The Fayoum Survey Project: The Themistou Meris: Volume B: The Ceramological Survey (Collectanea Hellenistica) 9789042936287, 9789042938847, 9042936282

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THE FAYOUM SURVEY PROJECT THE THEMISTOU MERIS Volume B The Ceramological Survey

by D.M. Bailey Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van België voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten

with contributions by R. Hartmann and G. Pyke

Collectanea Hellenistica - KVAB IX

PEETERS

COLLECTANEA HELLENISTICA - KVAB IX

COLLECTANEA HELLENISTICA - KVAB EDITORIAL BOARD Willy Clarysse, Katelijn Vandorpe, Marc Boone, Alain Martin, Peter Van Nuffelen

PUBLIKATIE VAN DE KONINKLIJKE VLAAMSE ACADEMIE VAN BELGIË VOOR WETENSCHAPPEN EN KUNSTEN

Collectanea Hellenistica - KVAB

IX

THE FAYOUM SURVEY PROJECT THE THEMISTOU MERIS Volume B The Ceramological Survey BY

Donald M. BAILEY WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY

Rita Hartmann and Gillian Pyke

PEETERS LEUVEN – PARIS – BRISTOL, CT

2019

© 2019, Peeters Publishers D/2019/0602/39 ISBN 978-90-429-3628-7 eISBN 978-90-429-3884-7

Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher.

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE by CORNELIA RÖMER

VII

DONALD M. BAILEY ThePotteryoftheThemistouMeris INTRODUCTION

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

5

MAP OF

6

THE

FAYUM

CHAPTER 1

The Meris (= District) of Themistos. Summary of Sites

CHAPTER 2

Ptolemaic Imported Black Glaze Ware

19

CHAPTER 3

Ptolemaic Finewares: Egyptian Black and Red Glazed Wares (EBGW1 and ERGW; or FRSW Ware)

21

CHAPTER 4

Imported Eastern Sigillata A Ware and African Red Slip Ware

33

CHAPTER 5

Egyptian Red Slip A Ware (ERSA), Aswan Fine Ware (AFW), Aswan Red Slip Ware (ARSW), etc. and Other Aswan Wares

35

Egyptian Red Slip B Ware (ERSB), Fayumic Red Slip Ware (FRSW) and Fayumic Fineware (FFW)

39

CHAPTER 7

Egyptian Plainware Cups, Bowls (and Some Casseroles)

47

CHAPTER 8

Cooking-Pots and Casseroles

55

CHAPTER 9

Coarseware Jars

69

CHAPTER 10

Qawadis

73

CHAPTER 11

Lekythoi, Flagons and Jugs, Askoi, Omphokerai and Lids, Juglets and Lids

79

CHAPTER 12

Miscellaneous and Specialised Vessels

85

CHAPTER 13

Vitreous-Glazed Wares

89

CHAPTER 14

Imported Amphorae and Egyptian Versions

93

CHAPTER 15

Egyptian Type A Amphorae (Empereur AE 3)

105

CHAPTER 16

Egyptian Late Roman Amphorae 7 (Hermopolis Magna Type B)

117

CHAPTER 6

1

For abbreviations see p. 4.

7

VI

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 17

Lamps

121

CHAPTER 18

Glass

125

CHAPTER 19

Faience Vessels

133

CHAPTER 20

Miscellaneous Objects

143

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS

149

PLATES OF THE POTTERY OF THE THEMISTOU MERIS

159

APPENDIX I APPENDIX II

Grenfell and Hunt at Harit and Kasr el-Banat: The Ceramic Material by GILLIAN PYKE

305

The Fayum Survey Project 1999-2006: The Ceramic Material from Watfa/Philoteris in the Publication of Donald M. Bailey by RITA HARTMANN

325

PREFACE Donald M. Bailey (1931 – 2014) was the main and only ceramologist who worked with me and the team through all the campaigns from 1999 to 2006. The ceramological catalogue in this Volume B is the result of his survey carried out in the Themistou Meris in those years.1 When we agreed that a special chapter should be written on the material which had been found and documented by Grenfell and Hunt at the end of the 19th century in Theadelpheia and Euhemeria, Donald was still very eager to do the work, but finally had to give up. Gillian Pyke took over and gave a new view on the pottery found by Grenfell and Hunt on those sites and documented in their FayumTownsandtheirPapyri (= P. Fay.) in 1900. As time went on, it appeared to me that it would be a good idea to compare the pottery found in Philoteris – the site on which I was finally able to excavate - with the pottery found in Tebtynis, after a new pottery catalogue of those excavations by the French – Italian mission on that site had been published (Ballet P. and Poludnikiewicz, A. 2012, TebtynisV.Lescéramiquesdesépoques hellénistique et impériale. FIFAO 69, Le Caire). Donald could not appreciate that publication anymore. Rita Hartmann, the ceramologist in the excavation at Philoteris from 2016, undertook the complicated task of comparing the ceramological finds from an excavation with those collected during a survey. The outcome of both these Appendices I and II to Don’s catalogue shows the thoroughness and expertise he commanded like nobody else in his generation. References made to Polemon + number point to the survey carried out under the directorship of Dominic Rathbone from 1995 to 1999 in the Polemonos Meris; the publication is in preparation. Cornelia Römer

1

About his enormous input in the whole survey, see Preface to Volume A.

INTRODUCTION In 1993, Dominic Rathbone (1996, 51-6) observed that large areas of the Fayum were threatened by agricultural and domestic development and suggested that survey work on various ancient villages should be undertaken before all had been lost. Rathbone organised a small British/Egyptian team, which commenced survey work in the District of Polemon, including those desert-edge villages that were not in the concessions of other expeditions. During Ptolemaic and Roman times, the Fayum, at that time the Arsinoite Nome, the capital of which was Ptolemais Euergetis, was divided into three administrative districts, the Merides of Herakleides, of Polemon and of Themistos. Rathbone’s work was focused on the District of Polemon, which was examined during four seasons, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999. Later the survey was extended to the District of Themistos in seven seasons undertaken and directed by Cornelia Römer (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2006) and two by Dirk Obbink (1999-2000). Cornelia Römer has made studies of these villages in Volume A of this publication, with directions for tracing the village mounds, and descriptions of the sites, including their topography. The character of the finds recovered, mostly pottery, follows here in this part of the Introduction. The nature of the material The potsherds and other objects published here were all recovered from the surface during systematic fieldwalking. The project did not include any excavation, so in terms of archaeological context, all the material is unstratified, and this fact is to be borne in mind at all times when the catalogue is used: the dating is assigned on purely typological grounds, and by reference to published material from other sites. There is no stratigraphic information which could help to provide either absolute or relative dating. It is also important to note that surface collections, by their nature, tend to be biased in favour of the later phases of the site: objects from earlier phases will, on the whole, remain comparatively undisturbed, and will therefore be under-represented. Process of collection and recording The strategies followed for collection were adapted on a site-to-site basis, and were governed by the time available to collect and draw the material, which could not be taken off the site, except after 2002 when it was taken to the Tafteesh (the Antiquities Department Inspectorate) and drawn there, before being returned to the mounds for dumping. The most useful dating tools, the imported finewares, were relatively scarce, but Egyptian finewares were present and abundant at most sites, sometimes copying the shapes of imported and datable finewares; coarse pottery, consisting of the largely undatable coarsewares of Ptolemaic, Roman and early Arab Egypt was collected at some sites, but not all. Coarsewares are very regional in style, and in studying the material from the Fayum, I have come to the conclusion that, except for a few ubiquitous shapes, mainly Ptolemaic, there is very little help to be gained from comparanda from the rest of Egypt. The sherds were collected during systematic surface searching following a grid system within a given area. Sherds were moderately abundant on the surface at most sites, and choices therefore

2

INTRODUCTION

had to be made as to which to collect and record and which to ignore. These choices were probably similar to those usually made in such circumstances, but it may be helpful to set them out clearly here, because it is important for the reader to understand the principles involved, and to be aware not only that the final selection does have a rationale behind it, but also that the rationale is not one of attempting to create a truly representative collection in proportional terms. All the material collected had one or more of the following characteristics. 1. Sherds that were easily recognisable were chosen, especially complete profiles and large rimsherds which, when drawn, can provide a good profile and an accurate rim-diameter. 2. Sherds of types that appeared especially common, or typical of the site, were collected in sufficient number to illustrate their range and variation. 3. Conversely, rare or exotic fabrics and types were selected. Thus, many small body-sherds of imported fine wares, lamps, faience, and glass were picked up, even if they were too fragmentary to provide detailed typological information. ‘Angle-rimmed’ cooking-pots and slipped fine table-wares are ubiquitous throughout most sites. 4. Particular attention was paid to sherds that appeared to be notably early or late, although the results cannot be expected to indicate a reliable date-range for the occupation of any given site. Nevertheless, an attempt was made to identify the widest date-range possible within the limitations of the exercise. The surface finds that were left uncollected comprised the bulk of the very small and abraded body-sherds and fragments such as cooking-pot sherds and amphora handles, as well as large and bulky coarseware fragments. It is extremely doubtful whether quantitative methods such as the counting or weighing of undiagnostic sherds would have been especially enlightening, but in any case, neither the time available nor the size of the team would have permitted it. All drawing and recording of the publishable material had to be done during each season (and in some cases, on site immediately after collection), and this task was a full-time one. Pottery: types, dates, distributions and interpretation The main difficulty in the publication of ancient pottery is now the overwhelming quantity of published material. While this steadily adds to the sum of human knowledge about the material culture of antiquity, and forms one of the essential resources for a ceramicist’s research, the time taken to study it, sheet after printed sheet, sherd after sherd, is becoming increasingly wearisome and time-consuming. But precisely because of the many detailed and reliable publications now available, it seems reasonable to become fairly selective in the use of comparanda: many of the sherds described and illustrated in this volume belong to types that are already familiar from elsewhere, and where this is the case, I have not always considered it necessary or even possible to cite extensive lists of detailed parallels. As I have emphasised above, because the sherds catalogued here are all from surface collections, they cannot in themselves be used to refine the dating of given wares and types. For that, it is essential to consult pottery reports from excavated sites with sound stratigraphic dating. Some useful dating points are provided by pottery types that are well-dated elsewhere, generally imported finewares, but there are situations in which most of the sherds recovered are of very long-lived and therefore chronologically unhelpful types. This can sometimes make it difficult even to decide whether occupation was continuous at a given period (the second to fourth centuries AD, for example) or whether there may have been a period of abandonment followed by a return of population. Nevertheless, the pottery types represented on the sites of the Themistos District do provide broad indications of the periods at which those sites were occupied, and thereby augment the information which is already obtainable from purely historical and documentary sources.

INTRODUCTION

3

Additionally, the detailed publication of the sherd collections will add dots to distribution maps. The presence of wares imported from other areas of Egypt and from further afield helps to expand the ever-growing picture we have of the trade in pottery, or of its contents, in antiquity. While the bulk of the sherds on all the sites consisted, as we might expect, of locally made coarse wares that changed little over the generations, all sites produced some datable imported finewares. It is reasonable to suppose that imported pots, or imported goods packaged in pottery containers, were more expensive than local wares and produce, but the greatest caution should be exercised in trying to use the evidence of unstratified pottery collections to draw any detailed conclusions about the wealth or social status of the ancient inhabitants of the villages. For example, the presence of sherds from imported wine-amphorae or oil jars most likely indicate that imported, and therefore relatively expensive, wine or oil were being consumed, but we should not discount the fact that large ceramic vessels were regularly recycled for many purposes in antiquity. A Greek wineamphora might already have been emptied of its original contents and refilled with some other, more local commodity, before it reached the destination where its broken fragments were ultimately discarded. This is not to say that the recording of surface collections can tell us nothing of importance. On the contrary, when combined with the evidence from written sources and compared with other archaeological assemblages, they help to characterise the general material culture of this region in the Ptolemaic, Roman and early Arab periods. Arrangement of the volume The sites surveyed are briefly discussed in Chapter 1, following this introduction, where their topographical character and main features are described, and the typological and chronological range of pottery they produced is summarised. The main catalogue section of the book, Chapters 2–20, comprise the detailed listing, discussion and illustration of the pottery and some other finds. Note that throughout the catalogue, the word ‘mound’ in quotes indicates that the village mound itself is almost totally destroyed, probably by sebakh-diggers. The sections are arranged typologically, and the types are arranged in chronological sequence of their first appearance, from the Ptolemaic period to the Roman and early Arab phases. The plates with profile drawings of the numbered and catalogued objects follow the text. The conventions used in the catalogue section are explained below. Conventions used in the catalogue section The pottery drawings are printed at a scale of one-third in the plates, with the exception of the amphorae, which are reproduced at one-quarter size. The following artifacts are shown at half scale: lamps, glass, faience and miscellaneous objects, though the last may be drawn at full size if very small. There are a few gaps in the numerical sequence of drawn sherds, annotated ‘Not drawn’ or ‘Not illustrated’ in the written catalogue, while occasional numbers are completely omitted and noted as ‘Not Used’ in the catalogue. The nature of the work in the field, with its once-only access to the material, makes these small irregularities difficult to avoid completely. The catalogue entries are set out in the following manner: Cat. no.; Village name; date found; village mound; study (sherding) area; size; type name or description; ware; fabric description, comparanda.

4

INTRODUCTION

Forexample: 242. Kom el–Arka; 1999. Village mound, Area B study area. D. 11 cm. Carinated cup with knobbed rim. AFW: Pot-walls unslipped; brown slip on outside of rim. The following fabric abbreviations are used: most are commonly employed by other ceramicists. AE 3 = Amphores égyptiennes 3 = Hermopolitan Amphora A AFW = Aswan Fine Ware AGW = Aswan Glazed Ware ARSW = African Red Slip Ware AsRS = early ERSA CGC = Coptic Glazed Ceramics CGW = Coptic Glazed Ware EBGW = Egyptian Black Glaze Ware ERGW = Egyptian Red Glaze Ware ERS = Early ERSB ERSA = Egyptian Red Slip A Ware (Rodziewicz 1976 Groupe 0) = AFW ERSB = Egyption Red Slip B Ware (Rodziewicz 1976 Groupe K) ESAW = Eastern Sigillata A Ware (Rodziewicz 1976 Groupe W) = AFW FRSW = Fayumic Red Slip Ware = AFW FW = Fayumi Ware Hermopolitan Amphora B = Late Roman Amphora 7 LRAW = Late Roman A Ware (Rodziewicz 1976 Groupe A) LRBW = Late Roman B Ware (Rodziewicz 1976 Groupe B) LRCW = Late Roman C Ware (Phocaean Red Slip Ware) LRDW = Late Roman D Ware (Cypriote Red Slip Ware) NS = Nile silt SPELGW = Slip-Painted Early Lead-Glazed Wares USPW = Underglazed Slip-Painted Ware

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the several seasons during which I undertook work on the pottery of the District of Themistos, I was aided in many ways by various colleagues. I must first thank Cornelia Römer and Dirk Obbink for their invitations to study the pottery of the sites of Themistos, following on work in the Polemon Meris under the directorship of Dominic Rathbone. I will list the Themistos staff and hope that I have not omitted any of several congenial co-workers: Patrick Brosch, Survey and Study; Osama Hamad Hamoudi, Inspector; my wife Catherine Johns, illustrator; Christopher Kirby, Survey and Study; David Leith, Survey and Study; Sa’ad B. Mohamed, Local Organiser; Said Saleh, Driver; Sayed Awad Mahommed, Trainee Inspector; Anastasia Maravela, Survey and Study; Meiyada Ahmed Neguib Ahmed Marzouk, Inspector; Andrew Monson, Survey and Study; Margaret Mountfort, Survey and Study; Katja Müller, Survey and Study; Ashraf Sobhy Rizkalla, Inspector; some of the above aided me by sherding the various sites. In the drawing tent in Egypt, in a drawing office in the British Museum, and also at home, a large number of field-drawings and finished drawings were made. The 1500 or so original field-drawings were shared roughly equally between myself and Catherine Johns. Finished drawings were prepared by Mat Dalton (63 finished drawings); Kate Morton (232 finished drawings); Catherine Johns (271 finished drawings); and Donald Bailey (797 finished drawings). My son, Justin Bailey, gave invaluable help in the digitising and practical layout of the illustrations; I must also thank Claire Thorne for the fine map of the Fayum (Fig. 1).

6

MAP OF THE FAYUM

Fig. 1: Map of the Fayum, with thanks to Claire Thorne

CHAPTER 1 THE MERIS (= DISTRICT) OF THEMISTOS SUMMARY OF SITES1 A full account of the villages in the Meris of Themistos is found in Vol. A.2 A detailed summary of the surface pottery from the site of Philoteris has already been published as an appendix, with full references, in C. Römer, “Philoteris in the Themistou Meris”, ZPE 147 (2004), 281-305. The purpose of this book is to provide a summary of the characteristics of the mounds surveyed during the FayumSurveyProject.ThemistouMeris, and to give an overview of the large variety of pottery that was found and recorded. The pottery shows various similarities throughout the Themistos District, and is generally described under typological groups in the catalogue part of this publication (Chapters 2 –20). Some Ptolemaic groups are typologically consistent throughout the Hellenistic world; namely the three black and red glazed tableware types and their coarseware parallels, that is, the echinus cup or bowl, the flared cup and the lipped dish (The term ‘echinus’ is borrowed from an architectural term that refers to a moulding with a smooth, convex curve). Fine cooking-pots with angled rims are plentiful on most of the sites examined. Also noteworthy are the many amphorae, both imported and Egyptian; various jars and flagons; the qawadis (water-lifting pots), so necessary for Egyptian life; and many minor objects in pottery, glass and faience. These are all touched upon in the following sections, and the date-range represented by the surface pottery found on each site is noted. The seasons during which the sites and areas were surveyed are noted in the headings.

SHERDING AREAS: Not all the areas in the various sites were suitable for ‘sweeping’ for the location of sherds, but the Sherding Areas are noted in the Catalogue Entries.

KOM EL-ARKA (AD 1999, 2006). See Vol. A, Chapter 8, pp. 51-57. Plan is Photo 8.1. This double mound received general overall sweeping and examination. Kom el-Arka mound, examined in AD 1999 and 2006, is a fairly large mound with a long tongue of cultivation and trees separating to some extent a smaller kom (Area A) to the west from a larger one to the east (Area B). It is surrounded by cultivation, but is bound closely by the Wadi Nazlah to the west and a large wadi to the east that curves round and drains into the Wadi Nazlah. The edges of both areas, and the southern end of Area A, are mostly sandy with very little pottery: what there was was broken into small fragments, as though re-deposited. There is a fair scattering of sherds on the northern end of Area A, and much more on the centre 1

2

All sites with their approximate locations are given in Figure 1, p. 6. More detailed maps of every site are available in Vol. A. The Survey took place between 1999 and 2006.

8

CHAPTER 1: THE MERIS OF THEMISTOS: SUMMARY OF SITES

and northern extension of the adjacent Area B, which is also covered by wind-blown sand. The only coarsewares selected for recording were a known variety of Ptolemaic cooking-pots, coarse Ptolemaic echinus-cups and bowls, and Late Roman Amphora Type 7: there were no certain Egyptian AE 3 jars. It seems that much of the overburden was removed long ago by the sebakhin, although a more recent small illicit excavation near the eastern side of Area A shows that there is mud brick and sebakh immediately below the surface in some areas. Whether this is the case over the entire village mound cannot be shown without excavation, an unlikely prospect as the mound has been handed over for agricultural purposes by the Antiquities Department. The pottery exposed by the illegal digging is coarseware, and included a sherd of a large Ptolemaic echinus-bowl. In the north-east part of Area B were scatterings of slag from pottery kilns, including a vitrified lower body sherd of a Late Roman/Early Arab Egyptian Type B amphora (Late Roman Amphora 7). The Ptolemaic material includes the long-lived Ptolemaic Black and Red Glaze Ware (EBGW and ERGW) echinus-cups and lipped dishes, and coarseware echinus-cups and bowls; also found were Ptolemaic angled-rimmed cooking-pots and faience. Two as yet unidentified imported amphorae are likely to be Ptolemaic rather than Roman. The first two centuries of the Roman period are represented only by some tiny scraps of faience ‘service’ bowls and dishes, none large enough to draw. Late Roman material included a couple of bowls of Fayumic Red Slip Ware and several bowls and dishes of Aswan Fine Ware of fifth to seventh-century date. Although plentiful at many Fayum sites examined during Dominic Rathbone’s 1995-8 Survey of the Polemonos Meris, very little African Red Slip Ware was found during the entire Römer Survey of the Themistou Meris. That which came from Kom el-Arka consisted of a floor sherd which could come from any one of a number of forms, and a rim sherd of Hayes Form 108, of the early seventh century AD. A fair scattering of Late Roman Amphora 1 sherds and handles were found on both areas of the mound, as noted above. This type of imported oil-jar was made from the fifth century AD until well into the seventh century, and was produced in Rhodes, the south Turkish coast, north Syria and Cyprus. Both round-shouldered and square-shouldered Late Roman/Early Arab Egyptian Type B wine amphorae (Late Roman 7) were recorded. Sherds of post-AD 700 Egyptian vitreous glazed bowls were found, including some with the streaky black/manganese brown, yellow and green underglaze slips that denote later examples of the so-called Fayumi Ware, probably dating from the ninth century onwards. The one piece of glass noted was a body sherd of an early Arab-period mould-blown bottle with raised circular decoration. The two mounds of the village can be treated as one, and material found throughout them dates between Ptolemaic times and the early medieval period, intermixed, a circumstance that indicates that much of the mound has gone, a victim of the sebakhin. Whether the occupation was continuous cannot be shown, due to the usual gap caused by the largely undatable character of the pottery of the third and fourth century AD. Kom el-Arka: Latest documentary evidence: none found (since the site has not been identified with any ancient village of which we know the name).

TELL EL-KENISSA (AD 1999, 2006). See Vol. A, Chapter 9, pp. 59-68. Plan is Photo 9.1. The Tell el-Kenissa mound was examined in 1999. This is a large oval mound, bound on the north by cultivation, and on the west and south by the Wadi Nazlah. It probably extended under a very modern village on its eastern and southern sides. First and Second Sweeps were made at the north-west part of the site. The mound has been largely destroyed by modern agriculture, and also much affected by the digging and backfilling of many sondages. In 1999

CHAPTER 1: THE MERIS OF THEMISTOS: SUMMARY OF SITES

9

two sweeps for pottery were undertaken on this large oval area. At that time no coarseware vessels were recorded other than angled-rim Ptolemaic cooking-pots and coarse echinus cups, but imported Late Roman 7 wine amphorae were noted. No imported fine wares were found. There were copies of imported Hellenistic bowls and dishes in Egyptian Black Glaze Ware and Red Glaze Ware, as well as versions of the same types in coarsewares: these echinus cups and bowls and lipped dishes are long-lived, dating from the third century BC into the first century AD. Most village sites discussed here have examples of these three cups, bowls and dishes. Imported amphorae of Hellenistic date include also possible Cnidian and certainly Rhodian fragments of the second century BC: there is one stamped Rhodian handle of c. 175-146 BC (see Vol. A p. 61-62 and Photos 9.12 and 13). Two body fragments of Egyptian AE 3 amphorae were recorded. This is a long-lived type, and the study of the chronological and geographical implications of its variations is still at an early stage. The type probably began about the time the Romans came to Egypt and lasted to the beginning of the fifth century AD. There was one base-sherd from a Ptolemaic faience jar and two body fragments: no Roman-period faience was noted. To turn to Late Roman times, there are a very few scraps of Late Roman Amphora 1, which was made from the fifth century AD until well into the seventh century and produced in several workshops. Many of those found in Egypt are thought to come from Cyprus. Egyptian Late Roman 7 wine amphorae were present in both the round-shouldered and the square-shouldered forms, of the fifth to the eighth century AD. Amongst the finewares are many Aswan Fine Ware cups and bowls that share shapes with John Hayes’ Egyptian Red Slip A Ware, also from the Aswan kilns: these include a Fayumic Fine Ware compartmental bowl. A fifth to sixth-century date can be given to most of these, but some may go later. The foot of a sixth or seventh-century glass goblet was found, but all the other glass consisted of small indeterminate body sherds. A terracotta lamp of the late sixth or seventh century was also recovered: it is probably a local Fayumic product or imported from Middle Egypt. A few sherds of Arab-period vitreous glazed ware were noted. These cannot be earlier than about AD 700, when vitreous glazing was reintroduced in Egypt after many centuries when the technique was not used. From the survey it would appear that the northern part of the site was inhabited during Ptolemaic times, the sherds of that period being less noticeable as one moves south. There seems to be a break in occupation after the Ptolemaic period, until the site was reinhabited and enlarged southwards in Late Roman times, from the fifth century onwards, with no cessation when the Arabs arrived in AD 641/2, although by the eighth century the size of the village had shrunk back to a small area within what was the Ptolemaic area. There was probably a Late Roman cemetery at the southern end of the mound: no pottery, many bones. The indications are that the entire inhabited mound, first occupied by Ptolemaic settlers and, with a gap in the Imperial Period, lasting until early medieval times, has been removed by the sebakhin, and by workers of the Islamic Inspectorate. Only where there were cellars and pits did the sebakh diggers leave a little material to be found. A visit in April 2006 showed that all the sondages made by the Islamic Inspectorate, once a notable feature of the site, have been fully filled in, and are now not visible. The area of the mound is to be used for modern agriculture. To summarise, the pottery ranges in date from the Ptolemaic period, some probably as early as the third century BC, through Late Roman times and well into the early Arab period. But hardly anything of the first four centuries AD was recognised. Tell el-Kenissa: Latest documentary evidence: none found (since the site has not been identified with any ancient village of which we know the name).

10

CHAPTER 1: THE MERIS OF THEMISTOS: SUMMARY OF SITES

The ALIUN Complex: (AD 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006): See Vol. A, Chapter 10, pp. 69-82. Plans are Photos 10.1 and 2. Three areas were surveyed: the site of Aliun Village, a series of mounds comprising Kom Aliun (the necropolis of the village), and a more distant group of small mounds which appear to have included the site of a church in the Late Roman period. Aliun Village Aliun Village is a mound adjacent to the modern cultivation, and is probably the village of which Kom Aliun was the necropolis. The mound is comparatively small, but a considerable portion of it, perhaps as much as half, has been destroyed in modern times by encroaching cultivation. Moreover, the part that remains, except for a group of mud-mortared low stone walls from houses at the west, and three slag-covered mounds, has been almost completely removed, often down to bedrock, by the sebakhin, who have taken all the earth and mud brick away to use as fertiliser. The slag-covered mounds hide areas of pottery production, indicated by the presence of some vitrified wasters, probably of AE 3 jars. The stone walls, all resting on bedrock, may have been foundations for mud-brick buildings, or are the lowest courses of fully stone-built edifices (which are common amongst modern village houses of the locality). There were some sherds visible in the cultivated area that now covers the northern extent of the village, but there was no time to examine this sector, which is largely hidden by vegetation, and its boundaries are not discernible. Very little pottery survives at Aliun Village; it was perhaps sifted out by the sebakhin to supply shakfs(sherds) for the Egyptian Antiquities Service (Bailey 1999, 215), or was spread on the fields with the sebakh. What does remain reflects the situation found in 1999 at Kom Aliun, its cemetery. It ranges in date from the Ptolemaic period to Late Roman times, but there is no sign of the chronologically diagnostic early Arab vitreous-glazed wares. Amongst the locally made coarsewares, stemming ultimately from Nile silt brought along the Bahr Yussef to the Fayum, the earliest vessels may be angled-rim cooking-pots, resembling, but not wholly like, some from Naukratis, where parallels of the fourth to the mid-second century BC from Egypt and elsewhere are cited (as Berlin 1998, 227, fig. 6, 39, 8-10). Ours are probably no earlier than the third century BC and may be considerably later: the shape may have been long-lived. Cooking-pots of other shapes from Aliun Village are undatable but many may be Roman. There are several mushroom-knobbed sakiya-pot fragments which seem likely to be of late-Ptolemaic to early-Roman date. Qawadis of other shapes were found at Aliun Village and are probably of the Roman period. Other coarsewares include jars, flagons (some spouted), a bread-making dish, a lid with a large smoke-hole, and several bowls, all at present undatable. Two of the bowls, however, appear to be copied from African Red Slip Ware of Hayes Form 44, of the third century AD. The Late Roman material probably includes some of the coarseware vessels mentioned above, and also a small body sherd from a bowl of Aswan Fine Ware, a variety of Egyptian Red Slip A Ware of the fifth to seventh century AD. There is a mouth of a coarseware copy of an omphokera, an Aswan flask of about AD 340-500. Also present was a probable body sherd of Late Roman Amphora 1, a type made in several centres along the southern coast of Turkey and north Syria, from the fifth until well into the seventh century: many of the examples found in Egypt came from Cyprus. One shoulder sherd of an Egyptian Type B amphora (Late Roman Amphora 7) comes from the site, and is of the seventh century AD. Sherds of this amphora type also came from the area with stone houses, and there are several Egyptian Type A amphorae (AE 3 jars), some of which may be no later than the end of the second century AD, although the type itself has a long

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chronological span, from the first to the early fifth century. Examples of these come from the stone houses, but are also found elsewhere on the village site. There is very little glass, one piece being the base of a cast bowl or dish of the first or second century AD, but several poor fragments of Roman faience were noted, some of which come from first to second-century ‘service’ cups and dishes. Kom Aliun Kom Aliun, the necropolis of the village, consists of five large mounds, in two rows along natural ridges, numbered A to E, close to the present-day cultivation. The north-west extremity of Mound C and the whole of Mound D have Late Roman objects, with a sprinkling of earlier material, including Ptolemaic; Mound D has very few artifacts. Mound E goes with Mounds A-C, but also has very little pottery, which peters out completely as it extends along the ridge. Coarsewares as well as finewares were selected for recording, but, because of the short time available, very large vessels, probably storage-jars, were ignored. There are sparse traces of human bones on Mounds A-E but it seems certain that these particular mounds of Kom Aliun were the cemeteries of the ancient village partially covered by modern cultivation about a kilometre to the north-east. Parts of the series of mounds making up Kom Aliun (Mounds A-C) seem to have been first used as cemeteries in late Ptolemaic times: although there is only a negligible amount of Ptolemaic material, it includes types made in the third to first century BC. These areas continued to be used for burials in the early Roman period, together with Mound E. No artifacts of the mid-third to fourth century were recognised, but this is common in Egypt because of the dearth of diagnostic types of that period, and does not necessarily indicate a break of occupation at the end of the second century AD or a little later. Late Roman material is found in small areas of the site, at the north-west extremity of Mound C, and Mound D. A little after the beginning of this Late Roman usage of the cemeteries, a church may have been built at some distance to the west, with signs of occupation nearby (Mounds 1 to 4). No Arab-period material was recognised, and Kom Aliun probably ceased to exist as necropolis and monastery before the end of the seventh century. Mounds A, B, most of C, and E, produced a variety of material: there were a very few Ptolemaic sherds, including an echinus-cup, flared-rimmed cups and a lipped dish, all of unglazed siltware. These are long-lived shapes found also in Egyptian Black and Red Glazed Ware. Some of the faience may be late Ptolemaic but most is of the first two centuries of the Roman period; late Ptolemaic or Roman shapes include jars, one with an everted rim and low neck, turquoise inside, and with a black ribbed exterior, some decorated with wreaths of turquoise leaves with yellow edges. Except for the mushroom-shaped base of a sakiya-pot, and some rims that may well go with this form of base, nothing else is necessarily Ptolemaic (and even these may run into the Roman period). However, several marl-ware cups, bowls and jars may be pre-Roman, as possibly are some of the coarseware vessels. These are difficult to date, but most are probably Roman. They include cooking-pots and casseroles, cups, bowls, jars, and a flagon. Egyptian AE 3 amphorae occur, which could extend to the early fifth century, but need not be as late as that. No fifth to eighth-century Egyptian Late Roman Amphora 7 were found on these particular mounds. Likewise it is not known when Fayumic Red Slip Ware (a local fabric of Hayes’ Egyptian Red Slip B Ware) began to be made, and the bowl and lid found are not of obvious Late Roman shape. Some glass sherds were found, including a couple of large-capacity unguentaria which are probably no later than the second century. Other glass forms were not easy to date. Four frog-type lamps are probably of the second century AD or perhaps a little later.

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The north-west extremity of Mound C and the adjacent Mound D had, in the main, Late Roman material, of the fifth to seventh century AD, although there were also a late Ptolemaic/Roman mushroom-based sakiya-pot, a faience bowl-rim of the first two centuries AD, and a sprinkling of body sherds of AE 3 amphorae. A few fragments of Egyptian Late Roman 7 jars go with the generally late dating of these two mounds. The finewares confirm the late dating, with a few sherds of Aswan Fine Ware bowls, mostly of fifth to sixth-century date or a little later. A large Fayumic Fine Ware bowl was found which is certainly of the Late Roman period. Cooking-pots, a bowl, a sakiya-pot, and a marl-ware jar are amongst the undatable coarsewares. The glass is all Late Roman, including bowls and cups, a conical glass lamp of fourth or fifth-century date, a bottle with spiralling trails of its body colour, a sixth or seventh-century goblet foot with pressed ‘overlapping’ petal decoration, and an oval glass bowl, of a type well-known in Egypt and probably of the fifth century AD. Aliun: isolated group of mounds Well to the south-west of Mound E of Kom Aliun is a group of four very small mounds, nos 1-4; these go together in that they have material of the fourth to seventh centuries AD. Mounds 1 and 2 produced some Late Roman finds, but the even smaller Mounds 3 and 4 have no recognisable material, except for the shoulder of an Egyptian Late Roman 7 amphora from Mound 3. Mound 1 appears to have been a stone-built church. Possibly Mounds 2 to 4 formed a modest laura-type establishment centred on the church in Mound 1. Mound 1 is evidently wholly Late Roman. The diagnostic finds were few, but included Egyptian Late Roman 7 amphorae, probably no earlier than the seventh century, and a body sherd of a Late Roman Amphora 1 of the fifth to seventh century. The finewares included sixth to seventh-century Aswan Fine Ware bowls and fifth to seventh-century Fayumic Fine Ware and Fayumic Red Slip Ware bowls. In addition, there were undatable coarseware bowls and a cooking-pot. The nearby small Mound 2 is also late Roman, with many undiagnostic coarseware sherds thrown out from several illicitly excavated pits. There was a mouth and handle-spring fragment of a Late Roman 1 amphora and the mouth of another, and many sherds of Late Roman 7 jars of much the same date as those from Mound 1. Aswan Fine Ware of fifth to seventh-century date was found, including part of a compartmented bowl of the seventh century. The glass is all Late Roman with thin-walled bowls and cups, a body sherd with looped trails, and a goblet foot like those described earlier, of the sixth or seventh century AD. Except for a fragment of an Egyptian Type B amphora (Late Roman 7), as mentioned above, no diagnostic pottery was found on the closely positioned very small Mounds 3 and 4. The Aliun Complex: Latest documentary evidence: none found (since the site has not been identified securely with any ancient village of which we know the name; for a possible identification see Volume A, Chapter 10, pp. 69-72).

KOM HAMOULI, mound and cemetery (AD 1999, 2001, 2006). See Vol. A, Chapter 11, pp. 83-93. Plan is Photo 11.1. This small village mound, roughly oval in shape, with much wind-blown sand on the surface, is within the desert near the edge of the modern cultivation. The only coarseware selected during sherding were amphora fragments. There were no AE 3 Egyptian jars to be seen, but there were sherds of many Late Roman 7 Egyptian amphorae, both the round-shouldered and square-shouldered versions. Where they survived, these jars had tall necks, and no late squat-necked examples were noted, although these go with square-shouldered jars. The only imported amphora recorded was the mouth and upper handle-spring of a Late Roman Amphora 1, an oil-jar dating between the

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fifth century and the mid-seventh century. The Aswan kilns were the source of several bowls, cups and dishes of the fifth to seventh century AD: most were of Aswan Fine Ware, but one only was of Egyptian Red Slip A Ware. A few sherds of Arab-period vitreous glazed ware were found, made after about AD 700. There were three lamp fragments, one a Late Roman sixth or seventh-century pointed oval mould-made example with a completely eroded surface, the other a wheel-made lamp of the Arab period, probably the eighth to tenth century. There were many small fragments of glass, mostly too small to recognise, but those that were drawable included Late Roman and Arab-period cup fragments, a sixth or seventh-century goblet-foot with pressed ‘overlapping’ petal decoration, and a ninth to tenth-century cup with pincered ‘eyes’. It is impossible to say whether excavation would produce earlier material, but on the face of it nothing found at Kom Hamouli dates before Late Roman times, at some time in the fifth century AD, and it appears to have been inhabited throughout the early Arab period until the ninth or tenth century. Its necropolis, sherded in 2001 and 2006, lies about 150 m to the east of the village, and is of a long oval shape, considerably larger, but lower, than the village mound. As befits a Christian cemetery, very little pottery was to be seen. What there was included coarseware cooking-pots, casseroles and bowls, none of which contradicted the late dating of the village mound itself. There was much Arab-period glass in small fragments, and also several goblet-feet, while a small fragment of Arab-period faience also came from the necropolis. There were also several fragments of plaster wall decoration. Kom Hamouli: Latest documentary evidence: codices dated between 822 and 914 AD apparently were found here.

THEADELPHIA, its mound and cemeteries (AD 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006). See Vol. A, Chapter 13, pp. 105-172. Plan is Photo 13.1. Theadelphia (Kharabet Ihrit) is a large and complex site, situated on the bank of a canal which leads westwards towards Euhemeria (Qasr el-Banat) and ultimately to Dionysias. The mound is almost universally reduced down to the bedrock. There are two double bathhouses, one with an attached water-tower, and also red-brick wine-vats, two dominant tall remains of a building in mud brick (the temple of Pnepheros?), and a huge ash-and-clinker mound; however, very little remains of any domestic, commercial or public buildings. Surrounding the mound are numerous cemeteries within the cultivation areas. They are of various dates; Ptolemaic, Roman and Late Roman, probably Christian. The surface pottery found on Theadelphia ‘mound’ covered much the same date range as that recovered at Philoteris and Euhemeria and consisted of typical Ptolemaic vessels: fineware echinus bowls, flared bowls and lipped dishes; and several coarseware angle-rimmed cooking-pots and cooking-vessels of other shapes, including casseroles. Many coarseware bowls, both Ptolemaic and Roman, of differing rim-forms, were picked up, and several examples were found of the fineware dishes and bowls known as Eastern Sigillata A Ware, from Cyprus, Syria and Turkey. These are of the first century BC/AD. Plentiful quantities of both Ptolemaic and Roman faience came to light, including flat-top rimmed bowls, and ‘service’ dishes, as well as a little Roman glass. The amphorae included Ptolemaic Egyptian examples and Roman AE 3 vessels (Spike 1 was more visible than was Spike 2). Imported jars from many areas outside Egypt were found, including Tripolitania, Rhodes, Chios and possibly Pamphylia and Cnidus. An interesting and notable group consisted of imported Roman mortaria with gritted interiors. Several Ptolemaic ring-stands also occurred. One example of a Late Roman 7 amphora, probably intrusive, was found: it dates between the fifth to seventh century AD. Theadelphia: Latest documentary evidence: AD 343 or somewhat later.

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EUHEMERIA (AD 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005). See Vol. A, Chapter 14, pp. 173-210. Plan is Photo 14.1. This village mound (Kasr el-Banat) is now completely surrounded by cultivation and the modern village, which have also encroached upon the mound. It is now roughly circular in shape. The sebakhin have removed almost the entire mound down to bedrock. Only a sinuous ‘wall’ of very hard sebakh, containing much pottery, remains near the north-eastern edge, and a small mound of the same consistency survives at the east. Near the western edge, built directly on the bedrock, is a double tholos bath; another such establishment was located near the eastern edge of the ancient village, largely hidden by the sebakhin’s rubble. On the north-eastern and the south-eastern sides are areas of slag, indicating areas of pottery production. Both had wasters of Egyptian Type A amphorae (AE 3) of the Roman period, the other wasters being largely unrecognisable, with a possible Ptolemaic Black Glaze Ware echinus cup from the north-eastern slag mound. During the time available about one quarter of the mound, on the eastern side, was sherded. The amount of sherds surviving on the site is alarmingly great. At no place within the area examined was there any obvious concentration of pottery that hinted at a specific chronology: Ptolemaic and Roman sherds were completely mixed throughout; except for one shoulder sherd of an Egyptian Type B amphora (Late Roman 7) of sixth or seventh-century AD date, the apparent date range of the vessels noted was between the late fourth century BC and the early fourth century AD. The Late Roman 7 sherd is probably a stray, evidence of a passing visitor rather than occupation. Ptolemaic finewares of the last three centuries BC and a little later were found in large numbers, Egyptian versions of common forms found in the Hellenistic East: echinus cups and bowls, flared cups and lipped dishes in Ptolemaic Black and Red Glaze Ware, and also the same shapes in coarser clays. Other less ordinary forms in these fabrics were also found, including bowls, jugs and askoi. A handle from a fourth to third-century BC black-glazed column-crater may be an import. Angled-rim cooking-pots of about the late fourth to mid-second century BC were found in profusion. Several ring-shaped pot-stands were noted, and a Ptolemaic date seems likely for these. Part of an upright portable Hellenistic cooking-stove was present. Also recovered was a fragment of a terracotta bearded mask, perhaps a sage; this is probably Ptolemaic. Ptolemaic and Roman faience vessels were found, the latter probably no later than the second century AD. Amongst Roman-period finewares was an early cup of Egyptian Red Slip B Ware, probably of the second century AD, similar to examples identified by Roberta Tomber at Mons Claudianus in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Fragments of two imported Eastern Sigillata A Ware bowls of north Syrian origin and Augustan date were also recovered. Several imported amphorae were found, including one from Cnidus, but the source of some has not yet been identified, particularly of those that seem to be of the Ptolemaic period: this applies also to the precise recognition of Ptolemaic jars of Egyptian origin. Several stamped Rhodian jar-handles were noted, all with incomplete or very worn inscriptions; they probably date between the late third and the early first century BC, and are discussed by Cornelia Römer in Vol. A. Also found was a Ptolemaic-period straight handle from an amphora with a rectangular stamp (1093) reading ΔΕ (an angled delta) or ΡΕ (a very angular rho) below which are two short parallel lines (see p. **). Many Fayumic Roman Egyptian Type A (AE 3) amphorae were noted: most are probably early within the long date-range of this amphora type, but none is likely to be later than the fourth century AD, the papyrus date of the village. Of imports, second to third-century AD Tripolitanian III oil jars were present, and also a Roman mortarium stamped MEV, seemingly the initials of a tria nomina. These food-preparation vessels are common in the Western Empire throughout the Roman period, but are relatively rare finds in Egypt. Euhemeria: Latest documentary evidence: fourth century AD.

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PHILOTERIS (AD 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003). See Map in Römer 2004 in the cover jacket of ZPE 147, 2004; see Vol. A, Chapter 16, pp. 215-257. Plans are Photos 16.1-4. Philoteris: mound and cemeteries This village mound (modern name Watfa), on the ancient canal that extended to Dionysias and beyond, was identified by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898-9; 62-3. It is very much larger than the 200 × 100 m extent they describe, and perhaps its low-placed edges were covered with blown sand when they worked there. It may not have been disturbed greatly by the sebakhin, before or since. The main mound is roughly oblong, its long axis lying east-west, with narrow ridges and very small outlying mounds extending considerably to the west and less so to the east. Due to lack of time, this eastern stretch was only cursorily examined during the sherding operation in 2000. It became apparent during 2002 that the eastern extension is a rubbish-dump, and so, probably, is the western extension, despite being traversed by a canal. To the north of the mound, our vehicle’s wheel tracks cut through the surface in places, showing fine earth below, no doubt the remains of ancient cultivation extending right up to the edge of the village. Throughout the main mound are extensive signs of mud-brick buildings and also a few stone-built structures. The pottery found in the five years’ survey of the site matches well with nearby villages and with Philoteris’ papyrus dates of the third century BC to AD 313; there is no Late Roman material at all. Although Ptolemaic and Roman pottery was seen to lie over the main mound, there appeared to be more Roman material in the centre and more Ptolemaic sherds at the edges. This may imply that the inhabited area shrank as time went on, but this is a very subjective notion. In 2000 much of the mound was sherded, with other areas of the site being examined in 2001 and 2002. The Hellenistic fineware includes many flared bowls and lipped dishes mainly in Egyptian Black Glaze Ware, and echinus bowls, the last mainly in Egyptian Red Glaze Ware and in marl fabrics, and also in coarseware versions: all these are very long-lived shapes, made from the midfourth century BC until early Roman times. The most common fineware form found is the echinus bowl, followed by the lipped dish. There are many Ptolemaic angled-rim cooking-pots close to those found at other Fayumic sites: these can range in date, in Egypt and elsewhere, from the fourth century to the mid-second century AD. Amongst the Ptolemaic objects are several ring-shaped pot-stands. The faience is of Ptolemaic and Roman date. The Ptolemaic material in this fabric includes echinus bowls and bowls with a thickened flat-topped rim: these shapes are also known from Naukratis and other Ptolemaic villages. The Roman faience is not later than the end of the second century AD. The few glass sherds noted are all Roman of the first two centuries AD, including fragments of a mouldblown square bottle, and of low-capacity and high-capacity unguentaria. Many of the coarsewares collected cannot with certainty be placed in either the Ptolemaic or the Roman periods: it must be re-emphasised that unstratified surface pottery with no comparanda in the published literature has no intrinsic value for dating. This material includes cooking-pots, bowls, jars, flagons, sakiya-pots (qawadis) and bread-baking dishes. It is probable that the many sakiya-pots that do not have mushroom-shaped knobs are Roman; these include some selected (in both 2000 and 2002) from a small area of massed qawadisnear the north-east corner of the mound, which may represent the site of a water-lifting device to supply the village with domestic water rather than water for agriculture (Sakiya Station 3). Several of the amphorae found can be identified, but others are more difficult, and seem to date between the second century BC and the third century AD. Imports include Cretan, Athenian, Thasian, Rhodian, Tripolitanian and Pamphylian. Two versions of Egyptian AE 3 amphorae, defined by their differing spikes, are found all over Philoteris, including the main mound and the eastern and western extensions. On this site they both

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could be as late as the early fourth century AD, but I suspect most of them are of the second century AD or a little later. There are, of course, no late Roman Egyptian Type B amphorae (Late Roman 7). Scattered throughout the village mound are many fragments of Theban domestic mills, both upper and lower portions, in a dark grey or black imported volcanic stone and also in Aswan red granite. Probably devised in Greece in the fourth century BC, they were still being made well into Roman times. In 2002, a return was made to Philoteris to try to complete its planning, and a few additional items were found on the mound in areas examined in the two previous years, including a glass indented beaker of the first two centuries AD, a Roman bronze finger ring of the first century AD. The qawadis found include examples like the mushroom-knobbed vessels of Sakiya Station 1 (to the west of the mound), but others transitional between these and the probably Roman examples from Sakiya Station 3 (in the east of the mound). The pottery was much as that discovered in earlier seasons. Here were found considerable amounts of Ptolemaic-period angled-rim cooking-pots, Egyptian Black Glaze Ware lipped dishes and Egyptian Red Glaze Ware echinus cups (all Ptolemaic). Amongst the Roman material was some early glass, including a high capacity unguentarium, and also some faience, including a first to second-century AD ‘service’ cup. The only piece of Roman fineware found was an Egyptian Red Slip B Ware bowl copied from an African Red Slip Ware vessel of Hayes Forms 45 or 46 of the third to early-mid-fourth century AD. Well to the south-west of the site, barely perceptibly rising above the surrounding flat ground (which may have been areas of ancient cultivation) is a limestone ridge containing the square-cut entrances of several rock-cut chamber-tombs, probably illicitly dug out; there might be others still hidden. The little pottery thrown out from these tombs is Ptolemaic as far as can be discerned from the few diagnostic sherds (mainly Egyptian Red Glaze Ware echinus and flared bowls, and angledrim cooking-pots); parts of a rectangular terracotta coffin was found outside one tomb. The extent of this cemetery was sought and planned in 2002. Also in 2002 another cemetery was found well south of the village; it too has a few rock-cut tombs with very little diagnostic pottery material. Philoteris: canals and water basins Beyond the rubbish dump at the eastern end of the mound is a large low-lying area with no sign of buildings, but with shallow strews of pottery. Only a little pottery remains on the spread of the walls, and none at all can be seen on the bottoms. The pottery includes a Ptolemaic echinus cup and a lipped dish; angled-rim cooking-pots of the same date; qawadis, probably late Ptolemaic and also Roman; AE 3 amphorae of the Roman period; and a low-capacity glass unguentarium of the first or second century AD (as examples from Quseir el-Qadim and Mons Porphyrites). Except for an area not far from Philoteris, coarsewares only were recorded for the whole of the canal’s length. Along the northern canal immediately westward of Philoteris, and on its southern side was the much destroyed stone and fired-brick remains of what was evidently a Sakiya-station (No. 1), for raising water, with many sherds of qawadis, some of the rims being certainly of the type which has a mushroom-shaped knob, first noted by us at Magdola in 1997 (during the survey of the Polemonos Meris under the directorship of D. Rathbone). A complete example was found by Pierre Jouguet at Medinet Ghoran, not far from Magdola (Ptolemaic). Philoteris: temples A building made from stone was located outside the mound at its north-west ‘corner’, north of the canals (for the discussion of this building, which is now identified as the gymnasium of the village, see Vol. A, pp. 226-227). Almost all the pottery found in this building was Ptolemaic (angled-rim cooking-pots, lipped dishes and echinus cups); two Egyptian amphorae were recovered, one probably

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Ptolemaic, the other a Roman AE 3 jar. A Roman frog-type lamp fragment of the second or third century AD was found. A small temple in the mid-area of the mound was planned (Römer 2004, 287, fig. 2; Vol. A pp. 221-223). A few more objects were found, including Ptolemaic and Roman lamps, wooden combs and a fragment of an early Roman faience two-handled flagon with an applied wreath of imbricated leaves. An appreciable amount of the village of Philoteris survives, probably because until recently it was not close to modern cultivation. Five parallel sherd-sweeps were examined from north to south. The pottery found indicates that it appears to have flourished between the third century BC and the early fourth century AD, perhaps shrinking in size during the Roman period. For a general discussion of Philoteris pottery, see Bailey 2004, 301-4, in Römer 2004. Philoteris: Latest documentary evidence: coin, AD 339; papyrus, AD 313. DIONYSIAS (AD 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005); see Vol. A, Chapter 18, pp. 261-282. Plan is Figure 3 in that Chapter 18.

Dionysias Sherding Areas

Dionysias: mound, temple and fort Various areas of the site were sherded, but a large rectangular area, near the canal and the road to the temple, has been excavated in recent years. This area (Area A) was avoided by the present writer because of its complex array of stone-built houses and its multiplicity of sherds: no doubt it will be published in due course by its excavators.

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CHAPTER 1: THE MERIS OF THEMISTOS: SUMMARY OF SITES

Sherds were abundant on the surveyed Sherd-Areas B and F. Material found include local and imported tablewares, the ubiquitous local cooking vessels, and amphorae. Drinking-cups of many types were represented, such as echinus cups and flared cups, covering a chronological range from the 4th century BC to about the 3rd century AD. Flagons, ring stands, and lipped dishes and fishplates, many of which have black and red glazes and slips, are of Ptolemaic date, while there were also examples of faience ‘service’ vessels typical of the early Roman period. The common cooking pots and casseroles were of the many types and rim-forms used from Ptolemaic to Late Roman times. Amongst the early imported amphorae are Tripolitanian jars of the Roman period, the 2nd to 3rd century AD, while a considerable quantity of Egyptian AE 3 and late Roman 7 wine amphorae represent the period from the 2nd to the 7th or even 8th century AD. Of a similar late date is the Late Roman 1 oil amphora, produced in Cilicia and Cyprus (two immense handles seen near the fort). In addition to the pottery, the surface finds included fragments of Theban and composite mills, in red granite and volcanic rock, and also a fine frog-type lamp of the third century AD or a little later. Overall, therefore, the sherd evidence indicates occupation of Dionysias for over a millennium, from about the 4th century BC to the 8th AD. Dionysias: Latest documentary evidence: sixth century AD: one papyrus; others are fourth century AD.

MEDINET QUTA (AD 2000, 2003, 2005). See Vol. A, Chapter 19, pp. 283-304. Plan is Photo 19.1. Well above lake level, built on high mountainous ground, its cultivation carried out near the lake of Birket Qarun, the village of Medinet Quta is very unlike any of the other dwelling places in the western Fayum. The village is much destroyed, with a central area in which illicit excavation has exposed closely stratified levels. These reveal what appear to be layers of pitch, amongst other substances. There is also a ruinous house built with large ashlar blocks in limestone and mud bricks. The fineware sherds found include some Ptolemaic types from the third to the first century BC, and a sherd of African Red Slip Ware, of Hayes Form 50, which may be dated to the fourth century AD. The coarse wares represented were not of easily datable forms. Faience vessels were represented by the Roman ‘service’ forms of the first century AD that correspond roughly to Italian sigillata types, and also large decorated jars, perhaps of second century AD date. There were many Egyptian Roman AE 3 amphorae of the second to fifth century AD, and several Late Roman Amphora 1 sherds from Cilicia and Cyprus. These are of the fifth to the seventh century AD, and represent the latest material on the site. Objects other than pottery vessels were found in some quantity during the survey. There was much Roman blown glass, for example bath flasks and many indented beakers typical of the late first to second centuries AD, as well as sherds of large glass dishes which were probably in use in the fifth century AD. In addition to the Roman-period faience vessels, there was a fragmentary Ptolemaic faience decorative plaque of the second century BC; its relief design is hard to interpret, but seems to incorporate an animal’s hoof and possibly part of a human figure. Other finds were a faience melon bead of Roman date, fragments of Ptolemaic terracottas, and two lamp fragments, one of the first to the second century BC, and the other of the third century AD. The faience objects therefore cover a date-range from the third century BC to the fourth AD. Another interesting find was a Roman-period basketwork sandal. Taken together, the chronological range of the surface finds at Medinet Quta appears to run from the third century BC to the seventh century AD. Medinet Quta: Latest documentary evidence: none found (since the site has not been identified with any ancient village of which we know the name); no papyri found on the site have been published so far; the unpublished ones in the Sackler Library, Oxford, do not seem to contain the name which the village had in the Graeco-Roman period.

CHAPTER 2 PTOLEMAIC IMPORTED BLACK GLAZE WARE There are very few recognisable imported Ptolemaic black glaze wares from the Themistos District of the Fayum. To add to the evidence for Ptolemaic pottery from these sites, catalogued below, five Ptolemaic sherds in Egyptian Black Glaze Ware (EBGW) were noted in a limited area on the village mound of Tell el-Kenissa, First Sweep, all of micaceous Nile Silt. A date between the third century BC and the first century BC is likely. However, none was catalogued or measured, and none could be meaningfully drawn, but they can be briefly listed as follows: – – – –

Base-ring sherd: cup or dish: black glaze inside only. Base-ring sherd: large dish: grey clay; black slip inside and out, and under the base. Base-ring sherd: cup: good black glaze inside, thinned slip outside and under the base. Body sherd: bowl with a jog inside separating the floor from the wall: brown-grey clay; black slip inside and out. – Body sherd: large dish: brown to grey clay; black glaze inside only.

