, 1998, p. 13.

Biagi et al., 2005, p. 49; Luca & Suciu 2008.

Mantu, 1998, p. 13.

Fig. 2. The Starèevo-Criº culture skeletal artefacts from Romania: 1–7 – bone points; 8, 9 – bone lissoirs; 10, 11 – bone spoons; 12 – metapodal debited by splinter and groove technique; 13–15, 18 – bone raw materials; 16 hammer made of bovid humerus; 17 – hook-type/Gürtelhacken pendant made of red deer antler (Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriº”).

59

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 3. The Starèevo-Criº culture skeletal artefacts from Romania: A. 1–16 – bone points (Mãgura – “Buduiasca”); B. 1–6 – bone points; C. 1–5 – bone points (Ÿeuºa – “La Cãrarea Morii”).

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C. Beldiman & D.-M. Sztancs: Technology of skeletal ...

Table 3 Typology of Starèevo-Criº skeletal artefacts from Romania Types I A1

Phase of Starèevo-Criº culture

Denomination Point made of fragment of long bone worked at distal part

Total

IB - IIA

II- IV

17

33

50

1

1

I A1/D1 Point made of fragment of long bone worked at distal part/chisel (double type, reused fragment) I A2

Point made of proximal fragment of long bone worked at distal part

1

1

I A3

Point made of fragment of long bone worked entirely

8

8

1

1

Point made of fragment of long bone worked entirely/spoon with ellipsoidal distal part (double I A3/I F3 type, reused fragment) I A4

Point made of fragment of long bone worked entirely with tiny proximal part

2

8

10

I A6

Point made of metapodial segment

1

2

3

I A7

Point made of sheep/goat half metapodial

7

31

38

I A7 a

Point made of sheep/goat distal half metapodial

26

22

48

I A7 b

Point made of sheep/goat proximal half metapodial

5

7

12

I A8

Point made of sheep/goat half perforated metapodial

1

I A9

Point made of big herbivores half metapodial (Bos, Cervus)

6

13

19

I A10

Point made of ulna

1

I A11

Big perforated point (for weaving/knitting)

1

3

4

I A12

Needle

3

18

21

I A14

Curved hook for fishing

10

10

I A15

Point made of fragment of rib

4

11

15

I A16

Point made of red deer or roe deer antler (digging stick)

2

7

9

I A17

Point made of red deer or roe deer antler (chasse-lame)

2

3

5

I A21

Point made of fragment of red deer or roe deer antler

2

I A22

Point red deer or roe deer tine (perforator or dagger)

1 1

2

1

17

1

81

179

260

23

17

40

I B1

Polishing tool (lissoir) made of long bone fragment

I B2

Polishing tool (lissoir) made of proximal tibia

1

1

I B3

Polishing tool (lissoir) made of rib segment

11

5

16

I B4

Polishing tool (lissoir) made of fragment of rib

12

8

20

I B7

Polishing tool (lissoir) made of fragment of tooth (canine)

2

2

I B10

Polishing tool (lissoir) with axial active part made of fragment of rib

1

1

I B11

Polishing tool (lissoir) made of long bone fragment with slot

1

7 I C4

47 Hammer made of distal humerus

1

5

6

Chisel made of long bone fragment

1

Chisel made of fragment of rib

1 2

Retouchoir made of long bone fragment

1 Spoon (fragment of undefined type)

1 0

I D2 2

81

1

I D1

IF

34

1

1

I E3

1

1 5

7

2

2

0

2

2

8

9

17

1

1

1

2

1

1

36

37

2

2

3

5

4

4

I F/III B1 Spoon (fragment of undefined type)/bone pendant (double type, reused fragment) I F1

Spoon with oval distal part and middle part profiled

1

I F2

Spoon with oval distal part and middle part flat

I F3

Spoon with oval distal part, middle part profiled and axial rib on superior face

I F5

Spoon with ellipsoidal distal part and middle part flat

I F6

Spoon with ellipsoidal distal part, middle part flat and narrow proximal part

I F7

Spoon with trapezoidal distal part and middle part profiled

I F8

Spoon with trapezoidal distal part and middle part flat

3

5

8

I F9

Spoon with trapezoidal shape and thick section of proximal part

1

10

11

61

1 2

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Table 3 continued Types

Phase of Starèevo-Criº culture

Denomination

IB - IIA

II- IV 16

I F10

Spoon with trapezoidal shape and thin section of proximal part

31

I F11

Spoon with rectangular shape and convex extremities

1

11 I G4

Oblique unilateral point made of red deer perforated axe

1 I H1

Scraper made of fragment of wild boar's tusk

II D

88

136

2

4

6

2

4

6

Bone harpoon

1 III A1

Perforated tooth - incisive

III A2

Perforated tooth - incisive

1 0

1

1 II E

48

1 Hammer-axe made of red deer antler

1 1

1

0

1

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

47 1

1

1

Total

1

1 1

1

1

2

III B1

Pendant made of fragment of bone (undecorated)

5

5

III B3

Pendant made of fragment of wild boar tusk

7

7

III B4

Pendant made of fragment of bone with central perforation

2

2

III B5

Pendant made of fragment of shell

1

1

III B6

Pendant made of fragment of tine (undecorated)

1

1

III B7

Pendant made of fragment of bone (hook-shaped)

1

1

III B11

Pendant made of fragment of red deer antler (hook-shaped)

1

17

18

1

7

1

III C1

Perforated snail

1

5

6

III C2

Perforated shell

2

14

16

3

19

22

2 III D1

Bead made of long bone segment

1

1

III D2

Bead made of fish vertebra

2

2

III D3

Bead made of long bone fragment

1

1

III D4

Bead made of shell fragment

2

2

6

6

4

0

III E1

Disk made of bone fragment

6

III E2

Disk made of wild boar's tusk fragment

1

8

9

7

8

15

6

3

9

6

3

9

2 III F1

Bone ring

1

6

III G1

Bone bracelet

4

4

III G2

Red deer bracelet

3

1

4

III G3

Shell bracelet (Spondylus sp., Pectunculus sp. etc.)

2

1

3

5

6

11

3 III H

Bone pin (undefined type)

1

III H1

Bone pin with discoid head

1

2

3

2

2

4

1

3

4

1

3

4

2 III I1

Discoid bone button

1

1

IV A1

Red deer antler sickle

1

5

6

IV A2

Red deer/roe deer antler handle

1

1

2

IV A3

Bone handle

4

1

5

6

7

13

3

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C. Beldiman & D.-M. Sztancs: Technology of skeletal ...

Table 3 continued

Types IV C

Phase of Starèevo-Criº culture

Denomination

IB - IIA

Bone sleeve (douille)

1 IV D

0 Bone tubular sheath (for needle)

1

II- IV

Total

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

8

3

11

V A1

Debited piece (ebauche)

V A2

Raw material

7

1

8

V A3

Waste

23

7

30

3

38

11

49

75

254

399

653

site, the number of the level (the archaeological context of its provenance) and the identification number in the general list of osseous artefacts from the site (for example: CRC/I 3; MSP/I 13). The 653 datasheets were inserted in the artefacts repertoire. This represents a synthetic view of all the observations and of all the quantifiable parameters that were taken into consideration from a typological, morphological and technological point of view. Starting from these data we can formulate the conclusions of the study (Beldiman 2007). Among the advantages offered by the study of the recently discovered bone and antler industry (the sites: Ceriºor – “Cauce Cave”, Hunedoara County; Mãgura, Teleorman County; Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriº”, Sibiu County; Ÿeuºa – “La Cãrarea Morii”, village Ciugud, town Alba Iulia, Alba County) we may mention: the possibility of defining some new types of prehistoric bone and antler industry; the increasing of the lots that are studied applying the recent criteria and increase the conclusion drawn on the artefacts’ typology and on the specific technology of the Early Neolithic in the Northern Lower Danube area; the cultural assignment and the absolute dating of the phases which are present in the site; the possibility of defining some specific markers – from more perspectives: methodological, typological, technological, economical, cultural, chronological – to which the same data from others sites pertains as well; the possibility of increasing the lot through the progression of the archaeological excavations during the next years and the exploration of some new complexes; the chance of an enlarged, exhaustive and multidisciplinary research of the site and the correlation of the conclusions regarding bone and antler industry with other kinds of data (Beldiman, Sztancs 2004; 2005a, b; 2007; 2008; 2009a, b; Biagi et al. 2005; Diaconescu et al. 2009; Luca et al. 2007; 2009; 2006; 2008a, b; 2004; 2005; Luca & Suciu 2008a, b; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004) (see Tables 1, 2). The artefacts made of skeletal materials from Early Neolithic (Starèevo-Criº culture, phases I–IV) studied in this paper were discovered in 45 sites from almost all territory of Romania. Three of them have levels which are dated in both early and later phases of the Starèevo-Criº culture (Cârcea – “Hanuri”, Cluj-Napoca – Gura Baciului, Ocna Sibiului – “Triguri”). The sites are placed in four historical

Fig. 4. The Starèevo-Criº culture skeletal artefacts from Romania: 1 – long bone perforated point (Cârcea – “Haltã”); 2 – digging stick made of red deer antler; 3–5 – bone needles (Trestiana); 6–8 – bone fishing hooks (Dubova – “Cuina Turcului”/III–V); 9 – bone harpoon (Drobeta-Tr. Severin – Schela Cladovei); 10 – chasselame made of roe deer antler (Ocna Sibiului – “Triguri”).

regions: Transylvania – 13 sites (5 sites with Early Neolithic phases); Banat – 9 sites; Oltenia – 11 sites (3 sites with Early Neolithic phases); Moldavia – 11 sites; from Mun-

63

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 5. The Starèevo-Criº culture skeletal artefacts from Romania: A. 1–6 – bone lissoirs; B. 1–5 – bone lissoir made of long bone fragment with slot (Ÿeuºa – “La Cãrarea Morii”).

tenia until now we only know one Early Neolithic site from Muntenia containing such artefacts. From a geographical point of view we observed that the absolute majority of the sites are placed in plain or hilly area, around or on the shore of some rivers; four sites were discovered in the karst area form Transylvania (OhabaPonor Cave, OPN/II; Ceriºor – “Cauce Cave”, both in Hunedoara County) and Banat – the Iron Gates of the Danube (Dubova – “Cuina Turcului”, DCT/III-V and Dubova – “Climente Cave”, DPC/II). The sites are either multi-stratified (we have more Starèevo-Criº levels at Cluj-Napoca – Gura Baciului, Grãdinile – “Islaz”, Cârcea – “Hanuri”, Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriº”, Ocna Sibiului – “Triguri”) or have only one level belonging to the Starèevo-Criº culture (most of them). Regarding to Starèevo-Criº phases there are 9 sites with IB – IIA subphases (and in four of them there are later levels, as well) and there are 33 sites with II–IV phases (Beldiman 2007; Beldi- man & Sztancs 2004; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004) (see Tables 1, 2).

most pieces (166 studied on this occasion), then the site from Dubova – “Cuina Turcului”, DCT/III-V (87) and the site from Trestiana (83). The other sites have between 1 and 28 pieces. The artefacts are grouped in five typological categories (I Tools; II Weapons; III Adornments; IV Hafts; V Debited pieces/Ébauches, Raw materials, Waste), 23 typological groups (most of them being tools and adornments) and 75 types, from which three are double. This last fact illustrates the special situation of remaking/remanufacturing of different types of artefacts on deteriorated ones; for example, a point made of a fragment of bone chisel; a point made of a fragment of a bone spoon; a pendant made of a proximal fragment (handle) of bone spoon (see Tab. 3 and Figs 1–9). The tools’ category has 8 groups (I A – I B – I C – I D – I E – I F – I G – I H) and 41 types. It is followed by the adornments’ category with 7 groups (III A – III B – III C – III E – III G – III H – III I) and 25 types. Afterwards, there is a Vth category which is represented in our lot by a group and 3 types: debited pieces/ébauches, raw materials and waste (V A). The hafts are next in the hierarchy with 3 groups (IV A – IV C – IV D) with 3 types. The weapons are the last with 3 groups. Most of the pieces are usually types from all the phases, but we have some situations in which some types are present only during the early phases and some of them only in the later phases. For early phases (IB – IIA) we have docu-

THE QUANTITATIVE AND TYPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE The lot contains 653 pieces, from which 254 are dated in Early Starèevo-Criº phases (IB–IIA) and 399 in the Later Starèevo-Criº phases (II–IV). The site from Mãgura has the

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C. Beldiman & D.-M. Sztancs: Technology of skeletal ...

Fig. 7. The Starèevo-Criº culture skeletal artefacts from Romania: 1 – hoe/mattock made of red deer antler (Trestiana – after Popuºoi, 1979); 2 – long axe made of red deer antler (Ocna Sibiului – “Triguri”); 3–5 – sickles made of red deer antler (Cârcea – “Viaduct”).

2007; 2008; 2009a, b; Luca et al. 2004; 2005; Luca & Suciu 2008a, b; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004).

RAW MATERIALS. SPECIES The Early Neolithic artefacts made of skeletal materials belonging to the Starèevo-Criº culture, made of numerous types of raw materials coming from domestic and hunted species. Besides domestic species (cattle, sheep/ goats, unidentified herbivore) we distinguish wild species (red-deer, roe-deer, wild boar and fox), shells and snails are also represented. Sometimes the birds and fish bones appear. There are four groups of raw materials. Firstly there are the metapodals of herbivores coming from cattle, sheep/ goats, unidentified herbivores and red-deer. Along with long bones pertaining to long bones from unidentified herbivores, cattle, and sheep/goats. These form the lot of the first group. Secondly, we have ribs from cattle, unidentified herbivores and sheep/goats; red-deer antler and roe deer antler; shells; wild boars’ tusks and canines of fox. Thirdly, we distinguish: shells, sheep/goats tibia, cattle and birds, cattle humerus. The final group which has few objects is composed of cattle mandibles, fish vertebra, cattle radius and phalanx of sheep/goat. We may see the absolute predominance of the domestic species (especially the cattle). Next there are the unidentified herbivores and sheep/goats. The wild species like reddeer, shells and wild boar, roe-deer, birds and fish are represented by few artefacts (Beldiman 2007; Beldiman & Sztancs 2004; Luca et al. 2004; 2005; Luca & Suciu 2008a, b; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004).

Fig. 6. The Starèevo-Criº culture skeletal artefacts from Romania: A. bone spoon (Ceriºor – “Cauce Cave”); B. 1–10 – bone spoons (Mãgura – “Buduiasca”).

mented: I A8, I A10; I B11; I C4; I F11; I H1; II D; III A1; III B11; III E1; III G2 and for the later phases: (II–IV): I A2, I A3, I A14; I B2, I B7, I B10; I E3; I F2, I F5, I F7; III A2; III B1, 3–7; III D1–4; III G1; IV C; IV D. When we deal with objects attested only in isolateled, we concluded that the situation might reflect the stage of documentation. When we deal with a three and more pieces of a certain type: for example: III E1 for early phases and I A3, I A14, I F7, III B1, III B3, III I1, III G1 for later phases) we can say that these may illustrate a specific characteristic for those phases (see Tab. 3). We have also identified some rare pieces all made of red-deer antler: sickles, bracelets, a zoomorphic representation, a pendant belonging to the Gürtelhaken type from the MSP/I site (Fig. 2). The typological bone and antler industry belonging to the Starèevo-Criº culture discovered in Romania as well as in other areas of this culture have new specific elements: different types of points made of bones coming from domestic species (cattle, sheep/goat) which were used for perforation and knitting/weaving; needles; axes made of reddeer antler; hafts and bone spoons. The adornments are also diversified and include some new typological groups and types (Beldiman 2007; Beldiman, Sztancs 2004; 2005a, b;

MANUFACTURE/DÉBITAGE The longitudinal and transversal débitage represents the prevailing technique procedure regarding the Early Neolithic artefacts made of bone and antler which were chronologically dated from the early Starèevo-Criº culture. These techniques are illustrated by the following combined techni-

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Fig. 8. The Starèevo-Criº culture skeletal artefacts from Romania: 1 – perforated bovid incisor (Mãgura – “Buduiasca”); 2, 3 – bone waste from perforated disks; 4, 10 – shell disks; 5 bone pin; 6, 7 – bone tubes; 8, 9 – bone disks; 11 – perforated shell; 12 – perforated snail; 13–15 – bone rings (Mãgura – “Buduiasca”); 16–18 – bone buttons (Dubova – “Cuina Turcului”/III); 19 bracelet made of red deer antler (Grãdinile – “Islaz”); 20, 21 – bracelets made of red deer antler (Trestiana); 22, 23 – bracelets made of red deer antler (Drobeta-Tr. Severin – Schela Cladovei); 24 – perforated shell (Pojejena – “Nucet”); 25 – bone ring (Arad); 26 – pendant made of wild boar’s tusk fragment (Glãvãneºtii Vechi); 27 – pendant made of proximal part of a bone spoon (Dudeºtii Vechi – “Movilã”); 28, 30 – animal head (bracelet end) made of red deer antler (Cârcea – “Hanuri”); 29 – Debited piece/ébauche for bracelet made of red deer antler (Grãdinile – “Islaz”).

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Fig. 9. The Starèevo-Criº culture skeletal artefacts from Romania: A. 1–6 – long bones waste (Mãgura – “Buduiasca”); B. 1, 2 – long bone raw material; 3–7 – bovid metapodal waste; C-A. 1–9 – manufacture of a bone point of I A8 type; C-B. 1–10 – débitage of bovid metapodal by groove & splinter technique and transverse sawing; C-C. – hypothetic use of the bone point of I A8 type (Ÿeuºa – “La cãrarea morii”).

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cal procedures: splitting; abrasion + splitting; splitting + transverse retouching. Transversal débitage appears as the second most usual techniques procedures used in the researched areas. It implies: chopping, direct percussion, flexion fracture, transversal abrasion; transverse cutting appears in some cases and it was used individually or associated with the direct percussion, with groove and splinter technique and direct percussion or direct percussion/cleavage and fracture. The groove and the splinter technique was documented only in one case where it is associated with direct percussion. Linear abrasion is also attested in only one case (Beldiman 2007; Beldiman & Sztancs 2004; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004).

application of some façonnage schemas is entailed by the type of artefact that was obtained. The association between chopping and abrasion is the most frequent one. Then, there is the chopping with abrasion, transversal two-sided perforation. On the last place, there is the association between the chopping and transversal two-sided perforation. According to the associated procedures mentioned before, chopping as a unique façonnage procedure is irrelevant. The other combinations are very rare and aren’t statistically important (they just document some combined procedures) (Beldiman 2007; Beldiman & Sztancs 2004; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004).

HAFTING Most of the pieces have preserved no indices regarding hafting, although we may presume that composite artefacts were largely used in that period. Is it probable that the lissoirs (I B1) and the points of type I A1 were inserted in a wooden haft using an axial/direct/positive insertion. The fastening of transversal hafting type (the perforated artefacts) appears in the case of the II D type axe when a wooden handle is used. The adornments of types III C and III E might have been hanged or tided on vegetal or animal fibre. Hafts also illustrated new situations as being the first cultural manifestations that appeared in Romania in the Early Neolithic. We include in this category the sickles made of red- deer antler (IV A1) and handles obtained from the same raw material (type IV A2) which probably were used for axial hafting of a chipped stone piece (like a blade, a point etc.) (Beldiman 2007; Beldiman & Sztancs 2004; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004).

MANUFACTURE/FAÇONNAGE First of all, we have to emphasize that for some artefacts from the analysed sites, we have not observed façonnage traces. This situation is due either to the absence of this phase from the manufacturing chain or to the absence of those traces from the preserved parts of the artefacts which we had studied. The artefacts belonging to the Early Starèevo-Criº culture reveal several technique procedures which are typical for façonnage phase. In most of the cases, the procedures are associated on the same piece; this fact illustrates the complexity of the manufacturing chain. We may accept that this groves the new technique acquisitions produced in the Early Neolithic, the complexity of the artefacts’ performance, the scopes for which it were made and used. These technique procedures used in the façonnage phase are: multidirectional abrasion; chopping, finishing using the abrasion, finishing of perforations, percussion, twosided perforation applied transversally, one-sided perforation transversally applied, axial scraping, retouching, groove and splinter technique, transversal cutting. The analyzed cases of the technique procedures present the abrasion as the main technique applied on the artefacts. Then, we have the finishing using the abrasion. The middle group is represented by the following procedures: chopping and hollowing; transversal two-sided perforation, groove and splinter technique, axial scrapping and transversal cutting. Lasting the of technique procedures of finishing are placed: the direct/indirect percussion, the one-side perforation, the inverse retouch. As we already mentioned, in the part of the cases, the façonnage techniques were applied in combination of two and five components. As singular procedure, the multi-directed abrasion (axial, oblique and transversal) dominates the technique scheme. The associations with others procedures (chopping, finishing using the abrasion, two-sided perforation, pressure, groove and splinter technique) appear only in some cases. This fact forbids us to conclude that there may be some constant procedures applied according to some precise manufacturing schemas. Data syntheses allow us to conclude that the constant

WEAR TRACES Wear traces were often observed on artefacts. There are several types of wear traces and in most of the cases they are associated on the same piece. Statistically, the bluntness and polishing of the active edge are on the first place; there are flexion breakages, axial striations and fractures are on the second place. Than we distinguished a group of pieces with following wear traces: breakages produces by frontal impacts, traces of subsidence of compacta’s fibres at the pieces’ edges, and impact chippings which appeared after the frontal impact with a hard surface. The most numerous wear traces are preserved on points, lissoirs and bone spoons. Bluntness and polishing are representative for the points and bone spoons. The second ones present some pressure breakage traces and traces resulted after the contact with a hard surface (clay or wood vessels). Specific associations of different wear traces categories on the same piece, analysed within the typological groups, respectively of types revealed several important situations from functional point of view. We observe that bluntness and polishing (individually or in association with others wear traces, like: abrasion, fractures, striations) appear on most of the pieces which belong to the typological groups I

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A – I B – I F. These are followed by the breakages presented in typological groups I A – I F – I G – III B – III H. The bluntness associated with breakages and striations are on the third place and appear on the pieces belonging to the typological groups I A – I B – I F. The impact chippings associated with fractures were observed on the artefacts belonging to the typological groups I A – I D – I G. The last place belongs to the impact wear traces, presented on the pieces belonging to the typological group I E (Beldiman 2007; Beldiman & Sztancs 2004; Sztancs 2010; Sztancs & Beldiman 2004).

REFERENCES Allain J., Averbouh A., Barge-Mahieu H. & Beldiman C. 1993. Fiches typologiques de l’industrie osseuse préhistorique. Camps-Fabrer H. (ed.), Cahier VI: Eléments récépteurs. Treignes. Andreescu R.-R. & Mirea P. 2008. Teleorman Valley. The Beginning of the Neolithic in Southern Romania. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis 7, Sibiu, 57–75. Beldiman C. 2000a. Obiecte de podoabã neolitice timpurii din materii dure animale descoperite pe teritoriul României: brãþãri din corn de cerb. Buletinul Muzeului “Teohari Antonescu” Giurgiu, 5–7, 31–45. Beldiman, C. 2000b. Industria materiilor dure animale în aºezarea neoliticã timpurie de la Dudeºtii Vechi (jud. Timiº). Analele Banatului 7–8, Timiºoara, 163–191. Beldiman C. 2001. Tehnologia ºi regnul animal în preistorie: istoricul cercetãrilor asupra industriei materiilor dure animale ºi evoluþia concepþiilor metodologice. Analele Universitãþii Creºtine “Dimitrie Cantemir”, Seria Istorie 4, Bucureºti, 15– 52. Beldiman, C. 2002. Asupra tipologiei uneltelor din materii dure animale în neoliticul timpuriu din România: vârful pe semimetapod perforat. In Gaiu C. (ed.) Meºteºuguri ºi ate- liere în antichitate, Muzeul Judeþean Bistriþa-Nãsãud, Bistriþa, 11–23. Beldiman C. 2003. Industria materiilor dure animale în aºezãri neolitice timpurii din sud-estul Transilvaniei. Revista Bistriþei 17, Bistriþa, 9–31. Beldiman, C. 2004a. Industria materiilor dure animale. In Luca S. A., Roman Cr., Diaconescu D., Orlandea E., Suciu C., Beldiman C. Cercetãri arheologice în Peºtera Cauce (I) (sat Ceriºor, com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara). Editura Economicã, Sibiu, 76–78. Beldiman C. 2004b. Zoo-symbolism and Early Neolithic Portable Art in Romania. In 11th Neolithic Seminar: Symbols and Symbolism, Department of Archaeology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 4th–7th of November 2004. http:// arheologie.ulbsibiu.ro/membri/c/carcea.htm. Beldiman C. 2007. Industria materiilor dure animale în preistoria României. Resurse naturale, comunitãþi umane ºi tehnologie din paleoliticul superior pânã în neoliticul timpuriu. Bucureºti. Beldiman C., Camps-Fabrer H. & Nandris J. G. 1993. Fiche Corps de faucille (3.7.). In Camps-Fabrer H. (ed.) Fiches typologiques de l’industrie osseuse préhistorique. Cahier VI: Eléments récépteurs. Treignes, 83–88. Beldiman C. & Sztancs D.-M. 2004. Industria materiilor dure animale în cadrul culturii Starèevo-Criº din sud-vestul Transilvaniei: o lingurã-spatulã descoperitã în Peºtera Cauce, sat Ceriºor, com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara. Corviniana 8, Hunedoara, 27–56. Beldiman C. & Sztancs D.-M. 2005a. Piese preistorice de podoabã descoperite în peºteri hunedorene. Corviniana 9, Hunedoara, 41–79. Beldiman C. & Sztancs D.-M. 2005b. Industria preistoricã a materiilor dure animale din “Peºtera de la Cauce”. In Luca S. A., Roman C., Diaconescu Dr., Ciugudean H., El Susi G. & Beldiman C., Cercetãri arheologice în Peºtera Cauce (II) (sat Ceriºor, com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara). Editura Economicã, Sibiu, 155–254. Beldiman C. & Sztancs D.-M. 2007. Miercurea Sibiului-“Petriº”, jud. Sibiu: date asupra artefactelor neo-eneolitice din materii dure animale. Materiale ºi cercetãri arheologice 3, Bucureºti, 43–63. Beldiman C. & Sztancs D.-M. 2008. Paléotechnologie et néolithisation dans la partie Sud de la Transylvanie, Roumanie:

FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES The skeletal artefacts belonging to the Early StarèevoCriº allowed us to emphasize some clues regarding the functionality and the economic activities which took place in the sites. In this way, the economical coordinates and of the new activities reveal the aspects of sedentary way of life. Tools category is represented by the points typological group; most of them are multi-functional artefacts used for leather perforation, weaving and probably for knitting vegetal or animal fibre. Needles are present in a significant number. Lissoirs were used to process leather, wood and polish the clay recipients. Chisels probably were used for woodcraft. Retouchoirs and chasse-lames were used to process (chopping) lithic materials. Bone spoon typological group is a special one. Probably these were used to eat the pasty feeds (boiled cereals). Fishing is illustrated by the harpoons’ typological group. Oblique points (I G4) had a double functionality (tools and weapons), respectively as axes (II D). Hafts represent an important typological category which is illustrated by some bodies of antler sickles (for harvesting cereals). The handles made of the same raw material were used to insert lithic pieces like points or blades. Adornments are represented by a relatively large number of pieces. Perforated shells, perforated teeth, long bones pendants, beads, rings and bracelets, bone pins and bone buttons are the components of this category. Some typological groups (bone rings and bracelets made by shells, bone and antler) appear in Romania for the first time in this cultural horizon. Art objects made of skeletal materials are very rare. The animal head which represents an herbivore made of red-antler was discovered in the Cârcea – “Hanuri” site and probably is a zoomorphic extremity of a bracelet. Debited pieces, ébauches and waste prove the fact that skeletal materials were processed in the sites’ area in limited series and probably by non-specialized people (Beldiman 2007). Acknowledgements Contributions of Diana-Maria Sztancs to the present paper (database, artefact analysis, translation into English etc.) are realized as part of Project ID-7706 (Invest in people! – The development of doctoral studies’ and the PhD students’ competitiveness in the United Europe), University “Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu, project financed by Social European Fund (POS DRU).

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l’industrie des matières dures animales de la culture StarèevoCriº dans le site Miercurea Sibiului-“Petriº”, dép. de Sibiu. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis 7, Sibiu, p. 77–90. Beldiman C. & Sztancs D.-M. 2009a. Industria materiilor dure animale aparþinând culturii Starèevo-Criº descoperitã în aºezarea de la Mãgura-“Buduiasca-Boldul lui Moº Ivãnuº”, jud. Teleorman. Consideraþii asupra repertoriului tipologic. Buletinul Muzeului Judeþean Teleorman. Seria Arheologie 1, Alexandria, 31–53. Beldiman C. & Sztancs D.-M. 2009b. Ÿeuºa-“La cãrarea morii”. IMDA în aºezarea neoliticã timpurie. In Ciutã M. (ed.) Cercetãri arheologice la Ÿeuºa-“La cãrarea morii” (sat Ÿeuºa, com. Ciugud, jud. Alba). I. Locuirile preistorice. Alba Iulia-Sibiu, 49–63, 105–106, 160–167, pl. V–XII. Biagi P., Shennan St. & Spataro M. 2005. Rapid Rivers and Slow Seas? New Data for the Radiocarbon Chronology of the Balkan Peninsula. In Nikolova L., Higgins J. (eds.), Prehistoric Archaeology & Anthropological Theory and Education. RPRP 6-7, Los Angeles, 43–51. Ciutã M. 2005. Începuturile neoliticului timpuriu în spaþiul intracarpatic transilvãnean. Alba Iulia. Ciutã M. 2009. Cercetãri arheologice la Ÿeuºa-“La cãrarea morii” (sat Ÿeuºa, com. Ciugud, jud. Alba). I. Locuirile preistorice. Alba Iulia-Sibiu. Diaconescu Dr., Luca S. A., El Susi G. & Dumitrescu-Chioar Fl. 2009. Groapa G26/2005 de la Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº ºi noi întrebãri privind viaþa de dincolo de obiecte a unei comunitãþi neolitice timpurii. Brukenthal Acta Musei 4/1, Sibiu, 7–20. Lazarovici Gh. 1979. Neoliticul Banatului, vol. I–II. Cluj-Napoca. Lazarovici Gh. 1984. Neoliticul timpuriu în România. Acta Musei Porolissensis 8, Zalãu, 49–104. Lazarovici Gh. 1996. The Process of Neolithisation and the Development of the First Neolithic Civilisations in the Balkans. In Grifoni Cremonesi R., J. Guilaine (eds.) The Colloquia of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Forlì (Italia) 8–14 September 1996. 9. The Neolithic in the Near East Europe. Colloquium XVII. Forlì, 21–38. Lazarovici Gh. 2005. Culturile Precriº I, Precriº II ºi Postcriº I, Postcriº II. Acta Terrae Septemcastrenis 4, Sibiu, 23–78. Lazarovici Gh. & Maxim Z. 1995. Gura Baciului. Cluj-Napoca. Luca S. A. 1999. Aspecte ale neoliticului ºi eneoliticului din sudul ºi sud-estul Transilvaniei. Apulum 36, Alba Iulia, 5–33. Luca S. A., Roman Cr., Diaconescu Dr., Orlandea E., Suciu C. & Beldiman C. 2004. Cercetãri arheologice în Peºtera Cauce (I) (sat Ceriºor, com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara). Sibiu. Luca S. A., Roman Cr., Diaconescu Dr., Ciugudean H., El Susi G. & Beldiman C. 2005. Cercetãri arheologice în Peºtera Cauce (II) (sat Ceriºor, com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara). Sibiu. Luca S. A., Diaconescu Dr. & Suciu C. 2006. Cercetãrile arheologice de la Miercurea Sibiului – Petriº (jud. Sibiu). Campaniile anilor 1997–2005. Brukenthal Acta Musei 1/1, Sibiu, 9–20. Luca S. A. 2006a. A Short Prehistory of Transylvania (Romania). Heidelberg-Sibiu. Luca S. A. 2006b. Aspecte ale neoliticului ºi eneoliticului din Transilvania (II). Corviniana 10, Hunedoara, 11–44. Luca S. A., Diaconescu D., Georgescu A. & Suciu C. 2007. Archaeological Researches at Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº (Sibiu County, Romania). The Campaigns from 1997 to 2005. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis 6, Sibiu, 7–24. Luca S. A. & Suciu C. 2008a. Migrations and Local Evolution in the Early Neolithic of Transylvania. The Typological-Stylistic Analysis and the Radiocarbon Dates. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis 7, Sibiu, p. 39–56. Luca S. A., Diaconescu Dr. & Suciu C. 2008a. Archaeological Re-

search in Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº (Sibiu County, Romania): the Starèevo-Criº Level during 1997–2005 (Preliminary Report). Documenta Praehistorica 35, Ljubljana, 325–343. Luca, S. A. & Suciu C. 2008b. IPCTE Radiocarbon Database. Romania and Nearby Areas from Neolithic to Eneolithic (November 2008). http://arheologie.ulbsibiu.ro/radiocarbon/ nov%202008/ipcte%20settlements.html; http://arheologie. ulbsibiu.ro/radiocarbon/nov%202008/ipcte%20nov% 20insert%20ord.html (accesed 25.04.2010). Luca S. A., Diaconescu Dr. & Suciu C. 2008b. Cercetãrile arheologice de la Miercurea Sibiului – Petriº (jud. Sibiu). Nivelul Starèevo-Criº în campaniile de cercetare din anii 1997–2005. Brukenthal Acta Musei 3/1, Sibiu, p. 7–46. Luca S. A., Diaconescu Dr., El Susi G. & Dumitrescu-Chioar Fl. 2009. Feature G 26/2005 from Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº and New Questions about the Life “Beyond” Objects of an Early Neolithic Community. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis 8, Sibiu, 17–33. Mantu, C.-M. 1998. Cronologia absolutã a culturilor neolitice din România ºi relaþiile cu lumea egeo-anatolianã. Cercetãri Istorice 17/1, Iaºi, 83–100. Maxim Z. 1999. Neo-eneoliticul din Transilvania. Date arheologice ºi matematico-statistice. Cluj-Napoca. Nica M. 1977. Nouvelles données sur le Néolithique ancien d’Olténie. Dacia, N.S. 21, Bucureºti, 13–53. Nica M. 1995. Le groupe culturel Cârcea-Grãdinile dans le contexte du Néolithique balkanique et anatolien. Acta Musei Napocensis 32/1, Cluj-Napoca, 11–28. Nica M. & Beldiman C. 1997. Asupra începuturilor agriculturii pe teritoriul României: seceri din corn de cerb descoperite în Oltenia. Arhivele Olteniei, S.N. 12, Craiova, 5–12. Nica M. & Beldiman C. 1998. Cea mai veche reprezentare figurativã în materii dure animale de pe teritoriul României: o protomã zoomorfã descoperitã la Cârcea, jud. Dolj. Arhivele Olteniei, S.N. 13, Craiova, 7–16. Paul I. 1989. Unele probleme ale neoliticului timpuriu din zona carpato-dunãreanã. Studii ºi cercetãri de istorie veche ºi arheologie 40/1, Bucureºti, 3–27. Paul I. 1995. Vorgeschichtliche Untersuchungen in Siebenbürgen. Alba Iulia. Popuºoi E. 1982. O unealtã pentru cultivarea pãmântului în aºezarea neoliticã de tip Starèevo-Criº de la Trestiana, jud. Vaslui. Hierasus 2, Botoºani, 27–31. Popuºoi E. & Beldiman C. 1999. Industria materiilor dure animale în aºezarea Starèevo-Criº de la Trestiana, jud. Vaslui. Un exemplu de studiu: spatule. Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis 15-20/1, Vaslui, 82–115. Popuºoi E. & Beldiman C. 2001. Industria materiilor dure animale în aºezarea neoliticã timpurie (Starèevo-Criº) de la Trestiana, jud. Vaslui: ace de cusut. Memoria Antiquitatis 22, Piatra Neamþ, 21–62. Sztancs D.-M. 2010. Baza de date a industriei materiilor dure animale neo-eneolitice din Transilvania. Studiu de caz: aºezarea de la Miercurea Sibiului-“Petriº”, jud. Sibiu. Analele Universitãþii Creºtine “Dimitrie Cantemir”, Seria Istorie, S.N. 1, Bucureºti, 7–21. Sztancs D.-M. & Beldiman C. 2004. Piese de podoabã din materii dure animale descoperite în Peºtera Mare, sat Ceriºor, com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara. Corviniana 8, Hunedoara, 97–109. Vlassa N. 1966. Cultura Criº în Transilvania. Acta Musei Napocensis 3, Cluj-Napoca, 9–47. Vlassa N. 1976. Neoliticul Transilvaniei. Studii articole, note. Cluj-Napoca. Vlassa N. 1978. Consideraþii asupra neoliticului timpuriu din România. Marisia 8, Târgu-Mureº, 25–34.

