The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa Volume 3: 1843-1892 CE 9789382264989, 9789382264552

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The Court Chronicle of the

Kings of Manipur

Published online by Cambridge University Press

Published online by Cambridge University Press

Royal Asiatic Society Books

Editorial Board Professor Francis Robinson, Royal Holloway, University of London (Chair) Professor Tim Barrett, SOAS, University of London Dr Evrim Binbas¸, Royal Holloway, University of London Dr Crispin Branfoot, SOAS, University of London Professor Anna Contadini, SOAS, University of London Professor Michael Feener, National University of Singapore Dr Gordon Johnson, University of Cambridge Professor David Morgan, University of Wisconsin–Madison The Royal Asiatic Society was founded in 1823 ‘for the investigation of subjects connected with, and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to, Asia’. Informed by these goals, the policy of the Society’s Editorial Board is to make available in appropriate formats the results of original research in the humanities and social sciences having to do with Asia, defined in the broadest geographical and cultural sense and up to the present day.

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The Court Chronicle of the

Kings of Manipur The Cheitharon Kumpapa Vol. 3, 1843–1892 CE

Original text, translation and notes

Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt

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Published online by Cambridge University Press

Published online by Cambridge University Press

Published online by Cambridge University Press

CONTENTS

Editor’s Note to Volume III PART ONE: TRANSLATION Meetingu Nara Singh (Sak. 1765–1771/1843–1849 CE)

xiii

1

Meetingu Devendra Singh (Sak. 1771–1772/1849–1850 CE)

41

Meetingu Jaiman Chandra Kirti Singh (Sak. 1772–1808/1850–1886 CE)

43

Meetingu Surchandra Singh (Sak. 1808–1813/1886–1891 CE)

242

Meetingu Kulachandra Singh (Sak. 1812–1813/1890–1891 CE)

262

Glossary

286

PART TWO: MEETEI MAYEK TEXT Meetingu Nara Singh Meetingu Devendra Singh Meetingu Chandra Kirti Singh Meetingu Surchandra Singh Meetingu Kulachandra Singh

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492 567 571 1018 1059

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EDITOR’S NOTE TO VOLUME III

The draft of this book, the third volume of the author’s annotated translation of the Cheitharon Kumpapa, the Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, was completed a week before her death. In editing her draft I have tried to keep as closely as possible to the methodology which she set out in the Introduction to Volume 1, which readers of this volume will find it helpful to consult. The guiding principle in her translation was to render the Meetei Mayek manuscript as literally as possible into English, both to reflect as accurately as possible the style of the original and also as an aid for those readers who are able to compare it to the original text. This is not an easy task, given the complexity of the Manipuri sentences, the multiplicity of subordinate clauses, and constructions which, if rendered absolutely literally into English, would not be strictly grammatical. Direct speech especially causes particular problems. Furthermore the original (as in common in ancient documents) has no breaks between words or sentences, or punctuation (apart from the marker at the end of paragraphs). In a few places in this translation excessively long sentences have been broken up for clarity, but on the whole the rendering tries to reflect the construction patterns of the original. An additional problem is that the manuscript is clearly not all the work of the same scribe, and some sections are less well constructed and written in a less expert hand than others. The spellings of names, titles, and sometimes other nouns are not always consistent, nor does Manipuri necessarily follow the normally accepted spellings for some Indian terms (Jubraj for Jubaraj is but one example). In such cases, as in the previous volumes, the spellings used in the translation reflect the scribal usage, even when this is not internally consistent. The scribes were not mere copyists. As has been pointed out in regard to ancient Near Eastern literatures*, scribes also saw it as their task to make ancient documents understandable to their contemporaries. There is no reason to doubt that the maichous followed a similar practice and this would perhaps account for the relative absence of obsolete Manipur words. However it is perhaps significant that the earlier parts of the Ch. K. are markedly less discursive than later sections, and that it was only after contact with Indian sanskritic culture that new letters were invented to represent loan words which could not be properly represented by the original eighteen Meetei Mayek characters. The issue of chronology remains very problematic. The extended note on Manipuri time reckoning in the first volume (pp. 154-5) explains the differences between the Manipuri yuthak (time period) and pung (rendered here as hour, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press

but actually about 22 minutes 30 seconds) and the western twenty-four hour clock. More difficult is the reconciling of the solar year with the lunar year, and in Manipuri dating intercalary months and days were required to reconcile them. Sometimes, but apparently not always, intercalary insertions are noted in the manuscript text. Frequently there seems to be a discrepancy between the date and the day of the week (eg. from one Monday to the next is not always eight days). This occurs so often that not all cases have been indicated in the footnotes. It is not easy to account for these discrepancies (unless we make the very unlikely assumption that the scribes could not count). It also needs to be kept in mind that the Manipur year begins with the month Sajiphu (March/ April) and therefore does not correspond to the western year. Consequently, for example, Sakabda 1812, while given in the translation as heading as 1890, will actually be March/April 1890 to March/April 1891. For the period covered by this volume there are a number of important published British sources (in addition of course to archival materials). These have been listed below. The year 1891 is an appropriate terminus for the author’s translation, marking as it did the end of the kingship of the main descent lines of Pamheiba (Garib Niwaz). It is true that the Ch.K. continued to be kept during the reigns of Chura Chand and of his son Bodhchandra (and indeed after the abolition of the kingship by India). Nevertheless Chura Chand, who was appointed king by the British while still an infant and was from minor collateral branch of the royal family, did not in the eyes of Manipuri nationalists have a legitimate claim to the throne. Thus the year 1891 marks a fitting conclusion to the author’s work. But hopefully the task of translating the period from 1891 will be taken up by other Manipuri scholars in due course. This translation of the Ch. K. would not have been possible without the kindness of the late Head Maichou Kulachandra Ngariyanbam, who made available the Palace copy in the original Meetei Mayek. I am personally deeply grateful to the Royal Asiatic Society, particularly to Dr Alison Ohta. The completion of this work would not have been possible without their continuing support and the subvention for publication from the RAS. I am also grateful to Cambridge University Press, Delhi, who made the task of editing this volume and volume 2 so much easier by their professionalism and attention to detail. I must also thank my son Tim for preparing the facsimile of the Meetei Mayek text for publication, and my daughter Rachel and my son Chris for giving me their very willing help on computer issues. I hope that this volume, which brings to a close the massive work of scholarship which occupied the last decade of my wife’s life, may further contribute to the study of Manipur within the wider context of the cultural history of South and South East Asia.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Note * As W.F. Albright points out the ancient scribes ‘generally revised ancient and other literary documents periodically …substituting current grammatical forms and even contemporary phraseology …spelling was also modernised’ (From Stone Age to Christianity Doubleday Anchor Books, New York 1957, pp. 79-80).

John Parratt Carlisle, 2012

British Sources for the period to 1891 B.C. Allen Assam District Gazetteers IX: Naga Hills and Manipur, Calcutta 1905. R. Brown Statistical Account of Manipur and the Hill Territory under its Rule, Calcutta 1874. J. Johnstone My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills, London 1896. A. MacKenzie History of the Relations of the Government of India with the Hill Tribes of the North East Frontier of Bengal, Calcutta 1884. J. McCulloch An Account of the Valley of Munnipore and the Hill Tribes Calcutta 1859. R.B. Pemberton Report of the Eastern Frontier of British India, Gauhati 1835. R. Reid History of the Frontier Areas bordering Assam, Shillong 1942. On the events of 1891 Ethel St. Clair Grimwood My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Reecnt Mutiny, London 1891. Manomahan Ghosha Did the Manipuri Princes Obtain a Fair Trial? London 1891. John & Saroj Parratt Queen Empress vs Tikendrajit, Prince of Manipur: the Anglo-Manipur Conflict of 1891, Delhi 1982. Editor’s note

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press

PART ONE THE CHEITHARON KUMPAPA THE COURT CHRONICLE OF THE MEETEI KINGS OF MANIPUR (KANGLEIPAK): ENGLISH TRANSLATION VOL. 3

MEETINGU NARA SINGH SAKBADA 17657–1771 (1843–1849

CE)

[The year of Aahongsangpa Prem Singh, Sakabda 1765 (1843 CE). The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Friday]. 19 Thursday, Shri Narasing Jubraj at the age of fifty–one years became the king (1) at the morning yuthak (2). Shri Govindaji, Shri Jaganath and Shri Brindabon Chandra, these three images were also placed together in the temple. Immediately there was blood spilt in front of the temple (3). 23 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 27 Thursday, there was an earthquake. They also built the Potsangba Sanglangmei Institute building. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Monday. They also began to build the Sanglangmei Institute building (4). 3 Thursday, there was an earthquake. Sanglangmei (building) was damaged. 10 Wednesday, there was an after shock. 26 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Wednesday. 24 Thursday was Pisu Sangkranti. 1 2 3

4

Nara Singh as Jubraj was the Regent during the minority of king Chandrakriti. His becoming king indicates that the court and the people had approved him as the king. Yuthak: See note on Meetei time reckoning in Vol. 1. pp. 154–155. These three images were the personal deities of Nara Singh and now they have been moved to the palace complex. Housing all three images in one temple is not uncommon in the temples of Meetei Hindus and the same practice still prevails. Spilling of blood immediately in front of the temple implies that this move was not favoured by all the citizens of the land. It may also imply resentment at the making of more Hindu images. Scribal dittography.

Sakabda 1766 (1844 CE) The year of Longchamba Patra Sing, Sakabda 1766 (1844 CE). 25 Friday was the Cheiraopa, new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. The month of Published online by Cambridge University Press

2

The Cheitharon Kumpapa

Sachiphu (March/April) began on Thursday. They began to build the great palace, Nonghumsang Institute building (1) and Mongpasang Institute building, these three buildings were begun. They also lowered the height of the earthen plinth for the great palace which was three lams in height by scraping off the top layer. As his royal father the Maharaj was requested by his royal son Bhubon Sing the Lakpa of Wangkhei, Moirangthempa of Thangka was made to form a Pana (2). 2 Friday, they began to build the temple of Shri Hari, the main royal palace and other buildings, a total of eleven buildings. 16 Friday, the royal brother–in–law Aangom was appointed Aangoupampa, the chief of Aangom. 19 Monday, Shri Pancha Chukta Jaiman Nara Singh Maharaj moved up from Langthapan to the main royal palace. 20 Tuesday, a spear with two points was presented to the king. 21 Wednesday, they began to build the Cheirap (court) building. 22 Thursday, they began to build the mantop for Govinda. 23 Friday, Aayekpa Saikhupa the Hajari was struck by the sword by the people of his own Institute and he died. 26 Monday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. They performed religious rites to Shri Gobintaji (Gobindaji). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Saturday. 6 Thursday, a branch of the Chingnang khongnang tree broke (3). 7 Friday, they began to beautify (the carving of) Shri Nityananda (4). 10 Monday, they began to build the temple for Mahateba. They also began to build an armoury. They also dragged down four chief large barges. 11 Tuesday, a meteorite was seen (5). 13 Thursday, the cannons were returned to where they were formerly placed. 17 Sunday, they began to build two figures of Nongsa (6) in the front of the Utra (Wutra court). 25 Monday, they installed Shri Gabintaji. They also performed a religious rite. 28 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Monday. New moon Sunday, (Lai) Pakhangpa manifested himself (7). The month of Yingen (June/ July) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday also (Pakhangpa) manifested himself (8). 5 Friday, they began to build the main gate (9). On that day (Pakhangpa) manifested himself and did so for four days. 12 Thursday, the Maharaj caught a tiger at the foot of the Chingnang Khongnang tree. 20 Friday, Puranno Sing commissioned Yirengpa the Singsuhanpa (10) along with others, including Thakur Gabinda Aathikari and Sampan Turampa the astrologer, to accompany him to decide on an auspicious hour. On that day they also began to make the throne. New moon Monday, a tiger was caught at Sekta and it was presented (to the king). The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Tuesday. 9 Wednesday, the Maharaj dedicated the figures of the beasts which were in front of Utra building to Gobinda. Kotom (11) trees were also planted from where the beasts stood up to the main gate. 27 Sunday, they began to build the birth house for the queen. The Sangkranti of Yingen began from Wednesday the new moon, the first day of the lunar month. 5 Sunday, they began to dredge the part of the river’s course running through the Kyang embassy compound. Three cannon shots were fired. They also commenced to make the enthronement sword. 10 Friday, a big tree in the Mahabali (grove) Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

3

fell. On that day the lai made a sound in the Paota watering place. Full moon Wednesday, the river began to flow. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. They commenced to weave the king’s ceremonial clothes (12) and also commenced many other tasks and began to build many buildings. 2 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 5 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 12 Monday, one Hao was drowned in the river in the palace compound. 16 Friday, they commenced to make the throne for Kangla (palace) and three new tiered umbrellas (13). 22 Friday, Ningthem went down to Khombitok to inspect the building of the dam across the river. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Saturday. 2 Monday, a big tree fell in the Mahabali (grove). 3 Tuesday, Thangjam Cha Nandi the Aayangpuren was relieved from the conscription to the army, which was compulsory for every joint family in every residential lane, as he was found to be related to king of the Mayangs. 5 Wednesday, Aangoupamba Loklenkhomba ascended the throne (as the chief) of Aangom. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Monday. 6 Friday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 8 Sunday, there was an earthquake. Shri Maharaj went down to his wife’s family home. 11 Wednesday, Meetingu Lairen Nonglen Khomba went to Hoapam, his wife’s family, to stay with them (14). 12 Thursday, Leisangthem Lairemma was moved (from her shrine) to another place. On that day the Maharaj (15) decreed that the family of Langpoklakpam should belong to Yumchao Nao, (16) when it was discovered that he was from the lineage of Snahal Khongchompa, the son of ancestor Khakempa (a former king). 13 Friday, Lairen Nonglen Sentreng Manikkhompa and Meetei Leima Khayoiron Liklairokpi the Haopam maiden ascended the throne within the 8th pung hour after the noon yuthak. Tonpa from south Sekmai, who was a descendant of the Chakma Reima, (17) carried the Chakpu Thang the sword, (18) at the enthronement ceremony, which had never been done before. 15 Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. 17 Tuesday, Meeteileima Liklairokpi scattered sen coins in Sna Keithen (the royal market). 21 Sunday, Thangjam Cha Nandi Major caught a tiger from Sikong to commemorate the enthronement (19) and presented it (to the king). The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Tuesday. 5 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 6 Sunday, twin cows were presented to the king. 10 Thursday, the royal younger brother Debendro and others left to wage war on the Tingsok Haos in the northern area as a Phamban Lan (to commemorate the enthronement of the king). 13 Sunday, three tigers were caught in Poirou Khongjin and presented (to the king); they were challenged and Loitam Cha the major broke the spine of the tiger at the Keiyang thekpa sports. 17 Thursday, three Brajabasis (20) who came from a foreign land went back to their own country. 19 Saturday, Yipungsi the Jubraj, who went to wage the Phamban Lan, returned. Haorongpa subidar (subitar), Aaramba jamandar, these two and others a total of seven men, persuaded some men to surrender (21). A man from Lukam, two men from Mahasingkou, these two and others, a total of seven men Published online by Cambridge University Press

4

The Cheitharon Kumpapa

were captured. Their names were buried in Nungkoibi (22). These seven men were (set free) and were sent back to their own villages. As for the reward for the party which went to wage the phamban lan, a reward cloth khamen chatpa (23), a flag, a leikham clasp (24) and a paddy field were granted to each of them. 20 Monday, Chiton Sahib died (25). A forty–four cannon salute and thirty gun salute were fired. On that day a comet appeared. 22 Tuesday, Yipungsi Khero, the Lakpa of the Pheita Institute was deported to Loi to Langathen. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. 5 Monday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 8 Thursday, Thoukaojam Cha Mareipa, Yelangpam Cha Murari and Thiyam Cha Aabungoton subidar, these three arrived after herding the seven villages of Tuyang Karong whose chief was Changsen. Meetingu Leiren Nunglen Khomba sitting in the Utra received them at court. Three subidars were made to establish Cheitynpur village in Kamu after having it dedicated to Cheityn Nityai. They (subidars) were rewarded with free paddy which belonged to the land (on a regular basis). 14 Wednesday, Chothepung, Khrangpung, Tuthup and Lamtang, these four clans came and reported to the king that they, the servants of the king, had settled by the river bank according to the royal order given to them. The report was received favourably and they were granted gifts of spades, daos, clothes, and salt. Full moon Thursday, they began to establish the Aawang Keithen market in the north. 7 Saturday, two elephants were taken to Jiri to be used to transport timber. New moon Thursday, the chief of Changsen, who had been captured, arrived. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, a child was burnt when a house belonging to a Bamon family caught fire. On that day a deer was caught in the palace (complex). 5 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 6 Wednesday, the Haos from the north, from Laisan, Tora, Chawai, Sumtan, Pheitang, Khunthak, Toinem, Kachai, Aokkhrun, Huining, Huntung, Choitha, Haijum, Nungsong, Khunkoi, Santhak, Kasom, Khamlang, Nampui, Sokpao, Chapang, Heemi, Laiyi, Kasong, Sakoklang, Khambi, Meebi, Tusom, Chombi, Hangkou, Ngaprum, Nungman, Nungou, Pheijom, Tonngou, and Sagapung, these thirty-two (26) villages were gathered, and on 13 Thursday they dredged the course of the river within the Kyang (embassy) compound, and they also raised the earth plinth of the Sna Keithen market. 16 Sunday, seven chiefs from Changsen accompanied by forty-two Haos came with mithun, goats, a brass-bossed gong, plates and phibong clothes (27) and paid tribute to the Maharaj with all these articles. 17 Monday, eight Main Institute buildings including the guard houses (28) for the king and the royal ladies, and again on 18 Tuesday, the Institute building in charge of weaving royal clothes, all these were burnt. Three cloths for the king’s garments were burnt. Eight guns were also burnt. 25 Monday, the armoury was inaugurated and they also began to build two Top Loisang Institute buildings (29). 29 Friday, a deer (30) was caught in the palace. The month of Phairen (January/ February) began on Sunday. 5 Thursday was the Sangkranti of Lamta. Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

5

9 Monday, Yibungsi the Jubraj went to hunt at Wairikonchin. A tiger and many other animals were also caught and they were presented (to the king). A horse was burnt to death. 16 Monday, a tiger was caught in Langkon and it was presented (to the king). On that day the Maharaj presented to Parumiya Jouthari, who was a foreigner, one gold Ngangkoi (necklace), two strings of beads, (31) a pair of gold bracelets, one embroidered loin cloth, and a big shawl, a shirt made of Khamen Chatpa embroidered cloth, one pasot pheijom, (32) two horses, twenty buffaloes, and one canopy with fringes, all these were given for his former service (rendered to the king) in the land of the Mayangs. 22 Sunday, after having given the royal command to the royal younger brother the Jubraj and all the nobles of the Cheirap court, that all the different types of (33) posts which had been appointed in the past – the posts of the Keirungpa of Thum Aarangpa (34) and that of (state) management – were to be listed by the astrologer, the astrologer listed them. The astrologer was also made to be in charge of the royal treasure box. On that day they performed the Hindu cleansing rites for the death of Bamon Thotpa’s small calf which died while being tethered. 23 Monday, one Naorem maiden who was Aakoichampa’s wife died by hanging as she refused to live (with her husband). On that day Puthem Khapa and Sama Leirempa, these two contested over the Pibaship. It was declared that Khapa was the rightful Piba. 24 Tuesday, Meetei village, Samting village, and Thonlang village, these three main villages came and presented two ivory tusks, one shield and one spear (to the king). 25 Wednesday, Yipungsi Prumba’s son died from (an accidental) gunshot from his own gun while shooting a beast in Khabeesoi. A house of the Aahanthem family and another of the Khuntrakpam family were struck by a thunderbolt and both houses were burnt. 28 Friday, the Maharaj inaugurated four main Institute buildings along with (the celebration) of the Holi (festival). The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Monday. A white buffalo gave birth to a female calf without any hair on the forehead and it was presented (to the king). 4 Friday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2

3

Nonghumsang: the building was located to the east of Men where all the Meetei kings were crowned. Function of the building is obscure. Pana thokhanye: made to produce a Pana or form a Pana. Pana is a subdivision. Alternative reading: Moirangthempa, a son from the family of Moirangthem, was made to lead the Pana in a public gathering. Chingnang khongnang: pipal tree (ficus religiosa). This tree is also known as Kongnang hogaibi, meaning pipal tree with a hole in it. This tree has strong cultic significance and is considered sacred as it was believed to give omens regarding the country. According to oral tradition this tree witnessed the death of Meetingu Charairongpa when he was struck by lightning, while resting under its shade on his return from one of his military expeditions. The lightning split the tree trunk making a large hole in the trunk and hence received the name Khongnang hogaibi. It is very likely that this tree was associated with the oracular aspect of the Meetei lai Laiwahaipa and anything that happened to the tree itself was regarded as an omen.

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6

The Cheitharon Kumpapa 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17

18

19

20 21 22

23

Anga seba: Bengali meaning to beautify the body with cosmetics. First time the term is used. Meibi: ball of fire, another term for meteorite. Term used for the first time. Nongsa: mythical beasts, guardians of the sacred places including the Kangla Complex. Pakhangpa thokye: literally Pakhangpa manifested itself. Since Pakhangpa is the ancestral deity of the Ningthoucha clan this sentence indicates a form of asserting his presence in the light of the installation of Govinda, a Hindu image. The subject Pakhangpa is not repeated but from the construction of the sentence it is understood. The scribal style of this form is found throughout the text up till now. Thonglen: either the main inner gate or the main door of the palace. The former is more likely. Singsuhanpa: The exact post description is obscure. Kotom: Keli Kodam: anthocephalus cadamba. Ningthouphi: The king’s different ceremonial clothes were all woven by special weavers in the palace complex. Naba schatra or satra naba: Bengali for new or nine. Naba satra: Bengali for umbrella. Tall multi–tiered umbrellas supported by a tall post are often seen by the Manipuri temples. Term used for the first time. Yaong inpa: meaning virilocal residence. In this case it refers to a short visit. Maharaja or (Maharaah) variant spelling of Maharaj. Yumchao Nao: Yumchao the great palace, Nao: descendants; descendants of the great palace, the king’s family. Chakma Reima: the Queen of Chakpa. Chakma scribal error for Chakpa, Reima: queen. This supports the view that the authochtonous Chakpas of Manipur were matrilineal, and probably also indicates the high status of women. Chapu thang: scribal error for Chakpu Thang, the Chakpa Sword. Chak for Chakpa, pu is the accusative particle in the sentence, the Chakpa sword. As the authochtonous Chakpa took part in the enthronement ceremony carrying the Chakpa sword, Nara Singh was openly claiming his suzerainty over the Chapkas. At the same time the Chakpas who were not in the Meetei Hindu fold and kept to their own tradition perhaps asserted their role in the kingdom. The Chakpas consist of the inhabitants of Aantro (Andro), Sekmai, Kakching, Khurukhun, Thangka and other outlying settlements. First time the the term Chakpa Thang is used. Phamban kei: tiger caught to commemorate the enthronement. Since the phamban lan also was still carried out as in the past, this was an added display to celebrate the enthronement of the king. First time this term is used. Brajabasi: one born in Braja, a district around Agra and Mathura. Lan themye: literally to persuade one in a battle to surrender. Nungkoibita lanming chanye: Nungkoibi. literally round stone, ta suffix: at. A place marked with a round stone in the Kangla complex. Lanming: names of those captured or taken as hostages. Chanba: to list or to bury. The phrase indicates the listing of the names only of war prisoners and not the burying of heads taken at battle. Formerly the severed heads of the victims of war or raids were buried here and the term used for this is lanlu chanba. This was a common practice in all areas of Manipur. First time this phrase is used. Khamen chatpa: pattern of the coiled Pakhangpa snake printed in the dark or reddish mauve colour of khamen or aubergine on either a cotton or silk cloth. It is a royal cloth but also given as a reward for meritorious performance and conferred only on

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Translation

24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

7

men. It is of a fixed width and length which men use as a loin cloth. Ladies also use shawls with this pattern. Leikham: a gold or silver clasp in the shape of the leaf of leikham, an indigenous plant, given as a reward. The plant is regarded as having medicinal value. Captain George Gordon was the first Political Agent in Manipur. He was buried in 1844 at the Langthaban palace complex where the present Manipur University is situated. Discrepancy on the number of villages; thirty–six villages are listed. Phibong: for Phipong Chami normally used for tribute payment. Ningthou sempa: scribal error for ningthou senpa, guard house for the king. Top Loisang: the Supreme Adminstative Institute. The English term ‘Top’ has been used to indicate ‘the Supreme’, ‘the highest.’ First time the term is used. Taji: scribal error for saji, deer. Mala: Bengali, string of beads used by monks. Pasot pheijom: pheijom long ankle-length loin cloth worn by Meetei men, usually white and very thin; pasot: obscure. Bisoi: Bengali meaning category, sphere, with reference to. First time the term is used. Thum Aarangpa: Post in charge of salt production and salt wells.