Catalogued examples and their find-spots Dionysias 7; Euhemeria 3, 5; Kom el-Arka 2; Philoteris 1; Theadelphia 6; Theadelphia, Northwest cemetery (Ptol.) 4. CATALOGUE One-handled flask (1) 1. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep (a small separate area south of the Seventh-Sweep rubbish dumps, with a thin strew of pottery and no sign of building). H. 3.6 cm. Mouth of a small one-handled flask, with mouldings round the neck, top and bottom. Orange fabric; black glaze, with areas of burnt grey (Imported Black Glaze Ware). Comparandum: Breccia 1912: E. Breccia, ‘Catalogue géneral des antiquités égyptiennes (Musée Alexandrie), La Nécropoli di Sciatbi’ i. Cairo, pl. LIX, 135, from Chatby Cemetery, Alexandria. Echinus cup (2) 2. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Not measured or illustrated. Base-ring and floor fragment of an imported Black Glaze vessel, probably an echinus cup: good quality fabric and glaze. Fusiform unguentaria (3-4) For a wide discussion of this type of vessel, see Camilli 1999. Many, both imported and of Egyptian manufacture, have been found in the cemeteries of Alexandria and nearby: see, amongst

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several, Adriani 1936, 136, from Mustapha Pasha, Adriani 1940, 117, from Hadra, Adriani 1952, pls. XXXIII and XXXV, from Ras el-Tin, and pl. LIV, from Plinthine, and Ballet and Harlaut 2001, 312-13, from Gabbari. An example was found at Tell el-Balamun: Spencer 2003, pl. 14, 8, and there must be countless others scattered throughout northern Egypt. These include some from Hawara: Marchand 2009, 766, fig. 80, second to first century BC; 783, fig. 101 late second to first century BC, and Berlin 2001, 116-17, fig. 2, 34, 11-12, from Naukratis. All but one of the fusiform unguentaria from Karanis (Johnson 1981, pl. 41) come from contexts dated considerably later than what must have been their date of production. Fusiform unguentaria develop from a fat piriform shape to a slender spindle, becoming slimmer from the fourth century to first century BC: see fat examples from the cemetery at Theadelphia, which are earlier than is implied by the excavators (Grenfell, Hunt and Hogarth 1900, pl. Xb). NS = Nile Silt Ware. 3. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. H. 5.9 cm. Lower part of fusiform uguentarium; flat base, unturned, with string-marks underneath. Pale brown NS with buff areas. Early Egyptian Red Slip B Ware (5-7) 4. Theadelphia, 2005. North-west cemetery (Ptolemaic). H. 5.1 cm. Lower body of fusiform unguentarium. Buff clay, pinkish core: probably an import. This fabric (EERS B W) and its shapes were first defined in R. Tomber, “Early Roman Pottery from Mons Claudianus”, CCE 3, 1992, 141-2. The fabric is a Nile silt with a red slip. The dates vary within the first to third century AD, and perhaps extend into the fourth century (many are probably second century AD). 5. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Flanged bowl. Traces of a handle attached to the flange. EERS B W: buff NS; red slip outside, black inside. Comparandum: near Tomber 1992, 142, fig. 3, 4 (probably second century AD). 6. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 13.0 cm. Bowl with upright rim with a hint of flange. EERS B W: brown NS; matt red slip inside. The angles of the upper wall, the rim and the lower wall are slightly miss-drawn. 7. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound: Sherd Area B. D. 8.0 cm. Cup with incipient flange. EERS B W: micaceous orange-brown NS, with light red core and some white grits; no slip.

CHAPTER 3 PTOLEMAIC FINEWARES: EGYPTIAN BLACK AND RED GLAZED WARES (EBGW AND ERGW; OR FRSW WARE) The bulk of the vessels in Chapter 3 were manufactured in Nile silt and most of them have red or black slip (ERGW and EBGW). A few are not slipped at all: see Andrea Berlin’s discussion of echinus cups, flared cups and lipped dishes from Naukratis (Berlin 2001, 50-57; 60-67, and 68-71). The chronological span of these common shapes covers the early third to the second century BC or beyond. The possibility of them being of Nile silt but manufactured in the Fayum (FRSW) must be considered. Some are made in a marlware fabric: these too can be slipped or not, as the case might be. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Dionysias 44, 52, 72-3, 82, 89, 91, 94, 97, 149, 153, 168, 175, 205; Euhemeria 17, 19, 26-7, 31-3, 38-40, 45, 50-51, 53-7, 59-60, 66, 74, 79-81, 86, 88, 93, 96, 98, 102-4, 106, 109, 118, 122-3, 126-9, 132, 134-6, 140, 142-5, 148, 154, 156-7, 165, 171, 184-8, 190, 193, 195-8, 201, 203, 207, 211, 218; Kom Aliun cemeteries 85, 111, 115-6, 137, 176; Kom el-Arka 15, 24-5, 41, 49, 67-9, 70-71, 100, 174, 178, 182-3, 217; Medinet Quta 42-3, 151; Philoteris 8-12, 14, 16, 18, 21-3, 47, 58, 61-2, 77, 99, 101, 108, 113, 119-20, 124-5, 130-31, 141, 146, 152, 158-60, 164, 170, 172-3, 206, 209, 216; Philoteris basins 63, 166; Philoteris extramural building 76, 83, 138-9, 155, 202; Philoteris, Ptolemaic cemetery A 20, 75, 117; Tell el-Kenissa 27-30+, 34, 46, 95, 105, 161-3, 208, 215, 219, 219a+; Theadelphia 35-7, 48, 64-5, 84, 107, 121, 133, 147, 150, 169, 179-81, 189, 191-2, 204, 210, 212-14; Theadelphia east cemetery (mainly Ptolemaic) 110, 177; Theadelphia north-west Ptolemaic cemetery 92; Theadelphia, Ptolemaic cemetery? 78, 87, 90, 167, 194, 199-200; Theadelphia, Roman cemetery? 13, 112. CATALOGUE Echinus cups and bowls, and related vessels (8-106) This section discusses Egyptian copies of Hellenistic black glazed vessels of the three main forms of tableware that were common over an immense period of time and a huge geographical part of the Hellenistic world, mainly in the eastern Mediterranean, and also in Italy. These unchanging shapes are the echinus cup (and its larger bowl form, which may have served similar functions); the flared cup, and the lipped dish. Descended from late classical black glazed forms from Greek

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lands, the Egyptian versions were produced from the fourth century until the first century BC, and indeed, the echinus cup, at least, was also made during Roman times, into the second century AD. Other shapes of less ubiquity were also copied or devised by the Egyptian potters. It is evident that both the black and the red-glazed examples (and colour variants in between) from the same workshops are of identical fabrics, their colour dependent on the conditions of firing: there does not seem to have been thedeliberate change from black glaze to red glaze that is seen in many areas outside Egypt (for the latter phenomenon, see, for example, Élaigne 1999). They were made in many different centres throughout Egypt, normally using the locally available Nile silt; see also Marchand 2009 with many sherds of the second to first century BC from Hawara. Echinus cups from Themistos also point to the many that survive in the Fayum; and the figures indicate the different sizes of the three main varieties of the ‘glazed’ Greek cup and bowl, the echinus cup (8-106); the flared cup (107-137); and the lipped dish (138-202). Examples from Hawara include Marchand 2009, 760, fig. 72a-b; 780, fig. 97; 782, fig. 100e-f); 795, fig.118; and 805, fig. 134. Coarseware examples of the most common shapes, namely the echinus cup, the flared cup and the lipped dish, are included in this section, but the presence or lack of glaze are not necessarily indicated in the comparanda. Other sections of this catalogue also contain vessels of Egyptian Black and Red Glaze Ware, many of which may equally be described as being of Fayumic Red or Black Slip Ware: the shape is regarded as more diagnostic than the fabric. As in the comparanda for the Polemon material, which is awaiting publication, I have converted other excavators’ fabric descriptions into my terms EBGW and ERGW as far as is possible. Shapes only are mentioned here and are not minutely described: all are Egyptian products. Not all the fabrics were recorded; many are described as being of Egyptian Black or Egyptian Red Glaze Ware (EBGW or ERGW: these terms are used mainly for Ptolemaic vessels). ‘Glaze’ is the same as ‘Slip’. NS = Nile silt. Marl wares and marl/NS mixes are included but not separated.‘Plus’ = a closely similar sherd found in the same vicinity. Egyptian versions of the echinus cup and bowl, a very long-lived shape, are based ultimately on imported Greek black-glazed vessels similar to Athenian and south Italian versions made in the fourth century BC (as Sparkes and Talcott 1970, nos 838-42). Imported examples of these cups are common in the early cemeteries of Alexandria, and the shape was copied widely throughout Egypt after the Macedonian conquest. However, the shape appears to have been made in Egypt, at Elephantine, as early as the fifth century BC and well into the fourth (Aston 1999, nos 2008 and 2112: fifth century BC; 2315 and 2349: mid-fourth century BC; see also Pierrat-Bonnefois 2002, 178, 11). This type of cup was exceedingly common throughout the Hellenistic world, and local versions were made almost everywhere in the eastern Mediterranean. To take only a couple of examples, compare the numerous Cypriote echinus cups and bowls from a mid-second-century BC context at Paphos (Hayes 1991, pl. LVII, and locally made versions of the third to first century BC from Libyan Berenike (Kenrick 1985, 92, fig. 17). Many unfired and fired examples, probably of the second half of the third century BC, have been found at Athribis in the southern Delta (Południkiewicz 1995: unfired examples; Myśliwiec 1996, pl. VII, 1-2). Also from Athribis are examples dating to the end of the second century BC or the early first century (Myśliwiec 1992, 390, fig. 10). Similar cups come from Ptolemaic contexts, probably of second to first-century date, at Tell el-Balamun (Diospolis Inferior) in the north east Delta (Spencer 1996, pl. 51, 28-30, pl. 53, 7-9; and Spencer1999, pl. 61, 18, pl. 76b, 2). In her Ceramic Typology for Hellenistic Lower Egypt, based upon her work at Naukratis, Andrea Berlin (Berlin 2001, 26-163) notes that her ‘incurved rim bowls’ come from contexts dating between the early third century and the end of the second century BC (Berlin 2001, 28, Table 2.1). It is suggested that the EBGW versions do not appear at

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Naukratis before the second century, although they can be of third century date at Coptos (Berlin 2001, 30; see also Herbert and Berlin 2003, 65, H2.10 and passim), and this is probably so in many areas of Egypt. Material from Coulson 1996 has been included, although being a surface survey (of the Naukratis area), no context dates were possible. However, the black-glazed comparanda in Coulson ibid. have been ignored, because although they have shapes like the Polemon and Themistos material, many of the examples were imported from outside Egypt, many probably from Athens. His ‘red-slipped’ vessels have been included, and also the unglazed material. Examples of Ptolemaic date, both large and small, come from Akoris in Middle Egypt (Kawanishi 1995, fig. 120, 7-9, 12-27); all appear from the descriptions to be unglazed. The British Museum’s work at Hermopolis Magna in Middle Egypt points to this shape as still being made during the Roman Imperial period, some found in contexts as late as the first decades of the second century AD: Bailey 1998, 99, N 1 and N 5-12. The earlier Hildesheim Expedition at Hermopolis Magna also found similar cups (Roeder 1959, pl. 34k-l, pl. 35k, u). Examples mentioned above, and the comparanda given in the catalogue entries, list cups of this shape from the Fayum and Upper Egypt, and of course the Fayum is the source of the many cups and dishes which are published here; however, the Delta and Alexandria seem to be most rich in these vessels. Late production and usage: echinus cups continued to be made after Ptolemaic times, certainly into the second century AD. From Athribis are examples of late Ptolemaic and early Roman date (Myśliwiec and Herbich 1998, pl. 10a), and for similar vessels from Petra that extend well into the first century AD, see Khairy 1985. A couple of unglazed cups from Akoris are from an early Roman context (Kawanishi 1995, fig. 120, 10-11). French 1997, 143, points out that of all three main forms (echinuscups, flared cups, lipped dishes), ‘at the Saqqara Anubieion the cruderversions, at least, are much commoner in the last century of Ptolemaic rulethan earlier, and continue into the Roman period.’ Tomber 2001a, 255, 269 and 278 have echinus cups from contexts at Mons Porphyrites that date between the first and mid-second century AD. There seems no doubt, therefore, that the echinus cup was still being made in the first and second centuries of Roman rule in Egypt. Much of what is set out above applies also to the flared cups and lipped dishes listed below. A certain amount of wide and general chronological information can be gleaned from the material from the Rathbone Polemon Survey (forthcoming). 8-9. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Red-brown NS, dark brown core. Plus:another similar with thinner walls. Rim D. 11.0 cm. 10. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: red NS; red slip. 11. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 20.0 cm. Cream and pink ?marl, dark red inclusions; entire surface eroded away; Aswan ware? 12. Philoteris, 2003. Village mound, west end of Second Sweep. Echinus cup. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Coarse NS: a waster. 13. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery, south edge. Echinus cup. Rim D. 13.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 14. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Pink marl, dark inclusions; dark red slip. 15. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Echinus cup. Rim D. 22.0 cm. ERGW: red-brown NS with mica; matt red slip inside and out. 16. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 11.0 cm. ERGW: red NS, greyish core; dark red slip. 17. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus bowl. Rim D. 39.0 cm. Red-brown NS, sandwich grey and brown core. Burnt areas inside and out: probably used as a casserole.

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18. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Second Sweep. Echinus cup. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Purplebrown NS with many dark and pale sand inclusions. 19. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 14.0 cm. NS: EBGW. 20. Philoteris, 2001. Cemetery A (Ptolemaic). Echinus cup. D. 10.0 cm. NS, red surface, slightly lighter core. 21. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Red-brown NS, dark brown core. 22. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Buff marlware, dark inclusions; red slip. 23. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Echinus bowl. Rim D. 25.0 cm. Reddish-brown NS. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 760, rig. 72a, from Hawara; dated second century BC. 24-5. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Echinus cup. Rim D. 24.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous grey-brown NS; thin dark brown slip inside. Plus: another similar in ERGW: thin red slip inside, Rim D. 22.0 cm. 26-7. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Red-brown NS, brown core. Plus:another, ERGW: red-brown NS with thin grey core; dull red slip inside, but outside eroded, rim D. 25.0 cm. 28-30. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound. Echinus bowl. Rim D. 26.0 cm. ERGW: a single row of string-marks encircles the outside. Micaceous orange NS with thick dark grey core; red slip inside and below rim outside. Plus: others similar, both ERGW and unslipped. D. 13.0, 14.0, 15.0 cm; several more noted on site. 31-2. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: orange NS, with narrow grey core; dull red slip inside and out. Plus:another similar: brown NS; slip as last, rim D. 22.0 cm. 33. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 34. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Echinus cup. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Micaceous NS, orange-brown, thick grey core. 35. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 15.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 36. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 11.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 37. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 21.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 38-40. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus bowl. Rim D. 29.0 cm. ERGW: red-brown NS, with thick grey-brown core; traces of thin dull red slip inside, outside eroded. Plus:another similar in fabric, but no slip, rim D. 26.0 cm; another ERGW: brown NS; red-brown slip overall, rim D. 20.0 cm. 41. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Echinus bowl. Rim D. 30.0 cm. Micaceous, smooth orange-brown NS, pale grey core. 42-3. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Echinus bowl. Rim D. 25.0 cm. ERGW: orangebrown NS; matt red slip inside and out. Plus:the foot of an echinus bowl in EBGW. 44. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Echinus cup. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Red NS, with some mica; surface eroded. 45. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 19.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 46. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Echinus bowl. Rim D. 27.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous NS, orange-brown, grey core; splashes of red-orange slip outside. 47. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 17.0 cm. ERGW: red NS; dark red slip. 48. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Echinus bowl. Rim D. 25.0 cm. ERGW: NS. Large echinus bowls like Themistos 48 are similar to Marchand 2009, 753, fig. 62a, from Hawara and can be dated to the third to second century BC.

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49. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Echinus cup. Rim D. 10 cm. EBGW: grey NS; overall black glaze. 50-51. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 13.0 cm. ERGW: NS. Plus: another similar, rim D. 15.0 cm. 52. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Echinus cup. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Orangebrown NS, with buff surface and white sand grits. 53-5. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 13.0 cm. EBGW: NS. Plus: two similar cups, rim D. 15.0 and 19.0 cm. 56-7. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 16.0 cm. ERGW: NS. Plus: another similar, rim D. 15.0 cm. 58. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep: Western rubbish dumps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 12.5 cm. Red-brown NS, dark brown core. 59. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Fine buff-pink NS; faint trace of thin light grey core. 60. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Buff marlware: concentric ERGW inside, red slip outside. 61. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Buff marl, dark inclusions; dark red slip inside, cream slip outside. 62. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps: Eastern rubbish dumps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 20.0 cm. Incomplete double grooves outside. Reddish-pink NS; cream slip. 63. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Echinus cup. D. 11.0 cm. Pink-buff NS; dark and light inclusions, including sand. 64. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 11.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 65. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Echinus cup. D. 14.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 66. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 19.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 67-8. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Micaceous coarse orange-brown NS. Plus: another similar in ERGW, rim D. 23.0 cm. 69. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Rim D. 13.0 cm. EBGW: grey NS; black slip inside and out. 70-71. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Rim D. 13.0 cm. ERGW: orange-brown NS; traces of overall red slip. Plus: another similar in ERGW, rim D. 11.0 cm. 72. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 16.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous orangebrown NS, with thin brown core; red-brown slip inside and out. 73. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 14.0 cm. ERGW: red-brown NS, pale brown core. Burnished concentric ERGW inside; thin red glaze outside. 74. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 19.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 75. Philoteris, 2001. Cemetery A (Ptolemaic). D. 15.0 cm. NS, red surface, slightly lighter core. 76. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building (= the gymnasium). D. 4.0 cm. Orange-brown NS, some dark and light sand; surface eroded. 77. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 15.0 cm. ERGW: red NS with sand inclusions; dark red slip. 78. Theadelphia, 2002. Ptolemaic cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 79. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous buff-brown NS, with grey core; thin red slip inside, outside eroded. 80. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 81. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 19.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous buff-brown NS, with grey core; thin red slip inside, outside eroded.

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82. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 10.0 cm. Orange-brown NS, with brown core and some mica. 83. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building. D. 14.0 cm. Red-brown NS, with sandwich core of pale brown with pale red; buff surface. 84. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 8.0 cm. Red-brown NS. 85. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, Kiman B and C. D. 12.0 cm. Brown NS with some mica, red-brown surface. 86. Euhemeria, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Red-brown NS; thin grey core. 87. Theadelphia, 2002. Ptolemaic cemetery. D. 14.0 cm. Red-brown NS, with thick grey core. 88. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: brown NS, dull red slip inside and out. 89. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound. Echinus cup. D. 20 cm. ERGW: micaceous orange-brown NS; traces of red slip inside and out. 90. Theadelphia, 2002. Ptolemaic cemetery. Echinus cup. D. 21.0 cm. Red NS, with thick brown core. 91. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Echinus cup. Rim D. 15.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous orange-brown NS; overall red slip. 92. Theadelphia, 2005. North-west cemetery (Ptolemaic). Echinus cup. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Red-brown NS, thick brown core. 93. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. Rim D. 15.0 cm. ERGW: NS; burnt black inside. 94. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Echinus cup. Rim D. 12.0 cm. ERGW: red-brown to buff NS, with white grits; red slip overall. 95. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Echinus cup. Rim D. 12.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous orange-brown NS; dull red slip inside. 96. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Echinus cup. Rim D. 17.0 cm. EBGW: black slip inside and partway down outside, with runs. 97. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Echinus cup. Rim D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: red-brown NS, with brown core and white sand grits; traces of matt red slip inside, outside eroded. 98. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound, the ‘sebakh wall’. Echinus cup. Rim D. 17.5 cm. Complete vessel. EBGW: NS. 99. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps. Eastern rubbish dumps. Echinus cup. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Incomplete double grooves outside. Pink-buff clay, grey core. 100. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Echinus cup. D. 13.0 cm. Coarse orangebrown NS with mica. 101. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Fourth Sweep. Echinus cup. Rim D. 12.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 102-3. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Echinus cup. D. 14.0 cm. EBGW: NS. Plus:another similar, rim D. 15.0 cm. 104. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near Bathhouse 2. Echinus cup. Rim D. 13.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 105. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Echinus cup. D. 15.0 cm. Micaceous brown NS, orange surface; no slip. 106. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakhwall’. Echinus cup. D. 12.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous pink-brown NS, thick grey core; thin red slip inside, splashes outside.

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Flared cups and bowls (107-137) Like the echinus cup, the flared cup and bowl of EBGW and ERGW were based upon examples found throughout the Hellenistic world, and date mostly between the third and first century BC, but can extend into the Roman period, for example Myśliewicz and Herbich 1988, pl. 9a, of late Ptolemaic and early Roman date (locally made at Athribis). 107. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Flared cup. D. c. 20.0 cm. EBGW: NS. Comparanda: Marchand 2009, 759, Fig. 71a-b, from Hawara, dated second century BC. 108. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Flared cup. D. c.16.0 cm. Lower part of flared cup. EBGW: NS. 109. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared cup. D. c.14.0 cm. Lower part of flared cup. ERGW: NS; red slip outside, black slip inside. 110. Theadelphia, 2005. East cemetery (mainly Ptolemaic). Flared cup. D.13.0 cm. EBGW: NS; overall black slip. 111. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, Koms B and C. Flared cup. D. 15.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous brown NS; red-brown slip. Comparandum:Marchand 2009, 753, Fig. 62b, context second to early first century BC, from Hawara. 112. Theadelphia, 2002. South edge of probable site of a Roman cemetery. Flared cup. D.13.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 113. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep (a small separate area south of the Seventh-Sweep rubbish dumps, with a thin strew of pottery and no sign of building). Flared cup. D. c.18.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 114. Not used 115-16. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, Kiman B and C. Flared cup. D. 17.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous brown NS; red-brown slip. Plus:another similar, D. 17.0 cm. 117. Philoteris, 2001. Cemetery A (Ptolemaic). Flared cup. D. c.20.0 cm. ERGW?: pale orange-brown NS; surface completely eroded. 118. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared cup. D.16.0 cm. ERGW: fine pink-buff fabric. 119. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Third Sweep. Flared cup. D. 13.0 cm. ERGW: NS, surface worn. 120. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep: Western rubbish dumps. Flared cup. D. c.12.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 121. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Flared cup. D.12.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 122. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared cup. D.14.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 123. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared cup. D.17.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 124. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Flared bowl. D. 22.0 cm. EBGW: NS; black slip inside and just below rim outside. 125. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Flared cup. D. 19.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 126. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared bowl. D. 24.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 127. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near Bathhouse 2. Flared bowl. D. 25.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 128. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared cup. D.16.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 129. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared cup. D.13.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 130. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Flared cup. D. 13.0 cm. Red-brown NS, with brown-grey core; unslipped. 131. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Flared cup. D. 6.0 cm. EBGW: NS.

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132. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Flared cup. D.17.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 133. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Flared bowl. D.27.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 134. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared cup. D.20.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 135. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared cup. D.14.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 136. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Flared cup. D.16.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 137. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, Kiman B and C. Flared cup. D. 17.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous brown NS; orange-brown slip. Lipped dishes (138-202) Like the echinus cup, lipped dishes in EBGW and ERGW were based upon examples found throughout the Hellenistic world, and which date mostly between the third and first century BC, but can extend into the Roman period, for example, Myśliewicz and Herbich 1988, pl. 9a, of late Ptolemaic and early Roman date (locally made at Athribis). Lipped dishes like Themistos 138-40 are similar to Marchand 2009, 753, fig. 62c, from Hawara and can be dated to the second to first century BC. 138-9. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building = gymnasium. Lipped dish. D. 31.0 cm. Orangepink NS with thick buff core; some dark sand inclusions. Eroded, some buff surface areas remain. Plus:another similar in shape and fabric: D. 26.0 cm. 140. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 31.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 141. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Lipped dish. D. 34.0 cm. Light orange marl-silt mix; no slip. 142. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 25.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 143-5. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 27.0 cm. EBGW: NS. Plus: two similar: D. 20.0 and 22.0 cm. 146. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Lipped dish. D. 20.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 147. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 29.0 cm. Coarse red-brown NS, with thick brown core. 148. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 29.0 cm. ERGW: NS, very coarse. 149. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Lipped dish. D. 30.0 cm. ERGW: dark reddish-brown NS, with thick grey core; traces of red slip outside, inside eroded. 150. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 19.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 151. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: orange-brown NS, with light brown core; red slip inside, outside eroded. 152. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Second Sweep (just north of Theodolite Kom 1). Lipped dish. D. 21.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 153. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Lipped dish. D. 21.0 cm. EBGW: NS; black slip overall. 154. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 15.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 155. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building. Lipped dish. D. 17.0 cm. Orange-brown NS with pale buff-brown core; some dark sand inclusions. Surface eroded. 156. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 16.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 157. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 27.0 cm. ERGW: coarse pink NS, with grey core; light red slip inside. NB similar channelled rim as the fishplate 204 below. 158. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep: Western rubbish dumps, Lipped dish. D. 18.0 cm. Brown NS; no slip.

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159. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps: Eastern rubbish dumps. Lipped dish. D. 16.0 cm. EBGW: NS, poor condition. 160. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Third Sweep. D. 17.0 cm. ERGW: NS; slip surviving on top only. 161-3. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Lipped dish. D.17.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous light brown NS; dull red slip inside. Plus:two others similar in ERGW: D. 15.0 and 20.0 cm. 164. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep: Western rubbish dumps, Lipped dish. D. 22.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 165. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 166. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Lipped dish. D. 20.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 167. Theadelphia, 2002. Ptolemaic cemetery. Lipped dish. D. 15.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 168. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Lipped dish. D. 23.0 cm. ERGW: pale brown NS; red slip probably overall (top eroded). 169. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 170. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Lipped dish. D. 19.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 171. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 19.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 172-3. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Lipped dish. D. 15.0 cm. ERGW: NS. Plus: another similar, probably larger but much distorted: a waster. 174. Kom el-Arka. 1999, Village mound, Area A. Lipped dish. D. 19.0 cm. EBGW: micaceous grey NS; black slip inside and part way down outside. 175. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Lipped dish. D. 16.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous orange-brown NS, with light brown core; red slip overall. 176. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, Kiman B and C. Lipped dish. D. 25.0 cm. Brown NS with sand inclusions; buff surface inside, outside eroded; no slip. 177. Theadelphia, 2005. East cemetery (mainly Ptolemaic). Lipped dish. D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: brown NS, with mica; matt red slip overall. 178. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Lipped dish. D. 17.0 cm. EBGW: grey NS; black slip inside. 179. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 17.0 cm. ERGW: light brown NS; thin matt red slip overall. 180-81. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 21.0 cm. EBGW: NS. Plus:another close in shape and fabric: D. 16.0 cm. 182. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Lipped dish. D. 15.0 cm. ERGW: micaceous red-brown NS, with grey core; thin matt red slip overall. 183. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Lipped dish. Base-ring D. 7.0 cm. EBGW: grey NS; black slip inside. 184-7. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 14.0 cm. EBGW: NS. Plus:three similar: D. 19.0, 21.0 and 27.0 cm. 188. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: NS, very coarse. 189. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 32.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 190. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 20.0 cm. ERGW: red NS with grey core; traces of red slip. 191-2. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 36.0 cm. EBGW: NS. Plus: another, close in shape and fabric: D. 22.0 cm. 193. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 30.0 cm. ERGW: buff-brown NS with buff core; red slip inside and on top of rim.

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CHAPTER 3: PTOLEMAIC FINEWARES: EGYPTIAN BLACK AND RED GLAZED WARES

194. Theadelphia, 2002. Ptolemaic cemetery. Lipped dish. D. 24.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 195. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 14.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 196. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 17.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 197. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 25.0 cm. ERGW: NS. 198. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 26.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 199. Theadelphia, 2002. Ptolemaic cemetery. Lipped dish. D. 24.0 cm. Coarse orange-brown NS, with thin buff core. 200. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 17.0 cm. Coarse pale red NS, with thick brown core. 201. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Lipped dish. D. 28.0 cm. ERGW: coarse buff-brown NS with grey core; red slip inside and on top of rim. 202. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building. Lipped dish. D. 24.0 cm. Orange-brown NS, some sand inclusions. Surface eroded. Fish-plates (203-209) These dishes often have the overall appearance of a lipped dish, but they have a small well in the centre of the dish in order that various sauces may be accommodated. They are to be dated as the lipped dishes above. 203. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Fish-plate. D. 23.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 204. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Fish-plate. D. 21.0 cm. EBGW: NS, with red slip areas. 205. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Fish-plate. D. 17.0 cm. EBGW: NS; black slip overall. 206. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps: Eastern rubbish dumps. Fish-plate. D. 17.0 cm. EBGW: NS; surface eroded, details not clear. 207. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound. Fish-plate. Base-ring D. 9.0 cm. EBGW: NS. 208. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Fish-plate. Base-ring D. 9.0 cm. Circle of rouletting outside central sauce-container. ERGW: micaceous orange-brown NS; allover slip, fired red to dark brown. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 795, fig. 118d, from Hawara, dated to the third to second century BC. 209. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Fish-plate. D. 23.0 cm. Centre of base underneath is lower than the base-ring. Brown NS; no slip. Miscellaneous shapes (210-219) These include various bowl and cup shapes and some closed vessels. Comparanda: most may be dated between the third and first century BC, but some are of early Roman date. They are very often in a Nile silt and many are covered in a red or a black slip. 210. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Bowl with squared knobbed rim, and a moulding below it, broken away. D. 20.0 cm. NS and marl mix: FRSW. 211. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh wall’. D. 20.0 cm. Crater rim fragment, with traces of a horizontal handle. EBGW: NS. 212. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 24.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW. 213. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 14.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. EBGW: NS. 214. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 18.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. EBGW: NS.

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215. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. D. 16.0 cm. Bowl with curved rim. EBGW: micaceous grey NS; overall black slip. 216. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps: Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 20.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed everted rim. EBGW: grey NS; grey slip. 217. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. D. 32.0 cm. Large bowl with knobbed everted rim. EBGW: micaceous grey NS; black slip overall. 218. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 8.0 cm. Conical cup with hooked rim, or a flagon mouth. EBGW: NS. 219. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Base D. 10.0 cm. Pedestal foot. EBGW: micaceous grey-brown NS; black slip overall.

CHAPTER 4 IMPORTED EASTERN SIGILLATA A WARE AND AFRICAN RED SLIP WARE Catalogued sherds of both fabrics and their find-spots: Euhemeria 220-22, 226-7+, 228; Kom Aliun church 234; Kom el-Arka 232-3; Medinet Quta 235; Philoteris 225, 231; Theadelphia 223-4, 229-30. CATALOGUE Eastern Sigillata A Ware (ESA: 220-231) Useful discussions of ESA Ware have been made in Hayes 1991, 32-6, from Paphos, and also in Hayes Atlantedelleformeceramiche ii, 9-48; and in Hayes 1997, 52-5. ESA is largely and widely distributed in the northern Levant and adjacent areas. 220. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 27.0 cm. Shallow ESA bowl. Comparandum: Atlante del forme ceramiche ii, pl. 1, 11 = Form 4B, Augustan; Whitcomb and Johnson 1982, pl. 29h and 29o, from Quseir el-Qadim. 221-2. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 32.0 cm. Shallow ESA bowl. Comparandum: Atlanteii, pl. 1, 12 = Form 4B, Augustan; Whitcomb and Johnson 1982, pl. 29h and 29o, from Quseir el-Qadim. Plus: small body sherd from another ESA bowl. 223. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 31.0 cm. Shallow ESA bowl with small knobbed rim; two double rings of coarse rouletting on floor. 224. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 22.0 cm. Shallow ESA bowl with small knobbed rim. 225. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps, D. 18.0 cm. ESA bowl with plain rim. Comparandum: See Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale: Atlante delle formeceramiche ii, Rome, Form 14, probably beginning of the first century AD. 226-7. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area, near ‘sebakh’ wall. D. 40.0 cm. Large shallow ESA bowl with wide everted rim. Plus: several bowl-body sherds of this fabric, noted on site. 228. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. D. 30.0 cm. Large bowl with knobbed rim. Probably ESA: buff clay with red slip. 229. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Base-ring D. 15.0 cm. Lower body and base-ring of ESA bowl. 230. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Base-ring D. 22.0 cm. Lower body and base-ring of ESA bowl. 231. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Base-ring D. 12.0 cm. Fragment of large ESA dish. Not illustrated.

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CHAPTER 4: IMPORTED EASTERN SIGILLATA A WARE AND AFRICAN RED SLIP WARE

African Red Slip Ware (ARS: 232-335) African Red Slip Ware was produced in various centres in Africa Proconsularis/Byzacena, present-day Tunisia, in huge quantities over many centuries, from sometime in the first century AD until the seventh century. The first principal discussion is in Hayes 1972, with some modifications in the supplement, Hayes 1980a. Hayes’ typology is followed here. In 1981, a major republication of Hayes’ work, with much additional material and elegant drawings, is found in Atlante i, 9-227, pls. XIII-CIX. Although much was noted in the Polemon Meris during Rathbone’s Survey, very few examples indeed of high quality African Red Slip Ware vessels have been located in the Themistos District of the Fayum. None is illustrated. 232-3. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Not measured or illustrated. Two sherds of African Red Slip Ware, one identified, the other uncertain: A. Hayes Form 108, D. 19.0 cm. Early Seventh century AD; not illustrated. B. Flat floor sherd of uncertain Hayes Form, with a central circular impression; not illustrated. 234. Kom Aliun, 2000. From Mound 1, the church. Not measured, not illustrated: it is a sherd of African Red Slip Ware of Hayes Form 106 (c. AD 600-660+). 235. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Not measured, not illustrated. A sherd of African Red Slip Ware of Hayes 1972, 69-73: Form 50 (near Number 56 in Hayes’ list), which brings Medinet Quta well into the fourth century (probably the first half of the fourth century; also Hayes 1980a, 495, circa AD 300-360); not illustrated.

CHAPTER 5 EGYPTIAN RED SLIP A WARE (ERSA), ASWAN FINE WARE (AFW), ASWAN RED SLIP WARE (ARSW), ETC. AND OTHER ASWAN WARES Aswan vessels, fabrics and shapes Vessels of these Aswan fabrics appear in many excavation reports; the term Egyptian Red Slip A Ware was devised by John Hayes in 1972, in his seminal publication, Late Roman Pottery, p. 387, for this very extensive group of late Roman/early Arab finewares made in Egypt. Although Hayes initially regarded this material as being made in Thebes (Luxor), he reported ibid. that W.Y. Adams in 1970 suggested a production centre at Aswan, and this view is now universally accepted. However, Hayes in 1980 noted that the versions with a creamy-yellow slip (here designated Aswan Fine Ware) might have been made at Luxor (Hayes 1980, 531-2). A series of drawings of ERSA which appears in Hayes 1972, 387-97, is redrawn to a common scale in Atlantei, pls CXXIII-CXXV. There is a useful bibliography in Rodziewicz 1992, 103, n. 1, of the publication of ERSA and AFW up to that date (including Rodziewicz 1976, where these wares fall into his Groupe O and Groupe W, terms currently used by many archaeologists), and also there is an important study of Aswan products, Family A, in Nubia, in Adams 1986. Later Gempeler 1992 published the immense quantity of these ‘A’ wares found at Elephantine, and Bailey 1998, 8-38, described the significant amount of such material at Hermopolis Magna. Note my use in the publication of the pottery from the forthcoming Rathbone Polemon Survey of the term Aswan Red Slip Ware (AsRS) for early ERSA, influenced by Roberta Tomber’s use of ERS for Early ERSB (Tomber 2001a, 243). See Rodziewicz 1992, 103-7 for a first discussion of AsRS: his ‘Early Aswan Pink Clay Pottery’. An immense amount of ERSA, from Aswan (and ERSB as Chapter 6 below, from Middle Egypt) has been processed by Jane Faiers (2005, 67-99), from Kom el-Nana at Amarna. Egyptian Red Slip A Ware is made from mined kaolinite clays and normally fires to a pale pinkish colour. With open vessels the red/pink/brown slip is applied overall, but is usually rather more dense inside the bowl than outside. Aswan Fine Wares (AFW) are in the same fabric as ERSA, but have slip coloration in variants of white, cream, yellow, buff, orange or pale pink. AFW bowls often have a band of brown or red slip round the outside of the rims, and this band is the only slip indication included here in the illustrations. Vessels in these Aswan fabrics are not at all common in the Themistos District. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village 271; Kom Aliun cemeteries 236-7; Kom Aliun church 247-9, 268; Kom Aliun near church 260-61, 270; Kom el-Arka A or B 242-3, 245-6, 254, 259-60, 266; Kom Hamouli 238, 257, 262, 265, 267, 269; Tell el-Kenissa 239-41, 244, 250-52, 255-6, 258, 263-4.

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CHAPTER 5: ASWAN ERSA; AFW; ARSW; OTHER ASWAN WARES

CATALOGUE Bowls and cups (236-64) It is evident from the main publications and from excavated contexts that ERSA was made over an immense period of time in huge quantities in the Aswan kilns, very few of which have been located. The early material, AsRS, seems to date from late Ptolemaic times to about the third century AD, but ERSA and AFW extends from the fourth century AD until the eleventh century, from late Roman to medieval times. It was sent all over Egypt, and exported to Nubia (Adams 1986, Family A) and further afield to the Cyrenaica, Cyprus, the Negev and other Levantine sites, and to Carthage (Hayes 1972, 397; Hayes 1980, 531; Kenrick 1985, 402-3; Adan-Bayewitz 1986, 112-3), to Cilicia (Williams 1989, fig. 30, 327-8), and even as far as Britain (Tomber and Williams 1996, 382-5, a fragment excavated in London). Many of the forms found in ERSA and AFW are close copies of imported African Red Slip Ware vessels, and Hayes 1972, 387, notes how close the fabric of ERSA can be visually to ARS. African Red Slip Ware can be dated fairly closely, but gives only a terminus post quem for the beginning of the manufacture of comparable shapes in ERSA. These shapes did not cease with the demise of their Tunisian archetypes, but rather, developed in ways not seen in ARS itself. ERSA bowls from Kom el-Nana survive until later than AD 700 at this Amarna site (Faiers 2005, 271 and see 67-80). Flanged cups and bowls (262-4) Many sites in the Polemon District have yielded Aswan cups and bowls with flanges below their variously high and low rims: the majority are in AFW, a lesser number in ERSA. The high-rimmed form has a very narrow flange, and some of them have rouletted decoration on the outside of the rim. Most of them fit very well into the period fifth to seventh century AD, but comparanda from later contexts, up to the ninth century, for example at Tod, have been noted (Pierrat 1991); some may have been residual. Those with rims of medium height and rather wider flanges again seem to be mainly of the fifth to seventh century AD. Some Hermopolis (Bailey 1998), Elephantine (Gempeler 1992) and Kellia (Egloff 1977) vessels in this fabric may extend into the early tenth century AD. At Kom el-Nana this ware is common (Faiers 2005, 67-80). No obvious Aswan copies were noted of the very common north Tunisian flanged ARS bowl Hayes 1972 Form 91, mostly of mid-fourth to mid-fifth-century date, which are found in large numbers in Egypt, including the 63 examples from the Rathbone Polemon Survey. Large knobbed-rimmed bowls and cups with miscellaneous rim-forms (265-9) For these vessels, see the discussion in Bailey 1998, 11-12, C 57-96. They are usually of the seventh century AD, or possibly a little earlier. The full chronological range of these largely AFW bowls spans the fifth to eighth century AD. Some are distantly related to north Tunisian ARS vessels of Hayes 1972 Forms 104A-C: c.AD 530-625+, to Form 105 c.AD 580-660+ and to Form 106: c.AD 600-660+; see also Bailey 1998, pls l5-16, from Hermopolis Magna, and Faiers 2005, 73, 55-7, from Kom el-Nana. Some of the comparanda suggest a continuance well beyond the seventh-century finish of the ARS material, in some cases into the tenth century (at Tod, Pierrat 1991). 231-5. Not used. 236. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, Kom D. D. 14.0 cm. Carinated cup with knobbed rim. AFW: matt orange-brown slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim.

CHAPTER 5: ASWAN ERSA; AFW; ARSW; OTHER ASWAN WARES

37

237. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, Kom D. D. 13.0 cm. Carinated cup with knobbed rim. AFW: matt orange slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim. 238. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 10.0 cm. Carinated cup with knobbed rim. AFW: matt light brown slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim. 239. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. D. 14.0 cm. Carinated cup with knobbed rim. AFW: brown-buff clay, with matt orange slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim. Vertical cut on rim, made before firing. 240. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 8.0 cm. Carinated cup with knobbed rim. AFW: overall orange slip; red-brown slip on outside of rim. 241. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. D. 11.0 cm. Carinated cup with knobbed rim. AFW: buff-brown clay, with yellow-cream slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim. 242. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. D. 11.0 cm. Carinated cup with knobbed rim. AFW: walls unslipped; brown slip on outside of rim. 243. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. D. 17.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. AFW: matt orange-red slip inside, thin matt orange slip outside; brown slip on outside of rim. 244. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 22.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. AFW: orange slip overall; brown slip on outside of rim. 245. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. D. 23.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed rim. ERSA: good matt red slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim. 246. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. D. 27.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed rim. ERSA: red slip inside, matt orange outside; brown slip on outside of rim. 247-9. Kom Aliun, 1999. Church, Kom 1. D. 20.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. AFW: matt orange slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim. Plus: another close example, similar fabric: D. 23.0 cm. and another near, very eroded: D. c.19.0 cm. 250-51. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 24.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim; two vertical cuts on rim made before firing. AFW: matt overall orange slip; brown slip on outside of rim. Plus: another very similar in shape and fabric: D. 26.0 cm. 252. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 25.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. AFW: overall matt orange slip; red-brown slip on outside of rim. 253. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 18.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. AFW: overall orange slip; red-brown slip on outside of rim. 254. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. D. 19.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. ERSA: red slip inside, matt orange slip outside; brown slip on outside of rim. 255. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 25.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. ERSA: thick glossy red slip inside, thin orange red slip outside; dark red slip on outside of rim. 256. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. D. 24.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed rim. AFW: pale brown clay, with buff surface inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim. 257. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 19.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. AFW: matt orange slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim. 258. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 13.0 cm. Carinated cup with upright rim. Two rows of rouletting on rim. AFW: overall orange slip, thicker inside than outside; brown slip on outside of rim. 259. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Carinated cup with tall vertical rim above a narrow flange; two rows of rouletting above flange. AFW: matt orange slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim. 260. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near church. D. 16.0 cm. Deep bowl with upright rim. AFW: matt orange slip inside and out; brown slip on outside of rim.

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CHAPTER 5: ASWAN ERSA; AFW; ARSW; OTHER ASWAN WARES

261. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near church. D. 11.0 cm. Conical cup. AFW: no slip inside and out; brown slip on top of rim. 262. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. Flange D. 13.0 cm. Flanged carinated cup with low rim. ERSA: red slip overall. 263. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound. First Sweep. D. at flange 23.0 cm. Wide flanged bowl with low rim. AFW: overall orange slip, thicker inside than outside; red slip on outside of rim. 264. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound. First Sweep. D at flange. 21.0 cm. Wide flanged bowl with low rim. ERSA: Pink-orange clay; traces of red slip inside and out. 265. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 36.0 cm. Large shallow dish with knobbed everted rim. AFW: traces of a creamy-yellow slip on underside. 266. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. D. 31.0 cm. Large shallow dish with everted rim. AFW: surface completely eroded. These large dishes usually have a cream or yellow slip (AFW), rather than a red slip. 267. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 35.0 cm. Large shallow dish with knobbed rim; two rows of rouletting underneath. AFW: traces of creamy-yellow slip inside and out. 268. Kom Aliun, 2000. Kom 1, church. D. 39.0 cm. Large shallow dish with knobbed rim; row of diagonal rouletting underneath. AFW: cream-coloured slip inside and out. 269. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 33.0 cm. Large shallow dish with knobbed rim. AFW: surface almost completely eroded; traces of a yellow slip on top. Compartmented bowls (270 and 381) The two bowl fragments of this shape included here from the Themistos Meris are in Aswan Fine Ware (as 270), or Fayumic Fine Ware (as 381). These kaolinite fabric and Nile silt-ware Egyptian compartmented bowls were originally copied from the African Red Slip of Hayes 1972 Form 111: dated late sixth to first half of seventh century AD (Atlante i, pl. XLIV, 8: see an ARS example from Kom Nicola, Polemon 28. The Egyptian versions continued to be made for many centuries. However, their model may have been in ERSA, and in particular AFW, versions, themselves copied from ARS bowls. For these Aswan varieties, see Polemon 324-5, examples of which are also dated to the sixth and seventh centuries, including vessels from Tod, but which can be as late as the ninth century AD. Examples from Tebtunis and Deir el-Naqlun come from contexts of the ninth to twelfth century AD. There is a useful discussion of these vessels in Rutschowscaya 1985, 412-15, in which many compartmented bowls are drawn together, including vitreous glazed examples from Egypt, the Levant and the Middle East, which can be as late as the fifteenth century AD (no certain compartmented bowls with vitreous glaze came from the Polemon or Themistos Surveys). Montserrat 1995 is a very detailed discussion of various kinds of church lighting listed on an ostracon of late Roman date. He suggests (442-3) that one of the objects mentioned may be a compartmented bowl similar to the examples described here, but made to hold individual clay lamps; however they are more likely to be food containers for the table, as is put forward in the references he quotes; cf. O. Petr. Mus. 603. 270. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Not measured, not illustrated. AFW: body fr., very small. 271. Not used. See also 381 below, a compartmented-bowl fragment in Fayumic Fine Ware, found at Tell el-Kenissa.

CHAPTER 6 EGYPTIAN RED SLIP B WARE (ERSB), FAYUMIC RED SLIP WARE (FRSW) AND FAYUMIC FINEWARE (FFW) John Hayes in 1972 (397-9) defined his Egyptian Red Slip B Ware (ERSB) as ‘a rather diverse series of Lower Egyptian products’. With increasing knowledge it seems better to expand the geographical coverage and to regard all Late Roman Egyptian fineware vessels made of Nile silt and coated with a variation of a red slip as ERSB, wherever it was made. Bavey 2000, 51-3, shows the presence of much ERSB on the surface in limited areas at Tanis; these vessels from this northern site are conjectured to be largely of local manufacture, which seems very likely. Rodziewicz 1976, 50-51 suggests that, although most prevalent in the Delta, this ware is found, and presumably made, at many centres in Egypt, with ERSB (his Groupe K) predominating north of el-Ashmunein. South of that site, Egyptian Red Slip A Ware (ERSA, his Groupes O and W), made in Aswan, is more common. In a search for kiln sites, Pascale Ballet and colleagues found production centres for ERSB in Middle Egypt at Zawyet el-Amwat, at Antinoopolis and at Hermopolis Magna (Ballet 1991a, 134-9); no confirmation was found for ERSB manufacture further south, but this is negative evidence. I have used the term Egyptian Red Slip H Ware (ERSH) for ERSB pottery made probably at Hermopolis and at Antinoopolis also (Bailey 1998, 38); likewise I use here Fayumic Red Slip Ware (FRSW) for ERSB found (and thus probably made) in the Fayum; some of the vessels listed below may, of course, be ERSB from outside the Fayum. John Hayes (1976, 39) has used the term Fayum Red-Slipped Ware for fabrics similar to my FRSW; he also equates it with his ERSB. Also found are white-slipped versions of FRSW. At Hermopolis the term LFW (Local Fine Ware) was employed, but similar material found in the Fayum is here described as Fayumic Fine Ware(FFW). Thus: FRSW = ERSB = Rodziewicz Groupe K = Hermopolis ERSH. FFW = a white/cream/yellow/pale pink-slipped version of ERSB. All the above are made of Nile silt and its accompanying slip; most of the vessels described here are Fayumic Red Slip Ware. The same fabric from excavations at Kom el-Nana is regarded as Egyptian Red Slipped Ware ‘B’ (Faiers 2005, 81-93), which corresponds with Hermopolis H Ware. In the chapters below, many coarseware vessels (probably cooking wares) are in Nile silt with a red slip: in many cases, it has been difficult to decide whether or not to describe these as ERSB. In the comparanda given for shapes, not only siltware (ERSB etc) vessels are cited, but also those in Tunisian ARS and in the Aswan products ERSA and AFW; again, some shape comparanda are of unslipped vessels. The date-range of Nile silt red-slipped vessels that can be regarded as ERSB/FRSW is very wide. Egyptian Early Red Slip B Ware (EERSBW; Tomber 1992, 141-2), from Mons Claudianus, is described above and appears to have been made from the first century AD until the early third century. Late Roman ERSB seems to begin in the fourth century, probably late in that

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CHAPTER 6: ERSB; FAYUMIC RED SLIP WARE (FRSW) AND FAYUMIC FINEWARE (FFW)

century, as far as most comparanda imply. It is uncertain whether there is an actual gap between the cessation of EERSBW and the beginning of ERSB/FRSW, but it seems unlikely. Material from Karanis is included in the comparanda, and appears to go some way towards filling this gap, but because of the site’s squeezed chronology, the effect should be ignored as far as dating is concerned. Dates for many of the parallels from Alexandria are difficult to deduce. ERSB/ FRSW vessels found in Egypt are known from contexts at least as late as the tenth century AD. In the comparanda I have often described similar vessels found in the Fayum by other excavators as FRSWand FFW. A general date of circa AD 350-650 may be suggested for these groups of pottery.

Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village 282, 333; Dionysias 276-7, 281, 283-4, 286, 292-3, 306, 313, 316-17, 323, 329-30, 337-8, 341, 343, 345-6, 348, 358, 366, 386; Euhemeria 280, 285, 288, 291, 294, 296, 299, 305, 312, 318, 320-21, 324, 326, 332, 335-6, 344, 353, 360-61, 367, 369, 379, 383; Kom Aliun cemeteries 315, 327; Kom Aliun church 278, 380; Kom el-Arka 303, 382; Medinet Quta 272-5, 279, 307-9, 355, 359; Philoteris 295, 297, 302, 325, 339, 349-50, 362, 378; Tell el-Kenissa 304, 314, 354, 371-2, 374-5, 381; Theadelphia 287-9, 290, 298, 300-01, 310-11, 319, 331, 334, 340, 342, 347, 351-2, 356-7, 363-5, 368, 370, 373, 376-7, 384-5, 387-9; Theadelphia Roman cemetery? 328.

CATALOGUE Miscellaneous bowls and cups (272-283) As recounted above this miscellaneous collection of Fayumic Red Slip Ware and Fayumic Fine Ware vessels have many appropriate names supplied by archaeologists working in areas outside the Fayum. 272. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 13.0 cm. Deep hemispherical cup. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS; with orange slip outside and the inside eroded. 273. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 10.0 cm. Carinated cup with plain rim. FFW: pale-brown NS; traces of a yellow-buff slip overall. 274. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Coarse cup with plain rim. FFW: pale-brown NS; yellow-buff slip overall. 275. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Cup with curved walls. FRSW: orange-brown NS, with thick brown core; many white grits (not sand); red slip inside and partway down outside. 276. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 16.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with curved walls. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS with thin brown core; red-brown slip inside and out.

CHAPTER 6: ERSB; FAYUMIC RED SLIP WARE (FRSW) AND FAYUMIC FINEWARE (FFW)

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277. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 20.0 cm. Rounded bowl with thickened rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS; traces of red slip inside and out. 278. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1: church. D. 26.0 cm. Rounded bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: micaceous brown NS; red slip inside. 279. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 18.0 cm. Shallow cup. FRSW: orange-brown NS, with thick brown core; red slip inside and partway down outside. The vessel has contained white plaster, probably used for building. 280. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 17.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl. NS: FRSW; red slip overall. 281. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 36.0 cm. Bowl with plain rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS; good red slip inside and out. 282. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 23.0 cm. Shallow bowl with plain rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; red slip surviving inside, surface worn outside. But possibly an Eastern Sigillata A vessel. 283. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 13.0 cm. Bowl with slightly inturned rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS with mica and a thick grey core; matt red slip inside. Carinated dishes (284-296) 284. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 23.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. FRSW: light brown NS; thin red slip overall with concentric burnished lines inside. 285. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 27.0 cm. Flat dish with everted rim. FRSW: brown NS; no slip. 286. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. D. 25.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: red-brown NS, with thick brown core; red slip inside; down to carination outside. 287. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 21.0 cm. Shallow bowl. FRSW: coarse brown NS with grey core; matt red to black slip inside. 288. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 30.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with thickened rim. FRSW; orange-brown NS; red slip. 289. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 31.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: red-brown NS; thin matt red slip overall. 290. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 25.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. FRSW: red-brown NS; matt red slip overall. 291. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 26.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. FRSW: fabric and finish not noted. 292. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. D. 25.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous brown NS, with brown core; dark red slip inside with concentric burnished circles. Used for cooking. 293. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 23.0 cm. Shallow bowl with plain rim. FRSW: micaceous brown NS; red-brown slip overall. 294. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 22.0 cm. Dish with angled rim. FRSW: brown NS; red slip. 295. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps, D. 28.0 cm. Flat dish with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; red-brown slip inside and on top of rim; outside eroded. 296. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 33.0 cm. Shallow bowl with inturned rim. FRSW; brown NS; red slip inside and on rim. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 711, fig. 3b, from Hawara, dated to the second century AD.

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CHAPTER 6: ERSB; FAYUMIC RED SLIP WARE (FRSW) AND FAYUMIC FINEWARE (FFW)

Deep bowls with knobbed everted rims (297-304) 297. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 18.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted rim. Pink-orange ?marlware with black grits, and an overall yellow-buff slip. 298. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 21.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: brown NS with thick grey core; matt red slip overall. 299. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 24.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed everted rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS; red slip. 300. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 14.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed rim. Light brownbuff NS and marl mix; matt red slip inside and out. 301. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 18.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: brown NS with thick brown core; matt brown slip inside. 302. Philoteris, 2002. Sakiya Station 1. D. 16.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim and low-placed carination. FRSW: orange-brown NS, with pale brown core; traces of red slip. 303. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. D. 20.0 cm. Deep bowl with grooved knobbed rim. FRSW: red-brown NS with grey core; red slip overall. 304. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 21.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orange NS, with some mica and thick grey core; dark red slip overall. Shallow bowls with wide everted rims (305-317) 305. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 24.0 cm. Bowl with squared everted rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS; red slip. 306. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 15.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. FFW: light brown NS, with pale core; thin yellow-buff slip overall. 307. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 18.0 cm. Shallow bowl with grooved everted rim. FFW: orange-brown NS; traces of a yellow-buff slip inside and out. 308. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 16.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS; good red slip inside and out. 309. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 19.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. FFW: orange-brown NS; thick yellow-buff slip inside and out. 310. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 26.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orangebrown NS with brown core; matt red slip overall. 311. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 14.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. FRSW: coarse brown NS with traces of matt red slip. 312. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 26.0 cm. Bowl with wide flat everted rim. FRSW: brown NS: red slip. 313. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 22.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous brown NS; red slip inside and on rim. 314. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. D. 25.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous hard red-brown NS, with a grey core; red slip inside and partway down outside. 315. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, Kom D. D. 35.0 cm. Bowl with grooved everted rim; hole pierced in rim before firing. FFW: light brown NS with some sand and a little mica; traces of a cream-coloured slip. 316. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 47.0 cm. Bowl with everted knobbed rim. FRSW: brown NS, with brown core; red slip inside and on rim. 317. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 34.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with everted knobbed rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS, with grey core; red slip inside and on rim.

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Deep bowls with wide everted rims (318-354) 318. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 14.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orangebrown NS; red slip. 319. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 22.0 cm. Bowl with grooved ‘carination’ and wide everted rim. FRSW: buff-brown NS with brown core; traces of matt red slip overall. 320-21. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 22.0 cm. Bowl with drooping everted rim. NS: FRSW: brown NS; red slip. Plus another similar: D. 23.0 cm. 322. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. D. 15.0 cm. Bowl with everted knobbed rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS, with pink core; red slip inside and out. 323. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 15.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orange NS; red slip overall. 324. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 21.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: redbrown NS; red slip. 325. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 24.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS with brown core and some sand inclusions; orange slip traces. 326. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 34.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS; red slip traces overall. 327. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, Kom A. D. 21.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous brown NS; red slip inside and on upper rim. 328. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery. D. 11.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: brown NS; red-brown slip. 329-30. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 11.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous brown NS; red slip inside and on rim. Plus: another similar with a buff surface and no slip. 331. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 20.0 cm. Deep bowl with wide everted rim. FRSW: red-brown NS with grey-brown core; red slip inside, eroded outside. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 715, fig. 9d, from Hawara, dated to the fifth century AD. 332. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 21.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: brown NS; red slip. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 715, fig. 9d, from Hawara, dated to the second century AD. 333. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 18.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; traces of red slip inside. 334. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 14.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous red-brown NS with grey-brown core; matt red slip overall. 335. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 20.0 cm. Bowl with wide everted rim. FRSW: NS with red slip. 336. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near Bathhouse 2. D. 21.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: red-brown NS; red slip. 337-8. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 19.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: brown NS, with grey-brown core; red-brown slip inside and on rim. Plus: another similar: D. 20.0 cm. 339. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 17.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim; band of neat rouletting on top of rim. Good quality FRSW: good red slip inside. 340. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 27.0 cm. Deep bowl with complex everted rim. FRSW: red-brown NS, brown core; thin matt red slip overall.