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71–78.

Some aspects of the earliest Neolithic chipped stone assemblages of Transylvania and the Banat (Romania) Paolo Biagi Ca’ Foscari University, Department of Antiquity and Near Eastern Sciences, Dorsoduro 3484/D - 30123 Venezia, Italia; [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

the different Neolithic periods, nevertheless he was very accurate in describing and locating the various flint sources, defining their distribution network all over Romania, and recognising the imported material from neighbouring transCarpathian territories. He centred his work mainly on flint, although he also contributed to the study of obsidian provenance and circulation. He was also the first to provide an analytic description of the differences between “Balkan” and “Banat” flint, and to point out that, while the distribution of the first is mainly confined to Dobrogea and Oltenia (Comºa 1976, 240), the second is spread all over the Banat, it is known from a few Criº Culture sites of this region, and its sources are to be found in the Poiana Ruscã Mountains (Comºa 1971b), close to the course of the Bega, as also Al. Pãunescu (1970, 85) had reported only one year before. Furthermore, in a more recent publication on the Neolithic of Romania, he presented a detailed map of the flint sources and their supposed routes of distribution, according to the archaeological evidence available at that time (Comºa 1987, 25). Still nowadays one of the most accurate descriptions of a Criº Culture chipped stone assemblage from the Banat is that written by Al. Pãunescu (1979) on the lithics from Cuina Turcului, a cave that opens along the Romanian bank of the Danube, not far from the Iron Gates. According to this author, the Early Neolithic occupation of this multi-layered site yielded a rich assemblage of some 13,000 artefacts made from flint of different colours, as well as a small percentage of obsidian (5%) and quartzite (1%) (see also Bãltean 2005). It is important to point out that, in a more recent paper, Al. Pãunescu (1987, 89) provides little information on the knappable rocks exploited for making tools by the Early Neolithic settlers of the Banat and Transylvania, similarly to what reported by G. Lazarovici (1993, 245) in his summary paper on the Neolithic period the study area. Even poorer are the data presented by the same author (Lazarovici 1979, 28) for the Banat, and N. Vlassa (1976, 206), for Transylvania, in their still fundamental works on the Neolithic period in the two regions, as well as by D.W. Bailey (2000, 124) in the most recent summary volume on the prehistory of the Balkans.

This paper discusses the earliest Neolithic chipped stone assemblages of two regions of present-day Romania: Transylvania and the Banat. Its scope is to update the available evidence on a topic still insufficiently studied, and point out the importance of 1) the workable raw materials exploited by the earliest FTN Criº Culture farmers who settled in the region at the turn of the 8th–7th millennium uncal BP, and their circulation network, 2) the typology of the chipped stone tools, and their radiocarbon chronology. The subject is of major importance for the understanding of the Neolithic spread into the Balkans and Central Europe (Mazurié de Keroulain 2003). In effect the origin of the first farming communities in south-eastern Europe, and Romania in particular (Monah 2002), has often been studied mainly “du point de vue de la structure stylistique de la ceramique néolithique et de l’origine probable des plantes cultivées et des animaux domestiqués” (Koz³owski 1982, 131), a tradition still deeply-rooted (Lazarovici 1995, 2006), apart from very few exceptions, until the end of the 1960s (Tringham 1968). In this respect Transylvania and the Banat played a very important role, because of their geographic location, midway between south-eastern Europe and the Pannonian Plain (Jarman et al. 1982, fig. 107; El Susi 1996, fig. 1), delimited as they are, by the Danube, in the south, the Carpathians, in the east, the river Tisza, in the west, and crossed by a unique hydrographical system that includes, among the others, the three Criº, the Mureº and the Olt, all water courses of key importance for the Neolithisation of the Carpathian basin.

RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT AND CIRCULATION Thanks to the systematic work conducted by E. Comºa, mainly during the 1960s and 1970s (Comºa 1968; 1971a; b; 1976), at present we have a basic knowledge of the raw material sources exploited by the Neolithic farmers of Romania. Although the above author did not pay much attention to the exploitation and use of the workable material during

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Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Fig. 2. Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº: Plan of the Criº culture excavated area with indicating the radiocarbon-dated structures (after Luca et al. 2008, plan 4, with variations).

Reverting to the procurement of long-distance raw material, namely obsidian and Balkan flint, we can notice that the Early Neolithic FTN populations of the study regions exploited two distinct exogenous sources. The provenance of the first has always been debated by the Romanian archaeologists, who often suggested a local, Cãlinesti-Oaº, or a southern, Melian, provenance for this raw material (Cãrciumaru et al. 1985; Maxim 1999, 53; Boroneanþ 2005, 24), although scientific characterisations, made also in the country, have started to demonstrate their Carpathian provenance (Constantinescu et al. 2002; Culicov et al. 2009). In effect the analysis of some eighty obsidian specimens so far conducted on samples from several Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites in Tran- sylvania and the Banat revealed that the Carpathian obsidian sources were the only ones exploited, in variable ways and intensity, according to the different periods, following models whose knowledge we still have to improve (Biagi et al. 2007a; b; Biagi & Voytek 2006). The new data confirms the already known general impression according to which obsidian from Melos had an exclusive “Aegean” circulation, and that it distribution never spread north of continental Greece (Torrence 1984; 1986, fig. 20). Balkan flint is another important allochtonous material whose source has long been discussed in several papers (see for instance Gurova 2008; Gurova & Nachev 2008). The recent discovery of Balkan flint outcrops and workshops at Nikopol (Bulgaria), close to the course of the Danube (Biagi & Starnini 2010b), has shed new light on the procurement of this high-quality flint that was widely distributed in the Balkan Peninsula during the Early Neolithic (Biagi & Starnini 2010c). All these data point once again to the importance of the lithic assemblages in the understanding of the activity radius of the Criº settlement sites, the mobility pattern of the different communities, and their interregional contacts (Lech 1997), given the excellent knowledge of the territory and exploitable sources they had already achieved at the very beginning of the Neolithic. In this respect lithics are revealed to be very sensible territorial and functional indicators, oppose to pottery, whose early production seems to have been almost exclusively local, and followed the same manufacturing formula (Spataro 2008; Starnini 2008).

Fig. 1. Approximate location of the FTN Criº Culture sites mentioned in the text: 1 – Cuina Turcului, 2 – Foeni-Salaº, 3 – Limba Bordane, 4 – Ÿeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii, 5 – Gura Baciului, 6 – Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, 7 – Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº. OB – Tokaj Mt. obsidian sources, BF – Nikopol, Balkan flint outcrop.

From this point of view, of greater relevance is the paper on the small chipped stone complex from Foeni-Salaº, in the Romanian Banat (Greenfield & Draºovean 1994; Greenfield & Josma 2008). This site yielded only 34 artefacts obtained from several raw materials, among which are also obsidian, quartz and quartzite, most of which are supposed to come from exogenous sources, most probably located farther to the east and south-west of the site (Kuijt 1994, 90). The problems related to the raw material procurement and their circulation, greatly improved during the last decade thanks to: 1) the methodical work, still underway, by O. Crandell (2005; 2006), and his analysis of the chipped stone assemblage from Limba Bordane near Alba Iulia, in Transylvania (Crandell 2008; 2009), 2) a systematic programme of characterisation of the obsidian artefacts from the Banat and Transylvania Neolithic sites by P. Biagi et al. (2007a, b), and 3) the recent discovery of Early Neolithic Balkan flint sources and workshops at Nikopol, in Bulgaria, close to the course of the Danube (Biagi & Starnini 2010b, c). Thanks to the above contributions it has been possible to map several previously unknown outcrops of workable stones along the Mureº river valley (Crandell 2008, fig. 8), understand their exploitation by late Criº Culture farmers, propose general models of procurements from short and long-distance sources (Biagi et al. 2007a), and redesign the probable routes through which these raw materials were traded as far as the Banat and Transylvania (Biagi & Starnini 2010c), following models that are still insufficiently known, but seem to recall well-defined procurement and distribution patterns, according to the different period (see also Biagi & Voytek 2006, 182–185).

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Paolo Biagi: Some aspects of the earliest Neolithic ...

Fig. 3. Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº: Profile of Pit 35 with the location of the soil sample from which two caryopses of Triticum and Hordeum were collected and radiocarbon-dated (photograph by P. Biagi).

THE EARLIEST FTN CRIª CULTURE SITES The absolute chronology of the earliest FTN Criº culture sites of Romania, and the rapidity of diffusion of the Neolithisation process in the two study regions, have already been discussed in several papers, although many problems still remain open to question (Biagi & Spataro 2004; Biagi et al. 2005; 2007b). Among these are the radiocarbon determinations from the Serbian Starèevo sites of Grivac and Blagotin (Bogdanoviæ 2008), at least one century older than expected, and the slightly too recent radiocarbon date from Cîrcea in Oltenia (Nica 1977; 1991; Bronk Ramsey et al. 2009) and Mãgura in Muntenia, all sites that yielded both obsidians and Balkan flint tools (Mirea 2005; Andreescu & Mirea 2008; Bogosavlieviæ-Petroviæ 2008), that undoubtedly complicate the understanding of the routes followed by the spread of the Neolithic in the central Balkans (Biagi & Spataro 2005; Bocquet-Appel et al. 2009; Thissen 2009). The radiocarbon evidence from Transylvania and the Banat indicates that just a few sites are to be attributed to the end of the 8th and/or the very beginning of the 7th millennium uncal BP (Biagi & Spataro 2004; Biagi et al. 2005). As already reported, they show variable environmental locations, often close to salt outcrops (Biagi et. al. 2007a), as is the case also for the Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites of other territories of Romania (Cavruc & Dimitroiana 2006). It is unfortunate that the lithic assemblages from most of the above sites have not been studied in better detail. However, Ocna Sibiului-Triguri (Paul 1995, Taf. XI), Gura Baciului (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 156–158), and ŸeuºaLa Cãrarea Morii (Ciutã 2000) (Fig. 1) have all yielded obsidian and/or Balkan flint artefacts, although the provenance of the obsidian specimens has often been misinterpreted (Ciutã 2005, 94–95). In this respect, of major importance are the results from the excavations still underway at Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº, a multi-layered, open-air site, whose Criº horizon has been

Fig. 4. Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº: Photographs and drawings of Balkan flint chipped stone artefacts: 1 – unused, unretouched bladelet from Pit 19; 2 – sickle insert on an unretouched bladelet fragment from Pit 26; 3 – unretouched bladelet fragment from Pit 26; 4 – retouched and used blade fragment, from layer; 5 – used bladelet fragment, from a layer; 6 – used short end-scraper from Pit 21; 7 – small debitage chip from Pit 19; 8 – bladelet fragment from Pit 21; 9 – used truncation from Pit 10). H) hafting traces; CH) cut hard; CM) cut medium; CV) cut vegetation; S) sickle gloss; SH) scrape hard (after Biagi, Starnini 2010a, with variations).

excavated over a surface of some 750 sq. m. (Fig. 2), along the southern terrace of the Secaº torrent, a southern tributary of the Mureº. The site showed three main phases of occupation: it was first settled by early FTN Criº culture farmers, later by Vinèa Middle Neolithic peoples and, around the beginning of the Chalcolithic, by a Petreºti community (Luca et al. 2006; 2008). A poor chipped stone assemblage has been recovered from the Criº structural remains, which consist of pits of different size and function, radiocarbon dated between 7131±34 (OxA-19739) and 6920±70 uncal BP (GrN28521) (Table 1 and Fig. 3); they show that the first occupation at Miercurea took place at the turn of the 8th–7th millennium uncal BP, and lasted (un)interrupted (?) at least 200 years. The archaeozoological (El Susi 2007; Luca et al. 2009), archaeobotanical (Nisbet 2009), and material culture remains (Biagi et al. 2007a) indicate that farming was practised at the site. The chipped stone assemblage collected from the FTN Criº structures is very poor. It consists of only 37 artefacts, among which are bladelet and flakelet cores, 1 end scraper, simple and backed retouched blades, and sickle blades (Table 2). The raw material employed comes from a variety of

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Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

although it is still widely utilised by a few Romanian authors (see C²rciumaru 2006, 247–250), as it was improperly used in several western countries until not too long ago (Clark 1958). Traceological analyses recently made on a few Körös trapezes contributed to the understanding of the function of these tools, which, contrary to what is known of the Late Mesolithic specimens, had been used mainly for cutting (Starnini 2001; Domboróczki et al. 2010), similarly to what is already known for other geometric microliths from other parts of Europe (Biagi 1995, 49). The impression is that the general structure of the earliest Neolithic Criº chipped stone assemblages recalls that of most lithic complexes of the earliest farmers of other parts of Europe (see for instance Tringham 1968: fig. 10; Mazurié de Keroulain 2003; Kaczanowska & Koz³owski 2008), in which the appearance of the first pottery communities is accompanied by the exploitation of multiple knappable materials, among which are high-quality ones, and the presence of polished stone axes/adzes (Tringham 1971, 75). In our case the earliest farmers of the Banat and Transylvania were “largely reliant on northern Bulgarian flint in the south and obsidian from the Carpathians to the north of its range” (Barfield 2004, 69), two lithic resources whose exploitation implies different social behaviours, given that, while Balkan flint was mined within the territory exploited by the Criº culture communities, as the finds from Nikopol would suggest (Biagi & Starnini, 2010b), obsidian “bombs” were collected from the surface from a mountain region, located well beyond the ordinary activity radius of the early seventh millennium uncal BP FTN farmers (Biagi et al. 2007a, 140). The social complexity of Neolithic flint mining in Europe, and the involvement of specialised craftsmen, has been described by M.E.Th. De Grooth (1997, 73), while L.H. Barfield (2004, 65) has mainly relied on the relevance of the systematic recurrence of flint industries “characterised by high quality blades and a range of geometric and blade-based tools, among which sickle blades are a major item ... that lead to the formation of the cultural identity centred around this economic resource” at the beginning of the Neolithic, and their long distance trade (see also Barfield 1993). Acknowledgements

Table 1 Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº: Radiocarbon and calibrated dates from the FTN Criº structures

Both Pits 10 and 26, from which come almost identical radiocarbon results, yielded Balkan flint tools (after Biagi and Starnini, 2010c, table 1).

local, medium- and long-distance sources. Out of 37 artefacts, 6 (16.2%) are made from obsidian (5 Carpathian 1, Kašov or Cejkov, Slovakia, and 1 Carpathian 2E, Mád, Hungary), 9 (24.3%) from Balkan flint (Nikopol, Bulgaria) (Fig. 4), 1 (2.7%) from Banat chert (Poiana Ruscã Mt. [Luca et al. 2004, Map 4]) and 8 (21.6%) from grey silicified sandstone, whose outcrops are located between Sebeº and Oraºtie (Crandell pers. comm. 2009). It is not surprising that 15 (40.5%) out of 37 artefacts come from long-distance sources (Barfield 2004).

DISCUSSION The typological characteristics of the Criº culture chipped stone assemblages were first summarily described by Al. Pãunescu (1970) and E. Comºa (1971a) at the beginning of the 1970s. The first author, who based his description mainly on the finds from Cuina Turcului, pointed out the recurrence of symmetrical and asymmetrical trapezes of small and large size – obtained by fracture, without using microburin technique (Koz³owski 1982, 155), rare segments, unretouched blades, retouched flakes, scrapers, pieces esquillées, prismatic, pyramidal and polyhedrical cores. He also recalled the “Tardenoisian” background of the assemblages, mainly due to the recurrence of trapezoidal geometric microliths, and the presence of sickle blades with oblique sickle gloss. E. Comºa’s observations were rather similar, although he distinguished between Starèevo and Criº industries, remarked on the importance of the role played by the end-scarpers in the first, and noticed that trapezoidal geometrics continued to be manufactured also during the Ciumeºti and Dudeºti cultures (Comºa 1971a, Fig. 1). An updating paper on the topic has been written recently by A. Boroneanþ (2005), who had already pointed out the inconsistency of the term “Tardenoisian” for the Late Mesolithic complexes of Romania (Boroneanþ 2003–2004),

The author is very grateful to Professor J.K. Koz³owski (Jagiellonian University, Kraków, PL), Dr. C.I. Suciu (Sibiu University, RO) and M. Spataro (British Museum, London, UK) who invited him to prepare this paper for publication. Special thanks are also due to Dr. O. Crandell (Babeº-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, RO) and E. Starnini (Archaeological Superintendency, Genoa, I) for the revision of the original text and the useful suggestions, Professors S.A. Luca (Sibiu University, RO) and I. Paul (Alba Iulia University, RO) for providing obsidian artefacts for XRF analysis, and Dr. S. Colledge (Institute of Archaeology, UCL, UK) for the new OxA radiocarbon dates.

REFERENCES Andreescu R.-R. & Pavel Mirea P. 2008. Teleorman Valley. The beginning of the Neolithic in Southern Romania. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, VII, 57–76. Sibiu. Bãltean I.C. 2006. Stadiul actual al cercetãrilor privind industria liticã cioplitã în neoliticul timpuriu din Banat. Patrimonium

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Paolo Biagi: Some aspects of the earliest Neolithic ...

Table 2 Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº: Main characteristics of the chipped stone artefacts from the FTN Criº occupation structures and layer (after Biagi et al. 2007b with variations) Pit/layer

Raw material

Typology (Laplace, 1964)

Dimensions (mm)

State of preservation

Analytical methodanalysis n. XRF-4/2009

fig. 4

Pit 9

Carpathian 1 obsidian

microflakelet

21×29×6

complete, corticated

Pit 10

flint

microbladelet

(23)×(10)×4

fragment, burnt

Pit 10

opaque chert

prismatic (?) flakelet core

30×34×16

complete

Pit 10

"Balkan" flint

truncation

39×13×4

complete

Pit 14

"Banat" chert

flakelet

(33)×25×8

fragment

Pit 19

"Balkan" flint

retouched blade

44×15×5

complete

Pit 19

"Balkant" flint

hypermicroflakelet

11×5×2

complete

Pit 19

Carpathian 2E obsidian

hypermicroflakelet

11×15×3

complete

Pit 20

light grey flint

sickle bladelet

(20)×15×5

fragment, corticated

Pit 21

red radiolarite

microflakelet

21×26×11

complete, corticated

Pit 21

"Balkan" flint

bladelet

(25)×14×5

fragment

Pit 21

light grey silicified sandstone

microflakelet

13×12×3

complete, corticated

Pit 21

"Balkan" flint

end-scraper

15×13×5

complete

n. 6

Pit 26

"Balkan" flint

microbladelet

(20)×10×2

fragment

n. 3

Pit 26

"Balkan" flint

sickle bladelet

(24)×12×4

fragment

n. 2

Pit 27

brown radiolarite

retouched blade

60×28×10

complete, corticated

Pit 28

light grey silicified sandstone

flakelet

26×38×10

complete, corticated

Pit 38

light grey silicified sandstone

flake

59×49×25

complete, corticated

Pit 47

brown radiolarite

subconical bladelet core

45×40×32

complete, corticated

Pit 47

light grey silicified sandstone

blade

(32)×18×4

fragment

layer

brown radiolarite

subconical bladelet core

35×42×33

corticated

layer

brown radiolarite

retouched blade

40×21×7

complete, corticated

layer

light grey silicified sandstone

flake

54×35×18

complete, corticated

layer

brown radiolarite

flakelet

42×35×9

complete, corticated

layer

light grey silicified sandstone

flakelet

36×30×9

complete

layer

light grey silicified sandstone

flake

53×33×16

complete, burnt

layer

light grey silicified sandstone

flakelet

35×30×8

complete

layer

brown radiolarite

flakelet

21×33×10

complete

layer

brown radiolarite

crested blade

31×14×5

distal fragment

layer

radiolarite

flakelet

(31)×18×3

fragment, burnt

layer

"Balkan" flint

microflakelet

18×13×5

complete

layer

"Balkan" flint

retouched blade

38×19×7

complete

layer

"Balkan" flint

cut vegetation bladelet

(22)×18×4

mesial fragment

layer

Carpathian 1 obsidian

microbladelet

(11)×11×2

mesial fragment

LA-ICP-MS-1

layer

Carpathian 1 obsidian

retouched blade

(24)×15×2

proximal fragment

XRF-102

layer

Carpathian 1 obsidian

microflakelet

20×17×2

complete

XRF-101

layer

Carpathian 1 obsidian

plunging blade

(44)×19×7

distal fragment

XRF-100

Banaticum, IV, 7–25. Timiºoara. Barfield L.H. 1993. The exploitation of flint in the Monti Lessini, northern Italy. In Ashton N. & David A. (eds.) Stories in Stone. Lithic Studies Society Occasional Paper, 4, 71–83. British Museum, London. Barfield L.H. 2004. Lithics, culture and ethnic identity. Lithics, 25, 65–77. Biagi P. (ed.) 1995. L’insediamento neolitico di Ostiano-Dugali Alti (Cremona) nel suo contesto ambientale ed economico.

n. 9 n. 1 n. 7 XRF-103

n. 8

n. 4 n. 5

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Lazarovici G. 1995. Über das Frühneolithikum im Süd-Osten Europas (I. Rumänien). In Föster H., Bocºan N. & Þeicu D. (eds.) Kulturraum Mittlere und Untere Donau: Traditionen und Perspektiven des Zusammenlebens. Reºiþa, 33–55. Lazarovici G. 2006. The Anzabegovo-Gura Baciului Axis and the First Stage of the Neolithization Process in Southern – Central Europe and the Balkans. In Tasiæ N. and Grozdanov C. (eds.) Hommage a Milutin Garašanin. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, 111–158. Lazarovici G. & Maxim Z. 1995. Gura Baciului Monografie Arheologica. Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, XI. ClujNapoca. Lech J. 1997. Remarks on Prehistoric Flint Mining and Flint Supply in European Archaeology. In Ramos-Millá A. and Bustillo M.A. (eds.). Siliceous Rocks and Culture. Universidad de Grenada, Grenada, 611–637. Luca S.A., Diaconescu D., El Susi G. & Dumitrescu-Chioar F. 2009. Feature G26/2005 from Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº and the new question about the life “beyond” objects of an early Neolithic community. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, VIII, 17–33. Sibiu. Luca S.A., Diaconescu D., Georgescu A. & Suciu C. 2006. Sãpãturile arheologice de la Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº (jud. Sibiu), campanile anilor 1997–2005. Stratigrafie ºi cronologie. Brukental Acta Musei, 1 (1), 9–19. Sibiu. Luca S.A., Diaconescu D. & Suciu C. I. 2008. Archaeological research in Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº (Sibiu County – Romania): The Starèevo-Criº level during 1997–2005 (a preliminary report). Documenta Praehistorica, XXXV, 325–343. Ljubljana. Luca S.A., Roman C. & Diaconescu D. 2004. Cercetãri arheologice in Peºtera Cauce. Bibliotheca Septemcastrensis, IV. Sibiu. Mazurié de Keroulain K. 2003. GenÀse et diffusion de l’agriculture en Europe. Errance, Paris. Maxim Z. 1999. Neo-Eneoliticul din Transilvania. Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, XIX. Cluj-Napoca. Mirea P. 2005. Consideraþii aspra locuirii Starèevo-Criº din sud-vestul Munteniei. Culturã ºi Civilizaþie la Dunãrea de Jos, XXII, 37–52 (in Romanian). Monah D. 2002. Découvertes des pains et de restes d’aliments céréaliers en Europe de l’Est et Centrale. Civilisations, 49, 2– 21. Nica M. 1977. Nouvelles données sur le Néolithique ancien d’Oltenie. Dacia, XXI, 13–53. Bucharest. Nica M. 1991. Le grupe cultural Cîrcea – Grãdinile dans le contexte du néolithique balkanique. Zbornik Narodnog Muzeja, XIV (1), 103–112. Belgrade. Nisbet R. 2009. New evidence of Neolithic and Copper Age agriculture and wood use in Transylvania and the Banat (Romania). In Draêorean F., Ciobotaru D. & Maddison M. (eds.) Ten years after: the Neolithic of the Balkans, as uncovered by the last decade of research. Muzeul Banatului, Timiºoara, 167– 178. Paul I. 1995. Aspekte des Karpatisch-Balkanisch-Donauländischen Neolithikums D die Präcriº Kultur. In Paul I. (ed.) Vorgeschichtliche Untersuchungen in Siebenbürgen. Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis, I: 28–68. Alba Iulia. Pãunescu Al. 1970. Evoluþia uneltelor ºi armelor de piatrã cioplitã descoperite pe teritoriul României. Editura Academiei, Bucharest (in Romanian). Pãunescu, Al. 1979. Cercetãrile arheologice de la Cuina TurculuiDubova (jud. Mehedinþi). Tibiscus, 5, 11–56. Timiºoara (in Romanian). Pãunescu Al. 1987. Les industries lithiques du Néolithique Ancien

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de la Roumanie et quelque considérations sur l’inventaire lithique des cultures du Néolithique Moyen de cette contrée. In Koz³owski J.K. & Koz³owski S.K. (eds.) Chipped Stone Industries of the Early Farming Cultures in Europe. Archaeologia Interregionalis, 75–105. Jagiellonian University, Kraków. Spataro M. 2008. Early Neolithic pottery production in Romania: Gura Baciului and Ÿeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii (Transylvania). In Bailey D., Whittle A. & Hofmann, D. (eds.) Living Well Together? Settlement and Materiality in the Neolithic of SouthEast and Central Europe. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 91–100. Starnini E. 2001. The Mesolithic/Neolithic transition in Hungary: The lithic perspective. In Kertész R. & Makkay J. (eds.) From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic. Archaeolingua, 11, 395–404. Budapest. Starnini E. 2008. Material culture traditions and identity. In Bailey D., Whittle A. & Hofmann D. (eds.) Living Well Together? Settlement and Materiality in the Neolithic of South-East and Central Europe. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 101–107. Thissen, L.C. 2009. First ceramic assemblages in the Danube catchment, SE Europe – A synthesis of the radiocarbon evidence. Buletin Muzeului Judeþean Teleorman. Seria Arheo-

logie 1, 9–30. Alexandria. Torrence R. 1984. Monopoly or direct access? Industrial organization at the Melos obsidian quarries. In Ericson J.E. & Purdy B.A. (eds.) Prehistoric quarries and lithic production. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 49–64. Torrence R. 1986. Production and exchange of stone tools. New Studies in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Tringham R. 1968. A preliminary study of the early Neolithic and latest Mesolithic blade industries in southeast and central Europe. In Coles J.M. & Simpson D.D.A. (eds.) Studies in Ancient Europe. Essays presented to Stuart Piggott. Leicester University Press, Bristol, 45–70. Tringham R. 1971. Hunters, Fishers and Farmers of Eastern Europe 6000–3000 BC. Hutchinson University Library, London. Vlassa N. 1976. Neoliticul Transilvaniei. Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, III. Cluj-Napoca (in Romanian).

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Cataloque of the Early Neolithic (Starèevo-Criº Culture) settlements in Western part of Romania – Transylvania, Banat, Criºana, Maramureº, Oltenia and Western Muntenia Sabin Adrian Luca1, Cosmin Ioan Suciu2, Florian Dumitrescu-Chioar1 1

The National Brukenthal Museum, Brukenthal Palace, Piaþa Mare, Nr. 4, Sibiu, Romania; [email protected], [email protected] 2 "Lucian Blaga" University, Faculty of History and Patrimony, 5-7, Victoriei Street, Sibiu, 550024, Romania; [email protected]

4. Type and number of features 5. Relative chronology based on archaeological seriation; number of settlement phases 6. Absolute chronology B. Information on sites recognized on the basis of surface finds 1. Area of occurrence of portable finds 2. Taxonomic attribution and – when possible – chronological framework of sites C. The most important references

Identification and location of sites (repository ID) (Fepre Map Number FM) Name of the site (first administrative unit) 1. Administrative unit appropriate to a given site 2. River basin 3. Geographical coordinates 4. Geomorphological situation (river basin, location in relation to the land relief) 5. Short description A. Information on excavated sites 1. Name(s) of researcher(s) responsible for the excavation 2. Date of excavation (years) 3. Bounded research area: excavated and surveyed

Location of archaeological sites on the map.

Pãdureanu 1985, 30; *** 1999, 31.

1. (FM 1) Adea, point Pãdurea Adea (communal Sintea Mare) 1. Arad 2. Criºul Negru 3. 46°33’29.69"N, 21°36’27.97"E 4. – 5. In the forest near Adea was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. Here were discovered a clay net weight, a stone axe and a chipper fragment. A B 2. probably Starèevo-Criº. Not attributed. C *** 1999, 31.

3. (FM 3) Alba Iulia, point Lumea Nouã 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46° 5’7.22"N, 23°34’4.80"E 4. – 5. In Lumea Nouã point, in the earliest level were noticed some Starèevo-Criº materials. Lumea Nouã settlement is placed in the North-East side of the Alba-Iulia city, on a large terrace of the Mureº river, nearby the old Apulum city between the former Alba Iulia–Zlatna railway and Mirceºti village. A 1. I. Berciu, D. Berciu, I. Paul, M. Gligor 2. 1944–1945, 1961–1963, 1995–1996 and 2002–2006 3. 4200 m2 4. High terrace close to Mureº river with multiple cultural levels. The isolated sherds come close with Vinèa A contexts. B 1. 40 hectares 2. Isolated sherds found in level I from trench I/1961. No plan or figurate material published.

2. (FM 2) Agriºu Mare, point Între Vãi (communal Târnova) 1. Arad 2. Criºul Alb 3. 46°16’0.22"N, 21°44’1.20"E 4. – 5. In Între Vãi point, aprox. 1.5 km South-West of the village, were discovered some Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C

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Cavruc et al. 1998, 83-84.

C Berciu 1968, 55.

9. (FM 6) Angheluº, point Kútpataka (communal Ghidfalãu) 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 45°52’16.22"N, 25°53’6.08"E 4. – 5. In a point situated on a high terrace between Olt river and Râul Negru river, called by the locals Kútpataka or Rózsakert were discovered the Starèevo-Criº sherds of a pot with foot and a small axe. A B C Vlassa 1966, 13; Ciutã 1997, 10; Cavruc et al. 1998, 83-84; Maxim 1999, 139.

4. (FM 4) Albele Bãi (city Miercurea Sibiului) 1. Sibiu 2. Secaº 3. 45°54’15.31"N, 23°43’57.83"E 4. – 5. The archaeological site is located on a relative low terrace, nearby the Miercurea Sibiului Baths, in Albele point. On the field can be found Starèevo-Criº materials. The point could be the same with Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº. A B C Dragotã et al. 1999, 83-84; Lucaet al.2003, 32. 5. (FM 247) Alexandria, point Cãrãmidãrie 1. Teleorman 2. Vedea 3. 43°58’6.76"N, 25°21’20.11"E 4. – 5. The point is located at cca. 1 km North-East of the village, on the low North-Eastern terrace of Vedea River. A B C Mirea 2005, 49.

10. (FM 8) Arad, point Aradu Nou-Bufniþi 1. Arad 2. Mureº 3. 46° 8’59.85"N, 21°17’7.50"E 4. – 5. In Aradu Nou point, at the pumping plant located on the West side of the district to the high bank from Trei Insule (Bufniþi border) were discovered some Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Pãdureanu 1985, 28; *** 1999, 37; Maxim 1999, 140; Luca & Gudea, 23.

6. (FM 5) Almaº, point La Chetroaie 1. Arad 2. Criºul Alb 3. 46°16’14.07"N, 22°12’26.39"E 4. – 5. In the so called La Chetroaie point, located at cca. 1.5 km South of Almaºului Valey were discovered some StarèevoCriº sherds on the tillage. A B C Pãdureanu 1985, 30; *** 1999, 32; Maxim 1999, 139.

11. (FM 10) Arad, point Grãdiºte 1 – str. Voievod Moga 1. Arad 2. Mureº 3. 46°11’7.55"N, 21°20’14.63"E 4. – 5. In Grãdiºte point, located on Voievod Moga Street, during some urban public works in 1978 was discovered a large Starèevo-Criº phase III settlement, with a high number of pits and pit houses. A 1. Gheorghe Lazarovici 2. 1978 5. III B C Pãdureanu 1985, 27; Lazarovici & Pãdureanu 1981, 49-56; *** 1999, 36; Maxim 1999, 140.

7. (FM 262) Almãjel, point Valea Seacã (communal Vlãdaia) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°24’2.98"N, 23° 0’37.53"E 4. – A Excavation 1. Doina Galbenu 2. 1967–1971 5. II B C Galbenu 1983.

12. (FM 9) Arad, point Grãdiºte 2 – Drumuri ºi Poduri 1. Arad 2. Mureº 3. 46°11’14.21"N, 21°19’46.41"E 4. – 5. In the yard of the former Roads and Bridges Management Company was identified a Starèevo-Criº layer. A B C Pãdureanu 1985, 27; Lazarovici & Pãdureanu 1982, 15-21; *** 1999, 36.