Sakabda 1767 (1845 CE) The year of Aaseipa Muhon Sing, Sakabda 1767 (1845 CE). 8 Tuesday, the outhouse in Keirang compound in Wangkhei was burnt when it was struck by a thunderbolt. Another thunderbolt also fell in a paddy field. 11 Friday, a portent was observed during the hatching season of Sareng fish in Yumjaongayan. It had a rancid odour and one day it was shining like a flaming torch. 12 Saturday, the Borsahep (the Political Agent) presented two hares (to the king) when he was visited. They began to build three buildings for the Maiba Institute and one for Lainingthou Hanpa, these four buildings were begun. 13 Sunday, Aakoijamba the Jamandar and Kakching Nimairam the Senapati, these two gathered seventy–five Haos who were under Kanle the chief, from the two villages of Wumangle and Josinram, and six mithuns, and presented them to Ningthem. 16 Friday, the river–bank burst from near Kyamkei, for a distance of seven lams. A white buffalo was offered as a scapegoat (1) in Khommitot and they also rebuilt the dam at Thingen and stopped the overflow of waters. 22 Monday, a tiger was caught in Samurou and was presented (to the king). 28 Sunday, two Bamons from Kasi arrived to go to the land of Aawa, (but) they went back to the land of the Mayangs. New moon Tuesday, Lairenlakpa the astrologer was appointed the Lakpa of the Institute (of Astrologers). A royal command was given to Paonam Cha Pundit and Lairenlakpa the astrologer to defend the country with great care. Each of them were rewarded with Snarik, (2) the gold chain of office. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. 6 Monday the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 8 Wednesday, they performed an appeasement rite as the pond of Lai Puthipa was dry. Full moon Wednesday, there was a lunar eclipse. Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

On that day Jalchatra (water festival) which had not taken place before (in the land) was performed. They began to enact Jalakeli (3) in exactly the same way as it was played in Shri Brandaban, between Ratha and Krishna, after digging a pond in a garden for the performance. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Friday. 7 Thursday, was the Sangkranti of Yinga. While the son of Yipungsi Wurungpuren went to Keiroi in Yairipok to collect the compulsory payment which was due (4), he was arrested and brought to the king on the charge that he was making an attempt on the throne. The Lakpa of Keiroi and all the elder members of the Keiroi villages were all fined. 15 Thursday, Jalakeli performance ended. 20 Tuesday, the Haos of Kamu came and presented two ivory tusks to the king. 22 Thursday, the king, saying that the prince who was arrested would not dare make an attempt on the throne, set him free. When the bridge in Khwairamban broke, one Hao died. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Saturday. 10 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 18 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 22 Friday, there was yet another tremor. 24 Sunday, a streak of fire (5) flew across the sky. Lai Pakhangpa manifested himself in a brilliant white colour in the Garot (court). 29 Saturday, twenty guns which belonged to the princes (6) were stolen. New moon Sunday, Thoutam Chandra Sing caught a hangkok (7) alive in the south eastern location of the royal palace and it was three khutups long (8). The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, there was an earthquake and another lizard was also caught in the Champra Army quarter. Both were set free after performing an appeasement rite. 6 Saturday, (the symbol of) Leisangthem Lairemma was stolen. 14 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 15 Sunday, the sacred objects which belonged to the Wahenpam lai Yumjao Leima were stolen. 16 Monday, the sacred objects which belonged to Khoisnam Lairemma Petangnga and also all the sacred objects which belonged to Maisnam Lairemma were stolen (9). 25 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Tuesday. 16 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. A python was caught at the southern side of the Thangkapat moat (by the palace). 20 Saturday, most of the Bamons including Mani the Hanjaba of the Bamons begged Ningthem and admitted that they, the servants of the king, had committed wrong. At this the king gave the verdict, saying that if the Thakurs had admitted their wrongs then they were once again permitted to act, each according to his conscience. 17 Sunday, a man who was cutting fodder came to know about five guns in the area of Kharampan Mukaching hills. A tiger was also caught in Leisangkhong and it was presented (to the king). On that day the town-crier proclaimed from an elephant’s back, telling everyone to leave the market and return home early that day. 20 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 27 Friday, as one Mayang and his wife made a pact to die together, the husband killed his wife. But when the husband failed to kill himself by cutting himself, he was brought to the king. 23 Thursday, a hidakphu used for pot-smoking was collected from Aachoipa Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the chief of Moirang, as it was said that it belonged to a former chief of Moirang. When the Mayang who had kept this hidakphu was permitted to become a citizen of Moirang, and when most of the members of his extended family also made a request to the king that they also be allowed to become Moirangs, they were forbidden and they were made to cut fodder. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Friday. A representation of Sarangthem Lairema was made (10). A kirtan was sung in the village where the Mayang wife was killed. 13 Wednesday, Kalitomon play (11) was staged by the southern opening of the Thangkapat moat. Sna Kam Singh the son of the Maharani played the part of Krishna. (He) was injured when the house of Thourani (12) Wangampi caught fire at dusk. 14 Thursday, Yipungsija Kam Sing (13) died. He was given the last rites at Mangnao. There was a lunar eclipse on that day. 15 Friday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 24 Sunday, a six–barrelled gun and a mirror, which was three khudups wide, were presented to the king by Loitongpa and Laiton, these two. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Sunday. 4 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. 8 Saturday, the lai which was stolen from Bamon Aadhikari was recovered. A man from Thongkapam, another from the area of Khumbong, and Wangkhei Rasmon, these three, were brought by the people of Kontha (before the king) and they reported that those three men were those who stole (the lai). They were put in iron chains. 10 Monday, the daughter of Bamon Tantratha and a Gosai were married. 12 Wednesday, a tiger was caught in Kongpa. 13 Thursday, Thourani Khoipi gave birth to a prince. Tensubam, the maker of royal cane mats for the royal birth house (was replaced), and Langpokthapam Balaram made the royal cane mat. 15 Saturday was the Sangkranti of Poinu. 18 Tuesday, a river was dredged. 22 Sunday, a prince was born. 25 Wednesday, there was thundering (14). 27 Friday, as a man from Wahengpam family brought the news that the Mayangs were on the march to attack, five gun–shots were fired to summon and alert the people. All the people of the land assembled. The month of Wakching (December/January) (15) began on Monday. 8 Monday, those who marched to attack the land retreated and left the country. 9 Tuesday, Mangsatapa Keirungpa left (for pilgrimage) with the frontal bone of Yibungsi Kam Sing. Two Haos who were arrested in Natumching hill for stealing cattle were also brought (before the king). One of them was killed and the other had his foot cut off. 10 Wednesday (16), a Phiringki left (with others) to open up roads. 12 Friday, Yipungsi the Mantri and others dismantled a temple in Langthapan. Maisnam Cha Chakemba who was married to a princess left to fetch water from Suknu (for rituals). Paonam Cha Puntit also accompanied him. Huitrom Krati and Santha, these two were put in chains as they were found exporting cattle. 14 Sunday, a Phiringki with his wife and child left to tour Aawa. 15 Monday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 17 Wednesday, Shri Govindaji was moved to a temporary hut. 18 Thursday, they completed the representation of Sarangthem Lairemma. 19 Friday, those who went to fetch Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

water returned. On that day all the buffaloes of the land were used to transport bricks from Langthapan. Cheichon Singh Maharaj (Nara Sing) who was the royal younger brother of Meetingu Chinglen Nongtren Khomba Maharaj, said that as his royal elder brother, who had commenced building a temple for Govindaji to dedicate it (to Govinda) but had failed to do so (as he died), he himself would both complete the building and dedicate it to Govinda in the name of his royal elder brother; he began to build the temple on 19 Friday. It also rained when there were no clouds. The waters in the rivers also increased. Thamandi Thakur, Guru Nandan Thakur, these two Thakurs along with other Bamons and temple clerks, a total of nine people, and Yibungsi the Jubraj transported the bricks, saying that it was in the service of Shri Govindaji (17). 25 Thursday, twenty–five stolen buffaloes which were being exported to the land of the Mayangs were captured and brought back. 27 Saturday, Ningthem and others looked for fish in the pool which was in front of the palace building Punsiba. Ningthem asked the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers how many fish would be caught in the net which was being cast then. The reply was that fourteen fishes would be in the net. Indeed there were (fourteen fishes) in the net. 29 Monday, there was an earthquake. The watch maker from the Leipokpam family was struck with a sword by his servant. The servant was put in chains. The month of Phairen (January/ February) began on Wednesday. 7 Monday, a tiger was caught in Kongpa and was presented (to the king). 10 Thursday, yet another tiger was caught in Kongpa and it was also presented (to the king). 15 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 19 Sunday, Poro Phantari (18), a senior official, came to ask for the hand of a bride (19) for the son of his king and he brought with him two red felt cloths, two drinking Tewan vessels, (20) two shawls, and ten coconuts. 20 Monday, they began to build the birth house for Thourani Thokchao. 26 Sunday, an owl entered the club building. 27 Monday, Thourani the Langmaithem maiden gave birth to a prince. New moon Wednesday, there was a heavy fall of hail stones at Langkon and Langmaiching hills. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Thursday. 7 Wednesday, a pig entered the palace. On that day a man died of heart attack in a residential area. 10 Saturday, the temple building (21) was inaugurated. 12 Monday, the tree in Lansonbi broke. 15 Friday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 18 Monday, the market was not attended. 23 Friday, Konsam Cha Major went to the Haos of Lampui and Sekpao requiring them to complete the dredging of rivers. Yirom Cha Major went to the area of Laisan. 24 Saturday, Poro Phantari the Mayang emissary, went back. 27 Tuesday, one live Sangngai (22) was sent to the Mayang (king). 29 Thursday, a person who bought a cow (or cows) and sold it (or them), together with the purchaser, was handed over to the leikai, as they did not inform the Cheirap court. The month of Lamta (February/March) (23) began on Saturday. The Maharaj performed a Hindu religious rite for the prosperity of the country. 2 Monday, the right to sell cattle was taken away from the leikais. 8 Saturday, a tiger Published online by Cambridge University Press

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was caught by (the people in the choir) Panla, by the confluence of Thoupan Yirong (river) and it was presented (to the king). 10 Monday, the Haos who were pressed into service by the two majors began to dredge the river, beginning from the Paonam watering place up to Sanjenthong bridge. They also began to renovate the drainage ditches (24). 13 Thursday, there was a very strong gale in the afternoon and the Cheirap court was blown down. 15 Saturday was Bisu Sankranti. 1

2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

Yenhing thaba, yen: hen, hing from hingba to live, alive, thaba to send, to let it go freely. A hen was offered as a scapegoat and then set free. Here a white buffalo was used as the scapegoat. Sarik pinaramye: sarik a scribal error for snarik, gold necklace; pinaramye: from piba verb to give; formation of the verb implies that there were other gifts as well. The necklace was a chain of office. Jalakeli: Bengali, conflation for jal, water; keli sexual congress, sexual congress in the water. First time the term is used. Lamman senkhai: lamman, what was due, a debt; senkhai, compulsory payment or contribution in sen currency; keiroi, granary hands. Probably refers to the income from the state granary. Meibi: a streak of fire, probably a comet. First time the term is used. Ningthem macha: literally, children of Ningthem; Ningthem, another term for king; macha, child of either gender. It is the family name for the children of kings who themselves did not become kings. Same as Ningthoucha (see on Sakabda 440 / 518 CE). Hangkok: big lizard. Khutup: distance from elbow to the top of the middle finger of an adult. Body parts were used in traditional measurements and this is still retained side by side with international measurements. Term used for the first time. This is a new phenomenon which had not taken place earlier on. So far in the process of hindiusation traditional lais were simply destroyed. Meetamye: past tense of meetamba, to make a mould of a human figure. It is not clear if this was made of beeswax, which was the usual practice when figures were invloved in appeasement rites when the lai’s sacred objects were descrated, or if this was the hinduisation of the lai with an image. Term used for the first time. Kalitomon for Kalidaman, Bengali, literally ‘the taming of Kali’ the goddess, a Hindu religious play. Term used for the first time. Thourani: term used for the wives of Manipuri Bamons. Probably derived from Thakurani, wife of a Thakur; the use of this term as a prefix for the wives of kings indicates the increased status of the Bamons. Tam Sing: scribal error for Kam Singh. Laina nongmei thai: the lai shot a gun. Earlier entries associated Koubru with thundering, now used within a wider context of any lai. The month of Poinu is missing. Scribal error, 1 for 10. Shri Go Govindaji: Go scribal dittography. Poro Phantari: probably from Bengali Boro Bandari: senior obedient servant, senior civil servant. Term used for the first time.

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

19

Mou haiba: to ask for the hand of a bride in arranged marriage. Arranged marriage existed in cases of alliance amongst royalty. First time the phrase mou haiba is used. Tewangiri: Tewangi, Tewan with preposition gi, from or of; ri for li or lee, meaning vessel or utensil from which one drinks. Tewan is either a place name or a substance used to make the li. Phura laisang: Phura temple building of a more durable structure, laisang (or Laiyum) shrine which often was a temporary structure. In this period shrines began to have a more solid structure and terms phura and laisang were used either singly or together to indicate both the Hindu temples and Meetei shrines. Phura is probably of Burmese derivation. Sangngai: brow–antlered deer, a rare species found only in Manipur, now under threat. Lamta: probably an intercalary month. The dredging of rivers and renovation of drainage ditches had been within the sphere of compulsory community service of the Lanlup system since the time of King Loiyumpa, and was levied on all the males of the country, including the Haos.

20

21

22 23 24

Sakabda 1768 (1846 CE) The year of Kakching Phol Sing, Sakabda 1768 (1846 CE). 16 Sunday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 17 Monday, two Gosais left. 19 Wednesday, three Gosais arrived. On that day there was a public scandal concerning the Mahanta of Shri Ramchnatra (sect). 28 Thursday, the chestnut-coloured horse died. The month of Sachiphu (March/ April) began on Sunday. On that day they began to mark out the demarcation of the centre of the Kangla (1) complex. 4 Wednesday, a man from the Sukham family was put in chains for using abusive words to Aahongsangpa who was attached to the main boat house. 5 Thursday, Thourani Thokchao gave birth to twins. 14 Sunday, Lukhoi from Aakhui presented to Ningthem a red felt cloth and a brass boss gong. 15 Monday, a tree in the Mahabali (grove) fell. 17 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 21 Saturday, when Aarampa the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) brought up the matter of Waikok pung (2), and asked permission (from the king), to use it for the Pana, he was told that it belonged to the Lairema and he went back to his place. 23 Monday, a banyan tree was planted in front of Utra. 25 Wednesday, the old temple of Thakur Sithanta was repaired. Ningthem went down and inaugurated it. 27 Friday, the Pakhang Lakpa (officer in charge of army cadets) (3) in the Waikhom army contingent died of heart attack. 28 Saturday, the moat at Menuthong bridge and the canal in the rice field which belonged to Lai Puthiba (4) were both flooded. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, twelve Pangan domestic servants arrived from Mayang. Balaba and Saba caught a tiger in Wangpan. Thoukanao the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) was also deported to Loi to Thingkrei. 5 Saturday, a man was drowned in the river by the palace. 10 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Wuyan and was presented (to the king). 15 Tuesday, a maidservant of Thourani Laisara,

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a woman from the household of Ningthem, was found hanged at Nungkoipi. 20 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. Many fish were seen at the northern section of the Thangkapat moat. 22 Tuesday, many boats which were by the river, also made a sound (5). 24 Wednesday, Haobam the Mantri, Keisa the Nongthonpa, Thoukanou the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana), and Khunbong Major, these four who had been deported to Loi to Kakching, were summoned. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday (6). The Bamons and the Gosai had a fistfight. 2 Thursday, the Kang (chariot) festival began. The arm of Shri Jaganath (image) broke and the wheels also caught fire. 4 Saturday, in the yard of Lai Aawangpa a monkey and a dog mated. There was also an earthquake. 6 Tuesday, the Sanjenthong bridge broke. Three people fell into (the river) but they were not drowned. On that day a man from the Thokchom family died after being bitten by a rat. 8 Thursday, a tiger was caught at Waibagai and it was presented (to the king). The royal son Pushkor also was married. Three princesses also were married into the families of Aangom, Haobam and Thokchom respectively. On that day it was also said that the Yimjao Leima (lai) had wept. 21 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 23 Thursday, in the family of Yimnam in Wakching a child with seven legs and seven eyes was born. A Hao cattle thief in Chandrakhong was arrested and he was brought before the king. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. 7 Thursday, Kanthenu lowed. 9 Saturday, Bamon Rakhop was deported to Loi to Heirok for assaulting another Bamon. Another man from the family of Mutum was also deported to Loi to Chairen as he also was involved in the assault. 15 Friday, there was an earthquake. 24 Saturday was the Sangkranti of Thawan. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Saturday. 13 Thursday, Thourani Wangambi gave birth to a princess (7). 14 Friday, Lai Pakhangba manifested himself. 19 Wednesday, a boat race took place in the Thangampat (moat) after an opening through the main (land) bridge was made. On that day there was a fracas between the servants of Yibungsi the Jubraj and the servants of Sna the Wangkhei Lakpa. 20 Thursday, when the daughter of Sija, the daughter of the royal maternal uncle Ratan Sing who was married into the family of Khaidem, was abducted by a servant of Yibungsi the Jubraj, who was a goldsmith, and forced to become his wife, she, refusing to be his wife, committed suicide. 22 Saturday, Menlei (8) bloomed in the shrine of (lai) Nongkop Ningthou. 23 Sunday, Taoroinai (Pakhangpa in his snake form) manifested himself in Waithou Tangcheng, exposing his horns and spine. The three Institutes of the Maipas performed an appeasement and supplication rite (9). The four Panas began to repair the inner Thangkapat moat (in the palace complex). 25 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 26 Wednesday, both Bamon Rakhop and Mutum Cha who were deported to Loi to Heirok were summoned. 28 Friday, Thiyam Cha Aovi, the Lakpa of Sanglen, the main office, went to collect the Haos from the area of Chandrakhong, which had been subjugated, (for them) to carry out their Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

share in the Lanlup duty (to the state). The month of Mera (September/ October) began on Monday. On that day a tiger was caught in Chantakhong and it was presented (to the king). 4 Thursday, twin buffalo calves were presented to the king. 8 Monday, blood was spilt in the Peithob club house. 26 Friday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. On that day Yibungsi the Jubraj and others left for Kanglatongbi to hunt elephants. New moon Tuesday, it was said that there would be a solar eclipse but the sun was not seen. It was reported to the Maharaj that the sun was observed in the land of the Mayangs. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, the Jubraj returned after catching an elephant. 9 Wednesday, there was a controversy on account of a pair of shoes which were sent by Yibungsi Netrajit from Aawa to his son. 10 Thursday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj left to hunt elephants. But he returned as it was reported that the elephants had escaped. 18 Friday, the brine in the Chandrakhong salt mine dried up (10). Paonam Cha the Pundit and others performed the appeasement rite with supplication. 26 Saturday, a tiger was caught in the foothills of Laikhuram Chingchin. 27 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. 4 Sunday, Thiyam Cha Aovi the Lakpa of Sanglen, the main office, and others left to start the digging of the salt well in Chandrakhong. 5 Monday, they began to build the royal palace Punsiba. 6 Tuesday, a grand child of Ningthem Mayangampa died. A tiger was caught in Wapakai and it was presented (to the king). 9 Friday, Ningthoukhong Cha the Poila (11) went to ask the Tangkhuns for their tribute payment which was due. 17 Friday, Thangjam Cha Nandi the Aayapuren Major left to attack the Phumnong Haos in Aawa. 18 Saturday, a Sahib (with others) left to open up a track. 19 Monday, Bajirasikdas Mahanta died. 22 Thursday, Aakhom Cha Yindrananda, Laitonjam Cha Toro, these two and two Leikai soldiers left for Karimganj to build a memorial (12) for the king’s royal grandmother. There was an earthquake that night. 27 Tuesday the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 28 Wednesday, Maisnam Cha Major left to establish a Khongchai village. New moon Friday, Thourani Maibya gave birth to a prince. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Saturday. 3 Monday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others built the Khombitot dam and blocked the waters. 5 Wednesday, as the Maharaj commissioned his royal younger brother the Jubraj to look in the matter of the (appointment of) junior and senior pibaship in the family of Langpoktapam, after having searched the records (the Jubraj) found Joyo who lived in Khurai to be the senior. The findings were reported to both the Ningthem’s extended family and the Pacha court and a verdict was given and the case was settled with the payment of a court fee (13). The next in line for the pibaship was Purna. 9 Saturday, Yipungsi Kher Sing the Lakpa of Institute of Eunuchs left for a pilgrimage to the Ganges. 15 Friday, two tigers were caught in Khombitok. 16 Saturday, Soni (14) was worshipped. On that day one tiger from Thangka and another from Kakching were caught Published online by Cambridge University Press

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and both were presented (to the king). 21 Thursday, two Gosais of the Nityaibangsa group left. One Phiringki also arrived. A clock was presented to Ningthem. 14 Monday, Yipungsi the Jubraj returned from his elephant hunt as he did not find any elephants. 26 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 28 Friday, Moirangthem Cha the Keirungpa immediately began to dig the Sikhong salt well again. New moon Sunday, Thangjam Cha the Aayapuren returned after attacking the Haos of Phumnong. He subdued and made five Hao villages become tribute-paying villages. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Monday. 5 Thursday, Konsam Cha Major left to attack the Haos in the northern region. 10 Tuesday, the Haos from Changsen were received in court. They presented a servant to the king. The Maharaj presented that female servant to (Lai) Wangpuren (15). Hao Oinam Phusaba from the Northern region came and presented the tribute payment in ten pieces of clothes and two mounds of bees–wax. 13 Friday, the Haos from (the villages of) Lampui, Sokpao, Hongtung Khunlen, Sumtan, Phatang, and others, a total of twenty villages, raised the level of the road beginning from the (land) bridge which was in the front of the royal palace gate up to the market place (Sna Keithen). Thourani Laisra also gave birth to a prince. 20 Friday, a man of the Thoutem family who was felling a tree in Nungkham Warok, was pierced with a spear by a Mapao Hao, biting his lips (16) in utter determination. The victim died. 24 Tuesday, the Haos from Tama came and paid homage to Ningthem. There were two earth tremors during the dusk yuthak. 27 Friday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 28 Saturday, those who went to Karimganj to build the memorial returned. Konsaba the Major also returned after attacking the Haos. 29 Sunday, Yirungpam Tanjou the chief of Changkham died. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, as a message was received from the maker of coins from the land of the Mayangs, that Yumlenpam Hemo and Napet (barber) Saiton Ngampa, these two together with Konsapa (brass smith), Maisnam Major, and Phoukei Sangpam Dewan, (17) with these three, were involved (in an attempt on the throne), and when in response to this information, they were taken and interrogated by beating in the Cheirap court, it was found that all those mentioned were not involved. But only Yumlenpa and the Napet were found to be involved in the attempt on the throne. Yumlenpa was deported to Loi to Panlen and Napet to Langathen. 9 Tuesday, Aangoupamba Loklenkhomba had a daughter born to him. 10 Saturday, a double–pointed short sword (18) was presented (to the king) at three pung hour during the dawn yuthak. Children of Thourani Khoibi, Aachoibi, Aawangampi, and Thokchao Thourani, all four children of these four (ladies) had their ears pierced. They also began to build the boat house, the Leikhomsang building, and the building for Lainingthou Nongsapa, these three buildings. 11 Thursday, Thingkom maiden the wife of Yipungsi the Jubraj gave birth to a prince. 12 Friday, they worshipped Shri Brindaban Chandra. 13 Saturday, a streak of fire flew over the palace. 14 Sunday, Shrijut Published online by Cambridge University Press

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(19) gave Cheityana Prabhu (image) one pari (20) of paddy field to Meitram village. On that day the Ningthem family divided themselves into Black and White teams and contested in a polo match and the White team won the match. 16 Wednesday, the royal family and the citizens of the country contested in a polo match and the citizens won the match. 24 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Chingpu and it was presented (to the king). As it was reported that while a trader from Mayang was relieving his bowels, he had a dragonfly sitting on his lips, he was arrested and brought to the king (21). 26 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. The month of Sachiphu (March/ April) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, a small star passed behind the moon (22). 5 Sunday, Yirusang and Leikhomsang buildings were inaugurated. 6 Monday, as Aakoijam Krati went to Wahengbam Maichou, who lived in Chingpu, went to collect the money which was owed to him for a boat, Wahengpam Maichou, Chaoba his son, and two of their servants, these four men, tied up Krati and threw him in the waters of Pukhrampam dam. The servant of a skilled professional swimmer saw it as he was rowing a boat (and helped him). He (Krati) was still alive. On questioning, Krati reported that the act was committed by Wahengpa. Wahengpa was deported to Loi to Chandrakhong and his two servants were put in chains. 9 Thursday, Thourani Aakoisu gave birth to a princess. 10 Friday, they began to build the Court building. 11 Saturday, a monk who held one of his arms stretched upwards all the time, arrived. 15 Wednesday, there was a lunar eclipse. 17 Friday, the small sen (coins) began to be used. On that day one Choitha Hao approached a woman of Satang who was gathering firewood and after asking her to cohabit with him, and when she refused, she was pierced with a spear. He and those other Haos who were involved were caught and put in chains. A tiger was caught in Waikok and it was presented (to the king). The court building was also inaugurated. 19 Monday, a sangngai (brow–antlered deer) was caught in the palace (complex). 20 Tuesday, all those who waited on the princes were dismissed and they were handed over to the Leikais so that they might join the Leikai armies. On that day Maisnam Cha Major and Chongtham Cha Major, these two who went to set up an army camp in Maklang, returned saying that the princes (who were making an attempt on the throne) had not come. 24 Friday, one Bengali gentleman arrived. A man from the Torangpam family who made the small sen illegally was deported to Loi to Chandrakhong. 26 Sunday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1

Kangla yaipung tingpa houye. Kangla yaipung: Various possible renderings: a) taking tingpa as to make a lay–out, to draw a line with the help of a cord, the centre or the chief area of Kangla; b) taking pung as referring to the Meetei pung or drum, and tingba to stretch: they began to stretch the skin for the special (yai) pung drum for the Kangla palace; c) taking pung as the Meetei water clock and tingpa as to immerse, it could refer to the revival of the Meetei time keeping. This method of time keeping continued well after the British arrived in Manipur.

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Translation 2

3 4 5

6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

14 15

16

17

Waikokki Laipung bu: literally, the Laipung which was in Waikok and which belonged to the Lai; bu the accusative particle. Laipung could be understood as: a) the court yard in front of any shrine of the Meetei lais. This courtyard normally served as the central gathering place of the village community to which the lai belonged. According to this reading the Lakpa of the Pana wanted to use this courtyard as the central gathering place for the Pana. b) as the pung drum which belonged to the lai; verb, pukhatlakpabu, meaning that which had been brought up, supports this reading. But pung (drums) used for the lais were not restricted to any particular lai as was the case with the pena, the string instrument, though both were used at the shrines. c) Lairemaki pungne haituna = hanthakhiye: literally, saying that the pung belonged to Lairema (diety); hanthakhiye, from hanthaba, to return to where one started from, meaning either he went back to his place (subject understood) or it (the drum) was retuned to its place. Pakhanglakpa: the Lakpa of Pakhangs, young unmarried men, in this case young cadets in the army. The Lais were allotted paddy fields which were looked after by the Lai attendants who in return enjoyed the produce of the field in lieu of service to the Lai. Khongye: past tense of khongba, to bark, to make a sound as with a musical instrument. Probably the timber produced a sound while contracting or expanding due to the weather. Month of Yinga is missing. Machi: scribal error for Macha, child. Menlei: flowering vine, species not known. Term used for the first time. Thouniye: conflation of thou touba: to perform a rite, and niye past indicative of niba to beg; a rite to expiate the displeasure of the spirit. Thouniye here implies the displeasure of the ancestral spirit of the ruling clan whose symbol is Taoroinai the serpent. Thumhi siye: literally, the brine died i.e. dried up. Poila: Bengali for first, rank in the army just below the Major. Term used for the first time. Phura: A memorial in the shape of a miniature temple. Term used for the first time in reference to a memorial. Wakheiye: Wa, word or the matter; kheiye: past tense of kheipa/ba, to separate, to clean up. Term normally used in reference to cleaning rice after husking, to separate the grain from the chaff. The derived meaning of the term indicates that the issue had been examined minutely and a verdict arrived at. When a case was settled, the winner normally paid to the king and members of the court concerned, a fee instead of the court fee or a settlement fee, wakheisen (sen currency). Term wakheiye is used for the first time. Soni: Hindu god Saturn who has an inauspicious attitude to those he does not favour and thereby causes misfortune. Term used for the first time. Nai nupi atu ‘that female servant’: atu meaning that, indicates that this was the same servant who was mentioned in the previous sentence. As there was already the custom of dedication of royal women to the lais’ service, this female servant probably was to assist in Wangpuren’s service. Wangpuren is the important Tutelary Deity of the South–east. It was not human sacrifice. Sakha chiktuna: scribal error for makha chiktuna; literally, biting his lips, similar to grinding his teeth.

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

17 18

Dewan: Bengali for chief officer of a state or secretary. First time the term is used. Thang chinaipa: literally, sword with horns. This two–pronged short sword is also used at the Meetei Lai Haraoba religious festival. Term used for the first time. Shrijut: (or Shrijukta) Sanskritic honorific title prefixed to Hindu male, meaning power, might, beauty etc. (Shrijuktaa fem); another title for the king. Term used for the first time. This practice as applied to Hindu deities is mentioned for the first time. Khambrangchak: a long-tailed fly with transparent wings, dragonfly. The sentence is very obscure and perhaps refers to the Hindu ritual code of clean and unclean, or to sorcery. Term used for the first time. Changye: literally entered in and was not seen.