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341. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 20.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS, with thin grey core; red slip inside and on rim. 342. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 23.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted hollow rim. FRSW: reddish NS, with grey core and red slip. 343. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 28.0 cm. Carinated deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS with brown core; thin matt red slip inside, outside surface eroded. 344. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 18.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed hollow rim. FBSW; red-brown NS; black slip. 345. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 25.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS with brown core; red slip overall. 346. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 28.0 cm. Deep bowl or casserole with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS, thin grey core; dark orange-brown slip overall. 347. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 17.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: brownred NS; reddish slip. 348. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 15.0 cm. Bowl with curved knobbed rim. FRSW: micaceous brown NS; red-brown slip overall. 349. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 29.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: red NS, with grey core; red slip inside and under rim. 350. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 23.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed everted rim. FRSW: dull brown NS, with thin grey core; traces of brown slip. 351. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 17.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed everted rim. FRSW: brown NS; matt red slip inside and down to ‘carination’ outside. 352. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 23.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS, with brown core; streaky red to black slip inside, and red slip most of way down outside. 353. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 28.0 cm. Deep bowl, with everted rim decorated with transverse grooves punctuated by applied flattened discs. FRSW: NS with grey core; red slip inside and over rim, and partway down the underside. 354. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 27.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: micaceous red NS, with thick grey core; red slip overall, thinner below rim outside. Bowls with inturned rims (355-359) 355. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 25.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with inturned rim and exterior ribbing. FRSW: orange-brown NS, with grey-brown core; red slip inside and out. Comparandum:Marchand 2009, 719, fig. 14c, from Hawara, dated to the fifthsixth century AD. 356. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 23.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with inturned rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS with brown core; matt red slip inside and partway down outside. 357. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 30.0 cm. Carinated bowl with inturned knobbed rim and exterior groove. FRSW: brown NS with thick grey-brown core; matt red slip overall. 358. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. D. 25.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed rim and exterior ribbing; a frying-pan. FRSW: orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; traces of red slip inside, outside eroded. 359. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 12.0 cm. Hemispherical bowl with plain rim and interior grooves. FFW: light brown NS; traces of a yellow-buff slip inside and out.

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Carinated bowls (360-364) 360. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 29.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS; red slip. 361. Not Used. 362. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 25.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: brown NS, with grey-brown core; dark brown slip. 363. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 26.0 cm. Carinated bowl with plain rim. FRSW: brown NS with grey core and many white sand grits; matt red-brown slip inside and partway down outside. 364. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 19.0 cm. Shallow bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: brown NS with paler core; matt brown slip overall. Carinated bowls (many FRSW) with knobbed upright rims (365-370) These forms are closely similar in shape to a group of largely unslipped plain-ware vessels catalogued as nos. 487-495. (Chapter 7). 365. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 29.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with everted rim. FRSW: red-brown NS, thick red core; thin matt red slip inside. 366. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. D. 28.0 cm. Carinated bowl with upright rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS, with thick brown core; red slip inside and on outer rim. 367. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 30.0 cm. Carinated bowl with thickened upright rim. FRSW: brown-buff NS; red slip inside and out. 368. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 21.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed upright rim. FRSW: brown NS; thin matt red slip overall inside, but streaky outside. 369. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 40.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed upright rim. FRSW: orange-buff NS; red slip inside and out. 370. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound, D. 28.0 cm. carinated bowl with knobbed upright rim. FRSW: red-brown NS with thick red core; thin matt red slip overall. Bowls and dishes with miscellaneous rims (371-384) 371. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. D. 29.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS; good red slip inside and out. 372. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. D. 31.0 cm. Bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW/FFW: micaceous brown NS; matt orange slip overall, thicker inside than out. 373. Theadelphia, 2005. East cemetery (mainly Ptolemaic). D. 17.0 cm. Bowl with upright rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS with mica; pale red-buff surface; red slip inside and on outer rim. 374. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 21.0 cm. Bowl with everted grooved rim. FRSW: orange NS, with some mica and thick grey core; dark red slip overall. Fayumic copy of an AFW fabric perhaps related to Ptolemaic lipped dishes. 375. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 28.0 cm. Bowl with upright knobbed rim. FFW: light red NS; pale yellow-cream slip overall; deep yellow on outside of rim. 376. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Bowl with upright rim, with a hint of flange. FRSW: red-brown NS with brown core; matt red slip overall. Comparanda: Marchand 2009, 731, fig. 33b and 768, fig. 83, from Hawara, dated to the first century AD; near in shape to Tomber 2006, p. 19, 3-4, from Mons Claudianus, probably Eastern Sigillata A, dated about mid-second century AD.

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377. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 23.0 cm. Shallow bowl with upright rim. FRSW: brown NS; red slip inside and over rim, with runs outside. Close to 376. 378. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 24.0 cm. Shallow bowl with plain upturned rim. FRSW: orange-brown NS with pink core; red slip inside, outside eroded. 379. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 27.0 cm. Shallow bowl with grooved rim, FRSW: coarse pink clay with grey core; light red slip inside. Perhaps related to Ptolemaic lipped dishes. 380. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church. D. 33.0 cm. Large shallow bowl with grooved knobbed rim. FFW: pink-brown NS; creamy yellow slip inside and out. 381. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. L. 10.1 cm; estimated D. 40.0 cm. Fragment of compartmented bowl, with part of one of the outer compartments surviving (D. about 7.0 cm). FFW: brown NS, creamy white slip inside, with painted decoration on red and black fired-on ceramic colours. Comparanda: a single compartmented bowl fragment (270) found and included here is placed in Aswan Fine Ware. These Nile silt Egyptian compartmented bowls were originally copied from ARS of Hayes 1972 Form 111: dated late sixth to first half of seventh century AD (Atlante i, pl. XLIV, 8; the Egyptian versions continued to be made for many centuries. However, their model may have been ERSA, and in particular AFW, versions, themselves copied from ARS bowls. Similar vessels come from Tod (Pierrat 1991), which can be as late as the ninth century AD. Examples from Tebtunis and Deir el-Naqlun, included in the comparanda cited immediately below, come from contexts of the ninth to twelfth century AD. 382. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. D. 17.0 cm. Shallow bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: micaceous red-brown NS, with thick grey core; red slip inside. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 731, fig. 32, from Hawara, dated to the first to second century AD. 383. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 12.0 cm. Shallow bowl with thickened rim, possibly a lid. FRSW: red-brown micaceous NS; red slip. Comparanda: Several examples, mainly Ptolemaic, perhaps extending into Roman times, have been found at Tell el-Balamun (Diospolis Inferior): Spencer 1996, pl. 54, 8, pl. 84, 1-2; Spencer 1999, pl. 16, 1, pl. 40 (a), 1-3, (b), 3. 384. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 20.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. FRSW: brown NS; matt red slip overall. Deep carinated bowls with everted rims (385-389) 385. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 25.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. FRSW: brown NS with paler core; matt red slip overall. 386. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 23.0 cm. Grooved everted rim. FRSW: micaceous orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; red slip outside and inside rim. 387. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery. D. 21.0 cm. Deep carinated bowl with everted rim. Brown NS; buff surface on exterior and top of rim; no slip. 388. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 28.0 cm. Deep bowl with rounded body and everted rim. FRSW: red-brown NS, with brown core; eroded inside, red to black matt slip outside. 389. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Deep carinated bowl with knobbed rim. FRSW: brown NS with thick dark brown core; matt red slip overall.

CHAPTER 7 EGYPTIAN PLAINWARE CUPS, BOWLS (AND SOME CASSEROLES) Coarseware bowls and cups The bowl, with its almost infinite range of functions, is the most common form of pottery vessel found on ancient sites, in both fine and coarse fabrics. Small bowls, particularly deep ones, can be regarded as cups, but may not always have been used for drinking by their owners. I have included casseroles with the bowls, rather than with the cooking-pots, because of the difficulty of deciding on precise function in so many cases. Signs of burning, showing that the vessel was used for cooking, are not always visible on the rim fragments that are so often the only diagnostic sherds that were collected during survey. Some bowls seem very obviously to becasseroles, but an individual owner might use one for some other function. Again, some ostensible tablewares have been used for cooking, as was noticed in the case of African Red Slip imports at Hermopolis Magna (Bailey 1998, p. 1). The Rathbone Polemon Survey and the Römer Themistos Survey have produced a remarkable range of coarseware bowls, cups and casseroles. An attempt has been made to place these very miscellaneous bowl forms in some sort of typological order, in the hope that this will aid others searching for parallels. The groupings are often somewhat arbitrary, and a glance at the material listed under and within the various headings will show that they do not fall into a clear chronological sequence. Where not stated otherwise the comparanda are likely to be of Nile siltware. It must be stressed that parallels from areas distant from the Fayum may not be helpful chronologically. There are few parallels here with bowls from three published sites with much material, Hermopolis Magna, Amarna and Elephantine; the dates of comparanda given here from Elephantine are those set out in Gempeler 1992, and from Amarna, Faiers 2005, while those from Hermopolis derive from Bailey 1998 and often reflect the balance of probabilities: several are from much wider conjectural context dates. Some of the shapes are near to vessels that fall into the Fayumic Red Slip categories in Chapter 3 (and indeed have red slip coverage themselves). The majority of the vessels in this Chapter are Nile silt products (including FRSW) there being some 106 examples, a few marlware bowls (about 20 examples) and a very few marl/Nile-silt mixes; despite being described as plainwares, many of these bowls have slip coatings. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village 449, 451, 453-4, 456, 479-80, 483, 510, 520+; Aliun Village south 501; Aliun Village west 455, 512; Dionysias 414a, 435, 438, 446, 452, 457, 472, 475-7, 482, 507; Dionysias Roman cemetery 396-7, 413, 415, 423, 442-3; Euhemeria 432-3, 481, 498-500, 502, 508, 518-19, 523; Kom Aliun cemeteries 390-95, 399-402, 406-7, 409, 412, 419, 489, 495, 509, 517; Kom Aliun church 484, 514, 516;

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Kom Hamouli 417; Kom Hamouli cemetery 447b, 448, 467-71, 486; Medinet Quta 398, 403-5, 414c, 444a, 458; Philoteris 424-5, 427, 429-31, 436-7, 439-41, 445, 450, 459, 461-6, 473-4, 487-8, 490-92, 494, 496-7, 504-5, 515, 521-2; Philoteris basins 444b, 447a, 460, 493, 513; Philoteris extramural building 408, 410; Philoteris Ptolemaic cemetery 420, 422; Theadelphia 416, 418, 421, 426, 503, 511; Theadelphia North-west Ptolemaic cemetery 485; Theadelphia Ptolemaic cemetery 411; Theadelphia Roman cemetery? 428, 434, 478, 506.

CATALOGUE Small plainware cups and bowls in Nile silts and marlwares (390-421) 390. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. D. 9.0 cm. Hemispherical cup: unturned base, string marks under. Light brown marlware, buff surface. 391. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. D. 9.0 cm. Hemispherical cup with turned base. Orange-brown NS, with some mica. 392. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom E, cemetery. D. 10.0 cm. Hemispherical cup. Orange-brown NS. 393-4. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 9.0 cm. Hemispherical cup: unturned base, string marks under. Buff marlware, light brown core. Plus: another similar. D. 9.0 cm. See also 402. 395. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom E, cemetery. D. 10.0 cm. Hemispherical cup. Light brown marlware, greenish-buff surface inside and out. 396-7. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D.10.0 cm. Hemispherical cup with a plain rim and a roughly turned base. Pale brown NS (or NS/marl mix) with overall buff surface. Trace of dark red slip under rim outside. Plus: another similar, of the same fabric and rim diameter. 398. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Hemispherical cup with plain rim. Buff marlware. 399. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. D. 13.0 cm. Hemispherical cup. Light brown marlware, buff surface. 400. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom E, cemetery. D. 11.0 cm. Shallow hemispherical cup. Buff marlware. 401. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Hemispherical cup. Light brown marlware, surface eroded. 402. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. D. 12.0 cm. Carinated cup with plain rim. Light brown marlware, some mica; buff surface. Close to 393-4. 403. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 10.0 cm. Coarse conical cup with unturned base. Has contained white plaster. Orange-brown NS, with thick purple-brown core; buff surface. 404. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 12.0 cm. Coarse conical cup. Orange-brown NS, with many white grits; buff slip overall. 405. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 11.0 cm. Coarse conical cup with upright rim; unturned base. Has contained white plaster. Brown NS, with buff surface.

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406-7. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. D. 11.0 cm. Conical cup with turned base. Light brown marlware, some mica; buff surface. Plus:another similar. D. 13.0 cm. 408. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building. D. 11.0 cm. Conical cup with knobbed rim. Orange-brown NS, with a little sand; buff surface. 409. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 14.0 cm. Cup with slightly everted rim. Buff marlware. 410. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building. D. 15.0 cm. Not unlike an echinus cup, but with a ridged exterior. NS and marl mix, fired pale buff. 411. Theadelphia, 2003. Ptolemaic cemetery. D. 15.0 cm. Deep bowl with flaring walls; string-marks under base. Orange-brown NS, thick black core. 412. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 13.0 cm. Bowl with high carination and everted rim. ERGW: micaceous brown NS with red-brown surface. 413. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. D. 13.0 cm. Cup with a sinuous profile and upright plain rim. Brown NS, with many small black and white grits. 414a. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd area F. D. 11.0 cm. Deep carinated bowl with everted rim. Pink-brown NS with yellow-buff surface overall. 414b. Not illustrated. 414c. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 11.0 cm. Small bowl or cup with everted rim. Orange-brown NS; yellow to buff slip overall; some reddish sand grits. FFW. 415. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. D. 13.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted rim. Pale brown NS (or NS/marl mix) with overall buff surface and many white grits. 416. Theadelphia, 2005. Village mound. D. 10.0 cm. Small bowl with everted rim; unturned base. Micaceous brown NS. 417. Kom Hamouli, 2001. Village mound. D. 9.0 cm. Conical cup with unturned base: string marks under. Micaceous orange-brown NS; red-buff surface. 418. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 8.0 cm. Conical cup with flaring walls; unturned base: string marks under. Red-brown NS, with brown core 419. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 7.0 cm. Ribbed cup with unturned base. Micaceous red-brown NS. 420. Philoteris, 2001. Ptolemaic cemetery. D. 11.0 cm. Deep cup with defined plain rim. Buff marlware with slightly lighter surface. 421. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 12.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with knobbed everted rim. Red-brown NS, with thick darker core and several white grits. Medium plainware bowls (422-444b) 422. Philoteris, 2001. Ptolemaic cemetery. D. 13.0 cm. Bowl with sunken carination and everted rim. Pale orange-brown NS; surface completely eroded (rim form reconstructed, but probably close). 423. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. D. 14.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. Brown NS with many white grits; surface completely eroded. 424. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 17.0 cm. Bowl with high-placed carination and everted rim. Pink-orange marlware with black grits, and an overall yellow-buff slip. 425. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 15.0 cm. Bowl with high-placed ‘carination’ and everted rim. Pink-orange marlware with black grits, and an overall yellow-buff slip. 426. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 19.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. Yellow-buff marlware.

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427. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 16.0 cm. Bowl with high-placed carination and everted rim. Pink marlware with cream surface. 428. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery. D. 17.0 cm. Carinated bowl with everted rim. Pinkish-cream marlware. 429-31. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 18.0 cm. Bowl with high-placed carination and everted rim. Pink-orange marlware with black grits, and an overall yellow-buff slip. FFW? Plus: two others of the same fabric: D. 16.0 and 20.0 cm. 432-3. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 16.0 cm. Bowl with high carination and everted rim. FFW: yellowish-pink NS; deep cream slip. Plus: another of same fabric, shape and size. 434. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery. D. 24.0 cm. Deep bowl with small everted rim. Red-brown NS; buff surface. 435. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd area F. D. 20.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Orange-brown NS; buff surface inside and out. 436. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 20.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted rim. Pink marlware with dark red grits (grog from Aswan?), and a grey core (grog is broken down fired pottery). 437. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 17.0 cm. Bowl with rounded carination and everted rim. Brown NS, with grey core. 438. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd area F. D. 21.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Red-brown NS, with buff surface, inside and out. 439. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 18.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Red NS, with grey core. 440. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 19.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core. 441. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 18.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Red-brown NS, some sand inclusions, with greybrown core. 442. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. D. 16.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Orange-brown NS; dark red slip traces inside and top of rim. Outside eroded. 443. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. D. 19.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Pale brown NS (or NS/marl mix) with overall buff surface and many white grits. Trace of dark red slip under rim outside. 444. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 13.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with knobbed everted rim. Pale brown NS; yellow-buff slip overall. 444b. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. D. 15.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Pink-red NS, with grey core and cream inclusions. Medium and large plainware bowls (445-456) 445. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 18.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Red NS, with grey core; traces of burning: used for cooking? 446. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd area C. D. 19.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Pink marlware with thick buff core and traces of a buff surface: some mica and white and dark sand inclusions. 447a. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. D. 19.0 cm. Deep rounded bowl with everted knobbed rim. Red NS, with pale inclusions. 447b. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. D. 25.0 cm. Rounded bowl with everted rim. Micaceous brown NS, and darker brown core.

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448. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. D. 25.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. Micaceous orange NS; thick brown core. 449. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 32.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. Orange-red NS, with thick grey core; surface worn. 450. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. D. 27.0 cm. Bowl with curved body and everted rim. Red-brown NS, with some sand inclusions. 451. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. 2.0 cm. Deep bowl with curving everted rim. Orange-brown siltware; pink core. 452. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd area B. D. 23 cm. Deep carinated bowl with flattopped everted rim. Casserole? FRSW: orange-brown Nile silt; possible traces of red slip inside. 453-4. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 20.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. ERSB/FRSW: red-brown NS, with sand grits and brown and pink sandwich core; surface eroded. Comparandum:Marchand 2009, 715, fig. 9d, from Hawara, dated to the fifth century AD. Plus: another similar, D. 19.0 cm. 455. Aliun Village west, 2000. Stone houses. D. 22.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. Orange-brown NS. 456. Aliun Village, 2000. First Sweep. D. 13.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. Orangebrown NS, with thick grey core; surface eroded. Medium and large plainware bowls with knobbed or everted rims (457-466) 457. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd area B. D. 16.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed everted rim. Micaceous red-brown NS, with thick brown core. 458. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. D. 29.0 cm. Shallow bowl with everted rim. Buff marlware. 459. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 27.0 cm. Carinated bowl with everted rim. Red-brown NS, with light brown core. Used for cooking. 460. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. D. 28.0 cm. Deep bowl with knobbed everted rim: oval notches on top of rim. Pinkish-red NS, with pale inclusions. 461. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 36.0 cm. Bowl with curved body and wide everted rim; finger-tip ornament on top of rim. Red NS; grey core. 462. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 41.0 cm. Bowl with curved body and substantial everted ridged rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey-brown core; many dark sand inclusions. 463. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 32.0 cm. Bowl with curved body and substantial knobbed rim; deep fingernail notches along top of rim. Coarse red NS; grey core. 464. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 21.0 cm. Bowl with curved body and substantial everted rim; slightly irregular fingernail notches along top of rim. Red NS; grey core. 465. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 32.0 cm. Bowl with curved walls and knobbed everted rim. Red NS, with grey core. 466. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 36.0 cm. Bowl with curved body and substantial knobbed rim. Red NS; grey core. Deep plainware bowls or casseroles (467-478) 467. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. D. 21.0 cm. Deep bowl with vertical walls ribbed inside, and knobbed rim. Orange-brown NS; grey-brown core.

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468. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. D. 17.0 cm. Deep bowl with upright walls and elongated knobbed rim. Micaceous orange-brown NS; thick grey core. 469-71. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. D. 21.0 cm. Deep bowl with upright walls and elongated knobbed rim. Micaceous orange-brown NS. Plus: two others similar in Nile silt: D. 25.0 and 20.0 cm. 472. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. D. 21.0 cm. Deep bowl with thickened, slightly everted rim. Micaceous orange-brown NS with dark grey core; red slip outside and inside mouth. 473-4. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 23.0 cm. Deep ribbed bowl with everted rim. Red-brown NS, with thick grey core. Plus: another similar: D. 22.0 cm. 475. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 22.0 cm. Everted rim. Red-brown NS, with thin brown core. 476. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 21.0 cm. Deep bowl with ribbed body and knobbed everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey-brown core. 477. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 22.0 cm. Everted rim. Brown NS, with thick grey-brown core. 478. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery. D. 17.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. Dark pink NS; brown core; buff surface outside. Flaring plainware bowls (479-486) 479-80. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 3. D. 22.0 cm. Deep bowl with upright rim. FRSW: red-brown NS. Plus:another similar, from the stone houses at west. D. 16.0 cm. 481. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Deep bowl with upright rim. Red NS, with grey core and buff surface. Comparanda: Marchand 2009, 712, fig. 5a, and 733, fig. 35ab, all from Hawara, dated to the first to second century AD. 482. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 26.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. Pale buff marlware; surface eroded. 483. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound. First sweep. D. 42.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim; ribbed inside. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; white sand grits. 484. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church. D. 26.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim. Brown NS, thin buff surface overall. 485. Theadelphia, 2005. North-west cemetery (Ptolemaic). D. 18.0 cm. Shallow bowl with flaring walls; string-marks under base. Micaceous brown NS, with paler surface. 486. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. D. 30.0 cm. Shallow bowl with flaring walls and everted rim; two holes pierced through rim for suspension Red NS; thin grey core. Shallow plainware bowls with upright rims (487-495) Red-slipped (FRSW) versions of these plain bowls, are so close in shape as probably stemming from the same workshops: Chapter 6, 365-370. 487. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 29.0 cm. Bowl with upright rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick brown core. 488. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 24.0 cm. Bowl with upright rim. Red-brown NS, with brown core. Used for cooking. 489. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 30.0 cm. Shallow bowl with upright rim. Micaceous red-brown NS, with sand inclusions; surface eroded.

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490. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 24.0 cm. Bowl with upright rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core. 491. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 26.0 cm. Bowl with upright rim. Red-brown NS; grey core. 492. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 32.0 cm. Shallow bowl with upright rim. Red NS, with a grey core. 493. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. D. 36.0 cm. Carinated bowl with upright rim. FRSW: buff NS with abundant dark inclusions; remains of brown slip on interior. 494. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 19.0 cm. Bowl with upright rim. FFW: buff Nile silt/marl mix? Surface cream-buff over pink. 495. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom A, cemetery. D. 27.0 cm. Shallow bowl with upright rim and start of base-ring. Orange-brown NS with grey core; some sand. Surface eroded. Carinated shallow bowls, plainware, with small knobbed rims (496-506) Although placed with plainwares, several of these are slipped. 496. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 26.0 cm. Carinated bowl with thickened rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey-brown core. Used for cooking. 497. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 26.0 cm. Carinated bowl with inturned rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core. 498. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 28.0 cm. Shallow bowl with inturned rim. ERGW: NS with black core and red slip. 499. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 26.0 cm. Carinated bowl with knobbed rim. ERGW; red NS with grey core and yellow-buff surface; red slip inside and down to carination outside. 500. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 24.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with inturned rim. FRSW: NS with red slip. 501. Aliun Village south, 2000. Slag Mound 1. D. 24.0 cm. Curved-wall bowl with thickened rim. Red-brown NS, with grey core. 502. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. 26.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with widened rim. FRSW; NS with red slip. 503. Theadelphia 2002. Village mound. D. 19.0 cm. Carinated bowl with inturned rim. Redbrown NS, with brown core; surface eroded. 504. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 30.0 cm. Bowl with curved walls and thickened everted rim. Red NS, with grey core. 505. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 27.0 cm. Carinated bowl with thickened rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey-brown core. Used for cooking. 506. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery. D. 26.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with knobbed rim. Red-brown NS; dark brown core. Miscellaneous plainware bowls (507-523: some are slipped) 507. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 21.0 cm. Shallow flat-bottomed bowl with plain rim. FFW? Micaceous red NS, with thick grey-brown core; thin yellow-buff slip overall. 508. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 24.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with incurved walls. FRSW: Red NS with brownish core; red slip inside.

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509. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D.19.0 cm. Shallow carinated bowl with inturned rim. Micaceous red-brown NS, burnt brown. 510. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 23.0 cm. Shallow bowl with flat bottom and flared rim. Red-brown NS, with pale brown core; surface worn. 511. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 26.0 cm. Shallow frying-pan with flaring walls. Brown to red-brown NS, with brown core; burnt underneath; thin matt red slip inside and streaky outside. 512. Aliun Village west, 2000. Stone houses. D. 24.0 cm. Shallow bowl with flat bottom and everted rim. Brown NS, with some sand; three concentric lines of burnished red slip at internal angle between floor and rim. Burnt over large areas. 513. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. D. 36.0 cm. Deep bowl with knobbed rim. Micaceous orange-brown NS; thick grey core. 514. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church. D. 29.0 cm. Deep bowl with knobbed rim. Brown NS; exterior somewhat eroded. 515. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 24.0 cm. Carinated bowl with ribbed rim. Red-brown NS, orange and brown sandwich core. Used for cooking. Comparandum:358from Dionysias, a FRSW shape. 516. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church. D. 22.0 cm. Bowl with ribbed walls, inside and out. Brown NS, no slip. 517. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Ribbed bowl with everted rim. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with thick grey core. 518. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 23.0 cm. Shallow bowl with upright rim. FRSW: NS; red slip. 519. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 19.0 cm. Shallow bowl with upright rim. FRSW: NS; red slip. 520. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 17.0 cm. Upright rim of bowl. Orange-brown NS, with grey core; some sand grits. A few other similar rims were noted on site, but were not more complete. Is a resemblance to faience ‘service’ rims (1421-40) chronologically significant?; perhaps of a first to second-century AD date? 521. Philoteris, 2002. Sakiya Station 1. D. 13.0 cm. Deep cup with narrow cordon just below rim outside. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; surface eroded. 522. Philoteris, 2000. First sweep, Western rubbish dumps. D. 24.0 cm. Deep bowl with rounded carination and vertical rim. Pale orange-brown NS; surface eroded. (Ptolemaic?). 523. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound. D. 25.0 cm. Deep bowl with everted rim and high base-ring. Coarse red-brown NS; buff slip overall.

CHAPTER 8 COOKING-POTS AND CASSEROLES Ptolemaic angle-rimmed cooking-pots The Themistos cooking-pots, including the mass of obviously Ptolemaic examples at the beginning of this chapter (524-604), are not arranged chronologically, which would be a hopeless task, given the present state of excavation and publication of results in the Fayum, but by rim-form. However, this classification is also challenging, since forms are on a continuum, and the dividing lines between them are a matter of opinion, but it is necessary to break the large numbers of sherds down into manageable groups. During almost the entire Hellenistic period, a type of cooking-pot with a tall, sharply angled everted rim including a lid-seating, and often with vertical or horizontal handles, was very common in Egypt. Often a red, brown or black slip was applied overall and within the mouth. Occasionally the potting could be very fine, and together with a slip/glaze coating can resemble closely the fabric of fineware vessels in Egyptian Black or Red Glaze Ware (EBGW or ERGW as found with versions from the Rathbone Polemon Survey). Comparanda with the Polemon and other material suggest dates mainly between the mid-third century and the first century BC. Coarsewares from sites remote from the Fayum, although sometimes near enough in shape to a Themistos vessel, must be treated with caution as far as dates are concerned: many coarsewares from the Fayum have few or no parallels elsewhere. Even sites that have fairly large published groups of cooking-pots are not over-helpful. There are very few parallels from Hermopolis Magna, from Kom el-Nana at Amarna or from Elephantine, all of which have large groups of cooking-pots and bowls (Gempeler 1992; Bailey 1998; Faiers 2005). For example, there seem to be few ‘open’ cooking-pots/ casseroles from the Polemon and Themistos Districts of the Fayum, but many from Elephantine (Gempeler 1992, K 300-68). Different times and places produced differing rim-forms, and potters from one place often preferred wholly different body shapes to those from another. The full shape of a cooking-pot is usually not recoverable from survey material, where only rims and their accompanying shoulders tend to be recorded because the body and underside cannot be brought together. Some probable or possible casseroles (467-78) are included with the plainware bowls, and placed in Chapter 6, rather than with the ‘open’ cooking-pots or casseroles 717-37 at the end of this Chapter. Many coarseware bowls, particularly those with thin walls and those of medium size, may well have been employed for food preparation as well as for other uses, just as the ‘casserole’ shapes may have been utilised by individual owners for any purpose. All cooking-pots listed here are made of Nile or Bahr Yusufi silt (the same substance). It will be seen that cooking-vessels are very much in the majority amongst the sherds collected for record purposes. Only amphorae come close to the numbers of cooking-pots; none of this is surprising. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village 603, 620, 631, 642, 647-50, 676-8, 709, 728-9; Desert west of Quta 681; Dionysias 535, 548-51, 555, 588, 601-2, 608, 611, 616, 622, 624, 628-30, 634, 639, 663, 670, 682, 684-5, 693, 697, 710, 716, 718, 723;

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Dionysias Roman cemetery 612, 632-3, 691, 696, 698; Euhemeria 524-7, 540, 542-3, 552, 556-7, 559, 568, 572, 574-5, 577, 579, 581, 583, 592, 595, 737; Kom Aliun cemeteries 610, 615, 627, 643, 645-6, 651-2, 655, 690, 695, 706, 726; Kom Aliun church 606, 734, 736; Kom Aliun near church 618; Kom el-Arka 528, 578; Kom Hamouli cemetery 605, 613-14, 719; Medinet Quta 599, 637, 653, 656, 659, 664, 686, 694, 699-701, 703, 707-8, 727; Philoteris 532-3, 534, 538, 541, 544-7, 553-4, 560-64, 566-7, 569, 571, 573, 576, 587, 590-91, 598, 607, 617, 619, 625-6, 636, 638, 644, 654, 657-8, 660, 666-7, 671-5, 679-80, 683, 688-9, 7045, 711, 713-15, 717,720, 724-5, 730-33; Philoteris basins 584, 621, 635, 721; Philoteris Extramural building 531, 536, 539, 609; Philoteris Ptolemaic cemetery 596b-7; Philoteris South-east cemetery 537; Tell el-Kenissa 580, 582, 585-6, 593-4; Theadelphia 529, 558, 565, 570, 600, 641, 669, 687, 692, 702, 712, 722, 735; Theadelphia East cemetery (mainly Ptolemaic) 530; Theadelphia Ptolemaic cemetery 596a, 662; Theadelphia Roman cemetery? 589, 623, 640, 661, 665, 668.

CATALOGUE Ptolemaic angle-rimmed cooking-pots (524-595) Most of the angled-rimmed pots are of very fine construction; indeed, some are masterpieces of the potters’ art, large and thin-walled, the outside perfectly plain, not ribbed or rilled. A large proportion have handles, horizontal and looped, or vertically placed on the shoulder. No full profiles have been preserved from this survey, and handles are often probably lost from the part of the rim that is missing. All these angle-rimmed cooking-pots appear to have been slipped outside, with a good red or brown colour, sometimes black inside (some have eroded surfaces). The slip can extend over the whole of the exterior and interior, but on most of them the outside and the inner mouth only are likely to have been slipped. Comparison with Rathbone’s Polemon and other material suggests dates mainly between the wide span of the mid-third century and the first century BC. 524. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Horizontal loop handles. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with brown core; red slip outside, and inside mouth. 525-6. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Horizontal loop handles. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with brown core; red slip outside, and inside mouth. Plus:another similar, with horizontal loop handles. Rim D. 17.0 cm. 527. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Everted rim. Red NS, with grey core; red slip outside, and black slip inside rim. 528. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Horizontal loop handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous red-brown NS; matt red slip outside, and inside mouth. 529. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical handles. Red-brown NS, with brown core; matt red slip outside, and inside mouth. 530. Theadelphia, 2005. East cemetery (mainly Ptolemaic). Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, thick grey core; traces of red slip.

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531. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building (the gymnasium). Rim D. 19.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Orange-pink NS, with some sand inclusions; surface eroded. 532-3. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Micaceous brown NS, with thick grey core. Plus: another similar with vertical handles: micaceous orange-brown NS; red-brown slip outside, inside eroded. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. 534. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep (a small separate area south of the Seventh Sweep, with a thin strew of pottery and no sign of building). Rim D. 30.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with brown core; traces of red-brown slip outside. 535. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Micaceous brown NS, surface eroded. 536. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building (the gymnasium). Rim D. 15.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Orange-pink NS, with some sand inclusions; surface eroded, red slip traces outside. Both early Roman and Ptolemaic material were found in the Northern extramural building (Temple A, as in Römer 2004, 287, fig. 2; but see now p. ***). 537. Philoteris, 2002. South-east cemetery, Area C. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Redbrown NS, with thick grey core; red slip inside and out. 538. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical handles. Orange-brown NS; red slip outside. 539. Philoteris, 2002. North (extramural) building (the gymnasium). Rim D. 21.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Orange-red NS, with a grey core and some sand inclusions; surface eroded. 540. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Red NS, with grey core; interior eroded. 541. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Horizontal loop handles. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; traces of red slip outside, and inside mouth. 542. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical handles. Red NS; red slip outside, and inside mouth. 543. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Redbrown NS, with brown core; red slip outside and inside. 544-7. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical handles. Orange-brown NS; brown slip outside and inside. Plus: 3 others similar in rim and profile form, two with vertical handles, one with high-loop horizontal handles; fabrics similar, with comprehensive slip coverage, red and brown. Rim. D. 14.0 (× 2) and 15.0 cm. 548. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 24.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Micaceous brown NS; red slip outside and inside mouth. 549. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with brown core; good red slip outside and inside mouth. 550. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical handles. Micaceous red-brown NS, with brown core; red slip outside and inside mouth. 551. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Orangebrown NS, thick grey core; red slip outside and inside mouth. 552. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Red NS, with greybrown core; red slip outside, and inside rim. 553. Philoteris, 2001. Sakiya Station 1. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS; red slip outside, and inside mouth. 554. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical strap handles, lost. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey-brown core; red slip outside, and inside mouth.

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555. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Orangebrown NS, with thin grey core; red slip outside, inside surface eroded. 556. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical handles. Brown-red NS, with grey core; black slip outside, and inside mouth. 557. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with brown core; red slip outside, and inside mouth. 558. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, dark grey core; matt red slip outside, and inside mouth. 559. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Fine red NS, with dark core; buff surface, red slip outside, and inside rim. 560. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Third Sweep. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Micaceous red-brown NS, with thick grey core; red to black streaky slip outside, and inside mouth. 561. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Second Sweep: House of the Crocodile. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with red-brown core; red slip outside, interior surface eroded. 562-3. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Brown NS with some mica and a thick grey core; red-brown slip outside, and inside mouth. Plus: another similar, in orange-brown NS, with grey core; red slip inside, outside eroded. Rim D. 12.0 cm. 564. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; red slip within mouth, and outside. 565. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, grey-brown core; matt red slip outside and partway down inside rim. 566-7. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 24.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS. Plus: another similar: red-brown NS; traces of red slip outside. Rim D. 21.0 cm. 568. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with thin grey-brown core; red slip outside, and inside mouth. 569. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound: Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Horizontal high loop handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; traces of red-brown slip outside, and inside mouth. 570. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with dark brown core; matt red slip outside, and inside mouth. 571. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound: Fourth Sweep. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with thick brown core; traces of red slip on mouth, inside and out. 572. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; red slip outside, and inside rim. 573. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound: Fourth Sweep. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-red NS; traces of red slip inside and out. 574. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with thin brown core; red slip outside and inside. 575. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical handles. Redbrown NS, with thick brown core; red slip outside, and inside rim. 576. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical handles. Orange-brown NS; red-brown slip outside. 577. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Vertical handles. Redbrown NS, with grey-brown core; red slip outside, and inside rim. 578. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Vertical handles. Micaceous red-brown NS.

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579. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Red NS, with brownish core; red slip outside, and inside rim. 580. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Micaceous brown NS; good quality brown slip outside, and inside mouth. 581. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Red NS, with grey core; red slip outside, and inside rim. 582. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Horizontal loop handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS; matt orange-red slip outside, and inside mouth. 583. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Red NS, with grey core; red slip outside, and inside rim. 584. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Redbrown NS; traces of red slip inside mouth, and outside. 585-6. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous brown NS, with grey core; varied orange to brown slip outside, and inside mouth. Plus: another similar, from Second Sweep: rim D. 16.0 cm. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with grey core; matt orange slip outside. 587. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; red slip outside, and inside rim. 588. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous brown NS, grey core. 589. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of a Roman cemetery. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Brown NS, grey core; red slip inside, and outside of rim. 590. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; red slip outside, and inside mouth. 591. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Traces of a vertical handle on rim. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey-brown core; traces of dark red-brown slip outside, and inside mouth. 592. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Red NS, with grey core; red slip outside, and inside rim and upper body. 593-4. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange NS, with grey core; orange slip outside, and inside mouth. Plus: another similar, rim D. 16.0 cm. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with grey core; good quality orange to black slip outside, and inside mouth. 595. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; no slip apparent. Ptolemaic cooking-pots with upright rims (596a-604) These few pots are very like the fabrics and slip-distribution of the angle-rimmed pots described above, but they have rims that are largely vertical in section. Several have vertical handles, and a very few have ribbed shoulders. Most are of a Nile silt fabric and they date between the mid-third century and the first century BC. 596a. Theadelphia, 2002. Ptolemaic cemetery. Cooking-pot. Not measured, not illustrated; fabric not recorded. Incomplete rim fragment of a Ptolemaic angle-rimmed cooking-pot. 596b-7. Philoteris, 2001. Ptolemaic cemetery. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with grey core; red slip outside, surface eroded inside. Plus: another closely similar in shape and fabric, with vertical handles; no slip survives.

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598. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Upright rim; vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; red-brown slip within mouth, and probably outside, which has an eroded surface. 599. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Upright rim. Cooking-pot. Light brown marlware with a yellow-buff surface: red-brown slip outside and within mouth, with runs inside. 600. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Upright rim. Cooking-pot. Orangebrown NS, thick red core; matt red slip outside and on the top element of the rim, inside. 601. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Rilled body and upright rim. Cooking-pot. Micaceous red-brown NS, thin grey core. 602. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; red slip outside and inside mouth. 603. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, grey core. Near angle-rimmed pots: and probably Ptolemaic. 604. Not used. Other cooking-pots, with everted rims, mostly plain (605-634) All but one of the pots in this grouping is of Nile silt; and seven of the other pots have a slipped surface. 608 has a marlware fabric. A good proportion have a ribbed body and shoulders, and several have vertical handles. 605-17 have rims which are concave within; 618-34 have rims that are convex. Many of them are likely to be Ptolemaic; others are Roman; few are individually datable. 605. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Incurved upright rim; ribbed body. Cooking-pot. Micaceous brown NS; grey core. 606. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church. Rim D. 21.0 cm. Incurved upright rim; ribbed shoulder. Cooking-pot. Brown NS. 607. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Upright incurved rim. Plain shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with grey core. 608. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Ribbed shoulder. Curved rim. Cooking-pot. Pinkish marlware; yellow-buff surface overall. 609. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building (the gymnasium). Rim D. 20.0 cm. Plain angled rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with thick grey core and some sand inclusions; surface eroded. 610. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed body, upright rim; vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous red-brown NS. 611. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 21.0 cm. Ribbed shoulder. Everted rim. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, thin dark grey core; red slip outside and inside mouth. 612. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Everted rim. Ribs on shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, grey inside, with black sand grits; thin orangebrown slip outside. 613. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Plain shoulder; everted rim. Cooking-pot. Brown NS, with white grits; grey core. 614. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Everted rim; ribbed shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with white grits; grey-brown core. 615. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Rim D. 23.0 cm. Everted rim; closely rilled shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS. 616. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. D. 17.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, thick grey core; red slip outside and inside mouth.

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617. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Slightly everted rim; fluted shoulder. Cooking-pot. Micaceous,orange-brown NS, with grey core; traces of red slip. 618. Kom Aliun, 2000. Kom 3, near church. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with grey core. 619. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep. Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Everted rim; plain body. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with some sand grits and a thin grey core. 620. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Everted rim; ribbed shoulder. Cooking-pot. Brown NS, brown core. 621. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Brown-pink NS, with sandy inclusions. 622. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Micaceous red-brown NS, brown core. 623. Theadelphia, 2002. South edge: probable site of a Roman cemetery. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS. 624. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with brown core; red slip outside and inside mouth. 625. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Everted rim; fluted shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS with much sand; brown core. 626. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Everted rim; plain body. Cooking-pot. Brown NS, grey core. 627. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Everted rim; fluted shoulder and plain body; low-placed carination. Cooking-pot. Micaceous red-brown NS. 628. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Everted rim; ribbed shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, thin brown core; red slip outside. 629. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Carinated plain body and everted rim. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with grey core and dark sand grits. 630. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Everted rim; plain body. Small everted handles. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with brown core and many white grits (not sand). 631. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Everted rim; plain body. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, pinkish core. 632. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Jogged everted rim; plain shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange NS, thick dark grey core, some white sand grits. 633. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Jogged everted knobbed rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, thick dark grey core, some white sand grits. Possibly a jar rather than a cooking-pot. 634. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Jogged everted rim; plain shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Light brown NS, with grey core and white grits; red slip outside and inside the mouth. Cooking-pots with everted rims, ridged or rilled (635-659) The cooking-pots presented here are all fairly globular, with well-defined everted rims, rilled or ridged. Very few have vertical handles, and one has a pair of horizontal looped handles. Practically all are made of Nile silt, two being of marlware; two also are coated with a slip. 635. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Spring of vertical handle. Cooking-pot. Red NS, surface eroded, with dark grey core.

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636. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Horizontal loop handles. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with grey core. 637. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Pale brown marlware with yellow-buff surface. 638. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Everted grooved rim; plain shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange NS with a thick grey core. 639. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Everted knobbed rim; single-rilled shoulder. Cooking-pot. Brown NS, thin dark brown core. 640. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Grey-brown NS; brown-black slip outside. 641. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Everted rim, plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Brown NS, with thin dark grey core. 642. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, thick grey core. 643. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; fluted and ribbed shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS with some mica; matt red slip outside. 644. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Pale buff-brown clay, with dark sand inclusions and a buff surface. 645. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Knobbed, everted rim; plain body with low-placed carination. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS; outer surface eroded. 646. Kom Aliun, 1999, Kom A, cemetery. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder and ribbed body. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with sandwich pink and grey core. 647-50. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 1. Rim D. 24.0 cm. Knobbed everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Reddish-brown NS; grey core. Plus, from this site, three pottery waster fragments, unidentified and completely vitrified. Such slag mounds can often be identified as an area producing pottery, a potter’s workshop. 651-2. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; plain body with low-placed carination. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS. Plus:another similar: rim D. 13.0 cm. 653. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Ribbed shoulder and plain underbody. Knobbed everted rim. Cooking-pot. Buff marlware; red slip outside, on rim and partway down inside, with runs. 654. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red NS with a grey core. 655. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom A, cemetery, Rim D. 15.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Micaceous red-brown NS, with grey core. 656. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Knobbed everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, thick brown-grey core with white and dark sand grits; red slip outside, and on top of rim. 657. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with grey core. 658. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Orange-brown NS, with grey core. 659. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder and start of ribbed body. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, brown core. Thin orange-brown slip inside and out.

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Cooking-pots with raised and ridged everted rims (660-696) Many of this considerable grouping of cooking-pots have everted rims, slightly raised and ridged. A few have vertical handles and one a horizontal loop handle. All are Nile-silt products and ten of them have a slip coating, red in most cases. 660. Philoteris, 2002. Sakiya Station 1. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with pale brown core and some white grits. 661. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of a Roman cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red NS, brown core. 662. Theadelphia, 2002. Ptolemaic cemetery. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Knobbed everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Purple-red NS, with thick brown core. 663. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Knobbed everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with some mica and thick dark brown core. 664. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder and vertical body. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, brown core. 665. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of a Roman cemetery. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-red NS, grey core. 666. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep (a small separate area south of the Seventh Sweep, with a thin strew of pottery and no sign of building). Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS; thick grey core and sand inclusions. 667. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with some mica and a thick grey core; traces of red slip inside and out. 668. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of a Roman cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, brown-grey core. 669. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Horizontally placed loop handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, brown core; matt red slip outside, and inside mouth. 670. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Jogged everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, thin light grey core. 671. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Double everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with brown core. 672. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Double everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with grey-brown core. 673-5. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep (a small separate area south of the Seventh Sweep, with a thin strew of pottery and no sign of building). Rim D. 15.0 cm. Everted knobbed rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS; thick grey core. Ptolemaic examples of this rim were seen in the Centre d’Études Alexandrines. Plus: two similar in shape and fabric: Rim D. 17.0 and 20.0 cm. 676. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Knobbed everted rim; plain body. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, pink core. 677. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 25.0 cm. Knobbed everted rim; plain body. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, thick dark grey core. 678. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Brown NS, grey core; yellow slip on shoulder and edge of rim. 679. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 20.0 cm. Double everted rim; plain shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with grey core.

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680. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with grey core. 681. Near modern Quta, 2005. Interior of an isolated hut in the desert west of modern Quta. Rim D. 20.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, thick grey core. 682. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS; red slip inside and out. 683. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 20.0 cm. Wide everted rim ribbed shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Light brown NS, with grey core; thin black slip outside. 684. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, grey-brown core. 685. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, thick grey core; red slip outside and on rim. 686. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with red-brown core; red slip inside, and out. 687. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder. Horizontal lug handles. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, thick brown core; traces of red slip outside. 688. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder with cordon on neck. Cooking-pot. Brown NS with grey core. 689. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder with cordon on neck. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS with grey core. 690. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Wide everted rim; rilled shoulder; plain lower body. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS. 691. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, thin grey core, some white sand grits. 692. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder with jogged underbody. Cooking-pot. Brown NS, with red-brown core. 693. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 21.0 cm. Wide everted rim, plain shoulder and ribbed body. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with brown core; some white grits. 694. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Wide everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, brown core; red slip outside, and on top of rim. 695. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Everted rim; ribbed shoulder. Vertical handles Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS. 696. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous pink-brown NS; brown slip traces outside. Cooking-pots with knobbed everted raised rims (697-709) These few, large, and rather magnificent cooking-pots must have presented a fine sight resting on a fire or a cooking stove. Only one has vertical handles; all are made of Nile silt, and several have coloured slip coatings. 697. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 21.0 cm. Everted rim; plain neck and ribbed shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, thick light grey core; traces of red slip outside: other areas eroded.

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698. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Small knobbed rim; plain shoulder and wide ribs on upper body. Vertical handles. Cooking-pot. Micaceous red-brown NS, grey inside, with white sand grits. 699. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, thick grey core; red slip inside and out. 700-01. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Everted rim; plain shoulders. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core. Plus: another similar, much burnt. Rim D. 14.0 cm. 702. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Small everted rim; plain neck and shoulder; two horizontal grooves on upper body. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, dark grey core; matt red slip overall. 703. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Small everted rim; cordon on lower neck, and plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS; red slip outside, and inside mouth. 704. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Second Sweep. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Rounded fluted body. Everted rim; plain neck and shoulder. Cooking-pot. Purple-brown NS, with much sand. 705. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Small everted rim; plain neck and shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with thick grey-brown core outside. 706. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Small everted rim; plain shoulder and body. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS: black slip outside. 707. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Small everted rim; plain shoulder and body. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; traces of orange-red slip outside, and inside mouth. 708. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Small everted rim; plain shoulder and body. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, brown core; red-brown slip outside. 709. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Small everted rim; cordon between plain neck and shoulder. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, thick grey core. Cooking-pots with miscellaneous shapes and rims (710-716) A small miscellaneous group in miscellaneous fabrics. The extraordinary shapes of 712-14 hint at non-cooking activities, in particular 713-14; the comfortable-looking inward-sloping rims suggest possibly a child’s chamber-pot, albeit the fabric is rather thin. 710. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Upright necked rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, thick black core; thin red slip inside and out. 711. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Upright jogged rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Pink-buff clay with sand inclusions. 712. Theadelphia, 2005. Village mound. Inner D. of mouth 8.0 cm. Inward-sloping shoulder and rim; plain body. Cooking-pot. Red-brown NS, with thick brown core and dark red sand inclusions. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 761, fig. 75a, from Hawara, dated second half of the third century to second century BC. 713. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Wide, inward-sloping rim; horizontal ribbon handles, adhering in three places. Plain neck and shoulder, divided by horizontal groove. Cooking-pot. Light orange marlware, with light brown core and reddish grits, probably sand; creamy-yellow slip inside and out.

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714. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 21.0 cm. Wide, inward-sloping rim; horizontal ribbon handles, adhering in three places. Plain neck and shoulders, divided by horizontal groove. Cooking-pot. Light brown to buff marlware, with reddish grits, probably sand; matt pale red slip on rim and within mouth. 715. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Thick vertical rim; plain shoulder. Cooking-pot. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with thin grey core. Thin red slip outside, inside eroded. 716. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Everted grooved rim; plain neck or shoulder. Cooking-pot. Orange-brown NS, thick grey core. Casseroles (717-737) Much cooking must have been undertaken in casseroles, deep open vessels, many of which have a low-placed carination. Some probable casseroles (467-78) have been included with the plainware bowls, and placed in Chapter 7 above, rather than with the ‘open’ cooking-pots or casseroles 71737 at the end of this Chapter. 720-722 have the typical angled rims of Ptolemaic cooking-pots. All the casseroles but one in this grouping are of Nile-silt manufacture; 736 appears to be a Nile silt/ marl mix. Nine of the pots have red-slip coatings. 717. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Third Sweep. D. 33.0 cm. Casserole: plain carinated bowl with everted rim. Red-brown NS, with a few white grits. 718. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Casserole: plain carinated body and everted rim. Micaceous orange-brown NS, red-brown core; surface eroded. 719. Kom Hamouli, 2001. Cemetery. D. 28.0 cm. Plain carinated bowl with everted rim. Red NS; very dark grey core. 720. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, second Sweep. D. 23.0 cm. Casserole: plain carinated body with everted channelled rim. Red-brown NS; pale brown core; red slip traces inside. 721. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. D. 26.0 cm. Casserole: plain body with everted channelled rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick brown core; traces of red slip surviving inside mouth. 722. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 22.0 cm. Casserole; plain body with everted channelled rim. Brown NS, brown core; matt red slip overall. 723. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 23.0 cm. Carinated casserole with everted rim. Orange-brown NS; possible traces of red slip inside. 724. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 18.0 cm. Deep plain casserole with everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with grey core. 725. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 21.0 cm. Deep plain casserole with everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core. 726. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 16.0 cm. Plain casserole: channelled everted rim; low-placed carination; vertical handles. Micaceous red-brown NS. 727. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Casserole with grooved everted rim; plain body. Orange-brown NS; traces of red slip inside and out. 728-9. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 3. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Casserole: grooved everted rim; plain body. Brown NS; black substance (soot?) on rim. Plus:from this site, a waster fragment, unidentified. 730. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 21.0 cm. Casserole: horizontally fluted body with knobbed rim. Red-brown NS. 731. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep (a small separate area south of the Seventh Sweep, with a thin strew of pottery and no sign of building). Rim D. 26.0 cm. Plain casserole with knobbed everted rim. Dull brown NS; brown core; traces of red-brown slip inside and out.

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732. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep (same site as 731). Rim D. 19.0 cm. Casserole or cooking-pot with plain body and everted rim. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; traces of brown slip. 733. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep. Rim D. 25.0 cm. Casserole with plain body and everted rim. Micaceous orange-brown NS, grey core. See 731-2. 734. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church. D. 20.0 cm. Casserole: plain body and knobbed everted rim. Brown NS, with white inclusion; red slip overall. 735. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Small casserole with knobbed rim and plain body. Brown NS, brown core; Matt red to black slip inside and partway down outside. 736. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Small casserole? Flanged rim; plain shoulder or neck. Fine buff ware, perhaps a NS/marl mix; black slip outside, red slip inside. 737. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church. D. 34.0 cm. Casserole: ribbed bowl with knobbed rim. Red-brown NS, with some sand inclusions.

CHAPTER 9 COARSEWARE JARS As with coarseware, cooking-pots and bowls, these jars are difficult to divide into rational groupings, but at least there are fewer of them. Because of the relatively small quantity, no classification of jars has been suggested. As has been reiterated, comparanda must be regarded as only a guide to the possible dating of a particular vessel. Coarsewares from sites remote from the Fayum, although near in shape to Fayumic vessels, must be treated with caution and contemporaneity should not be inferred; nevertheless, some comparanda from afar have been noted. More than a normal proportion of the jars are of marlwares, as compared with most other vessel shapes; some of these may be imports; few marlware vessels seem likely to be Fayumic products. Many of the NS pots were cooking-pots (or were used as such): let the owner decide. It should be stressed that the number of jars found on sites is very small when compared with other types of vessel. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village west 742-3; Dionysias 741, 744, 767, 773; Dionysias Roman cemetery 762; Euhemeria 739, 745, 757-8, 760, 763-4; Kom Aliun cemeteries 751-6, 765-6, 774; Kom Aliun church 738; Kom Hamouli cemetery 768-9, 770-71; Medinet Quta 759; Philoteris 749-50, 761, 772; Tell el-Kenissa 740. Note: many coarseware vessels from the Kom Hamouli Cemetery are very eroded, and the drawn thicknesses of the visible profiles have been adjusted. CATALOGUE Coarseware jars (738-774) 738. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church. Rim D. 33.0 cm. Upper part of wide-mouthed jar with inward-sloping knobbed rim; shoulder rilled. Micaceous red-brown NS. Not unlike Marchand 2009, 740, fig. 45f, from Hawara, dated to the sixth to eighth century AD. Compare also the probably Ptolemaic Marchand 2009, 745, fig. 53c. 739. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Upper part of wide-mouthed jar with knobbed rim; upper shoulder rilled. Vertical handles. Grey-brown NS, with thick grey core; traces of red-brown slip outside and inside mouth.

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740. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Mouth of a jar; knobbed rim. EBGW: micaceous brown NS; black slip inside and out. 741. Dionysias 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Jar with knobbed everted rim; plain shoulder; lower part lost. Red-brown NS, thin brown core; buff surface outside. 742-3. Aliun Village west, 2000. Stone houses. Rim D. 20.0 cm. Upper part of deep jar with plain inward-sloping shoulder and everted rim. Reddish-brown NS, with brown-grey core. Plus: another similar in shape and fabric. Rim D. 20.0 cm. 744. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Jar with complex everted rim; plain shoulder and body; lower part lost. Micaceous red-brown NS, with thick grey core and some white grits. 745. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 22.0 cm. Flared mouth of jar or amphora. Red-brown NS, with thick brown core; buff surface (a slip?) within the mouth. 746-8. Not used. 749. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Sweep 2. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Flared mouth of a jar, a flagon or an amphora. Yellowish-brown NS; exterior surfaces completely lost. 750. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Jar with narrow mouth and everted rim; plain shoulder; lower part lost. Buff marlware with large dark inclusions; dark red-brown slip on exterior, on top of the rim and inside mouth. 751. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom E, cemetery. D. 10.0 cm. Small plain jar with everted rim; base lost. Orange-brown NS, outside eroded. 752. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom A, cemetery. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Upper part of small jar with ribbed body. Slightly everted rim. Orange-brown NS. 753. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom A, cemetery. H. 11.8 cm. Small jar with ribbed body and pushed-up base; rim lost (perhaps a rim like 752 above). Micaceous red-brown NS. 754. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 7.0 cm. Cylindrical jar with ribbed body and everted rim; pushed-up base. Light brown marlware, with a buff surface. 755. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Rim D. 9.0 cm. Cylindrical jar with ribbed body and tall flaring everted rim; pushed-up base; four depressions encircling the body, made when the clay was wet. Pink marlware, with a buff surface, inside and out. Similar to some Bes Jars and presumably Ptolemaic. 756. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 10.0 cm. Jar with low-placed carination and ribbed mid-body; vertical rim and small handles; base missing. Red-brown NS, with some mica and sand grits; yellow-buff surface, perhaps a slip. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 801, fig. 126a, from Hawara, dated to the first century BC. 757. Euhemeria, 2002. Village mound, from ‘sebakh’ wall (see Vol. A. p. …). H. 12.6 cm. Small jar with everted rim and base-ring; top of rim lost; red-brown NS, orange core. 758. Euhemeria, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 6.5 cm. Upper part of small plain jar. NS: EBGW: black slip inside rim. 759. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 7.0 cm. Small plain rounded jar with central constriction in body, knobbed rim and apparently no base. FFW: brown NS, with orangebrown core; yellow-buff slip overall, inside and out. 760. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound Rim D. 9.0 cm. Two-handled jar with inward-sloping mouth; plain shoulder; lost below handles. NS: ERGW; red slip outside only. Comparandum:Marchand 2009, 761, fig. 75a, from Hawara, dated to the Ptolemaic period, third to second century BC. 761. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Third Sweep. Rim D. 11.0 cm; H. 45.0 cm; base D. 6.2 cm. Complete tall baggy jar with plain exterior, knobbed rim and small raised base, broken through. Light brown NS. A pot from a dovecote. Comparanda:near M.-O. Rousset and S. Marchand,

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Annalesislamologiques33, 1999, 239, fig. 130. from Tebtunis, Roman, end of the first century BC, ibid., 240, 131a, from Dendera, dated Byzantine-Arab. 762. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 4.0 cm. Small baggy jar with plain body and vertical rim; base lost. Pale brown clay (NS/marl mix?) with exterior buff surface, apparently a slip; many black and white inclusions. 763. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 7.0 cm. Jar mouth with knobbed rim. NS: ERGW: red slip outside and inside rim. 764. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 8.0 cm. Jar mouth with everted rim; plain neck and shoulder; trace of a handle-scar. NS: ERGW: red slip outside, and partway down inside rim. 765. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Upper part of large jar with ribbed body and neck; narrow mouth, and flaring rim. Micaceous orange-brown NS. 766. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Upper part of plain two-handled jar with tall upright rim. Micaceous red-brown NS; blackened on surface. 767. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Upper part of plain two-handled jar with upright rim. Orange-brown NS; red slip outside and inside mouth. 768. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. Rim D. 9.0 cm. Plain jar mouth with flaring rim. Orange-brown NS, brown outside. 769. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Cemetery. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Upper part of a plainware jar, with jogged neck and flaring rim. Orange-brown NS; thick grey-brown core. 770. Kom Hamouli, 2006. cemetery. Rim D. 8.0 cm. Jar-mouth, plain, with flaring rim; two strap handles. NS fabric detail not noted. 771. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Jar mouth with knobbed rim; cordon on upper shoulder; plain neck and shoulder. Red-brown NS; buff surface outside. 772. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Body D. 20.0 cm. Jar: rim and base lost. Red NS with greyish core; red slip overall, but much eroded, bands of decoration in cream-coloured fired-on ceramic colour. 773. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 4.0 cm. Upper part of bottle with hooked rim; plain body. Pinkish marlware, with yellow-buff surface overall. 774. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. H. 10.3 cm. Handmade bottle with conical body. Light brown marlware, with a buff surface.