8. (FM 7) Angheluº, point Pârâul fântânii (communal Ghidfalãu) 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 45°52’48.21"N, 25°53’18.35"E 4. – 5. In the so called Pârâul fântânii point was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement which continues to Bobâlna cave. A B C

13. (FM 11) Baciu, point Cãminul cultural 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic

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Sabin Adrian Luca et al.: Catalogue...

3. 46°47’44.22"N, 23°31’18.60"E 4. – 5. Around the community centre, on the first terrace from the left bank of Nad㺠river, were identified some Starèevo-Criº IV sherds, due to a survey made by Z. Kalmar in 1988.

1/1970 towards West. During 1975–1976 approx. 60% of the settlement was destroyed because of an erosion stopping project, approx 3200 sqm of the sites surface being destroyed (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 45-48). In 1989 are made surveys by the team conducted by Gh. Lazarovici, due to the construction of a calming basin by Combinatul de Metale Neferoase ClujNapoca. In 1990 the whole surface of the site was divided in 20 m × 20 m blocks, with the marking starting from the Northern border of the terrace. The marking of the blocks was made with capital letters from A to I, from North to South and with numbers from 1 to 8 from East to West. In D2 and E2 blocks were opened two cassettes (10 m × 5 m; 5 m × 0.80 m), and were found Hallstatt materials. In E2 block were excavated more 9 squares, altogether a 54 sqm surface in 1990. Were identified 14 features, marked with numbers from 1 to 14. Were discovered the traces of 2 graves (M6 and M8), a rich ceramic, lithic and osteological material, dwellings. During the excavations made in 1991 were identified 8 features, two platforms (P15 and P21) and 6 pit houses (G16, G17, G18, G18a, G19 and G20). In the same campaign were also assayed pedological samples. During the excavations made in 1992 were finished some features discovered before (G18, G18a, G19) but were also discovered new features (G22, B23, G23a, P24, B24). In D2 block was touched the sterile. In C-D squares were identified Starèevo-Criº IV materials, and was also discovered the cremation grave M7. The excavations made in 1993 were focused on the North-West side of the surfaces excavated before. Were excavated al the layers in the area of D2, E2, A9-C9 and A10-C10 blocks, and also the features B27, B28, B28a, G29, G29a, B30, B31, B32 and two graves M9 and M10 (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 49-53). The surface excavated by N. Vlassa and A. Palkó represents approx. 165 sqm and the one excavated by Lazarovici and Maxim approx. 570 sqm, resulting an altogether surface of approx. 685 sqm (some of the excavations made by Vlassa were overlaid by the ones made by Gh. Lazarovici) (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 48). During the excavations were identified three large groups of features which correspond to the chronology proposed by N. Vlassa. It can be noticed an evolution of the features from small pit houses, in some cases with a small deformation in one of the corners (considered by some of the authors as entrance or depositing place) to dwellings. This observation is true for the features of SC IA - IC and SC IIA levels. It was noticed a change at some features which belong to SC IIA/IIB which mark the passing from pit houses to hut type dwellings (P24). In the next phase (SC IIB) were discovered only dwellings (P20 and P24b), these features having a rectangular shape. Dwellings are specific to SC IIB-SC IVA phases. At SC IVA moment there is a regression to pit houses. SC IVB pit houses are very deep, with irregulary shapes and more deformations. Thereby, in the site from Gura Baciului were identified 3 types of houses: pit house (not very deep – B1, B2, B2a, B8, B8a, G11), round deep pit house (B20), and dwelling (P24, P19, P20, P24) (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 63-65).

A 1. Zoia Kalmar 2. 1988 5. IV B C Criºan et al. 1992, 41-43; Maxim 1999, 141. 14. (FM 12) Baciu, point Gura Baciului 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°46’31.02"N, 23°30’10.50"E 4. – 5. The Neolithic settlement from Gura Baciului is located in the arable land of Baciu village, Cluj County, 2 km on airway of Cluj-Napoca city, on Suceagului Valley in the landmark known as Fânaþele Clujului. The place is also known as Bãºtãrau. The point is located in a cauldron at the entrance in Cheile Baciului, on a terrace South-South-East oriented, inclined towards the river (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 2-3). The settlement is located in Podiºul Someºan, at 425 m altitude. The site lays on a layer of greenish clay approx. 1m thick placed over a calciferous layer (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 16-17). The settlement was affected by the extraction works at the quarry from the bank of the river. The exact size of the settlement is not known because of the works made at the quarry, towards South and East is bordered by a branch of the river, and towards North-West by the slope of the hill. The excavation was organized on 2 m × 2 m squares and on 10 cm digging layers, and it was designed for the exhaustive research of the features near the harvesting road. In the area with features the digging levels were 5 cm thick. The materials were also statistically indexed (Lazarovici & Maxim 1995, 9-10). The settlement was discovered in 1891 by E. Órósz, during a survey. Órósz will also conduct the first excavations on the terrace, considering the dimensions of the site around 150 feet (approx. 112 m). In 1960 were made rescue excavations by N. Vlassa under the directions of ª. Ferenczi, because in the section of the quarry were noticed two pit houses. In this area was opened a trench 10 m × 3.5 m (S A/1960). Due to collapsing a bank of the trench opened in 1960 were noticed some human bones, fact which determined N. Vlassa and A. Palkó to make another survey in 1962, discovering a human skeleton seated on a bed of Starèevo-Criº sherds. In the same year it’s opened a cassette approx. 6 m × 2 m. In 1963 was made another survey, but unfortunately there are no reports or archaeological materials remains, just a photo of a boot shaped pit, which N. Vlassa considered to belong to the Bronze age. Between 1968–1969 were made new researches. Was opened a new trench, B/1968–1969 and a cassette located 100 m West of S A/1960, C/1968. The materials discovered in the cassette belong to the Bronze Age. The size of the trench is 12 m × 5 m. Between 1–15 July 1970 was opened the trench B 1/1970 (cassette B 1/1970 in Vlassa’s report), 9 m × 2.2 m large, and now was identified the best stratigraphy an a large number of archaeological materials. In 1971 the excavations were continued, and during 1–16 July was opened a new cassette B 2/1971, 10 m × 3 m, continuing cassette B

A 1. E. Órósz; Nicolae Vlassa; Gheorghe Lazarovici 2. 1909; 1960, 1963, 1968–1971; 1990–1993 3. 1200 m2 4. – 5. GB I horizon: SC IA-IB, IC-IIA; GB II horizon: SC IIA, IIA-IIB; GB III horizon: SC IIB-IIIA, IIIA, IIIB; GB IV

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Table 1 Gura Baciului radiocarbon data Culture

Phase

Settlement

LABNR

BP

Error

Starèevo-Criº

IB-IC

Gura Baciului

GrA-24137

7140

45

Starèevo-Criº

IIB-IIIB liniar and spiral

Gura Baciului

Lv-2157

6400

90

Fig. 1.

Gura Baciului radiocarbon plot.

horizon: SC IIIB, IVA, IVA-IVB 6. GrA-24137, 7140±45 BP; Lv-2157, 6400±90 BP (Table 1, Fig. 1)

3. 46°34’37.77"N, 24°22’9.48"E 4. – 5. On the territory of the village are mentioned some Starèevo-Criº findings.

B C

A B C

Vlassa & Palkó 1965, 13-17; Vlassa 1966, 18; Vlassa 1967, 403-423; Vlassa 1968, 371-379; Vlassa 1972, 7-28; Lazarovici & Maxim 1995; Criºan et al. 1992, 41-43; Maxim 1999, 141.

Lazarovici 1984, 89; Lazãr 1995, 55; Maxim 1999, 141. 18. (FM 16) Barcani, point Constanda (city Întorsura Buzãului) 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 45°42’50.24"N, 26° 6’13.12"E 4. – 5. On the terrain of the former village Costanda were identified some early Neolithic settlement traces, maybe a Starèevo-Criº microlite workshop. A 2. 1961, 1962 B C Cavruc et al. 1998, 41; Maxim 1999, 141.

15. (FM 13) Balomiru de Cîmp, point Gura Vãii Cioarei (communal ªibot) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 45°56’39.07"N, 23°23’32.63"E 4. – 5. In Gura Vãii Cioarei is a Neolithic settlement with only one Starèevo-Criº habitation level. A B C Vlassa 1967, 404-406; Lazarovici 1971a, 24-25; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 51; Maxim 1999, 141; Luca et al. 2000a, 38.

19. (FM 259) Basarabi, point La Vârtej (municipal Calafat) 1. Dolj 2. Danube 3. 44° 1’10.68"N, 23° 1’35.43"E 4. – 5. 1.5 km North of Basarabi village, under the Danube s plain terrace, 40 m of the water flow were made rescue excavations. The settlement is located on a ground with a diameter of 100 square meters and 1.5 m high. It is possible that we are talking about the same point as Golenþi-La Vârtej point, excavated in 2001 by Petre Gheorghe and Marin Nica. A 1. M. Nica 2. 1968 3. – 4. Type of the site and number of features 5. IIA, IIB B C Nica 1981, 547. 20. (FM 17) Batoº, point Gledinel 1. Mureº 2. Mureº

16. (FM 14) Balºa, point Peºtera Dobârlesei 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 46° 1’45.69"N, 23° 7’29.19"E 4. – 5. In Peºtera Dobârlesei or Din Dosul Dobârlesei point located in the calciferous massif on the left of Valea Geoagiului, in a small defile to the mountainside which is opposite to the village, were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A 1. A. Pescaru 2. 1999 3. 1.5 × 1.5 m 4. cave B C Rotea 1979, 629; Ciutã 2005, 153-154; Luca 2005, 8; Luca 2008, 26. 17. (FM 15) Band 1. Mureº 2. Mureº

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3. 46°54’38.86"N, 24°39’27.73"E 4. – 5. In Gledinel point, a low terrace located at cca. 2 km N of the village, between Valea Luþului and the left of the road to Bistriþa, were made excavations in September 1972, July 1973 and September 1982 under the direction of V. Lazãr. There were made 7 sections (A-C; E-F = 15 × 2 m; D, G = 20 × 2 m), so that the stratigraphy of the settlement could be established. At the bottom of the depositions, in the grained black layer, were discovered late phase Starèevo-Criº materials. The pottery found here, fragmentary, can be technologically classified as usual pottery and another one more fine. In the composition of the first pottery category paste we have husk or chaff. The sherds are thick, covered by a thicker or thinner slip of different colours, in some places missing. The burning is weak. The fine pottery has a burnish on the whole surface and a better burning. From the sherds we could reconstruct cups, bowls, pots with a leg, spherical storage pots, with cylindrical neck. We can notice decorative elements as: alveolar belts, nips, and buttons. In the culture layer was discovered a reach lithic and osteological material.

2. Olt 3. 44°13’53.62"N, 24°28’53.76"E 4. – 5. Approx. 1 km SE of the village, on the left bank of Imirog brook, were found sherds with husk in paste. A B C Mirea 2005, 38. 24. (FM 19) Beba Veche, point Seliºte 1. Timiº 2. Mureº 3. 46° 8’3.35"N, 20°18’29.11"E (?) 4. – 5. In Seliºte point, in a brickyard, there is a Starèevo-Criº settlement. Unidentified exactly in the field. A B C Lazarovici 1969, 3; Luca 2006, 32; Luca & Gudea, 30.

A

25. (FM 293) Berea, La Pãºune (communal Ciumeºti) 1. Satu Mare 2. Crasna 3. 47°41’6.02"N, 22°19’51.90"E A 5. IIIB-IVA. B C Németi 1999, 54-55; Maxim 1999, 143.

1. V. Lazãr 2. 1972, 1973, 1982 3. 230 m2 4. terrace 5. late phase B C Lazãr 1975, 608-611; Lazãr 1995, 65-66; Maxim 1999, 142. 21. (FM 260) Bãbãiþa 1. Teleorman 2. Teleorman 3. 44° 9’9.86"N, 25°23’43.23"E 4. – 5. A deposit of flint tools, discovered by chance on the valley of Clãniþa brook. A B C Mirea 2005, 49.

26. (FM 20) Berea, point Sanislãu (communal Ciumeºti) 1. Satu Mare 2. Crasna 3. 47°40’54.25"N, 22°18’55.59"E 4. – 5. In Sanislãu point were found ceramic fragments and obsidian blades. A B C Németi 1999, 54-55; Maxim 1999, 143.

22. (FM 18) Bãdeni, point Dâmb (communal Moldoveneºti) 1. Cluj 2. Mureº 3. 46°30’15.70"N, 23°44’31.10"E 4. – 5. During the excavations made in 1968-1969 on Dâmb mound, it was identified a settlement with more habitation levels, the Neolithic level being represented by StarèevoCriº materials. In the territory of the village it is identified a toponym – “Apa Sãratã” (Salty water). The sherds seem to belong to a monochromatic horizon. A 1. Gh. Lazarovici 2. 1968-1969 5. IC-IIB (info Gh. Lazarovici) B C Lazarovici & Milea 1975, 7-34; Kalmar 1984, 391-396; Criºan et al. 1992, 47; Maxim 1999, 142.

27. (FM21) Berea, point Stavila Micã (communal Ciumeºti) 1. Satu Mare 2. Crasna 3. 47°40’30.39"N, 22°19’25.96"E 4. – 5. In Stavila Micã point were identified Starèevo-Criº decorated shards during a survey. The excavations made in the last years do not indicate the presence of a Starèevo- Criº habitation in the area. The settlement is placed between more sand dunes, with an opening towards a low, boggy ground. The materials discovered here could also be Starèevo-Criº remains on Piºcolþ background. A 1. Al. Pãunescu 2. 1964, 1965 3. 86 m2 B C Németi 1999, 54-55; Maxim 1999, 143.

23. (FM 281) Bãlãneºti, point Gura Vãii (communal Mãrunþei) 1. Olt

28. (FM 243) Berghin 1. Alba

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

2. Secaº 3. 46° 4’30.22"N, 23°43’56.49"E? 4. –

C Maxim 1999, 143.

A

33. (FM 294) Biled 1. Timiº 2. Bega 3. 45°55’9.08"N, 20°58’34.41"E 4. – 5. The settlement is located at the road fork to Biled, after the compressed-air plant Satchinez. A 5. II B C Draºovean 1989, 37; Draºovean 2009.

5. III B C Maxim 1999, 143; Cotiugã 2000, 136. 29. (FM 22) Bernadea, point Dâmbãu (communal Bahnea) 1. Mureº 2. Târnava Micã 3. 46°22’34.47"N, 24°27’15.63"E 4. – 5. In Dâmbãu point, a barred promontory 250 m long, which represents an extension of the Târnava Micã high terrace, and carved in the W-N-W head since ancient times, were made excavations which led to the discovery of some Starèevo-Criº materials. A 1. N. Vlassa, I. Glodariu, T. Soroceanu, V. Pepelea 2. 1966–1969, 1972 B C Vlassa 1973, 19; Lazãr 1975, 608; Draºovean 1981, 34; Lazãr 1995, 54-55; Maxim 1999, 143.

34. (FM 26) Bocºa Montanã (city Bocºa) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Bârzava 3. 45°23’29.13"N, 21°48’23.78"E 4. – 5. In an unspecified point on the territory of the village were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Petrovszky 1973, 388; Lazarovici 1979a, 188; Luca 2006, 41; Luca & Gudea, 41.

30. (FM 23) Berzasca, point ªpiþ I sau Ogaºul Odului 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°38’35.49"N, 21°56’46.71"E 4. – 5. In ªpiþ I or Ogaºul Odului point are mentioned Starèevo-Criº traces. The point is located at 1.5 km from the village, under water. A B C Lazarovici 1983b, 17; Luca 2006, 36; Luca & Gudea, 34.

35. (FM 27) Bocºa Vasiovei (city Bocºa) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Bârzava 3. 45°22’34.36"N, 21°46’11.11"E 4. – 5. It is mentioned a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 188; Luca 2006, 44; Luca & Gudea, 41.

31. (24) Berzovia, point Castrul Bersobis 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Bârzava 3. 45°25’30.67"N, 21°37’43.71"E 4. – 5. In Castrul Bersobis which is located in the centre of the village, excavations made in 1962 led to the discovery of Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. ?; A. Flutur; F. Medeleþ; O. Bozu 2. 1962; 1999–2000; 2001–2002; 2005 B C Lazarovici 1969, 3; Lazarovici 1975b, 20; Lazarovici 1979a, 187; Lazarovici 1983b, 14; Luca 2006, 37; Luca & Gudea, 35.

36. (FM 28) Bod, point Movila Popii 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 45°45’46.65"N, 25°39’53.04"E 4. – 5. In Movila Popii (Gorganul, Priesterhügel) point were discovered more habitation levels, the earliest belonging to Starèevo-Criº culture. A 1. J. Teutsch, H. Schroller; D. Popovici 2. 1898–1912, 1928–1929; 1995 3. more than 800 m2; ?; 100 m2 B 1. 0.5 hectares C Ciutã 1997, 14; Maxim 1999, 144.

32. (25) Biharia, point Grãdinã CAP 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Repede 3. 47° 9’1.92"N, 21°54’25.20"E 4. – 5. In the former Grãdinã CAP it was researched a Starèevo-Criº habitation. A B

37. (FM 244) Bodrogu Vechi, point Cãtrã Vale (city Pecica) 1. Arad 2. Mureº 3. 46° 8’12.71"N, 21° 9’49.98"E? 4. – 5. On Cãtrã Vale plateau are mentioned Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C

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Maxim 1999, 145.

B C Alexandrescu 1971, 13; Costea 2004, 18.

38. (FM 295) Bojoiu (communal Robãneºti) 1. Dolj 2. Olt 3. 44°18’32.02"N, 24° 1’59.76"E 4. – A 5. II B C Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002.

43. (FM 31) Brateiu, point Cimitir 3 1. Sibiu 2. Târnava Mare 3. 46°11’3.99"N, 24°26’55.82"E 4. – 5. Due to archaeological excavations for researching Cimitir 3 were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. I. Nestor 2. 1965–1969 B C Nestor & Zaharia 1973, 199; Blãjan & Tatai Baltã 1978, 9; Maxim 1999, 146; Luca et al. 2003, 64.

39. (FM 245) Boroºneul Mic – Cetatea lui Borza (communal Boroºneul Mare) 1. Covasna 2. Râul Negru 3. 45°45’54.40"N, 25°59’30.50"E? 4. – 5. On Cetatea lui Borza (Dâmbu Rotund, Cetatea Bursucului) was researched a settlement which maybe has some Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 188; Luca 2006, 44.

44. (FM 269) Brãduþ, point Dealul Rotund (Muntele de Piatrã) 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 46° 8’3.03"N, 25°39’51.03"E 4. – 5. 600 m South-West of the tumuli necropolis was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement, dated in phase IB-IC, but the images of the report, published online, show a late phase settlement. A 1. Székely Zsolt 2. 2008 5. Late Phase. B C Székely 2008.

40. (FM 246) Boroºteni, point Peºtera Cioarei (communal Peºtiºani) 1. Gorj 2. Olt 3. 45° 6’30.60"N, 23° 1’12.83"E 4. – 5. In the 1954 report are mentioned late Starèevo-Criº materials. A 1. C.S. Nicolaescu-Plopºor; M. Cârciumaru 2. 1954; 1973–1996, 2001 3. – 4. cave 5. Late SC B C Calotoiu et al. 1987, 23; Cârciumaru 2000.

45. (FM 282) Brebeni 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44°22’37.61"N, 24°27’7.97"E 4. – 5. In the back of the farm from Brebeni. A B C Mirea 2005, 38.

41. (FM 29) Bozieº (communal Chiochiº) 1. Bistriþa - Nãsãud 2. Someºul Mare 3. 47° 2’2.13"N, 24°11’19.75"E 4. – 5. On the terrain of the village are mentioned Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Maxim 1999, 145.

46. (FM 32) Buciumi, point Râtul Mare 1. Sãlaj 2. Someº 3. 47° 2’38.72"N, 23° 3’52.20"E 4. – 5. In Râtul Mare point were accidentally discovered StarèevoCriº sherds. The settlement is located on the bank of Valea Agrijului River. A B C Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 71.

42. (FM 30) Braºov, point Valea Cetãþii 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 45°38’6.45"N, 25°36’28.21"E 4. – 5. On the lower side hills of Valea Cetãþii it was identified a Starèevo-Criº habitation. Due to urban public works, the prehistoric habitation is now destroyed. A

47. (FM 282) Bujoreni 1. Vâlcea 2. Olt 3. 45° 8’18.96"N, 24°23’19.80"E 4. – 5. South of Olteni village, in a bend of Olt River, in front of

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

Bujoreni train station.

52. (FM 38) Caºolþ, point Poiana în Pisc (communal Roºia) 1. Sibiu 2. Olt 3. 45°46’10.13"N, 24°17’22.63"E 4. – 5. In Poiana în Pisc point were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Macrea 1959, 425; Maxim 1999, 147; Luca et al. 2003, 74.

A 5. IIB-IIIA? B C Petre-Govora 1995, 12. 48. (FM 33) Buziaº, point Valea Secerii 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°37’24.24"N, 21°39’41.23"E 4. – 5. In Valea Secerii point was discovered a settlement located on the right slope of a small tributary stream of Pârâul Secerii river, nearby the junction, in the contact area between Gãtaiei plain and the foot of Silagiului hill, at cca. 170 m altitude. These terraces are south oriented. A 5. II B C Lazarovici & Sfetcu 1990, 45-47, 50; Luca 2006, 53; Luca & Gudea, 52.

53. (FM 296) Cãlineºti Oaº, point Dâmbul Sfintei Mãrii 1. Satu Mare 2. Tisa 3. 47°54’46.69"N, 23°18’9.72"E 4. – 5. The remains show a stone workshop. A 1. J. Németi 2. 1999–2001 3. 140 m2 4. – 5. IIIB-IVA B C Németi et al. 2001; Németi et al. 2002.

49. (FM 35) Caransebeº, point Þiglãrie 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Timiº 3. 45°25’14.14"N, 22°12’49.56"E 4. – 5. In Þiglãrie point, in the perimeter of the Special School, was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 190; Luca 2006, 58; Luca & Gudea, 58.

54. (FM 34) Câmpani, point Peºtera Dâmbul Colibii 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Negru 3. 46°31’59.03"N, 22°34’58.18"E 4. – 5. In Peºtera Dâmbul Colibii point were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A 4. cave B C Maxim 1999, 148.

50. (FM 36) Caraºova, point Peºtera Liliecilor 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Caraº 3. 45°12’22.58"N, 21°53’4.12"E 4. – 5. In Peºtera Liliecilor point, located on the right of the Caraº River, at less than 1 km from the village were discovered Starèevo-Criº, phase IIB sherds. A 4. cave 5. IIB B C Cãdariu & Petrovszky 1975, 148, 151-154; Lazarovici 1979a, 190; Lazarovici 1983b, 14; Petrovszky 1975, 368; Luca 2006, 60; Luca & Gudea, 60.

55. (FM 248) Cârcea, point La hanuri (communal Coºoveni) 1. Dolj 2. Jiu 3. 44°15’22.38"N, 23°54’2.70"E 4. – 5. This is one of the most debated settlement from Oltenia, which will be the base for the other stratigraphical references from South of the Carpathians. The point is located vis-a-vis of Cârcea-Viaduct, on a terrace of Cârcea brook. From the initial surface of the site – which is supposed to measure cca. 150 × 60 m – nowadays can be excavated only two sectors: one located in front of the train station with sizes of cca. 25 × 6 m, and the other one located between the train station and the road which is preserved only on a cca. 50 × 45 m surface. Until now in “Hanuri” point were excavated 22 trenches, starting from the South limit of the site, towards North, numbered I-XXII. Were identified 3 levels: Cârcea I, Cârcea II and Cârcea III. An accurate repartition can not be done because only few materials were published and were not published on features. After Nica's description the Cârcea Group chronology is based on painted pottery and is dated relatively as: Phase Cârcea I (C I) has 3 sub-phases (Ia, Ib, Ic). Cârcea Ia less clean-cut, it’s characterized by a ceramic painted with white colour on red background, rarely dark (Presesklo, Sesklo, Anzabegovo I);

51. (FM 37) Caºinu Nou (communal Plãieºtii de Jos) 1. Harghita 2. Olt 3. 46°11’29.19"N, 26° 4’5.39"E? 4. – 5. On the territory of the village were discovered late Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 5. Late SC B C Maxim 1999, 147, Cavruc et al. 2000, 177-178.

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Cârcea phase II with sub phases IIa, IIb is characterized by painted ceramic with black motifs on red background (Starèevo IIa – IIb, Anzabegovo II-III, Sesklo II-III); Cârcea phase III with sub phases IIIa, IIIb, IIIc polychrome (Starèevo III, Dimini, Anzabegovo IV, Vinèa A) (Nica 1985, 6).

Ic). Cârcea Ia less clean-cut, it’s characterized by a ceramic painted with white colour on red background, rarely dark (Presesklo, Sesklo, Anzabegovo I); Cârcea phase II with sub phases IIa, IIb is characterized by painted ceramic with black motifs on red background (Starèevo IIa – IIb, Anzabegovo II-III, Sesklo II-III); Cârcea phase III with sub phases IIIa, IIIb, IIIc polychrome (Starèevo III, Dimini, Anzabegovo IV, Vinèa A) (Nica 1985, 6).

A 1. M. Nica 2. 1971–1975, 1997–2000 5. IC, IIA, IIB

B C Nica 1985, 27; Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002, 10-12; Nica 1995, 14-17.

B C Nica 1984; Nica 1985, 6; Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002; Ciutã 1997, 148; Nica et al. 2001.

57. (FM 39) Cehei, point Mesig (city ªimleul Silvaniei) 1. Sãlaj 2. Crasna 3. 47°15’46.99"N, 22°45’55.74"E 4. – 5. In Mesig point were made excavations in 1998, and were found Starèevo-Criº sherds. Because of the chemical composition of the soil, the ceramics were affected. Cehei village is located in North-West of Sãlaj County, on the middle course of Crasna River. The point were the excavation was made is a higher “island” in middle of a swamp created by Crasna river and by the debris flows from the North-West hillside of Mãgura ªimleului. The site was researched more in 1987 and 1996, some of the Late Bronze age discoveries being published. There were marked two trenches, fact which led to the research of a 98.5 square meters total surface. S1/1998 (29 × 2 m; West-East oriented) trench was marked upright on S1/1996 trench and on the course of Crasna river, to check the stratigraphy of the site in it’s central area. A 1. I. Bejenariu 2. 1987, 1996, 1998 3. 98.5 m2 4. – 5. IVA B C Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 42, 72; Bejinariu et al. 1999.

56. (FM 249) Cârcea, point Viaduct (communal Coºoveni) 1. Dolj 2. Jiu 3. 44°15’52.62"N, 23°53’20.25"E 4. – 5. The point is located opposite to Cârcea-Hanuri, on a terrace of Cârcea brook. Unfortunately the data was not published related to the features. A 1. M. Nica 2. 1982–1995 5. IIB, III, IV? 6. Bln-1981, 6540±60 BP; Bln-1982, 6430±60 BP; Bln-1983, 6395±60 (Table 2, Fig. 2). Radiocarbon data from Cârcea-Viaduct do not have the identification dates related to features (Mantu 2000). The published materials represent more polychrome ceramic (Nica 1995). The published radiocarbon data represent the apparition of Vinèa A (or Early Dudeºti in literature), before 5500 BC so we have a contemporary relation between Starèevo-Criº (Bln-1981) and Early Vinèa (Bln1978) communities. The next Starèevo-Criº data (Bln-1982 and Bln-1983) shows continuity parallel with Early Vinèa (Bln 2292) until 5400 BC. This demonstrates that some of the Starèevo-Criº communities (if the data will be confirmed by the materials published or by new research) were left out of the Vinèa habitation area for 100–150 years, at least in the lower part of Jiu River. After Nica s description the Cârcea Group chronology is based on painted pottery and is dated relatively as: Phase Cârcea I (C I) has 3 sub-phases (Ia, Ib,

58. (FM 40) Cenad, point Movila Mare 1. Timiº 2. Mureº

Table 2 Cârcea radiocarbon data Culture

Phase

Settlement

LABNR

BP

Error

Dudeºti

Dudeºti -Vinèa Early

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-1978

6585

65

Starèevo-Criº

IV?, sau Cârcea III

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-1981

6540

60

Starèevo-Criº

IV?, Cârcea III

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-1982

6430

60

Starèevo-Criº

IV?, Cârcea III

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-1983

6395

60

Dudeºti

Dudeºti -Vinèa

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-2292

6350

60

Dudeºti

Dudeºti -Vinèa

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-2287

6300

55

Dudeºti

Dudeºti -Vinèa

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-2008

6250

40

Dudeºti

Dudeºti -Vinèa

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-1980

6100

60

Dudeºti

Dudeºti -Vinèa C

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-2291

5990

55

Dudeºti

Dudeºti -Vinèa C

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-2289

5910

50

Dudeºti

Dudeºti -Vinèa C

Cârcea Viaduct

Bln-2290

5865

95

87

Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

Fig. 2.

Cârcea-Viaduct radiocarbon plot.

3. 46° 3’55.52"N, 20°32’24.20"E 4. – 5. In Movila Mare, Humca Mare, Humka Mare or Gornja Aranka point were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds.

2 × 1 m size) and a 6 × 3 m surface, named SI/1998-1999. The positioning of S I / 1998-1999 on the North-West side of the cave was made – first of all – to obtain a relevant longitudinal profile. The orientation of the culture layer, South-East – North-East, is caused by the geological conditions and also by the microclimate of the cave, involving the vertical circulation of the air in some sectors of the cave. In the cave can be noticed few stratigraphical layers, from Neolithic and Eneolithic (Starèevo-Criº, Turdaº, Petreºti, Tiszapolgár cultures, handles pill horizon, Coþofeni culture) and Bronze age (Wietenberg culture), the cave being sporadic inhabited during VIII-X cent. A.D. The excavation was organized on 2 × 2 m squares, with 10 cm excavation layers. In some cases the layers were even 5 cm thick, depending on the special conditions (Luca et al. 2004, 39-44). The Starèevo-Criº level is brown and partially brown-yellowish, with a thickness between 2 and 30 cm, the minimum thickness being present in the North-West side of the trench. This continuous level, which overlaps the gravel representing the “bed” of the cave, contains a large amount of calciferous bitter spar from the walls and ceiling of it. Most of the Starèevo-Criº materials comes from squares 3–6 and 10. Towards the base of the block which borders square 3 was discovered a thick layer of a porous, weak burned, reddish adobe. The high moisture of the contact point between the culture layer and the “bed” of the cave determine the friability of the materials from this squares. The ceramic materials belong to phase IC-IIA of Starèevo-Criº culture. There is no chromatic difference of the early Neolithic level (Luca et al. 2004, 44-45).

A B C Lazarovici 1969, 3; Lazarovici 1971a, 28-29, 30; Lazarovici 1974, 63; Lazarovici 1975a, 20; Lazarovici 1975b, 11, 23; Lazarovici 1979a, 187, 190; Ciutã 2005, 154; Luca 2006, 64-65; Luca & Gudea, 64. 59. (FM 41) Cenei 1. Timiº 2. Bega Veche 3. 45°42’50.22"N, 20°54’4.10"E? 4. – 5. In the terrain of the village it was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1979a,190; Luca 2006, 66; Luca & Gudea, 66. 60. (FM 292) Ceriºor, point Peºtera Cauce (communal Lelese) 1. Hunedoara 2. Cerna Ardeleanã 3. 45°45’39.26"N, 22°45’5.22"E 4. – 5. Cauce cave is located in the East part of Poiana Ruscã mountains, in the administrative land of Ceriºor village. The cave appeared on the mountain side from the right of Runcului valley, at approx. 2 km North of Ceriºor, it’s absolute altitude being 600 m, and the relative one of 100 m. the length of the cave is 30 m, and the level difference is of 6 m (Luca et al. 2004, 9-13). The name of the cave, Cauce, comes from the small basins found here, with the shape of a scoop. The excavations were made between 1998 and 1999. Were made stratigraphic control cassettes (C1 and C 2 with

A 1. S.A. Luca 2. 1998–1999 3. 24 m2 4. cave 5. IC - IIA B C Luca et al. 2000b; Luca et al. 2004; Luca 2008, 46.

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61. (FM 42) Ceriºor, point Peºtera de la Ceriºor, Peºtera Nr. 1 or Peºtera Mare (communal Lelese) 1. Hunedoara 2. Cerna Ardeleanã 3. 45°45’42.32"N, 22°45’7.90"E 4. – 5. In Peºtera de la Ceriºor, Peºtera Nr. 1 or Peºtera Mare point, cave located on the slope from the right of Valea Runcului, at the toponym Dealul Romanului, at cca. 650 m North-East of Ceriºor village, were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A 1. C Roman, D. Diaconescu 2. 1999, 2000 3. 24 m2 4. cave 5. IIIB B C Roman et al. 2000, 9-18; Luca 2008, 46.

65. (FM 46) Cicir, point Sãlciile lui Muchii (communal Vladimirescu) 1. Arad 2. Mureº 3. 46° 8’27.26"N, 21°29’48.22"E 4. – 5. In Sãlciile lui Muchii point, located at 800 m of the village, on the old bank of Mureº river, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C *** 1999, 54. 66. (FM 47) Cincºor (communal Voila) 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 45°49’30.89"N, 24°49’15.36"E 4. – 5. During excavations made in 1988–1989 in the west point of the plateau were the roman camp is located, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds: atypical materials and pot bottoms. It could be noticed a pit house (6.30 × 4.50 m), which was not entirely researched. The pots are made of gritty paste with sand, mica and crushed potsherd, careless polished on both sides. A 1. F. Costea 2. 1988–1989 3. – 4. 1 pit house B C Costea 1989, 491; Costea 2004, 20.

62. (FM 43) Cernat 1. Covasna 2. Râul Negru 3. 45°57’40.74"N, 26° 1’17.13"E 4. – 5. In the centre of the actual village, during a survey made by Z. Székely in the Biró László’s garden was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1996, 30; Ciutã 1997, 11; Cavruc et al. 1998, 73-74.

67. (FM 48) Cioclovina, point Peºtera Uscatã (communal Boºorod) 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°34’31.60"N, 23° 8’10.10"E 4. – 5. In Peºtera Uscatã, Peºtera Csolnaky or Peºtera Mare point, which is located in the karst from Valea Luncanilor, on the right slope, at cca. 1.5 km South of the village, were made excavations in 1911. Márton Roska found more successive layers (Mousterian, Aurignacian, Starèevo-Criº and late eneolithic). A 1. M. Roska 2. 1911 3. – 4. cave B C Draºovean 1981, 34; Maxim 1999, 151; Luca 1999a, 8; Luca 2005, 15; Luca et al. 1997, 17; Luca et al. 1998a, 23; Luca 2008, 48.