19

20 21

22

Sakabda 1769 (1847 CE) The year of Kameng Khunjao, Sakbda 1769 (1847 CE). 27 Monday was the Cheiraopa the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu (March/April). Thursday new moon, the astrologers who were foreigners declared that there would be an eclipse but the astrologers of Manipur said that there would not be an eclipse. There was no eclipse. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Friday. 5 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Thoupan and it was presented (to the king). 7 Wednesday, the Maharaj sent barber (Napet) Mani, the temple clerk, to Shri Jaganath Khetra. 10 Sunday, Aakoijam Kumda, who came up from his house in Thoubal, prostrating all the way to Shri Govindaji, reached (the temple) after ten days. 11 Monday, when a father and his child went to a river, both were mauled by a tiger. The tigress and her four cubs were caught and they were presented (to the king). Another tiger was also caught in Lisamlok gorge and it was presented (to the king). 14 Thursday, Thangjabi, a wife of the king’s royal father, died. 17 Sunday, Meetengu Leiren Nonglen Sentren Manik Khompa gave the royal order to Muniram, the maker of shirts – who was also the Dewan – after appointing him as ambassador between the two countries of Manipur and Britain (1), to go as an envoy to the house of the Phiringki Sahep. The king was pleased to exempt all his three brothers from the compulsory duty to the country and this was recorded in the Puran. 20 Wednesday, they began to repair both the great palace and the royal (residential) palace buildings. 22 Friday, when the court, following the royal order, was making enquiries about some deserters from the Pana duties, the reason for their absence was discovered and they were allowed to go free by the Lakpas and the Keirungpas of the respective Institutes and by the Hanjapas and the Hitangs of the Institute of guards. The Lakpas, the Keirungpas, the Hanchapas and the Hitangs of the Institutes, all of them were put in chains. But when Paonam Cha the Pundit and Loktongbam Cha Laiba, these two advised the king while the king was celebrating the dedication of rice to his own ancestors, (2) that such an act (of chaining the courtiers) was not appropiate nor customary, they were set free. 23 Saturday, at noon the king took his royal seat (3) in the Kangla. 26 Tuesday, Soipam Cha the Poila set Published online by Cambridge University Press

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out to attack the southern region. On that date there was an earthquake in the night. 28 Wednesday, they began to build a shed for the cow Kamdhenu and a birth house for Thourani. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Saturday. On that day, as a fish bone (4) was found in (the food offering) to Shri Govindaj, Bamon Teboinu the Lakpa of temple buildings was dismissed from his post. All the temple cooks and the Keirungpas of the dieties were punished. 2 Sunday, two–hundred Haos from Mutung Khunlen, the main village, in the southern region, arrived at the court. A royal order was given to settle them in Takhen as a border defence to guard from any possible attacks from the Haos in the northern region. 10 Monday, since the the main Institute of the Laipham (Pana) summoned all those from the family of Laisaram who were the guardians of the cow Kamdhenu for not taking part in their compulsory duties (to the Pana), even though they had been exempted from duty (by the king), the king deported the Lakpa, the Keirungpa, the Hanchapa and the Hitang (5) of the Institute, all of them, to Loi. 12 Wednesday, a branch of the pipal tree in the sacred area of Thouroijam Lairembi (6) broke. As it was reported that the Haos in Chandrakhong who had been subdued were running away, Maisnam Cha the husband of Sicha, and the Lakpa of Phungganai Institute went and made the Marings subjugate those who had run away. 13 Friday, another big branch of the pipal tree on the southern side (of the shrine) also broke. 20 Thursday, the Lakpa, the Keirungpa and the Hichapa of Laipham (Pana) all three returned from their deportation to Loi. 28 Wednesday, (7) Akoichampa the Hanjapa of the eunuchs died. 27 Thursday, Soibam Cha the Poila returned from his attack on Sakpao with eleven people whom he had captured in battle. Yinga was an intercalary month. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Monday. 6 Saturday, while the river by the Paonam anchoring place was being dredged, in which the Maharaj also participated, a child from the hills died at the Khwairampan bridge. 10 Wednesday, a case was filed in the Cheirap Court against the Khetra Morkantam family, that they were custodians (Lai manai) of Ramji (deity). It was found out during the trial that they were not the custodians of that deity, but that they (Khetra Morkantam’s family) owed money to Yingkutum, and also that they had reported to the Lanlup (duty) only once or twice. Yingkutum had bought (paid) Thokchao Khongjompa who lived in Khongchi, and made him report for duty (to the Lanlup) in his place. Khetri (Khetra Morkantam) was declared not guilty, and it was also found that in the days of Meetingu Wairang Pamheipa he had reported to the Khetri Institute (for Lanlup duties). But a verdict was passed that they were not the rightful custodians of the deity and he had to pay a court fee. 14 Sunday, a Hao who lived with Aoinam the Pukhranpa was drowned. 17 Wednesday, Taoroinai manifested himself in the deep waters by the Paonam (watering place) and in the swirling waters by the Mangnao (burial ground), in both these places. Maipas from the Institute of Maipas went down (to the river) and performed appeasement and supplication rites. 21 Sunday, Lairenlakpam Senchaipa who Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

went to the southern area to fell a tree for a big pung (drum) for the Garot court, returned. The tree trunk was one lam in length. 26 Thursday, Yibungsi Khero who went to the Ganges returned. 29 Sunday, Taoroinai appeared in the deep waters by Paota (watering-place) and the Maiba Institution went to perform appeasement and supplication rites. The month of Yingen (June/ July) began on Tuesday. On that day the public reading of the Bhagabot (8) before Shrijut Maharaj was completed after fifteen years. 4 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 10 Friday, Ningthem went down to (the house of) Thamanti Thakur as he was dying. 12 Sunday, Thamanti Thakur died. Shri Moirangthem Cha Chandra Singh was appointed the Selungba. 18 Friday, Shri Maharaj made a monk who was a foreigner and who had been holding up his arm continuously for fifteen years, to lower his hand, during a feast which he had offered to Shri Govinda at which the Brahmans and Beishnaps were also present. On that day a tiger was also caught in Thangka and was presented (to the king). 2 Friday, (9) the bank of the moat burst by Chingchabu bridge. The Institute buildings which dealt with Leikais (residential lanes) and builders for state buildings, these two were flooded. 3 Saturday, a tiger entered the house of one Heisnam in Kokchai and seven people were bitten. 5 Monday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. On that day they began to establish Aarai Leima (10). 7 Wednesday, the royal son went down to Kokchai and caught the man–eating tiger and it was presented (to the king). 8 Thursday, Thourani the Chingakham maiden gave birth to a princess. 10 Saturday, Yipungsi the Jubraj had a prince born to him. 15 Thursday, Aaheibi, another wife of Yibungsi the Jubraj, also gave birth to a princess. In the evening a tiger attacked two cows by the inner Thangabat moat in the palace Complex. 24 Friday, a tiger and a stag were found dead in the sacred area of Lai Nongpok (11) whose custodian was Khoirom. On that day a tiger was caught in Sekta and it was presented (to the king). The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Friday. All the new recruits in the army were made to practice target shooting. 4 Monday, Yirom Cha the Major and Konsam Cha the Major, these two along with others left to attack the Khongchais at Saya. 7 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 13 Tuesday, Shri Mahasoi went back. 15 Friday, there was a lunar eclipse. 19 Tuesday, there was a polo match between the princes … (12), the princes won the match. In the night there was thundering at Lai Koubru. 24 Sunday, Aakoijam Purna Sing, who went to Tarao in search of royal garments which were worn by previous kings, returned with one (shirt) which was said to have been worn by the ancestor, Garibniwaz Maharaj, two gapei singlangpa and one waphak (13), these four garments. He was allowed to keep one of the garments. 25 Monday, Yirom Cha Major returned after attacking the Khongchais. He captured in battle Yangpi the chief, Sayareng the brave, and others, a total of 2,050 people. (14) He also brought with him one male and one female alive, the Saphi–lanphi shawl (15) for gallantry which belonged to Saya the chief, along with two guns, one sword and two spears which belonged to the chief, Published online by Cambridge University Press

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and presented all of them to Maharaj. 26 Tuesday, the barber Mani, the temple clerk, who went to Jaganathkhetra, returned. 27 Wednesday, the Khaki Haos, (16) including the chief of Chasat and along with (some) people from four villages, were received at court. They presented two brass-bossed gongs to the king. On that day a tiger was caught in Kongba. 28 Thursday, one Wuren (17) fell in front of Shri Govinda and died. Saturday new moon, there was a solar eclipse and the sun set while still in eclipse. A tiger was caught in the garden of Chongtham by the river bank in Kongpa and it was presented (to the king). The month of Mera (September/October) began on Sunday. 3 Tuesday, Konsam Cha Major who went to raid the Khongjais returned. He captured in battle the Khongjai chief of the village and he was brought before the king. A servant and one bossed gong was also presented to the king. 7 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. The king seated himself on the throne in Kangla. 10 Tuesday, the Kwaktanba ritual took place. The Maharaj occupied the palace Punsiba and danced the Thengkou ritual dance (18). On that day the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for Kanglatongpi in the north to hunt elephants. 12 Thursday, (the bodies) of two Sumtan Haos from the area of Sinnam village, who had been killed by the people of Kom for stealing cattle, were brought before the king. They were rewarded with two Tulaiphi (19) cloths and a pair of measures of salt. 15 Tuesday, an elephant whose tusks had not yet grown arrived within four pung hours after the noon yuthak. The royal younger brother the Jubraj also arrived. 16 Wednesday, two more elephants which had tusks also arrived. 19 Saturday, two elephants which had grown their tusks and two female elephants, these four elephants, were presented to the royal younger brother the Jubraj. 20 Sunday, Aamu the Lakpa of Khwai died. 21 Monday, Nongthonpa the Poila died. 22 Tuesday, the Maharaj offered a gun to the lai in Kakching Khunou village. 23 Thursday, Ningngonpa the swordsman in Khurai lane was killed by an elephant which had not yet grown its tusks as he was chasing it, after the elephant had entered his garden. 28 Tuesday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for Koubru to hunt elephants. Blood was also spilt at Shri Govindaji (’s temple). Thursday new moon, a man from the Mayanglampam family was eaten by a tiger. Soibya the Poila left to hunt that tiger. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, Laipupam Bamon the temple steward died. 4 Monday, four man– eating tigers were caught in Mayang Yimphan. 7 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 10 Saturday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj who went to hunt elephants returned as he did not find any. 12 Monday, a tiger was caught in Khanpokpi and it was presented (to the king). 14 Wednesday, Chongtham Cha the Selungpa returned after collecting the tribute payment in bees–wax which was due from the people in the northern region. He devastated the village of Ngaruphengma which had 700 families. He captured in battle Ngaruthou, Ngarulang, and Ngaruthek, these three and others, a total of twenty–five people and brought them before (the king). They were Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

killed (20). He also captured nine people alive. They also found and repossesed one cannon which had been left behind when Meetengu Chingthangkhompa attacked Moran. The nine Hao prisoners who were alive were allowed to return (to their places). Those Hao villages which were subdued and conquered were Khebumee, Rekhomee, Tehamee, Kichammeetum, Kingmee, Kommee, Chakhamee, Lisamee, Kantirammee, Terochemee, Cheromee, Cheremee, Meremee, Neremee, Posamee, Tesamee, and Ngaruphengmee, a total of sixteen Hao villages were subjugated and made tributary. The tribute was paid with three ivory tusks, five spears, three mounds of beeswax, guns, and one cannon. All these items were brought by the Haos who were subdued and presented to the Maharaj in lieu of their tribute payments. 22 Thursday, a striped buffalo from Takhen was presented to Shrijut. 23 Friday, a tiger was caught in Tengkhan in Lammangtong and it was presented (to the king). 28 Thursday, the son of Thangjapa Wutom came and informed that Yipungsi Chiba, a son (born) to the king of the land of Mayang, had come to claim the throne (of Manipur). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Sunday. On that day, the houses for Thourani the Chingkhan maiden, Thokchao, and the Nongmaithem maiden, all three houses were on fire. The royal kitchen also was burnt. 6 Thursday, Maisnam Cha Major and Yirom Cha Major these two along with 300 sepoys, marched to battle to Maklang when it was reported a (Meetei) prince had marched from Mayang to attack the land. 8 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 11 Tuesday, they saw an image of Mahabali Thakur (Hanuman). 13 Thursday, Thangjam Cha Nanti the Aayapuren Major (21) died. 20 Thursday, Shri Hanuman’s (Mahabali Thakur) carving was beautified. 21 Friday, Maisnam Cha Muhon Major died in the battle in Maklang. That night streaks of fire flew across the sky above the palace and in Maklang. 22 Saturday, Loktonpam Cha Major left to replace Maisnam Cha Major. 24 Monday, blood was spilt in front of the Top Garot (the military headquarter in Kangla). 25 Tuesday, Ngaseppa Jamander came and presented two guns (to the king) saying that Saheps (British) had captured the Meetei prince (who had marched) from Mayang. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, the daughter of Ngangpa the Senlungpa died by hanging. 3 Wednesday, guru Nandan Baneswar was crowned as the guru. On that day all those who went to battle in Maklang returned. During the battle in the south also three men were mauled by a tiger. Even though the same tiger was lured into an enclosure, it escaped in the night. 4 Thursday, the same tiger was again lured into an enclosure in Heipok and was caught. 9 Monday, a tiger was caught in Moirang and was presented (to the king). On that day the Sangkranti of Lamta also began. 15 Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. 21 Sunday, Meetengu Nongpok Wairang Pamheipa had the stone which had been erected in the Sna Keithen (Royal market) moved and placed where it was originally, saying that this same stone belonged to Nongsapa (22). Friday, Thakur Konok Komlakanta the Hanjapa died. Keisam Cha the Nongthonpa also died of heart attack. The Published online by Cambridge University Press

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month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Tuesday. 3 Thursday, an inhabitant of Braja arrived. 8 Tuesday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11

12 13 14 15

16 17 18

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Leipak animaki langtai paihantuna. Laipak animakki: of two countries, langtai literally one who mediates, in this context an ambassador to another country. First time the term for the post is used. Naputhou cheng hongeita: Naputhou your male ancestors, cheng hongba, to dedicate the rice. A common practice amongst traditional societies is to dedicate the first harvest of the year to the ancestors. The main rice harvest takes place between February and March. This dedication ceremony may also be connected with the ceremony in which the king is involved and which was to take place on the following day. Pham tongye: literally, assumed the post. Usually the term pham is used for a post while phampan is used for the throne. Probably it refers to the king taking his seat on the throne at the rice dedication rite, since the king’s enthronement had already taken place. Though only vegetarian dishes cooked in the temple kitchens are offered to Hindu deities in Manipur, Brahmin temple attendants themselves were, and still are, not strict vegetarians, and almost all of them ate fish even at that period. Hanjapa, Hitang scribal dittograpy. Thouroijam Lairembi: ancestral mother of the Thouroijam clan. It indicates displeasure of the lai. Misplacement of text. Bhagabot taba: literally listening to the Bhagabot. Amongst the Meeteis any public reading before an audience is done by a professional narrator in rhetorical style. At the peak of hinduisation such recitation of the Bhagavat Purana became a popular method of Vaishnanite proselytisation. The name of the month of Thawan is missing. Aarai Leima: probably another name for Yirai Leima, deity of waters. Lai Nongpok: Nongpok means east and refers to an ancestral figure who led the original settlers from the East. In a culture where ancestral veneration is practised he is referred to as Lai, divine ancestor. In the Meetei oral history he is referred as Nongpokk Ningthou (king) and is connected with Panthoibi the autochthonous lai whom he met and fell in love with. Incomplete sentence. Gapei singlangpa and wanphak: not identifiable. Refers to the subjugation of the Kongchais, confirmed in the following sentence in which tribute payment is mentioned. Saphi–lanphi: a shawl given as a reward with beautifully embroidered borders of delicate and complicated patterns in colours of gold, red, white, and black on natural silk of a brown colour. These clothes were presented by the king for merit and gallantry to those who were the most expert in wielding spears. Khaki Hao: a tribal group of eastern origin. Wuren: a rare indigenous bird now extinct. Thengkou: a ritual dance performed mostly by kings with sword and shield, following prescribed steps in front of Pakhangpa for his favour and for success. First time the term is used. Tulaiphi: literally, cloth used in the palanquins; a multi–coloured woven cloth with borders and block patterns woven into the cloth. It was used as a reward cloth. The

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20 21 22

The Cheitharon Kumpapa expert weavers of this cloth were the Wahengbam and Kabacham families. First time the term is used. Hatye: killed. Not clear if they were killed in battle or executed after being taken prisoners. But the following sentence indicates the former. Aayapuren Major: the most senior of all the majors. Presumably the scribe has missed out a sentence or there is textual dislocation, since Nongpok Wairang Pamheipa reigned from 1813 to 1820 CE.

Sakabda 1770 (1848 CE) The year of Yumnam Khema Sing Sakabda 1770 (1848 CE). 9 Wednesday was the Cheiraopa the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 16 Wednesday, (people of) the four Leikais including all the Lakpas and Keirungpas of Institutes, and senior court officials, all of them dredged a river together. On that day the king of Tekhao sent a message to Shrijut Maharaj saying that no maipa from those countries which he had approached to cure the sickness (1) from which he had been suffering had been successful, but that he had heard that there were skilled maipas in Manipur, and so he was making a request to the king that one of them be sent to him. The Maharaj gave a royal order that Langkonjampa Hem Sing should go to Tekhao to attend (him). The ailment from which the king of Tekhao suffered was diagnosed, and after six months’ treatment, which was succesful, the king of Tekhao himself presented to the Maharaj two ivory combs inlaid with gold. As a farewell gift to Langkonjampa Hemo Sing, he was presented with a gold filigree shirt, one gold necklace, gold and silver (in kind); he was escorted back on an elephant’s back, and he arrived after travelling for three days. (He brought) all these gifts given to him to the Maharaj and presented them to him. But the king granted the shirt and the gold necklace to him saying that he should wear them. 18 Friday, they began to build the Garot building. Yipungsi the Lakpa of Khwai also left to barricade Maklang. 15 Friday, the Wurungpa Institute building (2) was set alight. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Thursday. A comet appeared. 2 Friday, the Garot building was inaugurated and they also began to build a shrine for Pakhangpa. 3 Saturday, the (king) took his seat on the throne in Kangla. (3). 6 Tuesday, Thourani the Langmaithem maiden gave birth to a princess. 11 Saturday, (4) the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 12 Sunday, Yumnapa was flogged in the royal market place as he was found to be the match–maker trying to get Konchengpi, the wife of Huitrom Kriti Sing, to have an affair with the son of Thumchaolungpa Aachoipa the conscript. Konjengpi was kept in the custody of the Tolaipapa (5). Pannanda, and Aachoipa, who was the son of the chief of Moirang, both of them were deported to Loi to Phoukakchao. Laisupa was also deported to Loi to Panlen. 18 Sunday, a tiger was caught in Kokchai and it was presented (to the king). Lairikyengpa Hitang was also deported to Loi to Wakchingkei. 23 Friday, a Hao from Sumtan who was a cattle rustler was beheaded by the people of Konsam Leikai and the head was brought (to Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the king). The head was buried in Soukrapan. The month of Yinga (May/ June) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, two gosais from the family of Nityai (6) arrived. One hundred Khongchais from the southern region also arrived. Ningthem established a village for them in Wairi. They were also allowed to settle in Thamnong and Snahal Lokchao. 4 Monday, there was a contest for the Naha and Aahan (junior and senior) positions (in the family) between Sangkoipa the Hanjapa of Aoinam Khapam Yinpa and the Hitang of the army, between these two. The Hitang of the army was found to be in the right. Sangkoipa the Hanchapa was found to be in the wrong and thus nine people, including Sangkoipa and his four sons, were deported to Loi to Chandrakhong. 7 Thursday, Meetingu Leiren Nonglen Sentrang Manikkhompa held a durbar and gave the order that all the Pangans who were Keicha and Loicha, Yiram and Yipan (7) should resettle in their respective areas. 12 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 18 Monday, all those who were sepoys and were old and weak were given into the care of the Sanglen Institute. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, Bamon Thakur Jagatham the Sanlung Puren brought one hundred Khutingkai Haos from the Khaki area and a new village was established for them in Takhen Chirang. 8 Sunday, the Maharaj gave orders to the Institute of Astrologers that some of them should take lessons as they were not up to standard. 9 Monday, Yipungsi Sangkoi Tapa and Yipungsi Aangou, both of them, were married to maidens from the Aoinam family and Khumanthem family respectively. 12 Thursday, the king’s personal horse died. 14 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 16 Monday, Kratitthaja (the horse) was selected to be the king’s personal horse. 20 Friday, there was a race. The polo (match) also began. 24 Monday, a tiger was caught in Taknakha. 25 Tuesday, one of the servants (8) of Sija from Sanoucham family was found hanged. 28 Friday, the fast barge was pulled so that it might rain. There was no rain in both the months of Yinga and Yingen. 29 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Khapeesoi. Konlek Hao from Khaki also arrived. A village was established for them in Kangngamung. New moon Sunday, the (paint work) on the image of Shri Ramchantra turned reddish by itself (9). The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Monday. 13 Saturday, the king took his seat on the throne in Kangla. 14 Sunday, there was a dispute concerning the allocation of clearing and cleaning of certain areas (10) between Thoutem Cha the Hitang of Eunuchs and Thangcham Cha the senior Keirungpa. The case was decided against the Keirungpa and he was deported to Loi to Wakchingkei. 16 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 22 Monday, a baby which had no chin and had a string tied round the hand was born in the family of Bamon Gurumayum. Also the dead body of a man from the family of Ningthoujam was discovered in the area of Charangpat. 27 Friday, a tiger was also caught. 29 Sunday, the son of the chief of Moirang, Panlananda Aachoipa, and Laisangpa, these three men were (reprieved and) summoned from their deportation (to Loi). The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

Tuesday. 15 Saturday, the river overflowed at Khombitot. 15 Wednesday, the mist was rising up (from the ground) like smoke and mud rained down (from above). 17 Friday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. On that day Khetra Kala of Nobamayum family had a quarrel with Khana Chaopam. The case was decided in favour of Kala Nobamayum and against Khana Chaopam. Khana Chaopa was deported to (Loi) to Ningen. 22 Tuesday, a tiger was caught at the confluence of the Thouban river. 23 Wednesday, six majors were deported to Loi. 26 Saturday, all of them were summoned back from deportation. A tiger was also caught in a ditch in Hentak and it was presented (to the king). The month of Mera (September/October) began on Thursday. 5 Monday, Nganglonpa the Hitang of palanquin attendants was deported to Loi to Chandrakhong as he did not handle correctly the arranged marriage of his daughter. 7 Wednesday, two tigers were caught in Phumlou and they were presented (to the king). 11 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for Kheithen Manbi to hunt elephants. 14 Wednesday, they trapped an elephant in the song enclosure. 15 Thursday, a man from Huitrom family, who was an attendant to the Institue of Builders died as a tree (fell and) injured him. 17 Saturday, a big elephant with tusks broke down the song enclosure and escaped. 19 Monday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 26 Sunday, those who went to hunt elephants returned. They caught eight elephants and presented them (to the king). It thundered greatly but there was no rain. 27 Monday, a tiger was caught in Kumphi and it was presented (to the king). Another tiger was also caught in Yairipok and it was presented (to the king). Sebita the elephant calved. But the calf died soon after it was born. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Saturday. 4 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Khapisoi. 5 Wednesday, they began to build a temple for Mahadeba. It was inaugurated right away. 15 Saturday, Thourani the Khoipam maiden gave birth to a prince. Yelangpa subidar also left for the land of Mayang to fetch gunpowder. The Maharaj gave an order to fix the price of salt at one hundred sen per one measure (one hundred) of salt discs. The women traders in salt refused the new price as they found that it was below the cost price. They did not sell any salt. The price for one measure of salt went up to five hundred Sen. It was announced that it was too costly and so the women salt traders were once again requested to sell salt. 20 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 25 Monday, most of the heads of the salt wells were deported to Loi and their tasks were given to the Phamthous. Chongtham Cha Senlungpa also left for Changoupung to dig and prepare a song enclosure to trap elephants. Thiyam Cha Senlungpa also left for Suknu to dig and prepare another song enclosure. 28 Thursday, three Brajabasis went back. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Sunday. Fish and salt were very costly. 4 Wednesday, there was a polo tornament which was named Mera Kangchei (11). The noble and the brave men were also present. They were fined on the grounds that they were not able to offer service to the king. (12). 6 Saturday, Yelangpa subidar also left Published online by Cambridge University Press

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27

for Mayang to fetch gunpowder. 12 Thursday, Maisnam Cha Gourasyam the chief of Luwang died. 14 Saturday, Thouklaucham Cha subidar and others devastated the Chawai Haos as it was reported that it was not possible (on account of them) to dig the song enclosure to trap elephants. 19 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The Khongchais devastated the Haos in Nunggatao. Singkam Cha the Dewan and Thouklaucham Cha subidar, these two and others marched with 200 Sepoys to attack the Hoas and they killed 150 Haos. 20 Friday, Lairenlakpam Cha the Hajari and others left for Kameng to dig a song enclosure to trap elephants. 22 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left to hunt elephants. 26 Thursday, the cannon was displaced. New moon Monday, those who marched to Nukatang to repel those who came to attack returned. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Tuesday. Thoukrojam Cha and Nongmaithem Cha subidars along with others devastated the three Hao villages of Khamson, Leesan and Song as they prevented them digging a song enclosure to trap elephants. 2 Wednesday, they returned from the elephant hunt as they did not find any. 4 Friday, the house of Yirom Cha Major caught fire. 5 Saturday, Oinam Cha Sangkoipa the Hanjapa was summoned back from his deportation to Loi in Chandrakhong. Ketrakhana Chaopa also was summoned back. 6 Sunday, all the Bamons who were expelled to the rural areas were also summoned back. After having been tried in the court they were all sent back to the villages again as they failed to arrive at an amicable solution (13). 10 Thursday, the Maharaj sang at the Kirtan of Thakur Kanto the Hanjapa of the Konoks. 11 Friday, the Haos who settled at Poirou caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 17 Wednesday, Phoukei Sangpam Cha the Aayapuren Major and others left to raid the Haos in order that the supply of rice and fish might become abundant (14). 19 Friday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 21 Sunday, Tongbram Cha the Lakpa of the Naharup (Pana) left to repel the Khongchais who had marched to attack. All those from Moirang to the Samupan area were subdued and they became tribute payers. 28 Monday, all the people from the villages of the four Leikais carried bricks to repair the royal gate. 29 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. New moon Wednesday, a white cloth was spread in Koubru (mountain) (15). A tiger which had eaten an elephant was caught at Chaopok gorge and was presented (to the king). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, Hotam Cha the Lakpa of the Institute of the male voice choirs died. 3 Saturday, Yibungsi, a Jubraj whose mother was the Maharani (of Mayang) and who was born of a man from Ningthoukhong, arrived from the land of Mayang. He (the Mayang Jubraj) presented to the Maharaj the sacred objects which belonged to the two ancestors Pakhangpa and Snamahi (16). 4 Sunday, a lai manifested itself at the royal gate. The Maipa performed apeasement and supplication rites. 5 Monday, they began to build the brick wall of the royal gate (17). They also began to build Mongpa Sangmei (Institute) building. A cow ran into the presence of Maharaj and let her calf suck milk (18). They Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

also began to build a birth house for Thouranai the Thokchom maiden. 13 Monday, Bamon Thakur Mani, the Hanjapa who was deported to the rural area, died. All those who attended his cremation were excommunicated by the Maharaj (19). 14 Tuesday, one snake charmer from Mayang performed a show in the Cheirap court (ground). 17 Friday, those who went to fight the Kapos returned. They also began to block up Khompitot Thinglen dam. 19 Monday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 22 Wednesday, the son of Meetingu Tamlen Khompa’s daughter, arrived with his mother, who was a (Meetei) princess and also the Mayang Leima (queen of Mayang). A cloth was also spread at Koubru. 27 Tuesday, there was a great flood. 28 Wednesday, a thunderbolt fell at the Konthoucham family plot. New moon Friday, there was a solar eclipse. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Saturday. 6 Wednesday, all the sacred objects which belonged to Snamahi and Pakhangpa which had been brought from the land of the Mayangs were installed in their rightful places. 8 Friday, a tiger was caught when Lamthi was on fire and it was presented (to the king). 11 Monday, Ningthem presented a gold Ngangkoi necklace, (20) gold bracelets, a shirt made of cloth with the khamen chatpa (21) design and Lamthang khulat cloth, (22) the full attire (to the prince) (23). 15 Friday, there was a lunar eclipse and no one saw the moon. 18 Monday, they began to build the great palace. 19 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. Four people from Sekmai and one from Sikong, these five people ran away to Kapo. 21 Thursday, the royal younger brother and others left to hunt elephants. 25 Monday, they returned as they did not find any. 26 Tuesday, the Kyamlei tree (24) which was growing in the Thangkan (lai) sacred area fell as it was uprooted. 29 Friday, the lai made a noise at the palace gate. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Sunday. There was a strong gale and the Nonghum building, (25) Kangla (building), the Cheirap (court building) and Thonglen (main gate), these four, were blown down. The Nonghum building was rebuilt right away. 2 Monday, Konsam Cha Major and others left for Koubru to fell trees for buidings in the Kangla complex. There was an earthquake in the night. 3 Tuesday, the great palace was inaugurated. 5 Thursday, the royal younger brother Khunchaopa, the Hanchapa of the elephant hands, put his servant in chains. As it was said that it was not proper for the sons of kings to put any person in chains, the victim was brought (before the king). 10 Monday, (26) the Mayang Leima (queen) scattered coins in the Sna Keithen (the royal market place). 12 Tuesday, the princess who was the Mayang Leima, both mother and her son, left. The Maharaj gave a horse, an elephant, buffaloes, cattle and many other items without leaving out anything as a wedding gift (27). 14 Friday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left to pull down the timber which was felled for the Kangla buildings. 16 Sunday, Nanda the servant of Yipungsi Keipha was deported (to Loi) to Suknu as it was reported that he had stolen cattle. 19 Wednesday was Bisu Sangkranti.

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Translation 1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9

10

11 12 13 14

15

16

17

29

Laithung: literally, something given by a lai (divinity); conflation of lai, divinity, thungpa verb to hand over something as a share. Present day meaning of the term is leprosy. But the term could also refer to any undiagnosed ailment. First time the term is used. Wurungpa Loisang: Wurungpa Institute dealt with forestry and anything manufactured from trees or bamboos. Term used for the first time. Pham Toye: scribal error for pham tongye, took his seat on the throne. Discrepancy on the date. Tolaipaba / Dolaipaba: police constable. Term used for the first time. Nityai Bangsa: Bengali, bangsa the line or family. Nityai bangsa: if this is not a family name it indicates the followers of Nityai, the founder of Chaitanyaite Vaishnavism. Keicha and Loicha: granary keepers and those from the Loi areas, Yiram and Yipan: those who had their own areas and areas where their forefathers settled. Sicha manai: servant of Sicha, gender not indicated. Aonle: past tense of aonba to change, either by itself or deliberately. Since any new renovation on an image is mentioned in ritual terms, here most likely the change refers to the paint changing its colour by itself. Lamsengpa: from lam land area, sengpa to clean or to clear, here the management and upkeep of specific ground areas. Probably it was a dispute regarding task allocation relating to the environment. Mera Kangchei: a polo tournament which was to have taken place in the month of Mera. Meaning of the sentence is obscure. The point of dispute is not mentioned but the disagreement was amongst the many different groups of incoming alien Brahim residents. Chak hong nga hongnapa: literally, in order to make rice and fish become less costly and abundant. The phrase is always used in the religious festival of Lai Haroaba (the Pleasing the Gods) where abundance of food is begged from the lais. In this case the food supply was believed to be increased by raiding. Koubru phingou phouye: Phingou means white cloth. Sometimes a white cloth is also used to indicate a sacred area. Phouye past tense of phouba: to spread out. Possible meanings: a) a Lai Haroaba festival on the sacred Koubru mountain. A four sided white canopy is an essential requirement in the Lai Haraoba festival; or b) the placing of a white cloth to mark the sacred area, or c) white clouds in the sky in the direction of the Koubru mountain. Sometimes signs were read in the cloud formation. The meaning of the sentence is obscure. First time this phrase is used. Maputhou Pakhangpa Snamahi animaki khuphampu: literally, sacred objects associated with ancestors Pakhangpa and Snamahi. Pakhangpa had always been regarded as the ancestral deity of the Meetei royal house. But there is no allusion to Snamahi being conceived as an ancestor, only as the supreme deity. With the establishment of the Meetei supremacy in the confederacy it is likely that the supreme God of the people began to be taken over as also a deity of the incoming Pakhangba group. This is the first reference to Snamahi (Sanamahi) as ancestor. It is possible that this phrase is a later scribal insertion. From the time of Chingthangkhompa (also known as Jai Singh or Bhagyachandra) indigenous religious expressions and practices began to be adapted to Hindu Vaisnavite practices. Sahouye: began to build, for saba houye; sa short form of infinitive saba to build, houye began. Alternatively, sahouye may be past continuous, as they were building.