CHAPTER 10 QAWADIS Sakiya-pots, qawadis, were tied to an endless chain which descended into a well and lifted again to bring water to the surface, the chain, activated by a mechanism known as a sakiya, employing animal power. These sakiyas were in use, possibly from late Ptolemaic times until well into the twentieth century. For useful studies, see Oleson 1984 and Schiøler 1973; Ménassa and Laferrière 1974 describes this recently obsolete Egyptian device. The only ancient wall-painting of a sakiya, in the Wardian Tomb in Alexandria, has been variously dated between the second century BC and late Roman times: Venit 1988 and 1989. Magdola-Type Sakiya-pots The sakiya-pots from the Rathbone Polemon Survey and the Römer Themistos Survey can be divided into two groupings, one of which is here called the Magdola type, because it was first encountered in some quantity at Magdola in the Polemon Meris. It has a well-defined rim round its filling-hole and a large mushroom-shaped knob for lashing it to the paternoster chain of the water-lifting machine. The Magdola type includes an illustrated example from that site that has the only complete profile located in the Polemon and Themistos Surveys. The other category, fewer of which were found, embraces a number of other qawadis, of several different rim forms and only a few tie-on knobs. Most of those found, of both groups, are probably made locally, as breakages and consequent replacement must have been frequent. All the qawadis, both the so-called Magdola type and also the miscellaneous vessels, are Nile silt products. Catalogued qawadi sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village 821-2, 828-9, 830-31, 835-6, 858-9; Dionysias 839, 864; Euhemeria 786, 827; Kom Aliun cemeteries 775-7, 837, 842; Philoteris 838; Philoteris basins 855, 862; Philoteris: from the three Sakiya Stations: 70 sherds + many sherds were left on site; Theadelphia 820. CATALOGUE Magdola Type sakiya-pots (775-842) At Magdola in the Meris of Polemon pottery examples (awaiting publication) of this qadus occur in some quantity in the Roman cemetery J, of the first two centuries AD and in one instance in the Ptolemaic cemetery K. Many others from Magdola came from Area A 1, and two from Area

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C. Area A 1 has material from the Ptolemaic period until no later than the end of the third century AD (other than late Roman artifacts from the summit church). Area C appears to be much of the same date as Area A 1, with no late Roman material. Magdola type qawadis came also from the adjacent sites of Tell el-Ma’raka to the south-east, and Deir el-Tin to the north-west of Magdola, all three villages along the south-west shore of the ancient Gharaq lake. Examples from Tell el-Ma’raka were found respectively in Cemetery H and Cemetery O, both of Ptolemaic date, extending to about the end of the second century AD or a little later; another from Area D, which has a thin scattering of Ptolemaic to early Roman material, with much Late Roman pottery and glass in the vicinity of its church. Other small fragments were noted in Areas K, Land M, which may have been fields. Deir el-Tin was apparently occupied between the early third century BC and the beginning of the third century AD. A complete Polemon qadus came from Medinet Ghoran: Jouguet 1901, 410, pl. XVII, 1, is apparently Ptolemaic and somewhat ill-drawn. Ibid., pl. XVII, 2, may be part of a similar pot, but is shown upside-down. The Magdola type sakiya-pots thus appear to be of Ptolemaic to early Roman date, but it cannot be shown for certain how far back they extend into Ptolemaic times. Other examples have been noted above as occurring further to the west in the Themistos District of the Arsinoite Nome, at Dionysias, Euhemeria, Philoteris (including three Sakiya Stations), and Theadelphia; also at Kom Aliun and its village. Most appear to be Nile silt products. 775. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Qadus:plain body and mouth; everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with some mica and sand grits. 776. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Qadus: plain mouth and upper body; everted rim. Brown NS, with mica. 777. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Qadus: plain mouth and shoulder; ribbed body; everted rim. Red-brown NS, with mica. 778. Philoteris, 2001. SakiyaStation 1. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus:plain mouth and shoulder; everted rim. Red-brown NS. 779. Philoteris, 2001. SakiyaStation 1. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Qadus:plain jogged neck and upper body; knobbed everted rim. Pale-brown NS, with dark sand grits; buff surface. 780. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Qadus: plain jogged neck and upper body; everted rim. Orange-red NS, with thick grey-brown core, and some sand inclusions. 781-4. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus: plain jogged neck and upper body; everted rim. Red-brown NS, and grey core. Plus:three others similar: rim D. 15.0 and 16.0 cm (× 2). 785. Philoteris, 2001. Sakiya Station 1. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Qadus:plain jogged neck and upper body; everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with brown core. 786. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Qadus:plain jogged neck and upper body; everted rim. Red-brown NS, with thick grey core. 787. Philoteris, 2001. Sakiya Station 1. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus:plain neck and upper body: everted rim. NS, burnt grey. 788. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Qadus:knobbed rim, plain shoulder neck and ribbed upper body. Orange-brown NS, with a little sand. 789. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, SakiyaStation 3. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Qadus:plain mouth and ribbed shoulder and mid-body; squared everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with thin grey core. 790. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 2. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Qadus: plain mouth; ribbed shoulder and upper body; everted rim. Red-brown NS, with some sand inclusions.

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791. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus:plain mouth and ribbed neck; everted squared rim. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; buff surface (a slip?) outside and on top of rim. 792-5. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Qadus: ribbed neck; everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core, and some sand inclusions; patchy buff surface outside. Plus:three similar: rim D. 16.0 (× 2) and 17.0 cm. Also many left on site, not measured. 796. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 2. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Qadus:fluted bands on neck, ribbed upper shoulder; knobbed everted rim. Pinkish-brown NS, with very abraded surfaces. 797. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 2. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus: everted rim, and neck, ribbed. Orange-brown NS, surfaces eroded. 798-801. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 2. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Qadus:knobbed rim and ribbed upper body. Red-brown NS, with light and dark sand inclusions in some quantity. Plus:three other examples similar in form and fabric, but no dark sand: rim D. 17.0 cm (× 2); 18.0 cm. Comparanda:near M.-O. Rousset and S. Marchand, in Annalesislamologiques33, 1999, 237, fig. 120. from Tebtunis. This is a pigeon-pot remarkably close to the qawadis 798-801 from Sakiya Station 2 at Philoteris. 802. Philoteris, 2002. SakiyaStation 1. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Qadus: squared everted rim and ribbing on upper shoulder. Orange-brown NS, with thick light grey core; a little pale sand, surfaces much eroded. 803. Philoteris, 2002. SakiyaStation 1. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Qadus:squared everted rim and ribbed neck. Orange-brown NS, with thick light grey core; a little pale sand, surfaces much eroded. 804. Philoteris, 2001. SakiyaStation 1. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus: squared everted rim and ribbed neck. Orange-red NS, with grey core; red slip. 805. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 2. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Qadus:plain mouth and shoulder; knobbed everted rim. Red-brown NS, with very abraded surfaces. 806-13. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, SakiyaStation 3. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus:knobbed rim, plain neck and ribbed upper body. Red-brown NS, with brown core; patchy buff surface outside. Plus:sevenothers similar: rim D. 16.0 (× 3) and 17.0 cm (× 4). 814-15. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Qadus:knobbed rim, plain neck and ribbed upper body. Orange-brown NS, with brown core. Plus:another similar: brown NS: rim D. 16.0 cm. 816. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Qadus:knobbed rim and plain neck: start of ribbing on upper body. Red-brown NS, with brown core. 817-18. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Qadus:knobbed rim; ribbed neck. Red-brown NS, with orange-brown core. Plus:another similar: orange-brown NS, with thick grey core: rim D. 14.0 cm. 819. Philoteris, 2001. Sakiya Station 1. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus:knobbed rim, plain neck. Red-brown NS, with some dark sand. 820. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Qadus:knobbed rim, plain neck. Brown NS; thin buff surface outside. 821-2. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 3. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Qadus:knobbed rim and ribbed neck. Orange-brown NS, brown core and some sand inclusions. Plus: another similar: red-brown NS: rim D. 16.0 cm. 823. Philoteris, 2001. Sakiya Station 1. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus: knobbed rim and plain neck. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with thick grey core. The angle of the neck may not be quite correct.

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824. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Qadus:hooked rim and plain neck. Red-brown NS, with thick grey core. 825. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Body D. c.16.0 cm. Qadus:lower body, plain above, ribbed below. Red-brown NS, and brown core; buff surface outside. 826. Philoteris, 2001. Sakiya Station 1. Knob D. 13.0 cm. Qadus: mushroom knob. Pinkish-brown NS, with light inclusions. 827. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Knob D. 12.0 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob. Red-brown NS, with some white sand. 828. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, east end. Knob D. 12.0 cm. Qadus: mushroom knob. Orange-brown NS, pink and brown sandwich core; partially buff exterior. 829. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, east end. Knob D. 12.0 cm. Qadus: mushroom knob. Fabric as 828. 830. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, east end. Knob D. 12.0 cm. Qadus: mushroom knob. Fabric as last. 831. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First sweep. Knob D. 9.0 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob. Orange-brown NS, grey core; outer surface worn. 832-4. Philoteris, 2002. Sakiya Station 1. Knob D. 12.0 cm. Qadus: mushroom knob. Purple-brown NS, with much sand. Plus:another similar: knob D. 7.0 cm, and a small fragment of another, not measurable. 835-6. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 3. Knob D. 11.0 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob. Orange-brown NS, thin grey core; buff exterior. Plus:another similar: orange-brown NS, with brown core and some sand grits. Knob D. 10.0 cm. 837. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Knob D. 9.3 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob. Redbrown NS, with sand inclusions. 838. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Knob D. 11.0 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob. Red NS, grey core. 839. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Knob D. 10.0 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob. Brown NS, dark brown inside, with many sand inclusions. 840. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 2. Knob D. 9.0 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob. Orange-red NS, with sand inclusions. 841. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 2. Knob D. 8.0 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob. Pinkish-brown NS, with very abraded surfaces. 842. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Knob D. 11.0 cm. Qadus: mushroom knob. Light red-brown NS, with much sand. Other sakiya-pots (843-64) The sakiya-pots in this grouping fall within the Roman to medieval periods. More than half of these qawadis have no comparanda, and very few indeed of the parallels traced come from sites that are near or in the Fayum: these may or may not be helpful. 843-6. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Body D. 16.0 cm. Qadus: plain lower body (ribbed above) and mushroom knob. Transitional? Red-brown NS, and brown core. Plus:three others similar: knob D. 15.0 and 16.0 cm (× 2). 847-8. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Knob D. 5.5 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob, and plain lower body. Transitional? Orange-brown NS, with thin grey core. Plus: another similar in shape and fabric: knob D. 5.5 cm.

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849-51. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Knob D. 5.7 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob (transitional?). Purple-brown NS. Plus:two similar: knob D. of both 7.0 cm. 852-3. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 2. Knob D. 8.0 cm. Qadus: mushroom knob (transitional). Red-brown NS, much pale sand grits. Plus:another similar: knob D. 7.0 cm. 854. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 2. Knob D. 6.0 cm. Qadus:mushroom knob (transitional?) and plain lower body. Reddish-brown NS, with grey core and some sand inclusions. 855. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Knob D. 8.0 cm. Qadus: knob, ridged underneath, and plain lower body. Red-brown NS. 856-7. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, SakiyaStation 2. Knob D. 6.2 cm. Qadus:knob and plain lower body. Orange-brown NS, some pale sand grits. Plus:another similar: knob D. 7.0 cm. 858-9. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 3. Knob D. 5.0 cm. Qadus: plain underbody and small knob. Grey-brown NS, grey core. Plus:another similar: orange-brown NS, grey core: knob D. 5.0 cm. 860. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Knob D. 4.1 cm. Qadus:small knob. Brown NS. 861. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Knob D. 5.6 cm. Qadus: knob. Orange-brown NS, with pink-brown core. 862. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Knob D. 5.3 cm. Qadus: Small rough unturned knob; lower body, ribbed. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core. 863. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Sakiya Station 3. Knob D. 5.6 cm. Qadus:roughknob, with flat unturned base. Red-brown NS, with pink-grey core. 864. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Knob D. 4.0 cm. Qadus: roughknob with unturned base. Light brown NS, with pink-grey core. Sakiya Stations 1-3 in Philoteris: Lifting water was such a vital agricultural and social undertaking that, as one would expect, qawadi sherds are found in many places throughout the Fayum. But the three Sakiya Stations at Philoteris where heavy-duty usage took place and where constant breakages no doubt occurred, time and chance produced sherds in their thousands. No doubt there were potters galore to keep the qawadi workers supplied, potters who made sakiyapots of similar or different appearance. For the three SakiyaStations of Philoteris, see the new plan of the site in Vol. A, p. 239 and enlarged map in jacket of book. Sakiya Station 1 is placed on the south bank of the principal canal (Canal I), the northernmost of two waterways, Canal I and Canal IV, both of which run due west for a considerable distance after they leave the village of Philoteris, making their way towards Dionysias. It can be seen on the Philoteris plan (Map in ZPE 147; Map … in Vol. A) about 700 m west of the extramural building of Philoteris. Sakiya Station 1, now in ruined condition, was a substantial structure with a fair amount of limestone masonry, built out in a bastion from the south bank of Canal I. Sherds included Ptolemaic qawadis of Magdola type. Few Roman-period Egyptian AE 3 amphora sherds were visible and not collected; they may point to a second to fifth century AD date for the station. The catalogued sherds include: 778-9, 785, 787, 802-4, 819, 823, 826, 832-4. Sakiya Station 2 is located some 200 m south of the extramural building (the gymnasium): nothing much survives of a building, but a considerable quantity of qawadis remain. There

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were no AE 3 amphorae evident but many Magdola type qawadis: 790, 796-801, 805, 840-41, 852-4, 856-7, mainly of Magdola type, but with a few non-standard knobs. The pottery may indicate a Ptolemaic date. Sakiya Station 3 has large strews of qawadisherds, with no sign of a structure; it is located some 500 m east of the extramural building (= the gymnasium), on the northern edge of the village. The catalogued sherds are of Magdola type, but include also several non-Magdola knobs: 78004, 788-9, 791-5, 806-18, 824-5, 843-8, 849-51, 858-9, 860-61, 863. A Ptolemaic date for this sakiya station may be postulated.

CHAPTER 11 LEKYTHOI, FLAGONS AND JUGS, ASKOI, OMPHOKERAI AND LIDS, JUGLETS AND LIDS Flagons and jugs Surprisingly few jugs were found in the Rathbone Polemon and the Römer Themistos Surveys: one might have expected more of these very useful tableware vessels to have been located. The lekythoi, askoi and small juglets in Egyptian Red or Black Ware are noticeable vessels. The majority of them were made of Nile silt, but marlware examples are included. It is not clear yet how far marl clays were available in the Fayum, but the presence of many vessels may indicate that marl clay could be obtained from various distances. The many black-decorated flagons from Karanis (Johnson 1981, nos 150-74) and several unpublished examples in the British Museum from the same site: EA 69357-9, 69368-71, acquired from the V&A Museum also Murray 1935, 14, and pl. VII), show that both marlware and Nile silt jugs were made and used in the Fayum in noticeable quantity. They may date mainly to the first to fifth century AD. Spouted jugs, which normally have a filter in the neck, were made over a long period of time in Egypt: most of them are later than the Ptolemaic period, namely Roman or late Roman, but they extended into Arab and modern times: in 1952 I purchased such a filter-necked, spouted jug in Ismailiya, which had been newly made locally. Other juglets and small pouring vessels are not unplentiful, as also are the football-shaped wine-flasks, probably called omphokerai, made both in Aswan clays and of Nile silt fabrics. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village 878, 884, 891, 899, 910; Dionysias 868, 872-3, 885, 896-7, 898; Dionysias Roman cemetery, 887, 889; Euhemeria 865-6, 888, 894-5; Kom Aliun cemeteries 874-5, 911; Medinet Quta 900-07, 909; Philoteris 867, 871, 877, 879, 883, 886, 892, 908; Theadelphia 869-70, 876, 880-82, 893. CATALOGUE Egyptian lekythoi (865-72) A variety of small handled juglets, probably all of Ptolemaic date, can be described as lekythoi. See also Cat. no. 1 above for an imported example. Most of those in this Chapter are in a Nile silt fabric and fall into this group of slipped vessels in Egyptian Red and Black Glaze categories. 868 may be a marlware. The slip is mainly red or brown, with a couple in black slip. A fourth to first century BC date is likely.

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865. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound. H. 5.0 cm. One-handled lekythos, neck and mouth. NS: EBGW: dark brown slip outside. 866. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. H. 2.4 cm. Neck and mouth of a one-handled lekythos. NS: ERGW: red slip outside. Comparandum: similar to a Ptolemaic lekythos from Saft el-Henna in the Petrie Museum (UC9315). 867. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. H. 2.8 cm. Neck and mouth of one-handled lekythos. EBGW: orange clay with black inclusions; traces of black slip on rim. 868. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 4.0 cm. Neck and mouth of one-handled lekythos; one side pulled out to pour. ERGW: pink-buff clay (marlware?); dark red slip outside and within mouth. Attached is piece of D-section iron wire, looped and tied in a single hitch: the whole object is perhaps a piece of makeshift jewellery, a decorative pendant? Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 783, fig. 102a, from Hawara, Ptolemaic, dated late second to first century BC. 869. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound H. 3.5 cm. Mouth and neck of a one-handled lekythos. NS: ERGW: red slip outside. 870. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. H. 6.2 cm. Upper body, neck and mouth of a one-handled lekythos. NS:ERGW: red slip outside. 871. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. H. 1.9 cm. Neck and mouth of one-handled lekythos. NS: ERGW: red slip outside and inside mouth. Comparandum:near b-g lekythos, probably imported, in Petrie, et al., 1907, pl. XXIIE, 13, from Rifeh, south of Asyut. 872. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 4.0 cm. Mouth of a small jug. Micaceous orange-brown NS: ERGW; red slip outside. Flagons and jugs (873-93) Larger than the lekythoi are a series of flagons and jugs of many shapes and detail. Some have no handles, but most are furnished with two, one on each side of the neck; a few have a pouring spout applied to the shoulder, and several have filters in the base of the neck. Many have slip coatings, of different colours. Eleven are in Nile siltware, seven are in marlware fabrics, and one is a Nile silt/marl mix. 873. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 6.5 cm. Flagon mouth, with knobbed rim and two handles; filter with main central hole and three subsidiary holes. Red-brown NS, with a great many white grits; greenish-buff slip outside, and inside mouth. 874-5. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery, Rim D. 7.2 cm. Flagon mouth, with filter: central hole and three subsidiary holes. Red-brown NS with sand inclusions; cream-coloured slip outside, and inside mouth. Plus:another similar, not measured or drawn. 876. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 6.5 cm. Knobbed flagon mouth, with ?one handle, and a filter with three piercings. Red-brown NS; cream-coloured slip outside, and inside mouth. Comparanda: Marchand 2009, 712, fig. 4a, from Hawara, dated first to second century AD; ibid., 734, fig. 36b, also dated to the first and second century AD. 877. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 7.5 cm. Flagon mouth with a filter, mostly broken through, with two surviving subsidiary holes. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; buff slip outside, and inside mouth. 878. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 8.0 cm Flagon mouth with knobbed rim, probably with two handles; filter with a central hole and three subsidiary holes. Pale brown marlware; buff slip outside, and inside mouth. 879. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Eastern rubbish dumps, Sixth and Seventh Sweeps. Rim D. 8.0 cm. Flagon mouth with knobbed ridged rim. Pink-buff marlware; cream slip.

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880. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 8.0 cm. Flagon mouth with knobbed ridged rim. Buff marlware with slight shades of red immediately under surface. 881. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. H. 5.5 cm. Flagon mouth, with knobbed rim and probably two handles (a scar only remaining); filter broken away; the edge of one subsidiary hole survives. Red NS, with grey-brown core. 882. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 7.0 cm. Flagon mouth, with everted rim and probably two handles; filter with centre broken through, and three subsidiary holes. Red-brown NS; cream-coloured slip outside, and inside mouth. 883. Philoteris 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 7.5 cm. Flagon mouth with knobbed rim, the upper part of which had four equidistant indented applied lugs. It probably had a filter, mostly lost, and no handles survive. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; buff slip outside, and inside mouth. 884. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 7.0 cm. Flagon mouth with knobbed rim, both handles lost. Buff marlware. 885. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 6.0 cm. Tall mouth of a flagon, with knobbed rim and, apparently, no handles. Constriction in lower neck, but no filter. Yellowbuff marlware. 886. Philoteris, 2000. Western rubbish dumps, First Sweep. Rim D. 6.0 cm. Two-handled jug with knobbed rim. Red-brown NS. 887. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 5.0 cm. Mouth and neck of one- or two-handled jug. Pale brown clay (NS/marl mix?) with exterior buff surface; many black and white inclusions (similar fabric to 889). 888. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 11 cm. Jug mouth with everted rim and single high-loop handle. NS: ERGW: red slip outside, and partway down inside rim. 889. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 9.0 cm. Small flagon, with spout and basering: neck, mouth and handles lost. Pale brown clay (NS/marl mix?) with exterior buff surface; many black and white inclusions (similar fabric to 887). 890. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. L. 1.9 cm. Spout from flagon. Buff marlware; yellow-buff slip outside. 891. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, stone houses at west. L. 2.5 cm. Flagon spout. Brown NS. 892. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. L. 1.8 cm. Flagon spout. Pink and cream marlware. 893. Theadelphia, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Flagon mouth, flaring, with notched rim; one or two handles with applied double rotelle. ERGW: micaceous brown NS, with overall red slip. Askoi (894-895) Two examples survive of a popular pouring vessel, known as an askos, probably based upon a leather jug with a mouth at one end, from which a handle extends along the upper body. They are Ptolemaic of about the third to second century BC, and have been found in some quantity in Egypt. Compare Herbert and Berlin 2003, 88-9, H3.28, from Coptos, of the mid-second century through to mid-first century BC. Also PAMv, 1995, 40, fig. 2, from Athribis, second century BC, and Edgar, 1905, 126, fig. 7, from Naukratis, and one from the Chatby cemetery in Alexandria (Breccia 1912). 894-5. are in an Egyptian Red Glaze Ware. 894. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 4.0 cm. Handled askos fragment. NS: ERGW: red slip.

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895. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 5.0 cm. Handled askos fragment. NS: ERGW; red slip. Comparanda: Marchand 2009, 768, fig. 82a, from Hawara, Ptolemaic, dated second to first century BC; Van Ingen 1933, pl. II, 9. Omphokerai and omphokera lids (Aswan): (896-897); (Nile silt): (898-909) The omphokera is a flask rather like a rugby football in shape, and has a handleless neck and mouth rising from its centre. It was made by throwing two parabolic-shaped body elements, luting them together, and cutting a circular hole to insert the neck and mouth, also wheelmade. Many of them are in Aswan Fine Ware, with a few in Egyptian Red Slip A Ware (ERSW). A comprehensive discussion (with references) of these grape-shaped vessels and their lids is given in Bailey 1998, 34-6, but I missed a mention of them in Hayes 1980, 531-2, with examples from Egypt, Chios and Athens, the last from a well of the late fourth or early fifth century AD. I would like also to add several examples found at Dionysias in the western Fayum. A group of omphokerai in Nile-silt fabric of different sizes was found there(Schwartz and Wild 1950, pls VIIIa, Ixa). Ibid., p. 36, mentions four different sizes, with capacities of 0.45, 0.95, 1.85 and 3.65 litres. The authors, pp. 37-8, suggest that the ancient name for these vessels is the spatheion, but the latter is probably an amphora, not a flask (Bailey 1998, 121-2, 127). The alternative term omphakera is used in a papyrus of about AD 346 from theAbbinaeus Archive, concerning Dionysias (P. Abinn. 31, 13; for literature on the term see N. Kruit and K.A. Worp, BASP 39, 2002, 53-55). Papyri, archaeological evidence and comparanda tend to show that the omphokera was in use from the middle years of the fourth century and for most of the fifth century AD. Later mentions in the papyri probably refer to flasks different from this Aswan product. Perhaps the earliest archaeological date for the Aswan version is from an earthquake context of AD 365 at Curium in Cyprus (Soren and James 1988, 113 and 141; AD 370 is another possible date for this earthquake in Cyprus). The small lids fit this vessel very well, and were presumably held in place by mud or plaster cappings. The primary filling of the omphokera is unknown; the presence of pitch inside the Nile-silt examples may point to wine (901-2, 904-6). Themistos omphokerai occur in Aswan fabrics, mainly Egyptian Red Slip A Ware (896-7) and in Nile silt (898-909). Twenty-six examples of the specialised Aswan Fine Ware (AFW; ERSA) omphokera-lids were noted during the Rathbone Polemon Survey, from the Koms of Khamsini, Nicola and Is-haq, and Tell el-Ma’raka (and a single Nile-silt lid from Kom es-Shalawi). Omphokerai from Aswan (896-7) For an Aswan Fine Ware omphokera from Hawara, see Petrie 1889, pl. XVI, 10 (also Hayes 1997, 61, 9). This vessel contained 3000 coins, perhaps deposited for safety about AD 420. The type is discussed in more detail in Bailey 2011. 896. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 5.5 cm. Omphokera mouth with upright knobbed rim: ERSA Ware from Aswan? Comparandum:Marchand 2009, 735, fig. 38a, a product from Aswan, found at Hawara: no useful context. It is interesting that the omphokera neck and mouth shown in Marchand’s publication is very different from the Aswan ERSA version (as Bailey 1998, C 652-62) and also the Fayumic Nile Silt version from the Themistos Meris, mostly from Medinet Quta (898-907); also different is 896, found at Dionysias and the group of other omphokerai discussed above, which also were found at Dionysias. 897. Dionysias 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. 7.0 cm. Omphokera lid. ERSA Ware from Aswan.

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Omphokerai, Fayumic (898-909) This vessel and its lid are found in some number in NS fabric, in addition to Aswan examples. 898. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 5.0 cm. Omphokera mouth with upright knobbed rim. Red-brown NS. 899. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 5.0 cm. Omphokera mouth. Red-brown NS, with some sand. 900. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Rim D. 8.0 cm. Omphokera mouth with knobbed everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; orange slip inside, fired matt brown outside. 901. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Rim D. 8.0 cm. Omphokera mouth with knobbed everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with some mica; orange-brown slip, inside and out. Pitched inside. 902. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Rim D. 8.5 cm. Omphokera mouth with knobbed everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; orange slip inside, fired matt brown outside. Pitched inside. 903. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Rim D. 8.0 cm. Omphokera mouth with knobbed everted rim. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; orange slip inside, fired matt brown outside. 904-7. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Rim D. 8.0 cm. Omphokera mouth with knobbed everted rim. Orange-brown NS; orange slip inside and out. Pitched inside. Plus: three more examples from the same site as before, the fabric much the same. Rim D. 8.0 cm (× 2): one has lost its rim; two are pitched inside. 908. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Second Sweep. D. 7.0 cm. Omphokera lid, with unturned base. Red-brown NS, with some sand inclusions. 909. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. D. 6.2 cm. Omphokera lid. Dark brown NS; purple-brown slip on top. Coarseware lids (910-911) Other than the very specialised Aswan Fine Ware omphokera lids and a Fayumic Red Slip Ware lid, few lids were recovered during the Rathbone Polemon Survey and the same situation obtains in the Römer Themistos Survey, where only two coarseware lids were found (910-11; 383 may be a lid). The many Ptolemaic cooking-pots with lid-seatings are not matched by a comparable number of lids. It is safe to suggest that the Ptolemaic standard cooking-pots (524-604) were seldom if ever supplied with a pottery lid: wooden lids or open-topped cooking was probably the custom in Ptolemaic cookery. 910. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, stone houses at west. H. 4.5 cm. Plain lid with knob-handle and central steam-hole. Red-brown NS with some sand inclusions and a grey-brown core. Comparandum:Marchand 2009, 719, fig. 15a, from Hawara, dated to the Arab period, up to the tenth century AD. This Hawara lid does not have a steam-hole. 911. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery, D. 8.0 cm. Lid for a narrow-mouthed vessel. Micaceous brown NS; red slip on upper surface (perhaps Fayumic Red Slip A Ware).

CHAPTER 12 MISCELLANEOUS AND SPECIALISED VESSELS This grouping includes Ptolemaic pot-stands, Roman mortaria, undated baking-trays and a baking-cup, portable Ptolemaic cooking-stoves and a small mould-made decorative cup. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Dionysias 920, 922, 931, 938; Euhemeria 913-17, 930, 932, 939, 942, 944, 946-7; Near Medinet Quta 945; Philoteris 919, 923-9, 940-41, 943; Theadelphia 912, 918, 921, 933-7. CATALOGUE Pot-stands (912-930) All the comparanda for these ring-shaped pot-stands point to their Late Period and Ptolemaic dating, except those from Naukratis, which Coulson 1996, 79, assumes are of the same period as pot-stands from Karanis, which are given Roman dates in Johnson 1981, nos 601-2. French 1990, 12, remarks that such pot-stands at Saqqara may die out after the late third century BC. Aston 1999 (for example, 253, 259 and 343, but few are very close to ours) illustrates many from Elephantine from contexts dated variously between the sixth and the early second centuries BC. Incidentally, Aston often shows the wider part of the pot-stand uppermost, and ours are illustrated the other way up: no doubt individual owners used them whichever way was most useful to them and which suited a particular pot. Two of the pot-stands came from the village areas (B and A) of Medinet Ghoran (Survvey of the Polemon Meris, nos. 925-6, forthcoming), which are of the Ptolemaic period, and rather earlier. Polemon 927 was found at Abu Nour, which has much the same dating as Areas A and B at Medinet Ghoran, but also continues into the Roman period, and there is also a small amount of late Roman material. A fragmentary example inMarchand 2009, 811, fig. 142, from Hawara, is dated fifth to the first half of the third century BC. The Themistos examples from the Römer Survey were found in the Ptolemaic and early Roman villages of Philoteris, Theadelphia, Euhemeria, Dionysias and near Medinet Quta. All come from the far western area of the Arsinoite Nome, and most are probably Ptolemaic. All but three of the nineteen pot-stands are fashioned from Nile silt; 922, 927 and 929 appear to be marlwares. None of the Themistos potstands offers close chronological indications in their shapes and appearances. 912. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 32.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Red-brown NS, with grey core; patchy pink-buff surface. 913. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 17.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Red-brown NS, with thick grey core.

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914. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 24.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Pink-buff NS, with thick grey core. 915. Euhemeria, 2002. Village mound. D. 21.5 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Light red NS, with dark grey core. 916. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 26.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Dark brown NS, with thick grey core. 917. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh’ wall. D. 20.0 cm. Ring-shaped potstand. Red-brown NS, with thick dark grey core. 918. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 20.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Red NS, with thick dark grey core; sandy red surface. 919. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. more than 20.0 cm. Ringshaped pot-stand, the bottom edge broken away. Pale orange-brown NS, with thick grey core; surfaces are completely eroded. 920. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 26.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Orange-brown NS with grey-brown core; some mica and dark and light sand grits. 921. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 20.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Red NS, with grey core; yellow-buff slip. 922. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 23.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Pale buff marlware; light red-brown surface. 923. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 24.0 cm. Ring-shaped potstand. Red-brown NS, with grey core and a buff surface. 924. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. D. 21.0 cm. Ring-shaped potstand. Light reddish-brown NS. 925. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Second Sweep. D. more than 15.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Orange-brown NS, with buff core. 926. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. D. 20.0 cm. Ring-shaped potstand. Reddish NS, with brown core and buff surface. 927. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 19.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Cream-coloured fabric, probably marlware, with a slightly darker buff core. 928. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 20.0 cm. Ring-shaped pot-stand. Light red NS, greyish core; traces of buff slip. 929. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. approx. 18.0 cm. Ringshaped pot-stand, very distorted. Pink marlware, buff surface. 930. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh’ wall. D. 16.0 cm. Ring-shaped potstand. Pale brown NS, with many black and white sand inclusions. Mortaria (931-938) Eight mortaria were noted, all probably imports from the western Empire, or perhaps from Greece, and all from the western end of the Themistos District, from the villages of Theadelphia (five), Euhemeria (one) and Dionysias (two). 931 does not have a canonical mortarium shape and is not gritted as far as can be seen on the sherd. It appears to be of Nile silt and is not an import. Only one, 933, has a full profile and 932 has a maker’s name on the rim, a trianomina,MFV perhaps; see Vol. A, pp. 189 and 210, Photo 14.31. Seven examples, although differing visually in fabrics, are very probably imports from the same source, somewhere outside Egypt; they have heavy overhanging rims and gritted interiors. 935 is very large in size and retains its rim-spout. Two examples from Coptos are close in shape to the Themistos mortaria; see 932-3, and are dated to about the late first century BC to the end of the first century AD (Herbert and Berlin 2003, 104, R1. 28-9).

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A few examples from Mons Claudianus in the Eastern Desert of Egypt can be dated between the Trajanic and Antonine periods: Tomber 2006, 132-3, Types 137-8. Some mortaria were also made in North Syria and differ from our Fayumic examples in fabric, although not in shape: an example was found underwater in the city of Herakleion, not far from Alexandria: Goddio and Clauss, 2006, no. 484. See also Hayes 1997, 80-82, for North Syrian examples. 931. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. D. 31.0 cm. Imported. Mortarium with heavy rim; no gritting in the preserved interior. Imported light brown clay, with a thick grey core and buff surface. 932. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 40.0 cm. Imported. Mortarium rim, with gritted interior. Stamped MFV. Buff ware with dark and light inclusions. These include applied multi-coloured quartz grits. Comparandum: Herbert and Berlin 2003, 104, R1. 28, from Coptos and thought to be Italian of the late first century BC to the end of the first century AD.; see Vol. A, pp. 189 and 210. 933. Theadelphia, 2005. Village mound. D. 31.0 cm. Imported. Mortarium with gritted interior and a flat base; the fabric is a pinkish-buff clay with brown core; there are also dark reddish grits, probably sand. Comparandum: as 932 above. 934. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 35.0 cm. Imported. Mortarium with gritted interior. Very coarse light-brown clay, with large igneous grits in the body. Interior lined with black and red igneous grits and some quartz fragments. 935. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. D. 58.0 cm. Imported. Large mortarium with gritted interior and a pouring spout. Dark red to dark brown clay, with some white grits; buff surface below rim outside; interior lined with dark volcanic grits. 936. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 39.0 cm. Imported. Mortarium with gritted interior. Very coarse light-brown clay, with igneous red grits in the body. Interior lined with large red igneous inclusions. 937. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 43.0 cm. Imported. Mortarium with gritted interior. Very coarse light-brown clay, with red and black igneous grits in the body. Interior lined with large black and red igneous inclusions and some quartz fragments. 938. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. D. c.40.0 cm. Imported. Mortarium with gritted interior: large, mainly black grits applied within bowl. Micaceous pale brown clay with many inclusions, mostly sand of various colours. Baking-trays and cup (939-941, 945) It seems very probable that the heavy-duty dishes shown here (939-41) were used for the baking of bread and cakes in the oven; certainly the large, roughly made trays appear to be designed for that purpose. For a discussion of such vessels from Hermopolis Magna, both in fine and coarse wares, see Bailey 1998, 71-4, F 1-17, G 1-61. It is interesting that no examples of the small cylindrical baking-pots, as G 7-55, which were found in quantity at Hermopolis Magna, were located during either the Rathbone Polemon Survey or the Römer Themistos Survey, although there are examples from the Delta, at Buto, Xois and Diospolis Inferior, they are not just a Middle Egypt phenomenon. There is a possibility that 945 below is a bread-baking-cup. The large baking-trays are found in many places, and some are as early as the Egyptian Late Period, for example Herbert and Berlin 2003, 42, LP2.10, from Coptos, dated to the first half of the fourth century BC. 939. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near Bathhouse 2. D. 52.0 cm. Circular baking-tray with raised edge, hand-modelled on rough ground. Pale brown NS, with thick grey-brown core.

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940. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 39.0 cm. Circular baking-tray with raised edge, hand-modelled on rough ground. Pink NS, with pale brown core and a buff surface; red slip inside, which acts as a non-stick cooking surface. Comparanda: Spencer 2003, pl. 36, 14, from a context of the second to early first century BC at Diospolis Inferior (Tell el-Balamun); others are mentioned which were more than 60 cm in diameter. 941. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 20.0 cm. Baking-dish of discoid form. Orange NS, with grey core and dark grits. Portable cooking-stoves (942-943) Some of the more magnificent products of the Hellenistic coroplasts of Ptolemaic Egypt and elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean are large portable cooking-stoves, of which 942-3 are fragments of minor versions. They are basically a stand supporting a fire-bowl, within which are three supports for a cooking-pot. Major factories for their production were to be found in Greece, Asia Minor, Rhodes, Cyprus, the Levant, Egypt and the Cyrenaica (Bailey 2008, 158-9, 170-72; pls 122-4; Conze 1890, 118-41; Didelot 1997, 375-95; Şahin 2001, 91-132). 942. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh’ wall. D. of fire-bowl rim 35.0 cm. Fragment of cooking-stove, with plain pot-support inside, probably one of three; outside is an architectural pattern of four verticals in relief. Red-brown NS, with thick dark grey core. 943. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Internal D. c.22.0 cm. Fragment of cooking-stove, a pot-support modelled as a bull’s head, with impressed eyes. Darkish red NS, with signs of burning. Comparanda:near Bailey 2008, pl. 123, nos 3689-90, both found at Naukratis; Herbert and Berlin 2003, 93, 95, H3.50, from Coptos, dated to the mid-second BC through the mid-first century BC. Crater (944) The crater 944 is based upon the finer column-craters made in many pottery centres throughout the Greek and Hellenistic world. This rather hasty version probably dates to the later fourth century, well into and perhaps beyond the third century BC. The crater is a vessel for mixing wine and water. 944. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. c.33.0 cm. Column-crater rim fragment with one surviving handle. EBGW; fine ochre NS fabric. Miscellaneous objects in fired clay (945-946) 945. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 8.5 cm. Roughly made small bowl, very irregular. String-marks under base. Red NS. Perhaps a small bread-baking vessel. 946. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Surviving D. 6.0 cm. Mouldmade decorative cup fragment with a row of palmettes defined by a cabled cordon, above the base-ring. Fineware, with an orange-pink surface and an ochre core.

CHAPTER 13 VITREOUS-GLAZED WARES Fragments of Arab period pottery Only three of the ten villages examined during the Römer Themistos Survey yielded vitreous-glazed wares (21 fragments) of the Arab period: Tell el-Kenissa, Kom el-Arka and Kom Hamouli. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Tell el-Kenissa 947, 963-6; Kom el-Arka 948, 957- 62; Kom Hamouli 949-55. CATALOGUE During the Obbink/Römer Themistos Surveys of 1999-2000 and the Römer Themistos Survey of 1999-6, vitreous-glazed ware was found only at Tell el-Kenissa and Kom el-Arka, both adjacent to the natural drain, the Wadi Nezla, and at Kom Hamouli, on the main canal to Dionysias, if still it ran as far as Kom Hamouli. None of this ware has been noted at villages further west on this canal, a few of which (Theadelphia, Euhemeria, Philoteris) were abandoned during the fourth century AD or earlier, and Dionysias by the sixth century, all well before the Arab invasion. None of the pottery listed here is earlier than the eighth century AD or much later than the eleventh century: closer dating is frequently not possible, although some of the comparanda may help. Kom Hamouli and its cemetery may be early medieval. In the following paragraphs I quote much of the material I used in the Rathbone Polemon publication concerning vitreous glazed ware. Shape is the main criterion both for the arrangement presented here, and for the comparanda, but often the fabrics, colours and glaze treatments of parallels differ from those of the comparanda traced elsewhere. Scanlon 1998, 24, points out the difficulties of using decoration rather than shape for producing an ordered arrangement of Arab-period glazed wares; he also states that shape is not very helpful either. Many bowl shapes in these finewares do not change greatly over the centuries, and indeed some forms extend well into Mamluke times, as may be seen in Whitcomb and Johnson 1982, concerning material from Quseir el-Qadim on the Red Sea coast. There are rather more marlwares than siltwares. The body fabrics found appear in many cases to be siltware, presumably of Nile (Bahr Yusuf) origin, but these clay bodies are fired to a variety of colours, pink, red, red-brown and orange-brown, light and dark brown: a number are not certainly silt and some may be mixed with other clays, probably marls. The glaze coatings are mostly clear lead glazes, many with underglaze coloured slips, sometimes a single colour over much of the surface, occasionally variegated in colours and random patterns (many of these can be called Fayumi Wares: the difficulty is that so many vitreous-glazed wares can be regarded as Fayumi Ware and the term is too all-embracing). Scanlon 1993, 295-6, points out that at least one version of Fayumi Ware, ‘a long-lived misnomer’, his Fayumi-1, made at Fustat (wasters are mentioned

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in Philon 1980, 35, n. 2), is mainly of the ninth to eleventh century AD, and has a white tin glaze underlying coloured slips: some of our bowls may be of this ware. It should be added thatLane 1947, 19, does not quite say that the ware is ‘beneath aesthetic consideration’ (Scanlon 1993, 301), but merely that the patterns of some ‘rough pottery found in the FAYUM’…. ‘have little interest’. Concerning nomenclature, see also Scanlon 1998, mainly 21-2. Scanlon does not care for Rodziewicz’s term ‘Coptic Glazed Ware’ (CGW), the earliest examples of which represent the beginnings of glazed wares in Egypt (Rodziewicz 1978), nor for his ‘Egyptian Glazed Pottery’ (Rodziewicz 1983), nor Whitcomb’s 1989 Aqaba ‘Coptic Glazed Ceramics’ (CGC), preferring ‘Slip-Painted Early Lead-Glazed Wares’ (SPELGW). But Rodziewicz’s Coptic Glazed Ware was an Aswan product, whereas Scanlon’s are not necessarily so. (Scanlon has different reasons for disapproving of the term ‘Coptic’ than do I: I regard ‘Coptic’ as unacceptable as a material culture term, and it should be used only for cultural identity, language and religion). Engemann’s Underglazed SlipPainted Ware (USPW), from Abu Mena is a further decorated vitreous-glazed ware to be taken into consideration (Engemann 1990): this appears to fall mainly within Rodziewicz’s Coptic Glazed Ware, and to begin in the eighth century AD: I prefer the term ‘Aswan Glazed Ware’ (AGW). However, I am not aware that CGW or AGW has been found at Aswan, and it may be possible that Egyptian Red Slip A Ware from Aswan was used as biscuit and glazed elsewhere, in the north, possibly at Alexandria. Scanlon, from his long-term studies and unrivalled knowledge of material fromFustat, suggests that vitreous glazing began in Arabic Egypt about AD 700 (1998, 21-2). The earliest wares from Fustat (mainly eighth-ninth centuries AD) mostly have flat or pad bases, not turned base-rings (Scanlon 1998, 24). Another important site for Arab-period glazed wares is and will be Tebtunis: Marchand 1999, 254-7, deals only with Aswan Glazed Ware; the other glazed material will be published separately (some is included in Marchand 2000a and 2001). Marchand prefers the view that vitreous-glazed pottery appeared in Egypt during the ninth century AD, as does R.-P. Gayraud, “Les céramiques égyptiennes à glaçure, IX-XIIe siècles”, in G. Démians d’Archimbaud, ed., La céramiquemédiévaleenMéditerranée:ActesduVIecongrèsdel’AIECM2, Aix-en-Provence, 13-18Novembre1995, Aix-en-Provence, 1997, 260-71 (non vidi). Magness 2000, 816, with many references, points out that except for a few examples of Coptic Glazed Ware and Constantinopolitan lead glaze, little glazed ware reached Palestine before the late eighth or early ninth century and implies that this was a likely phenomenon in Egypt. But it is probable that indigenous glazing workshops were established in Egypt during later Umayyad times. Whitcomb 1989, 182 (‘Stratigraphic evidence from Alexandria, Fustat and Aqaba suggests an early eighth-century date for the beginning of Coptic Glazed Ware’), and Engemann 1989 and 1990 suggests from the Abu Mena evidence that the glazed wares found there extend from the eighth century, probably to the middle of the ninth, many of them to be dated much earlier than the dates put forward in Philon 1980 for material in the Benaki Museum, Athens. Engemann 1993, happily still not deviating from his view that the earliestglazed wares from Abu Mena are of the eighth century, had pointed out that the medieval village, built upon part of the destroyed pilgrimage area was not abandoned during Abbasid times but went on into the eleventh century, the Fatimid period (Kościuk 1998, 209 puts the end at the beginning of the twelfth century AD). The earlier pottery from Abu Mena – about eighth to mid-ninth century AD – includes Underglaze Slip-Painted Ware and early Fayumi Wares (often plain of a turquoise colour, and others with black and turquoise arcs or radiating patterns on a grey-white ground). Amongst the later fabrics – about tenth to eleventh century AD - are Sgraffiato Ware and late Fayumi Wares (with complex patterns and with yellow and manganese colours): Engemann 1993. Amongst the Polemon material there is only one possibly Aswan Glazed Ware vessel (perhaps Engemann’s Underglazed Slip-Painted Ware), the bowl Polemon 994, but there are several single-coloured bowls of turquoise, blue-green or other

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shades of blue or green colour that probably can be regarded as falling into his early Fayumi Ware. But it is very likelythat plain, single-coloured glazed wares were constant products of Arab-period kilns, and that although many of ours are probably to be consigned to Umayyad and Abbasid dates (i.e. between about AD 700 to AD 969), some could be of the Fatimid period (AD 969-1171). Most of the vitreous-glazed vessels found in the Polemon Survey have simple profiles and, where the base survives, a turned base-ring. They are divided into groups of shapes which have long date ranges. Little can be said in addition to the descriptions and comparanda of these bowls; the terms ‘probably’ and ‘perhaps’ will be used overmuch. The probable site-dates can offer only a circular argument based on comparanda which often have wide and uncertain chronologies. The so-called Fayumi Wares were made in places away from the Fayum and I suspect most of the vessels described below were Fayum products, whether resembling Fayumi Wares or not. It can be taken for granted that the Mamluke comparanda from Quseir el-Qadim are often too late for the Polemon shapes they resemble. Some of the material analogous to ours in the Benaki Museum, Athens, published in Philon 1980, may also be dated too late, as pointed out in Engemann 1989, 164 and 1990, 63. Dates for early Arab and medieval Arab Egypt Medinah Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate

AD 641-661 AD 661-750 AD 750-969 Tulunid Emirate Ikshid Emirate

Fatimid Caliphate Ayyubid Sultanate Mamluke Sultanate

AD 868-905 AD 935-969

AD 969-1171 AD 1171-1250 AD 1250-1517

CATALOGUE Themistos sherds (947-66) Tell el-Kenissa – 6 fragments Kom el-Arka – 8 fragments Kom Hamouli – 7 fragments 947. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 22.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. Pink-brown NS; thin yellowish vitreous glaze outside; thicker glaze inside, with splodges of green and brown. 948. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. D. 16.0 cm. Bowl with everted rim. Brown NS patchy sage green and light green vitreous glaze inside, pale green outside. 949-55. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 15.0 cm. Flared bowl with plain rim. Buff marlware; sage green vitreous glaze inside, with some random small black spots; outside unglazed, except for some unintentional blobs of green-blue glaze. Plus: Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound, (unillustrated): two base-ring sherds from bowls, shapes not discernible, both of light brown-buff marlware: one with variegated black/dark green/light green vitreous glaze inside, the other with variegated dark green/light green/brown vitreous glaze inside. Four body sherds from bowls of buff marlware, two with dark turquoise vitreous glaze inside, another with a similar glaze with black streaks crossing it, the fourth with brown-green vitreous glaze inside: shapes not recoverable.

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956. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. D. 110 cm. Bowl with plain rim. Gritty brown marl ware, the exterior buff; patchy apple-green and black vitreous glaze inside. Part of another vessel is stuck by glaze to the inner wall. 957-62. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. D. 13.0 cm. Bowl with plain rim. Gritty brown marlware; patchy apple-green and black vitreous glaze inside, green outside. Plus: Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. (unillustrated): base-ring sherd from a Fayumi Ware bowl: brown NS; variegated apple-green, black and yellow vitreous glaze inside; sage green glaze outside and under base. Base-ring sherd from a Fayumi Ware bowl: brown NS; stripy yellow, green and black vitreous glaze inside; dull sage green glaze outside and under base. Plus:Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. (unillustrated): three body sherds of vitreous glazed bowls (shapes not discernible). One stripy green and black inside; and thin sage green outside; the second stripy yellow, black and green (Fayumi Ware) inside and sage green outside; the third green inside and stripy apple-green and black outside. 963. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 31.0 cm. Large bowl with plain rim and base-ring; kick within base. Pinkish marlware? with red inclusions (Aswan?); yellow-buff clay outside, where unglazed. Olive-green vitreous glaze inside; green-yellow glaze outside on rim, with runs. 964. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. 28.0 cm. Carinated bowl with thickened rim and parallel concentric channels on the underside. Pale brown NS; dark manganese brown vitreous glaze inside and out. 965. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Base D. 5.0 cm. Underbody of bowl with base-ring. Buff marlware; blue-green vitreous glaze inside, and a thin grey-green glaze outside and under the base. 966. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Base D. 10.0 cm. Deep bowl or closed vessel. Buff marlware; apple-green vitreous glaze inside and out, with a few splashes under the base.

CHAPTER 14 IMPORTED AMPHORAE AND EGYPTIAN VERSIONS Many imported transport amphorae were found on the village sites examined during the Römer Themistos Survey. They range in date from Ptolemaic times to the Arab period, and come from many areas with seaports on the Mediterranean Sea, from Africa to the Levant, to Spain, to Cyprus and the Aegean, to Italy. Several Rhodian handles with stamps were found and these have been read by Cornelia Römer (Cat. nos 1081-94; see Vol. A, pp. 188-189). The contents of the jars include mainly oil, wine and fish sauce. They fall into several different classification systems, some of which are given in the headings of the groupings. Grace 1961 is still a very good guide to the shape of amphorae found complete in the Agora of Athens that might be found in fragments in Egypt. Not all the examples listed here are necessarily imports, as some fabrics may not have been recognised as Egyptian products. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village 1062, 1071; Aliun Village West 1074, 1080; Biahmu West 1038; Dionysias 1004-5, 1007, 1030, 1032, 1034-5, 1046-7, 1049, 1052, 1055, 1064, 1093; Euhemeria 971, 974, 977-80, 988, 990-91, 993-5, 1003, 1015-18, 1022, 1025, 1029, 1031, 1033, 1040-2, 1045, 1048, 1050-51, 1054, 1065-6, 1069-70, 1073, 1077, 1079, 1083-8, 1093-4; Kom Aliun church 1060; Kom Aliun, near church 1061; Kom el-Arka 987, 999; Kom Hamouli 1063; Philoteris 968-70, 975-6, 981-2, 984, 996, 1000, 1008, 1011-12, 1020, 1028, 1036, 1039, 1044, 1072, 1075-6, 1082, 1091; Philoteris basins 1066a; Philoteris extramural building 967; Tell el-Kenissa 983, 986, 1053, 1056-9, 1067, 1078, 1081; Theadelphia 972-3, 985, 989, 992, 997-8, 1001-2, 1006, 1009-10, 1013-14, 1019, 1021, 1023-4, 1026-7, 1037, 1043, 1068, 1090, 1092. Various forms of Hellenistic and Ptolemaic amphorae

CATALOGUE The transport amphorae found during the examination of material from the Themistos District consist of several made in the Delta at Kom Dahab, or are Tell el-Haraby jars, with tall necks, flared or knobbed rims, and upward-angled straight handles (cf. 967-984).

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It is difficult to decide whether Themistos 967-75 and their like are imports: many of the comparanda listed for them are Egyptian products in clays other than Nile silt or mixed with Nile silt. 967-75 have affinities (some of their rim-forms are different) with second-century BC examples of Egyptian manufacture from kilns at Kom Dahab, close to Kom Firin and 10km WSW of Naukratis in the Western Delta (from the kiln in D9 the fabrics are reddish clay with white slip; from kilns in I6 they are a well fired reddish clay): see Coulson 1982, 103-7 and Coulson 1986, 545-8 (Berlin 2001, 46 suggests the possibility that the Kom Dahab kilns made this form of amphora throughout the third century, but not later). Later production elsewhere can be inferred as this amphora is Empereur and Picon 1998 Type AE 2, 77, made in kilns on Lake Mariut (Empereur and Picon 1986, 106, fig. 6), and dated second century BC and compare perhaps an amphora shape from a late Ptolemaic kiln at Tell el-Haraby on the north coast of Egypt: Majcherek and el-Aziz el-Shennawi 1991, 6, fig.1A; see also Majcherek and el-Aziz el-Shannawi 1992, 133, fig 3a, Tell el-Haraby Type 1: second to first century BC. A possible product of the Tell el-Haraby kiln or another along the north-west coast, is Bailey 2002, 128, fig. 12.5, 12.50, from Bates’s Island at Marsa Matruh. Janine Bourriau and Peter French discuss similar amphorae from Tell el-Fara’in-Buto, dating them between 125 and 75 BC (MDAIK 59, 2003, 254-263). Lawall 1995, 6, includes a jar from Apulia, found in Karanis, its mouth close to 1015, which he dates between the early third and the mid-first century BC. There is a remote possibility that Polemon 1023-5 are versions of an amphora shape known as AC3 amphorae and made in Crete from Augustan times to the end of the second century AD: compare Markoulaki 1989, 572, fig. 23a. Another feasibility, also, is that of Benghazi Early Roman Amphora 12, where Polemon 1024 is near Riley 1979, fig. 78, D 168, of about AD 50-100, and 1025 is close to ibid., fig. 78, D 170, from a Hellenistic and first-century AD context. It seems likely, however, that ours are indeed Hellenistic of uncertain origin, but probably Egyptian, and can be included in this section. It is interesting to see the remarks of Janine Bourriau (2003, 255-6) concerning certain closely dated (c.125-75 BC) Egyptian amphorae from Buto, all of which have much longer necks and less-angled handles than Polemon 1023-5. She points out that locally made Egyptian versions of imported Greek amphorae become and remain very local in appearance, varying greatly in shape from area to area. The references above and below to vessels close or near to ours must be to locally produced jars, which may or may not have relevance. The very similar Polemon 1023-5 all came from Area A 1 at Magdola, and 1023 came from an area that yielded much Ptolemaic material. They cannot be dated closer than third to first century BC, but may not be earlier than the second century. They are very probably Kom Dahab or Tell el-Haraby amphorae or Magdolan copies. The two differing convex mouth sherds Polemon 1026 and 1029 both came from Medinet Ghoran; the two similar spikes Polemon 1027 and 1028 came respectively from Kom el-Khamsini and Magdola. From its comparanda, Polemon 1026 seems to be of the third to first century BC, and the date of its find-site would not argue against this; a Lesbian origin is probable: compare Empereur 1998, 396, fig. 4, of the beginning of the third century BC. It is also not far from but less likely to be Benghazi Hellenistic Amphora 2 (Riley 1979, fig. 68, D 14) of about the first century BC. The amphora spikes Polemon 1027-8 are similar to examples found in Paphos and described in Hayes 1991, 85, as Coan, from late second-century BC contexts (Hayes 1991, fig. XXXVII, 2 and 5). The comparanda from Egypt have material as early as the fourth century BC, but mostly of the second and first century BC, and a Cnidian or Coan origin is suggested in Leonard 2001, 182. The mouth fragment Polemon 1029 comes from a Ptolemaic or earlier area at Medinet Ghoran and some comparanda would agree with this. 967. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building (= the gymnasium). Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth with offset squared rim; upward-angled handles. Red-brown NS; many sand particles. Egyptian? Comparandum: near Coulson and Leonard 1983, 69, fig. 5E, from a kiln at Kom Dahab, dated to the second half of the Ptolemaic period.