63. (FM 44) Cernat, point Dealul de aur 1. Covasna 2. Râul Negru 3. 45°56’46.17"N, 26° 1’53.77"E 4. – 5. In the place called Dealul de aur, during a survey made in 1961, was identified a Starèevo-Criº phase IVA-IVB settlement, three graves and sherds. A 1. Z. Szekely 2. 1961 5. IVA-IVB B C Lazarovici 1996, 30; Ciutã 1997, 11; Cavruc et al. 1998, 70-74. 64. (FM 45) Chendrea (communal Bãlan) 1. Sãlaj 2. Someº 3. 47° 7’17.21"N, 23°17’49.56"E (aprox.) 4. – 5. In the house with no. 88 from the village were discovered, due to digging a fountain, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 71.

68. (FM 49) Cipãu, point Dâlma (communal Iernut) 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°25’50.15"N, 24°14’55.00"E 4. – 5. In Dâlma (Mamelon) point, located in the former flooding area of Mureº river, at 270 m of the cross of ªeuliei brook wit the railroad from Cipãu to Iernut, on a middle terrace of

89

Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

Mureº, were made surveys in 1957 by N. Vlassa. StarèevoCriº materials were identified in the upper part of the culture layer – lithic, ceramics, osteological material. The ceramics is usual, impure, weakly burned, with husk in the paste, poor decorated with round or oblong buttons, broad, curved handles. The lithic material contains hand mills, quartz, hydroquartzite, andesite, obsidian chips. River conches were also discovered (Unio Pictorum).

was identified an inhumation grave with inventory. The skeleton was crouched. The inventory is represented by pottery. A 1. K. Horedt 2. 1953–1957 3. – 4. Pithouse, child grave 5. Late SC

A 1. N. Vlassa 2. 1957 3. 70 m2

B C Horedt 1954, 221-222; Horedt 1955, 658-671; Horedt 1956, 16; Horedt 1957, 184-185; Protase & Vlassa 1959, 450; Vlassa 1959, 240-245; Vlassa 1965, 26-31; Vlassa 1966, 14-38; Vlassa 1968, 375; Lazãr 1995, 155-158.

B C Protase & Vlassa 1959, 450; Vlassa 1959, 240-245; Vlassa 1965, 26-31; Vlassa 1966, 14-38; Vlassa 1968, 375; Lazãr 1995, 155-158.

72. (FM 51) Cisteiu de Mureº, point Garã (city Ocna Mureº) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46°23’7.85"N, 23°48’5.04"E (?) 4. – 5. In front of Garã point was identified a settlement, probably Starèevo-Criº. A B C Maxim 1999, 151.

69. (FM 50) Cipãu, point Dealul Podeiului (communal Iernut) 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°26’30.61"N, 24°15’47.17"E 4. – 5. In Podeiului Hill point were discovered important Starèevo-Criº traces. A B C Protase & Vlassa 1959, 450; Vlassa 1965, 26-31; Vlassa 1966, 14-38; Vlassa 1968, 375; Lazãr 1995, 155-158.

73. (FM 52) Ciucsângeorgiu 1. Harghita 2. Olt 3. 46°19’13.51"N, 25°57’15.63"E 4. – 5. On the territory of the village, with no other mentions, are identified Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Comºa 1965, 634; Cavruc et al. 2000, 87-88.

70. (FM 50) Cipãu, point Gârle (communal Iernut) 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°26’24.74"N, 24°16’16.07"E 4. – 5. In Gârle point (nowadays Pescãrie, fishing lake), a low terrace nearby an old branch of Mureº river, were made surveys in 1953 and 1954 by N. Vlassa – there were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. N. Vlassa 2. 1953, 1954 B C Vlassa 1965, 26-31; Vlassa 1966, 14-38; Vlassa 1968, 375; Lazãr 1995, 155-158.

74. (FM 53) Ciugud, point Cariera de Bentonitã (Alba Iulia) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46° 2’24.52"N, 23°37’13.49"E 4. – 5. In Cariera de Bentonitã point is mentioned a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Maxim 1999, 151; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 89.

71. (FM 49) Cipãu, point I.C.I.A (communal Iernut) 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°25’51.28"N, 24°15’7.43"E 4. – 5. In I.C.I.A point (Fertilizer company, I.A.S) located on a hillock at cca. 250 m of Gârle point, were made surveys during 1953–1957. It was identified a Starèevo-Criº house pit with sherds and lithic material. The pottery is usual and fine. The usual pottery, predominant, has thick walls, husk in the paste, and cereal shaped imprints. Sometimes the sherds are covered with a slip, mostly decayed, with colours from red to black. The fine pottery has thin walls, very well burned. Typologically were identified storage pots, bowls, leg pots, a miniature pot with four small handles symmetrically disposed. The ornaments represent alveolus, alveolar belts, buttons and plastic ledges. The lithic material contains stone rubbers, hand mills. Nearby the pit house it

75. (FM 54) Ciumãfaia, point Hathold (communal Borºa) 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°57’33.90"N, 23°36’23.86"E 4. – 5. North of the village, nearby the road to Chide, on the right bank of Chide river, on the so called Hathold terrace, was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A 1. M. Paddock 2. 1943 B C Criºan et al. 1992, 113.

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76. (FM 55) Ciumeºti (communal Sanislãu) 1. Satu Mare 2. Tisa 3. 47°39’44.40"N, 22°20’4.22"E (?) 4. – 5. On the territory of the village are mentioned Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Maxim 1999, 152.

discovered a fragment of a Starèevo-Criº pot. Inside the tomb was also discovered ochre. A 2. 1961 B C Vlassa 1966, 17-18; Vlassa 1970, 531-532; Vlassa 1976, 88-89; Criºan et al. 1992, 126, 145. 81. (FM 56) Cluj-Napoca 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°46’10.71"N, 23°35’20.43"E (?) 4. – 5. On the territory of the city and around the city were mentioned Starèevo-Criº archaeological materials. A B C Criºan et al. 1992, 145.

77. (FM 258) Cleanov, point Fiera (communal Carpen) 1. Dolj 2. Desnãþui 3. 44°20’13.08"N, 23°12’17.58"E A B C Lazarovici 1984, 89.

82. (FM 60) Coldãu, point Varbã (city Beclean) 1. Bistriþa Nãsãud 2. Someºul Mare 3. 47°10’40.13"N, 24° 8’32.18"E 4. – 5. Nearby Varbã point was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement, phase IIIB A 1. N. Vlassa 2. 1967 5. IIIB B C Maxim 1999, 153.

78. (FM 58) Cluj-Napoca, point Staþia de 110 KW 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°45’49.90"N, 23°32’54.99"E 4. – 5. Due to some surveys and rescue excavations were made because of the extension of the 110 KW Station, during the harnessing of the Someº river bank, were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials and features: two pits and a house pit (a platform with sherds, stones and adobe). The paste of the ceramic material contains more sand and pebble, and is considered as last phase of Starèevo-Criº culture. There are also elements of early Linear culture. A 1. Gh. Lazarovici 5. IV B C Lazarovici & Kalmar 1985-1986, 723-724; Kalmar 1984, 391-396; Lazarovici 1985, 49; Criºan et al. 1992, 120.

83. (FM 278) Comani (communal Mãrunþei) 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44°11’51.63"N, 24°28’22.51"E 4. – A B C Mirea 2005, 38.

79. (FM 59) Cluj-Napoca, point strada Fântânele 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°46’0.35"N, 23°32’52.89"E 4. – 5. On Fântânele street, Sub Hoia point (Grigorescu district) was identified a Neolithic settlement, Starèevo-Criº phase III. A 5. III B C Kalmar 1984, 391-396; Lazarovici 1985, 49; Criºan et al. 1992, 123.

84. (FM 61) Comloºu Mare 1. Timiº 3. Mureº (Bega?) 3. 45°55’11.93"N, 20°35’23.94"E 4. – 5. In the arable land of the village, at ca. 3 km of the village, was discovered a Starèevo-Criº tell settlement, phases II and IV. A 4. tell 5. II, IV B C Lazarovici 1979a, 192; Luca 2006, 74; Luca & Gudea, 74.

80. (FM 57) Cluj-Napoca, point strada Memorandului 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°46’7.43"N, 23°35’7.08"E 4. – 5. In 1961, on Memorandului street, at 7 m depth, under the sterile sand layer (probably alluvial) was discovered a Northwest-Southeast oriented burial. The skeleton was crouched in an unusual position. Near the left shoulder was

85. (FM 62) Comloºu Mic (communal Comloºu Mare) 1. Timiº 2. Bega 3. 45°51’2.10"N, 20°39’55.02"E

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

4. – 5. In the arable land of the village was mentioned a Starèevo-Criº settlement.

5. In the yard of Gh. Hergetz were discovered many Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C

A B C

Costea 2004, 21. Lazarovici 1969, 3; Luca 2006, 74; Luca & Gudea, 75. 90. (FM 67) Cristuru Secuiesc, point Valea Komjáca 1. Harghita 2. Târnava Mare 3. 46°15’13.54"N, 25° 1’33.16"E 4. – 5. On the left bank of Komjáca Valley was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement phase IV (phase IV A after Maxim 1999 or IV B after Cavruc et al. 2000) due to surveys made by Benkõ Elek in 1979 and 1986. A 5. IV A or IV B B C Maxim 1999, 154; C Cavruc et al. 2000, 108.

86. (FM 63) Coronini, point Gura Livodiþei 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°40’12.43"N, 21°41’30.74"E 4. – 5. In Gura Livodiþei (Livadiþei) or Alibeg point, at the inflowing of Alibeg brook into the Danube (km 1034) was discovered a level with Starèevo-Criº pottery. A 1. V. Boroneanþ 2. 1971 B C Petrovszky 1977, 448; Lazarovici 1979a, 205; Lazarovici 1983a, 16; Boroneanþ 1973, 10-11; Luca 2006, 79; Luca & Gudea, 78.

91. (FM 68) Crizbav, point Între Vãi 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 45°48’25.82"N, 25°28’17.88"E (aprox.) 4. – 5. In Între Vãi point, on a low terrace, placed on the left bank of Valea Mare brook were discovered spindle whorls, a fishing weight, a small chipper made of gray-greenish sandstone belonging to Starèevo-Criº culture. A B C Costea 1992-1994, 50; Costea 2004, 22.

87. (FM 64) Cozmeni (communal Sânmartin) 1. Harghita 2. Olt 3. 46°12’53.23"N, 25°59’28.49"E 4. – 5. At 15 km South-East of the village was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Vlassa 1966, 17; Cavruc et al. 2000, 108.

92. (FM 285) Cruceni (communal Foeni) 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°27’20.12"N, 20°54’7.60"E 4. – 5. In the arable land of the village was discovered a StarèevoCriº settlement. The settlement is noticed on the bank of Timiº River. A B C Lazarovici 1969, 3; Lazarovici 1979a, 194; Lazarovici & Sfetcu 1990, 50; Luca 2006, 82; Luca & Gudea, 83.

88. (FM 65) Crãciuneºti, point Peºtera Balogu (communal Bãiþa) 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 46° 1’15.55"N, 22°52’11.80"E 4. – 5. In Peºtera Balogu or Peºtera Sabot József point, a cave in Metaliferi Mountains, the karst from Cãianului Valley, at Mãgura Feredeului, were made excavations by Márton Roska. Chronologically and culturally the pottery belongs to Starèevo-Criº culture, phase II, but also to Coþofeni culture, Early Bronze Age and Wietenberg culture. A 1. M. Roska 2. 1924 3. – 4. cave 5. II B C Maxim 1999, 154; Roman & Diaconescu 2002, 7-8; Luca 2004, 40; Luca 2005, 16; Ciutã 2005, 149; Lazarovici & Lazarovici 2006, 72; Luca 2008, 60.

93. (FM 286) Cruceni, point Str. Cimitirului (communal Foeni) 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°28’40.31"N, 20°52’40.66"E 4. – 5. During some electrical works were identified Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Luca 2006, 83; Luca & Gudea, 83.

89. (FM 66) Cristian 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 45°37’41.97"N, 25°28’48.81"E 4. –

94. (FM 297) Cruºovu, (communal Brastavatu) 1. Olt 2, Olt

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3. 43°55’33.85"N, 24°24’56.38"E

B C

A B C

Maxim 1999, 156. Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002.

100. (FM 73) Dejani (communal Moraviþa) 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°18’2.37"N, 21°19’9.13"E 4. – 5. In the arable land of the village, 2 km North-East of the village it was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1979a, 194-195; Luca 2006, 88; Luca & Gudea, 88.

95. (FM 69) Cubulcut, point Pãdurea lui Frater (communal Sãcueni) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°18’50.31"N, 22°11’55.91"E 4. – 5. In Pãdurea lui Frater point was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Maxim 1999, 155.

101. (FM 74) Deva, point Calea Zarandului 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°52’31.97"N, 22°54’53.51"E 4. – 5. On Calea Zarandului street, between K1 and K2 blocks, were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Luca 2008, 69.

96. (FM 70) Cut (communal Câlnic) 1. Alba 2. Secaº 3. 45°55’52.56"N, 23°40’6.35"E 4. – 5. On the plateau located on the left side of the brook which leads to Fântâna Dârgului Starèevo-Criº sherds and adobe remains. A B C Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 89.

102. (FM 75) Deva, point Mina de Cupru 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°54’5.64"N, 22°52’34.61"E 4. – 5. Mina de Cupru point is located on a high terrace at cca. 300 m of the actual flow of Mureº River. Here were discovered Starèevo-Criº IIIB, maybe IVA materials. A 5. IIIB, maybe IVA. B C Roman & Diaconescu 2002, 15; Luca 2005, 18; Luca 2008, 66.

97. (FM 265) Deagurile, point Piscul Mãmãligii (communal Recea) 1. Argeº 2. Teleorman 3. 44°33’26.85"N, 25° 0’5.74"E 4. – 5. A deposit of flint tools, discovered by chance nearby the left bank of Teleorman River. A B C Mirea 2005, 49.

103. (FM 298) Deveselu 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44° 3’5.01"N, 24°23’19.57"E A 5. IIA, IIIA B C Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002.

98. (FM 71) Dedrad (communal Batoº) 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°49’35.66"N, 24°39’17.72"E 4. – 5. On the territory of the village were identified Starèevo-Criº materials, with no other mentions. A B C Vlassa 1966, 17; Lazãr 1975, 608; Lazãr 1995, 68.

104. (FM 46) Diniaº (communal Peciu Nou) 1. Timiº 2. Bega 3. 45°38’58.78"N, 20°59’35.39"E (?) 4. – 5. Due to some damming in works were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 195; Luca 2006, 90; Luca & Gudea, 90.

99. (FM 72) Dej, point Dealul Ascuþit 1. Cluj 2. Someº 3. 47° 9’57.25"N, 23°50’20.97"E 4. – 5. On Ascuþit Hill were discovered Starèevo-Criº IVA sherds. A 1. I. Marþian 5. IVA

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105. (FM 77) Divici, point Poreca (communal Pojejena) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°46’48.57"N, 21°28’5.33"E 4. – 5. In Poreca point, located at 1 km West of Divici, towards Baziaº, on the bank of Velika Reka brook were discovered Starèevo-Criº traces. A B C Þeicu 2003, 340-341; Luca 2006, 92; Luca & Gudea, 91.

A B C Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 72. 111. (FM 181) Drobeta Turnu-Severin, point Schela Cladovei 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°37’46.36"N, 22°36’0.34"E 4. – 5. The site is located on the bank of the Danube at SW end of the Drobeta Turnu-Severin town and was affected by the dam construction. The site is located on the bank of the Danube at SW end of the Drobeta Turnu-Severin town and was affected by the dam construction. The site was divided in two sectors: A in the the east and B in the west. A 1. V. Boroneanþ; R. Dobrescu 2. 1965, 1967-1968, 1982-1997, 2001-2002; 2007-2009. 5. IC- IIA, IIB, IV 6. AA67751, 6773±70 (given as Mesolithic but the depth show a Starèevo-Criº data) B C Dinu et al. 2007; Boroneanþ 1999; Boroneanþ 2003.

106. (FM 174) Dobrosloveni, point SMT 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44°10’32.23"N, 24°21’6.43"E 4. – 5. The point is located on a low terrace of Teslui River. A 5. II B C Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002, 11. 107. (FM 78) Dorolþu (communal Arghireºu) 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°51’21.71"N, 23°17’36.69"E 4. – 5. In unspecified points were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Vlassa 1966, 17; Criºan et al. 1992, 188.

112. (FM 250) Dubova, point Cuina Turcului 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°29’30.87"N, 22°11’4.19"E 4. – 5. In Cuina Turcului cave were dug 3 successive Starèevo-Criº layers. CT I in SC IC/IIA (Lazarovici 1979a, pl. VI/B17, C25-26); CT II in SC IIB-IIIA, and CT III in SC IIIB A radiocarbon data is coming from the site, but it seems that it is corrupted. A 1. C.S. Nicolaescu Plopºor 2. 1964–1969 3. 240 m2 4. cave; fireplaces, human bones. 5. IC-IIA; IIB-IIIA; IIIB 6. Hd-17919, 6105±51 (wrong) B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1975a, 11, 12; Lazarovici 1977b,13, 17; Lazarovici 1979a, 195; Pãunescu 1979; Luca 2006, 98; Luca & Gudea, 98.

108. (FM 279) Drãgãneºti Olt 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44° 9’31.22"N, 24°29’43.06"E 4. – A B C Mirea 2005, 38. 109. (FM 299) Drãgoteºti, point Obºtea Bobeanu 1. Dolj 2. Olt 3. 44°14’36.17"N, 24° 4’13.58"E 4. – 5. The settlement is located on the terrace and on the plain of Teslui River, 1 km W of the village. A 5. II B C Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002.

113. (FM 80) Dubova, point Sacoviºtea Mare 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°37’42.07"N, 22°15’35.30"E 4. – 5. In Sacoviºtea Mare or Cotul Mare point, was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement in the most narrow segment of the Danube between Cazanele Mici and Cazanele Mari. A B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1975a, 11, 12; Lazarovici 1977b, 13, 17; Lazarovici 1979a, 195; Luca 2006, 98; Luca & Gudea, 98.

110. (FM 79) Dragu, point Pusta Micã 1. Sãlaj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 47° 1’48.04"N, 23°24’35.67"E 4. – 5. In Pusta Micã point were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds.

114. (FM 270) Dudeºtii Vechi, point Bucova III 1. Timiº

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2. Aranca 3. 46° 1’30.75"N, 20°28’9.48"E 4. – 5. In Bucova III point, the mound is located at 150 m NV Bucova II. The excavations made here led to the discovery of a grave dated at the end of the first millennium. Among other archaeological materials were also found Starèevo-Criº sherds, in the culture layer.

total length of 53 m, named S.I. Parallel with the road which sections the settlement and is perpendicular on S. I., was made a 1 × 10 m section, named S. II. At the border of S. I. located towards the centre of the settlement was made a perpendicular 1 × 3 m section, named S. III. In 2002 was realized a magnetometric prospection of the site, which showed the existence of a enclosure with ditch and palisade. In 2004 was made a 13 × 2 m section S IV, and at 0,98 m depth, was excavated a footing ditch with 0.25–0.3 m width and 0.5 m depth. Most probably these footing ditches come from a palisade which was bordering the tell. Towards the centre of the tell, continuing S IV, was made a 2 × 5 m section S VI, and were identified the remains of a dwelling with floor, in combination with SC III phase (Lazarovici et al. 2005b). The settlement is a Starèevo-Criº tell, in which the culture layer thickness varies from –0.3 m at the edge to almost –2 m towards the centre. In the central area the upper part of the culture layer is very disturbed by modern pits and animal holes. Were discovered parts from some unburned or weak burned floors, which belong to a strong inhabited horizon, at approx. 1 m depth. Another strong inhabited horizon, represented by floors of some dwellings was identified nearby the sterile layer, between 1.4–1.8 m, according to the distance from the centre. Were identified only dwellings remains, rectangular shaped and with footing ditches 0.35/0.5 m deeper than the floor and 0.15/0.2 m width. Was discovered a grave with a crouched skeleton, sat on the left side with the head towards SouthEast, at –0.9 m depth. No inventory was found. In the trench made outside the tell were discovered the traces of an early Neolithic ditch, which was perpendicular crossing S.I., and it’s maximum depth goes until 2 m (Lazarovici 2002, 129-130).

A B C Lazarovici 1971b, 411; Lazarovici 1974, 63; Lazarovici 1975a, 20; Lazarovici 1979a, 187-188; Luca 2006, 99; Luca & Gudea, 99. 115. (FM 271) Dudeºtii Vechi, point Bucova IV 1. Timiº 2. Aranca 3. 46° 3’55.43"N, 20°30’52.14"E 4. – 5. In Bucova IV point, the mound is located at the border with Cenadul Sârbesc. Here were discovered 17 early Middle Age graves (X-XI A.D.). These graves disturbed the Starèevo-Criº culture layer. A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 187; Luca 2006, 99; Luca & Gudea, 100. 116. (FM 272) Dudeºtii Vechi, point Bucova VI 1. Timiº 2. Aranca 3. 46° 3’33.12"N, 20°31’1.23"E 4. – 5. In Bucova VI point, the mound is located 600 m South of Bucova IV, nearby Humca Mare from the arable land of Cenad. We are talking about a small size Starèevo-Criº tell. A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 187; Luca 2006, 99; Luca & Gudea, 100.

A 1. Kisleghi Nagy Gyula; Gh. Lazarovici 2. 1906–1907; 2000–2004 3. 92 m2 4. 5. IIA-B; IIIA-B 6. GrN-28111, 6990±50 BP; GrN-28113, 6930±50 BP; GrA-24115, 6920±80 BP; GrA-26951, 6845±40 BP; GrN-28876, 6815±70 BP (Table 3, Fig. 3). B C

117. (FM 81) Dudeºtii Vechi, point Movila lui Deciov 1. Timiº 2. Aranca 3. 46° 3’12.36"N, 20°28’7.37"E 4. – 5. The site is a tell, which is elevated approx. 2 m above the plain. Dudeºtii Vechi village is located 10 km West of Sânnicolau Mare city, on Aranca River and is known in the older literature as O-Bessenyö or Beºenova Veche. Movila lui Deciov site is located approx. 500 m North-West of the village, on the low terrace of a branch of a former river, nowadays Gornja Aranca Channel. The site has oval shape, with the long side approx. 100 m long, and the short one 80 m long. The first researches were made by the amatory archaeologist Kisleghi Nagy Gyula, who made few campaigns of excavations in 1906–1907. The systematic excavations began in 2000 and were made until 2004, under the direction of Muzeul Banatului Timiºoara. Between 2000 and 2001 the research was conducted by Gh. Lazarovici and it represented a series of surveys meant to identify the old trenches from the beginning of the XX-th century, but also to obtain detailed information about the stratigraphy, the internal structure and the dimensions of the settlement. First of all it was made a main section across the mound with a

El Susi 2001, 18-24; Ciutã 2005, 154; Lazarovici 2002; Lazarovici et al. 2005b; *** 2001, 807, 809; *** 2002-2003, 620-621; Luca 2006, 99-100; Luca & Gudea, 100. 118. (FM 273) Dulceanca (communal Vedea) 1. Teleorman 2. Vedea 3. 44° 4’21.72"N, 25° 6’20.03"E 4. – 5. The site is located on the low terrace of Burdea brook, 1 km North of the junction with Vedea River. A 1. S. Dolinescu-Ferche 2. 1968–1969 3. 4. 2 pit houses, 1 hole, and 1 oven B C Mirea 2005, 49.

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Table 3 Dudeºtii Vechi radiocarbon data Culture

Phase

Settlement

LABNR

BP

Error

Starèevo-Criº

IIB

Dudeºtii Vechi

GrN-28111

6990

50

Starèevo-Criº

IIB

Dudeºtii Vechi

GrN-28113

6930

50

Starèevo-Criº

IIIA

Dudeºtii Vechi

GrA-24115

6920

80

Starèevo-Criº

II

Dudeºtii Vechi

GrA-26951

6845

40

Starèevo-Criº

IIIA

Dudeºtii Vechi

GrN-28876

6815

70

Fig. 3.

Dudeºtii Vechi radiocarbon plot.

119. (FM 82) Dumbrava, point Peºtera de la Dumbrava (communal Peºtiºu Mic) 1. Hunedoara 2. Cerna Ardeleanã 3. 45°48’53.78"N, 22°47’18.06"E 4. – 5. In Peºtera de la Dumbrava or Peºtera cu Apã point, which is located in the upstream of Nandru village, on Valea Roatei Valley, were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A 4. cave B C Luca 1998, 26; Luca 1999a, 5; Luca 1999b, 8; Luca 2004, 40; Luca 2005, 19; Luca 2008, 71; Luca et al. 1997, 18; Luca et al. 2004, 35-36.

A B C Draºovean 1981, 34; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 93. 122. (FM 287) Fegernicul Nou, point Valea ªiºterea (Communal Sârbi) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°12’36.82"N, 22° 6’8.99"E 4. – 5. In the station placed cca. Km 047+400 – 047+600 South of Valea ªiºterea, it was identified a small Starèevo-Criº settlement. Excavations were made during 2005–2006 3C road section (Sãlard-Sârbi) of Transylvania Highway. A 1. Cãtãlin Bem 2. 2005-2007 B C Bem et al. 2007, 148-151.

120. (FM 83) Dumbrãviþa, point Obiectiv 3 1. Timiº 2. Bega 3. 45°48’49.41"N, 21°15’25.36"E 4. – 5. In Obiectiv 3 point were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Draºovean et al. 2004, 22-67; Luca 2006, 103; Luca & Gudea, 104.

123. (FM 85) Feldioara, point Dealul Cetãþii 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 45°49’30.79"N, 25°35’32.84"E 4. – 5. In Dealul Cetãþii point were discovered more habitation levels, the oldest belonging to Starèevo-Criº culture. A B C Comºa 1965, 629; Costea 1970, 636; Costea 1971, 25-30; Costea 2004, 23.

121. (FM 84) Dumitra, point Gurguleu (communal Sântimbru) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46° 6’5.31"N, 23°41’51.64"E 4. – 5. On Gurguleu hill, which is located 1 km NE of the village were found Starèevo-Criº sherds.

124. (FM 87) Foeni, point Cimitirul Ortodox 1. Timiº

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Fig. 4.

Foeni-Gaz radiocarbon plot.

2. Timiº 3. 45°29’42.41"N, 20°52’0.64"E 4. – 5. In Cimitirul Ortodox point, located at the west end of the village, on a natural terrace edge which dominates Timiºaþului Valley, was identified a settlement with complex stratigraphy. Among the archaeological materials were found Starèevo-Criº sherds.

1992–1994, and were conducted by H. Greenfield and F. Draºovean and assisted by I. Kuijt. Foeni-Sãlaº site is located 3 km North of Foeni village, approx. 3 km of the romanian-serbian border (Greenfield & Draºovean 1994, 45). The Neolithic settlement has developed on a prominence made of loess deposits, located nowadays between the flows of Timiº and Bega, on the right side of a canal river (Draºovean 2009, 271). Here were made surveys and magnetometric prospection. The entire site was divided in 20 × 20 m surfaces, each surface was divided in 5 × 5 m sections, and each section was divided in 1 x1 m squares. The digging levels were 10 cm thick, and even thinner for the features. Were made two sections North-South oriented, with 1 × 20 m dimensions, and control sections of 1 × 10 m and 1 × 5 m. The stratigraphy of the site contains five main levels: level I, 30 cm thick, represented by the arable land, brown coloured and with organic remains; level II, under the arable land 10 cm thick, brown coloured, with an average quantity of sherds; level III, represented by the walking level around the dwellings, 20 cm thick, light gray in colour, loamy in texture, and with a medium density of artefacts; level IV, 40 cm thick, yellowish brown in colour, with a low quantity of sand intrusions, it appears that all the pit houses are included in this ; level V, composed of brownish yellow loess, sandy in texture, small quantities of artefacts often intrude into its upper margins because of the rodent activity (Greenfield and Draºovean 1994, 62-70). The ceramic material from Foeni-Sãlaº belongs to SC phase IC, and according to radiocarbon data it is chronologically located in the last two centuries of the VIII millennium BP, a cluster located between 7560±60 BP and 7080±50 BP. The ceramic material discovered, in the layer and in the pit houses is similar, manufactured from local clay, combined with organic material, with a 600–650 °C burning temperature. The typical shapes are spherical pots and semi spherical bowls, covered with a rufous coloured slip, well polished, the ornamentation is represented by pinches, nail imprints, flutes and pseudo-barbotine, as well as painted decorations, represented by white dots on rufous background. The lithic materials discovered are manufactured of brown opal, flint, quartz, obsidian, and the hand mills made of sandstone, with raw material not local

A 1. Fl. Draºovean 2. 1995, 1999 B C Lazarovici 1979a, 210; Draºovean 1996; Draºovean et al. 1997; Draºovean et al. 2000; *** 1999-2000, 819, 820; *** 2001, 807-811; *** 2002-2003, 620-621; Luca 2006, 112; Luca & Gudea, 112. 125. (FM 87) Foeni, point Gaz 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°29’27.70"N, 20°52’12.40"E 4. – 5. In Staþia de Gaz or Gaz point was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. One radiocarbon data is coming from pithouse no. 1 and was designted for II B phase. A 1. Dan Ciubotaru 2.1999, 2000, 2001 5. II 6. GrA-25621, 6925±45 BP (Fig. 4). B C Draºovean 2001, 34-35; *** 2001, 819; Luca 2006, 112; Luca & Gudea, 113. 126. (FM 88) Foeni, point Sãlaº 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°31’44.63"N, 20°52’31.29"E 4. – 5. The excavations from Foeni-Sãlaº were made between

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Table 4 Foeni-Sãlaº radiocarbon data Culture

Phase

Settlement

LABNR

BP

Error

Starèevo-Criº

IIA-IIB?wrong data

Foeni-Sãlaº

GrN-28455

7510

60

Starèevo-Criº

IIA-IIB

Foeni Sãlaº

GrN-28454

7080

50

Fig. 5.

Foeni-Sãlaº radiocarbon plot.

(Draºovean 2009, 272-276). The settlement from Foeni-Sãlaº is located on a higher ground, surrounded by lakes, with no fortifications. Here were identified only pit houses, with surfaces between 20 and 40 square meters, circular disposed around a main larger pit house. In some of the pit houses were identified heat installations (Draºovean 2009, 276).

4. – 5. On the former domain of A. Kemény were discovered Starèevo-Criº phase III sherds. A 5. III B C Draºovean 1981, 35; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 95.

A 1. Fl. Draºovean 2. 1991–1994 5. IC-IIA, II 6. GrN-28455, 7510±60 BP; GrN-28454, 7080±50 BP (Table 4, Fig. 5). The first radiocarbon data wich are coming from this site is under question because it is too old, more before 6000 BC (6440-6350 BC), and it is from a pit-house (locus 41) (Biagiet al.2005, 41). The second one is coming from another pithouse (locus 23) and represent one of the oldest data from Banat area for the main neolithisation wave.

129. (FM 91) Galoºpetreu (communal Tarcea) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°29’2.74"N, 22°13’0.97"E 4. – 5. On the territory of the village were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Maxim 1999, 161.

B C Draºovean 2001, 34-35; Draºovean 2007; Draºovean 2009, 269-280; Greenfield & Draºovean 1994, 45-85; Spataro 2004; Ciutã 2005, 149-150; Luca 2006, 112; Luca & Gudea, 113.

130 (FM 276) Gherceºti, point Sãliºte 1. Dolj 2. Olt 3. 44°20’48.54"N, 23°54’22.76"E 4. – 5. The Neolithic settlement is located on a terrace edge 150 m long and 5m high, nearby the joining of Ursoaia and Teslui valleys. The terrace edge was strongly eroded during time and most of the settlement was destroyed. A 1. M. Nica 2. 1989 5.IC?, IIA, IIB B C Nica 1993, 3; Nica 1994, 5.

127. (FM 89) Fughiu (communal Oºorhei) 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Repede 3. 47° 3’2.01"N, 22° 1’25.63"E 4. – 5. East of the village was mentioned a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A 1. D. Ignat 2. 1977? 3. – 4. pit houses 5. Late SC B C Ignat 1979, 721-733; Lazarovici 1984, 94; Maxim 1999, 159.

131. (FM 92) Ghidfalãu, point Bedeháza 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 45°53’1.99"N, 25°49’4.52"E 4. – 5. Bedeháza point mentioned in all the bibliography as part of Sfântul Gheorghe municipality, actually belongs to Ghidfalãu township. The point is located on the left bank of Olt River, 60 km above the railroad bridge and 2.5 km

128. (FM 90) Galda de Jos 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46°10’53.30"N, 23°37’18.08"E

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North of the Sfântul Gheorghe train station, on a terrace 20–25 m high. The settlement was identified by F. László in 1912, due to works made at a quarry. During 1949–1950 was systematically excavated by a team from the Romanian Academy, leaded by Kurt Horedt. In 1949 were excavated trenches A and C and it was drawn trench B In 1950 trenches A and C were extended and were excavated ditches and trenches D and E. In A trench (13 × 13 m) were identified more Neolithic, Bronze age, Dacian and Medieval traces. In the south side, at 0.20–0.35 m was identified a Starèevo-Criº fragmentary hearth. The hearth is not exactly positioned on the plans or in photos. Around the hearth were found more sherds belonging to the same culture. In E trench was identified an inhumation burial which is considered to be part of Starèevo-Criº culture, although there was no funerary inventory found. The skeleton is crouched, North oriented, laid on it’s left side and placed inside the settlement. It belongs to a woman, with a small stature (1.42 m), with the age between 55–60 years. There were no radiocarbon analysis made on the skeleton.

134. (FM 280) Godinaci 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44°18’3.58"N, 24°23’35.11"E (?) 4. – A B C Mirea 2005, 38. 135. (FM 300) Golenþi, point La Vârtej (city Calafat) 1. Dolj 2. Danube 3. 44° 1’14.68"N, 23° 3’7.07"E 4. – 5. The place seems to be the same with Basarabi – La Vârtej point, is mentioned the fluvial km 803-804. A 1. Gherghe 2. 2001 3. – 4. 1 garbage hole 5. II B C Gherghe & Nica 2001.

A 1. K. Horedt 2. 1949–1950 B C Cavruc et al. 1998, 84, 85, 126; Horedt 1956, 7-39.

136. (FM 95) Gornea, point Cãuniþa de Sus (communal Sicheviþa) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°39’48.02"N, 21°50’53.22"E 4. – 5. Cãuniþa de Sus is the name of the 200–800 m wide terrace, located between Dealul Cãuniþei and the inferior terrace of the Danube, and Valea Cameniþei and Ogaºul Cãuniþei. The length of the terrace is 1.5–2 km. Excavations were made in 1968, 1969, 1970, 1978–1981, 1989. Over the entire surface of the site were discovered Starèevo-Criº shards, but no feature can certainly included in this culture, because the early Neolithic level was disturbed by the roman settlement and Vinèa A features. Were discovered hearth fragments, cut by a Vinèa feature. Starèevo-Criº ceramic discovered here is characteristic to phases SC IIB-IIIA; SC IIB-IIIB; SC IIIA-IVA (Lazarovici 1977a, 19-23, 43). A 1. Gh. Lazarovici 2. 1968, 1969, 1970, 1978–1981, 1989 3. More than 300 m2 4. 5. IIB, IV B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1971a, 21, 24; Lazarovici 1971b; Lazarovici 1974, 47, 51, 54-55; Lazarovici 1975a, 7, 10-11, 13-15; Lazarovici 1977b; Lazarovici 1979a, 196, 198; Lazarovici 1983a, 16, 19, 20-21, 22, 23; Lazarovici 1991; Lazarovici et al. 1979, 391-392; Lazarovici et al. 1991, 20-22; Lazarovici et al. 1993; Luca 2006, 125; Luca & Gudea, 124.