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18 19

20 21

22

23 24 25 26 27

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Since there is no qualifying clause after sahouye, the second reading is unlikely. There is a change in the scribal style from this point. Taken as a good omen by the Meetei Hindus after the adoption of the sacred cow cult. No indication if this was on caste basis or royal displeasure or internal faction between migrant Brahmins settled in the land, but it was the beginning of the practice of excommunication, which was the prerogative of the king. First time this practice is mentioned. Gold Ngangkoi necklace: a string of egg-shaped beads made of gold worn by both men and women aristocrats. Khamen chatpa: a cloth on which the curves of a snake, the emblem of the royal clan is printed. The print is always in dark mauve, the colour of an egg plant and hence the name khamenchatpa, khamen meaning egg plant, chatpa to wander, to go, referring to the curve of the snake. Only the royal household and those to whom it was given as a reward were permitted to wear clothes with this design. Lamthang khulat (Khuthat): a very fine intricately designed silk cloth. Khuthat from khut (hand) and hat from hatpa: to make a design by hand into the body of the woven garment along with the borders in varied intricate patterns while weaving the cloth. The shawl is used by ladies and a longer piece is used by men as a head dress (kokyet). In the kokyet only the border is patterned. Incomplete sentence, not clear to which of the two princes these presents were given. Kyamlei: an indigenous flowering tree. Nonghum sang: a building in the Kangla complex near the area where the king is crowned. Its function is obscure. Discrepancy by one day. Lanwunpot: conflation of wunba, term used for a wedding gift to a daughter from her parents, lan wealth. This is a delayed bridal gift given to a Meetei princess married outside the country. Later Lanwunpot or Aawunpot came to be used for Hindu dowry. Dowry was previously unknown in Manipur, though there is some evidence that bride–price (bride wealth) may have been paid in pre–Hindu times. Traditionally, only a Leirum, a hand woven thick shawl with distinctve design, is given as a wedding gift. First time the term is used.

Sakabda 1771 (1849 CE) The year of Leimapokpam Tanchou, Sakabda 1771 (1849 CE). 20 Thursday was the Cheiraopa the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. While Nanteipam Aakari was transporting paddy in Khoimom village, a wild boar charged at him and wounded him and he died. Another man from the Thiyam family also died. 21 Saturday, the foundation post for the Kangla building arrived. 22 Sunday, Thourani the Thokchao maiden gave birth to a princess. All the trees which were felled for the Kangla (building) were also delivered to the front of the Utra. 26 Thursday, there was an earthquake. 28 Saturday, two head of cattle were bitten by a tiger in the grove of Tarung Lairemma. No one went in as it was said that it was a sacred and forbidden area for any one to enter. The royal younger brother the Jubraj, who had gone to fell trees for the Kangla building, also returned. One Phanchoupam maiden married to the family of Khomdram, and who was said to be mentally disturbed, was Published online by Cambridge University Press

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found climbing half-way to the top of the Chingngang Khongnang pipal tree. She was coaxed down with the ringing of handbells (1). A thunderbolt also fell near the temple of one Ngangpam family. Takhelampam Doyanithi, was arrested and then led by the people of Kakching to the Cheirap court with a slave-collar round his neck, when they heard that he had taken and used the royal sword to kill a cow and had eaten it in the village of Kakching; he also arrived at the court. When he was asked who had planned the whole incident, he confessed that it was all planned by Bamon Thakur Jagatham the superintendant of cattle (Sanlung Puren). The Bamon was found guilty and was deported (to Loi) to Wakchingkei. But Doyanithi was put in chains. Two inhabitants of Kakching, Kapi and Sam Sing, these two were given a flogging and then sent back to their villages. The month of Kalen (April/ May) began on Monday. After it was reported that five Khongchai Haos had been killed on the road to Mayang, the people left to repel the attackers. 3 Wednesday, the Bamon, the superintendant of cattle, was summoned back. 4 Thursday, the father of Ningthoucham Rasikananda died when he was struck by lightning at the foothills of Thoubantong village. 6 Saturday, two long benches which were brought from the Haochong main village, to be placed along the path to Kangla, also arrived. 7 Sunday, Wusam Cha the leader of the coxswains (Hinao Hanpa) (2) died. 10 Wednesday, a bull which was allowed to roam freely was brought from Lamangtong and it was presented to the Maharaj. 11 Thursday, the person from Tourangpam family who was deported to Loi was summoned to return. 15 Monday, the news of the victory of the Phiringki (British) against the people of Lahore (3) was received. A twenty–two gun salute was fired. 21 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 24 Wednesday, the elephant Wangkheirakpi gave birth to a male calf. 28 Sunday, the Khongchai Haos devastated Moirang village. The royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left to repel them, and they captured five people who were brought before (the king). They also captured guns. The prisoners were recorded in Nungkoibi. (The Khongchais) also killed and took (the heads of) two Moirangs and two guns. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, the royal younger brother returned after repelling the Khongchais. 3 Friday, the Major in charge of granary security guards, and Thoiya subidar, these two, lost their posts for failing to reach the area where they should have gone to repel the enemy. The Aawontar major, seven people from the Wangkheimayum family, and two people from Lairenmayum family were deported to Loi. 5 Saturday, they were summoned back. 8 Tuesday, the queen planted a pipal tree in the Sna Keithen market. 12 Saturday, omens were seen in Kuchu (in the Kangla complex). A branch of the Wuyun tree in the Nungcheng area (in the Kangla complex) also broke (4). Another omen was also seen in Phanton in Kangla. 13 Sunday, three hog deers ran into the Aawangkeithen market and the Haos captured them. 14 Monday, one Chingjagu tree was planted at Mangnao burial ground (5) to replace the original tree which had died. 16 Thursday, a tiger was caught at the confluence Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

in Thoupan and it was presented (to the king). 17 Friday, Chongtham Cha Major and others left for Moirang to receive submission (of the people) (6). 19 Monday, the princess married into the Chingakham family died. The last rites took place in the palace and in the Chingakham family (7). 23 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, a tiger was caught in Wangpan and it was presented (to the king). Tengkhan discovered (8) a big bell in the Aapong embassy ground. The bell was presented to the Maharaj. 19 Monday, there was a landslide in Langkon. Paddy plants were damaged on a large scale as an oily substance came into contact with them (9). 23 Friday, a tiger was caught in Wurup and it was presented (to the king). Menuthong bridge also broke. They also began to build a birth house and prepare all the other essential tasks for Thourani Aakoisu. 25 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. Omens were seen in the Sna Keithen royal market. 12 Tuesday, when the Maharaj decided to cultivate paddy in the area of south Tenkei, it did not take place because it was a sacred area and not appropriate. 16 Sunday, there was an outrageous incident in the Langmaithem (extended family). And Bhorot senlungpa, Daya Yintra subidar the husband of a princess, Pamchoupa Thumchao Puren, and Kumut Sing, along with his mother and his child, all of them were deported to each Loi area. Yintra Subdar and Thumchao Puren the husband of the princess, these two, and most of the people of the (Langmaithem) clan were pardoned and saved. 21 Friday, Huidrom Tolen the Hitang of the Eunuchs died. Nongthonpa the courtier, who was the Hanjaba of the bridges, was flogged in the Sna Keithen royal market as he did not use (the title) Shri, before Maharaj in his writing. 24 Sunday, while an image of Lainingthou Khoriphaba which was in Phoiching was in the process of being cast by Pukhranpam Banop and Likmapam Mantra, these two, they were told that the lai did not consent to it and it was not appropriate. Both of them were stopped and only the sacred area (of the lai) was prepared. 26 Tuesday, a man from the Pangnganpam family caught a tiger in Lampun and it was presented (to the king). 28 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. Three men who ran away from felling trees for the Kangla building were (captured and) sent back by the Haos of Changoupup and they were flogged at the Cheirap court. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, the Maharaj presented to his royal younger brother the Jubraj a shirt which had gold work on it. (The Jubraj) also left to hunt elephants. 5 Thursday, the Jubraj and all those who had gone to hunt elephants returned saying that there were no elephants. 6 Friday, there was an outrageous incident concerning a Pamon (Bamon) who was the cook of Shri Brinaban Chandra. 7 Saturday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj who left to fell trees returned. 15 Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. 19 Thursday, Thourani Aakoisu gave birth to a princess. A tiger was also caught in Chingpu and was presented (to the king). 24 Tuesday, three tigers were caught in Sakonmang and were presented (to the Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

33

king). New moon Sunday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Monday. 7 Sunday, Yipungsi the Jubaraj’s Thourani Laisara gave birth to a prince in the absence of the Jubraj. 8 Monday, there was an earthquake. 9 Tuesday, Menuthong bridge broke. 10 Thursday, Longchampa the Wurung Puren, (10) and others including all the builders from the Leikais (lanes), Tengkhan (11) (gardeners to the king), along with Aayokpa (those adopted by the king) left for Soisa Kameng to look for elephants. 11 Friday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for Kameng to hunt elephants. 12 Saturday, two men from the families of Tongbram and Langmaithem were injured by an elephant. Neither of them died. 15 Tuesday, they repaired the tunnel in the Kangla (12). When Lairenlakpam Cha the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers pointed out that, the line (of the tunnel they were to dig) was not correct, Paonam Cha the Pundit said that it was not incorrect. Yampem Cha Nongthonpa the head of all Institutes, Konsam Cha the Lakpa of Aahanlup (Pana), and Tongbram Cha the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana), all these noblemen of the country agreed with what was said by the Pundit, that the intended line of digging was not incorrect, and thus they dug the tunnel. The head of the Institute of Astrologers told them that if they dug in that line (which they had approved) the digging would touch the middle portion of Taoroinai (the snake symbol of ancestral Pakhangpa of the royal clan) and omens would also follow. In the course of digging, bleeding occurred, (13) and bones were also discovered. What was said by the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers, that omens would be found, was fulfilled. The Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers said that the bones and the stones, which were sacred and which it was strictly forbidden to disturb, had been disturbed. At this both Paonam Cha Pundit and Yumnam Cha Pundit agreed, and confirmed what was said was correct, and thus they put back (what had been dug up) (14). 16 Wednesday, they began to build Kangla (at an auspicious hour) when the star Wutar Bhatra was in the ascendant. The royal younger brother the Jubraj also returned from his elephant hunt as he did not find any. That night a white cloud in the shape of a rainbow spread over the Kangla area. 20 Saturday, a snake also entered the (Kangla) tunnel. A frog was seen riding on the snake. 28 Sunday, the royal younger brother Debentra Singh the Jubraj left for Koubru to hunt elephants. That night a thunderbolt fell. Tuesday new moon, many crickets jumped in the water. The Sangkranti of Mera also began on that day. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday. As it was reported that the king’s personal elephant, which was let loose in Kokchai, ran wild in the area of Heikumpokpi in Yangkangpanli, the market was disrupted. The four Panas left to catch the king’s personal elephant. The elephant Lakhongsa which was taken by the royal younger brother the Jubraj on his elephant hunt, which also ran wild, reached the palace after having run away. 4 Saturday, all those who left to catch the king’s personal elephant returned. 5 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj also returned from his elephant Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

hunt after catching an elephant. Also Meiyengpam Keingam in Wabagwai found a sareng fish which had two tails had entered his bamboo fish trap. After he had killed the fish and when it was put in his fishing basket the fish began to speak, and it said that Keingam had desired to eat him (the fish) but he was Yoimongpa Taothingmang (15). At this, as the man replied saying that he who was his servant had hit the fish (16) with a stick (to kill it) as he was unaware of the true identity of the fish; the fish had replied and assured the fisherman that nothing would happen to him, but he had to go and give a message to his lord the king, that the king was to appease him that he might prosper. After having said this, the fish jumped into the water. The man came and reported all these to the Maharaj. Bees also swarmed in through Chiraithong door (17). 7 Tuesday, Lairenlakpam Cha the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers reported to the Maharaj that once again another sign had appeared within the Kangla (complex). He appealed (to the king) that the foundation post for the Kangla building which had been erected ritually should be pulled up. The king asked him what he had found after consulting his books. The Lakpa replied and said that on the third day after the inauguration of the building, the king and the country would be outside (the Kangla complex). The king gave a royal order and summoned Paonam Cha the Pundit, Yampem Cha the Nongthonpa, Konsam Cha the Lakpa of Aahanlup (Pana), and Tongpram Cha the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana) and all the noblemen, to assemble before the royal presence. In the presence of the king, in this assembly, Lairenlakpa Astrologer the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers said directly to Paona Pundit: ‘When I said earlier that the line suggested by you to be taken for the digging was not correct, you, Paona, denied this, saying that the line suggested by you was not incorrect, and you thus carried on digging (18) (the Kangla tunnel), and now all these signs have been manifested. Bleeding has taken place, and if you (Paona) were ignorant, then it was necessary for you to consult those in the country who were more knowledgable.’ At this, the Nongthonpa intervened saying to the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers that to say such a thing was not the custom in the presence of the king. The Maharaj gave word that the case should be taken to the Cheirap court (19) for a trial. The Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers pleaded in the presence of the royal younger brother the Jubraj, two ministers, and all the noblemen of the country (the members of the Cheirap court) that what he, the royal servant, had said was simply a report that the king and all the country would be ruined. If the finding turned out to be wrong then he, the royal servant, should be punished with death. As the Cheirap court could not come to any verdict, the two Pundits were summoned to be brought in the presence of the king with their books that the case might be heard. The Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers was asked to find out according to his records the number of khutups (20) to the thengku (hump) (21) in the layout of the tunnel, beyond which the hump would be encroached upon. The reply was that it covered a distance of nine khutups, beyond which the forbidden Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

35

area belonging to your Ancestor Pakhangpa would be encroached upon’. When the Pundit was asked the same question the reply was that after a distance of seven lams (22) the hump would be encroached upon. The Maharaj then asked the whole country concerning of the number of lams on which the hump (or the sacred area of Pakhangpa) was found in the time of Ningthen Mayang Ngampa (23). The whole country agreed that what the Pundit had said was correct. Then, as the royal verdict the king asked the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers if he had said that the distance to the hump was three lams. Then he was once again asked if he had opened up the stones and dug for a depth of seven lams. To this the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrogers replied: ‘(Yes), your highness’ (24). At this the king said: ‘You are in the wrong, there is no stone at a depth of seven lams, if the correct depth is seven lams.’ At this, when the Lakpa of Astrologers said that he, the king’s royal servant, was in the wrong. Then the Maharaj said to the Pundit: ‘If good results follow it will be upon him, or if death results, it will be upon him.’ The Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers was found to be in the wrong and was taken out of the court and handed over to the king’s guards and was imprisoned. When the country requested the king to pass a severe punishment, the Maharaj forbade it on the ground that what the Lakpa had said was not for his own sake but for the welfare of the king and the whole country. His record was correct. But he (the king) declared him to be in the wrong as it would be too much work for the country to pull out all the big wooden posts and bamboo posts which had been erected for the Kangla building. Thus the king forbade any form of punishment on the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers. 14 Tuesday, Laisram Cha the Pana Hajari died. 16 Thursday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for the foothills of Nongphou in the Koubru mountain range, to hunt elephants. 17 Friday, the elephant Meirapa which had escaped was captured in Sekta and it was presented (to the king). An elephant which had not yet grown tusks also ran wild in the stable and attacked the groom, who was from Keithenlakpam family. He did not die. 21 Tuesday, Thourani the Ngangpam maiden died. As she had taken the vek (25) the house (where she died) was not declared ritually unclean (26). 27 Sunday, the royal younger brother Debentra Sing the Jubraj and others joined hands and encircled an elephant which had tusks and caught it at the Nongphou foothills. As they dragged it out, a sepoy from Aathokpam family died as the elephant attacked him. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. On that day the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 2 Friday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj returned from the elephant hunt. An elephant with tusks was caught and it was presented (to the king). 13 Wednesday, all the noble and the brave men, including the Lakpas of Institutes and State Granaries, were given elephant rides and the Institute of Elephants was in charge of it. In Banram village also one female Khongjai Hao was found to have been killed. 18 Sunday, in a fight between a tiger and a wild boar in south Sekmai, the wild boar killed Published online by Cambridge University Press

36

The Cheitharon Kumpapa

the tiger. The tiger was brought up and it was presented (to the king). 24 Saturday, Longchampa the Wurung Puren and others reported to Maharaj that as he was roofing the Kangla building the house shook by itself. The month of Poinu (27) (November/December) began on Saturday. The Sangkranti of Poinu also began on that day. The royal younger brother the Jubraj, most of the sons of the house of Ningthem (28), and many noble men of the country had a polo match. The sons of the house of Ningthem won the match. The noblemen hosted a meal as a forfeit. 3 Monday, there was another polo match. The Phiringki along with twenty sepoys also went to Chaikoi stockade to clear the overgrowth. 5 Wednesday, when the buffaloes belonging to Kapo Tingkri which had been stolen were found in Yichai after a search, five Haos were killed and they were brought (to the king). The right tusk of the elephant Mukunda Banhop was seen as bright as a flaming torch in the night. 7 Saturday, the Laipham (Pana) and Ningthem’s party had a polo match. 8 Sunday, there was a hockey match (29) between the Aayokpa and Aakhanpa (30). Aayokpa won the match. 14 Friday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others had a polo match against the Khapham (Pana). Ningthemmacha (sons of the house of Ningthem) won the match. Those who lost the match paid in quilts as a forfeit. 16 Sunday, there was a polo match between Ningthemmacha and the Aahanlup (Pana). Ningthemmacha won the match. Those who lost the match paid in quilts as a forfeit. 17 Monday, the Maharani provided some refreshment with singju (31) to all those who had laboured hard and became exhausted in constructing the Kangla building. 18 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Sinam village and it was presented (to the king). 19 Wednesday, another tiger was also caught in Kiyam in Thoupan and it was presented (to the king). 20 Thursday, Kangla Yaipung (32) arrived. 21 Friday, Yumnam Cha the Hanjapa of target shooting was deported to Loi. 23 Sunday, two buffalos, which belonged to the granary hands of Louku and which had been stolen by the Haos, were recovered in Andro. The Haos were arrested and were brought (before the king). Also the son of Uchiwa Beisnab was deported to Loi to Thumloi as he was found to have stolen a buffalo which belonged to the sepoys in Wutlou. 24 Monday, the Phiringki who led (a party) to clear the area of Chaikoi returned but the sepoys stayed behind. 25 Tuesday, news arrived that the Khongchai Haos had marched to attack the land. Yirom Cha Major and Komsam Cha Major, these two along with others and 600 sepoys, marched to battle to the area of Moirang. 28 Friday, three Maiba Institutes offered appeasement to (the lai in) the Kangla complex. 29 Saturday, news was received that the Khongchais had devastated the Mukti Haos. It was also reported that they were not many in number. Chongtham Cha Major along with others left with 200 sepoys to confront them. New moon Sunday, the first day of the month, the Keirungpa of Thingkom, the Keirungpa of Moirang, two Keirungpas from Leimanai and also the Phourungpa, all of them were deported to Loi as they were found incompetent in their work of supplying rice to the Phiringkis. The Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Sangkranti of Wakching also began on that day. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Monday. Most of the pigeons which were kept by the banks of Nongcheng (pool) (33) flew away. 2 Tuesday, it was reported that twenty people had been surrounded by the Phiringki in the Chaikoi stockade. The Phiringki also left for Mayang. They also began to build the Utra building. The elephant Mukunta Panhop Luwangpa, which was caught at the Nongphu foothills of the Koubru mountain range by the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others, after encircling it by joining hands, was chosen to be the king’s personal elephant. 5 Friday, Kangla (building) was inaugurated. 6 Saturday, Yirom Cha Major and Chungkham Cha Major, these two who had marched to battle, returned. 7 Sunday, Konsam Cha Major returned. 12 Friday, the Maipa went down to Kongpa and Takyen, to these two places and appeased (the lai) by offering the konyai (34) so that the waters might be replenished. 19 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Yumnam Khunou and it was presented (to the king). 20 Friday, there was a polo match between Ningthemmacha and the Naharup Pana. The Naharup (Pana) won the match. The Phiringki who left for Mayang also returned. 25 Wednesday, a message arrived that Yipungsi Menleikhompa, Yipungsi Jipa, and Yipungsi Aakoicham Tapa, these three and others, had come from Mayang to contest the throne. The royal younger brother the Jubraj and others including Loitam Cha Major, Yirom Cha Major, and Konsam Cha Major, these four set out for Maklang. Five gunshots were fired to summon and alert the people. The whole country assembled. 28 Sunday, Satpam Khema Sing was chained as he was found bringing in the son of Yipungsi Pheirapa from Mayang disguised as a son of a Bamon. The Keirungpa of Moirang and the Keirungpa of Thingngom, both were summoned back from deportation. 29 Monday the Sangkranti of Phairen began. On that day nine cannons were taken out and placed in the Kangla (complex) to defend and protect the Maharaj. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Wednesday. On the night following that very day a man of the Thangcham family, who was serving at the Top (35) court and who was a guard of the elephant house, died as he was throttled by a lai (36). 3 Friday, a man of Haobicham family had a heart attack by Leirengpham pool but he did not die. A man from the Yenkhom family, who was apprentice water-carier for a Hindu temple, was drowned while he was bathing at the river bank by the Kyang embassy ground. 4 Saturday, a man from Pheiroicham family was in a critical condition as he was beaten by the lai while relieving himself in the opening of the Kangla tunnel, but he did not die. The daughter of Yipungsi the Jubraj who was married to Laisom family, also died in childbirth due to a haemorrhage caused by placenta retention. 5 Sunday, both the sons of Thourani Aachoibi and the Thokchom maiden took the sacred thread. As the Maharaj moved the troops from the Kangla complex, the nine cannons also were moved to the front of the Utra building. In the night following that same day, Aasem Cha a sepoy was also grabbed by the arm and thrown down by the lai but he did not die. 6 Monday, Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

Yipemma Leimakhubi the Haobam maiden began her vocation. Loitam Cha Major and Ningthoukhongcham Cha Poilya, these two and others, climbed a mountain. Yirom Cha Major and Phoukeisangpam Cha Major, these two also marched as far in as Sencham Khunou. 7 Tuesday, a meteorite was observed just before dawn. 9 Thursday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj moved the army camp to Khorikhun. 11 Friday, Loitam Cha Major fought on the peak of Laimaton mountain in the village of Langga Hao. They took the head of a man and presented it (to the king). Yipungsi Keipha also had a heart attack in Langkhong but he did not die. Both (the army camps in) Lakkhong and Lakton were also dismantled. There was an earthquake that night. 13 Sunday, Punsi from the Sanlam family along with a man from the Aangom family, who were from Yipungsi Menleikhomp’s group, were captured and brought to the king. 15 Tuesday, six Pangans from the paddy fields of Langkon and four Meeteis from Maklang were captured and they were brought (before the king). 16 Wednesday, Yipungsi Jipati fled to the direction of Woksuram. He was pursued by men armed with guns. As for Yenkhoipa, he was killed in Haotan. 18 Friday, Yipungsi Menleikhompa and others, altogether three men, were captured in Langpok and they were brought (before the king). Yipungsi Menleikhompa died in the waters in Mongsangkei (37). Yipungsi Aakoicham Tapa was pursued by men armed with guns in Phumlou. They captured him along with seventeen men who were brought (before the king). 20 Sunday, there was an earthquake. 22 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Aandro. 23 Wednesday, two men were captured at Konthoucham Lairema. Altogether six men were captured. 29 Tuesday, Maisna Hajari’s son who was the husband of a princess, Thokchom Cha Brajabasi, and Maisnam Cha, these three were deported to Loi. But most of the members of their extended families were pardoned. New moon Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, the royal son Bhubon Sing the Lakpa of Wangkhei caught a tiger in Tangkham. 4 Sunday, the stone which was at Kuchu and which in the reign of Ningthem Lourung Puren (38) … (39) by Pukhranpam Cha Pundit, was restored to its original place, after Paonam Cha the Pundit had said that it was the stone (seat) in the Kuchu (court) (40). 6 Tuesday, they performed an open air kirtan. A star passed behind the moon. There was a cholera epidemic. Many people died. 20 Monday, Baji Kunjatas died. 21 Wednesday, Paonam Cha Pundit died. 22 Thursday, the Maharaj felt unwell. 25 Sunday, the royal son Bhuban Sing the Lakpa of Wangkhei also fled to the land of the Mayangs. 28 Wednesday, Meetingu Leiren Nonglen Sentreng Manikkhompa ascended to heaven three pung hours before daybreak yuthak. He reigned on the throne for six years and was fifty–five years of age. He was given the last rites at Manglen, the main graveyard.

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Translation 1

2 3 4 5 6

7

8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15

16

17

18

19 20 21

39

Sarik yaona: literally with the hand bell. Hand bells are used by Maibis, the religious functionaries, in religious rites of the lai. Possession by a lai (lai’s spirit) was also regarded as being mentally troubled. Spirit possession is the first sign of a person being called to be a maibi. Hinao hanpa: hinao: coxswain of boats, hanpa: leader or senior. Term used for the first time. The annexation of the Punjab after the defeat of the Sikhs in March 1849. Wuyung: an indigenous flowering tree associated with the Luwang yek. Nungcheng is also regarded as a sacred area. Mungnaota ta: at Mungano, second ta scribal dittography. Moirangta Loitongye: the phrase loi tongba normally indicates submission. But since Moirang had already been established as part of Manipur this step was presumably to foil any possible attempt on the part of Moirangs to break away, as it did during the seven years’ devastation by the Aawaas. Moirangta: ta, post–position, loitongye, past tense of verb loitongba to subjugate. Konungta chingakhamta potloiye: last rites took place in the palace and in the Chingkham family. If the body was cremated, since only one actual cremation of the body could take place, the second was presumably a ritual connected with the disposal of the frontal bone. Khangye: knew, for phangye found; scribal error. Marek taduna phou yamna sokye: literally, as Marek fell many paddy plants were damaged. Marek: term used for oil on the surface of the water. Wurung Puren: Head of Forestry, minister of forestry. First time the term is used. Tengkhan, those who were in the service of the king as cultivators and gardeners. This tunnel in the Kangla complex is regarded as sacred and every legitimate Meetei king is enthroned at the mouth of this tunnel. A king not enthroned at this place is not regarded as the rightful king. This spot has been and still is protected as sacred even during the occupation of the Kangla by the British after 1891 and by Indian forces after 1949. Yi thokye: literally, it bled, meaning obscure. It is very likely that this was an ancestral burial chamber. Yoimongpa Taothingmang: Taothingmang was the first Meetei king to be crowned. But Yoimongpa and Taothingmang were also the names of two brothers born to Khuyoi Tompok; not clear if the terms refer to one name or two. Tradition connects these two brothers to the dredging of many canals and rivers. Sareng fish became a substitute for animal blood sacrifice; sa ren chanba, meaning offering of the best beast; not clear if the recording of the whole scene was a simple superstition or an attempt to bring back traditional religious rites. Chiraithong: a door in the Kangla building. Thong could also mean a bridge. Traditionally when bees make a nest under the eves of a house or in gardens in a housing area it is regarded as a bad omen. Digging the Kangla tunnel: according to an enlarged sketch of the Kangla complex, taken from an old copy dating from pre–Garibniwaz’s time, the tunnel is situated straight from north to south and is in the middle of the Kangla complex; it has a bulge (hump) probably representing the curve of a snake. Cheirap: scribal dittography. Khutup: measurement from elbow to the tip of the middle finger of an adult. Thengku sokpa: literally, to touch the thengku. The term thengku means either a hump, as of a tortoise, or the head of a wooden mallet (from which name for the

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40

22 23 24

25

26

27 28

29 30 31

32 33 34 35 36 37 38

The Cheitharon Kumpapa wooden mallet is also derived). Here it refers to the bulge of the coil of the snake which is depicted in the diagram of the tunnel. Lam: the ratio of one khudup to the lam of the same person is 75/3: 76 inches approximately. Chit Sai who reigned from Sakabda 1670–1673 (1748–1751CE). Aeigya: for Bengali aagya, meaning your command, your highness, or sir. A corrupt form aeiga is still used amongst the ultra–conservative Meeteis, even within the family, by the younger members to their elders. Term used for the first time. Vek louba: Vek: Bengali term referring to the Vaishnava ascetic garment. According to Manipuri Vaishnavism either male or female can become ascetic and continue to live in the family house but follow a strict vegetarian diet, beg from house to house, cook for himself or herself, and become completely detatched from any kind of personal responsibility from his or her family. But for a person on the verge of death or actually dying, vek could be imposed by the family with or without the prior consent of the person concerned. This simplifies the complicated and expensive Hindu shradha ceremony which has to be carried out by the family. First time the term is used. Mangte: not ritually unclean. Mangpa: noun meaning excrement, an object which is ritually unclean; verb, to perform ablutions. Amongst the Hindu Meeteis if a person dies in the house it is regarded as ritually unclean and must be pulled down. First time the term is used in relation to a dead person. Poinu: probably an intercalary month. Ningthem Macha: literally, children of Ningthem or king. It refers to males only as women did not play polo at this period. It could also include children whose fathers are the descendants of the kings’ sons. Another name used as a surname is Ningthem– Mayum, or house or family of Ningthem, which includes both male and female. Khong Kangchei: literally, polo on foot, hockey. Aakhanba: those who were followers or associated with individuals such as princes, nobles, teachers, singers or officials. Singju; an indigenous savoury salad dish made with various raw vegetables and edible leaves of trees grown locally, cut up very small and tossed lightly with either a paste made with fermented small fish, chillies, salt and garnished with ground fish dried over the fire, or with roasted dry sesame and chick–pea flour, and spices with very hot chilli powder and salt. This dish is still cherished as a delicate snack by most Manipuris, taken with yu, local rice beer, or tea. Sometimes it is also incorporated into the main meal. Singju is also one of the items offered to the lais in the Manipuri rite of passage and the Meetei Lai Harouba ceremony. Term used for the first time but the tradition and dish predates this period. Kangla Yipung: literally, centre of Kangla; meaning is obscure. Nungcheng: an area in the Kangla complex which is regarded as the sacred site of Pakhangpa. The pool is in the north western location. Konyai: gold and silver pieces offered in the water to a lai. Jtop for Top: scribal error. Laina lakhattuna siye: he died as he was throttled by a lai. When the subject of a suspicious act is not known, the lai is often credited with such actions. Died in the waters: attempts on the throne were usually punished by drowning. The person was usually put in a sack which was weighted. Ningthem Lourungpuren: term Ningthem is a designation for king and was first used in Sakabda 1476 (1554 CE.) But Lourungpuren does not appear in the list of kings.