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968-70. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with offset squared rim. Light brown clay with many dark sand inclusions; reddish surface both outside and in: perhaps imported. Plus: two others similar in fabric and form, one with Rim D. 13.0 cm, the other not measured. 971. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh’ wall. D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened squared rim and upward-angled handles. Micaceous red NS, with brown core. Egyptian. Comparanda: close to Lawall 2003, 171, fig. 103, 26, from Coptos, dated second to mid-first BC; Marangou and Marchand 2007, 287, fig. 120, from Tebtunis: end of the third century to the second century BC. 972. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened squared rim; upward-angled handles. Orange-brown NS with thick grey core. Egyptian. 973. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened squared rim. Brown NS: Egyptian. Comparandum: close to Lawall 2003, 171, fig. 103, 26, from Coptos, dated second to mid-first BC. 974. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim, and upward-angled handle. Micaceous brown NS, with brown core. Egyptian. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 772, fig. 87c, (imported) from Hawara, first century BC to second century AD. 975. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Orange-brown to red-brown clay, very micaceous. NS? – probably Egyptian. 976. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweep. Rim D. 12.3 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; angle of handle not recoverable. Red-brown NS with much small mica. Egyptian. 977. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh wall’. D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim and upward-angled handles. Micaceous brown-red NS, with grey-brown core. Egyptian. 978-80. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim, and upward-angled handles. Micaceous red-brown NS with grey-brown core. Plus: two others similar in form and fabric: rim D. 12.0 and 14.0 cm. 981. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Mouth fragment of amphora with knobbed rim. Pinkish-buff clay with some mica; traces of a buff surface. Perhaps imported. Comparandum: close to Lawall 2003, 171, fig. 103, 26, from Coptos, dated second to mid-first century BC. 982. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; upward-angled handles. Micaceous brown clay: NS? Egyptian? 983. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Amphora mouth: tall neck and knobbed rim; high placed upper handle spring. Micaceous orange-brown NS. Egyptian version. Comparanda: close to Lawall 2003, 166, fig. 101, 2, from Coptos, dated early third to mid-second century BC; consider below the Ptolemaic amphorae from east of the Philoteris village mound or from its western rubbish dumps. 984. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweep. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth with jogged knobbed rim; upward-angled handles. Pale pinkish-brown clay: NS? with thick light grey core; many small and large dark grits. Egyptian? Further jars include Rhodian amphorae (Grace 1961, figs 62-3, etc.); Greco-Italic amphorae (Peacock and Williams 1986, Class 2; Sciallano and Sibella 1991, [30]; Caravale and Toffoletti 1997, Types MGS IV-VI); miscellaneous jars with hooked everted rims (Hellenistic and Ptolemaic period): Cat. 985-996.

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These include wine-jars from Rhodes and the west coast of Italy and Sicily. They are from the late fourth century BC to about 130 BC. See also Bonifay 1998b, 93. Most of these date from the fourth to the early second century BC. Many are Italian; few (perhaps only 987) are Egyptian; some Rhodian amphorae have similar shapes and rim-forms. Hellenistic Rhodian amphorae often bear, on opposing handles, stamps of the jar-maker’s name and that of the Eponymous Priest of Helios at the time of production. Only two handles were found during the Rathbone Polemon Survey, from Kom Talit (much shattered and not illustrated) and Magdola. The latter was stamped: see Polemon 1021 for details. Ten stamped Rhodian handles were found in the Meris of Themistos. Hellenistic wine-jars of Rhodian manufacture have been found on Egyptian sites in plentiful quantities, hundreds upon hundreds being known from Alexandria, now in collections in the British Museum, put together circa 1848. They appear to thin out as one proceeds upstream, with many from the Delta, for example, from Naukratis and the Fayum, but very few are found in the Thebaid. Stamped handles from Rhodes and a few stamps from elsewhere are collected below, catalogued 1081-1092. 985. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Amphora mouth, hooked rim. Orange-buff clay. Comparanda: Peacock and Williams 1986, Class 2, and others listed above. 986. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth: hooked rim. Hard, very micaceous brown-buff clay. 987. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth: hooked rim. Micaceous light brown clay: may be NS or an Egyptian copy, but perhaps not. Comparandum: Brissaud 1987, pl. XIX, 334, from San el-Hagar, second century BC to beginning of first century AD. 988. Euhemeria, 2002, Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth: hooked rim; upward-angled handles. Yellow-buff clay, with a thin pink-orange core. 989. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth, hooked rim. Red-brown clay, buff surface. 990-91. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth: hooked rim. Micaceous cream-buff clay, with brown core. Comparanda: Marchand 2009, 762, fig. 76a, from Hawara, third to second century BC. Plus: another example, close in form and fabric: rim D. 12.0 cm. 992. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth, hooked rim. Very micaceous orange-brown clay with buff surface or slip. 993. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth: hooked rim. Micaceous cream clay, with brown core. 994. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth: hooked rim and upward-angled handles. Micaceous yellow-buff clay, with reddish core. 995. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth: hooked rim; handle-scar just below rim. Cream-buff clay, with some mica; pale brown core. 996. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweep. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth with hooked rim; upward-angled handles. Buff clay, with many dark and some white inclusions. Miscellaneous convex necks and knobbed rims, mostly imported (997-1004) This small group of necks and mouths have a pronounced bulging neck and a knobbed rim. Themistos 997 has high-pinched handles and is probably Rhodian and may date from the first to fourth century AD. 1000-03 have the bifid handles often found on Coan jars.

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997. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 9.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; pinched handles rising above rim. Orange-brown clay; some white grits. Comparanda: Peacock and Williams 1986. Class 11; Eiring and Lund 2004, 198-9; they may be Rhodian or southern Asia Minor. Close to the first to second-century AD wine amphora Sciallano and Sibella 1991, [96]; near Majcherek 2007, 29, fig. 4, from Marina el-Alamein; Caravale and Toffoletti 1997, 161, Agora M 54 of the first to third century AD. 998. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 7.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; upward-angled handles. Dark red-brown clay, probably a Nile silt version of 997, without the high pinched handles. Orange-brown clay; some white grits. 999. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim and start of handles, probably upward-angled. Micaceous pinkish clay, abrasive surface, very like that of Late Roman Amphora 1, but not as late. 1000. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim and upward-angled handles. Dark red-brown clay, very micaceous. 1001. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; high-placed double-rod handles. Light brown clay with some mica; buff surface, thicker outside than inside. Koan. 1002. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Not measured. Amphora: double-rod handle. Redbrown clay, buff surface; some white grits. Koan. 1003. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; upward-angled double-rod handles. Dark red-brown clay, with small white and dark inclusions; buff surface outside. Comparanda: Lawall 2003, 182, fig. 108, 70, from Coptos, dated second century BC; near Peacock and Williams Class 39: first to mid-second century AD; Majcherek: 2007, 26, fig. 1, 5, a Cretan AC2a from Marina el-Alamein, of the last third of the first to the mid-second century AD. 1004. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Not measured, not illustrated. Amphora handle: double-rod. Fabric not noted: Koan? Concave necks and knobbed rims, various, imported, not Egyptian (1005-1016) 1005-6. are very probably Dressel 20, and are from Baetican oil amphorae, from southern Spain. 1005. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Orange clay with buff core; a great many white grits, perhaps shell (not sand). Near Dressel 20: first to third century AD, Peacock and Williams Class 25: first to third century AD; Tomber 2006, 132-3, near Types 137-8: Trajanic, from Mons Porphyrites; also Tomber 2006, 172, Type 62, Trajanic-Trajanic+, perhaps a Cilician fabric. 1006. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim: upper spring of handle attached to rim. Coarse orange-brown clay; some large white grits and many very small black grits. Comparanda: Spanish oil-jar, Dressel 20?: first to third century AD. 1007. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; upper spring of handle placed just below rim. Orange-buff clay, with mica and small black grits. 1008. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweep. Rim D. 9.5 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; upward-angled handles. Buff clay, with orange-pink core; some dark grits. Comparandum:Marchand 2009, 772, fig. 87a, from Hawara, first to second century AD. 1009. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; handle scar just below rim. Orange clay.

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1010. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; upper spring of handle positioned just below rim. Buff-brown clay, with a little fine mica. 1011. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweep. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; upward-angled handles. Light-brown clay, with a pinkish core and traces of a buff surface; many white and dark sand grits. 1012. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Buff clay, with many dark and rather fewer light sand inclusions. 1013. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Fine yellow-buff fabric with orange core. 1014. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with high offset rim; upper handle-spring just below it. Pale buff-brown clay. Comparanda: Marouard 2007, 357, fig 5, 5: Brindisi Type II, last two centuries BC; see also 1015 below and 1055. 1015. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed offset upright rim, and upper handle-scar. Creamy buff clay; no apparent inclusions. 1016. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed offset upright rim, and upper handle-scar. Creamy buff clay, with many dark inclusions; reddish-black slip outside and partway down inside of mouth. Knobbed and grooved amphora mouths, imported, probably Pamphylian (1017-1034) Eighteen rim fragments, the shapes of which suggest Pamphylian jars, were found in the survey of Themistos, from four villages on the canal running west to Dionysias: six from Theadelphia; seven from Euhemeria; two from Philoteris and three from Dionysias. For the Pamphylian amphora, see Majcherek 2007, 24-5, 31, fig. 4, 39-41, from Marina el-Alamein: they have been found in assemblages of the second century AD. 1017. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Rim D. 19.0 cm. Amphora mouth: thickened rim with channelled top, grooved below. Buff clay with many black grits. 1018. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Amphora mouth: thickened rim with channelled top, grooved below. Buff clay with many black grits. 1019. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth: thickened rim with channelled top, grooved below. Buff clay. 1020. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Third Sweep. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened rim, grooved on top and outside; start of handle below outside groove. Hard pink clay with buff surface; much sand, dark and light. 1021. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened rim, grooved on top and outside. Orange-brown clay with overall buff surface, thin and worn. 1022. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened rim, grooved on top and outside. Buff clay and surface; many small dark red inclusions. 1023-4. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened rim, channelled on top and grooved outside; handle placed over outside groove. Orange-brown clay with overall buff surface. Plus: another example in same fabric: rim D. 14.0 cm. 1025. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth: thickened rim with channelled top, and handle. Buff clay with orange-buff core; many black grits. 1026. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth: knobbed rim with channelled top, and handle (section not discernible). Orange clay with buff surface outside, and very thin inside.

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1027. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened rim, grooved on top and outside; handle placed over outside groove. Orange-brown clay with overall buff surface. 1028. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Flaring mouth with thickened rim, grooved on top and outside. Yellow-buff clay with many dark grits. 1029. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened rim, channelled on top, and part of handle. Reddish clay with thick red-brown core; thin buff surface outside. Perhaps an Egyptian Nile silt version. 1030. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened rim, grooved below; handle applied to rim and neck. Orange-buff clay with a thick pale core; many white and dark red sand inclusions. 1031. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened rim, grooved below. Brown-buff clay with some mica. 1032. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Amphora mouth with thickened rim. Pale buff clay; many dark sand inclusions, some red. 1033. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth: thickened rim with level, channelled top; wide groove below. Buff clay with a very large number of very small black grits. 1034. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with concave neck and knobbed rim, channelled on top. Pale buff clay; many white sand and many more red sand inclusions. Tripolitanian oil-jars (Tripolitania I, II and III: 1035-51) There is some difficulty in arranging the various types of Tripolitanian amphorae from the rims alone. The rims are very strong and break away very easily from the various necks and types of body shapes produced to contain the oil which was the prime substance transported. Many amphorae were made in Tripolitania over many centuries for the widespread export of olive oil throughout the Mediterranean. Complete jars can readily be divided for convenience into three main types according to rimform, body-shape and handle-placement and other factors. These types are (and there are other classifications not mentioned here) Tripolitania I (Peacock and Williams 1986, Class 36), of the late first to early fourth century AD; Tripolitania II (Peacock and Williams 1986, Class 37A; Keay 1984, IX), of the late first to early fourth century AD, but mainly second-third century; and Tripolitania III (Peacock and Williams 1986, Class 37B; Keay 1984, XI), of the late third, mainly fourth, into the fifth century AD. It is difficult to place the various rim sherds into these classifications, so the material found in the Römer Themistos Survey is here grouped together. The distinctive but hugely scattered rim forms cannot be adequately referred to in the many classifications; only a few are listed here: Panella 1972, 79-81; Sciallano and Sibella 1991: [79]; Caravale and Toffoletti 1997, 149-51. Seventeen examples of Tripolitanian rim fragments were recovered during the Römer Themistos Survey, and come from the canalside villages which stretch out westward to Dionysias: two rims from Theadelphia; eight from Euhemeria; three from Philoteris; and four from Dionysias. A single example (1038) was found at Biahmu West, during a study by Christopher Kirby of the Colossi of Amenemhat III. 1035. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth, knobbed rim. Fabric not noted. 1036. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Third Sweeps. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Buff clay with a darker slip inside mouth; white and dark inclusions.

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1037. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Red-brown clay with buff surface or slip. 1038. Biahmu West, 2000. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Fabric not noted. 1039. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Fabric not noted. 1040. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near Bathhouse 2. Rim D.18.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim; handle-scar just below rim. Red clay with many very small black grits; also a few large white sand inclusions. 1041-2. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 18.0 cm. Amphora mouth with handle-scar just below rim. Fabric not noted. Plus another similar: rim D. 15.0 cm. 1043. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth; handle placed just below rim. Brown clay with sandwich red and brown core. 1044. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Fabric not noted. 1045. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh’ wall’. D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Pinkish-buff clay with many small black inclusions. 1046-7. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Fabric not noted. Plus: another similar: rim D. 15.0 cm. 1048. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Hard purple-red clay with black grits, some quite large. 1049. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim. Red-brown clay with thick grey core and many white grits. 1050-51. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 17.0 cm. Amphora mouth with handle-scar just below knobbed rim. Tripolitana III: fabric not noted. Plus:another similar: rim D. 12.0 cm. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 789, fig. 110a, from Hawara, first to second century AD. Miscellaneous amphora mouths (1052-1055) 1052. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Squared amphora mouth, with handles. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with thin grey core. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 762, fig. 76b, from Hawara, dated late second century BC. 1053. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth: squat convex neck and knobbed, folded rim. Hard red-brown NS clay with some mica; salt-induced pale buff surface outside. Comparanda: Keay 1984, Type LXII: Tunisian oil-jar, Rim Q. Second quarter of fifth to mid-sixth century AD, and probably into the seventh century (Bonifay 1998, 260 states that the majority at Marseille are of the sixth century AD); two rims and two spikes were found at Kom Nicola during the Rathbone Polemon Survey: the rim (Polemon 1042) is very close. 1054. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with inturned knobbed rim. Very micaceous (silver mica) clay with buff surface and red and brown core. Comparanda: near Lawall 2003, 184, fig. 109, 87, from Coptos, imported, undated; Marangou and Marchand 2007, 281, 49, from Tebtunis, probably of the end of the first century BC to the beginning of the first century AD. 1055. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near Bathhouse 2. Rim D. 16.0 cm. Amphora mouth with high flaring rim, and handle-spring below it. Buff clay, with some fairly large white inclusions (limestone?). Comparanda: close to Marouard 2007, 357, fig. 4, 4, from Karnak:Brindisi Type II, of the beginning of the first century BC; Bourriau and French 2007, 131, fig. 2, 1, a Brindisi amphora from Buto, about 125-25 BC; Marangou and Marchand 2007, 280, 37-8, Brindisi

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amphorae from Tebtunis: second half of the second century to the first century BC. See also 101415, Brindisi Type II mouths, from Theadelphia and Euhemeria. Late Roman Amphora 1 (1056-1064) Only very few Late Roman Amphora 1 were found in the Themistos District of the Fayum (nine sherds), compared with the 463 examples counted (plusbody-sherds not counted) from the many sites in the Polemon District that had late Roman material. This does not include the many uncounted fragments found around the church site at Medinet Ghoran. Kiman Nicola and Is-haq produced the most examples, with considerable numbers from Kom Tifeh, Kom Khamsini and Deir el-Banat: other sites had very few (body sherds, which were not normally counted). In Themistos, four examples of this imported jar came from Tell el-Kenissa; two from the church area of Kom Aliun; and one each from Aliun Village, Kom Hamouli and Dionysias. The Late Roman Amphora 1 was made during the mid-fourth to mid-seventh century AD in various places, mainly Cilicia, south Turkey, the Gulf of Alexandretta, the Antioch region, Rhodes and Cyprus: it is probable that most of those coming to Egypt were made in Cyprus.This shape of amphora is known from much publication, including (Sciallano and Sibella 1991, [100]; Peacock and Williams 1986, Class 44) and flourished from about the early fifth to the mid-seventh century AD. For Egyptian versions, see the Polemon Survey, in preparation. 1167-9. Late Roman Amphora 1 was not copied in the Egyptian kilns of Lake Mariut: Empereur and Picon 1992, 149. Most of these jars are, as mentioned above, normally widely dated between the early fifth to the mid-seventh century AD, and this dating for most is probably accurate, but some late examples from the Kornos Cave in Cyprus have recently been dated between AD 700-775 (Pamela Armstrong, pers. comm.). For LR 1 Amphora production sites see Empereur and Picon 1989, 236-43. See also Ballet and Picon 1987, 24 and Empereur and Picon 1992, 149 for the Cypriote manufacture of many of the LR 1 Amphorae found in Egypt. Wine is often suggested as the contents of this jar, but I have never seen a pitched example in Egypt, and oil is more likely, particularly considering the large number of these jars found in the chora, where, during its floruit, a huge quantity of local wines was being produced, and perhaps very little olive oil. For the possibility, however, of wine as well as oil being transported in these jars, see Kingsley and Decker 2001b, 5, and particularly Decker 2001, 78-80, who also mentions pitched examples from Carthage, the Yassi Ada wreck and, nearer to Egypt, from Ballana in Nubia. Amongst the Late Roman Amphora 1 survivals, only 1064, a mouth fragment from Dionysias, was measured or is illustrated. The remainder, Themistos 1056-63 consists mostly of handle fragments, several rim sherds, and a few body sherds. Most of them are probably Late Roman Amphora 1A, which has a shorter, wider neck and fatter body than LR 1B: LR 1B may be no earlier than the fifth century AD. The lack of numbers reflects the few late Roman sites located in the Themistos Meris. For a fine example, made in Cyprus or Cilicia, but found in Egypt, see Hayes 1997, 17. 1056-8. Plus:two 1059. Handle. 1060.

Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Not measured, not illustrated. Handle. mouth fragments, one of them an Egyptian NS version. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Not measured, not illustrated. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church, not measured, not illustrated. Body sherd.

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1061. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near church. Not measured, not illustrated. Mouth and handle-spring. 1062. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Not measured, not illustrated. Body sherd. 1063. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. Not measured, not illustrated. Mouth and handle-spring. 1064. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 6.0 cm. Mouth and handle-springs. Pale brown clay with orange surface; very many white and dark sand inclusions: the above are Late Roman amphorae 1 (1056-64). ‘Neo-Punic’ amphora; table-amphora; pelike; or hydria (1065, 1066, 1066a) Andrea Berlin has written about this vessel, which is difficult to place (Berlin 2001, p. 40 and p.129, fig. 2.40, 1-3: at Naukratis (perhaps also p. 129, Fig. 2.40, 4-15). The sherds appear to show that it may be one of three vessel shapes: a cylindrical transport amphora with loop handles placed low on the shoulder, and a flaring mouth, made in areas of Morocco and Tunisia; it can be an example of a Neo-Punic jar. Although made sometime in the late second century BC and in the middle years of the first century, a rather longer date span has now been suggested. Its contents are likely to be pickled fish (garum): Peacock and Williams 1986, Class 32. Comparanda:Punic amphora? Dressel 18/Mañá C2b:c.125 and 50/30 BC; Sciallano and Sibella 1991, [73], from Morocco. Otherwise it might be the mouth of a table-amphora, or of a second-century BC pelike/ hydria, each of which has lost its body and base sherds; see also 1066a. 1065. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 21.0 cm. Flared mouth of jar or amphora. Buff-brown NS with a buff surface; dull red-brown slip outside and in a band within the mouth. 1066. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 20.0 cm. Flared mouth of jar or amphora; wide ribs on neck. NS with buff surface; thick grey-brown core; black slip outside, red to black slip inside; red slip on upper nosing of rim. Comparanda: neo-punic amphora; also Berlin 2001, 129, fig. 2. 40. 1, 2. 1066a. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Rim D. 24.0 cm. Flared mouth fragment of jar or amphora, with knobbed rim. Cream-coloured NS with sand inclusions; outer surfaces eroded. Miscellaneous amphora spikes (1067-80) 1067. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. H. 4.9 cm. Ringed amphora spike. Cnidian? Micaceous light brown clay. 1068. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. H. 10.2 cm. Ringed amphora spike. Cnidian? Redbrown clay. 1069. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. H. 11.1 cm. Ringed amphora spike. Cnidian? Brown clay with buff surface; many dark and light inclusions, probably sand. Comparanda: close to Lawall 2003, 178, fig. 106, 58, from Coptos, dated fourth to fifth century AD; near to to Lawall 2003, 182, fig. 108, 68, from Coptos, dated third to mid-second century BC. 1070. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. H. 7.5 cm. Knobbed amphora spike. Brown NS. An Egyptian version. 1071. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. H. 8.2 cm. Knobbed amphora spike. Burnt dark brown clay, with many black grits; outer surface eroded. 1072. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweep. Knob D. 5.8 cm. Knobbed amphora spike and lower body. Light brown clay with many dark and reddish grits.

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1073. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near Bathhouse 2. Knob D. 5.2 cm. Knobbed amphora spike. Brown clay (NS?) with black and white sand inclusions. Egyptian version. 1074. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, stone houses at west. Knob D. 4.6 cm. Knobbed amphora spike. Brown NS with some sand inclusions. Egyptian version. 1075. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Third Sweep. Knob D. 4.8 cm. Knobbed amphora spike. Brown-buff clay; many small dark and several large red inclusions. Comparandum: close to Lawall 2003, 184, fig. 109, 78, from Coptos, dated late second to last half of first century BC. Close to 1075-77. 1076. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Knob D. 5.2 cm. Knobbed amphora spike. Buff clay, with many dark red sand inclusions. Close to 1075-7. 1077. Euhemeria, 2002. Village mound. Knob D. 4.6 cm. Knobbed amphora spike. Light red clay, with some sand inclusions. Close to 1075-6. Comparandum: Majcherek: 2007, fig. 6, 38, a Pamphylian amphora spike from Marina el-Alamein, of the second century AD. 1078. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. H. 9.6 cm. Knobbed amphora spike. Micaceous brown-buff clay with some white inclusions. Comparanda: close to Lawall 2003, 166, fig. 101, 3-5, and to ibid., 168, fig. 102, 14-15, all from Coptos, dated respectively early third to mid-second and-mid second to mid-first century BC; Marangou and Marchand 2007, 286, fig 116, from Tebtunis: c.second half of the third century BC; Marchand 2007, 373, fig. 4, from Karnak (middle of the third century BC). Also Tomber 1999, 141, fig. 79, from Berenike; and Tomber 1996, 169, 20-21, dated to the second century BC, Nile Silt, also from Berenike. 1079. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. H. 9.1 cm. Knobbed amphora spike and lower body. Pale red-brown clay with buff surface outside; many very small dark inclusions.Comparandum: Bourriau and French 2007, 131, fig. 2, 2, a Brindisi amphora from Buto, about 125-25 BC. 1080. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, stone houses at west. Blunt amphora spike D. 3.9 cm. Light brown/buff clay with a few dark grits. Stamped handles, mainly Rhodian (1081-1093) These are fully published in Cornelia Römer’s work in her village discussions, where the inscriptions are transcribed, read, and discussed; they are referred to in the Catalogue below. Illustrations of 1081-90 can be found also with the Rhodian stamps above. 1081. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. L. of stamp. 3.7 cm. Rhodian rectangular amphora stamp. Römer’s Tell el-Kinissa, Vol. A, pp. 61-62. 1082. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Not measured nor illustrated. Rhodian handle with rectangular stamp completely illegible due to erosion. Bibl. Römer, 2004, 300; Bailey, 2004, 302; Vol. A, p. 238. 1083. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Not measured, not illustrated. Rhodian handle with rectangular stamp: Comparanda:Criscuolo No. 29. Römer’s Euhemeria stamp 3. Vol. A, p. 188. 1084. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Not measured, not illustrated. Rhodian handle with rectangular stamp. Römer’s Euhemeria stamp 6. Vol. A, p. 189. 1085. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Not measured, not illustrated. Rhodian handle with circular stamp, inscription surrounding a rose; only one letter survives. Römer’s Euhemeria stamp 7. Vol. A, p. 189. 1086. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Not measured, not illustrated. Rhodian handle with rectangular stamp. Comparandum:Criscuolo no. 41. Römer’s Euhemeria stamp 5. Vol. A, p. 189. 1087. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Not measured, not illustrated. Rhodian handle with circular stamp, inscription surrounding a rose. Römer’s Euhemeria stamp 4. Vol. A, p. 189.

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1088. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Not measured, not illustrated. Rhodian handle with rectangular stamp. Comparanda:See Sztetyłło 1988, 194-6, in K. Myśliwiec, “Remains of a Ptolemaic villa at Athribis”, in MDAIK 44, 183-97, for an example of Römer’s Euhemeria stamp 2. Vol. A, p. 188. 1089. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Not measured. Rhodian handle with rectangular fabricant’s stamp. Micaceous buff clay with small black grits. Römer’s Euhemeria stamp 1. Vol A, p. 188, Photo 14.25. 1090. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Not measured. Rhodian handle with part of a circular stamp; a few letters surround a rose; not in Vol. A. 1091. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweep. L.11.2 cm. Straight part of a Thasian amphora handle with a rectangular stamp, of a kantharos in relief. Red-brown clay, with silver mica, and a buff slip. Rectangular stamps are common on Thasian jars, and the kantharos is often found; however, I have traced only one other that is anepigraphic: Brunton 1930, pl. XLVII, from Cemetery 1900 at el-Hamamieh, near Antaiopolis. They were often stamped on the upper curve of the handle, whereas ours is near the the top of the straight vertical part. For a somewhat similar kantharos see Bon and Bon 1957, nos 592, 801, 869, 987, 1656, 1796 2065-6. Bibl. Römer ZPE147, 2004, 300; Bailey, 2004, 302; Vol. A, p. 238 with note 101. 1092. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. L. 9.7 cm. Straight part of an amphora handle, with incomplete rectangular stamp with relief letters. The first group of letters, LIB, may be complete; NK are ligatured. Red-brown clay, similar to Nile silt: not in Vol. A.

CHAPTER 15 EGYPTIAN TYPE A AMPHORAE (EMPEREUR AE 3) During the period of the Roman Empire in Egypt there were two main forms of wine-amphora made of local silt ware in the Nile valley, in the Fayum and in the Delta; others in calcareous clays were made along the coast west of Alexandria perhaps as far as Marsa Matruh (Empereur and Picon 1986, 106, fig. 7; Bailey 2002, 17-18). The siltware versions are included in this report of the pottery found during the Römer Themistos Survey as Hermopolis Type A (Amphores Égyptiennes 3: Empereur and Picon 1992, 148; Empereur and Picon 1998, 77). These are tall jars that seem to have been in use from the beginning of the Roman period or perhaps a little later, until the beginning of the fifth century AD; and as Hermopolis Type B (Late Roman 7), a small amphora that was made from about the beginning of the fifth century until well into the Arab period. Hermopolis Type B amphorae are discussed in the next chapter. Egyptian wine amphora classifications Hermopolis Type A

Amphores Égyptiennes 3

Peacock and Williams 1986 Class 53

Tomber and Williams 2000 fig. 2, 1 and 3-6

Hermopolis Type B

Late Roman 7

Peacock and Williams 1986 Class 52

Tomber and Williams 2000 fig. 2, 8-13

Developed for the storage and transport of wine, both the large and the small vessels were made in vast numbers by potters leasing their work to vineyard owners in all areas of Egypt where wine was produced (third-century leases: Cockle 1981 and 1983; sixth and seventh-century leases: see Bailey 1998, 130). Both shapes exhibit marked intrinsic differences, not only chronologically, but also geographically: the same lines of change and development do not occur throughout Egypt, and similarly shaped pots from different localities need not be contemporary. Likewise, local shapes can be peculiarly local and although the tall necks and high-placed handles are common factors with Type A jars, the bodies can bear only superficial resemblances to jars from other areas, and the shapes can be very different, as is shown in Tomber and Williams 2000, and the differences may not be chronological. These amphorae were moved around Egypt frequently and reused for other purposes: a find-spot does not necessarily attest the place of manufacture. Only kiln-sites can show which is the local form, and several villages in the Polemon District have indications of amphora manufacture, often with enough wasters and broken examples to help in identifying their products. But closely similar examples can be found in neighbouring villages, occasionally in mounds that show amphora production took place in these various places, but also in others with no such surface indication. Type A amphora was a term devised for these jars at Hermopolis Magna (Bailey 1982, 16; Bailey 1998, 125-9) and is one which I find still convenient to employ, although Empereur’s term AE 3 is being increasingly used by excavators in Egypt. As we have seen, Peacock and Williams 1986, Class 53 can be utilised. Lawall 2003, 172-7, studying the material from Coptos, puts AE 3 jars into his Egyptian Type III classification. All these are better, probably, than Egloff 1977,

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Type 172, from Kellia (Tomber and Williams 2000, 44, fig. 2, 7), which, although similar to them in many respects, has aspects very different from the other jars of Type A normally found (ibid., 44, fig. 2, 1 and 3-6): the neck is usually shorter, and it has a knobbed spike; it can be very small. It also seems to be later than, and may be a development from, a more normal Type A amphora, such as ibid., 44, fig. 2, 6, from Hermopolis Magna. Its date at Kellia is late fourth to late fifth century AD, and a small Egloff Type 172 (about 60 cm high), dated late fourth to mid-sixth century, comes from north Sinai (Arthur and Oren 1998, 203, 208, fig. 9, 3). A further example, some 64.5 cm high comes from Tanis, but its dating is unknown: Bailey 1998, pl. 134, EA 22358, and another from Herakleopolis Magna, about 75 cm tall, and from a possibly fourth century context (Petrie 1905a, pl. XXXIV, 133). Kellia Type 172 has been used, but not ideally, as a reference back to the generality of AE 3 jars (the Type A amphora as used here). Tomber and Williams 2000, 45, regard Egloff Type 172 as going with jars of my Type B (Late Roman Amphora 7), and it may have been made in a few places by conservative potters as a version of the latter when slightly lower-capacity amphorae began to replace Type A jars. The Egyptian Type A amphorae as found during the Rathbone Polemon and the Römer Themistos Surveys is tall, with a high cylindrical neck, more often than not reeded horizontally from the mouth to the top of the shoulder. The shoulder is normally plain and slopes to a high-placed rounded carination, often reeded or fluted, below which the plain body tapers to a spike. Two small roughly formed handles are placed at the very top of the neck. The body shape is exemplified by Polemon 1074, from Magdola, a pastiche but a certain one. It cannot, however, be assumed that all the necks and mouths here published had this same shape of body: some may have been imports from other parts of Egypt, with different body forms; other body shapes may have been made in the Fayum. The fabric of the jars is a Nile silt of the usual red to brown colours, sometimes with a buff surface. The Type A amphora is sometimes up to a metre or more in height, made in more than one piece, the sections joined, and they can be impressive pieces of the potters’ craft (Bailey 1982a, 55, and Bailey 2007c, 227-37). For many examples of Type AE 3, from throughout Egypt, see Marchand and Marangou in the two-volumed CCE8. Unfortunately, the long production date-range of more than four centuries for the numerous varieties of Type A jars throughout Egypt is as yet difficult to subdivide. The situation is improving, but due mainly to a lack of well-executed stratigraphic excavations on Roman sites in Egypt, and their publication, the Egyptian Type A amphora often cannot be closely dated. It is the nature of survey work that no reliable chronological result is intrinsically obtainable with regard to any of the material found, and dating is only possible by comparison with material from elsewhere that has already been dated. The normal longevity of ancient amphora shapes is also a factor that the archaeologist must bear in mind. Unlike fine tablewares there was little change due to fashion and the potter and his descendants tended to keep to the same shapes that they had always made for their wine-producing purchasers. The latter, too, were conservative, demanding a vessel that they knew would serve their purposes, of a shape and capacity that their customers would recognise. Despite these inherent difficulties it is possible that one particular shape from the Fayum can be dated to the first two centuries AD and into the third century; it may even have started in the second century. The jars that are here designated ‘Magdola’ Type were first noted in some number in 1997 at the Fayumic village of that name. They were also found at several of the sites examined on the south-western desert edge of the Fayum, in the Merides of Polemon and Themistos from Kom Khamsini to Dionysias: some were certainly made in these villages, while for other places there is at yet no proof and, where mounds have been almost totally removed by the sebakhin, such as Theadelphia and Euhemeria in the Meris of Themistos, never likely to be proof. Channelled rims similar to these amphorae were noted at Medinet Quta, and one Spike 2 was seen at the extreme western end of the Birket Qarun, but no other spikes were seen. Small villages where ‘Magdola’

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Type amphorae were found, the tiny hamlet Deir el-Tin, for example, may not have been capable of supporting a potter. The Type A amphorae at Magdola mostly have two different shapes of spike, but without excavation it is not possible to know whether they were produced contemporaneously (perhaps at different workshops) or whether there is a chronological difference. Spike 1 has a smoothly rendered glans-like termination; Spike 2 is more roughly made with a concave lower profile and a blunt tip. It is very probable that Polemon Type AE 3b amphorae, from Kom Talit, Kom Khamsini, Magdola, Tell el-Ma’raka, Deir el-Tin, Medinet Ghoran and Ghoran J, are all ‘Magdola’ Type, exemplified by the pastiche Bailey 2007c, 235, 7, with the glans-like ‘Magdola’ Spike 1 (see Polemon Magdola M 63 for this pastiche: Fig. 2). They all have channelled rims, ranging from level to upward-sloping: this may be a chronological pointer, but there is nothing to prove it. It must be stressed that the majority of comparanda for the rim-forms, most of which are from outside the Fayum, while probably of the general shape of the ‘Magdola’ Type, would not have had either Spike 1 or Spike 2: they are not ‘Magdola’ Type jars. It cannot be shown, moreover, that ‘Magdola’ Spike 2, from Magdola, Tell el-Ma’raka, Deir el-Tin, Ghoran J, and from Mashgiga, goes with the shape of jar that is furnished with Spike 1. Some Polemon amphorae, with Spike 2, came from areas at Magdola that are principally Ptolemaic, and the site-dates of others stretch from Ptolemaic times into the early Roman period. The Spike 2 fragment from Tell el-Ma’raka has a comparandum from Naukratis with a suggested context of the mid-first century BC. However, a Ptolemaic amphora with such a long and narrow lower body, as some of the spikes from Polemon must have had, has not been traced by me, and they are better seen as being simply from Type AE 3 amphorae, whether of ‘Magdola’ Type or not. The ‘Magdola’ jars with Spike 1, and the unrecognised amphora that had Spike 2, were no doubt made in the part of the Fayum in which they were found during the survey, and several of them came from slag-mounds which hide pottery workshops, at Kom Khamsini and Magdola. From the probable dating of the mounds from which many of them came, several initially abandoned early in the mid-Roman period, the jars with this shape, together with their channelled rim-forms and one or other of the two spikes, are most likely to be of the first two centuries AD and perhaps into the third century. However, Tomber 2007, 525-36, divides AE 3 amphorae from the Eastern Desert into two subtypes, AE 3a and AE 3b: jars close to the ‘Magdola’ shape (but with different spikes) fall squarely into AE 3b. The Eastern Desert evidence suggests that very few AE 3b amphorae are of mid-firstcentury AD date, but are most frequently found from Hadrianic times through the third century. This perhaps points to a tighter chronology for the ‘Magdola’ Type, which thus may not have commenced production before the second century AD. The many examples of Spike 1 in Polemon, from several areas of Magdola and elsewhere, are all unmeasured and unillustrated, as are many Spike 2, and the body sherds. For a discussion of ‘Magdola’ Type jars, see Bailey 2007c, 227-37. The other Type A mouths found in Polemon and Themistos came respectively from Kom Talit, Magdola, Tell el-Ma’raka, Medinet Ghoran and Abu Nour; and from Aliun Village, Dionysias, Medinet Quta and Philoteris. Most of these are substantially different from the ‘Magdola’ Type rims just discussed. Those from Kom Talit and Abu Nour may or may not be local products, and those from Magdola and Tell el-Ma’raka may be imports. Most are probably of the same date as the ‘Magdola’ Type jars, of the second century AD and perhaps a little earlier and later; some unillustrated examples, all body or neck sherds or handles may be of any date within the long time-span of Type A jars; those from Deir el-Banat will be late in the sequence. The rim-forms can sometimes be paralleled, (as Spencer 1996, pl. 46, 13, from Tell el. Balamun in the northern Delta) but, as noted above, the body shape nor the spike need not conform, particularly in jars from distant places: for example, the rim-form comparanda noted below that come from Mons Porphyrites are very unlikely to have the body shapes of the Polemon amphorae to which the rims are analogous. Other AE 3 amphorae

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from the Fayum are noted below (they are few indeed), but many do not parallel or cannot be shown to parallel our Polemon or Themistos material, particularly the ‘Magdola’ Type jar: Grenfell, Hunt and Hogarth 1900, pl. XIIIb, 2 complete examples from Euhemeria (see here further below, Appendix I, pp. 305-324). Caton Thompson and Gardner 1934, pl. XCVIII, 7, from Medinet Quta. Fakhry 1941, pl. CXXXIII, from Medinet Quta. Schwartz and Wild 1950, pl. XIa and e, from a well at Dionysias (perhaps near a Spike 1 of a ‘Magdola’ Type). Bresciani 1968, pl. LXI, 1-2, from Narmouthis. Ballet 1992, 19, from Tebtunis - discussed but not illustrated (but see Marchand 2009). Davoli 1995, 76, 151-2, from Bacchias. Pollard 1998, 156, fig. 4a, from Karanis. Marchand 1999, 188, fig. 5 (mouth only), from Tebtunis. A large dump of AE 3 amphorae noted at Soknopaiou Nesos in 1999 are of a narrow, smoothbodied form (Tomber’s AE 3a: 2007, 525-36), unlike most from the Fayum. They may have reached the site by road from the north. The majority of the Egyptian Type A Amphorae illustrated and listed here are of ‘Magdola’ Type and a date for these later than the third century AD is unlikely. Most of the comparanda listed below are of mouths and spikes, not complete vessels. Catalogued sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village 1103, 1120, 1152, 1155, 1163, 1168, 1172, 1185-7, 1189, 1195-6; Desert west of Quta 1135-7, 1176; Dionysias 1097, 1109, 1119, 1134, 1151, 1154, 1167, 1178, 1180, 1182, 1202, 1205, 1214; Dionysias Roman cemetery 1115, 1173, 1190, 1201, 1218; Euhemeria 1105, 1110-12, 1126-31, 1141-3, 1157-8, 1165, 1181, 1192-3, 1206, 1210; Kom Aliun cemeteries 1138, 1159, 1162, 1164; Medinet Quta 1094-5, 1101, 1114, 1125, 1146-8, 1171, 1203; Philoteris 1102, 1104, 1106-7, 1113, 1118, 1123-4, 1140, 1145, 1149-50, 1153, 1160-61, 1177, 1179, 1188, 1197-9, 1200, 1208-9, 1211, 1215-17, 1219; Philoteris basins 1108, 1156, 1191, 1194, 1213; Philoteris extramural building 1174, 1220; Philoteris south-east cemetery 1221-2; Tell el-Kenissa 1175; Theadelphia 1096, 1098-1099-1100, 1116-17, 1121-2, 1132-3, 1139, 1144, 1166, 1169-70, 1183-4, 1204, 1207, 1212. CATALOGUE Egyptian wine jars of “Magdola” Type (AE 3b; see Fig. 2 below): Themistos examples The AE 3b jars listed here were first noted in some number at the village of Magdola (Medinet en-Nehas) in 1997, and are here designated as being of ‘Magdola’ Type. Roberta Tomber (2007, 525-38), has suggested that AE 3 jars can be divided into two main groups: smooth bodies (AE 3a) and ribbed bodies (AE 3b). Examples of AE 3b came from several of the sites examined on the south-western desert edge of the Fayum, in the Merides of Polemon and Themistos, stretching from Kom Talit to Philoteris..

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It is very probable that amphorae close to and near the rim-forms and body shapes of Bailey 2007c, 235-6, figs 1-2, from Kom Talit, Kom el-Khamsini, Magdola, Tell el-Ma’raka, Deir el-Tin, Medinet Ghoran and Ghoran J, had the glans-like ‘Magdola’ Spike 1 of ibid., 235, fig. 1, 7, found at several of the same sites in the Polemon District. From the District of Themistos the same rim-forms came from Aliun Village and Aliun cemetery, and Spike 1 from Aliun Village; they also came from Theadelphia, Euhemeria and Philoteris. Ibid., 235, fig. 1, nos 1-9 have channelled rims, ranging from level to sloping upwards and inwards; the differences in rim-form may be chronological, but there is nothing to prove it: they may be the whim of individual potters and workshops. The several rimforms found during the surveys which differ from the channelled rims of the ‘Magdola’ Type may be of any date within the very long time-span of AE 3 jars; some may be imports from other parts of Egypt, but some came from the same potters’ mounds that produced the ‘Magdola’ Type amphorae, although they were not necessarily made in the workshops concerned (none is a waster). But channelled rims do not make a ‘Magdola’ Type amphora: for example, the rim-form of some second to third-century AD AE 3 amphorae from kiln-sites on the south shore of Lake Mareotis (Empereur and Picon 1998, 77, fig. 4) are close to ours, but their lower necks, bodies and spikes are, however, totally different, and they are not of a Nile silt fabric. The comparanda noted for all the rims of our ‘Magdola’ Type jars that are similar to the illustrated examples consist mainly of fragments of mouths and necks: few complete amphorae have been located, or examples with a considerable part of the body. No examples at all of Spike 1 from areas in Egypt other than the south-west Fayum have been noted. For Spike 2, see Bailey 2007c, 236, fig. 2, 16-19, examples of which have been found at Magdola, Deir el-Tin, Tell el Ma’raka, Ghoran J and Mashgiga Narmouthis; Tebtunis in the District of Polemon, at Theadelphia, Euhemeria, Medinet Quta, Dionysias, and Philoteris in the Themistos District; see also, well scattered, Bacchias; Karanis; Soknopaiou Nesos.

CATALOGUE Themistos examples: level channelled rims (1093a-1114) 1093a. Euhemeria 2001. Village mound L. about 12.0 cm. Straight part of an amphora handle with a complete rectangular stamp with relief letters: ΔE or PE, above two bars. Nile silt clay, probably Ptolemaic. Römer’s Euhemeria stamp 8, but probably not Rhodian. 1093b. Not Used. 1094-5. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, Rim D. 11.0 cm. Smooth-necked amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS. Plus:another similar: rim D.11.0 cm. 1096. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Smooth-necked amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS with thick grey core; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside and inside mouth: for this process, see salt induction of surfaces during manufacture (see Peacock and Williams 1986, 45 (not mentioned in every catalogue entry). 1097. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Smooth-necked amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS with a grey-brown core and a few sand inclusions 1098. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Smooth-necked amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS with thick grey core; buff surface (salt-induced during manufacture?): see Peacock and Williams 1986, 45. 1099-1100. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Smooth-necked amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Brown NS with dark brown core. Plus: another closely similar in form and fabric: rim D. 11.0 cm.

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1101. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles: pitched inside and on top of rim. Orange-brown NS. 1102. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps, Rim D. 14.0 cm. Smooth-necked amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS, grey core. 1103. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, east end. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Red-brown NS, with thick grey core; buff surface (salt induced?) outside: for this, see Peacock and Wlliams 1986, 45. 1104. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Brown NS. 1105. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Dark brown NS, burnt black inside and out. 1106. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Reddish-brown NS; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1107. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Smooth-necked amphora mouth. Brown NS, with grey core; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside and on top of rim. 1108. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Brown NS, with buff surface. 1109. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS with some mica and a grey-brown core; reddish sand grits. Surface eroded 1110-12. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Red-brown NS, with dark and light sand inclusions; buff surface. Plus: two similar in shape and fabric: both rims D. 10.0 cm. 1113. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Red-brown NS; pale buff surface and inside mouth. 1114. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Smooth-necked amphora mouth. Orange-brown NS. Everted, channelled rims (1115-1117) 1115. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Brown NS with grey-brown core and dark grits. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 749, fig. 57a, from Hawara, dated first century AD. 1116. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Orangebrown NS with thick grey core; buff surface on rim. 1117. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Light brown NS. Everted rims, channelled, with inner, upward-sloping rim (1118-1173) 1118. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS, with brown core; traces of buff surface. 1119. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Light brown NS with a darker brown core and a little mica and black and white sand grits; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1120. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 3. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Brown NS; buff surface outside.

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1121-2. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound: the ash/clinker mound to the east. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS with brown core; buff surface. Plus: another similar in shape, in orange-brown NS, with a thick grey core: rim D. 12.0 cm 1123. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Brown NS, with dark-brown core. 1124. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Brown NS, with some large dark sand inclusions; buff surface (salt-induced?), outside. 1125. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Ribbed? amphora mouth. Orange-brown NS. 1126-31. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Orange-brown NS, with grey-brown core. Plus: five examples, similar in rimform: rim D. 11.0 (× 3); 12.0; 13.0 cm. 1132-3. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Brown NS with; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. Plus: another, close in shape and fabric, also buff outside: rim D. 11.0 cm. 1134. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Micaceous orange-brown NS with a grey core. 1135-7. From interior of mud-plastered hut in the desert west of modern Quta. Rim D. 15.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS with brown core. Plus:two more body sherds of AE 3 amphorae, one pitched inside. 1138. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom E, cemetery. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth, with high-placed handles. Brown NS; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1139. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Brown NS. 1140. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS, with grey core; traces of buff surface. 1141. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Orangebrown NS, with thick grey core; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1142. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Pink-brown NS, with pale brown core and many dark sand inclusions; areas of thin buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. Probably not local. 1143. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Brown NS, with thick pale brown core. 1144. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Red-brown NS. 1145. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Brown NS; buff surface (salt-induced?), outside. 1146-8. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS; pitched inside and on top of rim. Plus:two others similar in shape and fabric: both rim D. 11.0 cm; one is pitched inside and on top of the rim. 1149-50. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Light brown NS. Plus:another close in orange-brown NS, with dark grey core and buff slip outside (salt-induced?): rim D. 12.0 cm. 1151. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS with a brown core. 1152. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, stone houses at west. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth, with high-placed handles. Brown NS, with light-brown core; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside.

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1153. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Brown NS, with grey-brown core. 1154. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Red-brown NS with some mica and a thick grey core; buff exterior (salt-induced?). 1155. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 3. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Orange-brown NS, with some sand inclusions. 1156. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Brown NS. 1157-8. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Brown NS, grey inside. Plus: another with the same rim-form: D. 11.0 cm. 1159. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Orange-brown NS, with sand inclusions and some mica. 1160. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Orange-brown NS. 1161. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS, with grey core. 1162. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom E, cemetery. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth, with high-placed handles. Brown NS. 1163. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, stone houses at west. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth, with high-placed handles. Brown NS. 1164. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth, with high-placed handles. Orange-brown NS, with some mica; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1165. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Rim D.12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Brown NS, with buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1166. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 14.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Red-brown NS with thick brown core. 1167. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Brown NS with dark and light sand grits; buff exterior (salt-induced?). 1168. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep, Rim D. 11.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth, with high-placed handles. Red-brown NS, with thick grey core; buff surface (salt induced?) outside. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 743, fig. 51a, from Hawara, dated second century AD. 1169-70. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Brown NS; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. Plus: another close in shape: brown NS with a thin grey core: rim D. 10.0 cm. Comparandum: Spencer 1996, pl. 46, 13, from Tell el- Balamun in the northern Delta: Ptolemaic – third century BC or later. 1171. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth. Orangebrown NS with grey core. 1172. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 3. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth, with high-placed handles. Brown NS, with grey-brown core; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1173. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 9.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with highplaced handles. Pale brown NS, with thin grey core and some white grits. Other AE 3 mouths, not necessarily of “Magdola” Type, including examples with unrecognised diagnostic details (1174-1179) 1174. Philoteris, 2002. Extramural building = the gymnasium. Not measured, not illustrated. Ribbed neck of an AE 3 amphora.

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1175. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Not measured, not illustrated. Ribbed neck of an AE 3 amphora. Comparandum: not unlike 1053, an amphora from Tell el-Kenissa. 1176. From pottery scatter found by Sa’ad Mohammed, in the desert north-west of modern Quta, 2005. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Amphora mouth with knobbed rim and high-placed handles. Orangebrown NS with thick grey-brown core. Near 1053 from Tell el-Kenissa. Plus:a few coarseware sherds of unidentified pottery shapes. 1177. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Rim D. 12.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with knobbed rim and small high-placed handles. Micaceous dark grey-brown NS. 1178. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. Rim D. 11.0 cm. Amphora mouth with a knobbed rim and high-placed handles. Micaceous orange-brown NS with a brown core; black and white sand grits. 1179. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Ribbed amphora mouth with high-placed handles. Red-brown NS, with brown inner surface and thick grey-brown core; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. Magdola Spike 1 (1180-1200) Magdola Spike 1 has a glans-shaped termination attached to a smooth lower extension. They seem to occur only on Fayumic amphorae like Bailey 2007c, 235, fig. 1, 7. Several are pitched inside. 1180. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. H. 15.4 cm. Spike 1: pitched inside. Pinkish-brown NS with a grey-brown core. 1181. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. H.15.2 cm. Spike 1: pitched inside. Orange-brown NS, grey inside. 1182. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. H. 8.5 cm. Spike 1: pitched inside. Orange-brown NS with a pale grey core, and some mica and black and white sand inclusions. 1183. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. H. 11.8 cm. Spike 1: pitched inside. Micaceous brown NS with thick brown core. 1184. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. H. 12.4 cm. Spike 1: pitched inside. Micaceous brown NS with thick brown core. 1185-7. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 1. H. 8.6 cm. Spike 1. Reddish NS, with buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1188. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. H. 9.4 cm. Spike 1. Brown NS, with white sand inclusions and thick grey core. 1189. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, Slag Mound 3. H. 11.3 cm. Spike 1, pitched inside. Orange-brown NS. 1190. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. H. 11.5 cm. Spike 1. Orange-brown NS, with thick brown core; some white grits. 1191. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. H. 11.3 cm. Spike 1; pitched inside. Dark buff-brown NS. 1192-3. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. H.12.3 cm. Spike 1: pitched inside. Light brown NS, grey inside; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. Plus: another similar in shape and fabric; much pitch inside: H. 11.5 cm. 1194. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. H. 9.2 cm. Spike 1; pitched inside. Orange-buff NS. 1195. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, First Sweep. Not measured, not illustrated. Part of Spike 1. 1196. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, stone houses at west. H. 5.6 cm. Not illustrated. Tip of Spike 1. Orange-brown silt, with thick grey core.

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1197-9. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. H. 13.2 cm. Spike 1 (transitional to or from Spike 2). Brown NS; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. Plus:two others similar in form and fabric: H. 12.0 and 9.0 cm. 1200. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. H. 14.0 cm. Spike 1 (transitional to or from Spike 2); pitched inside. Red-brown NS, with grey interior; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. Magdola Spike 2 (1201-1214) The shape of the AE 3 amphora which had Magdola spike 2 has not been identified by me. No Spike 1 was noticed at Medinet Quta, but several Spike 2 were found. Many Spike 2 were noticed in the Roman cemetery of Dionysias; very few Spike 1. Several Spike 2 amphorae are pitched inside. Examples of Spike 2 from Hawara have now been published in Marchand 2009, 710, Fig. 1d, context fourth to seventh century AD; 749, Fig. 57b, context first to second century AD; and 788, Fig. 109, context first to second century AD. 1201. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. H. 10.5 cm. Spike 2. Brown NS, grey inside, with many white grits. 1202. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. H. 8.5 cm. Spike 2: pitched inside. Orange-brown NS with a thick grey core. 1203. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. H. 8.1 cm. Spike 2. Orange-brown NS, drab brown inside; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1204. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. H. 9.5 cm. Spike 2: pitched inside. Dark brown NS. 1205. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. H. 8.7 cm. Knobbed spike 2, pitched at bottom inside. Orange-brown NS, grey inside. 1206. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. H. 10.0 cm. Spike 2, pitched at bottom inside. Redbrown NS, grey-brown inside; buff outer surface (salt induced?). 1207. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. H. 9.0 cm. Spike 2: pitched inside. Red-brown NS; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1208. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. H. 9.4 cm. Spike 2. Brown NS, grey-brown inside. 1209. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. H. 8.6 cm. Spike 2. Orangebrown NS, grey-brown inside. 1210. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh’ wall’. H. 7.2 cm. Spike 2. Red NS, dark grey inside; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1211. Philoteris, 2000. First Sweep, Western rubbish dumps. H. 8.6 cm. Spike 2; traces of pitch inside. Orange-brown NS, grey inside. 1212. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. H. 7.7 cm. Spike 2. Hard red-brown NS, purple-brown inside; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1213. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. H. 13.8 cm. Spike 2; pitched inside. Light orange-brown NS, with grey interior; many dark sand inclusions. 1214. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area B. H. 14.7 cm. Spike 2: pitched inside. Orange-brown NS with a thick grey core, a little mica and a few white grits. Ringed and ribbed spikes: mostly Spike 2 variants (1215-1220) 1215-17. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. H. 10.40 cm. Spike 2 (ringed); pitched inside. Red-brown NS. Plus:two others similar: H. 10.0 and 7.0 cm.

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1218. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. H. 15.0 cm. Spike 2 (ringed): pitched inside. Micaceous red-brown NS, brown inside. 1219. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. H. 12.40 cm. Spike 2 (ribbed); pitched inside. Red-brown NS, with grey interior; buff surface (salt-induced?) outside. 1220. Philoteris, 2002. North (extramural building = the gymnasium). H. 8.3 cm. Spike 1 (ribbed). Brown NS, fired black inside; many sand particles. Very eroded. 1221. Philoteris, 2002. South-east cemetery, Area B. Nothing diagnostic was noted: other than a few sherds of AE 3 amphorae. Not measured, not illustrated. 1222. Philoteris, 2002. South-east cemetery, Area D. Not measured, not illustrated. Only a few sherds of AE 3 amphorae were recognisable. The AE3b jars can be handsome vessels, as can be seen from examples found at Magdola in the Polemon District (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2: An example of an AE3b jar, about one metre tall, found in a potters’ mound at Magdola in the Polemon District of the Fayum (Bailey 2007c, 227-37).