132. (FM 93) Ghirbom, point Ghezuini (communal Berghin) 1. Alba 2. Secaº 3. 46° 2’12.95"N, 23°42’31.84"E 4. – 5. In Ghezuini point, located 2 km West of the village were made excavations in and was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement with ceramics, idols, bone tools and lithic materials. A 1. Ioan Al. Aldea 2. 1967 3. 71 m2 4. – 5. III B C Aldea 1972, 3-16; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 98. 133. (FM 94) Giulvãz 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°32’51.98"N, 20°59’38.95"E 4. – 5. Giulvãz site is located in front of the train station and it belongs to the early phase of Starèevo-Criº. One radiocarbon data is coming from the site but not from a close complex. A 1. O. Radu 2. 1962 5. Early?, III 6. GrN-28456, 6720±80 BP B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1975b, 7, 11; Lazarovici 1979a, 196; Luca 2006, 122; Luca & Gudea, 122.

137. (FM 96) Gornea, point Locurile Lungi (communal Sicheviþa) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°39’30.48"N, 21°51’49.16"E

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

4. – 5. Locurile Lungi is a floodable terrace of the Danube, located between Cameniþa River and the border of Liubcova village. Excavations here were made in 1969 (Lazarovici 1977a, 19-26). Were discovered three platforms and a pit house belonging to Starèevo-Criº. The platforms occur at 0.30–0.40 m depth related to the ground level. The shape of the platforms is rectangular, with sizes 4.8 × 2.5 m; 3.25 × 2.1 m; 2.1 × 1.7 m, the long axis being orientated NorthWest – South-East. The oldest materials were discovered in the pit house placed in the eastern part of the settlement, represented by red-yellowish ceramic, weak burned, with ornaments made of unorganised barbotine, impressions with the nail or finger and prominent ornaments, considered to belong to SC IIB phase. The pit house has an oval shape and it’s sizes are 5.4 × 4 × 0.9 m. The material from the dwellings is characteristic to SC IIIB phase. The coarse ceramic has much husk in composition and is weak burned. The semi fine ceramic is of better quality, the main colours used are yellow and brown, the surface of the vessel is smooth and in some cases polished, some of the shards have a slip or red painting. The fine ceramic is usually red on the inside and bricky on the outside, sandy. The painting with dark colours (brown and black) occur in al the cases, the ornaments are represented by organized and plastic barbotine, pinches or impression with the nail, incisions and short cuts. Were also discovered some altars, a fragmentary one and foot fragments of other ones (Lazarovici 1977a, 21-22, 44-45; Lazarovici 1979a, 27). In 1984 Cãrãmidãrie point, concealed to Locurile Lungi point, were discovered a Starèevo-Criº pit house and an inhumation grave, in the pit house being discovered a rich ceramic material, a fragment of a idol type column and a fragment of a bracelet made of Spondylus shell (Luca & Dragomir 1985, 73).

139. (FM 277) Govora, point Stogºor (communal Mihãeºti) 1. Vâlcea 2. Olt 3. 45° 4’44.55"N, 24°12’47.44"E (?) 4. – A B C Petre-Govora 1995, 12. 140. (FM 277) Govora, point Sub Coº (communal Mihãeºti) 1. Vâlcea 2. Olt 3. 45° 4’44.55"N, 24°12’47.44"E 4. – 5. On the terrace from the right of Govora River. A B C Petre-Govora 1995, 12. 141. (FM 251) Grãdinile, point Fântâna lui Duþu 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 43°56’43.65"N, 24°24’26.74"E 4. – 5. The point is located 1 Km West of Islaz point. A 5. IIA, IIIA B C Nica 1981, 27. 142. (FM 252) Grãdinile, point Izlaz 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 43°56’32.98"N, 24°25’37.70"E 4. – 5. La Izlaz – Plãviceanca point is located on the bank of Grãdinile brook, nearby the train station Studina, 200 m E, and 150 m of Caracal-Corabia road, both on private properties and Grãdinile townhall properties. Here were discovered 6 dwellings and more pit houses. The features were not entirely published, only few plans of the dwellings and wooden objects from layers 1 and 2. A 1. M. Nica; R. Andreescu 2. 1977-1979, 1981?; 2006-2008 3. – 4. 6 surface houses, 2 pit houses 5. IC-IIA, IIB, IV(?) 6. Poz-25226, 36700±800 BP (fossil wood inside the level 1, house 4) B C Andreescu & Popovici 2009; Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002, 15-17; Nica 1983, 39; Nica 1981, 27.

A 1. Gh. Lazarovici 2. 1969 3. 3 surface houses and 1 pit house 4. – 5. IIB-IIIA B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1971a, 21, 24; Lazarovici 1971b; Lazarovici 1974, 47, 51, 54-55; Lazarovici 1975a, 7, 10-11, 13-15; Lazarovici 1977b; Lazarovici 1979a, 196, 198; Lazarovici 1983a, 16, 19, 20-21, 22, 23; Luca 2006, 126; Luca & Gudea, 126. 138. (FM 288) Gornea, point Vodniac (communal Sicheviþa) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°40’3.36"N, 21°52’6.16"E 4. – 5. Vodniac (Vodneac) is the name of the terrace from the widest are between hills and the Danube. Here were identified shards belonging to Starèevo-Criº culture and a thick layer of charcoal. A 1. Gh. Lazarovici 2. 1970 3. 71 m2 B C Lazarovici 1977b, 26; Luca & Gudea, 127.

143. (FM 289) Gura Vãii, point Ostrovu Golu or Insula Banului (Drobeta Turnu-Severin) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°39’50.50"N, 22°33’10.37" 4. – A 1. C.S. Nicolaescu-Plopºor

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2. 1964 5. Late SC

3. 45°42’54.20"N, 25°40’5.24"E 4. – 5. In La Groapa Banului (La Livezi) point was excavated a multistratified settlement, the first level belonging to Starèevo-Criº culture, phase IVA. The settlement is located at the foot of Lempeº hill.

B C Lazarovici 1984. A

144. (FM 97) Halmãºd, point Dâmbul bisericii 1. Sãlaj 2. Barcãu 3. 47° 9’26.50"N, 22°35’12.40"E 4. – 5. In the garden of the parsonage were made rescue excavation (1999, 2000) and it was identified a habitation level a two Starèevo-Criº dwellings. A 1. S. Bãcueþ 2. 1999–2000 3. – 4. 2 surface buildings B C Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 72.

1. Alexandrescu A. D. 2. 1961–1970 3. More than 300 m2 4. 5. IVA B C Comºa 1965, 630; Alexandrescu 1971, 11; Costea 2004, 25-26; Maxim 1999, 192. 149. (FM 253) Hoghiz 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 45°59’24.03"N, 25°18’4.26"E (?) 4. – 5. On the territory of the village are mentioned Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Maxim 1999, 163.

145. (FM 98) Haþeg, point Câmpul Mare 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°36’57.62"N, 22°55’22.56"E 4. – 5. In Câmpul Mare point was discovered a settlement located west of the city, on a high terrace which borders the road to Unirea. Here were discovered Starèevo-Criº, phase II materials. A 5. II B C Roman & Diaconescu 1999-2000, 97, 98-99; Roman & Diaconescu 2002, 8-9; Ciutã 2005, 154-155; Luca 2005, 22; Luca 2008, 91.

150. (FM 101) Homorodu de Mijloc, point Drumul Chilii (communal Homoroade) 1. Satu Mare 2. Someº 3. 47°37’24.25"N, 23° 3’17.15"E 4. – 5. In December 2001 were made rescue excavations in few points located near the road from Homorodu de Jos to Homorodu de Mijloc (Homoroade village), on the low terrace of Vãii Homorodului. There were made surveys in four points, and only two of them each one feature with archaeological material. They decided to name the site (all the points): Homorodu de Mijloc – “Drumul Chiliei”, because the materials discovered here are the most representative and because the other feature discovered on the territory of Homorodu de Jos, with poor material, seem to belong to the same settlement. The pottery discovered can be attributed to Starèevo-Criº culture, in it’s late phases (IIIB - IVA). A 1. T. Bader; C. Astaloº 2. 1966–1967; 2001 5. IIIB, IVA B C Astaloº 2002.

146. (FM 99) Hãlchiu, point La ªtrand 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 45°45’28.19"N, 25°31’11.19"E 4. – 5. In La ªtrand point was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Maxim 1999, 162. 147. (FM 198) Hãpria, point Lisul Strãjii 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46° 3’59.90"N, 23°39’50.13"E 4. – A 5. III-IV B C Maxim 1999, 162.

151. (FM 102) Homorodu de Sus, point Ograda Borzului (communal Homoroade) 1. Satu Mare 2. Someº 3. 47°36’33.01"N, 23° 4’9.95"E 4. – 5. In Ograda Borzului point was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement, phases IIIB, IVA. A 1. T. Bader

148. (FM 100) Hãrman, point La Groapa Banului 1. Braºov 2. Olt

101

Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

2. 1966–1967 5. IIIB, IVA

3. 45°27’50.67"N, 22°12’36.73"E 4. – 5. In Dâmb point, located on the edge of the second terrace of Timiº River, in the place where it bends towards East, forming the entrance in Bistrei Valley, were identified Starèevo-Criº materials.

B C Maxim 1999, 163. A B C

152. (FM 103) Hunedoara, point Biserica Reformatã 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°44’54.85"N, 22°53’32.31"E 4. – 5. Biserica Reformatã or Cimitirul Reformat point is located towards the edge of the high terrace from the right side of Zlaºti brook, nearby the joining of this brook with Cerna River; here were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A 5. IIIB-IVA B C Draºovean 1981, 35; Draºovean 1986-1987, 11-17; Draºovean 2002; Luca 1999a, 13-14; Luca 1999b, 8; Luca 2003, 73-79; Luca 2004, 48-49; Luca 2005, 24; Luca et al. 1998a, 32-33; Luca et al. 2004, 56-57; Luca 2008, 96; Maxim 1999, 163.

Petrovszky 1977, 437-438; Lazarovici 1979a, 200; Lazarovici et al. 1991, 85-86; Luca 2006, 140; Luca & Gudea, 138. 156. (FM 105) Iclod, point La Doroaie 1.Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°59’27.50"N, 23°47’48.46"E 4. – 5. In La Doroaie point, on the right bank of Vãii Aluniºului, at cca. 250 m upstream, above the bridge, were discovered Starèevo-Criº IV B sherds. A 5. IV B B C Lazarovici 1977a, 25; Lazarovici 1977b, 211-230; Lazarovici & Bulbuc 1983, 161-162, 164; Lazarovici 1983a, 51; Lazarovici 1986, 15-46; Lazarovici & Kalmar 1982, 221-245; Lazarovici & Kalmar 1986, 25-40; Lazarovici & Kalmar 1987, 9-40; Lazarovici & Kalmar 1988, 9-47; Kalmar 1984, 393; Kalmar 1985-1986, 402; Kalmar 1987, 57-72; Criºan et al. 1992, 237-244.

153. (FM 103) Hunedoara, point Grãdina Castelului 1.Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°44’54.94"N, 22°53’20.01"E 4. – 5. In Grãdina Castelului point, a terrace which surrounds the south-east part of Dealul Sânpetru, was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A 1. S. A. Luca 2. 1996–2006 3. More than 2002 4. – 5. III B C Luca 1999a; Luca 1999b, 8; Luca 2003, 73-79; Luca 2004, 49; Luca 2005, 24; Luca et al. 1998a, 33-34; Luca et al. 1998b, 30; Luca et al. 2000c; Luca et al. 2001; Luca et al. 2002; Luca et al. 2004, 57; Maxim 1999, 163; Roman & Diaconescu 2002; Draºovean 2002, 57-94; Luca 2008, 96.

157. (FM 106) Iernut, point Bideºcuþul Mare 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°27’5.66"N, 24°12’30.54"E 4. – 5. In Bideºcuþul Mare point, on a high terrace above an old branch of Mureº River, were identified, in a drainage ditch, Starèevo-Criº sherds. During the excavations made afterwards, conducted by N. Vlassa (1960, 1961) were identified two culture levels, a late Neolithic one and a Bronze Age one. In the lower layer, cca. 1 m thick, fallow coloured, placed over the sterile yellow clay, were identified Starèevo-Criº – late phase (IV), materials in a pit house. In the culture layer were also discovered a truncheon with conical perforation, rough chipped blades of menilithic schist, a piece of pure copper. On the bottom of the pit house were identified seven big hand mills, placed around the hearth, and under the crust of the hearth were found domestic animals bones. A 1. N. Vlassa 2. 1960, 1961 3. – 4. 1 pit house 5. IV B C Vlassa 1962, 153-156; Vlassa 1965, 32; Vlassa 1966, 17; Vlassa 1967, 407; Lazãr 1995, 151.

154. (FM 103) Hunedoara, point Strada Elisabeta Mãrgineanu 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°45’2.77"N, 22°53’37.57"E 4. – 5. In Strada Elisabeta Mãrgineanu point, due to digging a ditch for entrenching some gas pipelines were discovered Starèevo-Criº IIIB sherds. A 5. IIIB B C Roman and Diaconescu 1999-2000, 97, 101; Roman & Diaconescu 2002, 9-10; Luca 2004, 50; Luca 2005, 24; Luca 2008, 97; Luca et al. 2004, 58.

158. (FM 107) Iernut, point Fundu Bedeelor 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°28’19.99"N, 24°11’42.82"E

155. (FM 104) Iaz, point Dâmb (communal Obreja) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Timiº

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4. – 5. On a terrace placed on a small promontory surrounded on three sides by a bend of Mureº River, in the point called Fundu Bedeelor, were made excavations conducted by N. Vlassa (1961), and were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds.

3. 46°50’17.06"N, 23°13’56.40"E 4. – 5. Nearby Izvorul Inucului point, 1.5 km South-West of the centre of the village, because of a survey made by ªt. Ferenczi in 1984, was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement.

A

A B C

1. N. Vlassa 2. 1961

Criºan et al. 1992, 245.

B C Vlassa 1962, 153-156; Vlassa 1965, 32; Vlassa 1966, 17; Vlassa 1967, 407; Lazãr 1995, 151.

163. (FM 86) Iosaº, point Anele (communal Gurahonþ) 1. Arad 2. Criºul Alb 3. 46°16’59.84"N, 22°19’39.18"E 45. The settlement is located on a ground approx. 1 m above the bog land. The ground has a approx. 180 length on the East-West axis and approx. 70 m on the North-South axis. On the west side the ground is bordered by the branch of a dry river. The inhabited area of the settlement is placed in the higher part of the ground, towards the West side of it. The vertical stratigraphy has more layers: level I, a vegetal layer 10–15 cm thick; level II, 2-4 cm thick, with charcoal remains and burned oraganic remains, from the modern period; level III, a prehistoric humus layer dark colored, 20–25 cm thick, with charcoal traces and small sherds; level IV, a black humus layer, sterile. The Starèevo-Criº dwellings develop in this black layer, the archaeological sterile of this settlement. Were identified three StarèevoCriº dwellings East-West oriented, and estimative dimesions of 7–8 m/3–4 m. the dwellings are built right on the sterile soil, with no footing ditches or post holes. Inside the dwellings were identified ceramic materials and adobe, and also a large number of lithic materials, most of them only manufacturing remains, few finished pieces. The pottery, cherry-red colored, was discovered only inside the dwellings or near them. The sherds were decorated with impressions made with the nail or a blunt object, or with alveolar belt. The settlement is considered Starèevo-Criº II, together with the settlements from Uliuc, TimiºoaraFratelia, Gornea-Locurile Lungi. The habitation from Iosaº-Anele was a short one, and the inhabitants were specialized in chopping stone tools (Luca & Barbu 1992-1994, 13-17). A 1. S.A. Luca 2. 1989 3. 147 m2 4. 3 surface buildings 5. IC-IIA ?, II B C *** 1999, 69; Luca & Barbu 1992-1994, 13-24.

159. (FM 108) Ilidia, point Cãºile Codrenilor (communal Ciclova Românã) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Caraº 3. 44°58’32.84"N, 21°42’27.39"E (?) 4. – 5. In Cãºile Codrenilor point, on the Valea Mare Valley, on the path which cuts the valley, in the gravel of the brook, was discovered a Starèevo-Criº monochrome sherd. A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 200; Luca 2006, 146; Luca & Gudea, 143. 160 (FM 109) Ilieni, point Oraºul Rotund 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 45°48’16.70"N, 25°46’15.36"E 4. – 5. In the so called Oraºul Rotund point located west of the village, o a high terrace, was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. Due to the survey made by Z. Székely în 1965 was identified a culture layer cca. 0.40 m thick; the sherds were deposited at MNS. A 1. Z. Székely 2. 1965 5. IVA B C. 161. (FM 110) Imeni (communal Catalina) 1. Covasna 2. Râul Negru 3. 45°56’29.93"N, 26°10’5.83"E 4. – 5. On the territory of the reformed cemetery, on a high terrace placed on the left bank of Râul Negru River, South of the village, due to digging a grave in 1902 were discovered Starèevo-Criº, phase IVA, materials. A 1. Z. Szekely 2. 1902 5. IVA B C Vlassa 1966, 15; Lazarovici 1996, 30; Ciutã 1997, 11; Cavruc et al. 1998, 65-66.

164. (FM 263) Ipoteºti 1.Olt 2. Olt 3. 44°19’50.57"N, 24°23’19.52"E 4. – A B C Mirea 2005, 37.

162. (FM 111) Inucu, point Izvorul Inucului (communal Arghireºu) 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic

165. (FM 113) Jibert, point La Saivane 1. Braºov

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

2. Olt 3. 46° 0’1.47"N, 25° 4’47.09"E 4. – 5. In the so called La Saivane point were discovered, due to some surveys, Starèevo-Criº sherds.

C Maxim 1999, 166; Luca 2005, 25; Luca 2008, 105. 171. (FM 117) Leþ, point Dealul Cetãþii (communal Boroºneul Mare) 1. Covasna 2. Râul Negru 3. 45°50’46.87"N, 26° 0’23.86"E 4. – 5. On the right side of Negru River, 500 m north of it, close to the village, on a high edge terrace, (547.2 m), which dominates Depresiunea Târgu Secuiesc, in Dealul Cetãþii or Várhegy (Varheghiu, Székelyánja) point is placed a site which was inhabited from Neolithic to XVII–XVII centuries. During surveys made in 1949 and 1955 were identified three Starèevo-Criº levels (phases Leþ I-III Starèevo-Criº IIIB-IVB). The three Starèevo-Criº phases are rich in pottery, and there were also found two figurines, an idol in mace shape, 3 Walzenbeile axes. excavations made in 1955 were conducted by Ion Nestor, together with Szekély Zoltán and Eugenia Zaharia and the results were published by I. Nestor. There were opened 3 trenches I, II and III. Ditch I/1955 revealed a Starèevo-Criº dwelling (marked with “a”) from which were taken adobe pieces with wattle impressions from approx. 0.31–0.35 m. Are mentioned some painted sherds (colours not specified) but also usual materials. Near the dwelling was identified a hearth, burned in situ, with a clay shell 5 cm thick (marked by I. Nestor with “c”). Under this layer there is another, 10–15 cm thick, greyish, with only few Starèevo-Criº sherds. In ditch II/1955 were not found any Starèevo-Criº materials. Ditch II/1955 revealed a large Starèevo-Criº pit, 0.75–1.35 deep, where were found the remains of a oven, ceramics and bones. Near the remains of the oven was identified a big pot, decorated with. The pit was sealed with a thin layer of yellow clay. Above it was identified the bottom of a Starèevo-Criº layer, at 1.25 cm depth. At this level was also identified a hearth. This level is covered by other (with the bottom at 80–85 cm depth) represented by a floor made of thin clay (5 cm thick) burned in situ. (Nestor 1957, 60-62). E. Zaharia identifies three Starèevo-Criº levels inside the settlement. The chronology proposed by her, Leþ I – Starèevo I, Leþ II – Starèevo II, Leþ III – Starèevo III (Zaharia 1964, 23-40) is corrected by Gh. Lazarovici (Lazarovici 1969, 22, note 108) who suggests for Leþ I – SC IIIB (Lazarovici 1984, 54). Beside the rich ceramic material were also discovered stone and bone tools. Husk and chaff are the grease removers usually used in the paste, the ceramic has a slip and is polished. The decoration is mainly realised with barbotine, incisions, impressions but also with paintings. The painted pottery was discovered in al three levels, but in small amounts. The painting is realised with brown, black or white on red background. Typologically speaking bowls, foot pots, spheric and bitronconic shapes are predominant (Zaharia 1964, 21-33). A 1. I. Nestor, Z. Szekély, E. Zaharia 2. 1949; 1955 3. – 4 (surface building, 2 fireplaces, 1 big hole) 5. IIIB, IVA, IVB B C Székely 1970, 42; Székely 1971, 129-130; Comºa 1965, 629, 634; Nestor 1957, 59-62; Zaharia 1964, 5-44; Vlassa 1966, 15, 17, 18, 20-23; Lazarovici 1996, 29-30, 35; Ciutã 1997,

A B C Costea 2004, 26. 166. (FM 112) Jibert, point Pe Faþã 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 46° 0’38.71"N, 25° 3’19.87"E (?) 4. – 5. In the so called Pe Faþã point were discovered, due to some surveys, Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Costea 2004, 26. 167. (FM 114) Lacu (communal Geaca) 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°53’2.74"N, 24° 6’7.51"E (?) 4. – 5. In unspecified places from the territory of the village were found Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Vlassa 1966, 17; Criºan et al. 1992, 251. 168. (FM 115) Lancrãm (city Sebeº) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 45°58’57.46"N, 23°33’23.90"E (?) 4. – 5. In unspecified places from the territory of the village were found Starèevo-Criº materials, phase III. A 5. III B C Draºovean 1981, 35; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 115. 169. (FM 301) Lãcriþa Micã, point Dealul Cioban (communal Robãneºti) 1. Dolj 2. Olt 3. 44°18’0.72"N, 23°57’31.81"E A B C LMI 2004 170. (FM 116) Leºnic (communal Veþel) 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°53’41.09"N, 22°44’59.61"E (?) 4. – 5. On a terrace located East of Mureº River (?), South of the village, was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B

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Table 5 Limba radiocarbon data Culture

Phase

Settlement

LABNR

BP

Error

Starèevo-Criº

late

Limba -Bordane

GrN-29052

6620

60

Starèevo-Criº

III B

Limba - Bordane

GrN-28457

6580

60

Vinèa

A3?

Limba

GrN-28112

6290

50

Fig. 6.

Limba radiocarbon plot.

11; Cavruc et al. 1998, 54-55.

174. (FM 119) Liubcova, point Orniþa (communal Berzasca) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°39’22.11"N, 21°52’40.34"E 4. – 5. Orniþa or Orniþã point is a Neolithic and eneolithic multistratified settlement (Starèevo-Criº and Vinèa cultures). excavations made by S.A. Luca prove the existence of five successive habitation levels. The first and oldest one (V) belongs to Starèevo-Criº culture, phase IIIB Orniþa point is located near the West border of Liubcova village. The settlement is located on the second terrace of the Danube, being centrally placed in the wide depression which represents the outfall of Oreviþa River in the Danube (Luca 1985, 465). The settlement has a approx. 300 m length across the Danube. The excavations were made in the campaigns from 1961, 1965–1967 (E. Comºa), 1985, 1987, 1990 (S. A. Luca). Was made a main section, I, composed of three sections placed one next to the other (SI/1985; SIb/1987; SIc/1990). In the site were identified five levels, I-V, and the materials discovered in level V belong to Starèevo-Criº culture. The culture layer is represented by a yellow-loamy soil. The thickness of the level is between 0.30-0.40 m, getting thinner towards the bank of the River. The Starèevo-Criº habitation was developed on the edge terrace, and was affected by the posterior habitation (Luca 1998, 13-15). The dwellings are semi-subterranean, and the artefacts were discovered at 1.2–1.3 m and 2.1 m depth. Starèevo-Criº features are strongly affected by the Vinèa habitation, characteristic to level IV. The ceramic material is represented by a large palette of shapes and decorations. The painting with brown and black colours is the most used, but also the painting with red colour is used. Typologically we have usual, fine and semifine ceramic (Luca 1998, 17, 36-39). The settlement belongs to phase IIIB (Luca 1998, 96-97). The ornaments are represented by barbotine, painting, pinches, and impressions made with the nail (Luca 1987, 17). In SI/1985 was discovered a fragmentary anthropomorphic statue, the only remain being represented by the head, which was wearing a triangular mask (Luca 1990, 17, fig. 1/1 a-d). Also in 1985 was identified a fragment of an oven (Luca 2003, 19, fig. 1). A

172. (FM 118) Limba, point Bordane (communal Ciugud) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46° 2’12.16"N, 23°35’4.02"E 4. – 5. In Bordane point, located on a high terrace on the left side of Mureº River, terrace which was formerly flow through by a river, was discovered a settlement, Starèevo-Criº IIIB A 1. ªt. Munteanu; I. Paul; M. Ciutã 2. 1944; 1995–2001; 2009–2010 5. III B 6. GrN-29052, 6620±60 BP; GrN-28457, 6580±60 (Table 5, Fig. 6). The radiocarbon data came from a IIIB Phase context and fit well with the end of Starèevo-Criº Culture in southern Transylvania, just before 5500 BC, in the context of Vinèian control of the middle Mureº Valley (see data from Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº). The Vinèian materials are (tipologically) in phase A1, but the radiocarbon data (GrN-28112) is later. B C Ciutã 2000, 51-76; Ciutã 2005, 150; Paul & Ciutã 1998b, 66-67; Paul et al. 1999, 56-58; Maxim 1999, 158. 173. (FM 118) Limba, point ªesul Orzii (communal Ciugud) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46° 2’8.26"N, 23°35’0.03"E 4. – 5. In ªesul Orzii point were discovered late Starèevo-Criº materials in correlation with Vinèa A3 materials. A 1. I. Paul 2. 1995–2001 5. Late SC B C Ciutã 2000, 51-76; Ciutã 2005, 150; Paul & Ciutã 1998b, 66-67; Paul et al. 1999, 56-58; Maxim 1999, 158.

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

1. E. Comºa; S.A. Luca 2. 1961, 1965-1967; 1985, 1987, 1990 3. 140 m 2 4. – 5. IIIB

2. Mureº 3. 46°22’38.69"N, 23°39’5.47"E 4. – 5. In the so called Jidovinã or La Jidovinã point were made excavations during 1967–1968 by V. Lazãr, who identified a Starèevo-Criº habitation.

B C

A Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1971a, 22, 23; Lazarovici 1974, 59; Lazarovici 1975a, 7; Lazarovici 1977b, 13; Lazarovici 1979a, 200-201; Luca 1985; Luca 1987; Luca 1988-1991; Luca 1990; Luca 1997b; Luca 1998; Luca 2006, 159; Luca & Gudea, 156.

1. V. Lazãr 2. 1967-1968 B C Lazãr 1977, 620; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 119.

175. (FM 120) Livada, point Garã (communal Iclod) 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 47° 0’30.16"N, 23°50’48.26"E 4. – 5. In front of Garã point was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement, phase II. A 1. Gh. Lazarovici 2. 1988 3. 24 m2 4. 1 pithouse 5. II A B C Lazarovici et al. 1989-1993, 317-331; Maxim 1999, 166.

179. (FM 123) Lugoj, point Gomilã (communal Boldur) 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°42’7.05"N, 21°49’55.14"E (?) 4. – 5. Gomilã point, which is not located in the arable land of Lugoj, but in the one of Boldur village (here were found Starèevo-Criº materials on a height). A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 201; Lazarovici 1983b,16; Luca 2006, 162; Luca & Gudea, 160. 180. (FM 124) Lunca Tîrnavei, point La Borcioaie (communal ªona) 1. Alba 2. Târnava Micã 3. 46°13’2.13"N, 23°59’50.54"E 4. – 5. During 1976-1977 by excavating the terrace located South-East of the village, in Borcioaie point, M. Blãjan discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds in the arable land. A B C Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 121.

176. (FM 275) Locusteni, point Dealul Predeºtilor (communal Daneþi) 1. Dolj 2. Jiu 3. 43°57’34.03"N, 23°59’0.08"E 4. – 5. The settlement is located 3 km South of Locusteni village, on the bank of Predeºti brook. The Starèevo-Criº habitation was identified in B sector of the settlement. A 1. Gh. Popilian 2. 1972–1978 3. – 4. 3 complexes 5. IIA, III B C Nica 1999, 15; Popilian et al. 1979.

181. (FM 126) Mãceºti (city Moldova Nouã) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°45’14.05"N, 21°36’48.88"E (?) 4. – 5. In 1967 here was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Petrovszky 1977, 441; Lazarovici 1977a, 12; Lazarovici 1979a, 201; Lazarovici 1983a, 13, 16; Luca 2006, 166; Luca & Gudea, 164.

177. (FM 121) Lopadea Nouã 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46°17’23.46"N, 23°49’3.86"E (?) 4. – 5. In unspecified places from the territory of the village were found Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Vlassa 1966, 17; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 117.

182. (FM 127) Mãgura (communal Mãrtineºti) 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°46’54.06"N, 23° 4’35.62"E (?) 4. – 5. Here is mentioned a Starèevo-Criº settlement with some Linear elements. A B C Draºovean & Mariº 1998, 96; Luca 2005, 26; Luca 2008, 111.

178 (FM 122) Lopadea Veche, point Jidovinã (communal Mirãslãu) 1. Alba

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Table 6 Limba radiocarbon data Culture

Phase

Settlement

LABNR

BP

Error

Starèevo-Criº

II B

Mãgura

Wk-14435

6896

61

Starèevo-Criº

II B

Mãgura

Wk-14436

6833

53

Starèevo-Criº

II B

Mãgura

Wk-14437

6784

56

Fig. 7.

Limba radiocarbon plot.

183. (FM 291) Mãgura, point Buduiasca, Boldul lui Moº Ivãnuº 1. Teleorman 2. Teleorman 3. 44° 0’53.82"N, 25°24’27.34"E 4. – 5. The point is located 1 km South East of Mãgura village with remarkable discoveries. For the first time could be say that in western Muntenia is a settlement chronologically synchronous with discoveries from Oltenia. The pottery, anthropomorphic figures, the painting and the wooden objects as well the radiocarbon data suggest an evolution from first phase till second phase. More radiocarbon data as complexes are waiting for publishing soon. A 1. R. Andreescu, Mirea 2. 2001–2008 5. IB-IC, IIB 6. Wk-14435, 6896±61; Wk-14436±53; Wk-1443, 6784±56 (Table 6, Fig. 7). B C Mirea 2005, 50.

B C Roman & Diaconescu 1999-2000, 98, 101; Roman & Diaconescu 2002, 10; Luca 2004, 51; Luca 2005, 26; Luca 2008, 113; Luca et al. 2004, 59. 186. (FM 129) Mediaº, point Gura Câmpului 1. Sibiu 2. Târnava Mare 3. 46°10’8.96"N, 24°20’30.49"E 4. – 5. North-West of Mediaº, on the arable land towards Târnava, in Gura Câmpului point, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Draºovean 1981, 35; Paul 1992, 141; Maxim 1999, 168; Luca et al. 2003, 128.

184. (FM 128) Mãgura-Topliþa (communal Certeju de Sus) 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°58’43.54"N, 22°56’14.37"E 4. – 5. In the village were found Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Maxim 1999, 168; Luca 2005, 26; Luca 2008, 111.

187. (FM 242) Mediaº, point Iºcolani 1. Sibiu 2. Târnava Mare 3. 46° 9’19.96"N, 24°20’12.67"E 4. – 5. In Iºcolani point (I. Paul calls it Iºcolãu) due to some public works were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Blãjan & Tatai Baltã 1978, 11; Draºovean 1981, 35; Paul 1992, 141; Maxim 1999, 168; *** 1999-2000, 43; Luca et al. 2003, 128.

185. (FM 125) Mânerãu, point Dealul Gilii (communal Peºtiºu Mic) 1. Hunedoara 2. Cerna Ardeleanã 3. 45°47’2.23"N, 22°53’45.04"E 4. – 5. In Dealul Gilii or Pe Planuri point, located South-East of the village, on the second terrace of Cerna river. Here were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A

188. (FM 130) Medieºu Aurit 1. Satu Mare 2. Someº 3. 47°47’20.13"N, 23° 7’55.08"E 4. – 5. On the territory of the village were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

Kalmar 1987, 62; Maxim 1999, 168.

with a massive clay floor, belong to phase AB of Petreºti culture; level IV – the pits of this level are made by Celtic-Dacians in II-I cent. BC.; level V – the graves and some of the disparate features of this level are Gepid period; level VI – this level is represented by a pit house with a paved oven which chronologically suggests millennium I A.D. (Luca et al. 2008a, 7-8). In sublevel Ia, belonging to phase SC IB, were discovered B10/2003; B19; G 26. From this features were taken radiocarbon data: B10 7050 ± 70 calibrated BP; B19 and G 26 7010 ± 40 calibrated BP (Luca et al. 2008a, 9-10). In sublevel Ib, chronologicaly SC IC-IIA, were found B1; B17; B20-21; G31; G35-36; In B1 was discovered a stylized amulet, a bucranium idol or labreta, and was taken the radiocarbon sample dated 6920 ± 70 calibrated BP (Luca et al. 2008a, 10-12). In sublevel Ic, was discovered B9 feature (Luca et al. 2008a, 13). In 2005 was discovered a deep feature (named G26) which contained an aggregation of stones (rolling stones and hand mill fragments) overlaying 36 bovine horns, laid in a special way: in the central area of the deposition there is a nucleus from approx. 30 horns, and another three pairs are placed around it forming a triangle (Diaconescu et al. 2009, 8). This feature was attributed to SC IB-IC phase, based on the ceramic material discovered here: brown-reddish ceramic, with well polished slip which represents painting made of white oval dots placed in horizontal rows (Diaconescu et al. 2009, 10; pl. I/1-2). From this feature was also taken a radiocarbon sample, dated 7010±40 BP (Luca et al. 2006, 17). This feature is considered a ritual deposition, related to the establishing of the settlement, because the elements discovered inside the pit (hand mills and domestic and wild bovine horns) could be related to the economic life of the community: agriculture, husbandry, hunting (Diaconescu et al. 2009, 10). Close to this complex is a Pit 35, affected by a later pit (Vinèa) form where we have 2 radiocarbon data (7050±33 BP and 7131±34 BP) (Biagi 2010, see his article in this volume).