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Translation

39 40

41

Possibly an alternative name of one of the kings, who while still a prince held the post of Lourungpuren. The verb is missing and the sentence incomplete; scribal error. Din. Ms. has the same reading as P.Ms. Kuchuki nungne: literally, stone which belonged to Kuchu, stone seat in the Kuchu: Kuchu is the shortened name of Kuchu Wayensang, the ancient Kuchu Court of Administration. The stone refers to the judgement seat in the court.

MEETINGU DEVENDRA SINGH SAKABDA 1771–1772 (1849–1850 CE) [The year of Leimapokpam Tanchou, Sakabda 1771 (1850 CE )]. 28 Wednesday, Lamta (February/March), the royal younger brother Debendra the Jubraj became king at the age of forty–seven years. (1). The royal son Sangkor Sing became the Jubraj. The eldest Thourani Aapanpi the Wahengpam maiden also died. She was given the last rites in the Mangnao graveyard. 29 Thursday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. That day was also the Bisu Sangkranti. 1

Scribal marking at the bottom of the Ms. Page, Debendra Singh became king.

Sakabda 1772 (1850 CE) The year of Puyachupa Sing, Sakabda 1772 (1850 CE). Friday new moon was the Cheiraopa the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. Sachiphu was an intercalary month and Saturday was the first day of the lunar month of Sachiphu (March/April). The hourly announcement of time by the beating of pung drum was ordered to be stopped (by the king). Bamon Panhabi also died of cholera. 2 Sunday, Yenkhom Cha Dewan, the Hanjapa of the drummers who kept the time, also died. 5 Wednesday, the princess whose mother was Thourani Wakambi also died. 11 Monday, (1) a star passed behind the moon. 12 Tuesday, Langmaithem Cha Thumjao Puren who was married to a princess died. Loukrapam Cha Tewan (Dewan) also died. 15 Friday, Yiroipa Major also died. 17 Sunday, Loitam Cha Major, Wahengpam Cha Major and Loktonpam Cha Major, these three gave up their posts. Ngangom Cha Subidar, Chingchupam Cha Subidar and Lisam Cha Subidar, these three along with Anilongpa were deported to many Loi areas. But Nongmaithem summoned them back from Loi, including all those who had been deported to Loi in the reign of the previous king. 26 Wednesday, both Thingpaicham Cha Hajari and Sija Tampak Leima, these two died. The cholera epidemic lasted for four months. Many people died. 28 Friday, one civet cat (2) was caught in the temple of Shri Govinda. Many vultures (3) gathered in the polo ground. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Sunday. On that day Luke, a commoner of the land, (4) reported to the king that Yipungsi Published online by Cambridge University Press

PART ONE THE CHEITHARON KUMPAPA THE COURT CHRONICLE OF THE MEETEI KINGS OF MANIPUR (KANGLEIPAK): ENGLISH TRANSLATION VOL. 3

MEETINGU NARA SINGH SAKBADA 17657–1771 (1843–1849

CE)

[The year of Aahongsangpa Prem Singh, Sakabda 1765 (1843 CE). The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Friday]. 19 Thursday, Shri Narasing Jubraj at the age of fifty–one years became the king (1) at the morning yuthak (2). Shri Govindaji, Shri Jaganath and Shri Brindabon Chandra, these three images were also placed together in the temple. Immediately there was blood spilt in front of the temple (3). 23 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 27 Thursday, there was an earthquake. They also built the Potsangba Sanglangmei Institute building. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Monday. They also began to build the Sanglangmei Institute building (4). 3 Thursday, there was an earthquake. Sanglangmei (building) was damaged. 10 Wednesday, there was an after shock. 26 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Wednesday. 24 Thursday was Pisu Sangkranti. 1 2 3

4

Nara Singh as Jubraj was the Regent during the minority of king Chandrakriti. His becoming king indicates that the court and the people had approved him as the king. Yuthak: See note on Meetei time reckoning in Vol. 1. pp. 154–155. These three images were the personal deities of Nara Singh and now they have been moved to the palace complex. Housing all three images in one temple is not uncommon in the temples of Meetei Hindus and the same practice still prevails. Spilling of blood immediately in front of the temple implies that this move was not favoured by all the citizens of the land. It may also imply resentment at the making of more Hindu images. Scribal dittography.

Sakabda 1766 (1844 CE) The year of Longchamba Patra Sing, Sakabda 1766 (1844 CE). 25 Friday was the Cheiraopa, new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. The month of https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

2

The Cheitharon Kumpapa

Sachiphu (March/April) began on Thursday. They began to build the great palace, Nonghumsang Institute building (1) and Mongpasang Institute building, these three buildings were begun. They also lowered the height of the earthen plinth for the great palace which was three lams in height by scraping off the top layer. As his royal father the Maharaj was requested by his royal son Bhubon Sing the Lakpa of Wangkhei, Moirangthempa of Thangka was made to form a Pana (2). 2 Friday, they began to build the temple of Shri Hari, the main royal palace and other buildings, a total of eleven buildings. 16 Friday, the royal brother–in–law Aangom was appointed Aangoupampa, the chief of Aangom. 19 Monday, Shri Pancha Chukta Jaiman Nara Singh Maharaj moved up from Langthapan to the main royal palace. 20 Tuesday, a spear with two points was presented to the king. 21 Wednesday, they began to build the Cheirap (court) building. 22 Thursday, they began to build the mantop for Govinda. 23 Friday, Aayekpa Saikhupa the Hajari was struck by the sword by the people of his own Institute and he died. 26 Monday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. They performed religious rites to Shri Gobintaji (Gobindaji). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Saturday. 6 Thursday, a branch of the Chingnang khongnang tree broke (3). 7 Friday, they began to beautify (the carving of) Shri Nityananda (4). 10 Monday, they began to build the temple for Mahateba. They also began to build an armoury. They also dragged down four chief large barges. 11 Tuesday, a meteorite was seen (5). 13 Thursday, the cannons were returned to where they were formerly placed. 17 Sunday, they began to build two figures of Nongsa (6) in the front of the Utra (Wutra court). 25 Monday, they installed Shri Gabintaji. They also performed a religious rite. 28 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Monday. New moon Sunday, (Lai) Pakhangpa manifested himself (7). The month of Yingen (June/ July) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday also (Pakhangpa) manifested himself (8). 5 Friday, they began to build the main gate (9). On that day (Pakhangpa) manifested himself and did so for four days. 12 Thursday, the Maharaj caught a tiger at the foot of the Chingnang Khongnang tree. 20 Friday, Puranno Sing commissioned Yirengpa the Singsuhanpa (10) along with others, including Thakur Gabinda Aathikari and Sampan Turampa the astrologer, to accompany him to decide on an auspicious hour. On that day they also began to make the throne. New moon Monday, a tiger was caught at Sekta and it was presented (to the king). The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Tuesday. 9 Wednesday, the Maharaj dedicated the figures of the beasts which were in front of Utra building to Gobinda. Kotom (11) trees were also planted from where the beasts stood up to the main gate. 27 Sunday, they began to build the birth house for the queen. The Sangkranti of Yingen began from Wednesday the new moon, the first day of the lunar month. 5 Sunday, they began to dredge the part of the river’s course running through the Kyang embassy compound. Three cannon shots were fired. They also commenced to make the enthronement sword. 10 Friday, a big tree in the Mahabali (grove) https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

3

fell. On that day the lai made a sound in the Paota watering place. Full moon Wednesday, the river began to flow. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. They commenced to weave the king’s ceremonial clothes (12) and also commenced many other tasks and began to build many buildings. 2 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 5 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 12 Monday, one Hao was drowned in the river in the palace compound. 16 Friday, they commenced to make the throne for Kangla (palace) and three new tiered umbrellas (13). 22 Friday, Ningthem went down to Khombitok to inspect the building of the dam across the river. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Saturday. 2 Monday, a big tree fell in the Mahabali (grove). 3 Tuesday, Thangjam Cha Nandi the Aayangpuren was relieved from the conscription to the army, which was compulsory for every joint family in every residential lane, as he was found to be related to king of the Mayangs. 5 Wednesday, Aangoupamba Loklenkhomba ascended the throne (as the chief) of Aangom. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Monday. 6 Friday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 8 Sunday, there was an earthquake. Shri Maharaj went down to his wife’s family home. 11 Wednesday, Meetingu Lairen Nonglen Khomba went to Hoapam, his wife’s family, to stay with them (14). 12 Thursday, Leisangthem Lairemma was moved (from her shrine) to another place. On that day the Maharaj (15) decreed that the family of Langpoklakpam should belong to Yumchao Nao, (16) when it was discovered that he was from the lineage of Snahal Khongchompa, the son of ancestor Khakempa (a former king). 13 Friday, Lairen Nonglen Sentreng Manikkhompa and Meetei Leima Khayoiron Liklairokpi the Haopam maiden ascended the throne within the 8th pung hour after the noon yuthak. Tonpa from south Sekmai, who was a descendant of the Chakma Reima, (17) carried the Chakpu Thang the sword, (18) at the enthronement ceremony, which had never been done before. 15 Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. 17 Tuesday, Meeteileima Liklairokpi scattered sen coins in Sna Keithen (the royal market). 21 Sunday, Thangjam Cha Nandi Major caught a tiger from Sikong to commemorate the enthronement (19) and presented it (to the king). The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Tuesday. 5 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 6 Sunday, twin cows were presented to the king. 10 Thursday, the royal younger brother Debendro and others left to wage war on the Tingsok Haos in the northern area as a Phamban Lan (to commemorate the enthronement of the king). 13 Sunday, three tigers were caught in Poirou Khongjin and presented (to the king); they were challenged and Loitam Cha the major broke the spine of the tiger at the Keiyang thekpa sports. 17 Thursday, three Brajabasis (20) who came from a foreign land went back to their own country. 19 Saturday, Yipungsi the Jubraj, who went to wage the Phamban Lan, returned. Haorongpa subidar (subitar), Aaramba jamandar, these two and others a total of seven men, persuaded some men to surrender (21). A man from Lukam, two men from Mahasingkou, these two and others, a total of seven men https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

4

The Cheitharon Kumpapa

were captured. Their names were buried in Nungkoibi (22). These seven men were (set free) and were sent back to their own villages. As for the reward for the party which went to wage the phamban lan, a reward cloth khamen chatpa (23), a flag, a leikham clasp (24) and a paddy field were granted to each of them. 20 Monday, Chiton Sahib died (25). A forty–four cannon salute and thirty gun salute were fired. On that day a comet appeared. 22 Tuesday, Yipungsi Khero, the Lakpa of the Pheita Institute was deported to Loi to Langathen. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. 5 Monday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 8 Thursday, Thoukaojam Cha Mareipa, Yelangpam Cha Murari and Thiyam Cha Aabungoton subidar, these three arrived after herding the seven villages of Tuyang Karong whose chief was Changsen. Meetingu Leiren Nunglen Khomba sitting in the Utra received them at court. Three subidars were made to establish Cheitynpur village in Kamu after having it dedicated to Cheityn Nityai. They (subidars) were rewarded with free paddy which belonged to the land (on a regular basis). 14 Wednesday, Chothepung, Khrangpung, Tuthup and Lamtang, these four clans came and reported to the king that they, the servants of the king, had settled by the river bank according to the royal order given to them. The report was received favourably and they were granted gifts of spades, daos, clothes, and salt. Full moon Thursday, they began to establish the Aawang Keithen market in the north. 7 Saturday, two elephants were taken to Jiri to be used to transport timber. New moon Thursday, the chief of Changsen, who had been captured, arrived. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, a child was burnt when a house belonging to a Bamon family caught fire. On that day a deer was caught in the palace (complex). 5 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 6 Wednesday, the Haos from the north, from Laisan, Tora, Chawai, Sumtan, Pheitang, Khunthak, Toinem, Kachai, Aokkhrun, Huining, Huntung, Choitha, Haijum, Nungsong, Khunkoi, Santhak, Kasom, Khamlang, Nampui, Sokpao, Chapang, Heemi, Laiyi, Kasong, Sakoklang, Khambi, Meebi, Tusom, Chombi, Hangkou, Ngaprum, Nungman, Nungou, Pheijom, Tonngou, and Sagapung, these thirty-two (26) villages were gathered, and on 13 Thursday they dredged the course of the river within the Kyang (embassy) compound, and they also raised the earth plinth of the Sna Keithen market. 16 Sunday, seven chiefs from Changsen accompanied by forty-two Haos came with mithun, goats, a brass-bossed gong, plates and phibong clothes (27) and paid tribute to the Maharaj with all these articles. 17 Monday, eight Main Institute buildings including the guard houses (28) for the king and the royal ladies, and again on 18 Tuesday, the Institute building in charge of weaving royal clothes, all these were burnt. Three cloths for the king’s garments were burnt. Eight guns were also burnt. 25 Monday, the armoury was inaugurated and they also began to build two Top Loisang Institute buildings (29). 29 Friday, a deer (30) was caught in the palace. The month of Phairen (January/ February) began on Sunday. 5 Thursday was the Sangkranti of Lamta. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

5

9 Monday, Yibungsi the Jubraj went to hunt at Wairikonchin. A tiger and many other animals were also caught and they were presented (to the king). A horse was burnt to death. 16 Monday, a tiger was caught in Langkon and it was presented (to the king). On that day the Maharaj presented to Parumiya Jouthari, who was a foreigner, one gold Ngangkoi (necklace), two strings of beads, (31) a pair of gold bracelets, one embroidered loin cloth, and a big shawl, a shirt made of Khamen Chatpa embroidered cloth, one pasot pheijom, (32) two horses, twenty buffaloes, and one canopy with fringes, all these were given for his former service (rendered to the king) in the land of the Mayangs. 22 Sunday, after having given the royal command to the royal younger brother the Jubraj and all the nobles of the Cheirap court, that all the different types of (33) posts which had been appointed in the past – the posts of the Keirungpa of Thum Aarangpa (34) and that of (state) management – were to be listed by the astrologer, the astrologer listed them. The astrologer was also made to be in charge of the royal treasure box. On that day they performed the Hindu cleansing rites for the death of Bamon Thotpa’s small calf which died while being tethered. 23 Monday, one Naorem maiden who was Aakoichampa’s wife died by hanging as she refused to live (with her husband). On that day Puthem Khapa and Sama Leirempa, these two contested over the Pibaship. It was declared that Khapa was the rightful Piba. 24 Tuesday, Meetei village, Samting village, and Thonlang village, these three main villages came and presented two ivory tusks, one shield and one spear (to the king). 25 Wednesday, Yipungsi Prumba’s son died from (an accidental) gunshot from his own gun while shooting a beast in Khabeesoi. A house of the Aahanthem family and another of the Khuntrakpam family were struck by a thunderbolt and both houses were burnt. 28 Friday, the Maharaj inaugurated four main Institute buildings along with (the celebration) of the Holi (festival). The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Monday. A white buffalo gave birth to a female calf without any hair on the forehead and it was presented (to the king). 4 Friday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2

3

Nonghumsang: the building was located to the east of Men where all the Meetei kings were crowned. Function of the building is obscure. Pana thokhanye: made to produce a Pana or form a Pana. Pana is a subdivision. Alternative reading: Moirangthempa, a son from the family of Moirangthem, was made to lead the Pana in a public gathering. Chingnang khongnang: pipal tree (ficus religiosa). This tree is also known as Kongnang hogaibi, meaning pipal tree with a hole in it. This tree has strong cultic significance and is considered sacred as it was believed to give omens regarding the country. According to oral tradition this tree witnessed the death of Meetingu Charairongpa when he was struck by lightning, while resting under its shade on his return from one of his military expeditions. The lightning split the tree trunk making a large hole in the trunk and hence received the name Khongnang hogaibi. It is very likely that this tree was associated with the oracular aspect of the Meetei lai Laiwahaipa and anything that happened to the tree itself was regarded as an omen.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17

18

19

20 21 22

23

Anga seba: Bengali meaning to beautify the body with cosmetics. First time the term is used. Meibi: ball of fire, another term for meteorite. Term used for the first time. Nongsa: mythical beasts, guardians of the sacred places including the Kangla Complex. Pakhangpa thokye: literally Pakhangpa manifested itself. Since Pakhangpa is the ancestral deity of the Ningthoucha clan this sentence indicates a form of asserting his presence in the light of the installation of Govinda, a Hindu image. The subject Pakhangpa is not repeated but from the construction of the sentence it is understood. The scribal style of this form is found throughout the text up till now. Thonglen: either the main inner gate or the main door of the palace. The former is more likely. Singsuhanpa: The exact post description is obscure. Kotom: Keli Kodam: anthocephalus cadamba. Ningthouphi: The king’s different ceremonial clothes were all woven by special weavers in the palace complex. Naba schatra or satra naba: Bengali for new or nine. Naba satra: Bengali for umbrella. Tall multi–tiered umbrellas supported by a tall post are often seen by the Manipuri temples. Term used for the first time. Yaong inpa: meaning virilocal residence. In this case it refers to a short visit. Maharaja or (Maharaah) variant spelling of Maharaj. Yumchao Nao: Yumchao the great palace, Nao: descendants; descendants of the great palace, the king’s family. Chakma Reima: the Queen of Chakpa. Chakma scribal error for Chakpa, Reima: queen. This supports the view that the authochtonous Chakpas of Manipur were matrilineal, and probably also indicates the high status of women. Chapu thang: scribal error for Chakpu Thang, the Chakpa Sword. Chak for Chakpa, pu is the accusative particle in the sentence, the Chakpa sword. As the authochtonous Chakpa took part in the enthronement ceremony carrying the Chakpa sword, Nara Singh was openly claiming his suzerainty over the Chapkas. At the same time the Chakpas who were not in the Meetei Hindu fold and kept to their own tradition perhaps asserted their role in the kingdom. The Chakpas consist of the inhabitants of Aantro (Andro), Sekmai, Kakching, Khurukhun, Thangka and other outlying settlements. First time the the term Chakpa Thang is used. Phamban kei: tiger caught to commemorate the enthronement. Since the phamban lan also was still carried out as in the past, this was an added display to celebrate the enthronement of the king. First time this term is used. Brajabasi: one born in Braja, a district around Agra and Mathura. Lan themye: literally to persuade one in a battle to surrender. Nungkoibita lanming chanye: Nungkoibi. literally round stone, ta suffix: at. A place marked with a round stone in the Kangla complex. Lanming: names of those captured or taken as hostages. Chanba: to list or to bury. The phrase indicates the listing of the names only of war prisoners and not the burying of heads taken at battle. Formerly the severed heads of the victims of war or raids were buried here and the term used for this is lanlu chanba. This was a common practice in all areas of Manipur. First time this phrase is used. Khamen chatpa: pattern of the coiled Pakhangpa snake printed in the dark or reddish mauve colour of khamen or aubergine on either a cotton or silk cloth. It is a royal cloth but also given as a reward for meritorious performance and conferred only on

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

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men. It is of a fixed width and length which men use as a loin cloth. Ladies also use shawls with this pattern. Leikham: a gold or silver clasp in the shape of the leaf of leikham, an indigenous plant, given as a reward. The plant is regarded as having medicinal value. Captain George Gordon was the first Political Agent in Manipur. He was buried in 1844 at the Langthaban palace complex where the present Manipur University is situated. Discrepancy on the number of villages; thirty–six villages are listed. Phibong: for Phipong Chami normally used for tribute payment. Ningthou sempa: scribal error for ningthou senpa, guard house for the king. Top Loisang: the Supreme Adminstative Institute. The English term ‘Top’ has been used to indicate ‘the Supreme’, ‘the highest.’ First time the term is used. Taji: scribal error for saji, deer. Mala: Bengali, string of beads used by monks. Pasot pheijom: pheijom long ankle-length loin cloth worn by Meetei men, usually white and very thin; pasot: obscure. Bisoi: Bengali meaning category, sphere, with reference to. First time the term is used. Thum Aarangpa: Post in charge of salt production and salt wells.

Sakabda 1767 (1845 CE) The year of Aaseipa Muhon Sing, Sakabda 1767 (1845 CE). 8 Tuesday, the outhouse in Keirang compound in Wangkhei was burnt when it was struck by a thunderbolt. Another thunderbolt also fell in a paddy field. 11 Friday, a portent was observed during the hatching season of Sareng fish in Yumjaongayan. It had a rancid odour and one day it was shining like a flaming torch. 12 Saturday, the Borsahep (the Political Agent) presented two hares (to the king) when he was visited. They began to build three buildings for the Maiba Institute and one for Lainingthou Hanpa, these four buildings were begun. 13 Sunday, Aakoijamba the Jamandar and Kakching Nimairam the Senapati, these two gathered seventy–five Haos who were under Kanle the chief, from the two villages of Wumangle and Josinram, and six mithuns, and presented them to Ningthem. 16 Friday, the river–bank burst from near Kyamkei, for a distance of seven lams. A white buffalo was offered as a scapegoat (1) in Khommitot and they also rebuilt the dam at Thingen and stopped the overflow of waters. 22 Monday, a tiger was caught in Samurou and was presented (to the king). 28 Sunday, two Bamons from Kasi arrived to go to the land of Aawa, (but) they went back to the land of the Mayangs. New moon Tuesday, Lairenlakpa the astrologer was appointed the Lakpa of the Institute (of Astrologers). A royal command was given to Paonam Cha Pundit and Lairenlakpa the astrologer to defend the country with great care. Each of them were rewarded with Snarik, (2) the gold chain of office. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. 6 Monday the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 8 Wednesday, they performed an appeasement rite as the pond of Lai Puthipa was dry. Full moon Wednesday, there was a lunar eclipse. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

On that day Jalchatra (water festival) which had not taken place before (in the land) was performed. They began to enact Jalakeli (3) in exactly the same way as it was played in Shri Brandaban, between Ratha and Krishna, after digging a pond in a garden for the performance. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Friday. 7 Thursday, was the Sangkranti of Yinga. While the son of Yipungsi Wurungpuren went to Keiroi in Yairipok to collect the compulsory payment which was due (4), he was arrested and brought to the king on the charge that he was making an attempt on the throne. The Lakpa of Keiroi and all the elder members of the Keiroi villages were all fined. 15 Thursday, Jalakeli performance ended. 20 Tuesday, the Haos of Kamu came and presented two ivory tusks to the king. 22 Thursday, the king, saying that the prince who was arrested would not dare make an attempt on the throne, set him free. When the bridge in Khwairamban broke, one Hao died. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Saturday. 10 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 18 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 22 Friday, there was yet another tremor. 24 Sunday, a streak of fire (5) flew across the sky. Lai Pakhangpa manifested himself in a brilliant white colour in the Garot (court). 29 Saturday, twenty guns which belonged to the princes (6) were stolen. New moon Sunday, Thoutam Chandra Sing caught a hangkok (7) alive in the south eastern location of the royal palace and it was three khutups long (8). The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, there was an earthquake and another lizard was also caught in the Champra Army quarter. Both were set free after performing an appeasement rite. 6 Saturday, (the symbol of) Leisangthem Lairemma was stolen. 14 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 15 Sunday, the sacred objects which belonged to the Wahenpam lai Yumjao Leima were stolen. 16 Monday, the sacred objects which belonged to Khoisnam Lairemma Petangnga and also all the sacred objects which belonged to Maisnam Lairemma were stolen (9). 25 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Tuesday. 16 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. A python was caught at the southern side of the Thangkapat moat (by the palace). 20 Saturday, most of the Bamons including Mani the Hanjaba of the Bamons begged Ningthem and admitted that they, the servants of the king, had committed wrong. At this the king gave the verdict, saying that if the Thakurs had admitted their wrongs then they were once again permitted to act, each according to his conscience. 17 Sunday, a man who was cutting fodder came to know about five guns in the area of Kharampan Mukaching hills. A tiger was also caught in Leisangkhong and it was presented (to the king). On that day the town-crier proclaimed from an elephant’s back, telling everyone to leave the market and return home early that day. 20 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 27 Friday, as one Mayang and his wife made a pact to die together, the husband killed his wife. But when the husband failed to kill himself by cutting himself, he was brought to the king. 23 Thursday, a hidakphu used for pot-smoking was collected from Aachoipa https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

9

the chief of Moirang, as it was said that it belonged to a former chief of Moirang. When the Mayang who had kept this hidakphu was permitted to become a citizen of Moirang, and when most of the members of his extended family also made a request to the king that they also be allowed to become Moirangs, they were forbidden and they were made to cut fodder. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Friday. A representation of Sarangthem Lairema was made (10). A kirtan was sung in the village where the Mayang wife was killed. 13 Wednesday, Kalitomon play (11) was staged by the southern opening of the Thangkapat moat. Sna Kam Singh the son of the Maharani played the part of Krishna. (He) was injured when the house of Thourani (12) Wangampi caught fire at dusk. 14 Thursday, Yipungsija Kam Sing (13) died. He was given the last rites at Mangnao. There was a lunar eclipse on that day. 15 Friday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 24 Sunday, a six–barrelled gun and a mirror, which was three khudups wide, were presented to the king by Loitongpa and Laiton, these two. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Sunday. 4 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. 8 Saturday, the lai which was stolen from Bamon Aadhikari was recovered. A man from Thongkapam, another from the area of Khumbong, and Wangkhei Rasmon, these three, were brought by the people of Kontha (before the king) and they reported that those three men were those who stole (the lai). They were put in iron chains. 10 Monday, the daughter of Bamon Tantratha and a Gosai were married. 12 Wednesday, a tiger was caught in Kongpa. 13 Thursday, Thourani Khoipi gave birth to a prince. Tensubam, the maker of royal cane mats for the royal birth house (was replaced), and Langpokthapam Balaram made the royal cane mat. 15 Saturday was the Sangkranti of Poinu. 18 Tuesday, a river was dredged. 22 Sunday, a prince was born. 25 Wednesday, there was thundering (14). 27 Friday, as a man from Wahengpam family brought the news that the Mayangs were on the march to attack, five gun–shots were fired to summon and alert the people. All the people of the land assembled. The month of Wakching (December/January) (15) began on Monday. 8 Monday, those who marched to attack the land retreated and left the country. 9 Tuesday, Mangsatapa Keirungpa left (for pilgrimage) with the frontal bone of Yibungsi Kam Sing. Two Haos who were arrested in Natumching hill for stealing cattle were also brought (before the king). One of them was killed and the other had his foot cut off. 10 Wednesday (16), a Phiringki left (with others) to open up roads. 12 Friday, Yipungsi the Mantri and others dismantled a temple in Langthapan. Maisnam Cha Chakemba who was married to a princess left to fetch water from Suknu (for rituals). Paonam Cha Puntit also accompanied him. Huitrom Krati and Santha, these two were put in chains as they were found exporting cattle. 14 Sunday, a Phiringki with his wife and child left to tour Aawa. 15 Monday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 17 Wednesday, Shri Govindaji was moved to a temporary hut. 18 Thursday, they completed the representation of Sarangthem Lairemma. 19 Friday, those who went to fetch https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

10

The Cheitharon Kumpapa

water returned. On that day all the buffaloes of the land were used to transport bricks from Langthapan. Cheichon Singh Maharaj (Nara Sing) who was the royal younger brother of Meetingu Chinglen Nongtren Khomba Maharaj, said that as his royal elder brother, who had commenced building a temple for Govindaji to dedicate it (to Govinda) but had failed to do so (as he died), he himself would both complete the building and dedicate it to Govinda in the name of his royal elder brother; he began to build the temple on 19 Friday. It also rained when there were no clouds. The waters in the rivers also increased. Thamandi Thakur, Guru Nandan Thakur, these two Thakurs along with other Bamons and temple clerks, a total of nine people, and Yibungsi the Jubraj transported the bricks, saying that it was in the service of Shri Govindaji (17). 25 Thursday, twenty–five stolen buffaloes which were being exported to the land of the Mayangs were captured and brought back. 27 Saturday, Ningthem and others looked for fish in the pool which was in front of the palace building Punsiba. Ningthem asked the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers how many fish would be caught in the net which was being cast then. The reply was that fourteen fishes would be in the net. Indeed there were (fourteen fishes) in the net. 29 Monday, there was an earthquake. The watch maker from the Leipokpam family was struck with a sword by his servant. The servant was put in chains. The month of Phairen (January/ February) began on Wednesday. 7 Monday, a tiger was caught in Kongpa and was presented (to the king). 10 Thursday, yet another tiger was caught in Kongpa and it was also presented (to the king). 15 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 19 Sunday, Poro Phantari (18), a senior official, came to ask for the hand of a bride (19) for the son of his king and he brought with him two red felt cloths, two drinking Tewan vessels, (20) two shawls, and ten coconuts. 20 Monday, they began to build the birth house for Thourani Thokchao. 26 Sunday, an owl entered the club building. 27 Monday, Thourani the Langmaithem maiden gave birth to a prince. New moon Wednesday, there was a heavy fall of hail stones at Langkon and Langmaiching hills. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Thursday. 7 Wednesday, a pig entered the palace. On that day a man died of heart attack in a residential area. 10 Saturday, the temple building (21) was inaugurated. 12 Monday, the tree in Lansonbi broke. 15 Friday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 18 Monday, the market was not attended. 23 Friday, Konsam Cha Major went to the Haos of Lampui and Sekpao requiring them to complete the dredging of rivers. Yirom Cha Major went to the area of Laisan. 24 Saturday, Poro Phantari the Mayang emissary, went back. 27 Tuesday, one live Sangngai (22) was sent to the Mayang (king). 29 Thursday, a person who bought a cow (or cows) and sold it (or them), together with the purchaser, was handed over to the leikai, as they did not inform the Cheirap court. The month of Lamta (February/March) (23) began on Saturday. The Maharaj performed a Hindu religious rite for the prosperity of the country. 2 Monday, the right to sell cattle was taken away from the leikais. 8 Saturday, a tiger https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

11

was caught by (the people in the choir) Panla, by the confluence of Thoupan Yirong (river) and it was presented (to the king). 10 Monday, the Haos who were pressed into service by the two majors began to dredge the river, beginning from the Paonam watering place up to Sanjenthong bridge. They also began to renovate the drainage ditches (24). 13 Thursday, there was a very strong gale in the afternoon and the Cheirap court was blown down. 15 Saturday was Bisu Sankranti. 1

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13 14 15 16 17 18

Yenhing thaba, yen: hen, hing from hingba to live, alive, thaba to send, to let it go freely. A hen was offered as a scapegoat and then set free. Here a white buffalo was used as the scapegoat. Sarik pinaramye: sarik a scribal error for snarik, gold necklace; pinaramye: from piba verb to give; formation of the verb implies that there were other gifts as well. The necklace was a chain of office. Jalakeli: Bengali, conflation for jal, water; keli sexual congress, sexual congress in the water. First time the term is used. Lamman senkhai: lamman, what was due, a debt; senkhai, compulsory payment or contribution in sen currency; keiroi, granary hands. Probably refers to the income from the state granary. Meibi: a streak of fire, probably a comet. First time the term is used. Ningthem macha: literally, children of Ningthem; Ningthem, another term for king; macha, child of either gender. It is the family name for the children of kings who themselves did not become kings. Same as Ningthoucha (see on Sakabda 440 / 518 CE). Hangkok: big lizard. Khutup: distance from elbow to the top of the middle finger of an adult. Body parts were used in traditional measurements and this is still retained side by side with international measurements. Term used for the first time. This is a new phenomenon which had not taken place earlier on. So far in the process of hindiusation traditional lais were simply destroyed. Meetamye: past tense of meetamba, to make a mould of a human figure. It is not clear if this was made of beeswax, which was the usual practice when figures were invloved in appeasement rites when the lai’s sacred objects were descrated, or if this was the hinduisation of the lai with an image. Term used for the first time. Kalitomon for Kalidaman, Bengali, literally ‘the taming of Kali’ the goddess, a Hindu religious play. Term used for the first time. Thourani: term used for the wives of Manipuri Bamons. Probably derived from Thakurani, wife of a Thakur; the use of this term as a prefix for the wives of kings indicates the increased status of the Bamons. Tam Sing: scribal error for Kam Singh. Laina nongmei thai: the lai shot a gun. Earlier entries associated Koubru with thundering, now used within a wider context of any lai. The month of Poinu is missing. Scribal error, 1 for 10. Shri Go Govindaji: Go scribal dittography. Poro Phantari: probably from Bengali Boro Bandari: senior obedient servant, senior civil servant. Term used for the first time.