CHAPTER 16 EGYPTIAN LATE ROMAN AMPHORAE 7 (HERMOPOLIS MAGNA TYPE B) Type B amphorae, as they were called during the British Museum excavations at Hermopolis Magna (Bailey et al., 1982, 55; Bailey 1998, 129-35) replaced the normally larger capacity Type A jars (mostly AE 3b) as the almost ubiquitous wine receptacle and carrier of Egyptian wine, about the turn of the fifth century AD. These small wine-amphorae, well-known throughout Egypt and the Mediterranean as Riley 1981 (Humphrey, Excavations at Carthage vi, Ann Arbor, known generally as Riley’s Late Roman Amphora 7); Peacock and Williams 1986, Class 52; Tomber and Williams 2000, 44, fig. 2, 8-13; Lawall 2003,177-9; Pyke 2005, 213-43, were probably in production from the beginning of the fifth century, and hugely plentiful, until at least the ninth century AD and probably later. They are extremely plentiful throughout Egypt, and many were located and recorded during the Rathbone Polemon Survey, fewer in the Römer Themistos Survey, but only at sites which have late Roman and Arab-period contexts. They are overwhelmingly of the same Nile silt fabric as the Type A jars, which is to be expected, and, like them, were made all over Egypt with local differences of shape. Although there is a general change in shape from jars with tall narrow necks and rounded shoulders to those with squat necks and low-angled, often level, shoulders, this sequence does not always hold firm: the first shape is usually early and the second shape is always late. For example, at Deir el-Naqlun, in the Fayum, many of the Late Roman 7 amphorae found are round-shouldered with tall narrow necks, but are no earlier than the seventh and eighth century, and possibly later (Godlewski, ed. 1990b, 59, 21, 60, 22). Also at el-Naqlun, examples of the eighth and early ninth century (Górecki 2001, 166, fig. 3) have low-angled shoulders with a rather tall neck. At Fustat square-shouldered jars came from an eighth-century deposit (Scanlon 1974, pl. XXIXa). Some of the comparanda noted below have contexts of the ninth and tenth century AD for these late jars. A recent study of examples from Amarna (Pyke 2005, 213-43) shows the lack of low-angled shouldered forms at that site, which appears to have been abandoned before the middle of the seventh century (see Faiers 2005, 267); Pyke 2005, 219, suggests a date about AD 430-620 for the range of mainly round-shouldered Late Roman Amphora 7 at the Kom el-Nana monastery site at Amarna. Pyke illustrates many LR7 amphorae (a few noted here), most of which have rounded shoulders, and eighth-tenth century jars with low concave shoulders and low mouths, like 1241-57. Round-shouldered, closely rilled shoulders, similar to 1230-35, Pyke 2005, 241, EA73521, probably fall within the AD 430-620 date range of the bulk of Kom el-Nana examples. Although the Egyptian Type A jar (AE 3) is normally larger than the Type B (Late Roman 7) jar, the few measurements that have been made indicate that their capacities do not always agree with this apparent situation. There are some Type A jars which hold no more than some Type B amphorae (Bailey 1998, 125-7 and 129-30). Pyke 2005, 217 discusses capacities of this type of wine-jar. Leases concerning sixth to seventh-century potters and wine-growers are known – see Bailey 1998, 130, and these must refer to Type B amphorae. Very few mouths from Late Roman 7 jars were found during the Römer Themistos Survey, most drawable sherds being from the shoulder part of the amphora and occasionally including part of the upper body. Rounded shoulders are catalogued as Themistos 1223-1240, and are probably

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of the beginning of the fifth to the early seventh century AD; low-angled or level shoulders, of the eighth and ninth centuries, include Themistos 1241-1257. Few spikes were noted and none was drawn, as these often very solid features have little or no chronological implication, and sometimes cannot be distinguished from spikes of AE 3 jars. The late Roman or early Arab jar 1246 is the only Type B amphora yet found in Euhemeria, where it may be a few hundred years later than the abandonment of the village. It may have been left behind by a robber of the ruins. Catalogued sherds of Late Roman 7 jars and their find-spots Aliun Village 1250; Dionysias 1224, 1227-9, 1235; Euhemeria 1246; Kom Aliun cemeteries 1236-7; Kom Aliun, near the church 1223, 1238, 1241-3, 1245, 1248, 1257; Kom el-Arka 1225, 1232-3, 1256; Kom Hamouli 1230-31, 1234, 1244, 1249, 1251; Kom Hamouli cemetery 1247; Tell el-Kenissa 1239-40, 1252-5; Theadelphia 1226.

CATALOGUE Late Roman 7 amphorae (early examples): 1223-1240 1223. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near the church. Rim D. 7.0 cm. Neck (ribbed and plain) and mouth, pitched inside, with handles. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with grey core. Comparandum:Pyke 2005, 219, from Kom el-Nana, Amarna, and dated between AD 430 and 620, a date that encompasses much of the pottery at that site. 1224. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Rim D. 6.5 cm. Plain neck with knobbed rim; two handles Micaceous orange-brown NS. 1225. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. Shoulder D. 16.0 cm. Upper body and shoulder (ribbed) and lower neck (plain). Micaceous brown NS. Comparanda: Pyke 2005, 227, KN 1 and 235, KN 18. 1226. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. c.16.0 cm. Shoulder sherd, ribbed and plain. Orange-brown NS, with some sand inclusions. 1227. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Shoulder D. 20.0 cm. Shoulder sherd, plain and ribbed. Micaceous orange-brown NS, darker brown inside. Comparandum: Pyke 2005, 227, KN 2. 1228-9. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Shoulder D. 18.0 cm. Shoulder sherd, ribbed. Micaceous orange-brown NS. Reddish-brown outside. Plus:another similar. 1230-31. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. Shoulder D. 22.0 cm. Upper body and shoulder, with narrow ribs. Brown NS with grey core. Plus:another example: brown NS: shoulder D. 18.0 cm. 1232-3. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Shoulder D. 20.0 cm. Upper body and lower shoulder, with narrow ribs. Micaceous orange-brown NS, with a grey core. Comparandum:Pyke 2005, KN 12. Plus:vitrified waster of a lower body of a LR 7 amphora, found in a slag dump in Area B. 1234. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. Shoulder D. 19.0 cm. Upper body and shoulder; wide and narrow ribs. Brown NS with grey interior; red slip on outside. 1235. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. Shoulder D. c.17.0 cm. Upper body, lower shoulder, ribbed; springs of lower handles. Micaceous red-brown NS, brown inside.

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1236. Kom Aliun, 1999. Cemetery, north-west end of Kom C. Shoulder D. 18.0 cm. Shoulder sherd only; wide and narrow ribbing. Micaceous brown NS. 1237. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. Too small and eroded to draw; not measured. Two rounded shoulder sherds; some body sherds with heavy ribbing also noticed. Micaceous brown NS, but individual details of fabric not recorded. 1238. Kom Aliun, 2000. Outlier of Kom 3, near church. Shoulder D. 16.0 cm. Upper ribbed body and rounded plain lower shoulder. Brown NS. 1239. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Shoulder D. 20.0 cm. Shoulder and upper body; wide and narrow ribs. Micaceous brown NS. 1240. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Shoulder D. 20.0 cm. Upper body, shoulder (ribbed) and start of neck. Micaceous brown NS. Late Roman 7 amphorae (late examples): 1241-1257 1241-3. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near church. Shoulder D. 19.0 cm. Rilled upper body and sloping lower shoulder. Orange-brown NS, with grey-brown interior. Plus:two others similar in shape and fabric: shoulder D. of both: 19.0 cm. 1244. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. Shoulder D. 20.0 cm. Upper body (plain) and ribbed shoulder. Micaceous brown NS; surfaces eroded inside and out. 1245. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 1, church. Shoulder D. 16.0 cm. Upper body (plain) and sloping ribbed shoulder. Orange-brown NS, the outside eroded. 1246. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Shoulder D. 20.0 cm. Upper body (plain) and lower ribbed shoulder. Two of the shoulder mouldings have been cut, after firing, into rows of rhomboid decorative patterns. Micaceous brown NS, with red-brown core. 1247. Kom Hamouli, 2001. Cemetery. Shoulder D. 22.0 cm. Ribbed upper body and shoulder. Fabric not recorded. 1248. Kom Aliun, 2000. Kom 3, near church. Shoulder D. 22.0 cm. Plain upper body, sloping shoulder (with handle-scars) and start of neck. Reddish brown NS, with a brown core. 1249. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Village mound. Shoulder D. 18.0 cm. Ribbed upper body and shoulder. Fabric not recorded. 1250. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, east end. Shoulder D. 20.0 cm. ribbed upper body, start of shoulder, separately made and joined. Brown NS. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 723, fig. 20d, from Hawara, dated seventh to tenth century AD. 1251. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. Shoulder D. 20.0 cm. Ribbed upper body and shoulder. Red-brown NS with mica and a thin grey core. 1252. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Shoulder D. 16.0 cm. Ribbed body and shoulder, and plain neck of amphora (rim lost), with handles; neck applied to shoulder. Micaceous red-brown NS. 1253-5. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. Shoulder D. 19.0 cm. Ribbed shoulder. Micaceous brown NS. Plus: two other examples close in profile; one is pitched. Diameters not determinable. 1256. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. Shoulder D. 19.0 cm. Ribbed upper body and shoulder, and plain lower neck. Micaceous brown NS. 1257. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near church. Shoulder D. 19.0 cm. Ribbed upper body, shoulder and lower neck; applied handles. Fabric not noted.

CHAPTER 17 LAMPS The pottery lamps found during the Römer Themistos Survey range in date from the Ptolemaic period until early medieval times, that is about the second century BC until the ninth century AD. Catalogued lamps and their find-spots Dionysias 1264; Euhemeria 1267; Kom Aliun cemetery 1265, 1269-1271; Kom Hamouli 1272, 1274, 1275a-b-1277; Medinet Quta 1261-2; Philoteris 1258-60, 1263, 1266, 1268; Tell el-Kenissa 1273. CATALOGUE Ptolemaic and neo-Hellenistic lamps (1258-1263) The six Ptolemaic and early Roman lamps from the Themistos Meris (1258-1263) are all mouldmade, of Nile silt. It is difficult to establish their places of manufacture, whether within the Fayum or elsewhere in Egypt, but the clay could have been brought into the Fayum by way of the Bahr Yusef canal. These six lamps were found at Philoteris on the main westward canal, and at Medinet Quta, in the west and far west of the Fayum. Comparanda suggest a second to first-century BC date for some of them. The comparanda from Karanis can be ignored as a firm chronological source (Pollard 1998). Two workshop marks have survived on the Frog-type lamps 1264 and 1265. The letter alpha, found so often on Egyptian lamps of Ptolemaic times and later (see Młynarczyk 1997, 111-15) on neo-Hellenistic lamps of the Roman period (and on Frog-type lamps, also of the Roman period (see Petrie 1905b, passim, and Bailey 1988, 130, fig. 135), does not occur on the lamps that were recovered. The term neo-Hellenistic is useful to describe such lamps, as their general shape is a continuation of lamps made in the Ptolemaic period, but the lamps themselves are mainly of the first two centuries AD, and possibly later. Młynarczyk 1997, 100-104 (Type S) has an excellent discussion of the types of lamp into which many neo-Hellenistic lamps largely fall. A late-first century to earlyfourth-century AD date is possible for the full range of the type. 1258. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Second Sweep. L. 6.8 cm. Almost complete mouldmade lamp with unpierced lug on its left side, and dished area round the filling-hole. It has a slightly raised oval base. Simple raised pattern on top of the nozzle. Pinkish-brown NS with some mica. Comparandum:nearMłynarczyk 1997, 129, fig. 7, Type A, from Alexandria.

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1259. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Second Sweep. L. 5.5 cm. Upper part of a mouldmade lamp; dished area round filling-hole. Pinkish-brown NS. Comparanda: near Młynarczyk 1997, 133, fig. 41, Type E, from Alexandria; Shier 1978, pl. 13, no. 36, from Karanis. 1260. Philoteris, 2003. Village mound, Second Sweep. L. 6.4 cm. Upper part of a mouldmade lamp: dished area and row of impressed circles round filling-hole; very worn, with obscure patterns on shoulder and nozzle-top; unpierced lug on right side. Brown NS. Comparandum: near Shier 1978, pl.13, no 33, from Karanis. 1261. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound. L. c.7.0 cm. Lower fragment with a long, roundtipped nozzle of a mouldmade lamp with a raised base-ring. Pinkish clay, probably NS. Comparanda:near Młynarczyk 1997, 138, fig. 87, Type J., from Alexandria; Petrie 1905b, pl. LIX, 66. Probably first to second century AD. 1262. Medinet Quta, 2003. Village mound. L. c. 5.0 cm. Lamp fragment, perhaps multinozzled, with a complex top and upper shoulder decoration: orientation of the pattern uncertain. Mouldmade, with a filling-hole used as a wick-hole (soot deposit). Pink clay, probably NS. Ptolemaic, second to first century BC. 1263. Philoteris, 2003. Sixth Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. L. 5.5 cm. Upper part of a mouldmade lamp: double mouldings round filling-hole, and a bound pierced ring-handle. Brown NS, blackened in places. Frog-type lamps (1264-1271) The Frog lamp and the Frog-type lamp (same shapes, but no frog) were made in huge numbers at many centres in Egypt from at least the second century AD until the fifth century, with some local variants extending even later (see Bailey 1988, Q 2125-2198) and the redating by Kathryn Knowles of some of these, from Mons Claudianus, Knowles 2006, in Bailey 1991, 41-2, to Trajanic and Severan times (see Knowles 2006, 307-426: archaeological and documentary evidence were widely used as dating tools throughout Knowles’ exemplary publication); see also Bailey 2007a and b. Many of the Frog-type lamps found in the Fayum are in marl clays, and others are in Nile siltware: most are probably imports, from manufacturing areas away from the oasis. Two complete Frog-type lamps (1264-5) show how different lamps of these types can appear. Lamps 1264-8 are examples of Frog-type lamps of Trajanic-Antonine date; 1269 to 1271 are parts of late local variants from the cemetery of Kom Aliun (probably Severan). See the Hermopolite Nile-silt versions of Frog-type lamps in Bailey 1998, 143-5. 1264. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. L. 8.4 cm. Complete Frog lamp, mouldmade: top decorated with slightly raised abstract patterns, forming a frog; incuse palm-branch pattern underneath. Fine, light-buff marlware, a thin clay, with pale purple areas. Comparandum: near, but more crude: compare Shier 1978, pl. 27, 212, from Karanis. 1265. Kom Aliun, 1999. Village mound, uncertain area; found by one of the personnel. L. 8.3 cm. Complete Frog-type lamp. Mouldmade: leaves on shoulders; ladder-pattern on top of nozzle; sunken palm-leaf underneath. Buff marlware. Comparanda: close to Shier 1978, pl. 23, no. 153; pl. 22, no. 151, from Karanis. 1266. Philoteris, 2003. Village mound, Fourth Sweep, near Southern Bathhouse. L. 4.2 cm. Frog-type lamp, mouldmade: left-side top fragment, with raised bosses and palm-branch. Yellow-buff marlware. Comparandum: close to Shier 1978, pl. 20, 125; from Karanis. Bibl. Römer 2004, Map of Watfa (Philoteris), South of Bath House C. 1267. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. L. 4.2 cm. Frog-type lamp, mouldmade: right-side top fragment, with raised bosses and palm-branch. Pale brown-buff (NS and marl mix). Comparanda: close to Shier 1978, pl. 20, nos 126-129, from Karanis.

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1268. Philoteris, 2002. North (extramural) building = the gymnasium. L. 5.2 cm. Frog-type lamp, mouldmade: left side fragment, with large ring-and-dot and ladder patterns; small base-ring. Buff-coloured to pale brown NS. Comparandum:near Shier 1978, pl. 23, no. 162, from Karanis: Trajanic to Severan. 1269. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. L. 6.0 cm. Frog-type lamp fragment, mouldmade: top only, rear and left side, with domed top; shoulder and filling-hole area defined by grooves and containing two rows of impressed points. Buff marlware. 1270. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. L. 7.0 cm. Frog-type lamp fragment, mouldmade: left side, with domed top; groove defining filling-hole area, which is decorated with large depressed points; short grooves on nozzle-top; sunken base-ring underneath. Buff marlware, pinkish-purple in places; very abraded. 1271. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. L. 6.7 cm. Frog-type lamp fragment, mouldmade: upper side only, with domed top; nozzle largely lost. On top, the shoulder and filling-hole area are defined by grooves and contain a row of large circular depressions divided by radiating grooves each terminating in small sunken points. Buff marlware, much abraded. Late Roman mouldmade lamps (1272-1274) These carinated, elongated lamps probably fall by shape into the Late Buff-ware Class of Hayes 1980b, 129-31, nos 526-9, examples of which have been found in the Fayum, and some perhaps at Herakleopolis Magna (Ehnasiya in Middle Egypt), others at Akoris, and also Hermopolis Magna (see Petrie 1905b, pl. LXII; Bailey 1998,147); they are probably of the late sixth and the seventh century AD. 1272. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. L. 6.5 cm. Lamp fragment, mouldmade: rear and right side survive: pointed oval, carinated and elongated; with a sunken filling-hole area and traces of an applied handle; plain shoulder, oval base, sunken slightly within. The surface is much corroded and damaged by fire. Grey clay (NS?) with patchy dark grey and orange surface. Comparandum:Hayes 1980b, no. 490, from Middle Egypt. 1273. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound. Second Sweep. L. 8.3 cm. Lamp fragment, mouldmade: pointed oval, carinated and elongated; left side top with decoration of raised lines and raised points. Light brown marlware with a little mica and a buff surface: Aswan fabric?; perhaps Abu Mena Buff Ware. Comparandum:Hayes 1980b, no. 529, from Middle Egypt. 1274. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. L. c.5.0 cm. Rear fragment of mouldmade lamp carinated and elongated, with a plain shoulder and some radiates in relief on top; flat oval base. Pale red-brown NS. Arab-period wheelmade lamps (1275-1277) Lamps similar to these appear to date largely between the eighth and the tenth century AD, and they developed eventually into the vitreous-glazed Fatimid-Mamluke lamps so prevalent in Egypt, particularly at Fustat (see Bailey 2001, 131, no. 27, with other references). All four lamp fragments were found in the Arab-period mound (not in its cemetery) of Kom Hamouli, on the western side of the Fayum depression. 1275b and 1276 are Nile-silt products; 1275a is in a marl fabric. For an example from Tebtunis of the second half of the ninth century see M.-O. Rousset and S. Marchand, 2001, 448, fig 35h. Some have a single nozzle, others two nozzles placed side-by-side. 1275a. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. L. 5.5 cm. Lamp fragment, wheel-made: part of the body, and a low-placed applied handmade nozzle. Brown NS.

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1275b. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. L. c.5.0 cm. Lamp fragment, wheel-made: short applied handmade nozzle, with part of the body. Buff marlware. 1276. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Village mound. W. 7.0 cm. Lamp fragment, wheel-made: front part of body, with two applied handmade cylindrical nozzles. The nozzles were pierced from their outer tips. Part of one wick, consisting of coarse vegetable or textile fibres, survives in a nozzle. Orange-brown NS, with a thick grey core. 1277. Kom Hamouli, 2006. Village mound. L. 7.4 cm. Lamp fragment, wheel-made and carinated: left side with sunken top and underside, with the start of one applied nozzle, and a raised base. Orange-brown NS, with thick grey core.

CHAPTER 18 GLASS Ancient glass, dating from early and late Roman times, and from the early Arab period, was found in some quantity in several of the sites in the Meris of Themistos; most came from village mounds, but some from cemeteries, such as the adjacent funerary mound close to Kom Hamouli, the church area of Kom Aliun, the village of Aliun, or the water-storage basins of Philoteris. The village of Philoteris and its environs are unlikely to be later than the end of the fourth century AD (papyrus evidence). Glass from Kom Hamouli and its cemetery dates very probably to the ninth century AD and even very much later. The glass found during the Römer Themistos Survey extends throughout the greater part of the chronological span of the several villages and their cemeteries examined, from Roman to medieval times. Ptolemaic glass was absent. All, except for two mould-blown examples, nos. 1295 and 1359, is free-blown; nearly all sherds have later manipulation in one form or another after the blowing operation, for example the goblets 1349-55. In the following discussions, only those that are not free-blown have their manufacturing methods noted. The catalogue is broken up into wide chronological groups: it is not always possible to be certain where an individual artifact should be placed. Much of the Roman glass is of the first two centuries AD, or of late Roman to the Arab period, from the fifth to the ninth-tenth century AD. Glass vessels are illustrated at half scale. Catalogued glass fragments and their find-spots Aliun Village 1340, 1348; Dionysias 1287, 1361; Dionysias cemetery 1279-1279a, 1284-5; Euhemeria 1289; Kom Aliun cemeteries 1281, 1288b, 1324, 1328, 1330-31, 1335, 1343, 1345, 1349-50, 1356-7; Kom Aliun, near church 1327, 1334, 1338, 1358, 1351; Kom el-Arka 1359; Kom Hamouli 1353, 1362, 1365-9, 1370-71, 1373; Kom Hamouli cemetery 1352, 1354, 1360, 1363-4, 1372; Medinet Quta 1282, 1293-4, 1299-1323, 1325-6, 1336-7, 1346; Philoteris 1278, 1283, 1292, 1295-8, 1332-3, 1339, 1341-2, 1344, 1347; Philoteris basins 1290-91; Tell el-Kenissa 1355; Theadelphia 1280, 1286, 1288a. CATALOGUE Unguentaria (1278-93) Small bottles with tall necks and flaring mouths, normally described as unguentaria, are commonly found on Roman sites. They can be divided into three groups, the high-capacity vessel with very

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thin walls; the mid-capacity unguentarium with thick walls, and the low-capacity bottle, often almost solid and apparently useless as a container. High capacity unguentaria (1278-88b) and mid-capacity versions (1289) High-capacity unguentaria, Themistos 1278-88b, came from Philoteris, Dionysias, Kom Aliun, Medinet Quta and Theadelphia. For high-capacity unguentaria at Mons Porphyrites, see Bailey 2007b, 257-8. At that Eastern Desert site, both these forms are of the later first and the second century AD. 1278. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Fourth Sweep. Rim D. 2.0 cm. Rim and neck fragment of a high capacity unguentarium. Blue-green glass. Comparandum: Brun 2003, 379, fig. 2, 11, from Didymoi in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, c.AD 76-100. 1279-1279a. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Rim D. 2.5 cm. Neck and rim fragment of a high capacity unguentarium. Blue-green glass. Plus:a flared rim fragment from a high capacity glass unguentarium. Blue-green glass. Not measured, not illustrated. Comparandum: from Umm Barad in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, dated to the mid-second century AD (Brun 2003, 382). Plusaneck fragment of a high capacity unguentarium. Green glass. Not measured, not illustrated. 1280. Theadelphia, 2005. Village mound. Not measured, not illustrated. Mouth fragment of a high capacity unguentarium. Colourless glass. 1281. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom A, cemetery. Rim D. 4.0 cm. Rim fragment of a high-capacity unguentarium. Clear green glass. Comparandum:Brun 2003, 381, fig. 5, 7, from Krokodilo in the Eastern Desert, c.AD 100-130. 1282. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Rim D. 4.0 cm. Mouth fragment of a high capacity unguentarium. Transparent glass with a slight greenish tinge and many bubbles. Comparandum: Brun 2003, 379, fig. 2, 12, from Didymoi in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, c AD 76-100. 1283. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 6.0 cm. Base and lower body fragment of a high capacity unguentarium. Clear, slightly greenish glass. 1284. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Greatest D. 5.0 cm. Body and neck fragment of a high capacity unguentarium. Pale blue-green glass. 1285. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Greatest D. 5.0 cm. Base and body fragment of a high capacity unguentarium. Green bubbly glass. 1286. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Greatest D. 5.0 cm. Base and lower body of a high capacity unguentarium. Yellow-green glass. 1287. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. Greatest D. 6.0 cm. Base and lower wall fragment of a high capacity unguentarium. Good quality colourless glass. 1288a. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Greatest D. 4.6 cm. Base and lower body of a high capacity unguentarium. Pontil-mark underneath. Colourless glass. 1288b. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Plus:body fragment of a high-capacity unguentarium: body D. 7.0 cm. Clear greenish glass. Not illustrated. Mid-capacity unguentarium (1289) Only one mid-capacity unguentarium was found in the Themistos District, at Euhemeria. For others, from the Eastern Desert of Egypt and the Red Sea, see Whitcomb and Johnson 1982, pl. 55z, and Bailey 2007b, 257 and 259; a comparatively long date-range, in the first to third century AD, seems likely.

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1289. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Greatest D. 5.6 cm. Base and lower body of a midcapacity unguentarium. Dark green glass. Low-capacity unguentaria (1290-3) Commonly found in Egypt, these very strange, low-capacity unguentaria came from several Fayumic sites. They can have held very little in the way of contents. The Themistos examples came only from a Philoteris basin area (1290-91), Philoteris village (1292) and Medinet Quta (1293). M.-D. Nenna (1998, 22), discussing examples from Tebtunis, dated to the end of the first century AD and to the second century, suggests that they are khol tubes, for eye make-up, which seems very likely, but they could also have contained high-value perfume or medicine that was sold and used in very small quantities. Examples are found in the quarry-area of Mons Porphyrites and elsewhere, including Quseir el-Qadim on the Red Sea coast (Meyer 1982, 217, 219; Meyer 1992, Pl. 9: several from more from Quseir: Whitcomb and Johnson 1982, pls 55-6; Bailey 2007b, 26062). There seems to be no doubt that these low-capacity bottles are of Egyptian manufacture and a date in the mid-first, through the second century AD is probable for most of them. 1290-91. Philoteris, 2001. Basin area. Greatest D. 3.5 cm. Lower body fragment of a low capacity unguentarium. Pale green glass at the break. Comparanda: Brun 2003, 384, fig. 8, from Maximianon in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, of the mid-second century AD. Plus: another of similar shape and colour from the same site. 1292. Philoteris 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Not measured; not illustrated. Neck fragment of low capacity unguentarium. Green-blue glass. 1293. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Not measured, not illustrated. Neck fragment of a low capacity unguentarium. Semi-opaque blue-green glass. Bath-flask? (1294) The bath-flask is found in some quantity on Roman sites throughout the Empire, and can have a variety of shapes: their wide mouths are designed to spread oil easily on the bodies of bathers. Themistos 1294, from Medinet Quta, may not be a bath-flask, but could be used as one. For other shapes of Egyptian or imported bath-flasks, see Bailey 2007b, 256, from Mons Porphyrites. 1294. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Rim D. 5.5 cm. Mouth fragment of a flask, perhaps a bath-flask. High quality glass, thick and colourless. Square bottle and indented beakers (1295-1323) A single mould-blown square bottle and thirty-eight four-sided indented beakers are representatives of containers whose shape made them easy to pack and transport, and that must have made them useful to the inhabitants and merchants of the various villages during the later first and second century AD (Bailey 2007b, 249-50: common in Karanis and Tebtunis; Myos Hormos; Quseir el-Qadim; Mons Porphyrites, etc.). Catalogued examples were found at Philoteris village mound (several) and Medinet Quta village mound (many). 1295. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Greatest W. 5.0 cm. Base fragment of a mould-blown square bottle, with trace of a moulded ring underneath. Light blue-green glass. Comparanda: these bottles are much more common in the Roman north-west

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provinces than in the east, and can be dated there to the first two centuries AD (Price and Cottam 1998, 194-8), and compare one from Maximianon in the Wadi Hammamat from a context of the second half of the second century AD (Brun 2003a, 384, fig. 8, 7). Others from the Fayum include 1296-1323 below, from various villages, including Philoteris, and Medinet Quta. 1296-7. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. Greatest D. 7.2 cm. Base and lower body fragment of an indented beaker. Very pale yellow-green glass. Plus: another base fragment of an indented beaker, slightly smaller than the last. Pale green glass. 1298. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Third Sweep. Greatest W. 4.7 cm. Base and lower body fragment of an indented beaker; no pontil-mark. Good quality clear glass. Comparandum: Brun 2003, 384, fig. 8, from Maximianon in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, of the mid second century AD. 1299. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Base D. 5.0 cm. Lower part of a cylindrical bottle or beaker, with pontil-mark. Colourless glass with several bubbles. 1300. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. W. 6.0 cm. Base fragment of an indented beaker. No pontil mark. Colourless glass with some bubbles. 1301. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. W. 6.0 cm. Base fragment of an indented beaker. No pontil mark. Colourless glass with some bubbles. 1302-23. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. W. 5.3 cm. Base fragments of indented beakers, largely unillustrated. No pontil marks. Mainly colourless glass with some bubbles. Plus: 21 base fragments of indented beakers of this shape; these also come from Medinet Quta; some, however, are in transparent pale blue glass; several are not illustrated. Other beakers, deep cups and lamps (1324-1333) Several beakers and deep cups with fire-rounded rims were found, and are probably of the second to fourth or fifth century AD. The rim-form of 1331 suggests that it was a lamp, cracked off and fire-rounded. Five examples were located at the cemeteries and church of Kom Aliun (1324, 13279, 1231), two in the village of Medinet Quta (1325-6) and two in the village of Philoteris (1332-3). 1324. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Greatest D. 4.5 cm. Lower part of a beaker. Pontil-mark underneath. Clear, very pale green glass. 1325-6. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. D. 7.0 cm. Beaker fragment with knobbed fire-rounded rim, and trailed cordon below. Good quality colourless glass. Comparanda: Bailey 2007b, 245-7. from Mons Porphyrites, about AD 125-200. Plus:another similar but less substantial, fragment from Medinet Quta, also D. 7.0 cm. 1327. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near church. D. 6.0 cm. Beaker fragment with fire-rounded knobbed rim. Clear blue-green glass. 1328. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 10.0 cm. Upper part of deep cup with fire-rounded knobbed rim. Clear greenish glass. 1329. Not used. 1330. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. D. 5.6 cm. Knobbed rim fragment of cylindrical beaker, fire-rounded. Clear light green glass smeared with pale yellow. 1331. Kom Aliun, 1999. North-west extremity of Kom C, cemetery. D.9.0 cm. Upper part of a lamp or deep cup with interior concave rim, cracked off and fire-rounded. Clear olive-green glass. Comparanda: Foy 2001, 482, 1 and 5, from Tebtunis, probably fifth century AD. 1332. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. Base D. 5.0 cm. Base fragment of beaker. Clear yellowish glass. 1333. Philoteris, 2003. Village mound, Fourth Sweep. Greatest W. 5.0 cm. Base and lower body fragment of beaker. Clear yellow-green glass.

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Bowls (1334-44) The bowls in this grouping have knobbed and fire-rounded rims and probably date to the first to third century AD (cf. Bailey 2007b, 253-5), but some may be considerably later. These bowls were found in several places: Kom Aliun cemetery (1343), Kom Aliun church or nearby (1334-5, 1338), Aliun Village (1340), Medinet Quta (1336-7) and Philoteris (1339, 1341-2, 1344). 1334. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near the church. D. 21.0 cm. Shallow bowl with flaring firerounded knobbed rim. Clear blue-green glass. 1335. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. D. 12.0 cm. Shallow bowl fragment with thickened fire-rounded rim. Clear pale green glass. 1336. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. D. 19.0 cm. Bowl fragment with flaring walls and thickened, fire-rounded rim. Good quality colourless glass. 1337. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. D. 17.0 cm. Shallow bowl fragment with flaring walls and everted, knobbed, fire-rounded rim. Transparent glass with faint greenish tinge. 1338. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near the church. D. 17.0 cm. Bowl with flaring fire-rounded rim. Clear blue-green glass. 1339. Philoteris. 2001, Village mound, Fourth Sweep, D. 12.0 cm. Fragment of a bowl with incurved walls and thickened fire-rounded knobbed rim. Pale green glass. 1340. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound. Base D. 14.0 cm. Base-ring of shallow bowl. Clear colourless glass. Comparanda: Bailey 2007b, 239-241 from Mons Porphyrites. The bowls and bases of 1340-44 are carved from cast blanks, and date from about late Neronian times to the mid second century AD. 1341. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps: Eastern rubbish dumps. Base D. 8.0 cm. Fragment of bowl with carved base-ring. Nearly colourless glass. 1342. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Base D. 7.0 cm. Fragment of bowl with carved base-ring. Colourless glass. 1343. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. L. 11. 6, W. 10.2 cm. Shallow oval bowl fragment with inturned tubular rim. Clear apple-green glass (the rim); paler green (the body). Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 729, fig. 28a, from Hawara, dated sixth to tenth century AD. 1344. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Base L. c.6.0 cm. Fragment of oval bowl with carved base-ring. Nearly colourless.

Bowls with tubular rims and bases (1343, 1345-8) These bowls (which can be oval) are likely to be Roman of the late second to fifth century AD (Bailey 2007b, 248-9, from Mons Porphyrites). Their rims are turned over to form a rounded tubular edge, and this technique was also used in some cases to form a base. Examples include 1348 from Aliun Village; 1343 and 1345 from Kom Aliun cemetery; 1346 from Medinet Quta; and 1347 from Philoteris. 1345. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. D. 18.0 cm. Shallow bowl fr. with out-turned tubular rim. Clear pale green glass. 1346. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. D. 7.0 cm. Small, poor quality bowl or cup fragment, with flaring walls and inturned tubular rim. Transparent glass with faint greenish tinge. 1347. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep (a small separate area south of the Seventh-Sweep rubbish dumps, with a thin strew of pottery and no sign of building). D. 15.0 cm. Mouth fragment of deep bowl, with vertical walls and out-turned tubular rim. Colourless glass.

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1348. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound, from stone houses at west. Base D. 8.0 cm. Folded base-ring, probably of a bowl or large beaker. Clear greenish glass. Goblets (1349-55) Goblets of this type are found in some quantity, and often came from monasteries of the sixth to eighth century AD. Seven were located during the Themistos Survey, from Kom Aliun cemetery or near its church (1349-1351); Kom Hamouli and its nearby cemetery (1352-4); and from the totally destroyed Tell el-Kenissa (1355). Published comparanda are not easily found, but some were excavated at Wadi Sarga near Asyut: British Museum EA 72524; EA 72799; EA 73349; EA 73376 etc., and probably date later than the seventh century AD. See also Bailey 1998, pl. 93, Y 66 bis, from el-Ashmunein and which is probably of the same date. However, examples from Tebtunis may be as early as the first half of the seventh century and as late as the middle of the eighth century (Foy 2001, 483, pl. 2). 1349-50. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. W. of base 4.6 cm. Fragment of goblet with foot, stem and part of bowl; base manipulated to produce a petalled effect. Pontil-mark underneath. Green-blue glass. Plus:another goblet fragment: only part of the bowl and of the stem survive, much polished by wind and sand erosion: not measured or illustrated. 1351. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near the church. W. 3.3 cm. Fragment of goblet-foot, manipulated with overlapping ‘petals’. Edge of pontil-mark underneath. Clear blue-green glass. 1352. Kom Hamouli, 2006. cemetery. Foot D. 5.0 cm. Fragment of goblet foot, the base manipulated to produce a petalled effect. Clear pale green glass. 1353. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. W. 3.2 cm. Fragment of goblet foot, the base manipulated to produce a petalled effect. Clear deep green glass. 1354. Kom Hamouli, 2006. cemetery. Foot D. 4.5 cm. Fragment of goblet foot, the base manipulated to produce a petalled effect. Clear deep green glass. 1355. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, First Sweep. D. of base 3.1 cm. Foot and stem of a goblet, both broken. Pale green-blue translucent glass. No pontil-mark. Miscellaneous shapes, most probably of the Late Roman or Early Arab periods (1356-72) Some line decorations are not drawn. 1356. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. H. 9.2 cm. Fragment of a bottle, the rim damaged and the lower part lost. Clear blue-green glass with spiral trail of same glass, starting at a blob below the highest trail. 1357. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. Greatest D. 4.2 cm. Lower part of deep cup with tall, applied base, much distorted. No pontil-mark. Clear greenish glass. 1358. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom 2, near the church. H. 3.5 cm. Fragment of a vessel, decorated with an applied trailed ovolo. Clear blue-green glass. 1359. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area A. L. 2.2 cm. Fragment of glass vessel, mould-blown, or pincered with relief loops. Clear blue-green glass. Comparandum: Meyer 1992, pl. 14, 352 from Quseir el-Qadim. Probably Arab-period, tenth century AD or possibly Roman. 1360. Kom Hamouli, 2006. cemetery. W. 3.5 cm. Base and lower body fragment with relief decoration, perhaps pincered. Clear green-blue glass. Probably Arab-period, ninth or tenth century AD.

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1361. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area C. L. 3.7 cm. Base fragment with a footring of a series of pulled out raised points. Good quality colourless glass. Comparanda: for this treatment of the base-ring, see Bailey 2007b, 250, 87, from Mons Porphyrites and of the late first and second century AD, with reference to another from Gabbari in Alexandria. See also Silvano 1988, pl. III, no. 26, apparently Late Roman and found at Narmouthis, a beaker with large raised points forms its base. 1362. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 12.0 cm. Bowl fragment with flaring walls and knobbed fire-formed rim. Clear apple-green glass. 1363. Kom Hamouli, 2006. cemetery. Shoulder D. 7.0 cm. Knobbed rim fragment, fire-finished, of cup with flared walls. Almost clear glass with applied dark brown horizontal parallel lines (not drawn). Comparanda: Bailey 2007b, 252, fig. 8.12, 100-01, from Mons Porphyrites, probably second century AD. 1364. Kom Hamouli, 2006. cemetery. Shoulder D. 10.0 cm. Rim fragment, fire-finished, of bowl or large cup. Clear greenish glass with manganese-brown parallel lines (not drawn). 1365. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 7.0 cm. Deep cup fragment with vertical walls and knobbed fire-formed rim. Clear pale apple-green glass. 1366. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 7.0 cm. Deep cup fragment with inwardly inclined walls and knobbed fire-formed rim. Clear greenish glass. 1367. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 7.0 cm. Deep cup fragment with vertical walls and knobbed fire-formed rim; slightly raised horizontal lines outside. Clear blue-green glass with many bubbles. 1368. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 8.0 cm. Deep cup fragment with vertical walls and thickened fire-formed rim; decorated with pincered eyes. Clear green-blue glass. Comparanda: Bailey 1998,149, Y 28-30, from el-Ashmunein and datable to the ninth-tenth century AD. 1369. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. D. 2.5 cm. Fragment of a small deep vessel, perhaps a lamp, with flaring walls and inwardly concave rim. Clear greenish glass with vague vertical yellow streaks. 1370. Kom Hamouli. 1999. Village mound. D. 3.5 cm. Small fragment of deep cup with flaring walls and inwardly concave knobbed fire-formed rim. Clear greenish glass. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 729, fig. 28f, from Hawara, dated sixth to tenth century AD. 1371. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. H. 2.5 cm. Base fragment of bottle with rounded bottom and applied single spur. Clear blue-green glass. 1372. Kom Hamouli, 2006. cemetery. W. 3.0 cm. Bowl body fragment with nipped ribs. Clear pale green glass. 1373. Not used.

CHAPTER 19 FAIENCE VESSELS Faience has been described as a glazed non-clay ceramic material, with the main bulk formed of crushed quartz or sand, and including small amounts of lime and natron or plant ash. The glaze, produced by various means, is a soda-lime-silica substance, much like the body, and coloured by metallic compounds. The production of the object and vessel shapes throughout its multi-millennium history in Egypt was mainly by modelling and moulding. However, the great majority of the faience found both in the Römer ThemistosSurvey and the earlier Rathbone Polemon Survey, by contrast, were formed by throwing on a wheel, common in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, although possibly introduced in the New Kingdom. To facilitate this pottery-manufacturing technique, clay was added to the body (Nicholson 1998, 52; Dayton 1981 is also useful for analyses and describing the use of metal salts to produce particular colours). Discussions of Ptolemaic and Roman faience vessels, some general, some particular, are to be found in Buhl 1955; Grimm 1972; Parlasca 1977;Taggart 1983; Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, 1995 and 2000; Rossi 1994; Nenna 2002. Ashton 2003 has pertinent material on Kom Helul faience, and Tomber’s 2006 faience, from Mons Claudianus and the nearby Barud, has useful close dating evidence from within the Roman period; much of it was probably manufactured near Kom Helul in Memphis. Few faience workshops for any period are known, but a series of kilns for very late Ptolemaic and Roman material south of Kom Helul at the edge of Memphis was noted but not excavated by Flinders Petrie in the 1880s. In 1908, after the site had sustained severe damage, Petrie had the opportunity to examine it, and to publish it in a manner not quite as adequate as one would have liked: no plans of the six kilns were included and material from other sites were intermixed to a certain extent in the plates (Petrie 1909a, 14-15, pls XLIX-L; Petrie 1911, 34-7, pls XIII-XIX). The area in which the kilns lie has been relocated in recent years by Paul Nicholson, and is being excavated by him (Nicholson 2001a-b, 2002a-b, 2003, 2006, etc.). The material from the kilns found by Petrie appeared to him to date mainly to the first century BC: he regarded the faience lamps he found to be of the time of Julius Caesar, but they are probably Augustan and later (many of Broneer Type XXI). A study of Petrie 1911, pls XV, XVII-XVIII, shows that versions of Ptolemaic ‘megarian’ bowls were being produced, which are likely to be very late, possibly continuing into Roman times (ibid., pl. XIII shows much high quality Ptolemaic faience, most of which does not appear to come from the kilns south of Kom Helul). Much of the material from these kilns is in British museum collections, some in the British Museum and others in the Petrie Museum. The presence of Roman-period ‘service’ cups and dishes shows that the kilns continued in use during the first century AD and probably through the second century. The Themistos faience here is illustrated at half-scale: photographs are not to a common scale.

Catalogued faience sherds and their find-spots Aliun Village 1405, 1407-8, 1424, 1451, 1454; Desert hut west of Quta 1441-2;

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Dionysias Roman cemetery 1419, 1430-31; Euhemeria 1374-5, 1381, 1388, 1390-92, 1394, 1412, 1444, 1452-3, 1455; Kom Aliun cemeteries 1396-7, 1399-1401, 1404, 1427, 1443, 1445-50; Kom el-Arka 1376-7, 1382, 1410, 1420; Philoteris 1378-9, 1380, 1385, 1389, 1393, 1395, 1398, 1402-3, 1409, 1413, 1421-2, 1432-9; Philoteris South-east cemetery 1411; Tell el-Kenissa 1414; Theadelphia 1383, 1386-7, 1406, 1415, 1417, 1425-6, 1429, 1440; Theadelphia Roman cemetery, 1384, 1416, 1423, 1428; Theadelphia, between East and North-west cemeteries 1418.

CATALOGUE Ptolemaic parabolic bowls (1374-7) Many complete vessels and sherds of parabolic bowls and other shapes, of Ptolemaic date, often decorated with gryphons or acanthus palmettes, have been found, spread widely over many parts of Egypt, and some have reached parts of Italy: for example see Parlasca 1977, 148-9, from Canosa. 1374. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, from the ‘sebakh’ wall. D. 14.0 cm. Rim and body fragment of hemispherical or parabolic bowl: the outside has cream-coloured bands, guilloches and florals, raised slightly above pale olive-green bands; the inside is cream, with a slightly sunken pale olive-green wreath; pale blue-green on the inside rim. Compare the patterns, coloured shading, gryphons, etc. of first to second-century BC sherds in the Petrie Museum, from the kilns near Kom Helul: as on UC2338a; UC2327 and UC2493. Examples from the Themistos District were found in the Survey in Euhemeria and Kom el-Arka. Comparanda: Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, 570, fig 1c, and others, Ptolemaic, in the Alexandria Museum. 1375. Euhemeria, 2002. Village mound. H. 3.3 cm. Fragment. from near the lower part of a parabolic bowl with adjacent palmettes. Light blue-green glaze. Comparanda: UC28751 in the Petrie Museum; Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, 574, fig. 4c, and 599, pl. I, 1: Ptolemaic, in the Alexandria Museum. 1376. Kom el-Arka, 2005. Village mound, Area B. W. c.6.0 cm. Body fragment, probably of a parabolic bowl, with parts of the front legs of a gryphon, protecting a box of gold; below is a broad horizontal band above a guilloche pattern (Fig. 3). The design is in very pale green with a background of blue glaze. Comparandum: Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, 582, fig. 9e, Ptolemaic, in the Alexandria Museum. 1377. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. W. 3.4 cm. Fragment, probably of a parabolic bowl, with an area of impressed lattice pattern, causing slightly raised diamond-shaped elements. Light blue-green glaze. Comparanda: vessel with net-pattern, Petrie Museum UC33511; Ptolemaic sherd with net-pattern in Alexandria (Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, pl. IV, 3). Ptolemaic echinus cups and bowls (1378-81) The simple echinus cup and bowl, was a pottery form made in eastern Mediterranean lands, and in Egypt before the Ptolemaic period until its end, and indeed, well into Roman times (see EBGW and ERGW cups above, Chapter 3). This shape was also occasionally made in faience, and rare examples extend into the Roman period. To date these vessels, found in surface survey, more closely than Ptolemaic is impossible, although suggested dates are given and some comparanda quoted. Those with

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Fig. 3: 1376. Kom el-Arka

the rims more inturned are perhaps earlier than the more open examples, but not necessarily so. Nenna 2002, 327, dates such cups from about the middle of the fourth century and throughout the Hellenistic period. All appear to be wheelmade, but no bases that certainly go with the shape were found. The base-rings were probably turned from the body mass: throughout this discussion of faience from the Meris of Themistos, base-rings are to be regarded as having been turned from the basal area of the bowl after the throwing operation, unless they are described as having been made separately and applied. The cups vary in glaze colour: where not specified otherwise, the glaze colour is overall, inside, outside and underneath, and blue or turquoise blue means the normal colour that is found on so many of the faience vessels of Ptolemaic, and of the bulk of the faience of Roman times. A pale matt green colour is found often amongst Ptolemaic faience of high quality, and where ‘green’ is used to describe the glaze of material from that period, that is what is meant. Others are dark blue; sometimes of a variegated purple/blue. 1378 is turquoise blue, 1379 has a pale blue glaze with a floral decoration in dark blue, 1380 and 1381 have, respectively, a pale green and a dark blue glaze. 1378. Philoteris, 2001. Eighth Sweep (a small separate area south of the Seventh-Sweep rubbish dumps, with a thin strew of pottery and no sign of building). D. 10.0 cm. Mouth fragment of an echinus or a deep cup, with an internal groove below rim. Turquoise glaze. 1379. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. c.9.0 cm. Decorated deep bowl or echinus cup fragment. Pale blue glaze, with floral decoration in dark blue. Comparandum: Petrie Museum UC47447, probably from near Kom Helul in southern Memphis. 1380. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. uncertain. Echinus bowl rim fragment. Pale green glaze. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 773, fig. 88a, from Hawara, dating to third century BC. 1381. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh’ wall. D. 13.0 cm. Thickened rim fragment of echinus bowl. Deep blue glaze inside and out. Ptolemaic bowls with thickened flat-topped rims (1382-93) As Nenna 2002, 327, points out, this shape of bowl does not seem to be found in fabrics other than faience. There is, however, a ceramic bowl from Deir el-Tin (Polemon 575) which may have been

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copied from this faience shape. Only one faience example, rather narrow-rimmed, is shown in the Alexandria Museum catalogue, from the Chatby Cemetery (Nenna and Seif el-Din 2000, T12.1: 451, with references to others elsewhere), and it is common in excavations and surveys in some areas of the chora, as mentioned in the Polemon material, at Diospolis Inferior and Naukratis in the Delta, at Memphis, and at Tebtunis and other places in the Fayum, including Medinet Ghoran, Magdola and Deir el-Tin, and also from Kom el-Arka, Philoteris, Euhemeria and Theadelphia (from the Themistos Survey, here published), and at Akoris in Middle Egypt. None of our pieces has a surviving base, and few of the faience comparanda show this feature. Nenna 2002, 329, fig. 1, 5 has the outer edge of a base, which may be flat underneath, and not a base-ring: Spencer 1996, pl. 74, 40, from Diospolis Inferior, indeed, has a full profile combined with a completely flat base. The flat-bottomed bases from the Polemon District and their several unillustrated companions, all from Medinet Ghoran, are probably bases from this shape of bowl, examples of which came from the village and temple at Medinet Ghoran, from a Ptolemaic area at Magdola, and from the hamlet of Deir el-Tin. For Naukratis faience examples (with rims drawn at the wrong angle): see A. Leonard, AncientNaukratisPart I, 299, Fig. 7.11, 22 etc., probably 3rd-2nd BC. The glaze colours found are blue, pale blue, dark blue, some very dark, turquoise-blue; mottled dark and light blue; white, dark blue inside and out, pale green on top of rim, pale blue underneath; rich turquoise-blue inside and out, pale eau-de-Nil underneath. No Roman versions of this shape have been noted: they do not seem to have been made after the Ptolemaic period. However, the two examples 1392-3, which have lost their rims, their baserings only surviving, have Roman dating. But they may not have had rims like the group discussed here. 1390 and 1391 both have round-topped rims, unlike the flat-topped examples discussed here. 1382. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. D. 13.0 cm. Bowl fragment with thickened flat-topped rim. Light blue-green glaze. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 800, Fig. 124, from Hawara, context third century BC. 1383. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 18.0 cm. Bowl sherd with thickened flat-topped rim. Blue-green glaze shading to royal blue in some areas. 1384. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery, south edge. Body sherd from a bowl with a thickened level-topped rim. Not measured; not illustrated. 1385. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 10.0 cm. Bowl fragment with thickened flat-topped rim. Dark blue glaze. 1386. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. D. 21.0 cm. Bowl fragment, with a thickened, flattopped rim. Very dark blue glaze inside and out. Comparandum: Marchand 2009, 804, fig. 133b, from Hawara, dating to third century BC. 1387. Theadelphia, 2005. Village mound. D. 15.0 cm. Bowl fragment, with thickened, flattopped rim. Turquoise-blue glaze. 1388. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 18.0 cm. Bowl sherd with thickened level-topped rim. Pale turquoise glaze. 1389. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 10.0 cm. Bowl fragment, with thickened flat-topped rim. Turquoise glaze. 1390. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh’ wall. D. 26.0 cm. Thickened, roundtopped rim fragment from bowl. Pale greenish glaze inside and out. Comparandum: Caubet and Pierrat-Bonnefois, 2005, 185, top right, about AD 130. 1391. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near ‘sebakh’ wall. D. 24.0 cm. Thickened, roundtopped rim fragment from bowl. Deep blue glaze inside and out. 1392. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Base D. 14.0 cm. Underbody and base-ring fragment, probably from a bowl of this group. Green-turquoise glaze. Comparanda: Tomber 2006, 48, Type 14: Trajanic and Antonine, from Mons Claudianus.

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1393. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. Base D. 11.0 cm. Base-ring fragment probably from a bowl of this group. Turquoise glaze. Comparanda:Tomber 2006, 48, Type 14: from Mons Claudianus, Trajanic and Antonine. Everted-rim bowls, probably mostly Roman (1394-1409) The bowls included here are vessels of varying size, some with very simple rims, some with the rims more blocky: the differences are not yet a chronological pointer. The base does not remain on any of the examples found, and its normal form is probably as Nenna and Seif el-Din 2002, T13.2: 470, a wide base-ring smoothly rising internally. The majority of the bowls are glazed with the ‘normal’ blue which covers so many Roman-period functional faience vessels. Most of the everted rim bowls are dated between the Trajanic period (or a little later) and Antonine times. Tomber 2006, 44-51, has written usefully on the dating of the faience found at Mons Claudianus (see immediately below for examples). 1394. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 12.0 cm. Cup fragment with everted rim. Turquoise glaze. Comparandum:Tomber 2006, 48, Type 7:Trajanic or a little later. 1395. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 11.0 cm. Mouth fragment of a cup with everted rim. Turquoise glaze. Comparandum: Tomber 2006, 48, Type 14: Trajanic. 1396-7+. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom A, cemetery. D. 16.0 cm. Rim fragment of a bowl with an everted rim. Turquoise-blue glaze. Plus:a few body sherds of unidentified Roman faience vessels; not measured; not illustrated. Comparandum: Tomber 2006, 48, Type 14: Trajanic. 1398. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 17.0 cm. Bowl fragment, with everted rim. Turquoise glaze. Comparanda: Ashton 2003, 45k in the Petrie Museum, probably from near Kom Helul; Tomber 2006, 48, Type 14: Trajanic. 1399. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 15.0 cm. Deep bowl fragment with everted rim. Bright variegated turquoise-blue glaze. Comparandum: Tomber 2006, 48, Type 9: Hadrianic. 1400. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 19.0 cm. Deep bowl fragment with substantial everted rim. Bright turquoise-blue glaze. Comparandum:Tomber 2006, 51, Type 19: Antonine-Severan. 1401. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. D. 16.0 cm. Not illustrated. Rim fragment similar to 1400 above (no lower body survives). Turquoise-blue glaze. 1402-3. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 11.0 cm. Bowl fragment, with wide everted rim. Turquoise glaze. Plus:another similar everted-rim bowl fragment. 1404. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. D. 24.0 cm. Large bowl fragment with everted rim. Bright turquoise-blue glaze. 1405. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound. D. 14.0 cm. Fragment of a bowl with complex everted rim. Turquoise-blue glaze; very abraded. 1406. Theadelphia, 2005. Village mound. D. 14.0 cm. Deep bowl fragment, with squared everted rim. Pale turquoise-blue glaze. Comparandum: Tomber 2006, 51, Type 19: Antonine-Severan. 1407. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound. D. 16.0 cm. Fragment of a bowl with everted rim. Turquoise-blue glaze. 1408. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound. D. 13.0 cm. Fragment of deep bowl with everted rim. Turquoise-blue glaze. Comparandum:Tomber 2006, 51, Type 19: Antonine-Severan. 1409. Philoteris, 2001. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 17.0 cm. Everted knobbedrim bowl fragment. Turquoise glaze, very eroded.

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Miscellaneous vessels, probably Ptolemaic (1410-19) The mixed collection of shapes in this grouping consists of deep, straight-sided bowls (1411-14), a mouth of a jar (1415), and the feet of pedestalled bowls (1416-19). Dating is difficult, but most are likely to be Ptolemaic; a few may be Roman of the first two centuries AD. 1410. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. W. 3.4 cm. A few tiny fragments of dark blue Ptolemaic faience. Not illustrated. 1411. Philoteris, 2002. South-east cemetery, Area C. D. 12.0 cm. Fragment of a deep cup with knobbed everted rim. Pale turquoise-blue glaze. Comparandum: near Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, 580, fig, 8c, Ptolemaic, in the Alexandria Museum. 1412. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. D. 12.0 cm. Steep sided cup fragment. Dark green glaze. 1413. Philoteris, 2003. Village mound, Third Sweep. D. 5.0 cm. Fragment of small cup with flaring walls, or possibly a vessel-mouth. Dark blue glaze. 1414. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Base D. 8.0 cm. Lower body sherd of a vase. Dark blue glaze. Almost certainly Ptolemaic. 1415. Theadelphia, 2005. Village mound. Rim D. 10.0 cm. Jar fragment with inward sloping upper body and thickened upright rim; cordon between rim and body. Brown unglazed faience outside, with yellow-brown core; pale duck-egg blue glaze inside. 1416. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery, south edge. D. 9.0 cm. Pedestal-foot fragment. Blue-green glaze. 1417. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. Base D. 11.0 cm. Substantial base-ring fragment, a pedestal foot, perhaps made separately from the vessel to which it was attached. Blue-green glaze. Comparandum: Tomber 2006, 48, Type 12: Trajanic, early Antonine, from Mons Claudianus in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. 1418. Theadelphia, 2005. From a robbed grave between the East and North-west cemeteries. Base D.8.0 cm. Pedestal base-ring fragment, with remains of stilt attached underneath. Turquoise blue glaze. 1419. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. Base D. c.8.0 cm. Low pedestal base-ring fragment, separately made and broken away from the vessel to which it was applied. Turquoise-blue glaze. Comparandum:Tomber 2006, 48, Type 12: Trajanic-Antonine. Roman ‘service’ cups and dishes (1420-1443) Just as some analogous forms of Arretine pottery of the Augustan period are thought to go together as an army issue service of matching cup and dish with similar profiles, as, for example, Loeschcke 1909, 136ff, pl. X and Hayes 1997, 43-4, so also two shapes of faience vessels seem to have served that purpose a little later on in Egypt, but unlike the Arretine versions, the faience cups and dishes can often be of much the same diameter, and the dishes were never very large, whereas with the Italian sigillata, the cups are normally much smaller than the dishes. The faience versions are common indeed in military sites in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, in contexts of the second half of the first century and much of the second century, at Mons Porphyrites (personal observation) and at Mons Claudianus (information from Roberta Tomber and in Tomber 2006, 48). The two shapes can be seen in examples from Egypt that got as far as the Fezzan in Libya: Tagart 1983, 1 44, fig. 1, 4-5 (cups), 7-8 (dishes). They were obviously popular in Egypt from civil contexts too, as is shown by the quantity found during the excavations at Mons Porphyrites; at Rathbone’s Polemon Survey, and the widespread find-sites indicated by the comparanda in the catalogue entries mentioned below, including the Baqaria Roman village at Armant. See also examples from Quseir el-Qadim on the Red Sea coast in Whitcomb and Johnson 1982, pls 54c and 68a-g.