189. (FM 131) Mera (communal Baciu) 1. Cluj 2. Someº 3. 46°49’6.63"N, 23°27’3.48"E 4. – 5. On the territory of the village were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Maxim 1999, 168. 190. (FM 132) Meseºeni de Sus, point Valea Dragoºeºtilor (communal Meseºeni de Jos) 1. Sãlaj 2. Crasna 3. 47° 8’12.30"N, 22°58’52.49"E 4. – 5. In Valea Dragoºeºtilor point, due to surveys made by E. Láko were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 73. 191. (FM 133) Miercurea Sibiului, point Petriº 1. Sibiu 2. Secaº 3. 45°53’51.98"N, 23°45’24.66"E 4. – 5. In Petriº point were made excavations starting with 1997. The first and oldest habitation level excavated belongs to Starèevo-Criº culture and has more sub-levels: Ia – the pit houses of this level belong to Starèevo-Criº IB phase (pit house B10, pit house B19); Ib – the pit houses of this level belong to Starèevo-Criº IC-IIA phase (pit house B17, pit houses B20-21 and pits G31, 35-36, pit house B1); Ic – the pit houses of this level belong to Starèevo-Criº IIB-IIIA phase(pit house B9). All the dwellings are counter sinked in the soil. The culture layer of the level is thinner than 0.10 m, is discontinuous and is cream-reddish coloured. The archaeological site Miercurea-Sibiului-Petriº is located 500 meters from the halt of Miercurea Bãi at 1950–1980 m North of the national road Sebeº–Alba Sibiu along a terrace of river Secaº with an average height of 4–5 m. Archaeological discoveries are spread over an area of approximately 300/100 m. Systematic archaeological research began in 1997 and currently being executed by a team led by Prof. Dr. SA Luca. In a first phase site investigation was done by stratigraphic control sections (S1/1997-1920/1.5 m S2/1998-1916/2 m, S3/1998-1916/2 m; S4/1999-1916/2 m and S5/2000-20/1.5 m). In the next stage – since 2001 – has changed excavation system is switching to areas of research and / 2001-2003 - 20 / 20 m, IBS / 2004-2005 - 15 / 16 m SIII / 2006-2007 - 20 / 10 m, CIS / 2006 - 40 / 40 m SV / 2007. Site stratigraphy is as follows: level I – the first and the oldest excavated habitation level, and it has more sub levels: Ia Starèevo-Criº IB pit houses; Ib – Starèevo-Criº IC-IIA pit houses; Ic – Starèevo-Criº IIB-IIIA pit houses; level II belongs to Vinèa culture; level II / III – excavations made in 2007 led to the discovery of a few pits containing Vinèa B1 materials, with painted elements of Lumea Nouã culture; level III belongs to Petreºti culture; the dwellings belonging to this level ,

A 1. S.A. Luca 2. 1997–2009 3. 1500 m2 4. More than 20 features, pits and pit houses 5. IB, IC-IIA, IIB-IIIA 6. OxA-19739, 7131±34 BP; GrN-28520, 7050±70 BP; OxA-19738, 7050± 33 BP; Poz-24697, 7030±50 BP; GrN-29954,7010±40 BP; GrN–28521, 6920±70 BP (Table 7, Fig. 8). B C Luca & Georgescu 1998, 44; Luca et al. 2005, 139-156; Luca et al. 2000c, 86; Luca et al. 2001b, 143; Luca et al. 2002b, 204; Luca et al. 2003, 196-197; Luca et al. 2004, 124; Luca et al. 2008a, 7-46; Luca et al. 2008b, 325-343; Diaconescu et al. 2009, 7-20; Biagi 2010. 192. (FM 134) Miercurea Sibiului, point Pustia (Luncã) 1. Sibiu 2. Secaº 3. 45°52’27.65"N, 23°47’46.31"E 4. – 5. The settlement is located east of the village. The research here was started due to entrenching a gas pipe. With this opportunity were excavated cca. 250 m2 from the site. In the same year were excavated another 20 m2. The stratigraphical sequence here is composed from: Level I the oldest, belongs to Starèevo-Criº culture (pit houses,

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Table 7 Miercurea Sibiului radiocarbon data Culture

Phase

Settlement

LABNR

BP

Error

Starèevo-Criº

IB-IC

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

OxA-19739

7131

34

Starèevo-Criº

IB-IC

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

GrN-28520

7050

70

Starèevo-Criº

IB-IC

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

OxA-19738

7050

33

Starèevo-Criº

IC-IIA

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

Poz-24697

7030

50

Starèevo-Criº

IB-IC

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

GrN-29954

7010

40

Starèevo-Criº

IC-IIA

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

GrN-28521

6920

70

Vinèa

A2

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

GrA-33127

6475

40

Vinèa

A3-B1

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

GrN-29053

6350

130

Vinèa

B, possible Lumea Nouã?

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

GrA-30500

6200

60

Vinèa

B, possible Lumea Nouã Group?

Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº

GrA-26606

6150

40

Fig. 8.

Miercurea Sibiului radiocarbon plot.

phase IIB-IIIA). Level II is developed during Petreºti culture, phase AB (surface dwellings). Level III belongs to Coþofeni culture (huts, phase II).

B C Ignat 1978, 15; Maxim 1999, 170.

A 1. S. A. Luca 2. 2004 3. 20 m2 4. – 5. IIB-IIIA

194. (FM 135) Miºca, point Dealul ªvabilor (communal Chiºlaz) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°14’58.43"N, 22°15’8.28"E (?) 4. – 5. On the territory of the village were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Ignat 1978, 15; Maxim 1999, 170.

B C Luca et al. 2005; http://cimec.ro/Arheologie/cronicaCA2005/ cd/index.htm 193. (FM 135) Miºca, point Dealul Berchii (communal Chiºlaz) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°15’19.21"N, 22°16’35.03"E (?) 4. – 5. On the territory of the village were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A

195. (FM 135) Miºca, point Fântâna Sasului (communal Chiºlaz) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°16’10.94"N, 22°15’27.26"E (?) 4. – 5. On the territory of the village were discovered

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

Starèevo-Criº sherds.

B C

A B C

Lazãr 1995, 266; Maxim 1999, 170. Ignat 1978, 15; Maxim 1999, 170.

200 (FM 139) Moreºti, point La Furci (communal Ungheni) 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°29’38.24"N, 24°25’57.51"E 4. – 5. In La Furci point were found Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. K. Horedt B C Lazãr 1995, 266; Maxim 1999, 170.

196. (FM 146) Moigrad (communal Mirºid) 1. Sãlaj 2. Someº 3. 47°11’44.92"N, 23° 8’33.50"E (?) 4. – 5. In an unspecified point on the territory of the village were discovered two Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Vlassa 1966, 16; Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 73.

201. (FM 139) Moreºti, point Mãzãriºte (communal Ungheni) 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°29’12.14"N, 24°25’58.92"E 4. – 5. In Mãzãriºte point were discovered in IX trench in 1951 Starèevo-Criº sherds and lithic materials. A 1. K. Horedt 2. 1951 3. 50 m2 ? B C Lazãr 1995, 266; Maxim 1999, 170.

197. (FM 137) Moldova Veche, point Ostrov (city Moldova Nouã) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°42’15.28"N, 21°37’35.86"E 4. – 5. In Ostrov, Ostrovul Decebal, Humca or Hunca point, on a sand dune were discovered microlithic tools and Starèevo-Criº traces. A B C Petrovszky 1977, 443-445; Lazarovici 1977b, 15, 16; Lazarovici 1979a, 202; Luca 2006, 173; Luca & Gudea, 171.

202. (FM 139) Moreºti, point Podei (communal Ungheni) 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°29’16.61"N, 24°26’7.51"E 4. – 5. In Podei point, a plateau rectangular shaped placed on th right bank of Mureº, on the second terrace, were discovered, during the excavations made for researching the medieval objectives found here, Starèevo-Criº materials: ceramics, lithic materials (flint, small chippers, axes). A 1. K. Horedt 2. 1951–1955 3. More than 300 m2 B C Horedt 1959 Lazãr 1995, 264; Maxim 1999, 170.

198. (FM 138) Moldova Veche, point Rât (city Moldova Nouã) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°43’57.07"N, 21°36’57.74"E 4. – 5. In Rât or Motel point, located mainly under the new hotel on the bank of Danube, in front of Valurile Dunãrii terrace, 150 m North of km 102 of Orºova–Baziaº road, was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement, phases III-IV. A 1. Gh. Lazarovici 2. 1970, 1975-1976, 1978 3. – 4. 6 complexes 5. III-IV B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1975a, 7; Lazarovici 1977b, 12; Lazarovici 1979a, 202; Lazarovici 1983a, 13, 16, 22, 24, 25; Petrovszky 1977, 443; Luca 2006, 173; Luca & Gudea, 171.

203. (FM 254) Nandru, point Dealul Peºterilor (communal Peºtiºul Mic) 1. Hunedoara 2. Cerna Ardeleanã 3. 45°48’19.55"N, 22°48’58.29"E 4. – 5. At Nandru, at 26 meters from Valea Roatei creek there are 2 caves. The first one is named Peºtera de Jos or Peºtera Curatã. The second one is close and it is named Peºtera Spurcatã. A 1. Z. von Torma; J. Mallász; C S. Nicolãescu-Plopºor 2. 1877; 1932; 1955 3. – 4. caves 5. III

199. (FM 139) Moreºti, point Ciurgãu (communal Ungheni) 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°29’20.58"N, 24°25’58.78"E 4. – 5. In Ciurgãu point, located vis a vis of Podei point, on the other side, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. Kurt Horedt 2. 1956

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fragments. The materials belong to a pit house (L9) piercing the previous level and the sterile. In the same level was identified a bowl painted with rectangular white motifs disposed as inlaid triangles. As coarse ceramic were discovered big pots with flat bottom and a straight lip or slightly flared, ornamented with pinches or with barbotine, simple or organized in lines (Paul 1989, 5-7). In level IIa was identified a dwelling (L8), 4 m × 3 m. were excavated two cassettes (a-b) to reveal the whole objective. Were identified shards, especially coarse ceramic, the paste having a mixture of husk and sand, but also shards painted with white motifs (grids, wavy lines, vertical lines, honeycomb). As decorations remarkable are the alveoli. Beside shards were discovered adobe remains, animal bones, flint, polished stone, horn and bone tools, obsidian fragments and hearth fragments in association with ash. Here were also discovered anthropomorphic and zoomorphic statues (Paul 1989, 7). In the next level, IIb, was identified dwelling L7. The ceramic materials of this level are characterized by red or reddish-yellowish ceramic, polished, the coarse ceramic being ornamented with barbotine (splashed or brushed), alveoli, buttons (Paul 1989, 7). In the next levels (IIIa and IIIb) the ceramic materials are characteristic to Criº culture, similar with the one discovered in trench V, being noticed an increase of the cups with foot, empty on the inside (Paul 1989, 9). In 1984 was excavated trench XIX, 14 m × 1.5 m, North-South oriented, which revealed the southern border of the settlement (Paul 1989, 9). During the excavation of trench XX in 1985 it could be noticed that the settlement was developed along the North-East side of the plateau, in the shape of an ellipsoid elongated towards West. The dwellings from Ocna Sibiului were initially disposed on a narrow terrace, slightly inclined, and located in the North-West side of the plateau. In the first phase were built pit houses, followed by dwellings (because of the demographic growth – the researcher considers). The dwellings were following the edge of the plateau in the first phase. The pit houses discovered in the first two levels (Ia and Ib) were having the entrance North oriented and the dwellings discovered in the next levels were having the entrance South oriented (Paul 1989, 9). One radiocarbon sample is comig from layer VIII and show one of the earliest settlements form Transylvania.

B C Draºovean 1981, 39. 204. (FM 255) Negreni (communal Mihãeºti) 1. Vâlcea 2. Olt 3. 45° 1’51.45"N, 24°14’37.29"E 4. – 5. On the right side of the road to Buleta. A B C Petre-Govora 1995, 12. 205. (FM 140) Noºlac 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46°24’19.23"N, 23°55’41.05"E (?) 4. – 5. On the territory of the village, with no other mentions, were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Vlassa 1966, 17; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 131. 206. (FM 141) Ocna Sibiului, point Triguri 1. Sibiu 2. Târnava Mare 3. 45°52’43.11"N, 24° 4’21.52"E 4. – 5. Excavations were made during 1977–1980, 1983–1985, under the coordination of I. Paul. The thickness of the culture layer varies from a sector of the settlement to another. The stratigraphy observed in V/1977 section has more successive habitation levels, the first two levels (the ones from the bottom of the stratigraphic profile) being represented by pit houses (levels named Ia and Ib) followed by three levels with dwellings (levels IIb, IIIa, IIIb). Based on the orange and dark red colored ceramic, the author includes these pit houses to Proto-Sesklo horizon, and based on the materials discovered in dwellings (L1 and L2) levels IIIa and IIIb he considers them as belonging to Criº culture (Paul 1989, 4). During 1978–1980 were excavated trenches VI–XVI. In trench VIII were identified reddish, redyellowish, polished grey fine and semi fine paste shards, and grey, black-grayish and rarely reddish course ceramic with the mixture of husk and sand. The coarse ceramic was decorated with buttons (simple, double, triple), alveolar belts, pinches with the nail. Beside ceramic materials were also discovered animal bones and flint tools. It was also discovered a pot, painted with white dots on red background, polished, next to a fragmentary pintadera (Paul 1989, 5). Trench XII/1979 (18 m × 1 m) helped to establish the stratigraphy of the site. Were identified 6 successive habitation levels. The first three levels (Ia, Ib, IIa) belong to Proto-Sesklo horizon, the next level (IIb) is considered a transition level, and the last two levels (IIIa and IIIb) belong to Criº culture. Were identified both pit houses and dwellings. For the exhaustive research of the dwellings (L7 and L8) were excavated two cassettes. In level Ia was identified a pit house dug in the sterile, containing shards similar to the ones discovered in trench VIII and with the pot painted with white dots (Paul 1989, 5). In the second level, Ib were identified, beside shards, also hearth

A 1. I. Paul 2. 1977–1980; 1983–1985 3. More than 600 m2 4. terrace 5. I-IV 6. GrN-28110, 7120±60 BP (Fig. 9). B C Paul 1989, 3-27; Paul 1995, 28-68; Maxim 1999, 172; Ciutã 2005; Luca et al. 2003, 154. 207. (FM 142) Ogradena, point Icoana (communal Ieºelniþa) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°38’34.60"N, 22°17’39.26"E 4. – 5. The village is located nowadays under the barrier lake Porþile de Fier I. In Icoana point were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. V. Boroneanþ

111

Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

Fig. 9.

Ocna Sibiului radiocarbon plot.

2. 1967-1969 5. IB

210. (FM 143) Ohaba de sub Piatrã, point Dealul Viilor (communal Sãlaºu de Sus) 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°33’1.18"N, 22°58’27.04"E (?) 4. – 5. In Dealul Viilor point were discovered, north of Valea Bãlþii, Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Luca 2005, 28; Luca 2008, 120.

B C Lazarovici 1977b, 10; Lazarovici 1979a, 202; Boroneanþ 1973, 8-9; Luca 2006, 184; Luca & Gudea, 184. 208. (FM 142) Ogradena, point Mraconia (communal Ieºelniþa) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°38’22.16"N, 22°17’42.44"E? 4. – 5. The village is located nowadays under the barrier lake Porþile de Fier I. In Mraconia point were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. V. Boroneanþ 2. 1967–1969 5. IB B C Lazarovici 1977b, 13; Lazarovici 1979a, 202; Luca 2006, 184; Luca & Gudea, 184.

211. (FM 145) Ohaba-Ponor, point Peºtera Bordul Mare (communal Pui) 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°31’29.49"N, 23° 8’38.46"E 4. – 5. In the cave from Bordu Mare, which is located South-East of the village, on Dealul Bordul Mare hill, were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A 1. M. Roska; C S. Nicolaescu-Plopºor; M. Cârciumaru; I. Andriþoiu 2. 1907?, 1923, 1925, 1928–1929; 1954–1955; 1998; 1999 3. Some 40 m2 ? 4. cave B C Draºovean 1981, 35; Luca 1999a, 5; Luca 2005, 28; Luca 2008, 120; Luca et al. 1997, 17; Luca et al. 1998a, 26; Maxim 1999, 172; Ciutã 2005, 151-152.

209. (FM 142) Ogradena, point Rãzvrata (communal Ieºelniþa) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°38’31.66"N, 22°17’33.70"E 4. – 5. The village is located nowadays under the barrier lake Porþile de Fier I. In Rãzvrata point were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. V. Boroneanþ 2. 1967–1968 B C Lazarovici 1977b, 13; Lazarovici 1979a, 202; Luca 2006, 184; Luca & Gudea, 184.

212. (FM 144) Ohaba-Streiului, point Cãlanul Nou (city Cãlan) 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°43’18.60"N, 23° 2’6.39"E 4. – 5. In Cãlanul Nou, La Podinã I or La Sãlcii, located North-

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Northeast of Ohaba village, on a low terrace, located on the right bank of Pârâul Luncani brook, were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds.

217. (FM 146) Orºova 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°43’15.73"N, 22°24’3.73"E (?) 4. – 5. The city is located nowadays mostly under the barrier lake Porþile de Fier I. The new city was built in a new location. On the territory of the city was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 28; Luca 2006, 186; Luca & Gudea, 186.

A 1. M. Ciutã 2. 1998 3. 5 m2 4. – 5. III B C Ciutã & ªtefan 1999; Ciutã 2002, 32-33; Luca 2005, 28; Luca 2008, 121. 213. (FM 309) Oradea, point Fabrica de Cãrãmidã Guttmann 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Repede 3. 47° 2’19.06"N, 21°56’33.16"E 4. – 5. In Fabrica de Cãrãmidã Guttmann point was discovered a settlement with more habitation levels, the earliest one belonging to Starèevo-Criº culture. A B C Ignat 1981, 41-58; Maxim 1999, 173.

218. (FM 308) Ostrovul Corbului, point Botul Cliuciului (communal Hinova) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°30’40.48"N, 22°42’6.96"E 4. – 5. The settlement is located in front of km 911. Here were made excavations in two sectors: A and B In sector A were excavated 26 trenches and it was identified a settlement and Starèevo-Criº graves. At least a part of the graves were dug inside the settlement. The descriptions of the author show a late horizon overlaid by a Vinèa settlement. A 1. Roman 2. 1970–1979, 1980–1984. 3. 1223 m2 4. – 5. Late SC? B C Roman 1996.

214. (FM 146) Oradea, point Parcul Petöfi 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Repede 3. 47° 3’52.33"N, 21°56’13.74"E 4. – 5. In Parcul Petöfi point were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Ignat 1981, 41-58; Maxim 1999, 173. 215. (FM 147) Orãºtie, point Punctul X3 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°51’41.71"N, 23°13’9.09"E 4. – 5. X3 point. The prehistoric settlement is located 200 m south of X1 point. Here were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Luca 1997a, 18; Luca 2005, 28; Luca 2008, 122; Maxim 1999, 173.

219. (FM 257) Ostrovul Corbului, point Botul Piscului (communal Hinova) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°30’54.82"N, 22°42’50.50"E 4. – 5. The settlement is located in front of km 912-916. The settlement is completely destroyed, Starèevo-Criº materials appeared during a survey in 1970. A 1. I. Andrieºescu; D. Berciu 2. 1921; 1933, 1942 B C Roman 1996.

216. (FM 148) Orãºtie, point Punctul X8 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°51’25.28"N, 23°12’55.16"E 4. – 5. In X8 point was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A 1. S. A. Luca 2. 1993, 1994 5. III B (IVA?) B C Luca 1997a, 19-20; Luca 1999b, 8; Luca 2005, 29; Luca 2008, 123; Luca et al. 1998a; Maxim 1999, 173.

220. (FM 303) Ostrovu Mare, point Botul Piscului (communal Gogoºu) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°24’14.70"N, 22°30’51.29"E 4. – A 1. V. Boroneanþ 2. 1976 5. Close to the ending from the upstream of the island, towards Þigãneºti, on the beach and on the bank of Dunãrea Micã were found more shards. The excavation revealed a concrete culture level B

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Table 8 Parþa radiocarbon data Culture

Phase

Settlement

LABNR

BP

Error

Starèevo-Criº

IIIA

Parþa

GrN-28460

6860

60

Starèevo-Criº

III B

Parþa

GrN-28459

6660

60

Banatului Culture

I, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2145

6560

140

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2147

6500

130

Banatului Culture

I, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2146

6470

150

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2143

6340

100

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2139

6330

140

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2141

6290

80

Banatului Culture

I, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2142

6240

80

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2148

6240

70

Banatului Culture

I, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2151

6240

70

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2138

6160

100

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2149

6160

90

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2140

6140

80

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2144

6100

80

Banatului Culture

II, Vinèa

Parþa

Lv-2150

6070

90

C

C Lazarovici et al. 2001, 80; Luca 2006, 192; Luca & Gudea, 192-193.

Stângã 1986, 13. 221. (FM 302) Ostrovu Mare, point Schela (communal Gogoºu) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°22’36.47"N, 22°32’58.21"E 4. – 5. On the high and caved bank of the Danube 100 m of Schela point (50 m downstream of the float bridge which makes the connection with Gogoºu village). A 1. V. Boroneanþ 2. 1978 B C Stângã 1986, 13.

224. (FM 150) Parþa, point Tell II (communal ªag) 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°37’41.14"N, 21° 6’52.16"E 4. – 5. In Tell II or Obiectiv 2 point, located approx. 100 m south of the first dam and Timiº River, was discovered a Neolithic tell inhabited in Starèevo-Criº period. It could be observed that the Banat Culture (Early Vinèa) is settling around 5500 BC, soon after last data from Starèevo-Criº. One radiocarbon data is coingfrom pit house no. 1 (GrN-28460) very early for IIIA phase. It is interesting the GrN-28459 data, coming from a IIIB complex which put very early the Vinèian influences. A 5. III 6. GrN-28460, 6860±60 BP; GrN-28459, 6660±60 BP (Table 8, Fig. 10) B C Lazarovici 1979a, 204-205; Lazarovici et al. 1985; Lazarovici et al. 2001, 58-59; Draºovean et al. 2002; *** 1999-2000, 819, 820; ***2000, 279; *** 2001, 809; Luca 2006, 192; Luca & Gudea, 192.

222. (FM 150) Parþa, point Aºezarea 5 (communal ªag) 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°37’29.03"N, 21° 6’34.34"E 4. – 5. Aºezarea 5 or Obiectiv 5 is situated on the right side of the dam, closest to Pãdurea Peciului, at 500 m down than Tell-ul II. A 5. IIIA B C Lazarovici et al. 1985; Lazarovici et al. 2001, 63-64; Luca 2006, 192; Luca & Gudea, 192.

225. (FM 268) Pãdureni (communal Moacºa) 1. Covasna 2. Râul Negru 3. 45°53’11.49"N, 25°55’32.21"E (?) 4. – 5. In unspecified point on the territory of the village Starèevo-Criº sherds, which were collected in 1901 by MNIT. A B C Vlassa 1966, 13; Ciutã 1997, 10; Cavruc et al. 1998, 107-108.

223. (FM 151) Parþa, point Obiectiv 6 (communal ªag) 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°37’58.77"N , 21° 7’18.72"E (?) 4. – 5. In Obiectiv 6 point were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B

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Fig. 10. Parþa radiocarbon plot. 226. (FM 267) Pãnade, point Tãul Pãnãzii (communal Sâncel) 1. Alba 2. Târnava Micã 3. 46°13’43.11"N, 23°55’43.42"E 4. – 5. The site is located on a terrace which borders the lake named Tãul Pãnãzii. The settlement also has early linear influences. A 1. H. Ciugudean 2. 1998–1999 3. 15 m2 4. – 5. IV (IVA?) B C Luca et al. 2000a.

2. Olt 3. 44°19’40.36"N, 23°58’28.84"E 4. – 5. The settlement is located on the terrace and on the plain of Teslui River. A 5. II B C Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002. 229. (FM 154) Pecica, point Forgaci 1. Arad 2. Mureº 3. 46°10’53.62"N, 21° 8’50.99"E 4. – 5. In Forgaci point, located 4.5 km East of the village were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. S. A. Luca 2. 1989 B C Pãdureanu 1985, 37; *** 1999, 98.

227. (FM 153) Pãuleni – Ciuc, point Câmpul Cetãþii (city Miercurea Ciuc) 1. Harghita 2. Olt 3. 46°24’26.41"N, 25°51’58.31"E (?) 4. – 5. In Câmpul Cetãþii point was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement. B C Maxim 1999, 174.

230. (FM 256) Peºtiº (communal Aleºd) 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Repede 3. 47° 4’17.22"N, 22°24’46.34"E? 4. – 5. Here were found Starèevo-Criº traces. A

228. (FM 304) Pârºani, point ªcoala (communal Pieleºti) 1. Dolj

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

B C

235 (FM 159) Piºcolt 1. Satu Mare 2. Barcãu 3. 47°34’55.13"N, 22°16’7.70"E 4. – 5. On the left side of the road, towards the vineyard of the village, vis-a-vis of the former cattle farm, after Nisipãrie were collected sherds with husk in the paste, decorated in the Starèevo-Criº fashion. A B C Németi 1999, 45.

Maxim 1999, 175. 231. (FM 155) Peºtiºu Mare, point Tãmãºtilic (city Hunedoara) 1. Hunedoara 2. Cerna Ardeleanã 3. 45°47’50.92"N, 22°55’28.51"E 4. – 5. In Tãmãºtilic point, on a terrace located on the left bank of Cerna River, the south border of the settlement being limited by a brook, were found Starèevo-Criº materials, phase IIB-IIIB Here is located, we believe, a flint deposit, exploited in prehistory. A 4. IIB-IIIB B C Roman & Diaconescu 1999-2000, 98, 103-104; Roman & Diaconescu 2002, 13-15; Luca 2004, 28, 51; Luca 2005, 30; Luca 2008, 130; Luca et al. 2004, 60, 62.

236. (FM 160) Plãieºti, point Roata ªoarecelui (communal Moldoveneºti) 1. Cluj 2. Arieº 3. 46°30’12.30"N, 23°42’56.64"E 4. – 5. In the so called Roata ªoarecelui place, a higher point at the exit from the village, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds, phase IIIB-IVA. A 5. IIIB-IVA B C Criºan et al. 1992, 314.

232. (FM 156) Peºtiºu Mic 1. Hunedoara 2. Cerna Ardeleanã 3. 45°47’50.05"N, 22°53’23.46"E (?) 4. – 5. The prehistoric settlement is located on a low terrace on the left bank of Peºtiº brook, at the entrance in the village on the road coming from Hunedoara – Sântuhalm. Here were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Luca 2004, 52; Luca 2005, 30; Luca 2008, 130; Luca et al. 2004, 60-61.

237. (FM 161) Pojejena, point Nucet 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°46’2.96"N, 21°34’45.79"E 4. – 5.In Nucet or Nuceþ(i) point, located South-East of the village, approx. 400 m North-East of the feudal ruins from the bank of the Danube (the burg from Zidina point), is located a Starèevo-Criº settlement with two levels. The lower one is SC IB, and the upper one is SC IIIB-IVB phase. The settlement from Pojejena, Nuceþ(i) point, is located South-East of the village, 400 m North-East of the medieval city from Zidina point. The Starèevo-Criº settlement has two levels (Luca 2006, 201). During the excavation made in 1986 was established the stratigraphy of the site. StarèevoCriº materials were identified in layers 1, 2 and 3. The early Neolithic layers were named level I and II, level I being the oldest one. In this level was discovered a pit house at 1.5 m depth. The central pit of the pit house has a 4.5 m diameter, and on the edges of it were identified post holes. Was discovered a rich ceramic material, and a quadrangle altar with perforations on the corners, one of the most important pieces, in level I. In level II were identified fragments from a bracelet and an amulet made of clam. Were identified two painted sherds, one in each level. The painting was made with red and black, the ornament being represented by parallel strips (Luca 1995, 7-8). In SII/1986, in level II, were identified two fragments from an oven (Luca 2003, 20). Based on the ceramic material and the plastic, level I from Pojejena Nuceþ(i) can be considered early SC IIB Level II of the settlement is considered SC IIIB-IVA (Luca 1995, 8-9). A 1. Gh. Lazarovici; S. A. Luca 2. 1969; 1986 3. ?; 32 m2 4. 2 pit houses

233. (FM 157) Petreºti (city Sebeº) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 45°55’12.23"N, 23°33’39.76"E (?) 4. – 5. In unspecified points on the territory of the village were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds, along with Turdaº ceramics. A B C Paul 1965, 295; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 140. 234. (FM 158) Petreºtii de Sus, point Casa Moldovan (communal Petreºtii de Jos) 1. Cluj 2. Arieº 3. 46°32’51.03"N, 23°38’48.54"E 4. – 5. On the terrace where are located the parsonage and the school, in front of the house of Elena Moldovan, were discovered Late Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 5. Late SC B C Criºan et al. 1992, 310.

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Fig. 11. Râmnicu Vâlcea radiocarbon plot. 5. III; IIB, IIIB-IVA

240. (FM 166) Rapoltu Mare, point Sedi 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°51’21.85"N, 23° 3’38.17"E 4. – 5. In Sedi or ªeghi point, on the first terrace of Mureº River, on the right bank, west of the village, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Luca 2004, 32; Luca 2008, 137.

B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1975a, 8; Lazarovici 1977b, 12; Lazarovici 1979a, 205; Lazarovici 1983a, 13, 16; Petrovszky 1977, 449-450; Luca 1993, 20; Luca 1995, 5-22; Luca 1996, 89-90; Luca 2006, 202; Luca & Gudea, 201.

238. (FM 162) Porþ, point Corãu (communal Marca) 1. Sãlaj 2. Barcãu 3. 47°14’42.17"N, 22°33’28.54"E 4. – 5. In Corãu point were made rescue excavations and were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. Doina Ignat; I. Bejenariu 2. 1973, 1980; 2002–2003 3. 800 m2 4. 5 surface buildings, 2 pit houses 5. III B, IV A B C Pop et al. 2004; Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 73.

241. (FM 168) Rãdeºti (communalAlmaº) 1. Arad 2. Criºul Alb 3. 46°15’29.60"N, 22°14’38.86"E 4. – 5. 1 km South of the village, between the left bank of Valea Rãdeºtilor and Mãgureaua hill, were discovered, in the arable land, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Pãdureanu 1985, 38, *** 1999, 103. 242. (FM 164) Râmnicu Vâlcea, point Copãcelu 1. Vâlcea 2. Olt 3. 45° 4’33.38"N, 24°20’11.48"E 4. – 5. The site is also known as Valea Rãii. The materials were published fragmentary and not on complexes. A radiocarbon data is known from a later phase. A 1. D. Berciu; M. Iosifaru 2. 1977–1979, 1981?; 2002–2004, 2006–2008 5. IC?, IIA, IIIB-IVA 6. KN-I.102, 6480±75 BP (Fig. 11). B

239. (FM 163) Pustiniº, point Hodaie (communal Uivar) 1. Timiº 2. Bega 3. 45°38’51.85"N, 20°51’51.64"E (?) 4. – 5. In Hodaie point, in the arable land of the village, somewhere between Pustiniº and Checea, was discovered a Neolithic tell. The sherds belong to Starèevo-Criº culture. B C Lazarovici 1979b, 205, 208; Luca 2006, 205; Luca & Gudea, 205.

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

247. (FM 171) Româneºti, point Peºtera Româneºti (communal Tomeºti) 1. Timiº 2. Bega 3. 45°47’51.29"N, 22°20’58.80"E 4. – 5. In Peºtera Româneºti, Peºtera Mare de la Fereºeºti point, located in Poiana Ruscã mountains, the carst from Bega River basin, above Mãnãºtur, Valea Pustinei, the left versant, 2.2 km before the joining with Bega Poienilor brook, Dealul lui Filip, South-East of the village, were discovered in the cave Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. M. Moga; Fl. Mogoºanu 2. 1948; 1960 3. – 4. cave B C Lazarovici 1979a, 206; Luca 2006, 212.

C Berciu 1966, 70-73; Lazarovici 1984; Tulugea 2008. 243. (FM 165) Râpa, point Sub Pãdure (communal Tinca) 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Negru 3. 46°47’1.76"N, 21°58’44.31"E 4. – 5. In Sub Pãdure (Câmpul de Sus, Dealul Morii) point was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A 1. S. Dumitraºcu 2. 1971? 5. Late SC B C Maxim 1999, 177. 244. (FM 167) Râºnov, point Gura Cheii 1. Braºov 3. Olt 3. 45°33’19.81"N, 25°33’5.57"E 4. – 5. In Gura Cheii cave were mentioned, starting with the inter-war period, prehistoric traces, and recent research classified the sherds as Starèevo-Criº. A 1. Alfred Prox; C. S. Nicolãescu-Plopºor; Al. Pãunescu; Marin Cârciumaru 2. 1937-1939 (?); 1959; 1983-1985; 2007 3. – 4. cave B C Costea 2004, 28.

248. (FM 172) Ruja (city Anita) 1. Sibiu 2. Hârtibaciu 3. 46° 0’37.89"N, 24°38’59.72"E 4. – 5. In the yard of the kindergarten was discovered, due to some public works, Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Luca et al. 2003, 183. 249. (FM 173) Rupea, point Dealul Cohãmel 1. Braºov 2. Olt 3. 46° 1’43.50"N, 25°13’1.55"E 4. – 5. At the foot of Cohãlmel Hill, in the South side of the city, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds, due to excavations conducted by Vl. Dumitrescu. The materials are deposited in the collections of Rupea Museum. A 1. Vl. Dumitrescu 2. 1957 5. III ? B C Vlassa 1966, 17; Costea 2004, 29.

245. (FM 169) Remetea Oaºului, point ªomoº I and II (communal Oaºu Nou) 1. Satu Mare 2. Tur 3. 47°53’17.12"N, 23°19’42.00"E 4. – 5. In ªomoº I and II points was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A 1. Maria Bitiri 2. 1962–1965 3. 302 m2 B C Maxim 1999, 178.

250 (FM 174) Sanislãu 1. Satu Mare 2. Crasna 3. 47°38’30.11"N, 22°19’9.45"E (?) 4. – 5. In the school collection are held a couple of sherds with husk in the paste and an obsidian core belonging to Starèevo-Criº culture. A B C Németi 1999, 49.

246. (FM 170) Româneºti, point Dealul Viei (communal Tomeºti) 1. Timiº 2. Bega 3. 45°49’5.87"N, 22°18’28.31"E 4. – 5. In Dealul Viei point, on a terrace with 25 m altitude of Bega River, on the right bank, at half of the distance between Româneºti and Curtea, was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1979a, 206; Luca 2006, 212; Luca & Gudea, 212.