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19

Mou haiba: to ask for the hand of a bride in arranged marriage. Arranged marriage existed in cases of alliance amongst royalty. First time the phrase mou haiba is used. Tewangiri: Tewangi, Tewan with preposition gi, from or of; ri for li or lee, meaning vessel or utensil from which one drinks. Tewan is either a place name or a substance used to make the li. Phura laisang: Phura temple building of a more durable structure, laisang (or Laiyum) shrine which often was a temporary structure. In this period shrines began to have a more solid structure and terms phura and laisang were used either singly or together to indicate both the Hindu temples and Meetei shrines. Phura is probably of Burmese derivation. Sangngai: brow–antlered deer, a rare species found only in Manipur, now under threat. Lamta: probably an intercalary month. The dredging of rivers and renovation of drainage ditches had been within the sphere of compulsory community service of the Lanlup system since the time of King Loiyumpa, and was levied on all the males of the country, including the Haos.

20

21

22 23 24

Sakabda 1768 (1846 CE) The year of Kakching Phol Sing, Sakabda 1768 (1846 CE). 16 Sunday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 17 Monday, two Gosais left. 19 Wednesday, three Gosais arrived. On that day there was a public scandal concerning the Mahanta of Shri Ramchnatra (sect). 28 Thursday, the chestnut-coloured horse died. The month of Sachiphu (March/ April) began on Sunday. On that day they began to mark out the demarcation of the centre of the Kangla (1) complex. 4 Wednesday, a man from the Sukham family was put in chains for using abusive words to Aahongsangpa who was attached to the main boat house. 5 Thursday, Thourani Thokchao gave birth to twins. 14 Sunday, Lukhoi from Aakhui presented to Ningthem a red felt cloth and a brass boss gong. 15 Monday, a tree in the Mahabali (grove) fell. 17 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 21 Saturday, when Aarampa the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) brought up the matter of Waikok pung (2), and asked permission (from the king), to use it for the Pana, he was told that it belonged to the Lairema and he went back to his place. 23 Monday, a banyan tree was planted in front of Utra. 25 Wednesday, the old temple of Thakur Sithanta was repaired. Ningthem went down and inaugurated it. 27 Friday, the Pakhang Lakpa (officer in charge of army cadets) (3) in the Waikhom army contingent died of heart attack. 28 Saturday, the moat at Menuthong bridge and the canal in the rice field which belonged to Lai Puthiba (4) were both flooded. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, twelve Pangan domestic servants arrived from Mayang. Balaba and Saba caught a tiger in Wangpan. Thoukanao the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) was also deported to Loi to Thingkrei. 5 Saturday, a man was drowned in the river by the palace. 10 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Wuyan and was presented (to the king). 15 Tuesday, a maidservant of Thourani Laisara,

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Translation

13

a woman from the household of Ningthem, was found hanged at Nungkoipi. 20 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. Many fish were seen at the northern section of the Thangkapat moat. 22 Tuesday, many boats which were by the river, also made a sound (5). 24 Wednesday, Haobam the Mantri, Keisa the Nongthonpa, Thoukanou the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana), and Khunbong Major, these four who had been deported to Loi to Kakching, were summoned. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday (6). The Bamons and the Gosai had a fistfight. 2 Thursday, the Kang (chariot) festival began. The arm of Shri Jaganath (image) broke and the wheels also caught fire. 4 Saturday, in the yard of Lai Aawangpa a monkey and a dog mated. There was also an earthquake. 6 Tuesday, the Sanjenthong bridge broke. Three people fell into (the river) but they were not drowned. On that day a man from the Thokchom family died after being bitten by a rat. 8 Thursday, a tiger was caught at Waibagai and it was presented (to the king). The royal son Pushkor also was married. Three princesses also were married into the families of Aangom, Haobam and Thokchom respectively. On that day it was also said that the Yimjao Leima (lai) had wept. 21 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 23 Thursday, in the family of Yimnam in Wakching a child with seven legs and seven eyes was born. A Hao cattle thief in Chandrakhong was arrested and he was brought before the king. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. 7 Thursday, Kanthenu lowed. 9 Saturday, Bamon Rakhop was deported to Loi to Heirok for assaulting another Bamon. Another man from the family of Mutum was also deported to Loi to Chairen as he also was involved in the assault. 15 Friday, there was an earthquake. 24 Saturday was the Sangkranti of Thawan. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Saturday. 13 Thursday, Thourani Wangambi gave birth to a princess (7). 14 Friday, Lai Pakhangba manifested himself. 19 Wednesday, a boat race took place in the Thangampat (moat) after an opening through the main (land) bridge was made. On that day there was a fracas between the servants of Yibungsi the Jubraj and the servants of Sna the Wangkhei Lakpa. 20 Thursday, when the daughter of Sija, the daughter of the royal maternal uncle Ratan Sing who was married into the family of Khaidem, was abducted by a servant of Yibungsi the Jubraj, who was a goldsmith, and forced to become his wife, she, refusing to be his wife, committed suicide. 22 Saturday, Menlei (8) bloomed in the shrine of (lai) Nongkop Ningthou. 23 Sunday, Taoroinai (Pakhangpa in his snake form) manifested himself in Waithou Tangcheng, exposing his horns and spine. The three Institutes of the Maipas performed an appeasement and supplication rite (9). The four Panas began to repair the inner Thangkapat moat (in the palace complex). 25 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 26 Wednesday, both Bamon Rakhop and Mutum Cha who were deported to Loi to Heirok were summoned. 28 Friday, Thiyam Cha Aovi, the Lakpa of Sanglen, the main office, went to collect the Haos from the area of Chandrakhong, which had been subjugated, (for them) to carry out their https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

share in the Lanlup duty (to the state). The month of Mera (September/ October) began on Monday. On that day a tiger was caught in Chantakhong and it was presented (to the king). 4 Thursday, twin buffalo calves were presented to the king. 8 Monday, blood was spilt in the Peithob club house. 26 Friday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. On that day Yibungsi the Jubraj and others left for Kanglatongbi to hunt elephants. New moon Tuesday, it was said that there would be a solar eclipse but the sun was not seen. It was reported to the Maharaj that the sun was observed in the land of the Mayangs. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, the Jubraj returned after catching an elephant. 9 Wednesday, there was a controversy on account of a pair of shoes which were sent by Yibungsi Netrajit from Aawa to his son. 10 Thursday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj left to hunt elephants. But he returned as it was reported that the elephants had escaped. 18 Friday, the brine in the Chandrakhong salt mine dried up (10). Paonam Cha the Pundit and others performed the appeasement rite with supplication. 26 Saturday, a tiger was caught in the foothills of Laikhuram Chingchin. 27 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. 4 Sunday, Thiyam Cha Aovi the Lakpa of Sanglen, the main office, and others left to start the digging of the salt well in Chandrakhong. 5 Monday, they began to build the royal palace Punsiba. 6 Tuesday, a grand child of Ningthem Mayangampa died. A tiger was caught in Wapakai and it was presented (to the king). 9 Friday, Ningthoukhong Cha the Poila (11) went to ask the Tangkhuns for their tribute payment which was due. 17 Friday, Thangjam Cha Nandi the Aayapuren Major left to attack the Phumnong Haos in Aawa. 18 Saturday, a Sahib (with others) left to open up a track. 19 Monday, Bajirasikdas Mahanta died. 22 Thursday, Aakhom Cha Yindrananda, Laitonjam Cha Toro, these two and two Leikai soldiers left for Karimganj to build a memorial (12) for the king’s royal grandmother. There was an earthquake that night. 27 Tuesday the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 28 Wednesday, Maisnam Cha Major left to establish a Khongchai village. New moon Friday, Thourani Maibya gave birth to a prince. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Saturday. 3 Monday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others built the Khombitot dam and blocked the waters. 5 Wednesday, as the Maharaj commissioned his royal younger brother the Jubraj to look in the matter of the (appointment of) junior and senior pibaship in the family of Langpoktapam, after having searched the records (the Jubraj) found Joyo who lived in Khurai to be the senior. The findings were reported to both the Ningthem’s extended family and the Pacha court and a verdict was given and the case was settled with the payment of a court fee (13). The next in line for the pibaship was Purna. 9 Saturday, Yipungsi Kher Sing the Lakpa of Institute of Eunuchs left for a pilgrimage to the Ganges. 15 Friday, two tigers were caught in Khombitok. 16 Saturday, Soni (14) was worshipped. On that day one tiger from Thangka and another from Kakching were caught https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

15

and both were presented (to the king). 21 Thursday, two Gosais of the Nityaibangsa group left. One Phiringki also arrived. A clock was presented to Ningthem. 14 Monday, Yipungsi the Jubraj returned from his elephant hunt as he did not find any elephants. 26 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 28 Friday, Moirangthem Cha the Keirungpa immediately began to dig the Sikhong salt well again. New moon Sunday, Thangjam Cha the Aayapuren returned after attacking the Haos of Phumnong. He subdued and made five Hao villages become tribute-paying villages. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Monday. 5 Thursday, Konsam Cha Major left to attack the Haos in the northern region. 10 Tuesday, the Haos from Changsen were received in court. They presented a servant to the king. The Maharaj presented that female servant to (Lai) Wangpuren (15). Hao Oinam Phusaba from the Northern region came and presented the tribute payment in ten pieces of clothes and two mounds of bees–wax. 13 Friday, the Haos from (the villages of) Lampui, Sokpao, Hongtung Khunlen, Sumtan, Phatang, and others, a total of twenty villages, raised the level of the road beginning from the (land) bridge which was in the front of the royal palace gate up to the market place (Sna Keithen). Thourani Laisra also gave birth to a prince. 20 Friday, a man of the Thoutem family who was felling a tree in Nungkham Warok, was pierced with a spear by a Mapao Hao, biting his lips (16) in utter determination. The victim died. 24 Tuesday, the Haos from Tama came and paid homage to Ningthem. There were two earth tremors during the dusk yuthak. 27 Friday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 28 Saturday, those who went to Karimganj to build the memorial returned. Konsaba the Major also returned after attacking the Haos. 29 Sunday, Yirungpam Tanjou the chief of Changkham died. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, as a message was received from the maker of coins from the land of the Mayangs, that Yumlenpam Hemo and Napet (barber) Saiton Ngampa, these two together with Konsapa (brass smith), Maisnam Major, and Phoukei Sangpam Dewan, (17) with these three, were involved (in an attempt on the throne), and when in response to this information, they were taken and interrogated by beating in the Cheirap court, it was found that all those mentioned were not involved. But only Yumlenpa and the Napet were found to be involved in the attempt on the throne. Yumlenpa was deported to Loi to Panlen and Napet to Langathen. 9 Tuesday, Aangoupamba Loklenkhomba had a daughter born to him. 10 Saturday, a double–pointed short sword (18) was presented (to the king) at three pung hour during the dawn yuthak. Children of Thourani Khoibi, Aachoibi, Aawangampi, and Thokchao Thourani, all four children of these four (ladies) had their ears pierced. They also began to build the boat house, the Leikhomsang building, and the building for Lainingthou Nongsapa, these three buildings. 11 Thursday, Thingkom maiden the wife of Yipungsi the Jubraj gave birth to a prince. 12 Friday, they worshipped Shri Brindaban Chandra. 13 Saturday, a streak of fire flew over the palace. 14 Sunday, Shrijut https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

(19) gave Cheityana Prabhu (image) one pari (20) of paddy field to Meitram village. On that day the Ningthem family divided themselves into Black and White teams and contested in a polo match and the White team won the match. 16 Wednesday, the royal family and the citizens of the country contested in a polo match and the citizens won the match. 24 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Chingpu and it was presented (to the king). As it was reported that while a trader from Mayang was relieving his bowels, he had a dragonfly sitting on his lips, he was arrested and brought to the king (21). 26 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. The month of Sachiphu (March/ April) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, a small star passed behind the moon (22). 5 Sunday, Yirusang and Leikhomsang buildings were inaugurated. 6 Monday, as Aakoijam Krati went to Wahengbam Maichou, who lived in Chingpu, went to collect the money which was owed to him for a boat, Wahengpam Maichou, Chaoba his son, and two of their servants, these four men, tied up Krati and threw him in the waters of Pukhrampam dam. The servant of a skilled professional swimmer saw it as he was rowing a boat (and helped him). He (Krati) was still alive. On questioning, Krati reported that the act was committed by Wahengpa. Wahengpa was deported to Loi to Chandrakhong and his two servants were put in chains. 9 Thursday, Thourani Aakoisu gave birth to a princess. 10 Friday, they began to build the Court building. 11 Saturday, a monk who held one of his arms stretched upwards all the time, arrived. 15 Wednesday, there was a lunar eclipse. 17 Friday, the small sen (coins) began to be used. On that day one Choitha Hao approached a woman of Satang who was gathering firewood and after asking her to cohabit with him, and when she refused, she was pierced with a spear. He and those other Haos who were involved were caught and put in chains. A tiger was caught in Waikok and it was presented (to the king). The court building was also inaugurated. 19 Monday, a sangngai (brow–antlered deer) was caught in the palace (complex). 20 Tuesday, all those who waited on the princes were dismissed and they were handed over to the Leikais so that they might join the Leikai armies. On that day Maisnam Cha Major and Chongtham Cha Major, these two who went to set up an army camp in Maklang, returned saying that the princes (who were making an attempt on the throne) had not come. 24 Friday, one Bengali gentleman arrived. A man from the Torangpam family who made the small sen illegally was deported to Loi to Chandrakhong. 26 Sunday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1

Kangla yaipung tingpa houye. Kangla yaipung: Various possible renderings: a) taking tingpa as to make a lay–out, to draw a line with the help of a cord, the centre or the chief area of Kangla; b) taking pung as referring to the Meetei pung or drum, and tingba to stretch: they began to stretch the skin for the special (yai) pung drum for the Kangla palace; c) taking pung as the Meetei water clock and tingpa as to immerse, it could refer to the revival of the Meetei time keeping. This method of time keeping continued well after the British arrived in Manipur.

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Translation 2

3 4 5

6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

14 15

16

17

Waikokki Laipung bu: literally, the Laipung which was in Waikok and which belonged to the Lai; bu the accusative particle. Laipung could be understood as: a) the court yard in front of any shrine of the Meetei lais. This courtyard normally served as the central gathering place of the village community to which the lai belonged. According to this reading the Lakpa of the Pana wanted to use this courtyard as the central gathering place for the Pana. b) as the pung drum which belonged to the lai; verb, pukhatlakpabu, meaning that which had been brought up, supports this reading. But pung (drums) used for the lais were not restricted to any particular lai as was the case with the pena, the string instrument, though both were used at the shrines. c) Lairemaki pungne haituna = hanthakhiye: literally, saying that the pung belonged to Lairema (diety); hanthakhiye, from hanthaba, to return to where one started from, meaning either he went back to his place (subject understood) or it (the drum) was retuned to its place. Pakhanglakpa: the Lakpa of Pakhangs, young unmarried men, in this case young cadets in the army. The Lais were allotted paddy fields which were looked after by the Lai attendants who in return enjoyed the produce of the field in lieu of service to the Lai. Khongye: past tense of khongba, to bark, to make a sound as with a musical instrument. Probably the timber produced a sound while contracting or expanding due to the weather. Month of Yinga is missing. Machi: scribal error for Macha, child. Menlei: flowering vine, species not known. Term used for the first time. Thouniye: conflation of thou touba: to perform a rite, and niye past indicative of niba to beg; a rite to expiate the displeasure of the spirit. Thouniye here implies the displeasure of the ancestral spirit of the ruling clan whose symbol is Taoroinai the serpent. Thumhi siye: literally, the brine died i.e. dried up. Poila: Bengali for first, rank in the army just below the Major. Term used for the first time. Phura: A memorial in the shape of a miniature temple. Term used for the first time in reference to a memorial. Wakheiye: Wa, word or the matter; kheiye: past tense of kheipa/ba, to separate, to clean up. Term normally used in reference to cleaning rice after husking, to separate the grain from the chaff. The derived meaning of the term indicates that the issue had been examined minutely and a verdict arrived at. When a case was settled, the winner normally paid to the king and members of the court concerned, a fee instead of the court fee or a settlement fee, wakheisen (sen currency). Term wakheiye is used for the first time. Soni: Hindu god Saturn who has an inauspicious attitude to those he does not favour and thereby causes misfortune. Term used for the first time. Nai nupi atu ‘that female servant’: atu meaning that, indicates that this was the same servant who was mentioned in the previous sentence. As there was already the custom of dedication of royal women to the lais’ service, this female servant probably was to assist in Wangpuren’s service. Wangpuren is the important Tutelary Deity of the South–east. It was not human sacrifice. Sakha chiktuna: scribal error for makha chiktuna; literally, biting his lips, similar to grinding his teeth.

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17 18

Dewan: Bengali for chief officer of a state or secretary. First time the term is used. Thang chinaipa: literally, sword with horns. This two–pronged short sword is also used at the Meetei Lai Haraoba religious festival. Term used for the first time. Shrijut: (or Shrijukta) Sanskritic honorific title prefixed to Hindu male, meaning power, might, beauty etc. (Shrijuktaa fem); another title for the king. Term used for the first time. This practice as applied to Hindu deities is mentioned for the first time. Khambrangchak: a long-tailed fly with transparent wings, dragonfly. The sentence is very obscure and perhaps refers to the Hindu ritual code of clean and unclean, or to sorcery. Term used for the first time. Changye: literally entered in and was not seen.

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20 21

22

Sakabda 1769 (1847 CE) The year of Kameng Khunjao, Sakbda 1769 (1847 CE). 27 Monday was the Cheiraopa the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu (March/April). Thursday new moon, the astrologers who were foreigners declared that there would be an eclipse but the astrologers of Manipur said that there would not be an eclipse. There was no eclipse. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Friday. 5 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Thoupan and it was presented (to the king). 7 Wednesday, the Maharaj sent barber (Napet) Mani, the temple clerk, to Shri Jaganath Khetra. 10 Sunday, Aakoijam Kumda, who came up from his house in Thoubal, prostrating all the way to Shri Govindaji, reached (the temple) after ten days. 11 Monday, when a father and his child went to a river, both were mauled by a tiger. The tigress and her four cubs were caught and they were presented (to the king). Another tiger was also caught in Lisamlok gorge and it was presented (to the king). 14 Thursday, Thangjabi, a wife of the king’s royal father, died. 17 Sunday, Meetengu Leiren Nonglen Sentren Manik Khompa gave the royal order to Muniram, the maker of shirts – who was also the Dewan – after appointing him as ambassador between the two countries of Manipur and Britain (1), to go as an envoy to the house of the Phiringki Sahep. The king was pleased to exempt all his three brothers from the compulsory duty to the country and this was recorded in the Puran. 20 Wednesday, they began to repair both the great palace and the royal (residential) palace buildings. 22 Friday, when the court, following the royal order, was making enquiries about some deserters from the Pana duties, the reason for their absence was discovered and they were allowed to go free by the Lakpas and the Keirungpas of the respective Institutes and by the Hanjapas and the Hitangs of the Institute of guards. The Lakpas, the Keirungpas, the Hanchapas and the Hitangs of the Institutes, all of them were put in chains. But when Paonam Cha the Pundit and Loktongbam Cha Laiba, these two advised the king while the king was celebrating the dedication of rice to his own ancestors, (2) that such an act (of chaining the courtiers) was not appropiate nor customary, they were set free. 23 Saturday, at noon the king took his royal seat (3) in the Kangla. 26 Tuesday, Soipam Cha the Poila set https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

19

out to attack the southern region. On that date there was an earthquake in the night. 28 Wednesday, they began to build a shed for the cow Kamdhenu and a birth house for Thourani. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Saturday. On that day, as a fish bone (4) was found in (the food offering) to Shri Govindaj, Bamon Teboinu the Lakpa of temple buildings was dismissed from his post. All the temple cooks and the Keirungpas of the dieties were punished. 2 Sunday, two–hundred Haos from Mutung Khunlen, the main village, in the southern region, arrived at the court. A royal order was given to settle them in Takhen as a border defence to guard from any possible attacks from the Haos in the northern region. 10 Monday, since the the main Institute of the Laipham (Pana) summoned all those from the family of Laisaram who were the guardians of the cow Kamdhenu for not taking part in their compulsory duties (to the Pana), even though they had been exempted from duty (by the king), the king deported the Lakpa, the Keirungpa, the Hanchapa and the Hitang (5) of the Institute, all of them, to Loi. 12 Wednesday, a branch of the pipal tree in the sacred area of Thouroijam Lairembi (6) broke. As it was reported that the Haos in Chandrakhong who had been subdued were running away, Maisnam Cha the husband of Sicha, and the Lakpa of Phungganai Institute went and made the Marings subjugate those who had run away. 13 Friday, another big branch of the pipal tree on the southern side (of the shrine) also broke. 20 Thursday, the Lakpa, the Keirungpa and the Hichapa of Laipham (Pana) all three returned from their deportation to Loi. 28 Wednesday, (7) Akoichampa the Hanjapa of the eunuchs died. 27 Thursday, Soibam Cha the Poila returned from his attack on Sakpao with eleven people whom he had captured in battle. Yinga was an intercalary month. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Monday. 6 Saturday, while the river by the Paonam anchoring place was being dredged, in which the Maharaj also participated, a child from the hills died at the Khwairampan bridge. 10 Wednesday, a case was filed in the Cheirap Court against the Khetra Morkantam family, that they were custodians (Lai manai) of Ramji (deity). It was found out during the trial that they were not the custodians of that deity, but that they (Khetra Morkantam’s family) owed money to Yingkutum, and also that they had reported to the Lanlup (duty) only once or twice. Yingkutum had bought (paid) Thokchao Khongjompa who lived in Khongchi, and made him report for duty (to the Lanlup) in his place. Khetri (Khetra Morkantam) was declared not guilty, and it was also found that in the days of Meetingu Wairang Pamheipa he had reported to the Khetri Institute (for Lanlup duties). But a verdict was passed that they were not the rightful custodians of the deity and he had to pay a court fee. 14 Sunday, a Hao who lived with Aoinam the Pukhranpa was drowned. 17 Wednesday, Taoroinai manifested himself in the deep waters by the Paonam (watering place) and in the swirling waters by the Mangnao (burial ground), in both these places. Maipas from the Institute of Maipas went down (to the river) and performed appeasement and supplication rites. 21 Sunday, Lairenlakpam Senchaipa who https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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went to the southern area to fell a tree for a big pung (drum) for the Garot court, returned. The tree trunk was one lam in length. 26 Thursday, Yibungsi Khero who went to the Ganges returned. 29 Sunday, Taoroinai appeared in the deep waters by Paota (watering-place) and the Maiba Institution went to perform appeasement and supplication rites. The month of Yingen (June/ July) began on Tuesday. On that day the public reading of the Bhagabot (8) before Shrijut Maharaj was completed after fifteen years. 4 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 10 Friday, Ningthem went down to (the house of) Thamanti Thakur as he was dying. 12 Sunday, Thamanti Thakur died. Shri Moirangthem Cha Chandra Singh was appointed the Selungba. 18 Friday, Shri Maharaj made a monk who was a foreigner and who had been holding up his arm continuously for fifteen years, to lower his hand, during a feast which he had offered to Shri Govinda at which the Brahmans and Beishnaps were also present. On that day a tiger was also caught in Thangka and was presented (to the king). 2 Friday, (9) the bank of the moat burst by Chingchabu bridge. The Institute buildings which dealt with Leikais (residential lanes) and builders for state buildings, these two were flooded. 3 Saturday, a tiger entered the house of one Heisnam in Kokchai and seven people were bitten. 5 Monday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. On that day they began to establish Aarai Leima (10). 7 Wednesday, the royal son went down to Kokchai and caught the man–eating tiger and it was presented (to the king). 8 Thursday, Thourani the Chingakham maiden gave birth to a princess. 10 Saturday, Yipungsi the Jubraj had a prince born to him. 15 Thursday, Aaheibi, another wife of Yibungsi the Jubraj, also gave birth to a princess. In the evening a tiger attacked two cows by the inner Thangabat moat in the palace Complex. 24 Friday, a tiger and a stag were found dead in the sacred area of Lai Nongpok (11) whose custodian was Khoirom. On that day a tiger was caught in Sekta and it was presented (to the king). The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Friday. All the new recruits in the army were made to practice target shooting. 4 Monday, Yirom Cha the Major and Konsam Cha the Major, these two along with others left to attack the Khongchais at Saya. 7 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 13 Tuesday, Shri Mahasoi went back. 15 Friday, there was a lunar eclipse. 19 Tuesday, there was a polo match between the princes … (12), the princes won the match. In the night there was thundering at Lai Koubru. 24 Sunday, Aakoijam Purna Sing, who went to Tarao in search of royal garments which were worn by previous kings, returned with one (shirt) which was said to have been worn by the ancestor, Garibniwaz Maharaj, two gapei singlangpa and one waphak (13), these four garments. He was allowed to keep one of the garments. 25 Monday, Yirom Cha Major returned after attacking the Khongchais. He captured in battle Yangpi the chief, Sayareng the brave, and others, a total of 2,050 people. (14) He also brought with him one male and one female alive, the Saphi–lanphi shawl (15) for gallantry which belonged to Saya the chief, along with two guns, one sword and two spears which belonged to the chief, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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21