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The ‘service’ cups and dishes found in the kilns south of Kom Helul at Memphis are sparsely illustrated amongst the mass of decorated material (see the very schematic drawings in Petrie 1909b, pl. L, 1 and 4, 6-7, and only one example is depicted in Petrie 1911: pl. XVIII, 217; but see now Ashton 2003, 45, fig. 14f-h. Several examples from near Kom Helul are in the Petrie Museum (UC47487; UC 4991; UC33547). The material from these excavations in the British Museum collections has several representatives of these typically Roman-period vessels. The presence of these vessels, well attested and dated in sites throughout Egypt, indicates that the Memphis kilns may have continued in use during the first century AD and probably throughout the second century, long after their original Arretine forerunners had ceased production. Whether they were made elsewhere as well is not yet known, but seems likely. Both cup and dish share the same double rim, which tends to be deeper with the dishes than with the cups. For complete examples of the ‘service’ cup and dish, illustrated together, see Sotheby NewYork, Sale Catalogue 31 May 1997, Lots 51 and 50. Of the bases that were found in the Fayum, some of the cups and all of the dishes had their base-rings turned from the body mass after throwing. However, some of the cupbases were made as separate rings, which were applied to the turned rounded bottoms of the cups, showing a line of glaze between the base-ring and the lower part of the vessel. I do not know whether one or two firings are necessary for the adherence of the body and a separately made base-ring. The bulk of the comparanda suggest a date for production throughout the first two centuries AD, although a mid-first century AD starting date maybe possible. The Ptolemaic suggestion for Akoris is probably too early, and whether they run into the third century AD is moot. The dating of the areas of the villages in which they were found does not help to refine the dating. Some fragments are small unillustrated sherds of Roman faience which may be from ‘service’ vessels. 1420-40, are all ‘service’ cups and dishes from various villages in the Themistos District, mostly of Trajanic date or a little later. All have glazes that are various shades of the ‘normal’ blue of Roman faience, ranging from pale to deep blue, with some of turquoise-blue. 1420. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. A couple of scraps of Roman-period ‘service’ vessels. Not measured; not illustrated. 1421. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 13.0 cm. ‘Service’ dish sherd. Turquoise glaze. 1422. Philoteris, 2001. Sixth and Seventh Sweeps, Eastern rubbish dumps. A base sherd of a Roman ‘service’ cup or dish, with turquoise glaze. Not measured; not illustrated. 1423. Theadelphia, 2002. Probable site of Roman cemetery, south edge. D. 15.0 cm. ‘Service’ dish rim sherd. Blue-green glaze. 1424. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound: Slag Mound 1. D. 10.0 cm. ‘Service’ cup rim fragment. Pale blue glaze. 1425. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. D. 12.0 cm. ‘Service’ cup rim fragment. Blue-green glaze. 1426. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. D. 16.0 cm. ‘Service’ dish rim fragment. Pale turquoise-blue. Comparandum: Ashton 2003, 45h in the Petrie Museum, probably from near Kom Helul. 1427. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. D. 14.0 cm. ‘Service’ dish rim fragment. Pale blue glaze. 1428. Theadelphia, 2003. Probable site of a Roman cemetery. D. 13.0 cm. ‘Service’ dish rim sherd. Turquoise blue-glaze. 1429. Theadelphia. 2005. Village mound. D. 12.0 cm. ‘Service’ cup rim fragment. Turquoise-blue glaze. Comparandum: Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, 592, fig. 13c, in Alexandria Museum. 1430-31. Dionysias, 2006. Roman cemetery. D. c.10.0 cm. Rim fragment of ‘service’ cup. Turquoise-blue glaze. Comparanda: Marchand 2009, 773, fig. 88b, from Hawara, dating to the first to second century AD. Plus another sherd of a ‘service’ cup or dish.

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1432. Philoteris, 2001. Village mound, Fourth Sweep. D. 14.0 cm. ‘Service’ dish fragment. Turquoise glaze. Comparandum:Ashton 2003, 45f, in the Petrie Museum, probably from near Kom Helul. 1433-4a. Philoteris, 2003. Seventh Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. D. 14.0 cm. Rim sherd of a large ‘service’ cup or dish. Turquoise-blue glaze. Plustwo closely similar: D. 17.0 cm and 25.0 cm. 1435-8. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 10.0 cm. ‘Service’ cup fragment. Turquoise glaze. Plus:three additional sherds of ‘service’ cups or dishes, all with turquoise glaze. 1439. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweeps. D. 16.0 cm. ‘Service’ dish sherd. Turquoise glaze. 1440. Theadelphia, 2003. Village mound. D. 19.0 cm. ‘Service’ dish base-ring and lower flange fragment. Deep blue glaze inside and out. Comparanda: Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, 592, fig. 13d, Roman, in the Alexandria Museum, Tagart 1983,144, fig. 1, 7-8, from the Fezzan. 1441-2. From the interior of a mud-plastered hut in the desert west of modern Quta, 2005. Two small body sherds of first to second-century AD Roman faience, probably ‘service’ vessels. Not measured, not illustrated. Turquoise-blue glaze. 1443. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom E, cemetery. Small scrap of Roman faience. Probably from a ‘service’ vessel. Not measured, not illustrated. First-second century AD. Skyphos (1444) 1444. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, from ‘sebakh’ wall. D. 15.0 cm. Skyphos rim fragment, with one ring-handle surviving. Mottled dark and light blue glaze. Comparandum: Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, 577, fig. 6a. Ptolemaic, in the Alexandria Museum. Roman two-handled flagons with applied petal bands (1445-55) Several of the fragments listed here come from large flagons of doubtful taste, with wide flat mouths, low necks and rather squat bodies, and with two strap-handles; they were decorated with applied petals, forming wreaths round the shoulder and occasionally elsewhere, and other patterns, often imbricated, on the body, as Buhl 1955, 192-3, fig. 9 (C 3), fig.10 (C 11), and Grimm 1972, 72-5, Fig. 1-8. They probably date mainly to the first century AD, and the dates of comparanda listed for a Polemon Meris example, from Magdola, is probably much the same. Another from Kom Khamsini, although rather wider, does not argue with this. Grimm 1972, 76, mentions a fragment from Antinoopolis, which is perhaps later than the city’s foundation date of AD 130. Examples have been found in places as far apart as Alexandria and Armant, with several from Fayum villages. See also Nenna and Seif el-Din 1993, pl. III, 3-4, in the Alexandria Museum; Grimm 1972, 72-6; and the many publications of Ptolemaic and Roman faience found in the various bibliographies of discussions. Whether they are products of a localised group of workshops or from several scattered ateliers is not known: some were certainly made in the kilns south of Kom Helul at Memphis. Many of these vessels have a dark purple-black body glaze, with green-yellow petals. Some of them have dark blue glaze outside, pale blue inside, with petals of a turquoise colour. One from the Polemon village of Magdola is part of a ring-based vessel, with slanting reeding on what survives of the underbody. This is near to a complete, two-handled flagon in the Detroit Institute of Arts with a similar but darker blue glaze, the base of which is close to ours in diameter, and which is probably more likely to date to the first two centuries AD than BC (Friedman 1998,162). Comparandum:Caubet and Pierrat-Bonnefois, 2005, 164, 500. 1445. Kom Aliun, 1999. Unknown find-spot. L. c.5.0 cm. Fragment with triple band of petals. Pale brown faience; turquoise-blue surface.

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1446. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom C, cemetery. H.5.6 cm. Body fragment, from a large two-handled jar, decorated with a wreath of petals (only one row surviving). Black glaze outside, turquoise inside; pale green petals. 1447-50. Kom Aliun, 1999. Koms B and C, cemetery. L. 3.7 cm. Fragments of large two-handled jar, with a wreath (probably just below the shoulder) of three rows of applied petals, partially buried in the black glaze of the exterior; interior turquoise-blue; the petals are turquoise-blue with greenish-yellow edges. Plus: fragments, from the same site, of three more vessels of a similar shape and glaze coverage, with plain interiors and ribbed exteriors: the ribbing may be horizontal but is often slanted. Part of the base of one survives. The interiors are pale blue and the external ribbing can be black or turquoise in colour. Not measured. Comparandum: Buhl 1955, 191, fig. 8, Roman, in the Louvre: slanted spiral body. 1451. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound. Base D. 10.0 cm. Lower body and base-ring of substantial jar. Very abraded: base-ring shape conjectural. Turquoise-blue glaze. 1452. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Base D. 7.4 cm. Underbody and base-ring fragment. Turquoise glaze. 1453. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, northern area. Base D. 13.0 cm. Lower body and base fragment of a two-handled jar; the base-ring was made separately and applied to the vessel. Black glaze outside, blue inside and under base. 1454. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound. Base D. 9.0 cm. Lower body of jar with applied base-ring, held together by the glaze medium. Turquoise-blue glaze. Comparandum: Tagart 1983, 144, fig. 1, 6, near one from the Fezzan. 1455. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Base D. 8.0 cm. Underbody jar fragment, with separately made and applied base-ring. Turquoise glaze. Arab-period faience A very few small pale blue sherds of what appears to be faience made during the Arab period were found in the Polemon District at the Koms of Talit and Tifeh, and at Deir el-Banat: none could be illustrated meaningfully, none has been identified with any parallel vessel, and none can be dated much closer than the find-sites suggest, except that they are later, perhaps much later, than the Arab invasion of the mid-seventh century AD. None was found in the Römer Themistos Survey.

CHAPTER 20 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS During survey work on ancient sites occasionally an object, as distinct from sherds of pottery, glass and faience, is found. Few such artifacts, other than coins, can be dated intrinsically, but they round out, to a slight extent, our knowledge of human activity at the place concerned, and are thus worth recording. Larger objects, deep stone mortars, millstones of various kinds, most architectural masonry, etc. were not noted by me to any great extent for this report. Most such objects are illustrated at half natural size: the photographs are of no common scale. Catalogued material and its find-spots Aliun Village 1456-7, 1476; Desert south of Medinet Quta 1460; Dionysias 1464-5; Euhemeria 1459, 1466-7, 1477, 1488; Kom Aliun cemeteries 1472, 1474-5; Kom el-Arka 1458; Kom Hamouli 1473, 1490; Kom Hamouli cemetery 1471; Medinet Quta 1468-9, 1478-9, 1482; Philoteris 1462-3, 1470, 1480-81, 1483, 1485, 1491-2; Philoteris (extramural) Temple 1489; Tell el-Kenissa 1486-7; Theadelphia 1484. Many objects have been found in other villages in the Fayum and some have deserved publication: Karanis (Herakleides Meris) 1493; Philadelphia (Herakleides Meris) 1492. CATALOGUE Game-pieces (1456-8) The three game-pieces catalogued here, of white marble, faience and a sherd, are largely undatable. 1456. Aliun Village, 2000. Slag Mound 1. W. 2.3 cm. White marble game-piece, roughly squared off. 1457. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound. H. 2.2 cm. Faience game-piece, cylindrical with concave sides, slightly faceted. Turquoise-blue glaze. 1458. Kom el-Arka, 1999. Village mound, Area B. D. 2.2 cm. Dark brown Nile-silt gamepiece cut roughly from a potsherd and smoothed overall.

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Kiln-tally (1459) Probably a tally to mark out areas within a kiln belonging to particular potters, or perhaps a written label for identifying a sack to which it has been tied. Many others of similar but varied configuration are referred to in Bailey 2008, pl. 125, and others come from Athribis; Euhemeria; Naukratis; the Ibrahimieh Necropolis at Alexandria; El Mahrine and Utica in Tunisia. Most are hand-modelled and others have short inscriptions in Greek letters, perhaps initial letters of names. Some of the Naukratite examples include wheelmade examples: Leonard 2001, 192, fig. 3.6, 31-2. 1459. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near Bathhouse 2. Surviving L. 6.4 cm. Fragment of oval dished object with a pierced hole. Red-brown NS, with thick dark grey core. Ptolemaic, third to second century BC. Compare several examples from Naukratis: Bailey 2008, nos 3695-8, inscribed with abbreviated names. Terracotta tubes, drainage or industrial ceramics (1460) Many long fired clay tubes have been found, often in groups, particularly in el-Ashmunein in the 1980s (Bailey 1998, 110-111; pl. 73, Q 10-76). They have been dated conjecturally to the Arab period, about the eighth to tenth century AD, but this a sheer guess. No. 1460, catalogued below, survives as a single fragment. 1460. Said to have been found south of Medinet Quta in April 2005, part of a group of terracotta tubes which were found lying together more or less on the same contour as Quta, but a fair distance from that ancient village. H. 5.0 cm, W. 4.5 cm. Fragment of a tapering terracotta tube, pierced through the middle, but not quite centrally. Red-brown NS, coarse, with a grey core. Most surviving complete examples are about 16-17 cm long; cf. Vol. A, pp. 288-289. Terracotta figures (1461-6) Some half a dozen fragments of terracotta figures were found in villages situated in the western part of the District of Themistos, occupying areas on the major canal running westward between Philoteris and Dionysias. This ancient canal, now dry, was not traced to the east of Philoteris and could not be seen west of Dionysias. It is possible that modern canals took the place of ancient canals and ran generally westward east of Philoteris and westward of Dionysias. Terracottas 1461 and 1463 come from Philoteris; 1462 from Theadelphia, 1466 from Euhemeria, and 1464 and 1465 were found at Dionysias. The six terracotta figure fragments are comparatively poorly made. The ‘Philosopher’ 1461 and the draped figure 1462 are probably Hellenistic, of the second to first century BC. The demon with the top-knot 1464 is Roman of the first or second century AD. 1461. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, north part of Third Sweep. H. 5.3 cm. Terracotta fragment, the upper part of a reclining bearded philosopher, sage or dramatist, the back of the head lost. Red Nile silt. Bibl. Römer, 2004, 300. Comparanda: see perhaps an elderly satyr, found at Naukratis: Bailey 2008, pl. 61, no. 3340; and another in the Petrie Museum: UC2402. 1462. Theadelphia, 2002. Village mound. H. 7.3 cm. Terracotta fragment of a draped figure, gender uncertain (probably female), wearing a long chiton and with a sceptre at its right side. Orange-brown NS. 1463. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, large house near structure Bb on the plan: Römer, 2004, 288: Vol. A H. 5.3 cm. Terracotta fragment of a female beneficent demon; only the back

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of the head, with a spiral topknot, survives. Light red Nile silt. Bibl. Römer Photo 16.1, 2004, 300. Comparanda: Bailey 2008, 48, nos 3114-5; both beneficent demons, wearing the same topknot as the Philoteris fragment, and dating to the late first century AD or the second century AD; Dunand 1990, 246, 699, a similar female head, dated third century AD ; Fischer 1994, pl. 111, 1040, dated first quarter of second century AD, or later. 1464. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. H. 7.0 cm. Lower part of a terracotta figure from a very worn mould, possibly Sarapis enthroned and holding a sceptre and perhaps a cornucopia. A seated Harpokrates is also possible. Drapery curves down from left to right. Alternatively it may be a reclining figure of Harpokrates. Most of the rear is lost. Brown Nile silt. Compare Ballet 2000b. 1465. Dionysias, 2005. Village mound, Sherd Area F. H. 6.4 cm. Part of a terracotta of a very uncertain subject, but perhaps the wing of an eagle with feathers (incised into the archetype); or Eros?). Another possibility is the back view of a female figure, perhaps a fourthcentury AD empress, resembling Dunand 1979, pl. LV, no. 106. Brown Nile silt with traces of dark red slip. 1466. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. W. 4.8 cm. Terracotta vessel fragment, of a bearded dramatic mask with part of a wide open mouth. Pinkish-brown NS. Faience figure and relief plaques (1467-9) A well-modelled but fragmentary faience model of a crocodile was found in Euhemeria, and is probably of the third or second century BC 1467, 1468 and 1469 may both be parts of the same flat decorative plaque, which is probably of early Roman date. Several cylindrical pots with relief patterns on their outer surface may go with this type of patterned plaque, which has a thick decoration in multi-coloured glaze. Some instances of this decorative treatment, found at Pompeii, are illustrated in Rossi 1994, 319-51: a date in the first century BC/AD is suggested. 1468 may be the foot of a camel. 1467. Euhemeria, 2003. Village mound, near centre. L. 3.3 cm. Fragment of a crocodile, modelled in the round, or mouldmade: head, rear body and tail lost, front legs survive. Turquoise-blue glaze. Comparanda: Caubet and Pierrat-Bonnefois, 2005, 185, 506-7: complex crocodiles, first-second centuries AD; Christies South Kensington Sale, 28 April 2009, Lots 131, 133. 1468. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. First noted on 11th September 2003 and left on site. L. 5.7, Th. 2.5 cm. Part of a relief with a (cloven?), hoofed animal’s leg, walking on a projecting base-line; it may perhaps be a foot of a camel. Cream-coloured body; green/turquoise-blue glaze. 1469. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. L. 6.5, Th. 2.7 cm. Part of a plaque with an uncertain relief, perhaps of a globular pot amongst other things; or a figure of a fat personage, Bacchic personage, possibly Harpokrates, with a strap round his waist; he rests his head on his hand. Cream-coloured body; green/turquoise-blue glaze. Probably part of 1468. Jewellery, toiletry, sandal, etc. (1470-82) Several items of apparel and adornment were found in villages within the District of Themistos. They include a bronze finger-ring from Philoteris; part of a bronze bracelet from the cemetery of Kom Hamouli; individual beads from cemeteries at Kom Aliun; from Kom Hamouli; from Aliun Village; from Euhemeria; from Medinet Quta; wooden combs from Philoteris; and a basket-work sandal from Medinet Quta.

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1470. Philoteris, 2002. Village mound, Fourth Sweep. Interior D, 1.5 cm; exterior D. 1.8 cm; socket for lost gem: 7x5mm Bronze finger-ring of a simple long-lived form: any time between the second century BC and the third century AD. Bibl. Römer 2004, 300. 1471. Kom Hamouli, 2006. cemetery. W. across gap. 4.0 cm. Small bronze bracelet, part missing; angled/convex section. 1472. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. L. 0.9 cm. Cornelian biconical bead with flattened ends. 1473. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. L. 1.0 cm. Cornelian biconical discoid bead, not illustrated. 1474. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kom D, cemetery. L. 0.5 cm. Hexagonal green glass bead, copied from a natural Egyptian emerald crystal. Comparandum: Meyer 1992, Pl. 14, 372, from Quseir el-Qadim. 1475. Kom Aliun, 1999. Kiman B and C, cemetery. D. 1.3 cm. Blue faience bead of oblate spheroid shape. Comparandum:Meyer 1992, Pl. 14, 370, from Quseir el-Qadim. 1476. Aliun Village, 2000. Village mound. D. not measured. Faience melon-bead. Blue glaze, black coloration around one end of the piercing. A blue faience melon bead fragment from the Meris of Polemon was found in the Ptolemaic and early Roman lakeside hamlet of Deir el-Tin. 1477. Euhemeria, 2001. Village mound. Find-spot not noted. Not measured, not drawn. W. 0.0 cm. Fragment of faience melon-bead. Turquoise-blue glaze. 1478-9. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. Not measured, not drawn. Two fragments of faience melon-beads. Turquoise blue glaze. Not illustrated. 1480. Philoteris, 2003. Village mound, Fourth Sweep, from a large building at the south-east (Römer, 2004, 290, ‘D’ on plan). L. 6.9 cm. Wooden comb, double-ended. Comparandum:Pintaudi, ed. 2008,Antinoupolisi, 69. 1481. Philoteris, 2003. Sixth Sweep, Eastern rubbish dumps. L. 10.0 cm. Wooden comb, double-ended. For a useful discussion of Egyptian haircombs, see Ashton 2011, in Aston et al. 2011, 19-43. 1482. Medinet Quta, 2005. Village mound, central area. L. c.21.0 cm. I-woven basket-work sandal. Comparandum:EgyptianArchaeology 33, 2008, 19. Tools (1483-5) Three miscellaneous tools were noted during our survey, a fragmentary adze-hammer in iron; part of a limestone two-piece mould for the casting of a metal skillet-handle, and the remains of a basket. None of these is datable. 1483. Philoteris, 2000. Village mound, Second to Fourth Sweep. L. 10.0 cm. Iron socketed adze-hammer (hammer part lost). 1484. Theadelphia, 2005. Village mound. 11.3 cm, W. 7.6 cm, Th. 3.0 cm. Lower half of a limestone piece-mould for a bronze vessel handle, perhaps for a skillet: very plain, probably the rear of the handle. Sprue-hole indicated; plus two pierced holes to peg the two halves of the mould together when in use. 1485. Philoteris, 2000. Find-spot not noted. Not measured. Fragmentary basket, much damaged and torn.

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Stone bowls (1486-7) Quarry workers in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, as a spare-time cottage industry, frequently manufactured bowls and mortars (Peacock and Maxfield 2007, 267-72, for slate and porphyry vessels made at Mons Porphyrites). Many of the bowls noted, of hardstone, granite or basalt, found on ancient sites were manufactured from broken royal statues. 1486. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound. First Sweep. D. 23.0 cm. Part of a black basaltlike stone mortar. Smoothly polished inside, less so on the underside, on the base-ring, which is rough-pecked outside and within the base-ring. 1487. Tell el-Kenissa, 1999. Village mound, Second Sweep. Rim D. 13.0 cm. Lug-handle, probably one of two, grooved below, broken from a stone bowl. Soft white limestone. Foot-basin (1488) Many Hellenistic bath buildings had a bowl-shaped insert in limestone at the foot end of the individual bath in which the bather sat. Bath-house 2 at Euhemeria had just such a series of inserts. The bottom is only 2.0-2.5 cm thick: hence many such basins are broken through and repaired with plaster. 1488. Euhemeria, 2003. Bath-house 2. Rim D. 32.0 cm, Depth 15.0 cm. White limestone basin, an insert from the foot end of an individual sitzbath cf. Vol. A, pp. 181-183. ARCHITECTURAL AND MILLSTONE FRAGMENTS Painted stucco fragments (1489-90) 1489. Philoteris, 2002. North extramural building = the gymnasium. L. c.12.0 cm. Stucco fragment of Doric decoration, a series of dentils. This indicates that there was a classical structure (a shrine?) within this extramural building, now identified as the gymnasium. Bibl.Römer 2004, 291; Vol. A, Chapt. 16, pp. 226-227, Photo 16.32. 1490. Kom Hamouli, 1999. Village mound. Twenty-two selected fragments of painted wall plaster, found close together; one has part of a human face. Late Roman or early Arab periods. (Six fragments illustrated). Hand- and animal-mills (1491-3) In the Village mounds of the Fayum many fragments of Theban mills can be seen, both upper and lower portions, in a dark grey or black volcanic stone and also in Aswan red granite. A recent paper by R. Frankel (2003) has a full discussion of this type of mill: only two from the Fayum are mentioned in his long lists. Such mills are often found on ships, probably acting as ballast, but are often seen in villages. Elsewhere they were found at Olynthos (largely destroyed in 348 BC). A second-century BC Greek relief bowl shows how mills of this kind were used: Rostovzeff 1937, AJA 41 (1937) 86-96, fig. 1. An example in volcanic stone, dated between the sixth and second century BC, was found during recent underwater examination in Herakleion, not far from Alexandria: Goddio and Clauss, eds, 2006, Munich, 357, no. 145. For Theban mills mentioned in a papyrus document of AD 139 from Euhemeria, see A.C. Johnson, RomanEgypttotheReignof Diocletian (Baltimore 1936), 272, no. 216: for a lease of a mill “in full working order, containing 3 Theban millstones, with handles and nether stones” see P.Ryl. 167.

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A few examples of millstones of the Thirtieth Egyptian Dynasty were recently found in Diospolis Inferior in the northern Delta (Spencer 1999, pl. 86). For a useful paper on these mills, see L.A. Moritz, Grain-millsandflourinclassicalantiquity, Oxford, 1958. Petrie originally mistook these objects as being windows: Koptos, London, 1896, 24, where two mills had been built into a Roman house: lower parts of mills in the Petrie Museum: UC14524-7 (Adams, 2002, 11). In 1999 and 2003 many were noticed by the Themistos Survey team at Philadelphia in the Fayum, and at our own sites: Philoteris in 2000, Theadelphia in 2002; several occur at Karanis (Boak and Petersen 1931, 66; Gazda, ed., 1983, 28, fig. 50; Husselman 1979, pls 88-90; several lower stones are built into the floor of the South Temple of Karanis (see 1493), but whether anciently placed or used in a modern reconstruction is uncertain. Some of the Fayumic examples mentioned here may be Roman rather than Ptolemaic. For their survival during Roman times, there is one at Masada (personal observation): this may be as early as about 37 BC, but need not be, but first-century AD examples have been found at Quseir el-Qadim (Myos Hormos) on the Red Sea coast and at the Eastern Desert quarry sites of Tiberiane and Mons Porphyrites, the last in a local stone (Peacock in Shaw, 2000, 429, 443-4): the Mons Porphyrites example is probably of the second century AD. The Kyrenia Wreck of the beginning of the third century BC had 29 of these mills in the ballast (Bass 2005, 58 and 76); these were made on Nisyros, a volcanic island near Rhodes. A ship sunk within a couple of decades of 100 BC has such mills (Baatz 1994, 97-100. in Hellenkemper Salies, Cologne 1994). 1491. Philoteris 2000-01. Several fragments of Theban mills, upper and lower, come from the centre of the village mound in Sweep 3. They are mostly in a volcanic stone, but there was one of Aswan red granite and another of nummulitic limestone. 1492. Philadelphia 1999. Fragments of Theban mills, also part of a composite mill in volcanic stone (illustrated). Plus a couple of fragments of composite mills in a volcanic stone at Philoteris (not illustrated).

Fig. 4: Karanis, South Temple

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Bibliographical Abbreviations AASOR: AJA: AtlanteI: AtlanteII: BCE: BCH: BIFAO: CCE: ÉT: JARCE: JdI: JEA: JHS: JRA: MDAIK: MEFRA: PAM: RIPQ:GD: ZPE:

AnnualoftheAmericanSchoolsofOrientalResearch. AmericanJournalofArchaeology. Enciclopediadell’arteanticaclassicaeorientale,AtlanteI, Rome, 1981. Enciclopediadell’arteanticaclassicaeorientale,AtlanteII, Rome, 1985. Bulletindeliaisondugroupeinternationald’étudedelacéramiqueégyptienne. Bulletindecorrespondancehellénique. Bulletindel’Institutfrançaisd’ArchéologieOrientale. Cahiersdelacéramiqueégyptienne. ÉtudesetTravaux. JournaloftheAmericanResearchCenterinEgypt. JahrbuchdesDeutschenArchäologischenInstituts. JournalofEgyptianArchaeology. JournalofHellenicStudies. JournalofRomanArchaeology. MitteilungendesDeutschenArchäologischenInstituts,AbteilungKairo. Mélangesdel’EcoleFrançaisedeRome:Antiquités(Mélangesd’Archéologieetd’Histoire). PolishArchaeologyintheMediterreanean. D. Peacock and V. Maxfield, (eds.), TheRomanImperialPorphyryQuarries:GebelDokhan, Egypt,InterimReports1994-8,Southampton and Exeter. ZeitschriftfürPapyrologieundEpigraphik.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX I GRENFELL AND HUNT AT HARIT AND KASR EL-BANAT: THE CERAMIC MATERIAL1 by

Gillian Pyke 1. INTRODUCTION Ceramic material was collected by Grenfell and Hunt from the settlements and associated cemeteries at Harît and Deir el-Banat and examples of intact vessels were included in their 1900 publication (= P. Fay.).2 The current location of these vessels is not known, but some were assigned numbers (prefixed GizehJourn.) and are noted in the text as having been taken to a magazine in Giza. I use the names of the two villages as given by Grenfell and Hunt: Harît is Theadelphia, Kasr el-Banat is Euhemeria.3 The specific aim of this Chapter is the reassessment of the dating of the groups of pottery presented in Grenfell and Hunt’s account of their work. 2. METHOD The reassessment of the pottery was primarily based on the black and white photographs and brief descriptions of ceramic finds included in the publication of the survey. These were organised by site and divided into material derived from the settlements and their cemeteries, the latter further subdivided into chronological classes. It is not clear whether vessels were selected for inclusion in photographs because they were deemed to be representative of common types, or because they were intact. The criteria used for dating the burials are not made explicit, apart from the statement that: ‘Since most of the changes in pottery from the Ptolemaic to the Roman style took place in the first century A.D., and at Harît it is on the evidence mainly of pottery that late Ptolemaic tombs can be distinguished from Roman, it is very difficult to ascribe with confidence any tombs in that cemetery to the first century A.D., except a few in which first century A.D. coins were found (P. Fay. p. 58; see also p. 60).’ 1

2

3

This analysis was to have been conducted by Donald Bailey, who was unfortunately unable to undertake the work due to ill health. I would like to thank Dr Sylvie Marchand for her assistance in the identification and dating of this material and discussion of the ceramic history of the Fayum region. Any errors included here are, of course, my own. It is an infortunate accident of timing that a major publication on the Hellenistic and Roman pottery of Tebtynis became available after this appendix was written and could not be incorporated. See Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012. Grenfell, Hunt, and Hogarth 1900, FayumTownsandtheirPapyri = P. Fay. In the following, all indications of pages refer to that book, if not stated otherwise. Plates are cited according to the number given in that book. For a concordance between those plate numbers and numbers in the book at hand see p. 320. For the two villages see Vol. A, Chapters 13 and 14, and for the pottery in this Vol. B, pp. 13-14.

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Descriptions of vessels are generally brief but show a high degree of internal consistency. Form descriptions are limited to a shape, such as ‘plate’ or ‘bowl’, sometimes with an indication of size (presumably when more than one size was found), with the slip colour (‘red’ or ‘black’) specified for polished wares. Therefore, vessels with the same shape description are likely to be similar, and vessels with no colour designation are probably coarse wares. Little or no information was included concerning the fabrics, technology or surface treatments (beyond those mentioned above) of the vessels. More detailed observations are made about certain vessel types, such as amphorae, showing that attention was paid to morphological characteristics of particular types that might be indicative of chronological differences. The following example gives the impression that this was perhaps more frustrating than informative: ‘Ptolemaic amphorae can, as a rule, be clearly distinguished from Roman by their superior polish and by the shape of their handles, which in the earlier period are generally large and raised (cf. Pl. XIb, figs. 4, 13), while in Roman times they are small and rounded (Pl. XIIIb). But amphorae with rounded handles, identical in shape with the Roman amphorae, were already in use in later Ptolemaic times. At Harît indeed we had only one such instance, in a tomb which from its position in the cemetery and the presence of a pottery coffin were felt sure was Ptolemaic. But our excavations at Ûmm el Baragât, where numerous round-handled amphorae were found in the Ptolemaic cemetery, have left us no doubts on the subject. Ribbing is of little use as a criterion for date though it was more extensively used in Roman times, Ptolemaic amphorae are often ribbed in the upper part (P. Fay. p. 58).’

A further observation was that amphorae associated with stamps were probably Rhodian, while those with dipinti giving the vintage, quality and capacity of the vessel (P. Fay. p. 57-58). The analysis was organised according to the groupings established within the publication. Data from the photograph and verbal description were combined to inform an identification of the shape of each illustrated vessel. Supplementary information such as surface colour was used as an indicator of the ware. Formal form identifications and dating were obtained from the published ceramic repertoire of the nearby well-stratified site of Tebtynis and through consultation with Dr Sylvie Marchand of theInstitutFrançaisd’ArchéologieOrientale(le Caire). Several constraints were encountered that hampered the identification and dating of the Harît and Kasr el-Banat ceramic material. These included the fact that the photographs are in black and white, lack scales and in some cases show the vessels at oblique angles or at a size that is too small. The groups established in the text are sometimes not shown together in the photographs, making it difficult to get an overview of the composition of the group. In addition, the ceramic material from Tebtynis is shown primarily as line drawings, making comparison difficult. Due to these various limitations the results of this analysis must be regarded as provisional, and would benefit from checking against the actual vessels if possible.

3. ANALYSIS 3.1. Harît = Theadelphia The ceramic material from the settlement of Harît can be divided into two broad groups according to whether they were found in the cemetery or the settlement. Further subdivision is possible as Grenfell and Hunt’s findings are generally presented site by site, accompanied by observations regarding inter-site correlations and general trends.

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3.1.1. Cemetery (cf. D. M. Bailey this Vol., p. 13) The tombs of the Harît cemetery, located on the west side of the town, were divided into three chronological classes: early Ptolemaic (250-150 BC); intermediate (late Ptolemaic-early Roman) and Roman (second and third centuries AD); see P. Fay. p. 55. 3.1.1.1. EarlyPtolemaic(250-150BC) Six vessels from Grenfell and Hunt’s Class 1 burials are illustrated and a further eight mentioned in the text. The pottery is described as ‘a few earthenware pots, either broken or complete, in the filling [of the earlier Ptolemaic tombs]’, generally similar to that of the later Ptolemaic tombs (Class 2) but in a more restricted range of forms (P. Fay. p. 55-56). The problematic nature of this group is highlighted by the single burial assemblage that is noted, containing a ‘lamp’4 and a ‘painted cinerary urn’5 that were placed in a recess at the bottom of the tomb. The shape of the lamp and a second one in the same illustration (P. Fay. pl. Xb, 1) is consistent with Kubiak’s type B, dating to the Late Antique to early Medieval periods, and examples from Athribis and Bahriya.6 Details of the painted decoration on the so-called ‘cinerary urn’ are not visible in the photograph and the identification of this vessel is problematic. The form of the vessel is not particularly similar to that of cinerary jars of Ptolemaic Alexandria,7 and the predominance of inhumation burials at Harît (and Kasr el-Banat) also calls into question the proposed function. Two of the illustrated vessels specifically attributed to the early Ptolemaic Class 1 burials are probably polished wares. The ‘black incurved bowl’8 is similar to red polished examples at Tebtynis in use between the third and first centuries BC, but the shallow body and tall base argue for a third century date.9 The ‘red incurved bowl’10 and ‘smaller red incurved bowl’11 are also likely to be inturned bowls of a type similar to this one, or to other bowls in the same illustration. The ‘red outcurved bowl’ is comparable to carinated bowls at Tebtynis.12 It is not clear which illustrated vessels are the comparanda for the ‘large red bowl’13 and ‘smaller red bowl’, both of which are presumably also polished wares.14 A coarse ware plate,15 not illustrated, is likely to be the same type as other examples in the same photograph, such as XIa-2 and XIPa-7, both of which are associated with Class 2 burials (P. Fay. p. 57). This suggests that this is either a very long-lived type or that the supposed chronological divisions are questionable. The ‘small bowl’16 does not have an illustrated example in this photograph. The two illustrated closed forms, a ‘tall pot with raised handle’17 and a ‘small pot with handle’,18 have broadly similar tall narrow forms with a distinctive loop handle projecting above rim level. 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

P. Fay., p. 55, 59, pl. Xb, 7. Inventory number 13, GizehJourn. 33,393. P. Fay., p. 55, 59, pl. XIa, 17. Inventory number 149, GizehJourn.33,394. Kubiak 1970, type B; Athribis: personal observation 2011; Bahriya: S. Marchand, 2012, personal communication. Ballet, Boussac, and Enklaar 2001, 273-90; Enklaar 2003, 391-405. P. Fay., p. 59, pl. XIa, 6. Inventory number 130. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 24 probably closest (second half of the third to start of the second century BC; closer dating suggested by Marchand, 2012: personal communication. P. Fay., p. 59. Inventory number 137. P. Fay., p. 59. Inventory number 138. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 108 probably closest (third century BC). P. Fay., p. 59. Inventory number 133. P. Fay., p. 59. Inventory number 134. GizehJourn. 33,316. P. Fay., p. 59. Inventory number 135. P. Fay., p. 59. Inventory number 139. GizehJourn. 33,323. P. Fay., p. 59, pl. XIa, 14. Inventory number 140. GizehJourn. 33,288. P. Fay., p. 59, pl. XIb, 14. Inventory number 20.

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The ‘small pot with handle’ is comparable to examples at Tebtynis dated to the first half of the first century BC.19 The ‘inscribed amphora handle’20 is, following Grenfell and Hunt’s system (P. Fay. p. 57-8), likely to be from a Rhodian amphora (for which see below). The ‘three pieces of a red pot with black stripe’21 are presumably a closed form of some kind. 3.1.1.2. LatePtolemaicandEarlyRoman(150BC-firstcenturyAD) Tombs of the second class were located to the south east of those of the earlier Ptolemaic period, which were proposed to be progressively later the closer they were to the town (P. Fay., p. 56). The contents of a small number of tombs are described in detail. One tomb, the main features of which were a vaulted brick tomb-structure and plain wooden coffin, included a group of ‘seven small flasks of thin black ware, with narrow red and white concentric stripes, one of similar shape, but red, and a couple of small alabaster vases (no. 1 in our inventory, see p. 59 and pl. Xb, figs. 6, 11, 12, 18, 24).’22 These ‘long thin flasks’23 have a characteristic shape by which they can be identified as unguentaria, a vessel type that is characteristically Hellenistic and particularly associated with funerary equipment.24 The body in another tomb was ‘buried under bricks’ rather than in a coffin, and had objects placed at the head and feet. These included a ‘round two-eared pot covered by a plate with two lamps inside, and a small black flask and a bronze tray (no. 5; P. Fay. p. 57.)’ at the feet. A ‘large incurved bowl’25 is also from this tomb, but is shown at an angle from which it cannot be identified in the photograph, and an additional ‘small incurved bowl’ is listed in the inventory.26 The plate is presumably to be equated with the type example pl. XIa-2, and the ‘round two-eared pot’ with the cooker of the same description illustrated as pl. XIa-3 (for which see below). The ‘small black flask’ is not clearly an unguentarium. A third group of vessels, presumably a burial assemblage, comprises a ‘two-eared round pot’,27 an ‘incurved bowl’28 and a lamp, all of which are probably coarse wares. The shape of the ‘twoeared round pot’ is consistent with globular cookers of the Ptolemaic period, and is closest to those of the third to second centuries BC.29 A ‘two-eared round pot’ forms part of another burial assemblage, which also includes a ‘plate’ and ‘small incurved bowl’ that are likely to be similar to examples already encountered, a ‘lamp’, ‘coarse plate’ and the ‘top of an amphora’.30 A further group31 comprises an ‘outcurved bowl’ and ‘small flask’. 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26

27 28 29

30

31

Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, types 580-1 (first half of the first century BC). P. Fay., p. 59. Inventory number 143. P. Fay., p. 59. Inventory number 138. GizehJourn. 33,395. P. Fay., p. 57. P. Fay., p. 57, 60, pl. Xb, 6 (red), 11-12 (black), 18 (red), 24 (red). Inventory numbers 1a-f, h-i, of which b, c, h and i are in Giza. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 130. P. Fay., p. 60, pl. XIb, 12. Inventory number 5f. P. Fay., p. 60, fig. XIb, 12. Inventory numbers 5a, d-i, of which g (lamp) and i (two-eared round pot) are in Giza, the latter is numbered GizehJourn. 33,329. P. Fay., p. 60, pl. XIa, 3. Inventory number 4a. P. Fay., p. 60, pl. XIa, 4. Inventory number 4b. Similar to examples at Tebtynis: Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 78, closest to type 278 (Hellenistic); closer dating suggested by Marchand, 2012: personal communication. P. Fay., p. 60. Inventory numbers 6a-e, of which c and d are in Giza, numbered GizehJourn. 33,304 and GizehJourn. 33,317 respectively. Such as the ‘red outcurved bowl’ associated with a Class 1 tomb, see P. Fay., p. 57, pl. XIa, 8; ‘black outcurved bowl with leaf stamp’ found in a Class 2 tomb, see P. Fay., p. 60, pl. Xb, 19; ‘long thin red flask’ and ‘long thin black flask’ (several examples), see P. Fay., p. 60, pl. Xb, 2, 6, 11, 12, 18, 24.

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The pottery was, in general, noted to be similar to that of the earlier group, but more frequent and in a greater variety of forms (P. Fay. p. 56.). The vessels that are presented in the photographic record are the most commonly occurring types (P. Fay., p. 57), described as follows: ‘The commonest forms of pots were those figured on Plate XIa, figs. 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, were made generally in red earthenware, more rarely in finer and more polished black ware and, occasionally stamped with a triple leaf-shaped mark. They were sometimes at the bottom of the tombs, sometimes in the filling, while fragments of pots were scattered about on the surface of the desert in which the Ptolemaic tombs were situated. But that the tombs were not any later than the pottery is shown by the identity in shape of pots placed inside a sarcophagus beside the deceased with those found in the filling. Numerous fragments of large amphorae occurred, in several cases inscribed. Three of these (nos. 39, 53, 110) were stamped on the handles, and had been imported, probably from Rhodes, but the rest were no doubt of Egyptian workmanship (P. Fay. p. 57).’

The polished wares include a ‘black incurved bowl’ that occurs both with32 and without a leaf stamp33 and is also associated with Class 3 tombs.34 Similar vessels at Tebtynis are dated to the end of the second to the start of the first century BC.35 The carinated bowl described as a ‘black outcurved bowl with leaf stamp’36 is of a type found at Tebtynis and circulating widely in the Hellenistic world.37 A ‘fragment of stamped red plate’38 is listed in the inventory but not illustrated. The ‘thin red pot with handle’,39 the body-shape of which is similar to an alabastron but with a flared rim and neck-to-neck handle, is probably a flagon.40 The morphology of the ‘small black jug’41 is consistent with that of small perfume/unguent containers (aryballoi) at Tebtynis,42 production of which peaked in the second century BC.43 The squatter, drop-shaped body of a second ‘small black jug’44 is comparable to an example at Tebtynis that is dated to the first century BC to first century AD.45 Two ‘small red pots’46 and a ‘small black pot’47 are presumably polished ware closed forms, but no comparably-named vessels are illustrated. Among the coarse wares, the illustrated ‘plate’48 is one of several49 listed in the inventory of pottery from Class 2 tombs, and is consistent with plates produced at Tebtynis throughout the

32 33 34 35

36 37

38 39 40 41 42

43 44 45 46 47 48 49

P. Fay., p. 61, pl. Xb, 8. Inventory number 127. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. Xb, 23 (shown inverted). Inventory number 129. GizehJourn. 33,150. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIa, 10. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 8. A second century date is perhaps indicated by the very inturned upper body (Marchand, 2012, personal communication). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. Xb, 19. Inventory numbers 128. GizehJourn. 33,113. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 44-5, type 100 closest (first half of the third century BC). Marchand (2012: personal communication) prefers a second to first century date for this vessel. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory number 120. At Giza, no number given. P. Fay., p. 60, pl. Xb, 16. Inventory number 2. Marchand 2011, Groupe 7a (mid second century BC). P. Fay., p. 60, pl. Xb, 4. Inventory number 18. At Giza, no number given. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 127-9, closest type 558 (end of third century to start of second century BC). Marchand (2012, personal communication) suggests that this could easily be as late as early Roman but the greatest production of the type was in the second century BC. Marchand, 2012, personal communication. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIb, 10. Inventory number 191.GizehJourn. 33,291. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 482. P. Fay., p. 60. Inventory numbers 41-2. P. Fay., p. 60. Inventory numbers 108. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIa, 2. Inventory number 168.GizehJourn. 33,305. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory numbers 162-7 and 169. Of these 165, 166, and 169 are GizehJourn. 33,306-8 respectively.

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Ptolemaic period.50 A ‘little plate’51 also appears in the inventory but is not illustrated, as do a number of ‘incurved bowls’52 and ‘small incurved bowls’.53 Another common type is the carinated bowl (‘outcurved bowl’54 or ‘small bowl’55), a long-lived type produced from the Ptolemaic to early Roman period.56 Various other ‘bowl[s]’57 are illustrated but unfortunately lack any distinctive morphological characteristics by which they might be identified. Among the closed forms, the ‘round two-eared pot[s]’,58 not illustrated, are to be equated with the illustrated cooker from the described burial assemblage.59 The ‘two-handled pot’60 could not be identified, partly because of the poor quality of the photograph. The ‘jug’61 is a ‘table amphora’, a long-lived two-handled vessel for serving wine that is known from Tebtynis.62 The ‘small jug’63 has no visible handles, although a slight bump on the left side of the neck might be a broken handle attachment. It shares some morphological similarities to some of the oenochoes, a singlehandled liquid-container, used at Tebtynis throughout the Ptolemaic period.64 The single-handled ‘jug’ and a non-illustrated example listed with it,65 is very similar to a vessel found in the houses around the temple.66 The ‘long thin pot’67 is an unguentarium of a much smaller size than the other examples of this type and lacks the colour designation that would indicate that it is a polished ware. Several closed forms are noted as being either ‘painted’ or with dark red stripes on a light red surface, but only a single example is illustrated. The shape and decoration of the ‘pot with dark red strip on light red’68 are similar to those of hydriai at Tebtynis, thought to have been produced outside the Fayum in the early Ptolemaic period.69 The Harît example is, however, much smaller in size, suggesting that this identification is unsound. Various ‘fragments of painted pot’70 might also belong to the same vessel type. The ‘light red jug with dark red stripes’71 is likely to be a different type, probably with a single handle, judging by similar descriptions of illustrated vessels.

50 51 52

53 54

55 56

57 58 59 60 61

62 63 64

65 66 67

68 69 70 71

Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 127-9.58-64. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory number 50. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory numbers 152-60 and 179. Of these 153, 157-8 and 160 are GizehJourn. 33,318, 33,292, 33,319, 33,322 and 33,321 respectively. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory numbers 177-8. Former is GizehJourn. 33,320. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIa, 9 and 13. Inventory numbers 173-4. Latter GizehJourn. 33,113; Not illustrated: P. Fay. p. 61. Inventory numbers 170-172. Latter GizehJourn. 33,309. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIa, 15. Inventory numbers 184. GizehJourn. 33,314. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 44-7, types 116 and 113 closest (former dated to the first century AD, latter not dated). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIb, 2, 7, 17. Inventory numbers 187, 180 and 161 respectively. 180 is GizehJourn. 33,324. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory numbers 175-6. P. Fay., p. 57, 60, pl. XIa, 3. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIa, 11. Inventory number 150. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIb, 6. Inventory number 185. The illustrated vessel is not intact and seems to be missing its second handle, so the observation regarding the use of the term ‘jug’ for single-handled vessel still applies. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 150-4. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIb, 5. Inventory number 181.GizehJourn.33,325. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 99-101. Marchand (2012, personal communication) does not favour this identification and tentatively suggests a Roman date for this vessel. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIb, 8. Inventory number 183. Also inventory number 182. GizehJourn.33,312. P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIb, 1. P. Fay., p. 60, pl. Xb, 2. Inventory number 19. Similar to Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 567 (Probably third century BC). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIa, 16. Inventory number 151. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 101-2. P. Fay., p. 60. Inventory numbers 45, 48, 52-3, 73 and 113. Latter GizehJourn.33,327. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory number 189. GizehJourn.33,293.

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The fragment identified as ‘part of an amphora (with) handles stamped (cf. 39) EPI PAY / ΣANI and ΜΙΚΥΘΟ / DΑΛΙΟC’72 has a rim, long cylindrical neck and strongly ‘elbowed’ handles consistent with those of Rhodian amphorae. This amphora type was in production between the fourth century BC and second century AD73 and several examples were found at Tebtynis, dating to the third to mid second century BC.74 The ‘fragments of inscribed amphora’,75 none of which is illustrated, were presumably deemed to have derived from amphorae of Egyptian production. Lamps are most frequently flat and circular with a circular hole in the top and a projecting short spout.76 Rarer are the upright type similar to the one77 found in the early Ptolemaic Class 1 burials, of significantly later date than that proposed for either the Class 1 or Class 2 burials. 3.1.1.3. RomanPeriod(secondtothirdcenturyAD) Some of the Class 3 tombs dating to the Roman period, were sited to the south east of the late Ptolemaic tombs, between them and the temple, those closest to the temple were the earliest (P. Fay., p. 58; this is not the Temple of Pnepheros! cf. Vol. A, p. 114). The burials in this area were placed within small structures and the bodies were covered with bricks and stone rather than being within a coffin, with few associated items of material culture. The rare pots included some with painted decoration, similar to those from the settlement and other contemporary tombs and the ‘normal’ kind of amphora (P. Fay., p. 58), both types of Roman date (see below). In contrast, the shallow graves to the south of the Ptolemaic cemetery, some of which were dug within houses predating the use of the area for burials, were associated with common ‘painted and plain’ pots (P. Fay., p. 59). The illustrated vessels seem to be neither associated with particular burials, nor explicitly collected as representative types, and are listed among the objects from the Class 3 tombs simply as ‘various pots’.78 The other ceramic vessels in the object list, however, are sometimes grouped, reflecting their having been found together in a burial. The illustrated pottery from the Class 3 burials at Harît comprises six open forms and thirteen closed forms, several of which were also found in the Class 1 and 2 burials. The open vessels found in the earlier burials comprise a small flared bowl with a modelled rim79 and a small carinated bowl80 similar to an example at Tebtynis dating to the end of the first century BC or start of the first century AD.81 Other open forms include an inturned bowl,82 a simple-rimmed conical bowl/ lid,83 a deep restricted bowl84 and a casserole 85 all of which should date to the first to second century AD.86 The two model-rimmed conical bowls are comparable to examples found in the Roman 72 73 74

75 76

77 78 79

80 81 82 83 84 85 86

P. Fay., p. 58, 60, pl. XIb, 4. Inventory number 110a. GizehJourn. 33,287. Whitbread 1995, p. 53. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, types 696-9 (first half of the third century BC); Marangou and Marchand 2007, 246, fig. 25-7 (late third to mid second century BC). P. Fay., p. 58, 60. Inventory numbers 114, 115, 119, 121-4. P. Fay., p. 57, 60, pl. Xb,10, 13 and 15. Inventory numbers 31, 24, 28 respectively, of which 24 and 31 stated to be in Giza but no number given. P. Fay., p. 55 and 59, pl. Xb, 7. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa. Inventory numbers 192-210. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 2. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified). Similar to P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIa, 15. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 5. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified); cf. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIb, 2. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 86. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 3. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 11. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 16. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 9. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified). Marchand, personal communication, 2012.

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houses at Harît, dated by the excavators to the second to third century AD.87 Further examples of the straight-sided cup are illustrated from the Harît settlement,88 and the form is also well-known at Tebtynis, where it is dated to the first to second centuries AD.89 The illustrated closed forms from the Class 3 burials include numerous long-necked jars90 with geometric or banded decoration that were also found in the Roman houses at Harît and belong to a type that is very common in second century AD deposits at Tebtynis.91 Other closed forms include jars,92 bottles,93 and single-handled jugs94, all of which are consistent with a first to second century AD date.95 The vessels that are not illustrated include two small groups. The first comprises a ‘painted pot’ and a plate’96 of which the first is probably a long-necked decorated jar and the latter is perhaps comparable to the example from the Roman town.97 The second group consists of four examples of a single vessel-type, described as a ‘small flask’,98 the identification of which remains uncertain. The ‘fragments of inscribed amphora’ probably derive from vessels of Egyptian production, but it is not possible to determine to what kind of vessel the ‘fragment of inscribed pottery’ belongs.99 Similarly, the ‘small red lamp’, ‘light yellow lamps’ and ‘stamped lamp’ presumably fit within the observed range, with the additional information that the light yellow fabric is uncommon.100 3.1.2. Settlement Some parts of the cemetery were populated with the remains of buildings, the relationship of which to the burials could not be determined, though tombs were not generally found within the buildings, which were thought to date to the late Ptolemaic period (P. Fay. p. 58). One of the reasons for assigning this date is the finding of late second century BC papyrus fragments in one of these buildings (P. Fay., p. 58). 3.1.2.1. HouseAmongthePtolemaicTombs101 One of the buildings located within the cemetery ‘yielded a number of late second century BC papyrus scraps, and several pots and lamps resembling those found in the intermediate class of tombs and in the houses round the temple (190, p. 53).’102 A total of fifteen vessels were kept and

87

88 89 90

91

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 2 and 6. Inventory numbers between 192 and 210 (not specified); cf. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVb, 12 and 13. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 5. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 87 (second century AD); Marchand 2012, Group 1c (first century AD). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 4, 8, 13, 14, 18 and 19. Inventory numbers between 192 and 210 (not specified); cf. P. Fay. pl. XIVb, 10 and 19. Marchand, personal communication, 2012. Cf. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, types 427-37 (decorated examples Roman). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 7 and 10. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 1 and 12. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified). P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVa, 15 and 17. Inventory number between 192 and 210 (not specified). Marchand, personal communication, 2012. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory numbers 15a-b. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIVb, 6. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory numbers 56a-d. 56a stated to be in Giza but no number given, 56b is GizehJourn. 33,330. P. Fay., p. 61. Inventory numbers 60 and 127 respectively. P. Fay., p. 57 and 61. Inventory numbers 57, 58-9 and 61 respectively. 57 is GizehJourn. 33,316. P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIb, 3 and 5; cf. p. 58. P. Fay., p. 58.

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sent to the Giza magazine,103 two of which are illustrated. The ‘brown jug’,104 is probably of Roman date, while the ‘small black jug’,105 is probably a black polished aryballos that is perhaps more likely to be Ptolemaic than Roman. 3.1.2.2. HousesaroundtheTemple106 This collection of vessels is described as ‘Late Ptolemaic or very early Roman, all found in the houses round the temple’, but in the label to the photograph as ‘Ptolemaic pottery and coffins’.107 The ‘large amphora’108 is probably a Koan amphora, circulating between about fourth century BC and first century AD,109 comparable to a second century example at Tebtynis.110 The ‘top of vase’111 found with this amphora is said to be similar to another ‘vase’112 found in the houses around the temple. The ‘top of vase’ is probably from a lagynos, a small container for serving wine, similar to examples from Tebtynis dating from the third century BC to first century AD.113 A ‘single-handled jar’114 and ‘large cylindrical pot’115 were found together. The ‘single-handled jar’ is morphologically similar to a ‘jug’116 belonging to a group of common pottery types associated with the late Ptolemaic to early Roman Class 2 burials in the Harît cemetery. Other vessels from the houses around the temple include a ‘small jug’117 a common Roman shape, similar to that of another vessel from Harît, ascribed to the Roman period.118 The only vessel in this group not illustrated is a ‘small black two-handled vase with a Bes head on either side’119 found with a lamp and other objects.120 None of these vessels could be paralleled at Tebtynis. 3.1.2.3. HousesoftheRomanTown The pottery found in the houses of the Roman town was dated to the second and third centuries,121 and was collectively cross-referenced to vessels attributed to the Roman period found in the cemetery.122 The only information available about this pottery is the photograph,123 as there is no description of the survey of the houses, nor a list of objects comparable to those provided for the three classes of tombs.

103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123

P. Fay., p. 58. Inventory numbers 190a-o, GizehJourn. 33,290; 33,294-303; 33,311. P. Fay., p. 58, pl. XIb, 3. Inventory number 190a, GizehJourn. 33,296. P. Fay., p. 58, pl. XIa, 5. Inventory number 190b, GizehJourn. 33,290. P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIb, 1, 11, 13, 15-6, 18; again, this is not the Temple of Pnepheros; cf. Vol. A, p. 114. P. Fay., p. 53 and pl. XIb. P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIb, 13. Inventory number 231. At Giza but no number given. Whitbread 1995, p. 81. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 704 (second century BC). P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIb, 18. Inventory number 235. GizehJourn. 33,328. P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIb, 15. Inventory number 234. GizehJourn. 33,326. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 118, types 503-8 (third century BC to first century AD). P. Fay., p. 53 and pl. XIb, 1. Inventory number 236. P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIb, 11. Inventory number 232. P. Fay., p. 61, pl. XIb, 8. Inventory number 183. P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIb, 16. Inventory number 233. P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIVb, 20. P. Fay., p. 53. Inventory number 250. At Giza but no number given. P. Fay., p. 53. Inventory numbers 251-4. P. Fay., p. 53 and 59, pl. XIVb. Inventory numbers 211-30 and 237-9. P. Fay., p. 53, pl. XIVa. P. Fay., pl. XIVa.

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Twenty-two vessels are illustrated, several of which are types that were found in the Class 3 tombs. These include the straight-sided cup124, two model-rimmed conical bowls125 and an inturned bowl,126 a carinated jar,127 an ovoid jar,128 several long-necked jars,129 a single-handled jar130 and several flasks or aryballoi.131 Several vessels, including a carinated bowl,132 casserole,133 longnecked jar134 are superficially similar to examples from the tombs but not directly comparable. A small number of vessels have no duplicates among the illustrated ceramic material from Harît. A single-handled spouted flask135 is consistent with second century examples at Tebtynis and the neck to neck handles of an amphoriskos136 also suggest a Roman date.137 A possible water-wheel pot (qadus)138 is similar to examples at Tebtynis dating to the late first to second century AD.139 No parallels could be found for a biconical bowl,140 a tall narrow vessel,141 a short-necked ovoid jar142 and an unidentified vessel.143 3.2. Kasr el-Banat = Euhemeria Discussion of the ceramic material from Kasr el-Banat is limited and rarely illustrated by specific vessels, which are instead shown in groups according to the period to which they were attributed. 144 Due to this disparity in presentation, an overview of information in the written account concerning the pottery from each site will be given first, then the illustrated vessels examined. 3.2.1. WrittenAccount The discussion of the Kasr el-Banat survey is divided into two parts, the first addressing the town and temple (P. Fay., p. 44-7) and the second the cemetery (P. Fay. p. 61-2). Ceramic finds are described as follows: ‘Ordinary earthenware pots were found in great variety and profusion (twenty-four left at Gizeh, Journ. nos. 33368-33391; see Pls. XII and XII), and numerous lamps of the Roman period (cf. p. 57; one, found with first century papyri, at Gizeh; cf. p. 47).’

124 125

126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144

P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 9; cf. p. 61, pl. XIb, 2; pl. XIVa, 5. P. Fay., pl. XIVa, 12 and 13; cf. pl. XIVa, 2; cf. also p. 61, pl. XIa, 1 (‘outcurved bowl’) and 15 (‘small bowl’), both from the Class 1 tombs, but note these have a modelled base, unlike the other examples. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 10; cf. pl. XIVa, 3 from the Class 3 tombs. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 1; cf. pl. XIVa, 7. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 17; p. 61, pl. XIVa, 10. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 16 (large with dark bands), 19 (large, undecorated) and 7 (smaller, undecorated); cf. pl. XIVa, 14. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 20 and 5; cf. pl. XIVa, 17 and 15, respectively. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 5; cf. pl. XIVa, 15. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 6; cf. pl. XIa, 2. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 15; cf. pl. XIa, 8. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 18; cf. pl. XIb, 5. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 8. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 21. Marchand, personal communication, 2012. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 22. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, types 866 (end of first to start of second century AD) and 867 (not dated). P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 11. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 4. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 3. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, 2. P. Fay., p. 45, 62, pl. XIIa and b, XIIIa and b.