251. (FM 178) Santãul Mare (communal Borº) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu

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3. 47°10’3.93"N, 21°50’11.54"E 4. – 5. On the territory of the village were identified Starèevo-Criº.

settlement. A B C

A B C

Ignat 1983, 10; Maxim 1999, 182. Lazarovici 1984, 89; Maxim 1999, 179.

256. (FM 177) Sântandrei 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Repede 3. 47° 3’59.44"N, 21°50’57.03"E (?) 4. – 5. Here are mentioned Starèevo-Criº sherds

252. (FM 180) Sãlacea, point Dealul Cetãþii 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°27’45.42"N, 22°18’25.72"E 4. – 5. In an unspecified point is mentioned a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Ignat 1983, 10; Németi 1999, 34.

A B C Maxim 1999, 183. 257. (FM 179) Sântioana, point La Fântâna Turcului (communal Viiºoara) 1. Mureº 2. Târnava Micã 3. 46°17’17.80"N, 24°32’37.44"E (?) 4. – 5. In La Fântâna Turcului point was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Maxim 1999, 182.

253. (FM 261) Sãlcuþa, point Piscul Corniºorului 1. Dolj 2. Deznãþui 3. 44°15’17.63"N, 23°26’48.84"E 4. – 5. The hill is located North of Sãlcuþa village and it has the shape of a tell. The first level belongs to Starèevo-Criº culture. The excavations made by Berciu revealed more pits, but no dwellings or pit houses were identified. This level is overlaid by 7 Sãlcuþa levels. The recent published materials (2005) from the excavations made by H. Dumitrescu show, for level I, the best quality Vinèa materials, but there are also mentioned Starèevo-Criº materials. A 1. I. Andrieºescu; C Schuchhard; H. Dumitrescu; D. Berciu 2. 1916, 1919–1920; 1917; 1945–1946; 1951 3. 4. Type of the site and number of features 5. IIIB B C Berciu 1961, 151-192; Bâlcu & Andreescu 2005.

258. (FM 182) Sebeº, point Casa Jampa 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 45°56’26.36"N, 23°34’44.38"E 4. – 5. In Casa Jampa point were discovered Starèevo-Criº vestiges, nowadays in the collection of Petreºti School. A 5. III B B C Draºovean 1981, 35; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 166. 259. (FM 183) Secuieni, point La Szilás 1. Harghita 2. Târnava Mare 3. 46°14’49.42"N, 24°58’0.15"E 4. – 5. In La Szilás point was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement, phase IIIB A 5. IIIB B C Maxim 1999, 183.

254. (FM 175) Sânmihaiu Român, point Deal 1. Timiº 2. Bega 3. 45°41’31.60"N, 21° 4’27.67"E (?) 4. – 5. In Deal or La Deal point located in the South-West side of the village, towards Diniaº, is placed a tell with a wide surface. During a survey made here were collected Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Luca 2006, 226; Luca & Gudea, 227.

260. (FM 183) Secuieni, point Pad 1. Harghita 2. Târnava Mare 3. 46°14’53.50"N, 24°58’10.08"E 4. – 5. On Pad terrace were identified Starèevo-Criº materials. A B C Maxim 1999, 183.

255. (FM 176) Sânnnicolau Român, point Cefala Pãdure (communal Cefa) 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Repede (?) 3. 46°57’13.85"N, 21°42’8.10"E 4. – 5. In Cefala Pãdure point was excavated a Starèevo-Criº

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Early Neolithic settlements in Western part of Romania

261. (FM 184) Seleuº, point Sub Deal 1. Arad 2. Criºul Alb 3. 46°22’21.85"N, 21°43’57.92"E 4. – 5. In Sub Deal or La Tetani point, located South-West of the village, was discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds, decorated with clay slip, flattened buttons, belts. A 5. III-IV? B C *** 1999, 116.

2. Buzãu 3. 45°36’55.02"N, 26° 5’34.46"E 4. – 5. 2 km South of Poarta Cremenii, Pe Drumul Roatelor, La Roate or În Roate, during a survey, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Cavruc et al. 1998, 135-137. 267. (FM 190) Sita Buzãului, point Malul Dinu Buzea (city Întorsura Buzãului) 1. Covasna 2. Buzãu 3. 45°38’43.03"N, 26° 4’38.94"E (?) 4. – 5. In the so called Malul Dinu Buzea point, located on the low terrace of Buzãu River, during the excavations made in 1956-1961, was identified a habitation level, considered Starèevo-Criº, with geometric microlithics and pottery similar with the one from Ceahlãu-Dârþu. A 1. C.S. Nicolaescu Plopºor 2. 1956–1961 B C Nicolãescu-Plopºor 1957, 50; Nicolãescu-Plopºor 1959, 51-53; Pãunescu 1966, 319-324; Pãunescu & Pop 1961, 35; Berciu 1961, 13; Cavruc et al. 1998, 135-137.

262. (FM 185) Sfânta Elena (communal Coronini) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°40’30.55"N, 21°42’53.05"E 4. – 5. Here was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1977b, 13; Lazarovici 1979a, 207; Lazarovici 1983a, 16; Luca 2006, 232; Luca & Gudea, 233. 263. (FM 186) Sic, point Súrló 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°55’35.65"N, 23°53’33.95"E ? 4. – 5. In Súrló point was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Maxim 1999, 183.

268. (FM 283) Slatina, point Catedralã 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44°25’51.56"N, 24°21’15.13"E 4. – 5. Nearby the cathedral of the city. A B C Mirea 2005, 38.

264. (FM 187) Sicheviþa, point Primãrie 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°41’41.97"N, 21°50’38.50"E 4. – 5. In Consiliul Popular (Townhall) and Magazinul Alimentar point was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1983a, 16-17; Kalmar 1984, 394; Luca 2006, 232; Luca & Gudea, 234.

269. (FM 191) Socol, point Krugliþa de Mijloc 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°49’32.05"N, 21°25’57.70"E 4. – 5. In Krugliþa de Mijloc point was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A 1. Dumitru Þeicu 2. 2001 B C Petrovszky 1977, 455; Lazarovici 1983a, 16; Luca 2006, 234; Luca & Gudea, 235.

265. (FM 290) Sita Buzãului, point Cremenea (city Întorsura Buzãului) 1. Covasna 2. Buzãu 3. 45°37’51.28"N, 26° 5’14.20"E 4. – 5. On the territory of the former village, nowadays included to Sita Buzãului, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Cavruc et al. 1998, 135-137.

270. (FM 192) Someºul Rece, point Cetate 1. Cluj 2. Someº 3. 46°43’25.69"N, 23°20’48.90"E 4. – 5. Neolithic sherds, possible SC. A B C

266. (FM 188) Sita Buzãului, point Drumul Roatelor (city Întorsura Buzãului) 1. Covasna

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Petrovszky 1977, 455; Lazarovici 1983a, 16; Luca 2006, 234; Luca & Gudea, 235.

A B C Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002.

271. (FM 193) Stârciu, point Holdele lungi (communal Horoatu Crasnei) 1. Sãlaj 2. Crasna 3. 47° 5’16.91"N, 22°55’38.63"E 4. – 5. In Holdele lungi point was discovered a Starèevo-Criº bowl, decorated with barbotine in shape of tets. A B C Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 74.

276. (FM 196) Straja, point Înfundãtura (communal Berghin) 1. Alba 2. Secaº 3. 46° 3’58.29"N, 23°41’36.25"E 4. – 5. On Înfundãtura plateau from Lisul Strãjii were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds and a flint blade. A B C Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 166.

272. (FM 194) Steierdorf, point Peºtera Hoþilor (city Anina) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Nera 3. 45° 1’0.12"N, 21°49’0.00"E 4. – 5. In the cave near Steierdorf (Peºtera Hoþilor) was found Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 1. Gh. Lazarovici 2. 2004, 2005 3. – 4. cave 5. III 6. Sac-2001, 6710±80 BP B C Lazarovici et al. 2005b; Luca 2006, 236; Luca & Gudea, 237.

277. (FM 197) Straja, point Sub Mãgurã (communal Berghin) 1. Alba 2. Secaº 3. 46° 3’7.76"N, 23°41’23.66"E 4. – 5. On Sub Mãgurã terrace, in the place called Fântâna Barnii, located 2 km South-East of the village, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 166. 278. (FM 306) Studina, point La Mãgura dintre vii 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 43°57’12.23"N, 24°25’50.21"E 4. – A B C Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001-2002, 9-12.

273. (FM 264) Stejaru (Milcov) 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44°20’56.50"N, 24°22’41.26"E 4. – A B C Mirea 2005, 37.

279. (FM 199) Stupãrei, point La Ceºmele (communal Mihãeºti) 1. Vâlcea 2. Olt 3. 45° 0’40.95"N, 24°17’18.12"E 4. – 5. The settlement is located on a terrace of Olt River. A B C Petre-Govora 1995, 12.

274. (FM 195) Stejeriº, point Izvorul Rece (communal Moldoveneºti) 1. Cluj 2. Mureº 3. 46°27’5.41"N, 23°43’48.49"E 4. – 5. In the so called Izvorul Rece point, located on the border of the village towards the forest, on a terrace inclined towards south, were discovered in 1987 Starèevo-Criº sherds and stone tools, phase IIIA. A 5. IIIA B C Criºan et al. 1992, 369.

280. (FM 200) Suceagu, point Grãdini (communal Baciu) 1. Cluj 2. Someº 3. 46°46’50.50"N, 23°27’29.79"E 4. – A 5. Late SC B C Maxim 1999, 185.

275. (FM 305) Stolniceni (Municipiul Râmnicul Vâlcea) 1. Vâlcea 2. Olt 3. 45° 2’55.43"N, 24°19’12.41"E 4. – 5. East of DN 64 and West of Olt River, around the cemetery.

281. (FM 201) Suplacu de Barcãu, point Lapiº I 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°15’44.68"N, 22°31’19.68"E (?)

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4. – 5. In Lapiº I point, was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement.

pits (Ciutã 2009, 32). Level I is placed at the bottom of the archaeological layer, placed directly on the sterile soil represented by white-greyish bentone. The Starèevo-Criº IC-IIA level (level I) is formed of a black-brownish soil, very rough, with a thickness between 10 to 25 cm 10–25 cm. Here were discovered more features. Level II of Starèevo-Criº culture, phase IIIA (IIB?), is black coloured, friable and with thickness between 10 to 80 cm. In this level was not discovered any feature (Ciutã 2009, 34-35). In level I were discovered dwellings L2 (L1/1997), L3 (L2/1998), L4 (L3/2000) and the pit house B3 (B1/1998). The dwellings were represented by materials like stones, shards, osteological material, shells, hearth fragments, hand mill fragments, lithic chopped or polished tools (Ciutã 2009, 39-42). From the first level (level I) was taken a radiocarbon sample, GrN-28114: 7070±60 BP; 6000-5880 BC (63,2%).

A 1. Doina Ignat 2. 1977 B C Lazarovici 1984, 89; Ignat 1982, 19; Maxim 1999, 185. 282. (FM 201) Suplacu de Barcãu, point Lapiº II 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°15’56.12"N, 22°31’38.84"E (?) 4. – 5. In Lapiº II point, was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1984, 89; Ignat 1982, 19; Maxim 1999, 185.

A 1. I. Paul; Marius Ciutã 2. 1996–1998, 1999–2000 5. I-II, IIIB-IVA.

283. (FM 202) Sviniþa, point Izlaz (communal Dubova) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°32’20.08"N, 22° 4’1.05"E (?) 4. – 5. In Izlaz point, on the bank of the Danube, at the embouchure in Trescavãþ Valley, was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1977b, 208; Luca 2006, 238; Luca & Gudea, 240.

4. GrN-28114: 7070±60 BP (Fig. 12), B C Paul & Ciutã 1997, 60; Paul & Ciutã 1998a, 113-115; Ciutã 2005, 152-153; Ciutã 2009; Maxim 1999, 186. 286. (FM 205) ªimleul Silvaniei, point Observator 1. Sãlaj 2. Crasna 3. 47°14’45.88"N, 22°47’50.58"E 4. – 5. In Observator point, due to excavations made here, were identified Starèevo-Criº materials. A 1. H. Pop 2. 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999–2003 3. 1285 m2 B C Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 74; Pop et al. 2000, 102; Pop et al. 2004.

284. (FM 203) Sviniþa, point Piatra Iliºovei (communal Dubova) 1. Mehedinþi 2. Danube 3. 44°35’43.52"N, 22° 3’22.23"E (?) 4. – 5. In Piatra Iliºovei or Iliºova or Eliºova point, which is located near the border piquet, were discovered Starèevo-Criº artefacts. A B C Lazarovici 1977b, 13; Luca 2006, 238; Luca & Gudea, 239.

287. (FM 206) ªimnicul de Jos, point Curtea Staþiunii experimentale agricole (communal ªimnicul de Sus) 1. Dolj 2. Jiu 3. 44°23’23.52"N, 23°48’18.57"E 4. – 5. The point is located on a hill nearby the Jiu plain. Were identified more Starèevo-Criº habitation levels (5 levels). The pottery is described in a research report where are only few materials which are not distributed on features. Were discovered mainly dwellings. In the features of level V were not discovered any Vinèa materials. After Starèevo-Criº level V we have a Vinèa A level. A 1. Doina Galbenu 2. 1962, 1967–1974 5. IIA-IIB, III, IV? B C Galbenu 1975; Nica & Rãdoiescu 2002, 11.

285. (FM 204) ªeuºa, point La Cãrarea Morii (Alba Iulia) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46° 2’27.03"N, 23°38’3.69"E 4. – 5. The site from ªeuºa-La-Cãrarea Morii is located on the valley of ªeuºiþa River, left affluent Mureº River. The site is located aprox. 4 km South-East of the centre of ªeuºa village. The site is positioned on a high terrace of the river, the terrace being exposed North, North-East. Administrative speaking La Cãrarea Morii point is located on the arable land of ªeuºa village, which belongs to Ciugud Township, Alba County (Ciutã 2009, 15-16). The archaeological research made for 5 successive campaigns, 1996-2000, and were made trenches, cassettes and stratigraphic control. The lowest Starèevo-Criº level, black coloured, friable, with thickness between 0.10–0.80 m, noticed on the whole length of the sections, 112 m. The Early Neolithic layer is followed by Bronze Age, Dacian and Roman layers. The Early Neolithic layer is in some places pierced by posterior

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Fig. 12. ªeuºa radiocarbon plot. 288. (FM 207) ªpãlnaca, point Fântâna lui ªimon (communal Hopârta) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46°20’42.39"N, 23°54’37.81"E 4. – 5. On the North-East border of the village, on the terrace called Fântâna lui ªimon, were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Blãjan & Tatai-Baltã 1978, 15; Draºovean 1981, 35; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 166.

& Gudea, 244. 291. (FM 210) Tarcea, point Frater Béla 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°27’11.58"N, 22° 9’12.43"E 4. – 5. In the former vineyard owned by Frater Béla, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds, small chippers and polished stone axes. A B C Németi 1999, 36.

289. (FM 208) ªpãlnaca, point La ªugud (communal Hopârta) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46°19’59.61"N, 23°55’8.45"E 4. – 5. In the East side of the village, on the right bank of ªugud brook, were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Blãjan & Tatai-Baltã 1978, 15; Draºovean 1981, 35; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 166.

292. (FM 213) Tãrtãria, point Halta CFR (communal Sãliºtea) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 45°57’1.22"N, 23°24’43.75"E 4. – 5. In Halta CFR (Gura Luncii) point was excavated a multistratified settlement the first levels belonging to Starèevo-Criº culture, phases II, IIIB A 1. K. Horedt; N. Vlassa, I. Paul 2. 1942–1943; 1961; 1989 3. Aprox 100 m2, 69 m2, 12 m2 4. II, IIIB B C Maxim 1999, 188; Paul 2007; Vlassa 1963.

290. (FM 209) ªuºca, point Km 11 (communal Pojejena) 1. Caraº-Severin 2. Danube 3. 44°46’51.93"N, 21°32’35.74"E 4. – 5. On a slope 100 m South of the road, at km 11, East of the village, was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici 1969, 5; Lazarovici 1979a, 205, 208; Lazarovici 1983a, 13, 16; Petrovszky 1977, 456; Luca 2006, 244; Luca

293. (FM 214) Tãºnad, point La Sere 1. Satu Mare 2. Barcãu 3. 47°28’20.96"N, 22°34’18.76"E 4. – 5. On the first terrace of Cehal brook, in Sere point was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement, first through a survey in 1987, and after that were made excavations starting with

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1989. In 2001 campaign were partially rescued another 2 Early Neolithic features (Gr. 1 and Gr. 2), threatened by the waters of Cehal channel. The most important was the discovery of a Starèevo-Criº grave in Gr. 2, with the skeleton well preserved, and crouched.

Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Maxim 1999, 189; Luca 2005, 38; Luca 2008, 170.

A 1. N. Iercoºan; Németi János; Cristian Virag 2. 1989–1995 (?); 2001; 2004–2006 3. Aprox 400 m; aprox 1800 m 4. Crouched child grave, 5. III B- IVA

298. (FM 217) Turia 1. Covasna 2. Râul Negru 3. 46° 2’0.30"N, 26° 4’2.43"E 4. – 5. In front of the Starèevo-Criº settlement from Grãdina conacului Apor, on the left bank of Turia brook, were discovered two dwellings with threshold, belonging to Starèevo-Criº culture, phases IIIB-IVA. A 5. IIIB-IVA B C Ciutã 1997, 12; Cavruc et al. 1998, 143-146.

B C Iercoºan 1994-1995, 9-23; Németi 1999, 89. 294. (FM 211) Târgu Mureº, point Cetate 1. Mureº 2. Mureº 3. 46°32’49.43"N, 24°34’1.34"E 4. – 5. In Cetate point, during excavations made in the yard of the Reformed Church, was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement with more habitation levels. A 1. ªtefan Kovács, Soós Zoltán; Adrian Andrei Rusu 2. ?; 2006, 2007 5. IC? B C Lazãr 1995, 258; Maxim 1999, 188.

299. (FM 218) Turia, point Grãdina conacului Apor 1. Covasna 2. Râul Negru 3. 46° 1’56.42"N, 26° 3’29.80"E 4. – 5. In Grãdina conacului Apor point was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement. The excavations were made in 1986, as a result being identified 3 dwellings, square shaped pit houses, 3 × 3 m proportioned, and three graves with skeletons in crouched position. In one of the Starèevo-Criº pit houses was discovered a sherd belonging to the Notenkopf culture. A 1. Z. Szekely 2. 1982–1984; 1986 3. – 4. 3 pit houses, 3 scheleton crouched B C Ciutã 1997, 12; Cavruc et al. 1998, 143-146.

295. (FM 212) Târnava (communal Bãcia) 1. Sibiu 2. Târnava Mare 3. 46° 8’17.99"N, 24°17’56.91"E (?) 45. On the right side of Mihalþ brook was mentioned a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Luca et al. 2005, 170.

300. (FM 219) Þaga, point Fermã 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°56’34.90"N, 24° 0’47.99"E 4. – 5. Here were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials, phase IC, mentioned by Gh. Lazarovici. A 5. IC B C Kalmar 1983, 359-369; Criºan et al. 1992, 413-414.

296. (FM 215) Timiºoara, point Fratelia 1. Timiº 2. Bega 3. 45°43’33.63"N, 21°12’35.62"E 4. – 5. In Fratelia point were identified Starèevo-Criº materials, phase II. A 1. Florin Medeleþ 2. 1978 3. IIA (IC-IIA?) B C Lazarovici 1979a, 196; Kalmar 1984, 394; Luca 1985a, 286, 288; Draºovean 1989, 9, 33; Draºovean 2001, 33-40; Ciutã 2005, 153; Luca 2006, 252; Luca & Gudea, 250.

301. (FM 220) Þaga, point Hrube 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°56’3.76"N, 24° 3’50.61"E 4. – 5. On Valea Tistaºului Valley, in the so called Hrube point, during excavations made in 1966–1967, were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials, phase IIIB-IVA (sherds and idols). A 1. D. Protase 2. 1966–1967

297. (FM 216) Totia (communal Bãcia) 1. Hunedoara 2. Mureº 3. 45°48’38.33"N, 23° 2’18.50"E 4. – 5. On the left bank of the brook was discovered a

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5. IIIB-IVA

2. Crasna 3. 47°43’47.72"N, 22°22’40.95"E 4. – 5. In Râtul Vada point is mentioned a Starèevo-Criº settlement, the last phase.

B C Kalmar 1983, 359-369; Criºan et al. 1992, 413-414. A

302. (FM 221) Þaga, point Jude 1. Cluj 2. Someºul Mic 3. 46°55’43.49"N, 24° 1’15.70"E 4. – 5. Here were discovered Starèevo-Criº materials, phase IV, mentioned by Gh. Lazarovici. A 5. IV B C Kalmar 1983, 359-369; Criºan et al. 1992, 413-414.

5. Late SC B C Németi 1999, 63. 307. (FM 226) Vadu Criºului, point Peºtera nr. 2 1. Bihor 2. Criºul Repede 3. 46°57’50.90"N, 22°30’37.37"E ? 4. – 5. In cave no. 2 was excavated a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A 4. cave 5. Late SC B C Németi 1999, 63.

303. (FM 222) Uioara de Sus, point Cimitirul ortodox (city Ocna Mureº) 1. Alba 2. Mureº 3. 46°23’38.03"N, 23°52’18.41"E 4. – 5. In the area of Cimitirului orthodox (the Orthodox Cemetery), during a survey made by M. Blãjan in 1976 were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds, phase IIB A 5. IIB B C Draºovean 1981, 35; Moga & Ciugudean 1995, 166.

308. (FM 227) Valea Criºului 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 45°54’50.57"N, 25°48’45.68"E 4. – 5. 300 m West of Sf. Gheorghe-Miercurea Ciuc road, 450 m South of Valea Criºului-Ghitfalãu road and 200 m South of Valea Criºului is located a Starèevo-Criº settlement. As a result of a survey were identified adobe fragments and sherds with a big amount of husk in composition. The surveyed surface was cca. 50 × 30 m. A 2. 1996 B C Cavruc et al. 1998, 149-150.

304. (FM 223) Uliuc (communal Sacoºu Turcesc) 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°40’52.35"N, 21°21’23.83"E 4. – 5. On the arable land of the village, on the bank of Timiº River, near the railway bridge, was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement. A B C Lazarovici & Sfetcu 1990, 50; Luca 2006, 262; Luca & Gudea, 260.

309. (FM 228) Valea Nandrului (communal Peºtiºul Mic) 1. Hunedoara 2. Cerna Ardeleanã 3. 45°47’51.05"N, 22°50’27.83"E? 4. – 5. Unknown point. A B C Maxim 1999, 189.

305. (FM 224) Unip, point La Viºini (communal Sacoºu Turcesc) 1. Timiº 2. Timiº 3. 45°38’19.07"N, 21°18’37.20"E 4. – 5. In La Viºini point, on the arable land of the village, cca. 2 km SW of the village, on the former flow of Pogãniº River, not far of it’s joining with Timiº River, on a 2 ha surface, is located a tell cca. 2 m high. Here were identified Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Lazarovici et al. 1981; Lazarovici & Sfetcu 1990, 50; Draºovean 2001, 35; Luca 2006, 262; Luca & Gudea, 260.

310. (FM 229) Vârghiº, point Peºtera nr. 1 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 46°11’45.55"N, 25°32’25.39"E 4. – 5. In cave no. 1, located on the left bank of Vârghiº brook, during a survey made by Emödi Iános, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 4. cave B C Ciutã 1997, 12-13; Cavruc et al. 1998, 158.

306. (FM 225) Urziceni, point Râtul Vada 1. Satu Mare

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311. (FM 230) Vârghiº, point Peºtera nr. 9 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 46°11’44.64"N, 25°31’51.87"E (?) 4. – 5. In cave no. 9, located on the right bank of Vârghiº brook, during a survey made by Dénes István, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A 4. cave B C Ciutã 1997, 12-13; Cavruc et al. 1998, 158.

identified 2 Starèevo-Criº levels. The oldest one (Starèevo-Criº I) has 2 sublevels. SC Ia level is characterized by pit houses, and SC Ib level by dwellings and a ritual pit. SC II level has only dwellings. A 1. Dumitru Berciu 2. 1951, 1956 3. IB?, IC- IIA, IIB, IIIA B C Berciu 1959a; Berciu 1959b; Berciu 1961, 29-31. 316. (FM 307) Verguleasa 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44°39’8.63"N, 24°20’4.25"E 4. – 5. The settlement is located 1 km East of the village, on the first terrace of Olt River. A B C List of Historic Monuments 2004 reference.

312. (FM 231) Vãºad (communal Curtuiºeni) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°30’59.80"N, 22°14’49.91"E (?) 4. – 5. On a hill was discovered a Starèevo-Criº settlement, phase IV. A 5. IV B C Lazarovici & Németi 1983, 25; Németi 1999, 43.

317. (FM 266) Vitãneºti, point Vitãneºti IV 1. Teleorman 2. Teleorman 3. 44° 0’25.07"N, 25°24’56.41"E 4. – 5. The site is located on a terrace of Teleorman River, at the West border of Vitãneºti village, close to E70 road. A B C Mirea 2005, 50.

313. (FM 232) Vãºad, point canton I.E.E.L.I.F. (communal Curtuiºeni) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°30’25.26"N, 22°14’11.22"E 4. – 5. On the high terrace of Gánás-ului, in canton I.E.E.L.I.F. point, was identified a Starèevo-Criº settlement, phase IV. A 5. IV B C Németi 1999, 42.

318. (FM 235) Vlãdila 1. Olt 2. Olt 3. 44° 0’33.61"N, 24°25’24.19"E 4. – A 1. Marin Nica; Radian Andreescu 2. 1977, 1993; 2006 5. IIA B C Nica 1995, 15; Andreescu et al. 2007.

314. (FM 233) Verbicioara, point La Cetate (communal Verbiþa) 1. Dolj 2. Dunãrea 3. 44°16’41.08"N, 23°10’52.24"E 4. – 5. The settlement from Verbicioara is located on a promontory with three abrupt sides. The oldest level (named Verbicioara I) belongs to Starèevo-Criº culture and is overlapped by a Vinèa A (Verbicioara II) layer. A 1. D. Berciu 2. 1949–1951, 1955. 5. II? B C Berciu et al. 1957, 179, Berciu 1961, 40.

319. (FM 236) Voivozi (communal ªimian) 1. Bihor 2. Barcãu 3. 47°28’23.53"N, 22° 2’35.33"E? 4. – 5. In an unspecified point (De la nisipuri?) were gathered shards and a grinding stone, unspecific material, which were considered Starèevo-Criº based on the paste of the ceramic. A B C

315. (FM 234) Verbiþa, point La Eleºteu 1. Dolj 2. Dunãrea 3. 44°17’35.11"N, 23° 8’31.13"E 4. – 5. Here were made 17 trenches which lengths between 15 and 26 m and with a width between 1 and 2 m. Here were

Németi 1999, 39. 320 (FM 237) Vultureni, point Pe Rât 1. Cluj 2. Someº

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3. 46°57’21.93"N, 23°34’2.44"E ? 4. – 5. In Pe Rât point, towards Ciumãfaia were found Starèevo-Criº materials.

recent humus level, disturbed by agricultural works, between 0–0.30 m. Between 0.30–0.45 m in the culture layer, brown, with adobe remains, were identified two features. Between 0.45–0.60 m was identified a walking level of dark soil. The culture layer stops at 0.55–0.60 m, where occurs the yellow soil, sterile. Were identified pit houses and dwellings (Lazarovici & Lakó 1981, 16). The shards have a grease remover based on sand and pebble, replacing the grease remover made of husk and chaff, fact attributed to the Balkan-Anatolian Chalcolithic influences. As predominant ceramic type is the pot, especially the spherical pots with low neck, in some cases with profiled lip. A considerable percentage is represented by bitronconical vessel, plates or bowls with high walls. The most used decorations are the incisions, pinches, alveoli, plastic ornaments, and was also identified a fragment painted with white colour on red background (Lazarovici & Lakó 1981, 18-26).

A B C Maxim 1999, 194. 321. (FM 238) Zãlan (communal Bodoc) 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 45°57’37.07"N, 25°49’3.70"E 4. – 5. On the right bank of Olt River, on a high terrace, at ca. 500 m of Zãlan brook, in front of the church, is located a Starèevo-Criº settlement. In 1953 was made a 50 m section by Székely Zoltán. The material was deposited at MNS. A 1. Székely Zoltán 2. 1953 2. 50–75 m2 B C Cavruc et al. 1998, 50.

A 1. Eva Lakó 2. 1975–1977, 1980–1981 3. 4. IIB-IVB B C Lakó 1977, 41-47; Lakó 1978, 11-15; Lazarovici & Lakó 1981, 13-44; Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 74; Bãcueþ Criºan 2006.

322. (FM 239) Zãlan (communal Bodoc) 1. Covasna 2. Olt 3. 45°57’22.43"N, 25°49’10.91"E 4. – 5. On the right bank of Zãlan brook, at cca. 50 m of the brook, during the digging of a ditch, were discovered the remains of a hearth with Starèevo-Criº sherds. The surface of the settlement towards North-East is cca. 50 m. Were discovered cylindriCal pot fragments, with cross shaped foot, sherds decorated with wheat ear motif and a fishing weight. A B C Comºa 1965, 634; Ciutã 1997, 13; Vlassa 1966, 13; Cavruc et al. 1998, 50.

324. (FM 242) Zãuan, point Ketvizkost (communal Ip) 1. Sãlaj 2. Barcãu 3. 47°13’15.11"N, 22°39’36.40"E 4. – 5. In Ketvizkost (Între cele douã ape) point, in the arable land, were discovered Starèevo-Criº sherds. A B C Bãcueþ Criºan 2007, 74-75.