and presented all of them to Maharaj. 26 Tuesday, the barber Mani, the temple clerk, who went to Jaganathkhetra, returned. 27 Wednesday, the Khaki Haos, (16) including the chief of Chasat and along with (some) people from four villages, were received at court. They presented two brass-bossed gongs to the king. On that day a tiger was caught in Kongba. 28 Thursday, one Wuren (17) fell in front of Shri Govinda and died. Saturday new moon, there was a solar eclipse and the sun set while still in eclipse. A tiger was caught in the garden of Chongtham by the river bank in Kongpa and it was presented (to the king). The month of Mera (September/October) began on Sunday. 3 Tuesday, Konsam Cha Major who went to raid the Khongjais returned. He captured in battle the Khongjai chief of the village and he was brought before the king. A servant and one bossed gong was also presented to the king. 7 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. The king seated himself on the throne in Kangla. 10 Tuesday, the Kwaktanba ritual took place. The Maharaj occupied the palace Punsiba and danced the Thengkou ritual dance (18). On that day the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for Kanglatongpi in the north to hunt elephants. 12 Thursday, (the bodies) of two Sumtan Haos from the area of Sinnam village, who had been killed by the people of Kom for stealing cattle, were brought before the king. They were rewarded with two Tulaiphi (19) cloths and a pair of measures of salt. 15 Tuesday, an elephant whose tusks had not yet grown arrived within four pung hours after the noon yuthak. The royal younger brother the Jubraj also arrived. 16 Wednesday, two more elephants which had tusks also arrived. 19 Saturday, two elephants which had grown their tusks and two female elephants, these four elephants, were presented to the royal younger brother the Jubraj. 20 Sunday, Aamu the Lakpa of Khwai died. 21 Monday, Nongthonpa the Poila died. 22 Tuesday, the Maharaj offered a gun to the lai in Kakching Khunou village. 23 Thursday, Ningngonpa the swordsman in Khurai lane was killed by an elephant which had not yet grown its tusks as he was chasing it, after the elephant had entered his garden. 28 Tuesday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for Koubru to hunt elephants. Blood was also spilt at Shri Govindaji (’s temple). Thursday new moon, a man from the Mayanglampam family was eaten by a tiger. Soibya the Poila left to hunt that tiger. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, Laipupam Bamon the temple steward died. 4 Monday, four man– eating tigers were caught in Mayang Yimphan. 7 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 10 Saturday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj who went to hunt elephants returned as he did not find any. 12 Monday, a tiger was caught in Khanpokpi and it was presented (to the king). 14 Wednesday, Chongtham Cha the Selungpa returned after collecting the tribute payment in bees–wax which was due from the people in the northern region. He devastated the village of Ngaruphengma which had 700 families. He captured in battle Ngaruthou, Ngarulang, and Ngaruthek, these three and others, a total of twenty–five people and brought them before (the king). They were https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

killed (20). He also captured nine people alive. They also found and repossesed one cannon which had been left behind when Meetengu Chingthangkhompa attacked Moran. The nine Hao prisoners who were alive were allowed to return (to their places). Those Hao villages which were subdued and conquered were Khebumee, Rekhomee, Tehamee, Kichammeetum, Kingmee, Kommee, Chakhamee, Lisamee, Kantirammee, Terochemee, Cheromee, Cheremee, Meremee, Neremee, Posamee, Tesamee, and Ngaruphengmee, a total of sixteen Hao villages were subjugated and made tributary. The tribute was paid with three ivory tusks, five spears, three mounds of beeswax, guns, and one cannon. All these items were brought by the Haos who were subdued and presented to the Maharaj in lieu of their tribute payments. 22 Thursday, a striped buffalo from Takhen was presented to Shrijut. 23 Friday, a tiger was caught in Tengkhan in Lammangtong and it was presented (to the king). 28 Thursday, the son of Thangjapa Wutom came and informed that Yipungsi Chiba, a son (born) to the king of the land of Mayang, had come to claim the throne (of Manipur). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Sunday. On that day, the houses for Thourani the Chingkhan maiden, Thokchao, and the Nongmaithem maiden, all three houses were on fire. The royal kitchen also was burnt. 6 Thursday, Maisnam Cha Major and Yirom Cha Major these two along with 300 sepoys, marched to battle to Maklang when it was reported a (Meetei) prince had marched from Mayang to attack the land. 8 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 11 Tuesday, they saw an image of Mahabali Thakur (Hanuman). 13 Thursday, Thangjam Cha Nanti the Aayapuren Major (21) died. 20 Thursday, Shri Hanuman’s (Mahabali Thakur) carving was beautified. 21 Friday, Maisnam Cha Muhon Major died in the battle in Maklang. That night streaks of fire flew across the sky above the palace and in Maklang. 22 Saturday, Loktonpam Cha Major left to replace Maisnam Cha Major. 24 Monday, blood was spilt in front of the Top Garot (the military headquarter in Kangla). 25 Tuesday, Ngaseppa Jamander came and presented two guns (to the king) saying that Saheps (British) had captured the Meetei prince (who had marched) from Mayang. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, the daughter of Ngangpa the Senlungpa died by hanging. 3 Wednesday, guru Nandan Baneswar was crowned as the guru. On that day all those who went to battle in Maklang returned. During the battle in the south also three men were mauled by a tiger. Even though the same tiger was lured into an enclosure, it escaped in the night. 4 Thursday, the same tiger was again lured into an enclosure in Heipok and was caught. 9 Monday, a tiger was caught in Moirang and was presented (to the king). On that day the Sangkranti of Lamta also began. 15 Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. 21 Sunday, Meetengu Nongpok Wairang Pamheipa had the stone which had been erected in the Sna Keithen (Royal market) moved and placed where it was originally, saying that this same stone belonged to Nongsapa (22). Friday, Thakur Konok Komlakanta the Hanjapa died. Keisam Cha the Nongthonpa also died of heart attack. The https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Tuesday. 3 Thursday, an inhabitant of Braja arrived. 8 Tuesday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11

12 13 14 15

16 17 18

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Leipak animaki langtai paihantuna. Laipak animakki: of two countries, langtai literally one who mediates, in this context an ambassador to another country. First time the term for the post is used. Naputhou cheng hongeita: Naputhou your male ancestors, cheng hongba, to dedicate the rice. A common practice amongst traditional societies is to dedicate the first harvest of the year to the ancestors. The main rice harvest takes place between February and March. This dedication ceremony may also be connected with the ceremony in which the king is involved and which was to take place on the following day. Pham tongye: literally, assumed the post. Usually the term pham is used for a post while phampan is used for the throne. Probably it refers to the king taking his seat on the throne at the rice dedication rite, since the king’s enthronement had already taken place. Though only vegetarian dishes cooked in the temple kitchens are offered to Hindu deities in Manipur, Brahmin temple attendants themselves were, and still are, not strict vegetarians, and almost all of them ate fish even at that period. Hanjapa, Hitang scribal dittograpy. Thouroijam Lairembi: ancestral mother of the Thouroijam clan. It indicates displeasure of the lai. Misplacement of text. Bhagabot taba: literally listening to the Bhagabot. Amongst the Meeteis any public reading before an audience is done by a professional narrator in rhetorical style. At the peak of hinduisation such recitation of the Bhagavat Purana became a popular method of Vaishnanite proselytisation. The name of the month of Thawan is missing. Aarai Leima: probably another name for Yirai Leima, deity of waters. Lai Nongpok: Nongpok means east and refers to an ancestral figure who led the original settlers from the East. In a culture where ancestral veneration is practised he is referred to as Lai, divine ancestor. In the Meetei oral history he is referred as Nongpokk Ningthou (king) and is connected with Panthoibi the autochthonous lai whom he met and fell in love with. Incomplete sentence. Gapei singlangpa and wanphak: not identifiable. Refers to the subjugation of the Kongchais, confirmed in the following sentence in which tribute payment is mentioned. Saphi–lanphi: a shawl given as a reward with beautifully embroidered borders of delicate and complicated patterns in colours of gold, red, white, and black on natural silk of a brown colour. These clothes were presented by the king for merit and gallantry to those who were the most expert in wielding spears. Khaki Hao: a tribal group of eastern origin. Wuren: a rare indigenous bird now extinct. Thengkou: a ritual dance performed mostly by kings with sword and shield, following prescribed steps in front of Pakhangpa for his favour and for success. First time the term is used. Tulaiphi: literally, cloth used in the palanquins; a multi–coloured woven cloth with borders and block patterns woven into the cloth. It was used as a reward cloth. The

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20 21 22

The Cheitharon Kumpapa expert weavers of this cloth were the Wahengbam and Kabacham families. First time the term is used. Hatye: killed. Not clear if they were killed in battle or executed after being taken prisoners. But the following sentence indicates the former. Aayapuren Major: the most senior of all the majors. Presumably the scribe has missed out a sentence or there is textual dislocation, since Nongpok Wairang Pamheipa reigned from 1813 to 1820 CE.

Sakabda 1770 (1848 CE) The year of Yumnam Khema Sing Sakabda 1770 (1848 CE). 9 Wednesday was the Cheiraopa the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 16 Wednesday, (people of) the four Leikais including all the Lakpas and Keirungpas of Institutes, and senior court officials, all of them dredged a river together. On that day the king of Tekhao sent a message to Shrijut Maharaj saying that no maipa from those countries which he had approached to cure the sickness (1) from which he had been suffering had been successful, but that he had heard that there were skilled maipas in Manipur, and so he was making a request to the king that one of them be sent to him. The Maharaj gave a royal order that Langkonjampa Hem Sing should go to Tekhao to attend (him). The ailment from which the king of Tekhao suffered was diagnosed, and after six months’ treatment, which was succesful, the king of Tekhao himself presented to the Maharaj two ivory combs inlaid with gold. As a farewell gift to Langkonjampa Hemo Sing, he was presented with a gold filigree shirt, one gold necklace, gold and silver (in kind); he was escorted back on an elephant’s back, and he arrived after travelling for three days. (He brought) all these gifts given to him to the Maharaj and presented them to him. But the king granted the shirt and the gold necklace to him saying that he should wear them. 18 Friday, they began to build the Garot building. Yipungsi the Lakpa of Khwai also left to barricade Maklang. 15 Friday, the Wurungpa Institute building (2) was set alight. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Thursday. A comet appeared. 2 Friday, the Garot building was inaugurated and they also began to build a shrine for Pakhangpa. 3 Saturday, the (king) took his seat on the throne in Kangla. (3). 6 Tuesday, Thourani the Langmaithem maiden gave birth to a princess. 11 Saturday, (4) the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 12 Sunday, Yumnapa was flogged in the royal market place as he was found to be the match–maker trying to get Konchengpi, the wife of Huitrom Kriti Sing, to have an affair with the son of Thumchaolungpa Aachoipa the conscript. Konjengpi was kept in the custody of the Tolaipapa (5). Pannanda, and Aachoipa, who was the son of the chief of Moirang, both of them were deported to Loi to Phoukakchao. Laisupa was also deported to Loi to Panlen. 18 Sunday, a tiger was caught in Kokchai and it was presented (to the king). Lairikyengpa Hitang was also deported to Loi to Wakchingkei. 23 Friday, a Hao from Sumtan who was a cattle rustler was beheaded by the people of Konsam Leikai and the head was brought (to https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the king). The head was buried in Soukrapan. The month of Yinga (May/ June) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, two gosais from the family of Nityai (6) arrived. One hundred Khongchais from the southern region also arrived. Ningthem established a village for them in Wairi. They were also allowed to settle in Thamnong and Snahal Lokchao. 4 Monday, there was a contest for the Naha and Aahan (junior and senior) positions (in the family) between Sangkoipa the Hanjapa of Aoinam Khapam Yinpa and the Hitang of the army, between these two. The Hitang of the army was found to be in the right. Sangkoipa the Hanchapa was found to be in the wrong and thus nine people, including Sangkoipa and his four sons, were deported to Loi to Chandrakhong. 7 Thursday, Meetingu Leiren Nonglen Sentrang Manikkhompa held a durbar and gave the order that all the Pangans who were Keicha and Loicha, Yiram and Yipan (7) should resettle in their respective areas. 12 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 18 Monday, all those who were sepoys and were old and weak were given into the care of the Sanglen Institute. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, Bamon Thakur Jagatham the Sanlung Puren brought one hundred Khutingkai Haos from the Khaki area and a new village was established for them in Takhen Chirang. 8 Sunday, the Maharaj gave orders to the Institute of Astrologers that some of them should take lessons as they were not up to standard. 9 Monday, Yipungsi Sangkoi Tapa and Yipungsi Aangou, both of them, were married to maidens from the Aoinam family and Khumanthem family respectively. 12 Thursday, the king’s personal horse died. 14 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 16 Monday, Kratitthaja (the horse) was selected to be the king’s personal horse. 20 Friday, there was a race. The polo (match) also began. 24 Monday, a tiger was caught in Taknakha. 25 Tuesday, one of the servants (8) of Sija from Sanoucham family was found hanged. 28 Friday, the fast barge was pulled so that it might rain. There was no rain in both the months of Yinga and Yingen. 29 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Khapeesoi. Konlek Hao from Khaki also arrived. A village was established for them in Kangngamung. New moon Sunday, the (paint work) on the image of Shri Ramchantra turned reddish by itself (9). The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Monday. 13 Saturday, the king took his seat on the throne in Kangla. 14 Sunday, there was a dispute concerning the allocation of clearing and cleaning of certain areas (10) between Thoutem Cha the Hitang of Eunuchs and Thangcham Cha the senior Keirungpa. The case was decided against the Keirungpa and he was deported to Loi to Wakchingkei. 16 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 22 Monday, a baby which had no chin and had a string tied round the hand was born in the family of Bamon Gurumayum. Also the dead body of a man from the family of Ningthoujam was discovered in the area of Charangpat. 27 Friday, a tiger was also caught. 29 Sunday, the son of the chief of Moirang, Panlananda Aachoipa, and Laisangpa, these three men were (reprieved and) summoned from their deportation (to Loi). The month of Langpan (August/September) began on https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

Tuesday. 15 Saturday, the river overflowed at Khombitot. 15 Wednesday, the mist was rising up (from the ground) like smoke and mud rained down (from above). 17 Friday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. On that day Khetra Kala of Nobamayum family had a quarrel with Khana Chaopam. The case was decided in favour of Kala Nobamayum and against Khana Chaopam. Khana Chaopa was deported to (Loi) to Ningen. 22 Tuesday, a tiger was caught at the confluence of the Thouban river. 23 Wednesday, six majors were deported to Loi. 26 Saturday, all of them were summoned back from deportation. A tiger was also caught in a ditch in Hentak and it was presented (to the king). The month of Mera (September/October) began on Thursday. 5 Monday, Nganglonpa the Hitang of palanquin attendants was deported to Loi to Chandrakhong as he did not handle correctly the arranged marriage of his daughter. 7 Wednesday, two tigers were caught in Phumlou and they were presented (to the king). 11 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for Kheithen Manbi to hunt elephants. 14 Wednesday, they trapped an elephant in the song enclosure. 15 Thursday, a man from Huitrom family, who was an attendant to the Institue of Builders died as a tree (fell and) injured him. 17 Saturday, a big elephant with tusks broke down the song enclosure and escaped. 19 Monday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 26 Sunday, those who went to hunt elephants returned. They caught eight elephants and presented them (to the king). It thundered greatly but there was no rain. 27 Monday, a tiger was caught in Kumphi and it was presented (to the king). Another tiger was also caught in Yairipok and it was presented (to the king). Sebita the elephant calved. But the calf died soon after it was born. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Saturday. 4 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Khapisoi. 5 Wednesday, they began to build a temple for Mahadeba. It was inaugurated right away. 15 Saturday, Thourani the Khoipam maiden gave birth to a prince. Yelangpa subidar also left for the land of Mayang to fetch gunpowder. The Maharaj gave an order to fix the price of salt at one hundred sen per one measure (one hundred) of salt discs. The women traders in salt refused the new price as they found that it was below the cost price. They did not sell any salt. The price for one measure of salt went up to five hundred Sen. It was announced that it was too costly and so the women salt traders were once again requested to sell salt. 20 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 25 Monday, most of the heads of the salt wells were deported to Loi and their tasks were given to the Phamthous. Chongtham Cha Senlungpa also left for Changoupung to dig and prepare a song enclosure to trap elephants. Thiyam Cha Senlungpa also left for Suknu to dig and prepare another song enclosure. 28 Thursday, three Brajabasis went back. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Sunday. Fish and salt were very costly. 4 Wednesday, there was a polo tornament which was named Mera Kangchei (11). The noble and the brave men were also present. They were fined on the grounds that they were not able to offer service to the king. (12). 6 Saturday, Yelangpa subidar also left https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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for Mayang to fetch gunpowder. 12 Thursday, Maisnam Cha Gourasyam the chief of Luwang died. 14 Saturday, Thouklaucham Cha subidar and others devastated the Chawai Haos as it was reported that it was not possible (on account of them) to dig the song enclosure to trap elephants. 19 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The Khongchais devastated the Haos in Nunggatao. Singkam Cha the Dewan and Thouklaucham Cha subidar, these two and others marched with 200 Sepoys to attack the Hoas and they killed 150 Haos. 20 Friday, Lairenlakpam Cha the Hajari and others left for Kameng to dig a song enclosure to trap elephants. 22 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left to hunt elephants. 26 Thursday, the cannon was displaced. New moon Monday, those who marched to Nukatang to repel those who came to attack returned. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Tuesday. Thoukrojam Cha and Nongmaithem Cha subidars along with others devastated the three Hao villages of Khamson, Leesan and Song as they prevented them digging a song enclosure to trap elephants. 2 Wednesday, they returned from the elephant hunt as they did not find any. 4 Friday, the house of Yirom Cha Major caught fire. 5 Saturday, Oinam Cha Sangkoipa the Hanjapa was summoned back from his deportation to Loi in Chandrakhong. Ketrakhana Chaopa also was summoned back. 6 Sunday, all the Bamons who were expelled to the rural areas were also summoned back. After having been tried in the court they were all sent back to the villages again as they failed to arrive at an amicable solution (13). 10 Thursday, the Maharaj sang at the Kirtan of Thakur Kanto the Hanjapa of the Konoks. 11 Friday, the Haos who settled at Poirou caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 17 Wednesday, Phoukei Sangpam Cha the Aayapuren Major and others left to raid the Haos in order that the supply of rice and fish might become abundant (14). 19 Friday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 21 Sunday, Tongbram Cha the Lakpa of the Naharup (Pana) left to repel the Khongchais who had marched to attack. All those from Moirang to the Samupan area were subdued and they became tribute payers. 28 Monday, all the people from the villages of the four Leikais carried bricks to repair the royal gate. 29 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. New moon Wednesday, a white cloth was spread in Koubru (mountain) (15). A tiger which had eaten an elephant was caught at Chaopok gorge and was presented (to the king). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, Hotam Cha the Lakpa of the Institute of the male voice choirs died. 3 Saturday, Yibungsi, a Jubraj whose mother was the Maharani (of Mayang) and who was born of a man from Ningthoukhong, arrived from the land of Mayang. He (the Mayang Jubraj) presented to the Maharaj the sacred objects which belonged to the two ancestors Pakhangpa and Snamahi (16). 4 Sunday, a lai manifested itself at the royal gate. The Maipa performed apeasement and supplication rites. 5 Monday, they began to build the brick wall of the royal gate (17). They also began to build Mongpa Sangmei (Institute) building. A cow ran into the presence of Maharaj and let her calf suck milk (18). They https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

also began to build a birth house for Thouranai the Thokchom maiden. 13 Monday, Bamon Thakur Mani, the Hanjapa who was deported to the rural area, died. All those who attended his cremation were excommunicated by the Maharaj (19). 14 Tuesday, one snake charmer from Mayang performed a show in the Cheirap court (ground). 17 Friday, those who went to fight the Kapos returned. They also began to block up Khompitot Thinglen dam. 19 Monday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 22 Wednesday, the son of Meetingu Tamlen Khompa’s daughter, arrived with his mother, who was a (Meetei) princess and also the Mayang Leima (queen of Mayang). A cloth was also spread at Koubru. 27 Tuesday, there was a great flood. 28 Wednesday, a thunderbolt fell at the Konthoucham family plot. New moon Friday, there was a solar eclipse. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Saturday. 6 Wednesday, all the sacred objects which belonged to Snamahi and Pakhangpa which had been brought from the land of the Mayangs were installed in their rightful places. 8 Friday, a tiger was caught when Lamthi was on fire and it was presented (to the king). 11 Monday, Ningthem presented a gold Ngangkoi necklace, (20) gold bracelets, a shirt made of cloth with the khamen chatpa (21) design and Lamthang khulat cloth, (22) the full attire (to the prince) (23). 15 Friday, there was a lunar eclipse and no one saw the moon. 18 Monday, they began to build the great palace. 19 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. Four people from Sekmai and one from Sikong, these five people ran away to Kapo. 21 Thursday, the royal younger brother and others left to hunt elephants. 25 Monday, they returned as they did not find any. 26 Tuesday, the Kyamlei tree (24) which was growing in the Thangkan (lai) sacred area fell as it was uprooted. 29 Friday, the lai made a noise at the palace gate. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Sunday. There was a strong gale and the Nonghum building, (25) Kangla (building), the Cheirap (court building) and Thonglen (main gate), these four, were blown down. The Nonghum building was rebuilt right away. 2 Monday, Konsam Cha Major and others left for Koubru to fell trees for buidings in the Kangla complex. There was an earthquake in the night. 3 Tuesday, the great palace was inaugurated. 5 Thursday, the royal younger brother Khunchaopa, the Hanchapa of the elephant hands, put his servant in chains. As it was said that it was not proper for the sons of kings to put any person in chains, the victim was brought (before the king). 10 Monday, (26) the Mayang Leima (queen) scattered coins in the Sna Keithen (the royal market place). 12 Tuesday, the princess who was the Mayang Leima, both mother and her son, left. The Maharaj gave a horse, an elephant, buffaloes, cattle and many other items without leaving out anything as a wedding gift (27). 14 Friday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left to pull down the timber which was felled for the Kangla buildings. 16 Sunday, Nanda the servant of Yipungsi Keipha was deported (to Loi) to Suknu as it was reported that he had stolen cattle. 19 Wednesday was Bisu Sangkranti.

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Translation 1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9

10

11 12 13 14

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Laithung: literally, something given by a lai (divinity); conflation of lai, divinity, thungpa verb to hand over something as a share. Present day meaning of the term is leprosy. But the term could also refer to any undiagnosed ailment. First time the term is used. Wurungpa Loisang: Wurungpa Institute dealt with forestry and anything manufactured from trees or bamboos. Term used for the first time. Pham Toye: scribal error for pham tongye, took his seat on the throne. Discrepancy on the date. Tolaipaba / Dolaipaba: police constable. Term used for the first time. Nityai Bangsa: Bengali, bangsa the line or family. Nityai bangsa: if this is not a family name it indicates the followers of Nityai, the founder of Chaitanyaite Vaishnavism. Keicha and Loicha: granary keepers and those from the Loi areas, Yiram and Yipan: those who had their own areas and areas where their forefathers settled. Sicha manai: servant of Sicha, gender not indicated. Aonle: past tense of aonba to change, either by itself or deliberately. Since any new renovation on an image is mentioned in ritual terms, here most likely the change refers to the paint changing its colour by itself. Lamsengpa: from lam land area, sengpa to clean or to clear, here the management and upkeep of specific ground areas. Probably it was a dispute regarding task allocation relating to the environment. Mera Kangchei: a polo tournament which was to have taken place in the month of Mera. Meaning of the sentence is obscure. The point of dispute is not mentioned but the disagreement was amongst the many different groups of incoming alien Brahim residents. Chak hong nga hongnapa: literally, in order to make rice and fish become less costly and abundant. The phrase is always used in the religious festival of Lai Haroaba (the Pleasing the Gods) where abundance of food is begged from the lais. In this case the food supply was believed to be increased by raiding. Koubru phingou phouye: Phingou means white cloth. Sometimes a white cloth is also used to indicate a sacred area. Phouye past tense of phouba: to spread out. Possible meanings: a) a Lai Haroaba festival on the sacred Koubru mountain. A four sided white canopy is an essential requirement in the Lai Haraoba festival; or b) the placing of a white cloth to mark the sacred area, or c) white clouds in the sky in the direction of the Koubru mountain. Sometimes signs were read in the cloud formation. The meaning of the sentence is obscure. First time this phrase is used. Maputhou Pakhangpa Snamahi animaki khuphampu: literally, sacred objects associated with ancestors Pakhangpa and Snamahi. Pakhangpa had always been regarded as the ancestral deity of the Meetei royal house. But there is no allusion to Snamahi being conceived as an ancestor, only as the supreme deity. With the establishment of the Meetei supremacy in the confederacy it is likely that the supreme God of the people began to be taken over as also a deity of the incoming Pakhangba group. This is the first reference to Snamahi (Sanamahi) as ancestor. It is possible that this phrase is a later scribal insertion. From the time of Chingthangkhompa (also known as Jai Singh or Bhagyachandra) indigenous religious expressions and practices began to be adapted to Hindu Vaisnavite practices. Sahouye: began to build, for saba houye; sa short form of infinitive saba to build, houye began. Alternatively, sahouye may be past continuous, as they were building.

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18 19

20 21

22

23 24 25 26 27

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Since there is no qualifying clause after sahouye, the second reading is unlikely. There is a change in the scribal style from this point. Taken as a good omen by the Meetei Hindus after the adoption of the sacred cow cult. No indication if this was on caste basis or royal displeasure or internal faction between migrant Brahmins settled in the land, but it was the beginning of the practice of excommunication, which was the prerogative of the king. First time this practice is mentioned. Gold Ngangkoi necklace: a string of egg-shaped beads made of gold worn by both men and women aristocrats. Khamen chatpa: a cloth on which the curves of a snake, the emblem of the royal clan is printed. The print is always in dark mauve, the colour of an egg plant and hence the name khamenchatpa, khamen meaning egg plant, chatpa to wander, to go, referring to the curve of the snake. Only the royal household and those to whom it was given as a reward were permitted to wear clothes with this design. Lamthang khulat (Khuthat): a very fine intricately designed silk cloth. Khuthat from khut (hand) and hat from hatpa: to make a design by hand into the body of the woven garment along with the borders in varied intricate patterns while weaving the cloth. The shawl is used by ladies and a longer piece is used by men as a head dress (kokyet). In the kokyet only the border is patterned. Incomplete sentence, not clear to which of the two princes these presents were given. Kyamlei: an indigenous flowering tree. Nonghum sang: a building in the Kangla complex near the area where the king is crowned. Its function is obscure. Discrepancy by one day. Lanwunpot: conflation of wunba, term used for a wedding gift to a daughter from her parents, lan wealth. This is a delayed bridal gift given to a Meetei princess married outside the country. Later Lanwunpot or Aawunpot came to be used for Hindu dowry. Dowry was previously unknown in Manipur, though there is some evidence that bride–price (bride wealth) may have been paid in pre–Hindu times. Traditionally, only a Leirum, a hand woven thick shawl with distinctve design, is given as a wedding gift. First time the term is used.