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This general statement is made in the first part of the discussion, suggesting that it might apply only to finds from the town and temple. However, the inclusion of pottery coffins from the cemetery in one of the illustrations indicates that this is not necessarily the case.145 In the town, finds of papyri were used to establish a timeline. Although a few late Ptolemaic papyri were found in the temple, the main period of activity was the first century AD, with evidence for abandonment in the fourth century (P. Fay., p. 45). Objects from the town were dated to the Roman period, specifically the second or third century, on the basis of dated papyri and coins (P. Fay., p. 47). At the temple, finds from rooms (both above and below ground) on the north-west and south west sides included ‘a pot (pl.XIIb, fig. 3) containing several bronzes, a large ring with a sphinx in relief (now at Gizeh), an incense burner, and a statuette of Osiris’ (P. Fay., p. 45). The finds from the temple are ‘probably late Ptolemaic or early Roman’ (P. Fay., p. 47). Burials at the cemetery were assigned to five classes that were separate from, but cross-referenced to, those established at Harît (P. Fay. p. 62). The poor preservation of the Kasr el-Banat tombs made it hard to determine their date at the time of initial examination and this was done retrospectively, informed by findings at the better preserved and better provisioned tombs at Harît (P. Fay., p. 61-2). Pottery is especially highlighted as more abundant in the burials at Harît than in those at Kasr el-Banat (P. Fay. p. 61). Only a single vaulted tomb, thought to be of early Ptolemaic date on the basis of better preserved examples at Harît (P. Fay. p. 61-2), is specifically mentioned as including pottery, comprising ‘a lamp and a small round pot’ in its grave goods (P. Fay., p. 62). The ‘small round pot’ is, based on a similar vessel description at Harît,146 likely to be a closed form without a handle. The only other pottery find that merits a detailed description does not seem to be linked with a particular burial or class of burial and is simply described as ‘a small thin black flask’ (P. Fay., p. 62). This vessel is probably an unguentarium, similar to vessels found at Harît147 and Tebtynis.148 3.2.2. Illustrations The ceramic finds from Kasr el-Banat are illustrated in four photographs, three of which include a table that is probably to be identified as that on which the pottery from Harît was photographed.149 The Kasr el-Banat photographs were taken from further away than the Harît photographs because they included larger vessels. This has the unfortunate effect that the smaller vessels are difficult to see clearly and to compare with examples from Harît. 3.2.2.1. PotteryAttributedtothePtolemaicandRomanPeriods Thirteen vessels, four of which are mentioned in the written account, are attributed to the Ptolemaic and Roman period according to the label accompanying the photograph.150 The large single-handled jar,151 which contained a number of other objects, is the only ceramic find from the temple and was dated to the late Ptolemaic or early Roman period. This vessel is probably Roman in date and modelled on forms in metal.152 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152

P. Fay., p. 62, pl. XIIb, 8. 10 and 12. P. Fay., p. 59, pl. XIa, 14. P. Fay., p. 57, 60, pl. Xb, 6 (red), 11-12 (black), 18 (red), 24 (red). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 130. P. Fay., pl. XIIa (box), XIIb (table), XIIIa-b (table). P. Fay., pl. XIIb. P. Fay., p. 45, 47, pl. XIIb, 3. Marchand, personal communication, 2012.

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Five vessels are comparable to examples found at Harît. Four modelled-rim bowls are similar to examples attributed to the Ptolemaic and Roman periods153 and a carinated jar is comparable to a vessel attributed to the Roman.154 Unfortunately no parallel at Tebtynis could be found for either vessel type. The remaining four vessels include two storage jars (pithoi)155 probably dating to about the first to second century AD.156 Another large vessel157 with a similar body shape, but a narrower flared neck and undulating rim might perhaps be mis-thrown or mis-fired.158 A large single-handled flask159 is possibly too large to be an oenochoe but might be a related form. 3.2.2.2. PotteryAttributedtotheEarlyRomanPeriod Eleven vessels are attributed to the early Roman period according to the photograph label.160 None of them is mentioned in the written account and only one is of a type illustrated in the photographs of the ceramic material from Harît. This straight-sided cup is similar to examples from the Class 2 burials and the houses of the Roman town,161 and can also be paralleled at Tebtynis.162 The exact form of the other three open forms in the photograph could not be determined because they are propped on their sides.163 The closed forms include two large globular cookers,164 both consistent with Roman types at Tebtynis.165 The two large undecorated jars166 are of the same type, which at Tebtynis dates to the end of the Ptolemaic to the Roman period.167 Another large jar168 is perhaps comparable to the Tebtynis ‘jarre marmite’ used for storage and cooking throughout the Ptolemaic period and earliest Roman period.169 A single-handled jar170 can also be paralleled at Tebtynis by a late Ptolemaic to early Roman type.171 The final vessel172 in this group, possibly a lid, is problematic because of its small size and the overexposure of the photograph. 3.2.2.3. PotteryAttributedtotheRomanPeriod A total of 56 vessels, shown in two photographs, are ascribed to the Roman period.173 None of the vessels is mentioned in the written account but approximately half are of types illustrated in the 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160

161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173

P. Fay., pl. XIIb, 1, 4-6; cf. p. 61, pl. XIa, 13 and 15 (Ptolemaic) and pl. XIVb (Roman). P. Fay., pl. XIIb, 2; cf. p. 61, pl. XIVb, 1. P. Fay., pl. XIIb, 7 and 13. Marchand, personal communication, 2012. P. Fay., pl. XIIb, 9. Marchand, personal communication, 2012. P. Fay., pl. XIIb, 11. P. Fay., pl. XIIa. The vessels are not labelled on the photograph. For the purposes of this discussion they have been numbered following the system used in other photographs, left to right and upper to lower, using the plate number followed by a vessel number in parentheses (i.e. pl. XIIa, (1)). P. Fay., pl. XIIa, (1); cf. p. 61 pl. XIb, 2 and pl. XIVb, 9. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 87 (second century AD); Marchand, Tebtynis, Group 1c (first century AD). P. Fay., pl. XIIa, (6), (7), (9). P. Fay., pl. XIIa, (2) and (4). Marchand, personal communication, 2012. P. Fay., pl. XIIa, (5 and 11). Marchand, personal communication, 2012. P. Fay., pl. XIIa, (10). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 141-3, especially type 628 (second to early third century AD). P. Fay., pl. XIIa, (7). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 466 (end of Ptolemaic to start of Roman period). P. Fay., pl. XIIa, (3). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa and b. The vessels are not labelled on the photographs. For the purposes of this discussion they have been numbered following the system used in other photographs, left to right and upper to lower, using the plate number followed by a vessel number in parentheses (i.e. pl. XIIIa, (1)).

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photographs of the ceramic material from Harît or attributed to earlier periods at Kasr el-Banat. The overall character of the illustrated ceramic material from Kasr el-Banat suggests a Roman date, predominantly first to second century but with a few vessels perhaps continuing into the third century.174 Three open forms are known from Harît, comprising a straight-sided cup (one certain and two probable examples),175 a carinated bowl176 and an inturned bowl.177 A smaller inturned bowl seems to have a smaller base than these examples and a more high-set carination but is perhaps a related form.178 Familiar small closed forms include a long-necked jar,179 a jar with a low-set carination,180 a single-handled jar,181 an ovoid jar182 and an amphoriskos,183 all of which are from Roman contexts at Harît. Larger closed forms consist of ‘jarre(s) marmite’,184 a cooker185 and a possible lid,186 all of which were again thought to be of Roman date. A small number of open forms not otherwise known from either Kasr el-Banat or Harît are illustrated. A bowl with a high-set carination,187 probably modelled on an Eastern sigillata form, is similar to examples at Tebtynis dating to the second century AD.188 A deep-collared handled bowl189 is possibly a Ptolemaic krater, but is not particularly similar to types found at Tebtynis.190 A shallow globular cooker/casserole191 is broadly comparable to Roman examples at Tebtynis.192 A tiny straight-sided vessel193 is perhaps the ‘godet’ of Tebtynis,194 tentatively equated to the ‘baking pot’ of Ashmunein,195 and also found in late third/fourth century deposits at Athribis.196 No parallels could be found for a deep bowl with a high-set carination,197 a deep restricted bowl198 and a bowl shown on its side with the base facing the camera.199

174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183

184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199

Marchand, personal communication, 2012. P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (5) and pl. XIIIb, (5) and (7); cf. pl. XIIa, (1), cf. p. 61, pl. XIb, 2 and pl. XIVb, 9. P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (11) and (24), the latter shown at an oblique angle; cf. pl. XIVb, 15. P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (21); cf. p. 60, pl. XIa, 4. P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (9). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (2); pl. XIIIb, (2) and (8); cf. pl. XIVb, (7). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (7); cf. pl. XIVb, (1). P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (1); cf. pl. XIVa, 17 and pl. XIVb, 20. P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (25), pl. XIIIb, (22) and (25); cf. pl. XIVb, 3. P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (11); pl. XIVb, 21 (second handle missing). But cf. Marangou and Marchand 2007, 268, fig. 158 (end of first century BC). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (18) and (21), and possibly also pl. XIIIa, (20); cf. pl. XIIa, (10). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (17); cf. pl. XIIa, (2). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (22); cf. pl. XIIa, (3). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (4) and pl. XIIIb (3). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 53, type 146 closest (end of first to early second century AD). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (16). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (3). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 96-7, type 375 closest (first half of the second century BC). P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (16). Marchand, personal communication, 2012. P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (16). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, 139, type 611 closest (end of the second to the start of the third century AD). Bailey 1998, p. 72-3. Personal observation, 2009-11. P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (3). P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (8). P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (26).

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The closed forms are dominated by various kinds of narrow-necked flasks. Several may be identified as lekythoior aryballoi,200 broadly comparable to examples at Tebtynis.201 The shape of the single handled flasks202 is consistent with Roman examples at Tebtynis.203 No parallels could be found for the larger flasks.204 Other closed forms include a water-wheel pot (qadus),205 probable amphoriskoi,206 and a table amphora,207 all of which occur at Tebtynis but no close parallels could be found. No parallels could be found for a small drop-shaped jar,208 a deep cylindrical jar209 and a large jar210 but they appear to be morphologically a good fit with the general Roman character of the group. Transport vessels include two imported amphorae, consisting of a Levantine storage jar211 similar to late fourth to early third century BC examples from Tebtynis,212 and an Africanagrande,213 circulating between the second and fourth centuries AD.214 One215 of the two Egyptian amphora types is typically Roman and parallelled by examples at Tebtynis dating to the second century AD.216 The other217 Egyptian amphora is of slightly later date, parallelled in a late third to fourth century assemblage at Athribis.218 The other transport vessels are too shadowed to be able to discern details of their shape, but comprise a probable gourd or costral219 and a keg.220 4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Despite the constraints of working from photographs and limited descriptions, the re-examination of the vessels chosen to illustrate the periodization observed during the Fayum survey is revealing. The high degree of consistency in the description of particular vessel types in the cemetery allows them to be matched to illustrated examples. This gives a sense of the components of the tomb groups and provides some indication of the frequency of particular types. The date range of the illustrated vessels covers a period from the third century BC to at least the late third century AD, consistent with the expected date range of these settlements.221 The 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212

213 214 215 216

217 218 219 220 221

P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (15), (18), and (20). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, types 459, 473-84 (Ptolemaic-Roman). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (1) and (9). Marchand, personal communication, 2012. P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (6), (10), (14) and pl. XIIIb, (4), (17), (23). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (24). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (23), (27) and pl. XIIIb, (12); cf. P. Fay., pl. XIVb, (23). P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (27). P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (14). The base is obscured by sand. P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (6). P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (19). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (12). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, type 681 (third century BC); Marangou and Marchand 2007, 254, fig. 82 (late fourth to early third century BC). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (19). Peacock and Williams 1991, p. 155-7 (Class 34). P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (13) and (28). Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, types 787-9, 788, 789 and 791 (all second century AD); Dixneuf 2011, type AE 3; Bailey 2007, 227-37 (‘Magdola’ type). P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (26). Athribis examples: personal observations 2008-11. P. Fay., pl. XIIIa, (13). P. Fay., pl. XIIIb, (10). Römer, personal communication, 2012.

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majority of the settlement material at both Harît and Kasr el-Banat is Roman, tending to a first to second century date rather than a third century date. The range of vessel types includes table, cooking, storage and transport wares, some of the latter of which are imported, consistent with a domestic assemblage. In contrast, the pottery from the burials is more mixed, with some vessel types occurring in several of the defined classes. This perhaps suggests that the architectural criteria used to define the burial classes were not as clearly chronological as the excavators thought. It is clear, however, that burials of the Ptolemaic period were encountered, and vessels of this period do, in fact, tend to be associated with Classes 1 and 2. The illustrated pottery associated with Class 3 burials is, in turn, overwhelmingly Roman, the datable vessels clustering in the first to second century AD. The constraints of the source data concerning this material and the limited time available for its study has dictated a very focussed approach, using a single site to provide comparanda and dating information. More detailed identifications and firmer conclusions concerning dating could be reached through analysis of the vessels that were sent to the Giza store. If the scope of work was enlarged in this way, a broader contextualisation of the material within both the Fayum region and Egypt, would be appropriate. Bibliography Bailey 1998: D.M. Bailey, Excavations at el-Ashmunein V, Pottery, Lamps and Glass of the Late Roman andEarlyArabPeriods, London. Bailey 2007: D.M. Bailey, “A form of amphores égyptiennes 3 from the south-west Fayum”, Cahiersdela CéramiqueÉgyptienne 8, 227-37. Ballet, Boussac and Enklaar 2001: P. Ballet, M.-F. Boussac, and A. Enklaar, “Les hydries de Hadra”, in J.-Y. Empereur and M.-D. Nenna, Nécropolis 1, Études alexandrines 5, 273-90. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012: P. Ballet and A. Południkiewicz, TebtynisV,LaCéramiquedesÉpoques Hellénistique et Impériale, Campagnes 1988-1993, Production, Consommation et Réception dans le FayumMéridional, FIFAO 68, Cairo. Dixneuf 2011: D. Dixneuf, AmphoresÉgyptiennes.Production,Typologie,ContenuetDiffusion(IIIesiècle avantJ.-C.–XIesiècleaprèsJ.-C.), Alexandria. Enklaar 2003: A. Enklaar, “Les vases cinéraires, Secteur 5 de la fouille du pont de Gabbari”, in J.-Y. Empereur and M.-D. Nenna, Nécropolis2,Volume2, Études alexandrines 7, 391-405. Grenfell, Hunt, and Hogarth 1900: B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt, and D. G. Hogarth, FayumTownsandtheir Papyri. Egypt Exploration Society Graeco-Roman Memoirs 3. London = P. Fay. Kubiak 1970: W. B. Kubiak, “Medieval ceramic oil lamps from Fustat”, ArsOrientalis 8, 1-18. Marangou and Marchand 2007: A. Marangou and S. Marchand, “Conteneurs importés et égyptiens de Tebtynis (Fayoum)”, CahiersdelaCéramiqueÉgyptienne 8, 239-94. Marchand 2011: S. Marchand, “La dernière occupation d’une maison d’époque ptolémaïque du village de Tebtynis (Fayum). Une céramique de transition tardo-hellénistique”, Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 9, 215-51. Peacock and Williams 1991: D. P. S. Peacock and D. F. Williams, Amphorae and the Roman Economy, AnIntroductoryGuide, Longman Archaeology Series, Harlow. P. Fay.: see Grenfell, Hunt, and Hogarth 1900. Whitbread 1995: I. K. Whitbread, Greek Transport Amphorae. A Petrological and Archaeological Study. British School at Athens Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 4, London.

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APPENDIX II THE FAYUM SURVEY PROJECT 1999-2006: THE CERAMIC MATERIAL FROM WATFA/PHILOTERIS IN THE PUBLICATION OF DONALD M. BAILEY by

Rita Hartmann 1. INTRODUCTION The village mound of Philoteris was first described by B.P. Grenfell and A.S. Hunt in 1898-91, who noticed a relatively poor appearance of the site. During their short stay they found only a few other objects beside written documents, among them a painted Roman pot. Further information about the settlement history of Philoteris was obtained by the Fayum Survey Project2 carried out between 2000 and 2006, where the site was surveyed several times systematically. The published catalogue comprises 373 finds recovered in Philoteris; ceramics make up the main part of the assemblage with 326 pieces3. The working conditions in Philoteris and the other sites were not appropriate to record the surface material entirely, but only to document selected sherds4. The criteria for the collection were obviously dictated by time with the priority on complete profiles, large rim or base fragments but also sherds of vessel types, which occurred in higher numbers and appeared to be typical of the site. Therefore frequent pottery types, mainly fine slipped tableware, angle-rimmed cooking pots and sakiyapots are represented with many drawings. Furthermore exotic or imported wares were collected and sherds with an extremely early or late date in order to get the widest date range possible of the occupation of the settlement. The ceramic material found in Philoteris was already described chrono-typologically in 2004 by D. Bailey and included also comparanda to finds from contemporaneous sites5. The main aim of this chapter is to reassess the dating of the Philoteris material by comparison with recently published, well stratified pottery from Tebtynis6. Additionally an attempt is made to reevaluate the spatial distribution of ceramic types on the site of Philoteris. It is clear that the analysis is hampered by the fact that the site is heavily disturbed by sebakh diggers and that nothing is known about possible disturbances due to early excavation activities. As the published material was gathered in a very selective way the quantitative analysis is biased by several factors, and conclusions about the presence and absence of pottery types at a specific area of the site should therefore be made with caution.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Grenfell, Hunt and Hogarth 1900, pp. 62-63. Römer 2004, pp. 281-305. Bailey, in this volume. Bailey, in this volume, Introduction, pp. 2-3. Bailey, in: Römer 2004, pp. 301-305. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012.

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2. METHODOLOGY This reassessment is exclusively based on line drawings and descriptions of the ceramic finds included in D. Bailey’s catalogue7. The sherds which have been documented during the survey in the Themistos district are not organised site by site, but as an assemblage according to typological criteria; this means that shape and function are regarded as most characteristic features of the vessels, and fabrics as less important. In the catalogue, beside the different Egyptian functional type groups, e.g. cooking pots and sakiya pots also traditional wares, e.g. Egyptian Red Slip B ware and imported vessels, e.g. Eastern Sigillata A ware, are arranged in separate chapters. For each illustrated piece a short description of the fabric, namely the type or other characteristics of the clay, indications of a slip and sometimes color of the core or color and size of inclusions have been given. Therefore, vessels with no detailed designation of the surface treatment are assumed to be plainware with wet-finished surface. Almost no information exists about the kind of polish or burnish of the surface, which seems to be of great importance within the classification system of fabrics with a red slip from Tebtynis8. However, as the fabric descriptions of Philoteris ceramic material can give only supplementary information, the comparison to Tebtynis pottery will be restricted basically to a formal shape identification. As far as possible the analysis follows D. Bailey’s pottery groupings in the catalogue, but in some cases the material had to be reorganised in a way consistent to the Tebtynis material. 3. POTTERY GROUPS OF PHILOTERIS IN COMPARISON WITH

THE

TEBTYNIS MATERIAL

3.1. Egyptian wares 3.1.1. Finetableware(Fig.1)9 One of the most frequent type groups of Philoteris comprises fine tableware,10 including hemispherical cups and bowls (echinus, 23 pieces), flared cups and bowls (9 pieces), lipped dishes (15 pieces) and fish-plates (2 pieces). Most of these vessels are produced from Nile silt in an oxidizing athmosphere and covered with a red slip (D. Bailey’s Egyptian Red Glaze Ware – ERGW11) or were fired in a reducing athmosphere which results in a dark or black surface (D. Bailey’s Egyptian Black Glaze Ware – EBGW12). ERGW can be probably attributed to Tebtynis fabrics FI-II13 respectively pâte I-II14, EBGW can be identified by its dark surface color with certainty with Tebtynis fabric FIV15. Some examples, for which a slip is not explicitly mentioned, are presumably comparable to

7 8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15

Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 3-16. See Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 7-17; a similar classification of locally produced Fayum wares, see Marchand 2011, pp. 221-228. The figures attached to this study can only provide a few selected examples of types, for full overview see Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 3-16. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 3. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 3. Bailey, in: Römer 2004, p. 301, footnote 3 with further bibliography; Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 3. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 11-12. Marchand 2011, pp. 221-222. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 12; see also Marchand 2011, p. 221, the local black ware is mainly attested for the production of smaller restricted shapes.

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coarser tempered Nile silt vessels of Tebtynis fabrics FIII or FIX16 respectively pâte IV17. A few fineware vessels consist of a pale or pinkish marl clay, sometimes covered with a red slip, one vessel is made of mixed clay. In Tebtynis vessels with similar properties are classified as fabrics FXI18 or pâte VIII19. The hemispherical bowl as the predominant type (Fig. 1,12-101, 410) is represented typically in Nile silt with a red slipped surface (ERGW), but also examples for which no slip is mentioned, and marl clay vessels are represented. Black echinus cups are completely absent at Philoteris but this has chronological implications remains open20. Similar to Tebtynis21, shallow and deep variants with incurved rims have been collected in Philoteris, they occur in sizes of 10 cm to 24 cm in diameter. Chronologically, echinus cups are common vessel types in Tebtynis from the late 4th century BC (e.g. Tebtynis type 26)22 until the first century BC (Tebtynis type 34), in limited numbers also until Roman times, at the latest until the 2nd century AD (e.g. Tebtynis type 12). Two complete profiles illustrated from Philoteris (Bailey nos. 101 und 410) can be paralleled to small cups with a ring-base from Tebtynis (Tebtynis types 24 and 20) dating to the middle of the 3rd to the 2nd century BC. Other examples represented merely by rim sherds find parallels within this chronological frame. However, some of the fragments of shallow bowls with softly incurved rims (e.g. Bailey no. 62) classificated in D. Bailey’s catalogue as echinus cups could be presumably equated with dishes (Tebtynis types 153-158)23, and therefore belong presumably rather to the end of the Ptolemaic period. Another type of fine tableware, flared cups and bowls (Fig. 1, 108-130), is exclusively made of Nile silt. All four examples designed in ERGW show a deep shape with high rising walls and low placed carination (Bailey nos. 113, 117, 119, 120). On the other hand three vessels produced in D. Bailey‘s EBGW have a shallow shape (Bailey nos. 124, 125, 131), only one is deep and carinated close to the base (Bailey no. 108). For this group of vessels a certain similarity to Tebtynis can be noticed; also there shallow bowls predominantly occur in fabric FIV, whilst deeper bowls consist of fabrics FI-III24. Flared bowls and cups of fabrics FI-IV are dated at Tebtynis from the second half of the 3rd century BC and in the 2nd century BC, vessels of fabrics FI-III are still attested until the Early Roman period (e.g. Tebtynis types 116, 117, 119). Closed paralleles are for instance the EBGW vessels Bailey no. 124 and Tebtynis type 105, the latter being dated to the 2nd century BC. All the other flared bowls from Philoteris are either in shape or in fabric not to be equated exactly with examples from Tebtynis. Fragments of a third type of tableware collected at Philoteris, lipped dishes (Fig. 1, 138-173), are except for one vessel without slip consisting of mixed clay (Bailey no. 141), all produced from Nile silt. EBGW (six times) predominates, but also ERGW (three times) and Nile silt vessels 16 17 18 19 20

21

22

23

24

Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 12-14. Marchand 2011, p. 221. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 15-16. Marchand 2011, p. 222. See Berlin 2001, Part II, p. 30, who mentions that terranigra versions appear from the 2nd century BC onwards. However at Tebtynis, see Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 26, it occurs already in the 3rd century BC. ERGW at Tebtynis: Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pl. 1, 6-14, pl. 2, pl. 3, pl. 4, 47-57; Marchand 2011, pp. 224225, 234-236, groupe 1a, 2a; without slip: Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 36-37, pl. 4, 58-63, pl. 5, 64-66; Marchand 2011, pp. 224-225, 237, groupe 2d. In this study examples from Tebtynis will be quoted as “Tebtynis type” in contrast to examples from Philoteris quoted as “Bailey no.”. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 55-57, pl. 12, 153-158; Marchand 2011, pp. 224, 235, groupe 1e. The examples from Tebtynis are mostly fabric FI, which is supposed to be an imitation of Eastern Sigillata A. None of the shallow examples from Philoteris (2 × Nile silt, 1 × marl clay) can be compared with certainty to this fabric. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 45-47, pl. 8-9; Marchand 2011, pp. 225, 235, groupe 1f.

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without slip (two times) are represented. Lipped dishes are common in Tebtynis from the middle of the 3rd to the 1st century BC, exceptionally some pieces continue into the 1st to 2nd century AD (Tebtynis types 171, 183, fabric FIII, with red slip). Similar to Tebtynis25 the diameter of the vessels ranges between 12 cm and 30 cm and most of the variants with internal lip-rim are comparable. Consistent are for instance large plates with flattened rim Bailey nos. 138/139 and Tebtynis type 169, as well as the black dishes with rounded lip rim Bailey no. 170 and Tebtynis types 172/173, both dated to the 3rd/2nd century BC. From a slightly younger context comes Tebtynis type 178, which can be paralleled by the red slipped dishes Bailey nos. 172/173. Generally it appears that the variants with black surface occur in Philoteris more frequently than in Tebtynis. Typologically close to lipped dishes are fish-plates (Fig. 1, 206). D. Bailey assigned two examples (nos. 206, 209) to this vessel type. However, although one example, no. 206, shows a characteristic lip rim similar to Tebtynis types 196/197, both lack the typical ridge at the internal base and cannot be compared exactly with fish-plates from this site26. 3.1.2. CookingWareandrelatedvesselsforthepresentationoffood Large functional type groups include vessels for cooking and/or presentation of food27. In D. Bailey’s catalogue such vessels are not established according to functional criteria but to the three ware groups in which they occur, Egyptian Red Slip B ware (ERSB)28 respectively the local variant Fayumic Red Slip Ware (FRSW)29 and plainware30 as well as the general category of cooking pots and casseroles31, making the typological comparison to Tebtynis difficult. ERSB or FRSW vessels, usually made from Nile silt, occasionally from marl clay are relatively rare at Philoteris (9 fragments). Plain ware is attested by a considerable amount (44 fragments) and contains both Nile and marl vessels and beside wet finished examples also some with a pale or buff slipped surface. Cooking pots and casseroles are by far the largest vessel group of the assemblage (75 pieces). They are usually made of Nile silt and their surfaces are regularly covered with a red slip. Cooking pots found in Philoteris correspond most likely to fabric FV or pâte Va-c from Tebtynis32, whereas plainware vessels may be broadly comparable to fabrics FI, V, VIII or XI33, a few FRSW vessels could likewise belong to this group34. Formally, many vessel types from Philoteris find parallels at Tebtynis, but their dating, particularly of vessels classified as ERSB/ FRSW, can show considerable variations. 3.1.2.1. CookingWare In the area of the village mound of Philoteris a flat-based cooking dish made of fine Nile silt and covered on the inside wall with a red slip (Bailey no. 295, Fig. 4) was collected and assigned by D. Bailey to the FRSW. Related vessels though provided with different contour and rim are known

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 58-63, pl. 13-15; Marchand 2011, pp. 225, 235-237, groupe 1d, 2c, e. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 63-64, pl. 15, 196-201. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 65-85, 87-98; Marchand 2011, pp. 225-226, groupes 3a-c, 4, 5a-f, 6a-c. Hayes 1972, pp. 397-399; see group K: Rodiewicz 1976, pp. 50-51. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 6. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 7. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 8. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 12-13; Marchand 2011, p. 222, groupes 3a-c, 5. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 11-16; Marchand 2011, p. 222. Bailey, in this volume. In Chapt. 6 he states that “many coarseware vessels (probably cooking wares) are in Nile silt with a red slip: in many cases, it has been difficultto decide whether or not to describe these as ERSB”, p. 39.

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from Tebtynis35, e.g. type 247, likewise made from Nile silt (fabric FI or FV) and covered with a red slip. Another Nile silt fragment with carinated wall and rippled rim (Bailey no. 515, Fig. 5) resembles Tebtynis type 207 of fabric FV. Both examples from Tebtynis are dating to the 2nd century AD. A larger group of vessels (Bailey nos. 487-494, see also Fig. 5) comprises shallow carinated bowls which occur as plainware or with red slip (FRSW) and can broadly compared to Tebtynis types 162-165, dated to the Roman period36. All the remaining pieces which have been assigned by D. Bailey to FRSW, some plainware Nile silt vessels and casseroles find parallels in unrestricted cooking vessels of Tebtynis. To this group belong mainly medium and large bowls (Lopades) with a sharply angled rim, occasionally including a lid seating37, which can be found at Philoteris with a red slip (FRSW, e.g. Bailey nos. 325, 349, 350, see Fig. 4) or with wet finished surface (plainware, e.g. Bailey nos. 450, 459, see Fig. 5, and casseroles, e.g. nos. 717, 720, 725, see Fig. 2, 732, Fig. 5). Similar vessels from Tebtynis (e.g. types 211, 213, 214, 216, 219, 220, 223, 234) are without exception produced in fabric FV and can be dated to the 3rd to 1st century BC, at the latest to the 2nd century AD (Tebtynis type 224). Beside this, there are in Philoteris a higher number of deep vessels with triangular-rounded lip rim and simple curved body made of Nile silt with red slip (FRSW, e.g. Bailey nos. 297, 302, Fig. 4) or plain surface (e.g. Bailey nos. 437, 439-441, 444b, Fig. 5), which are not directly comparable to vessel types from Tebtynis but in contour similar to two deep Lopades with convex walls (Tebtynis types 226 and 232, fabric FV/FVIII). Both these vessel types are dating to the 2nd to the early 3rd century AD. Rim fragments of restricted cooking pots (Fig. 2) are exclusively made of fine Nile silt. Regarding the surface material of Philoteris they constitute the most numerous pottery group and appear in many different form variants. Characteristic is the angle-rimmed cooking pot with vertical loop handles attached to the rim, paralleled in Tebtynis several times. Counterparts are e.g. Bailey nos. 532-3 and Tebtynis types 255-256, Bailey nos. 566, 567 and Tebtynis type 251, Bailey no. 576 and Tebtynis type 250, Bailey type 590 and Tebtynis Typ 253 and finally one vessel with horizontal loop handles Bailey no. 541 and Tebtynis type 257. The examples mentioned for Tebtynis date predominantly to the 3rd and 2nd century BC, Tebtynis type 250 to the 1st century BC38. Most common are also vessels with ridged everted rims, e.g. Bailey nos. 654, 679 with comparanda in Tebtynis types 266, 295 and 284 as well as such with everted raised rims, e.g. Bailey types 704 (Fig. 5), 705 comparable to Tebtynis types 278-280, 296. Equivalent cooking pots in Tebtynis39 generally date to the 2nd to 1st century BC but can be traced until the 2nd century AD. 3.1.2.2. Vesselsforthepresentationoffood Several vessel types found in Philoteris are connected to the presentation of food40. In D. Bailey’s catalogue most of them are classified as plainware vessels41. Dominant are rim fragments of deep bowls made of Nile silt with a diameter ranging between 20 cm to 40 cm, which are occasionally provided with an oval finger tip ornament on top of the rim (Bailey nos. 460-466, see Fig. 3).

35 36 37 38 39

40

41

Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 75, pl. 22, 247; Marchand 2011, pp. 225, 238, groupe 3a. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 57-58, pl. 12; Ballet 2001, p. 115, fig. 41. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 68-72, pl. 17-20; Marchand 2011, pp. 226, 238, groupe 3c. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 76-77, pl. 23. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 76-84, pl. 23-32 and pl. 120-122 with Roman examples of cooking pots; Marchand, 2011, pp. 226, 239-241, Groupe 5a-e. See for Tebtynis Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 87-98; Marchand 2011, pp. 226, 238, 241-242, groupes 4, 6a-c. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 7.

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According to complete by preserved vessels from Tebtynis42 (types 357-365) such rim fragments can be regarded as parts of footed bowls (krateres and lekanai). In Tebtynis these vessels are almost exclusively made of coarser Nile silt fabrics FIV or VIII and occur in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, latest (Tebtynis type 364) at the end of 1st century BC/beginning of the 1st century AD. An occasional fragment of a carinated cup with vertical rim (Bailey no. 522, Fig. 3) has closed to parallels in a context dating to the early Hellenistic period in Tebtynis43 (Tebtynis types 325-326). In D. Bailey’s catalogue a number of rim sherds belong to shallow bowls with convex walls, slight carination and everted rim (e.g. Bailey nos. 422, 424, 425, 427, 429-31, Fig. 5), which are produced from marl clay and covered with a light slip. Comparable vessels from Tebtynis, among them examples with a small ring-base44 and likewise made of marl clay (Tebtynis types 124-127) are classified as fabric FXI.3. Only one of these comes from a datable context in the late 2nd century AD. For types of bowls which have been attributed by D. Bailey to the FRSW pottery (Fig. 4), among them one with wide everted rim (Bailey no. 339), a carinated bowl with flat rim (Bailey no. 362) and a thin-walled bowl (Bailey no. 378) no parallels in Tebtynis could be found. Perhaps these vessels can be assigned to Egyptian Red Slip B Ware as copies of North African or other Late Roman wares45. All three vessels are broadly comparable to examples originating from Tanis46, but as the material there was collected from the surface, only a general date in the Roman period can be given. 3.1.3. Coarsewarevessels 3.1.3.1. Sakiyapots One of the most frequent pottery found in Philoteris comprises fragments of sakiya-pots (70 pieces, Fig. 6)47, collected in large numbers in the area around the three sakiya stations of the site. D. Bailey describes the main type as „Magdola-type“ with a characteristic solid mushroom-like base. The rims of these voluminous bag-shaped vessels with wide aperture can be divided generally into a flared, rounded type (e.g. Bailey nos. 780, 787, 792-5) and a straight type with angular finish (Bailey nos. 802, 806-13). Vessel fragments of both rim types show often a rippled pattern on their outer surface, sometimes covering the whole body. Beside the Magdola-type, D. Bailey mentions also other sakiyapots.Unfortunately for this group only base fragments are illustrated, which seem to be smaller than those of the Magdola-type. All sakiya pots are made of Nile silt. Comparanda from stratified contexts seem to be extremely rare, therefore a typological development cannot be defined. According to D. Bailey’s research on unpublished examples in the Polemon district for the Magdola-type a dating into the Ptolemaic to early Roman periods is possible, whereas vessels with smaller knob-bases are more common from Roman times onwards. Grenfell and Hunt published a sakiya pot from Euhemeria and assigned it to the Roman period48. More sakiya pots, possibly of the Magdola-type, were found during an excavation carried out by G. Caton-Thompson and E.W. Gardiner49 in a site dated to the early Ptolemaic, a water reservoir

42 43 44 45 46 47 48

49

Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 94-95, pl. 38; Marchand 2011, pp. 226, 241, groupe 6a. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 88, pl. 33; Marchand 2011, pp. 225, 236, groupe 2b. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 49, pl. 9, 124-129; Marchand, 2011, pp. 226, 238, groupe 4. For Bailey type 339 cf. Hayes 1972, pp. 397-399, fig. 88a, African Red Slip Ware type 45. Bavay et al. 2000, figs. 18, 7-8 and 19, 20-21. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 10. Grenfell, Hunt and Hogarth 1900, pl. XIIIa, (24), on the ground next to the right table leg. The body is rippled but others details are not visible. For the same vessel see Pyke, in this volume, Appendix I, p. 318. Caton-Thompson and Gardiner 1934, pp. 140-150, pl. XCVIII, 2, pl. C, 1 second row from above, on right side.

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on the northern shore of lake Qarun. The only published example shows a flared rim and a slightly rippled surface50 and is similar to Bailey nos. 780, 785 and 787 from Philoteris. At Tebtynis only a few examples are represented, two of the Magolola-type (Tebtynis types 866-867) and two possibly of the other type (Tebtynis types 868-869). A fragment from Tebtynis with flared rounded rim, originating from an early Hellenistic context, is comparable to Bailey nos. 792-80151. 3.1.3.2. Jars In the area of the village mound of Philoteris an obviously complete preserved pigeon pot (Bailey no. 761, Fig. 6) made of Nile silt was collected. The vessel is consistent with an example from Tebtynis (Tebtynis type 864) dating to the end of the 2nd/1st century BC52. Furthermore a rim fragment of a marl clay storage jar (Bailey no. 711, Fig 6) finds close parallels at Tebtynis (type 652 or 653), both occur at the beginning of the 3rd century BC53. 3.1.3.3. Potstands(Fig.3) Potstands are represented with eight pieces in the pottery assemblage. Of these, six consist of Nile silt (Bailey nos. 919-26, 928) and two of marl clay (Bailey nos. 927, 929). There are exclusively flat shapes with rounded lip rims, which have been assigned at Tebtynis (e.g. Tebtynis types 912916) to the beginning of the Ptolemaic period, the 4th to 3rd century BC54. The potstands from Tebtynis consist of a coarser tempered Nile silt (fabrics FIII, FVIII, FIX) details like a buff surface on most of the Philoteris examples (Bailey nos. 923, 926) may suggest that they are produced of a material similar to fabric FVIII. Beside this, two trivets with horizontal handles, used in the cooking process (Bailey nos. 713-714) were found. Several excellent parallels at Tebtynis (types 926-927)55 are like the Philoteris examples made of marl clay (fabrics XI and VIII.1) and date to the 2nd century BC. 3.1.4. Flagonsandjugs During the survey, obviously only a few pieces of restricted vessels related to fine tableware were collected. From Philoteris two rim fragments of aryballoi designed in EBGW respectively ERGW (Bailey nos. 867, 871, Fig. 1) have to be mentioned. At least the example with remains of black surface (Bailey no. 867) can be determined clearly to the hellenistic period56. Two vessel fragments published from Tebtynis57 dating to the 3rd century BC (Tebtynis type 561) or the end of the Ptolemaic/early Roman period (Tebtynis type 556) show a similar contour of the rim. Other fragments of jugs with characteristic rims can most probably attributed to flagons with filters (e.g. Bailey no. 877 (Fig. 5), 879, 883), comparable to Tebtynis types 445-447, which are similar to the Philoteris examples provided with a buff slip (fabric FVII). For the Tebtynis types a late 1st to 2nd century AD date was noticed58. The assemblage includes also a jug with two 50 51 52

53 54 55 56 57 58

The vessel is stored in the Petrie Museum UC 15578. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 199; Marchand 1996, fig. 28 and p. 183. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 13-14, 198, pl. 100, 864-865; Marchand 2011, pp. 216-220, 222, 228, 248, groupe 15, from context 2773 and 2777. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 148, pl. 69. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 205, pl. 106, 912-916; for another example see Marchand 1996, p. 35, fig. 35. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 207, pl. 108. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 11; Jacquet-Gordon 1997, pp. 287-295, Fig. 4. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 129, pl. 59. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 13, 108, pl. 50.

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handles made from Nile silt (Bailey no. 886, Fig. 5), which can perhaps be equated with a longovoid vessel with ring base from Tebtynis (type 453) as well as a small fragment of a spouted vessel (Bailey no. 892, Fig. 5) with parallels in Tebtynis types 450, 451. Both vessel types from Tebtynis59 are dated to the 2nd to 3rd century AD. 3.1.5. Amphorae(Fig.7) In Philoteris a considerable number of diagnostic fragments of Egyptian Type A Amphorae (Empereur AE360) were collected (29 pieces), representing a common type on many early Roman sites in Egypt61. The sherds from Philoteris belong mostly to vessels specified by D. Bailey as Magdola-type (Bailey nos. 1102-1161, 1188-1217) with characteristic channeled rim and spike62, identified as a local product of the Fayum. Egyptian Type A Amphorae with these typical features are known as well from Tebtynis63 (Tebtynis types 787-792), where they come from contexts of the late 1st and 2nd century AD. For a few rim fragments of AE3 Amphorae found at Philoteris several slightly later dated parallels from Tebtynis of the late 2nd to 3rd century AD have to be considered (e.g. Bailey no. 1177 to Tebtynis types 795/797). On the other hand it cannot be excluded that among the preserved rim fragments (e.g. Bailey no. 1107) and bases (e.g. Bailey no. 1072) a few older amphora types, particularly AE2-3, marking the transition from the Hellenistic to the Roman period can be found (e.g. Tebtynis types 768, 783)64. The rim sherd Bailey no. 967 made of Nile silt (?) is possibly a type AE2-2-2 amphora with parallels in Tebtynis types 761-76765, dating to the 3rd to 1st century BC. Amphorae Bailey nos. 975, 976, 982, probably also made of Nile silt, might be associated on the basis of their special angular rims with amphorae of types AE2-1-166, which can occur in Tebtynis (types 755-757, 759)67 regularly in the 3rd to 1st century BC. 3.2. Imports and imitations 3.2.1. Non-Egyptianamphoraeorimitations Most of the amphora pieces collected in Philoteris cannot be assigned with certainty to an Egyptian production (see Fig. 8). However, it is extremely difficult to ascribe the small sherds to a specific origin or date with only little information about fabrics and almost exclusively on the basis of line drawings. The origin of several amphora pieces for which no designation as Egyptian clay could be obtained was not specified by D. Bailey, apart from some Tripolitanian oil jars (Bailey nos. 1036, 1039, 1044). The latter find comparanda in Tebtynis (Tebtynis types 737-738)68 of the 2nd 59 60 61

62 63 64

65 66 67 68

Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 109-110, pls. 50-51. Empereur and Picon 1992, pp. 145-52. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 15; Marangou and Marchand 2007, pp. 266-267, figs. 145-154; Dixneuf 2011, pp. 97-128. Bailey 2007, pp. 227-237. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 181-184, pl. 87-92. Type AE2-3 transition see Dixneuf 2011, pp. 93-94, 314-315, fig. 70-71; Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 178180, pl. 85-86; Marangou and Marchand 2007, pp. 266-267, fig. 140-141; Marchand 2011, pp. 218-220, fig. 2-3, p. 250, groupe 18. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 177-178, pl. 84; Dixneuf 2011, pp. 92-93, 313, fig. 67-68. Dixneuf 2011, pp. 91, 311-312, fig. 64-65. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 175-177, pl. 83-84; Marangou and Marchand 2007, pp. 287-288, figs. 120-125. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 171-172, pl. 81; for another example from Tebtynis dating to the late 1st century BC to 1st century AD cf. Marangou and Marchand 2007, p. 249, fig. 40; See also Bailey 2004, in: Römer pp. 302-303.

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century BC to 2nd century AD. The group of imports to Philoteris include a fragment of a stamped handle belonging probably to a Thasian amphora (Bailey no. 1091), in one case D. Bailey (probably no. 1008) points to a possible Aegean origin69. Beside this, there are some more pieces, which could be either imports or imitations of aegean amphorae. The rim fragment Bailey no. 996 shows certain similarities to an Aegean import from Tebtynis (Tebtynis type 713)70, likewise Bailey no. 1000 to Tebtynis type 75071. Both Tebtynis types are placed in the 3rd to 2nd century BC. 3.2.2. Otherimports(Fig.8) Apart from amphorae only a few other imports to Philoteris can be recognized. This include a rim fragment of a small one handled flask of imported Black Glaze Ware (Bailey no. 1) with a possible parallel at Tebtynis (type 808) dated to the end of the 4th to early 3rd century BC72. In the eastern area of the settlement two sherds of Eastern Sigillata A Ware (nos. 225, 231) came to light. One of them can be identified as a shallow thin-walled bowl (Bailey no. 225) with ring base73, known in similar style also from Tebtynis (Tebtynis type 818) where it was found in a context of the 1st century BC74. 4. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POTTERY

TYPES IN

PHILOTERIS

D. Bailey noticed already, that both Ptolemaic and Roman pottery was represented on the main kôm, but Ptolemaic material seem to dominate in the outer areas, whilst Roman sherds were more numerous in the centre of the mound. Therefore a possible shrinking of the inhabited area in Roman times was suggested75. For a visualisation of the spatial distribution of the chronological phases, a mapping of the two characteristic pottery types, AE3 amphora for the early Roman and Ptolemaic angle-rimmed cooking-pots for the Ptolemaic period, was carried out. However, as a result it appears that both, AE3 amphorae (Fig. 9) and angle-rimmed cooking-pots (Fig. 10) are distributed almost equally in all parts of the site. Only in the area of the Ptolemaic cemetery A no Roman amphorae pieces were documented. Other significant Ptolemaic shapes and wares, e.g. flared cups, lipped dishes and the rimsherd of a small aryballos (Bailey no. 867) designed in Egyptian Black Glaze Ware, Ptolemaic potstands, trivets and crateres, were not only collected on the village mound but also in the northern Basin area and the eastern rubbish mound consistent with the distribution of contemporaneous echinus cups (Fig. 11). In special areas, e.g. the cemeteries and the so called extramural building not many sherds came to light but only in the extramural building and in the cemetery A Ptolemaic wares seem to dominate the assemblage. Apart from examples of Early Roman AE3 amphorae other vessel fragments, which have been attributed according to parallels from Tebtynis to the early Roman period (Fig. 5), e.g. two-handled bottles 69

70

71 72 73 74

75

With reference to Marchand 2009, fig. 87a. For more possible imports see Bailey, in: Römer 2004, p. 302, Bailey no. 1091 is certainly to identify with the Thasian amphora, no. 1076 with a mushroom-tipped spike from Apulia; the identifications of the mentioned Athenian amphorae are not clear. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p.164, pl. 79; Marangou and Marchand 2007, pp. 258-261, 286, fig. 102; see also Dixneuf 2011, pp. 189-190, 305, fig. 52. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 175-176, pl. 83; Dixneuf 2011, pp. 84-85, 306, fig. 56. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, p. 186, pl. 93. Hayes 1997, fig. 20.3. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 188-189, pl. 93. A different dating has Bailey, in: Römer 2004, p. 304, to the 1st century AD. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 1; Bailey, in: Römer 2004, p. 305.

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and the fragment of the spouted vessel (Bailey nos. 877, 886, 892) as well as the cooking pot with rippled surface (Bailey no. 704) and shallow carinated bowls (Bailey nos. 487-494), were collected in the area of the village mound. From the basin area typical Ptolemaic wares, e.g. a black lipped dish and an angle-rimmed cooking pot (Fig. 1 and 2), but also a number of early Roman vessel types, e.g. a cooking dish (Bailey no. 515, Fig. 5) and several plainware vessels made of marl clay (e.g. Bailey nos. 424, 444b, Fig. 5) are registered. The mapping of sakiya pots (Fig. 12) according to D. Bailey’s description shows vessels of the Magdola-type represented at all three sakiyastations and on the eastern rubbish dump hill, whereas the other sakiya pots with smaller bases were only found at sakiya stations 2 and 3 and in the basin area. If D. Bailey’s dating of the two general types is correct (see Chapter 3.1.3.1.), this would imply that all three stations were in use during the Ptolemaic and early Roman periods, but only sakiya station 1 went out of use before the introduction of sakiya pots with smaller bases, which are supposed to be typical for the Roman period. A chronological difference between the material of the three sakiya stations may be seen also in the fact that all examples with flared rims, according to comparanda probably of earlier Ptolemaic date76, mainly derive from sakiya station 1 (Bailey nos. 778, 779, 785, 787) and angular rims are more common in sakiya stations 2 and 3. On the other hand only for sakiya station 1 very few fragments of Egyptian AE3 sherds were noticed but not illustrated77, making a general interpretation of the life span of this installations difficult. 5. SUMMARY Most of the pottery fragments collected during the survey in Philoteris have more or less close parallels at Tebtynis. Beside a typological comparison it was in some cases also possible to correlate D. Bailey’s short notes concerning clay and surface treatment with respective fabrics at Tebtynis, e.g. black tableware of Tebtynis fabric FIV, cooking pots of Tebtynis fabric V oder marl clay vessels of Tebtynis fabric FXI. Unfortunately, other Nile silt vessels with red slip or examples for which no surface treatment was mentioned could not be equated exactly with Tebtynis fabrics FI-III, VI-VIII. The majority of vessel fragments found in Philoteris can be clearly assigned to the Ptolemaic period. Particularly echinus cups, recorded in Tebtynis already from the late 4th century BC onwards, flared bowls and lipped dishes with black surface78 and angle-rimmed cooking pots are characteristic Ptolemaic products. On the other hand some vessel types, amongst other echinus cups, one oft the most common types of the Philoteris assemblage, can continue into the early Roman period. The early Roman occupation is mainly reflected in numerous fragments of AE3 amphorae, whilst older Egyptian amphorae types (AE2) cannot be identified with certainty. Generally, the early Roman pottery is represented by a broad spectrum of domestic types (see Fig. 5), but most notably typical tableware, e.g. flatbased bowls with convex walls79 or carinated cups80 are missing. Problems concern the definition and dating of D. Bailey’s Egyptian Red Slip B vessels (Fig. 4), which seem to have – as an imitation of North African finewares – a relatively wide date range81. Some of the ERSB/FRSW vessel fragments found in Philoteris (e.g. Bailey nos. 325, 349,

76 77

78 79 80 81

See footnote 49. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 10, for Sakiya station 1. In D. Bailey, in: Römer 2004, p. 304, those sherds are not mentioned for sakiya station 1 but for a stone building in an area further westwards (extramural building?). Jacquet-Gordon 1997, pp. 289-295. Ballet and Południkiewicz 2012, pp. 38-39, pl. 5, 70-77. Tomber 1992, Fig. 3. Bailey, in this volume, Chapt. 6.

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335

350) are broadly comparable to cooking ware of fabric FV from Tebtynis of the 2nd century BC, but find in the same time comparanda to other ERSB vessels of Roman sites82. Considerable late dates would be possible for Bailey no. 339 when compared to form Hayes 45 in the late 3rd or early 4th century AD and nos. 325, 349 when compared to form Hayes 91A placed in the 5th century AD83. Other typical Late Roman wares, e.g. African Red slip ware or amphorae of the type Late Roman 784 however, are not attested in Philoteris. Therefore a continuation of the occupation of Philoteris after the 4th century AD is not likely. For the main question concerning the life span of the settlement, the comparison with pottery material from Tebtynis yielded little additional information but confirmed the data proposed by D. Bailey according to the pottery and the evidence of the papyri. The date range for the illustrated and described vessels with paralleles at Tebtynis comprises the late 4th century BC to the 3rd century AD, though it has to be emphasized that the datings of Philoteris-Tebtynis counterparts must be considered only as tendencies. As already expected, the spatial distribution of types and wares seems to be heavily biased by sebakhin activities and cannot give further insights into the horizontal extension of occupation phases. Since Philoteris seems to have one of the largest assemblages of sakiya vessels, a chrono-typological analysis could be helpful, in order to get more information about the life span of the sakiya stations for further investigations. Due to the limited time and the scarce information available about the Philoteris ceramic material, the study focussed exclusively on typological comparanda to a single site. For future work more detailed comparison between sites situated within the Themistos district could be interesting with an attempt to define typological and socio-economic characteristics of each pottery assemblage and to evaluate chronological questions. Bibliography Bailey, D. M. 1998, Excavationsatel-AshmuneinV,Pottery,LampsandGlassoftheLateRomanandEarly ArabPeriods, London. Bailey, D. M. 2007, A form of amphores égyptienne 3 from the south-west Fayum, CCE 8, pp. 227-237. Ballet, P. 2001, Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines d’Égypte, in: P. Lévêque/J.-P. Morel (Eds.), CéramiqueshellénistiquesatromainesIII, Paris, pp. 105-144. Ballet P. and Południkiewicz, A. 2012, TebtynisV.Lescéramiquesdesépoqueshellénistiqueetimpériale. FIFAO 69, Le Caire. Bavay, L., Bovot J.-L., and Lavigne, O. 2000, La céramique romaine tardive et byzantine de Tanis, prospection archéologique sur le Tell Sân el-Hagar, CCE 6, pp. 39-76. Berlin, A. 2001, in: A. Leonard (Ed.), AncientNaukratis, Part II (=AASOR 55), Boston, MA. Caton-Thompson, G. and Gardiner, E.W. 1934, TheDesertFayum, London. Dixneuf, D. 2011, Amphoreségyptiennes, Alexandrie. Empereur J.-Y. and Picon, M. 1992, Reconnaissance des productions des ateliers céramiques: l’exemple de la Maréotide, CCE3, pp. 145-152. Grenfell, B. P., Hunt, A. S. and Hogarth, D.G. 1900, Fayum Towns and Their Papyri. Egypt Exploration Society, Greco-Roman Memoirs 3, London. Hayes, J. 1972, LateRomanPottery, London. Hayes, J. 1997, HandbookofMediterraneanRomanPottery, London.

82 83 84

For Bailey types 339, 362, 378 see note 40, for Bailey types 325, 349 see Bavay et al. 2000, figs. 19, 17 and 18,6. Hayes 1972, pp. 62-65, 142-144. For Tebtynis see Marangou and Marchand 2007, pp. 269-270, Figs. 161-165. See also Bailey 1998.

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Jacquet-Gordon, H. 1997, An Indigenous Egyptian Black Ware of the Ptolemaic Period, in: J. Phillips (Ed.), AncientEgypt,theAegean,andtheNearEast,StudiesinHonourofMarthaRhoadsBell, New York, pp. 287-295. Marangou A. and Marchand, S. 2007, Conteneurs importés et égyptiens de Tebtynis, CCE 8, pp. 239-294. Marchand, S. 1996, La céramique du IVe siècle av. J.-C. découverte à Tebtynis, CCE 4, pp. 171-188. Marchand, S. 2009, Appendix 2. Hawara 2000. The pottery from Hawara, in: I. Uytterhoeven, Hawarain theGreco-RomanPeriod, OLA 174, Leuven. Marchand, S. 2011, La dernière occupation d’une maison d’epoque ptolémaique du village de Tebtynis (Fayoum), CCE 9, pp. 215-251. Rodiewicz, M. 1976, AlexandrieI,lacéramiqueromainetardived’Alexandrie, Warsaw. Römer, C. 2004, Philoteris in the Themistou Meris. Report on the Archaeological Survey Carried out as Part of the Fayum Survey, ZPE 147, pp. 281-305. Tomber, R. 1992, Pottery from Mons Claudianus, CCE 3, pp. 137-144.

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Fig. 1: Ptolemaic fineware. Hemispherical bowls: 12, 47, 58, 62, 77, 101, 410. Flared bowls: 108, 113, 124, 125, 130. Lipped dishes: 138-139, 141, 160, 170, 172-173. Fish plates: 206. Lekhytoi: 867, 871. Scale c. 1:4.

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APPENDIX II: FIGURES

Fig. 2: Ptolemaic cooking ware. Casseroles with carinated walls and angled or everted rims: 717, 720, 725. Angle-rimmed cooking pots: 532, 533, 541, 566, 567, 576, 590. Cooking pots with rilled or everted raised rims: 654, 679. Scale c. 1:4.

APPENDIX II: FIGURES

Fig. 3: Ptolemaic vessels for the presentation of food: 462, 464, 465, 522. Potstands and a trivet: 927, 928, 714. Scale c. 1:4.

339

340

APPENDIX II: FIGURES

Fig. 4: Egyptian Red Slip B Ware or Fayumic Red Slip Ware. Cooking dishes: 295, 362. Carinated bowls: 339, 378. Casseroles: 302, 325, 349, 350. Scale c. 1:4.

APPENDIX II: FIGURES

341

Fig. 5: Early Roman pottery types. Carinated bowls: 424, 429-31. Plainware casseroles: 444b, 450. Shallow carinated bowl: 488. 450, 732. Carinated cooking dish with rippled surface: 515. Cooking pots: 704, 732. Two-handled bottle: 886. Two handled vase with filter: 877. Fragment of a spouted vessel: 892. Scale c. 1:4.

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APPENDIX II: FIGURES

Fig. 6: Coarseware jars. Sakiya pots, Magdola type: 780, 787, 792-795, 802, 806-813, 832-834, 840. Other sakiya pots: 843-846. Pigeon pot: 761. Storage jar: 711. Scale c. 1:4.

APPENDIX II: FIGURES

Fig. 7: Egyptian amphorae: 967, 975, 982, 1072, 1104, 1107, 1153, 1177, 1191. Scale c. 1:4.

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APPENDIX II: FIGURES

Fig. 8: Imports. 1: Imported Black Glaze Ware. 225: Imported Eastern Sigillata A Ware. 1036: Tripolitanian oil jar. 1076: amphora from Apulia. 996, 1000, 1008: Aegean amphorae? 1091: Thasian amphora. Scale c. 1:4.

Fig. 9: Spatial distribution of Egyptian type A (AE3) amphorae.

APPENDIX II: FIGURES

345

Fig. 10: Spatial distribution of Ptolemaic angle-rimmed cooking pots.

346 APPENDIX II: FIGURES

Fig. 11: Spatial distribution of hemispherical bowls (Echinus cups).

APPENDIX II: FIGURES

347

Fig. 12: Spatial distribution of sakiya pots of the Magdola-type and other sakiya pots.

348 APPENDIX II: FIGURES