REFERENCES ***. 1999. Repertoriul arheologic al Mureºului Inferior. Judeþul Arad. ***. 1999–2000. Activitatea de cercetare arheologicã a Muzeului Banatului în anii 1998–1999. Analele Banatului 7-8, 819–820. ***. 2001. Activitatea de cercetare arheologicã a Muzeului Banatului în anul 2000. Analele Banatului, 9, 807–808. *** 2002–2003. Activitatea de cercetare arheologicã a Muzeului Banatului în anul 2002. Analele Banatului, 10-11, 2, 620. Aldea A. 1972. ªantierul arheologic Ghirbom (com. Berghin, jud. Alba) – sãpãturile din 1967. Apulum, 10, 3–16. Alexandrescu A. D.1971. Ceramica liniarã de la Hãrman. Cumidava, 5, 1971, 11. Andreescu R., Nica M. & Popovici S. 2007. Vlãdila, com. Vlãdila, jud. Olt Punct: La pepinierã, Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, campania 2006. http://www.cimec.ro/ scripts/arh/cronica/detaliu.asp?k=3803 Andreescu R. & Popovici S. 2009. Grãdinile, com Grãdinile, jud. Olt. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, campania 2008, 115. Astaloº C. 2002. Homorodu de Mijloc, com. Homoroade, jud. Satu Mare Punct: Drumul Chiliei. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, campania 2001. http://www.cimec.ro/ Arheologie/ CronicaCA2002/rapoarte/default.htm Bãcueþ Criºan S. 2006. The Starèevo-Criº settlement from Zãuan

323. (FM 240) Zãuan, point Dâmbul cimitirului (communal Ip) 1. Sãlaj 2. Barcãu 3. 47°13’55.40"N, 22°38’53.08"E 4. – 5. The prehistoric settlement is located in Dâmbul cimitirului (Temetõdommb) point, an elevated terrace located at the North-East border of Zãuan village (Ip township, Sãlaj county), on the right side of ªimleul Silvaniei-Oradea road. The research here started in 1975, with trenches 1 and 2, followed by trench 3 in 1976. The excavated surface was organized in 25 × 25 m blocks, connected to the national geodesic system, and each block was divided in 5 × 5 m squares. In 1977 was opened trench 4, perpendicularly on trench 1. The size of section 4 is 10 × 6 m. In the same year was opened section 5, continuing trench 4 and parallel with trench 1, with 16 × 5 m size (Lakó 1977, 11-12). In 1980 campaign the research was continued at Dâmbul cimitirului and were opened two cassettes on Dâlma Spânzurãtorii (Akasztó dumb) hill, and were made surveys around Ip village. At this moment was opened trench 6, 18 × 3 m, North of the other trenches. The stratigraphy is composed of

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“Dâmbul Cimitirului”. Old and new viewpoints. Studii de preistorie, 3, 99–124. Bãcueþ Criºan S. 2007. Cultura Starcevo Criº în Depresiunea ªimleului. Bejinariu I., Bãcueþ-Criºan S. & Bãcueþ-Criºan D. 1999. Cehei. Cronica cercetãrilor arheologice din România. Bem C., Bãlan G., Cleºiu S., Paraschiv E., Haitã C., Bãlãºescu A. & Ignat M. 2007. Fegernicul Nou, Sãlard, com. Sârbi, jud. Bihor. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, 148– 151. Berciu D. 1959a. Sãpãturile de la Verbiþa. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 5, 1959, 75–82. Berciu D. 1959b. Sãpãturile de la Verbiþa. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 6, 85–94. Berciu D. 1961. Contribuþii la problemele neoliticului din România în lumina noilor cercetãri. Bucureºti. Berciu D. 1966. Zorile istoriei în Carpaþi ºi la Dunãre, Bucureºti. Berciu I. 1968. Importanþa complexului neolitic “Lumea Nouã”. Apulum, VII, 53–60. Berciu D., Morintz S. & Maximilian I. 1957. ªantierul arheologic de la Verbicioara. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 3, 179– 187. Blãjan M. & Tatai-Baltã C. 1978. Descoperiri din epoca neoliticã ºi perioada de tranziþie la epoca bronzului în judeþele Sibiu, Alba ºi Cluj. Apulum, 16, 9–36. Boroneanþ V. 1973. Recherches archeologiques sur la culture Schela Cladovei de la zone des ”Portes de Fer”. Dacia Nouvelle Série, 17, 5–40. Boroneanþ V. 1999. The Mesolithic Habitation Complexes in the Balkans and the Danube Basin. Living Past, 1. http://www. cimec.ro/livingpast/nr1/boroneant/mesolithic.htm Boroneanþ V. 2003. Schela Cladovei. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România. campania 2002, Bucureºti, 121–122, no. 75, http://www.cimec.ro/scripts/arh/cronica/ detaliu.asp?k = 1949 Calotoiu Gh., Mocioi I. & Marinoiu V. 1987. Mãrturii arheologice în Gorj, Tg. Jiu. Cavruc V., Bartók B., Bãrbulescu M., Chirilã E., Criºan I. H., Criºan V., Székely Z., Székely Z., Vasiliev V. & Winkler I. 1998. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Covasna. Sf. Gheorghe. Cavruc V., Bato A., Bãrbulescu M., Chirilã E., Criºan I. Horaþiu, Criºan V. & Vasiliev V. 2000. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Covasna. 2000, Sf. Gheorghe. Cãdariu ªt. & Petrovszky R. 1975. Cercetãri arheologice pe valea Caraºovei. Tibiscus, 4, 147–154. Cârciumaru M. 2000. Peºtera Cioarei Boroºteni. Paleomediul, cronologia ºi activitãþile umane în Paleolitic. Târgoviºte. Ciutã M. M. 1997. Contribuþii la repertoriul arheologic al neoliticului timpuriu în Depresiunea Braºovului. Apulum, 34, 5–36. Ciutã M. M. 2000. Contribuþii la cunoaºterea celui mai vechi orizont al neoliticului timpuriu din România: Cultura PreCriº. Apulum, 37, 1, 51–76. Ciutã M. M. 2002. Contribuþii la cunoaºterea neoliticului târziu din depresiunea Haþeg – Mureº. Descoperirile de la Cãlanul Nou-La Podinã II (campania 1998). Corviniana, 7, 31–47. Ciutã M. M. 2005. Începuturile neoliticului timpuriu în spaþiul intracarpatic transilvãnean. Alba Iulia. Ciutã M. M. 2009. Cercetãri arheologice la ªeuºa-La Cãrarea Morii (sat ªeuºa, comuna Ciugud, judeþul Alba) I: locuirile preistorice. Sibiu. Ciutã M. M. & ªtefan A. 1999. Consideraþii asupra unor materiale arheologice inedite, descoperite la Cãlanul Nou – “La Podinã” (jud. Hunedoara). Apulum, 36, 55–80. Comºa E. 1965. Cultura Boian în Transilvania. Studii ºi Comuni-

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istoricã de la Unip (jud. Timiº). Raport preliminary. Analele Banatului, 1, 13–20. Lazarovici Gh., Kalmar Z., Draºovean Fl. & Luca S. A. 1985. Complexul neolitic de la Parþa. Banatica, 8, 7–72. Lazarovici Gh., Maxim Z., Criºan V. & Pall J. 1989–1993. Ceramica pictatã de la Ciucsângiorzu (jud. Harghita). Acta Musei Napocensis, 26-30, I.1, 221–224. Lazarovici Gh., Draºovean Fl., Kalmar-Maxim Z., Luca S. A. & Nica M. 1991. Cultura Vinèa în România. Timiºoara. Lazarovici Gh., Maxim Z., Þeicu D. & Oprinescu A. 1993. ªantierul arheologic Gornea. Banatica, 12, 295–320. Lazarovici Gh., Kalmar Z. & Draºovean Fl. 2001. Parþa. I.1-2., 2001. Lazarovici Gh., Draºovean Fl., Ciubotaru L. D. & Moravetz I. 2005a. Dudeºtii Vechi, com. Dudeºtii Vechi, jud. Timiº. Punct: Movila lui Deciov (Östelep). Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 2004, 143–144. Lazarovici Gh., Bãltean C. I., Cincã A., Zilhao J., Petrescu S., Moldovan O., Rodrigo R. & Pendea Fl. 2005b. Steierdorf (oraº Anina), jud. Caraº-Severin. Punct: Peºtera Hoþilor (La Hoþu ). Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 2004, 355–357. Lazãr V. 1975. Sãpãturile arheologice de la Batoº, Reghin jud. Mureº. Apulum, 13, 605–614. Lazãr V. 1995. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Mureº. TârguMureº. LMI. 2004. The official repository of historical monuments, version 2004, http://www.cultura.ro/Documents.aspx?ID=89 at Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony (10 mai 2007). Luca S.A. 1985. Sãpãturile arheologice de salvare de la LiubcovaOrniþa (Raport preliminar pe anul 1985). Banatica, 8, 465– 468. Luca S.A. 1987. Aºezarea Starèevo-Criº de la Liubcova-Orniþa (sãpãturile din anul 1985). Banatica, 9, 13–29. Luca S.A. 1988–1991. Stratigrafie ºi cronologie. Cel mai timpuriu raport stratigrafic dintre culturile Starèevo-Criº ºi Vinèa. Corelaþia dintre nivelurile V ºi IV de la Liubcova-Orniþa. Sargetia, 21-24, 1–14. Luca S.A. 1990. Contribuþii la istoria artei neolitice – plastica aºezãrii de la Liubcova-Orniþa (judeþul Caraº-Severin). Banatica, 10, 6–44. Luca S.A. 1993. Contribuþii la problema modelelor de cuptoare în cultura Starèevo-Criº. Analele Banatului, 2, 19–24. Luca S.A. 1995. Aºezarea aparþinând culturii Starèevo–Criº de la Pojejena-“Nucet” (jud. Caraº–Severin). Banatica, 13, 1, 5–22. Luca S.A. 1996. Pojejena, Nucet, jud. Caraº-Severin. Situri arheologice cercetate în perioada 1983–1992 – I, 89–90. Luca S.A. 1997a. Aºezãri neolitice pe valea Mureºului (I). Habitatul turdãºean de la Orãºtie-Dealul Pemilor (punct X2). Luca S.A. 1997b. Liubcova-Orniþa, jud. Caraº-Severin. Situri arheologice cercetate în perioada 1983–1992, II, 50–51. Luca S.A. 1998. Liubcova-Orniþa. Târgoviºte. Luca S.A. 1999a. Contribuþii la istoria veche a Hunedoarei. Sãpãturile arheologice sistematice din Grãdina Castelului – campaniile anilor 1996–1998.. Luca S.A. 1999b. Aspecte ale neoliticului ºi eneoliticului din sudul ºi sud-estul Transilvaniei. Apulum, 36, 5–33. Luca S.A. 2003. Încã o datã despre neoliticul ºi eneoliticul transilvãnean. Apulum, 40, 73–88. Luca S.A. 2004. Roºcani. Cercetãri arheologice. Deva. Luca S.A. 2005. Descoperiri preistorice din judeþul Hunedoara – din paleolitic pânã la începutul civilizaþiei dacice. Seria Universitatis Cibiniensis, 2, 7–52. Luca S.A. 2006. Descoperiri arheologice din Banatul Românesc. Sibiu.

Luca S.A. 2008. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Hunedoara. Sibiu. Luca S.A. & Gudea N. 2010. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Sãlaj. Sibiu. Luca S.A. & Dragomir I. 1985. Despre o nouã descoperire arheologicã de la Gornea-Locurile Lungi. Banatica, 8, 73-76. Luca S.A. & Barbu A. 1992–1994. Aºezarea neoliticã de la Iosaº-Anele. Sargeþia, 25, 13–23 Luca S.A., Roman C. & Bãicoanã M. 1997. Materiale arheologice din peºteri ale judeþului Hunedoara (I). Corviniana, 3, 17–32. Luca S.A. & Georgescu A. 1998. Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº. Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România - campania 1997, 44. Luca S.A., Sonoc Al., Roman C. & Ceriºer N. 1998a. Cercetãri cu privire la preistoria Hunedoarei. Corviniana, 4, 1998, 23–61. Luca S.A., Bugnaru E. & Roman C. 1998b. Hunedoara, jud. Hunedoara. Punct: Grãdina Castelului. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 1997, 30. Luca S.A., Ciugudean H., Roman C. & Dragotã A. 2000a. Faza timpurie a Culturii Vinèa în România. Angvstia, 5, 37–72. Luca S.A. Roman C. & Purece S. 2000b. Ceriºor, com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara. Punct: Peºtera Cauce. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 1999, 29. Luca S.A., Purece S., Ceriºer N. & Spânu A. 2000c. Hunedoara, jud. Hunedoara. Punct: Grãdina castelului. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 1999, 46. Luca S.A., Purece S., Ceriºer N., Roman C., Diaconescu D. & Suciu C. 2001. Hunedoara, jud. Hunedoara. Punct: Grãdina Castelului. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 2000, 100–101. Luca S.A., Gonciar A., Purece S., Roman C., Diaconescu D. & Suciu C. 2002. Hunedoara, jud. Hunedoara. Punct: Grãdina Castelului. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 2001, 154. Luca S.A., Pinter Z. K. & Georgescu A. 2003. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Sibiu. Sibiu. Luca S.A., Roman C. & Diaconescu D. 2004. Cercetãri arheologice în Peºtera Cauce, I. Sibiu. Luca S.A., Suciu C., Georgescu A. & Diaconescu D. 2005. Miercurea Sibiului, jud. Sibiu Punct: Petriº, Luncã. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 2004, 2005. http://cimec.ro/Arheologie/cronicaCA2005/cd/index.htm Luca S.A., Diaconescu D., Suciu C. 2008a. Cercetarile arheologice de la Miercurea Sibiukui-Petriº (judeïul Sibiu, Rom­nia). Nivelul Starèevo-Criº Ðn campaniile de cercetare din anii 199702005. Acta Musei Brukenthal, III-1, 7–46. Luca S.A., Diaconescu D., Suciu C. 2008b. Archaeological Research in Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº (Sibiu County, Romania): the Starèevo-Criº level during 1997–2005 (a preliminary report). Documentaria Praehistorica 35, Ljubljana, 325–343. Macrea M. 1959. ªantierul arheologic Caºolþ – Boiþa. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 6. 407–444. Mantu C. M. 2000. Relative and Absolute Chronology of the Romanian Neolothic. Analele Banatului, SN, 7-8, 75–105. Marinescu-Bîlcu S. & Andreescu R. 2005. Piscul Corniºorului. 1945–1946. Studii de preistorie, 2/2003-2004,143–180. Maxim Z. 1999. Neo-Eneoliticul din Transilvania. Cluj – Napoca. Mirea P. 2005. Consideraþii asupra locuirii Starèevo-Criº din sudvestul Munteniei. Culturã ºi civilizaþie la Dunãrea de Jos, 22, 37–52. Moga V., Ciugudean H. 1995. Repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Alba. Alba Iulia. Németi J. 1999. Repertoriul arheologic al zonei Careiului. Bucureºti. Németi J., Astaloº C. & Ilea C. 2001. Cãlineºti Oaº, com. Cãlineºti Oaº, jud. Satu Mare Punct: Dâmbul Sfintei Mãrii. Cronica

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cerceãrilor arheologice din România, campania 2000. http:// www.cimec.ro/Arheologie/CronicaCA2001/rapoarte/rapoarte _maine.htm Németi J., Astaloº C. & Ilea C. 2002. Cãlineºti Oaº, com. Cãlineºti Oaº, jud. Satu Mare Punct: Dâmbul Sfintei Mãrii. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, campania 2001. http:// www.cimec.ro/Arheologie/CronicaCA2002/rapoarte/056.htm Nestor I. 1957. Raport asupra sondajelor de la Leþ-Varheghi. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 3, 61–64. Nestor I. & Zaharia E. 1973. Raport preliminar despre sãpãturile de la Bratei, jud. Sibiu (1959–1972). Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 10, 191–202. Nica M. 1981. Grãdinile, o nouã aºezare a neoliticului timpuriu din sud-estul Olteniei. Arhivele Olteniei, 1, 27–40. Nica M. 1983. Obiecte de lemn descoperite în aºezarea neoliticã timpurie de la Grãdinile (judeþul Olt). Arhivele Olteniei, 2, 39– 48. Nica M. 1984. Noi descoperiri arheologice la Cârcea (jud. Dolj). Arhivele Olteniei, 3, 37–45. Nica M. 1985. Neoliticul timpuriu ºi mijlociu în zona rãsãriteanã a Olteniei, rezumatul tezei de doctorat, Bucureºti. Nica M. 1993. Câteva date despre necropola eneoliticã de la Gârleºti-Ghereºti (com. Mischii, jud. Dolj). Arhivele Olteniei, 8, 3–18. Nica M. 1994. Câteva date despre aºezarea neo-eneoliticã de la Gârleºti (com. Mischii, jud. Dolj). Arhivele Olteniei, 9, 5–24. Nica M. 1995. Le groupe culturel Cârcea – Grãdinile dans le contexte du néolithicue balcanique et anatolien. Acta Musei Napocensis, 32, I.,11–28. Nica M. 1999. Câteva date despre aºezarea neoliticului timpuriu de la Locusteni (jud. Dolj), Arhivele Olteniei. 14, 3–19. Nica M. & Rãdoiescu L. 2001–2002. Aºezãri ºi locuinþe neolitice descoperite pe teritoriul Olteniei. Arhivele Olteniei, 16, 7–26 Nica M., Lazãr S., Dorel B. & Tãnãsescu B. 2001. Raport preliminar, Cârcea Hanuri, com Coºoveni, Jud. Olt. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, 65–66. Nicolaescu-Plopºor C. S. 1957. ªantierul arheologic Bãile Herculane. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 3, 51–60. Nicolãescu-Plopºor C. S. 1959. Cercetãrile ºi sãpãturile de la Cremenea ºi împrejurimi. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 6, 51–56. Paul I. 1965. Unele probleme ale neoliticului din Transilvania în legãturã cu cultura Petreºti. Revista Muzeelor, 4, 294–302. Paul I. 1989. Unele probleme ale neoliticului timpuriu din zona Carpato-dunãreanã. Studii ºi Comunicãri de Istorie Veche ºi Arheologie, 40, 1, 3–28. Paul I. 1992. Cultura Petreºti, Bucureºti. Paul I. 1995. Vorgheschichtliche untersuchungen in Siebenburgen, Alba Iulia. Paul I. 2007. Enigma tãbliþelor de la Tãrtãria. Doctor Honoris Causa paper, Universitatea de Vest Timiºoara. Paul I. & Ciutã M. M. 1997. ªantierul arheologic de la ªeuºa –La cãrarea morii. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, 60. Paul I. & Ciutã M. M. 1998a. ªantierul arheologic de la ªeuºa – La cãrarea morii. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, 113–115. Paul I. & Ciutã M. M. 1998b. ªantierul arheologic de la LimbaBordane. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, 66–67. Paul I., Ciutã M. M., Mazãre P., Florescu C., Breazu M. & Daisa B. 1999. ªantierul arheologic de la Limba-Bordane. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România, 56–58. Pãdureanu E. 1985. Contribuþii la repertoriul arheologic de pe valea Mureºului inferior ºi a Criºului Alb. Crisia, 15, 27–54.

Pãunescu Al. 1966. Cercetãri paleolitice. Studii ºi Comunicãri de Istorie Veche, 17, 2, 319–334. Pãunescu Al. 1979. Cercetãrile arheologice de la Cuina TurculuiDubova (jud. Mehedinþi). Tibiscus, 5, 11–56. Pãunescu Al. & Pop I. 1961. Sãpãturile de la Gâlma. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 7, 33–36. Petre-Govora P. G. 1995. O preistorie a nord-estului Olteniei, Vâlcea. Petrovszky R. 1973. Contribuþii la repertoriul arheologic al localitãþilor judeþului Caraº-Severin, din paleolitic pânã în secolul al V-lea î.e.n. (partea I). Banatica, 2, 385–394. Petrovszky R. 1975. Contribuþii la repertoriul arheologic al localitãþilor judeþului Caraº-Severin, din paleolitic pânã în secolul al V-lea î.e.n. (partea II). Banatica, 3, 365–378. Petrovszky R. 1977. Contribuþii la repertoriul arheologic al localitãþilor judeþului Caraº-Severin, din paleolitic pânã în secolul al V-lea î.e.n. (partea III). Banatica, 4, 437–462. Pop H., Bejinariu I., Bãcueþ C. D. & Bãcueþ C. S. 2000. ªimleul Silvaniei, jud. Sãlaj, punct Observator. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 1999, 100. Pop H., Bejinariu I. & Pupezã P. 2004. ªantierul arheologic ªimleu Silvaniei-Observator. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România. – campania 2003. Popilian G., Nica M. & Tatulea C. M. 1979. Raport asupra cercetãrilor arheologice de la Locusteni (judeþul Dolj). Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 207–213. Protase D. & Vlassa N. 1959. Sãpãturile de la Lechinþa de Mureº ºi Cipãu. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 6, 445–452. Roman P. 1996. Ostrovul Corbului. Istoricul cercetãrii. Sãpãturile arheologice ºi stratigrafia, in Ostrovul Corbului, I. 1, Bucureºti, 1996, 11–33. Roman C. & Diaconescu D. 1999–2000. Contribuþii la repertoriul arheologic al judeþului Hunedoara (I). Sargetia, 28-29, 1, 97– 128. Roman C. & Diaconescu D. 2002. Noi descoperiri neolitice ºi eneolitice pe teritoriul judeþului Hunedoara. Corviniana, 7, 7– 29. Roman C., Diaconescu D. & Luca S.A. 2000. Cercetãri arheologice în Peºtera nr. 1 (Peºtera Mare) de la Ceriºor (com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara). Corviniana, 6, 7–59. Rotea M. 1979. Sondaj arheologic la Balºa. Sargetia, 14, 629–635. Spataro M. 2004. Early Neolithic pottery production in the Balkans: mineropetrographic analyses of the ceramics from the Starèevo-Criº site of Foeni-Sãlaº (Banat, Romania). Atti della Societa per la Preistoria e Protostoria della Regione FriuliVenezia Giulia, 14, 25–44. Stângã I. 1986. Repertoriul arheologic al zonei Hidrocentralei Porþile de Fier II, jud. Mehedinþi. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 16, 9–15. Székely Z. 1970. Sãpãturile executate de Muzeul din Sf. Gheorghe (1959–1966). Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 9, 297–316. Székely Z. 1971. Câteva figurine interesante din România. Apulum, 9, 129–138. Székely Z. 2008. Brãduþ, com. Brãduþ, jud. Covasna. Punct: Dealul Rotund, Muntele de Piatrã. Cronica Cercetãrilor Arheologice din România – campania 2007. http://www. cimec.ro/Arheologie/cronicaCA2008/cd/index.htm Tulugea C. A. 2008. Plastica Starèevo-Criº din aºezarea neoliticã de la Copãcelu, Râmnicu Vâlcea, judeþul Vâlcea. Buridava, 6, 9–28. Þeicu D. 2003. Contribuþii la repertoriul arheologic al Banatului montan. Banatica 16, 339–376. Vlassa N. 1959. Sãpãturile de la Lechinþa de Mureº ºi Cipãu. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 6, 445–452. Vlassa N. 1962. Un cimitir de incineraþie de la sfârºitul veacului

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III de la Iernut. Studii ºi Comunicãri de Istorie Veche, 13, I, 153–156. Vlassa N. 1965. Cercetãri arheologice în regiunile Mureº-Autonomã Maghiarã ºi Cluj. Acta Musei Napocensis, 2, 19–38. Vlassa N. 1966. Cultura Criº în Transilvania. Acta Musei Napocensis, 3, 9–47. Vlassa N. 1967. Unele probleme ale neoliticului Transilvaniei. Acta Musei Napocensis, 4, 403–424. Vlassa N. 1968. Sondajul de salvare de la “Gura Baciului ” (… ºi câte ceva despre cultura vaselor calciforme în România ). Acta Musei Napocensis, 5, 371–380. Vlassa N. 1970. Descoperiri arheologice în oraºul Cluj. Materiale ºi Cercetãri Arheologice, 9, 529–532.

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132

Fepre Map reader

Fepre Map reader Site name

Punct

FM number

Repository number

Site name

Punct

FM number

Repository number

Adea

Pãdurea Adea

1

1

Cincºor

47

66

Agriºu Mare

Între Vãi

2

2

Cioclovina

Peºtera Uscatã

48

67

Alba Iulia

Lumea Nouã

3

3

Cipãu

Îngrãºãtorie (I.C.I.A)

49

71

4

4

Cipãu

Dâlma

49

68

Albele Bãi Almaº

La Chetroaie

5

6

Cipãu

Gârle

50

70

Angheluº

Kútpataka

6

9

Cipãu

Dealul Podeiului

50

69

Angheluº

Pârâul Fântânii

7

8

Cisteiu de Mureº

Garã

51

72

Arad

Aradu Nou-Bufniþi

8

10

Ciucsângeorgiu

52

73

Arad

Grãdiºte 2 - Drumuri ºi Poduri

9

12

Arad

Grãdiºte 1-Voievod Moga

10

11

Baciu

Cãminul Cultural

11

13

Baciu

Gura Baciului

12

Gura Vãii Cioarei

13

15

Balºa

Peºtera Dobârlesei

14

16

Band

15 Costanda

16

18

Batoº

Gledinel

17

20

Bãdeni

Dâmb

18

Seliºte

19

24

Berea

Sanislãu

20

26

Berea

Stavila Micã

21

Dâmbãu

22

29

Berzasca

ªpiþ I (Ogaºul Odului)

23

30

Berzovia Biharia

Castrul Bersobis Grãdinã CAP

Bocºa Montanã Bocºa Vasiovei Bod

32

26

34

Movila Popii Valea Cetãþii

36

29

41

30

Cimitir 3

31

43

Buciumi

Râtul Mare

32

46

Buziaº

Valea Secerii

33

81

Str. Memorandumului

57

80

Cluj-Napoca

Staþia de 110 KW

58

78

Cluj-Napoca

Str. Fântânele

59

79

Coldãu

Varbã

60

82

61

84

62

85

63

86

64

87

65

88

66

89

Crãciuneºti

Gura Livodiþei Peºtera Balogu

Cristian Cristuru Secuiesc

Valea Komjáca

67

90

Crizbav

Între Vãi

68

91

Cubulcut

Pãdurea lui Frater

69

95

70

96

71

98

Cut Dedrad Dej

Dealul Ascuþit

Dejani

42

Brateiu

56

Cluj-Napoca

Cozmeni

35

28

76

Coronini

31

25 27

Bozieº Braºov

24

75

55

Comloºul Mic

27

Bernadea

74

54

Comloºul Mare

22

Beba Veche

53

Hathold

Cluj-Napoca

17

Barcani

Cariera de bentonitã

Ciumãfaia Ciumeºti

14

Balomiru de Câmp

Ciugud

99

73

100

Deva

Calea Zarandului

74

101

Deva

Mina de cupru

75

102

76

104

77

105

78

107

Diniaº Divici

Poreca

Dorolþu

48

72

Dragu

Pusta Micã

79

110

Câmpani

Peºtera Dâmbu Colibii

34

54

Dubova

Sacoviºtea Mare

80

113

Caransebeº

Þiglãrie

35

49

Dudeºti Vechi

Movila lui Deciov

81

117

36

50

Dumbrava

Peºtera cu Apã

82

119

37

51

Dumbrãviþa

Obiectiv 3

83

120

38

52

Dumitra

Gurguleu

84

121

Dealul Cetãþii

85

123

Caraºova

Peºtera Liliecilor

Caºinu Nou Caºolþ

Poiana în Pisc

Cehei

Mesig

39

57

Feldioara

Cenad

Movila Mare

40

58

Iosaº

Anele

86

163

41

59

Foeni

Gaz

87

125

42

61

Foeni

Cimitirul Ortodox

87

124

43

62

Foeni

Sãlaº

88

126

44

63

Fughiu

89

127

45

64

Galda de Jos

90

128

46

65

Galoºpetreu

91

129

Cenei Ceriºor

Peºtera de la Ceriºor

Cernat Cernat

Dealul de Aur

Chendrea Cicir

Sãlciile lui Muchii

133

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Site name

Punct

FM number

Repository number

Site name

Punct

FM number

Repository number

Ghidfalãu

Bedeháza

92

131

Moldova Veche

Ostrov

137

197

Ghirbom

Ghezuini

93

132

Moldova Veche

Rât

138

198

94

133

Moreºti

Podei

139

202

Giulvãz Gornea

Cãuniþa de Sus

95

136

Moreºti

Mãzãriºte

139

201

Gornea

Locurile Lungi

96

137

Moreºti

La Furci

139

200

Halmãjd

Dâmbul Bisericii

97

144

Moreºti

Ciurgãu

139

199

Haþeg

Câmpul Mare

98

145

Noºlac

140

205

Hãlchiu

La ªtrand

99

146

Ocna Sibiului

Triguri

141

206

Hãrman

La Groapa Banului

100

148

Ogradena

Rãzvrata

142

209

Homorodu de Mijloc

Drumul Chilii

101

150

Ogradena

Mraconia

142

208

Homorodu de Sus

Ograda Borzului

102

151

Ogradena

Icoana

142

207

Hunedoara

Str. Elisabeta Mãrgineanu

103

Ohaba de sub Piatrã

Dealul Viilor

143

210

Ohaba Streiului

Cãlanul Nou

144

212

Hunedoara

Grãdina Castelului

103

153

Ohaba Ponor

Peºtera Bordu Mare

145

211

Hunedoara

Biserica Reformatã

103

152

Moigrad

146

196

Iaz

Dâmb

104

155

Oradea

Parcul Petofi

146

214

Iclod

La Doroaie

105

156

Orãºtie

X3

147

215

Iernut

Bideºcuþul Mare

106

157

Orãºtie

X8

148

216

Iernut

Fundu Bedeelor

107

158

Orºova

149

217

Ilidia

Cãºile Codrenilor

108

159

Parþa

Tell 2

150

224

Ilieni

Oraºul Rotund

109

160

Parþa

Aºezarea 5

150

222

110

161

Parþa

Aºezarea 6

151

223

Imeni

154

Inucu

Izvorul Inucului

111

162

Pãuleni-Ciuc

Dâmbul Cetãþii

153

227

Jibert

Pe Faþã

112

166

Pecica

Forgaci

154

229

Jibert

La Saivane

113

165

Peºtiºul Mare

Tãmãºtilic

155

231

Lacu

114

167

Peºtiºul Mic

156

232

Lancrãm

115

168

Petreºti

157

233

Leºnic

116

170

Petreºtii de Sus

158

234

Piºcolt

159

235

Leþ

Várhegy (Dealul Cetãþii)

117

171

Limba

ªesul Orzii

118

173

Limba

Bordane

118

172

Liubcova

Orniþa

119

174

Livada

Garã

120

175

Lopadea Nouã

121

177

Lopadea Veche

Jidovinã

122

178

Lugoj

Gomilã

123

179

Lunca Târnavei Mânerãu

La Borcioaie Dealul Gilii

Mãceºti Mãgura

124

180

125

185

126

181

127 Topliþa

128

184

Mediaº

Gura Câmpului

129

186

Medieºul Aurit

130

Mera Meseºenii de Sus Miercurea Sibiului

Valea Dragoºeºtilor Petriº

189

132

190

133

Pustia (Lunca)

134

192

Miºca

Fântâna Sasului

135

195

Miºca Miºca

Dealul ªvabilor Dealul Berchii

135 135

160

236

Nucet

161

237

Porþ

Corãu

162

238

Pustiniº

Hodoaie

163

239

Râmnicul Vâlcea

Copãcelu

164

242

Râpa

Sub Pãdure

165

243

Rapoltu Mare

Sedi

166

240

Râºnov

Peºtera Gura Cheii

167

244

168

241

Remetea Oaºului

ªomoº I ºi II

169

245

Româneºti

Dealul Viei

170

246

Româneºti

Peºtera Româneºti

171

247

172

248

173

249

174

250

Rupea

Dealul Cohãmel

Sanislãu

191

Miercurea Sibiului

Roata ªoarecelui

Pojejena

Ruja

188

131

Plãeºti

Rãdeºti

182

Mãgura

Casa Moldovan

Sânmihaiul Român

Deal

175

254

Sânnicolaul Român

Cefala Pãdure

176

255

177

256

Sântandrei Santãul Mare

194 193

134

178

251

Sântioana

Fântâna Turcului

179

257

Sãlacea

Dealul Cetãþii

180

252

Fepre Map reader

Site name

Punct

FM number

Repository number

Site name

Punct

Valea Criºului

FM number

Repository number

227

308

Drobeta Turnu-Severin

Schela Cladovei

181

111

228

309

Sebeº

Casa Jampa

182

258

Vârghiº

Peºtera nr. 1

229

310

Secuieni

Pad

183

260

Vârghiº

Peºtera nr. 9

230

311

Secuieni

La Szilas

183

259

Vãºad

231

312

Seleuº

Sub Deal

184

261

Vãºad

Canton I.E.E.L.I.F.

232

313

185

262

Verbicioara

La Cetate

233

314

Valea Nandrului

Sfânta Elena Sic

Súrló

186

263

Verbiþa

La Eleºteu

234

315

Sicheviþa

Primãrie (Consiliul Popular)

187

264

Vlãdila

La Pepinierã

235

318

Voivozi

236

319

Vultureni-Rât

237

320

Zãlan

238

321

Zãlan

239

322

Sita Buzãului

Drumul Roatelor

188

266

Sita Buzãului

Malu Dinu Buzea

190

267

Socol

Krugliþa de Mijloc

191

269

Someºul Rece

Cetate

192

270

Stârciu

Holdele Lungi

193

271

Zãuan

Dâmbul Cimitirului

240

323

241

324

242

187

243

28

Steierdorf

Peºtera Hoþilor

194

272

Zãuan

Ketvizkost (Între cele douã ape)

Stejeriº

Izvorul Rece

195

274

Mediaº

Iºcolani

Straja

Înfundãtura

196

276

Berghin

Straja

Sub Mãgurã

197

277

Bodrogu Vechi

Cãtrã Vale

244

37

Hãpria

Lisu Strãjii

198

147

Boroºneul Mic

Cetatea lui Borza

245

39

Stupãrei

La Ceºmele

199

279

Boroºteni

Peºtera Cioarei

246

40

Suceagu

Grãdini

200

280

Alexandria

Cãrãmidãrie

247

5

Suplacul de Barcãu

Lapiº II

201

282

Cârcea

La Hanuri

248

55

Suplacul de Barcãu

Lapiº I

201

281

Cârcea

Viaduct

249

56

Sviniþa

Izlaz

202

283

Dubova

Cuina Turcului

250

112

Sviniþa

Piatra Iliºovei

203

284

Grãdinile

Fântâna lui Duþu

251

141

ªeuºa

La Cãrarea Morii

204

285

Grãdinile

Izlaz

252

142

?imleul Silvaniei

Observator

205

286

Hoghiz

253

149

ªimnicul de Jos

Curtea Staþiunii experimentale agricole

206

287

254

203

Negreni

255

204

ªpãlnaca

Fântâna lui ªimon

207

288

Peºtiº

256

230

Botul Piscului

257

219

Nandru

Peºtera Curatã

ªpãlnaca

La ªugud

208

289

Ostrovu Corbului

ªuºca

Km 11

209

290

Cleanov

Fiera

258

77

Tarcea

Frater Béla

210

291

Basarabi

La Vârtej

259

19

211

294

Bãbãiþa

260

21

212

295

Sãlcuþa

Piscul Corniºorului

261

253

213

292

Almãjel

Valea Seacã

262

7

263

164

264

273

Târgu Mureº

Cetate

Târnava Tãrtãria

Halta CFR

Tãºnad

La Sere

214

293

Ipoteºti

Timiºoara

Fratelia

215

296

Stejaru

216

297

Deagurile

Piscul Mãmãligii

265

97

Vitãneºti

Vitãneºti IV

266

317

Pãnade

Tâul Pãnãzii

267

226

268

225

Brãduþ

Dealul Rotund (Muntele de Piatrã)

269

44

Totia Turia

217

298

Turia

Grãdina conacului Apor

218

299

Þaga

Fermã

219

300

Þaga

Hrube

220

301

Þaga

Jude

221

302

Dudeºtii Vechi

Bucova III

270

114

222

303

Dudeºtii Vechi

Bucova IV

271

115

223

304

Dudeºtii Vechi

Bucova VI

272

116

224

305

Dulceanca

273

118

SMT

274

106

Dealul Predeºtilor

275

176

Uioara de Sus

Cimitirul Ortodox

Uliuc Unip

La Viºini

Pãdureni

Urziceni

Râtul Vada

225

306

Dobrosloveni

Vadu Criºului

Peºtera nr 2

226

307

Locusteni

135

Early Neolithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the territory of Romania

Site name

Punct

FM number

Repository number

Gherceºti

Sãliºte

276

130

Govora

Sub-Coº

277

140

Govora

Stogºor

277

139

Comani

278

83

Drãgãneºti Olt

279

108

Godinaci

280

134

281

23

Bãlãneºti

Gura Vãii

Brebeni Slatina

Catedralã

Bujoreni Cruceni

282

45

283

268

284

47

285

92

Cruceni

Strada Cimitirului

286

93

Fegernicu Nou

Valea ªiºterea

287

122

Gornea

Vodniac

288

138

Gura Vãii

Ostrovu Golu

289

143

Sita Buzãului

Cremenea

290

265

Mãgura

Buduiasca

291

183

Ceriºor

Cauce Cave

292

60

Berea

La Pãºune

293

25

Biled

294

33

Bojoiu

295

38

296

53

Cãlineºti Oaº

Dâmbul Sfintei Mãrii

Cruºovu

297

94

Deveselu

298

103

Drãgoteºti

Obºtea Bobeanu

299

109

Golenþi

La Vârtej

300

135

Lãcriþa Micã

Dealul Cioban

301

169

Ostrovu Mare

Schela

302

221

Ostrovu Mare

Botul Piscului

303

220

Pârºani

ªcoala

304

228

305

275

306

278

Stolniceni Studina

La Mãgura dintre vii

Verguleasa

307

316

Ostrovul Corbului

Botul Cliuciului

308

218

Oradea

Fabrica de cãrãmidã Guttman

309

213

136

20°

21°

22°

23°

48°

47°

24°

25°

26°

27° 48°

296 169 130

225 29321 55 20 101 174 159 102 91 231 232 214 236 210 180 69 135 16239 201 205 60 287 240 241 178 72 132 136 45 25 256 146 97 193 177 79 105120219 29 32 89 176 309 220 237 54 226 17 78131 1159 186 221 114 71 111 12 56 192 58 57 165 200 15 211 34 158 139 1 18 107 160 195 50 222 106 49 122 22 153 51 86 208 140 185 179 52 207 183 121 67 5 10 64 37 204 267 124 129 31 229 154 9 2 212 90 53 84 168 19 242 230 198243 269 3 271 244 8 46 128 172 14 213118 218 217 81 40 112 173 65 93196 239 238 43 270 272 294 166 13 115 19770134 110 75 74 116 113 147 227 61 253 7 82 4 135 141 47 85 92 6 268 44 254 62 83 148 157 170 228 182 155 68 38 156 125 216 109 117 41 215 123 171 292 245 16 99 175 127 103 144 100 28 190 290 151 223 163 42 66 33 76150 224 48 98 30 188 88 143 167 94 87 145 104 286 285 24 35 26 27 73 284 36 164 277 246 108 194 305 255 199 209 191 77 126 187 138 149 161 185 288 23 142 307 137 181 265 203 63 95 119 262 80 289 257 96 202 206 276 283 250 303 308 282 264 258 295263 280 304 234 302 301 281 278 279 233 261 249 299 248 274

47°

Bernadea - Dâmbãu

46°

45°

46°

45°

Deagurile

300

44°

259

275

298 235 306 251 252 297

44°

50

0 20°

21°

m a.s.l.

22°

0 - 250

23°

250 - 700

24°

700 - 2000

25°

26°

> 2000

100 km 27°