Sakabda 1771 (1849 CE) The year of Leimapokpam Tanchou, Sakabda 1771 (1849 CE). 20 Thursday was the Cheiraopa the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. While Nanteipam Aakari was transporting paddy in Khoimom village, a wild boar charged at him and wounded him and he died. Another man from the Thiyam family also died. 21 Saturday, the foundation post for the Kangla building arrived. 22 Sunday, Thourani the Thokchao maiden gave birth to a princess. All the trees which were felled for the Kangla (building) were also delivered to the front of the Utra. 26 Thursday, there was an earthquake. 28 Saturday, two head of cattle were bitten by a tiger in the grove of Tarung Lairemma. No one went in as it was said that it was a sacred and forbidden area for any one to enter. The royal younger brother the Jubraj, who had gone to fell trees for the Kangla building, also returned. One Phanchoupam maiden married to the family of Khomdram, and who was said to be mentally disturbed, was https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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found climbing half-way to the top of the Chingngang Khongnang pipal tree. She was coaxed down with the ringing of handbells (1). A thunderbolt also fell near the temple of one Ngangpam family. Takhelampam Doyanithi, was arrested and then led by the people of Kakching to the Cheirap court with a slave-collar round his neck, when they heard that he had taken and used the royal sword to kill a cow and had eaten it in the village of Kakching; he also arrived at the court. When he was asked who had planned the whole incident, he confessed that it was all planned by Bamon Thakur Jagatham the superintendant of cattle (Sanlung Puren). The Bamon was found guilty and was deported (to Loi) to Wakchingkei. But Doyanithi was put in chains. Two inhabitants of Kakching, Kapi and Sam Sing, these two were given a flogging and then sent back to their villages. The month of Kalen (April/ May) began on Monday. After it was reported that five Khongchai Haos had been killed on the road to Mayang, the people left to repel the attackers. 3 Wednesday, the Bamon, the superintendant of cattle, was summoned back. 4 Thursday, the father of Ningthoucham Rasikananda died when he was struck by lightning at the foothills of Thoubantong village. 6 Saturday, two long benches which were brought from the Haochong main village, to be placed along the path to Kangla, also arrived. 7 Sunday, Wusam Cha the leader of the coxswains (Hinao Hanpa) (2) died. 10 Wednesday, a bull which was allowed to roam freely was brought from Lamangtong and it was presented to the Maharaj. 11 Thursday, the person from Tourangpam family who was deported to Loi was summoned to return. 15 Monday, the news of the victory of the Phiringki (British) against the people of Lahore (3) was received. A twenty–two gun salute was fired. 21 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 24 Wednesday, the elephant Wangkheirakpi gave birth to a male calf. 28 Sunday, the Khongchai Haos devastated Moirang village. The royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left to repel them, and they captured five people who were brought before (the king). They also captured guns. The prisoners were recorded in Nungkoibi. (The Khongchais) also killed and took (the heads of) two Moirangs and two guns. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, the royal younger brother returned after repelling the Khongchais. 3 Friday, the Major in charge of granary security guards, and Thoiya subidar, these two, lost their posts for failing to reach the area where they should have gone to repel the enemy. The Aawontar major, seven people from the Wangkheimayum family, and two people from Lairenmayum family were deported to Loi. 5 Saturday, they were summoned back. 8 Tuesday, the queen planted a pipal tree in the Sna Keithen market. 12 Saturday, omens were seen in Kuchu (in the Kangla complex). A branch of the Wuyun tree in the Nungcheng area (in the Kangla complex) also broke (4). Another omen was also seen in Phanton in Kangla. 13 Sunday, three hog deers ran into the Aawangkeithen market and the Haos captured them. 14 Monday, one Chingjagu tree was planted at Mangnao burial ground (5) to replace the original tree which had died. 16 Thursday, a tiger was caught at the confluence https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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in Thoupan and it was presented (to the king). 17 Friday, Chongtham Cha Major and others left for Moirang to receive submission (of the people) (6). 19 Monday, the princess married into the Chingakham family died. The last rites took place in the palace and in the Chingakham family (7). 23 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, a tiger was caught in Wangpan and it was presented (to the king). Tengkhan discovered (8) a big bell in the Aapong embassy ground. The bell was presented to the Maharaj. 19 Monday, there was a landslide in Langkon. Paddy plants were damaged on a large scale as an oily substance came into contact with them (9). 23 Friday, a tiger was caught in Wurup and it was presented (to the king). Menuthong bridge also broke. They also began to build a birth house and prepare all the other essential tasks for Thourani Aakoisu. 25 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. Omens were seen in the Sna Keithen royal market. 12 Tuesday, when the Maharaj decided to cultivate paddy in the area of south Tenkei, it did not take place because it was a sacred area and not appropriate. 16 Sunday, there was an outrageous incident in the Langmaithem (extended family). And Bhorot senlungpa, Daya Yintra subidar the husband of a princess, Pamchoupa Thumchao Puren, and Kumut Sing, along with his mother and his child, all of them were deported to each Loi area. Yintra Subdar and Thumchao Puren the husband of the princess, these two, and most of the people of the (Langmaithem) clan were pardoned and saved. 21 Friday, Huidrom Tolen the Hitang of the Eunuchs died. Nongthonpa the courtier, who was the Hanjaba of the bridges, was flogged in the Sna Keithen royal market as he did not use (the title) Shri, before Maharaj in his writing. 24 Sunday, while an image of Lainingthou Khoriphaba which was in Phoiching was in the process of being cast by Pukhranpam Banop and Likmapam Mantra, these two, they were told that the lai did not consent to it and it was not appropriate. Both of them were stopped and only the sacred area (of the lai) was prepared. 26 Tuesday, a man from the Pangnganpam family caught a tiger in Lampun and it was presented (to the king). 28 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. Three men who ran away from felling trees for the Kangla building were (captured and) sent back by the Haos of Changoupup and they were flogged at the Cheirap court. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, the Maharaj presented to his royal younger brother the Jubraj a shirt which had gold work on it. (The Jubraj) also left to hunt elephants. 5 Thursday, the Jubraj and all those who had gone to hunt elephants returned saying that there were no elephants. 6 Friday, there was an outrageous incident concerning a Pamon (Bamon) who was the cook of Shri Brinaban Chandra. 7 Saturday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj who left to fell trees returned. 15 Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. 19 Thursday, Thourani Aakoisu gave birth to a princess. A tiger was also caught in Chingpu and was presented (to the king). 24 Tuesday, three tigers were caught in Sakonmang and were presented (to the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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king). New moon Sunday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Monday. 7 Sunday, Yipungsi the Jubaraj’s Thourani Laisara gave birth to a prince in the absence of the Jubraj. 8 Monday, there was an earthquake. 9 Tuesday, Menuthong bridge broke. 10 Thursday, Longchampa the Wurung Puren, (10) and others including all the builders from the Leikais (lanes), Tengkhan (11) (gardeners to the king), along with Aayokpa (those adopted by the king) left for Soisa Kameng to look for elephants. 11 Friday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for Kameng to hunt elephants. 12 Saturday, two men from the families of Tongbram and Langmaithem were injured by an elephant. Neither of them died. 15 Tuesday, they repaired the tunnel in the Kangla (12). When Lairenlakpam Cha the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers pointed out that, the line (of the tunnel they were to dig) was not correct, Paonam Cha the Pundit said that it was not incorrect. Yampem Cha Nongthonpa the head of all Institutes, Konsam Cha the Lakpa of Aahanlup (Pana), and Tongbram Cha the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana), all these noblemen of the country agreed with what was said by the Pundit, that the intended line of digging was not incorrect, and thus they dug the tunnel. The head of the Institute of Astrologers told them that if they dug in that line (which they had approved) the digging would touch the middle portion of Taoroinai (the snake symbol of ancestral Pakhangpa of the royal clan) and omens would also follow. In the course of digging, bleeding occurred, (13) and bones were also discovered. What was said by the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers, that omens would be found, was fulfilled. The Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers said that the bones and the stones, which were sacred and which it was strictly forbidden to disturb, had been disturbed. At this both Paonam Cha Pundit and Yumnam Cha Pundit agreed, and confirmed what was said was correct, and thus they put back (what had been dug up) (14). 16 Wednesday, they began to build Kangla (at an auspicious hour) when the star Wutar Bhatra was in the ascendant. The royal younger brother the Jubraj also returned from his elephant hunt as he did not find any. That night a white cloud in the shape of a rainbow spread over the Kangla area. 20 Saturday, a snake also entered the (Kangla) tunnel. A frog was seen riding on the snake. 28 Sunday, the royal younger brother Debentra Singh the Jubraj left for Koubru to hunt elephants. That night a thunderbolt fell. Tuesday new moon, many crickets jumped in the water. The Sangkranti of Mera also began on that day. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday. As it was reported that the king’s personal elephant, which was let loose in Kokchai, ran wild in the area of Heikumpokpi in Yangkangpanli, the market was disrupted. The four Panas left to catch the king’s personal elephant. The elephant Lakhongsa which was taken by the royal younger brother the Jubraj on his elephant hunt, which also ran wild, reached the palace after having run away. 4 Saturday, all those who left to catch the king’s personal elephant returned. 5 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj also returned from his elephant https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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hunt after catching an elephant. Also Meiyengpam Keingam in Wabagwai found a sareng fish which had two tails had entered his bamboo fish trap. After he had killed the fish and when it was put in his fishing basket the fish began to speak, and it said that Keingam had desired to eat him (the fish) but he was Yoimongpa Taothingmang (15). At this, as the man replied saying that he who was his servant had hit the fish (16) with a stick (to kill it) as he was unaware of the true identity of the fish; the fish had replied and assured the fisherman that nothing would happen to him, but he had to go and give a message to his lord the king, that the king was to appease him that he might prosper. After having said this, the fish jumped into the water. The man came and reported all these to the Maharaj. Bees also swarmed in through Chiraithong door (17). 7 Tuesday, Lairenlakpam Cha the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers reported to the Maharaj that once again another sign had appeared within the Kangla (complex). He appealed (to the king) that the foundation post for the Kangla building which had been erected ritually should be pulled up. The king asked him what he had found after consulting his books. The Lakpa replied and said that on the third day after the inauguration of the building, the king and the country would be outside (the Kangla complex). The king gave a royal order and summoned Paonam Cha the Pundit, Yampem Cha the Nongthonpa, Konsam Cha the Lakpa of Aahanlup (Pana), and Tongpram Cha the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana) and all the noblemen, to assemble before the royal presence. In the presence of the king, in this assembly, Lairenlakpa Astrologer the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers said directly to Paona Pundit: ‘When I said earlier that the line suggested by you to be taken for the digging was not correct, you, Paona, denied this, saying that the line suggested by you was not incorrect, and you thus carried on digging (18) (the Kangla tunnel), and now all these signs have been manifested. Bleeding has taken place, and if you (Paona) were ignorant, then it was necessary for you to consult those in the country who were more knowledgable.’ At this, the Nongthonpa intervened saying to the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers that to say such a thing was not the custom in the presence of the king. The Maharaj gave word that the case should be taken to the Cheirap court (19) for a trial. The Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers pleaded in the presence of the royal younger brother the Jubraj, two ministers, and all the noblemen of the country (the members of the Cheirap court) that what he, the royal servant, had said was simply a report that the king and all the country would be ruined. If the finding turned out to be wrong then he, the royal servant, should be punished with death. As the Cheirap court could not come to any verdict, the two Pundits were summoned to be brought in the presence of the king with their books that the case might be heard. The Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers was asked to find out according to his records the number of khutups (20) to the thengku (hump) (21) in the layout of the tunnel, beyond which the hump would be encroached upon. The reply was that it covered a distance of nine khutups, beyond which the forbidden https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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area belonging to your Ancestor Pakhangpa would be encroached upon’. When the Pundit was asked the same question the reply was that after a distance of seven lams (22) the hump would be encroached upon. The Maharaj then asked the whole country concerning of the number of lams on which the hump (or the sacred area of Pakhangpa) was found in the time of Ningthen Mayang Ngampa (23). The whole country agreed that what the Pundit had said was correct. Then, as the royal verdict the king asked the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers if he had said that the distance to the hump was three lams. Then he was once again asked if he had opened up the stones and dug for a depth of seven lams. To this the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrogers replied: ‘(Yes), your highness’ (24). At this the king said: ‘You are in the wrong, there is no stone at a depth of seven lams, if the correct depth is seven lams.’ At this, when the Lakpa of Astrologers said that he, the king’s royal servant, was in the wrong. Then the Maharaj said to the Pundit: ‘If good results follow it will be upon him, or if death results, it will be upon him.’ The Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers was found to be in the wrong and was taken out of the court and handed over to the king’s guards and was imprisoned. When the country requested the king to pass a severe punishment, the Maharaj forbade it on the ground that what the Lakpa had said was not for his own sake but for the welfare of the king and the whole country. His record was correct. But he (the king) declared him to be in the wrong as it would be too much work for the country to pull out all the big wooden posts and bamboo posts which had been erected for the Kangla building. Thus the king forbade any form of punishment on the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers. 14 Tuesday, Laisram Cha the Pana Hajari died. 16 Thursday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others left for the foothills of Nongphou in the Koubru mountain range, to hunt elephants. 17 Friday, the elephant Meirapa which had escaped was captured in Sekta and it was presented (to the king). An elephant which had not yet grown tusks also ran wild in the stable and attacked the groom, who was from Keithenlakpam family. He did not die. 21 Tuesday, Thourani the Ngangpam maiden died. As she had taken the vek (25) the house (where she died) was not declared ritually unclean (26). 27 Sunday, the royal younger brother Debentra Sing the Jubraj and others joined hands and encircled an elephant which had tusks and caught it at the Nongphou foothills. As they dragged it out, a sepoy from Aathokpam family died as the elephant attacked him. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. On that day the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 2 Friday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj returned from the elephant hunt. An elephant with tusks was caught and it was presented (to the king). 13 Wednesday, all the noble and the brave men, including the Lakpas of Institutes and State Granaries, were given elephant rides and the Institute of Elephants was in charge of it. In Banram village also one female Khongjai Hao was found to have been killed. 18 Sunday, in a fight between a tiger and a wild boar in south Sekmai, the wild boar killed https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the tiger. The tiger was brought up and it was presented (to the king). 24 Saturday, Longchampa the Wurung Puren and others reported to Maharaj that as he was roofing the Kangla building the house shook by itself. The month of Poinu (27) (November/December) began on Saturday. The Sangkranti of Poinu also began on that day. The royal younger brother the Jubraj, most of the sons of the house of Ningthem (28), and many noble men of the country had a polo match. The sons of the house of Ningthem won the match. The noblemen hosted a meal as a forfeit. 3 Monday, there was another polo match. The Phiringki along with twenty sepoys also went to Chaikoi stockade to clear the overgrowth. 5 Wednesday, when the buffaloes belonging to Kapo Tingkri which had been stolen were found in Yichai after a search, five Haos were killed and they were brought (to the king). The right tusk of the elephant Mukunda Banhop was seen as bright as a flaming torch in the night. 7 Saturday, the Laipham (Pana) and Ningthem’s party had a polo match. 8 Sunday, there was a hockey match (29) between the Aayokpa and Aakhanpa (30). Aayokpa won the match. 14 Friday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others had a polo match against the Khapham (Pana). Ningthemmacha (sons of the house of Ningthem) won the match. Those who lost the match paid in quilts as a forfeit. 16 Sunday, there was a polo match between Ningthemmacha and the Aahanlup (Pana). Ningthemmacha won the match. Those who lost the match paid in quilts as a forfeit. 17 Monday, the Maharani provided some refreshment with singju (31) to all those who had laboured hard and became exhausted in constructing the Kangla building. 18 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Sinam village and it was presented (to the king). 19 Wednesday, another tiger was also caught in Kiyam in Thoupan and it was presented (to the king). 20 Thursday, Kangla Yaipung (32) arrived. 21 Friday, Yumnam Cha the Hanjapa of target shooting was deported to Loi. 23 Sunday, two buffalos, which belonged to the granary hands of Louku and which had been stolen by the Haos, were recovered in Andro. The Haos were arrested and were brought (before the king). Also the son of Uchiwa Beisnab was deported to Loi to Thumloi as he was found to have stolen a buffalo which belonged to the sepoys in Wutlou. 24 Monday, the Phiringki who led (a party) to clear the area of Chaikoi returned but the sepoys stayed behind. 25 Tuesday, news arrived that the Khongchai Haos had marched to attack the land. Yirom Cha Major and Komsam Cha Major, these two along with others and 600 sepoys, marched to battle to the area of Moirang. 28 Friday, three Maiba Institutes offered appeasement to (the lai in) the Kangla complex. 29 Saturday, news was received that the Khongchais had devastated the Mukti Haos. It was also reported that they were not many in number. Chongtham Cha Major along with others left with 200 sepoys to confront them. New moon Sunday, the first day of the month, the Keirungpa of Thingkom, the Keirungpa of Moirang, two Keirungpas from Leimanai and also the Phourungpa, all of them were deported to Loi as they were found incompetent in their work of supplying rice to the Phiringkis. The https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Sangkranti of Wakching also began on that day. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Monday. Most of the pigeons which were kept by the banks of Nongcheng (pool) (33) flew away. 2 Tuesday, it was reported that twenty people had been surrounded by the Phiringki in the Chaikoi stockade. The Phiringki also left for Mayang. They also began to build the Utra building. The elephant Mukunta Panhop Luwangpa, which was caught at the Nongphu foothills of the Koubru mountain range by the royal younger brother the Jubraj and others, after encircling it by joining hands, was chosen to be the king’s personal elephant. 5 Friday, Kangla (building) was inaugurated. 6 Saturday, Yirom Cha Major and Chungkham Cha Major, these two who had marched to battle, returned. 7 Sunday, Konsam Cha Major returned. 12 Friday, the Maipa went down to Kongpa and Takyen, to these two places and appeased (the lai) by offering the konyai (34) so that the waters might be replenished. 19 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Yumnam Khunou and it was presented (to the king). 20 Friday, there was a polo match between Ningthemmacha and the Naharup Pana. The Naharup (Pana) won the match. The Phiringki who left for Mayang also returned. 25 Wednesday, a message arrived that Yipungsi Menleikhompa, Yipungsi Jipa, and Yipungsi Aakoicham Tapa, these three and others, had come from Mayang to contest the throne. The royal younger brother the Jubraj and others including Loitam Cha Major, Yirom Cha Major, and Konsam Cha Major, these four set out for Maklang. Five gunshots were fired to summon and alert the people. The whole country assembled. 28 Sunday, Satpam Khema Sing was chained as he was found bringing in the son of Yipungsi Pheirapa from Mayang disguised as a son of a Bamon. The Keirungpa of Moirang and the Keirungpa of Thingngom, both were summoned back from deportation. 29 Monday the Sangkranti of Phairen began. On that day nine cannons were taken out and placed in the Kangla (complex) to defend and protect the Maharaj. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Wednesday. On the night following that very day a man of the Thangcham family, who was serving at the Top (35) court and who was a guard of the elephant house, died as he was throttled by a lai (36). 3 Friday, a man of Haobicham family had a heart attack by Leirengpham pool but he did not die. A man from the Yenkhom family, who was apprentice water-carier for a Hindu temple, was drowned while he was bathing at the river bank by the Kyang embassy ground. 4 Saturday, a man from Pheiroicham family was in a critical condition as he was beaten by the lai while relieving himself in the opening of the Kangla tunnel, but he did not die. The daughter of Yipungsi the Jubraj who was married to Laisom family, also died in childbirth due to a haemorrhage caused by placenta retention. 5 Sunday, both the sons of Thourani Aachoibi and the Thokchom maiden took the sacred thread. As the Maharaj moved the troops from the Kangla complex, the nine cannons also were moved to the front of the Utra building. In the night following that same day, Aasem Cha a sepoy was also grabbed by the arm and thrown down by the lai but he did not die. 6 Monday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

Yipemma Leimakhubi the Haobam maiden began her vocation. Loitam Cha Major and Ningthoukhongcham Cha Poilya, these two and others, climbed a mountain. Yirom Cha Major and Phoukeisangpam Cha Major, these two also marched as far in as Sencham Khunou. 7 Tuesday, a meteorite was observed just before dawn. 9 Thursday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj moved the army camp to Khorikhun. 11 Friday, Loitam Cha Major fought on the peak of Laimaton mountain in the village of Langga Hao. They took the head of a man and presented it (to the king). Yipungsi Keipha also had a heart attack in Langkhong but he did not die. Both (the army camps in) Lakkhong and Lakton were also dismantled. There was an earthquake that night. 13 Sunday, Punsi from the Sanlam family along with a man from the Aangom family, who were from Yipungsi Menleikhomp’s group, were captured and brought to the king. 15 Tuesday, six Pangans from the paddy fields of Langkon and four Meeteis from Maklang were captured and they were brought (before the king). 16 Wednesday, Yipungsi Jipati fled to the direction of Woksuram. He was pursued by men armed with guns. As for Yenkhoipa, he was killed in Haotan. 18 Friday, Yipungsi Menleikhompa and others, altogether three men, were captured in Langpok and they were brought (before the king). Yipungsi Menleikhompa died in the waters in Mongsangkei (37). Yipungsi Aakoicham Tapa was pursued by men armed with guns in Phumlou. They captured him along with seventeen men who were brought (before the king). 20 Sunday, there was an earthquake. 22 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Aandro. 23 Wednesday, two men were captured at Konthoucham Lairema. Altogether six men were captured. 29 Tuesday, Maisna Hajari’s son who was the husband of a princess, Thokchom Cha Brajabasi, and Maisnam Cha, these three were deported to Loi. But most of the members of their extended families were pardoned. New moon Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, the royal son Bhubon Sing the Lakpa of Wangkhei caught a tiger in Tangkham. 4 Sunday, the stone which was at Kuchu and which in the reign of Ningthem Lourung Puren (38) … (39) by Pukhranpam Cha Pundit, was restored to its original place, after Paonam Cha the Pundit had said that it was the stone (seat) in the Kuchu (court) (40). 6 Tuesday, they performed an open air kirtan. A star passed behind the moon. There was a cholera epidemic. Many people died. 20 Monday, Baji Kunjatas died. 21 Wednesday, Paonam Cha Pundit died. 22 Thursday, the Maharaj felt unwell. 25 Sunday, the royal son Bhuban Sing the Lakpa of Wangkhei also fled to the land of the Mayangs. 28 Wednesday, Meetingu Leiren Nonglen Sentreng Manikkhompa ascended to heaven three pung hours before daybreak yuthak. He reigned on the throne for six years and was fifty–five years of age. He was given the last rites at Manglen, the main graveyard.

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Translation 1

2 3 4 5 6

7

8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15

16

17

18

19 20 21

39

Sarik yaona: literally with the hand bell. Hand bells are used by Maibis, the religious functionaries, in religious rites of the lai. Possession by a lai (lai’s spirit) was also regarded as being mentally troubled. Spirit possession is the first sign of a person being called to be a maibi. Hinao hanpa: hinao: coxswain of boats, hanpa: leader or senior. Term used for the first time. The annexation of the Punjab after the defeat of the Sikhs in March 1849. Wuyung: an indigenous flowering tree associated with the Luwang yek. Nungcheng is also regarded as a sacred area. Mungnaota ta: at Mungano, second ta scribal dittography. Moirangta Loitongye: the phrase loi tongba normally indicates submission. But since Moirang had already been established as part of Manipur this step was presumably to foil any possible attempt on the part of Moirangs to break away, as it did during the seven years’ devastation by the Aawaas. Moirangta: ta, post–position, loitongye, past tense of verb loitongba to subjugate. Konungta chingakhamta potloiye: last rites took place in the palace and in the Chingkham family. If the body was cremated, since only one actual cremation of the body could take place, the second was presumably a ritual connected with the disposal of the frontal bone. Khangye: knew, for phangye found; scribal error. Marek taduna phou yamna sokye: literally, as Marek fell many paddy plants were damaged. Marek: term used for oil on the surface of the water. Wurung Puren: Head of Forestry, minister of forestry. First time the term is used. Tengkhan, those who were in the service of the king as cultivators and gardeners. This tunnel in the Kangla complex is regarded as sacred and every legitimate Meetei king is enthroned at the mouth of this tunnel. A king not enthroned at this place is not regarded as the rightful king. This spot has been and still is protected as sacred even during the occupation of the Kangla by the British after 1891 and by Indian forces after 1949. Yi thokye: literally, it bled, meaning obscure. It is very likely that this was an ancestral burial chamber. Yoimongpa Taothingmang: Taothingmang was the first Meetei king to be crowned. But Yoimongpa and Taothingmang were also the names of two brothers born to Khuyoi Tompok; not clear if the terms refer to one name or two. Tradition connects these two brothers to the dredging of many canals and rivers. Sareng fish became a substitute for animal blood sacrifice; sa ren chanba, meaning offering of the best beast; not clear if the recording of the whole scene was a simple superstition or an attempt to bring back traditional religious rites. Chiraithong: a door in the Kangla building. Thong could also mean a bridge. Traditionally when bees make a nest under the eves of a house or in gardens in a housing area it is regarded as a bad omen. Digging the Kangla tunnel: according to an enlarged sketch of the Kangla complex, taken from an old copy dating from pre–Garibniwaz’s time, the tunnel is situated straight from north to south and is in the middle of the Kangla complex; it has a bulge (hump) probably representing the curve of a snake. Cheirap: scribal dittography. Khutup: measurement from elbow to the tip of the middle finger of an adult. Thengku sokpa: literally, to touch the thengku. The term thengku means either a hump, as of a tortoise, or the head of a wooden mallet (from which name for the

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40

22 23 24

25

26

27 28

29 30 31

32 33 34 35 36 37 38

The Cheitharon Kumpapa wooden mallet is also derived). Here it refers to the bulge of the coil of the snake which is depicted in the diagram of the tunnel. Lam: the ratio of one khudup to the lam of the same person is 75/3: 76 inches approximately. Chit Sai who reigned from Sakabda 1670–1673 (1748–1751CE). Aeigya: for Bengali aagya, meaning your command, your highness, or sir. A corrupt form aeiga is still used amongst the ultra–conservative Meeteis, even within the family, by the younger members to their elders. Term used for the first time. Vek louba: Vek: Bengali term referring to the Vaishnava ascetic garment. According to Manipuri Vaishnavism either male or female can become ascetic and continue to live in the family house but follow a strict vegetarian diet, beg from house to house, cook for himself or herself, and become completely detatched from any kind of personal responsibility from his or her family. But for a person on the verge of death or actually dying, vek could be imposed by the family with or without the prior consent of the person concerned. This simplifies the complicated and expensive Hindu shradha ceremony which has to be carried out by the family. First time the term is used. Mangte: not ritually unclean. Mangpa: noun meaning excrement, an object which is ritually unclean; verb, to perform ablutions. Amongst the Hindu Meeteis if a person dies in the house it is regarded as ritually unclean and must be pulled down. First time the term is used in relation to a dead person. Poinu: probably an intercalary month. Ningthem Macha: literally, children of Ningthem or king. It refers to males only as women did not play polo at this period. It could also include children whose fathers are the descendants of the kings’ sons. Another name used as a surname is Ningthem– Mayum, or house or family of Ningthem, which includes both male and female. Khong Kangchei: literally, polo on foot, hockey. Aakhanba: those who were followers or associated with individuals such as princes, nobles, teachers, singers or officials. Singju; an indigenous savoury salad dish made with various raw vegetables and edible leaves of trees grown locally, cut up very small and tossed lightly with either a paste made with fermented small fish, chillies, salt and garnished with ground fish dried over the fire, or with roasted dry sesame and chick–pea flour, and spices with very hot chilli powder and salt. This dish is still cherished as a delicate snack by most Manipuris, taken with yu, local rice beer, or tea. Sometimes it is also incorporated into the main meal. Singju is also one of the items offered to the lais in the Manipuri rite of passage and the Meetei Lai Harouba ceremony. Term used for the first time but the tradition and dish predates this period. Kangla Yipung: literally, centre of Kangla; meaning is obscure. Nungcheng: an area in the Kangla complex which is regarded as the sacred site of Pakhangpa. The pool is in the north western location. Konyai: gold and silver pieces offered in the water to a lai. Jtop for Top: scribal error. Laina lakhattuna siye: he died as he was throttled by a lai. When the subject of a suspicious act is not known, the lai is often credited with such actions. Died in the waters: attempts on the throne were usually punished by drowning. The person was usually put in a sack which was weighted. Ningthem Lourungpuren: term Ningthem is a designation for king and was first used in Sakabda 1476 (1554 CE.) But Lourungpuren does not appear in the list of kings.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

39 40

41

Possibly an alternative name of one of the kings, who while still a prince held the post of Lourungpuren. The verb is missing and the sentence incomplete; scribal error. Din. Ms. has the same reading as P.Ms. Kuchuki nungne: literally, stone which belonged to Kuchu, stone seat in the Kuchu: Kuchu is the shortened name of Kuchu Wayensang, the ancient Kuchu Court of Administration. The stone refers to the judgement seat in the court.

MEETINGU DEVENDRA SINGH SAKABDA 1771–1772 (1849–1850 CE) [The year of Leimapokpam Tanchou, Sakabda 1771 (1850 CE )]. 28 Wednesday, Lamta (February/March), the royal younger brother Debendra the Jubraj became king at the age of forty–seven years. (1). The royal son Sangkor Sing became the Jubraj. The eldest Thourani Aapanpi the Wahengpam maiden also died. She was given the last rites in the Mangnao graveyard. 29 Thursday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. That day was also the Bisu Sangkranti. 1

Scribal marking at the bottom of the Ms. Page, Debendra Singh became king.

Sakabda 1772 (1850 CE) The year of Puyachupa Sing, Sakabda 1772 (1850 CE). Friday new moon was the Cheiraopa the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. Sachiphu was an intercalary month and Saturday was the first day of the lunar month of Sachiphu (March/April). The hourly announcement of time by the beating of pung drum was ordered to be stopped (by the king). Bamon Panhabi also died of cholera. 2 Sunday, Yenkhom Cha Dewan, the Hanjapa of the drummers who kept the time, also died. 5 Wednesday, the princess whose mother was Thourani Wakambi also died. 11 Monday, (1) a star passed behind the moon. 12 Tuesday, Langmaithem Cha Thumjao Puren who was married to a princess died. Loukrapam Cha Tewan (Dewan) also died. 15 Friday, Yiroipa Major also died. 17 Sunday, Loitam Cha Major, Wahengpam Cha Major and Loktonpam Cha Major, these three gave up their posts. Ngangom Cha Subidar, Chingchupam Cha Subidar and Lisam Cha Subidar, these three along with Anilongpa were deported to many Loi areas. But Nongmaithem summoned them back from Loi, including all those who had been deported to Loi in the reign of the previous king. 26 Wednesday, both Thingpaicham Cha Hajari and Sija Tampak Leima, these two died. The cholera epidemic lasted for four months. Many people died. 28 Friday, one civet cat (2) was caught in the temple of Shri Govinda. Many vultures (3) gathered in the polo ground. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Sunday. On that day Luke, a commoner of the land, (4) reported to the king that Yipungsi https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

39 40

41

Possibly an alternative name of one of the kings, who while still a prince held the post of Lourungpuren. The verb is missing and the sentence incomplete; scribal error. Din. Ms. has the same reading as P.Ms. Kuchuki nungne: literally, stone which belonged to Kuchu, stone seat in the Kuchu: Kuchu is the shortened name of Kuchu Wayensang, the ancient Kuchu Court of Administration. The stone refers to the judgement seat in the court.

MEETINGU DEVENDRA SINGH SAKABDA 1771–1772 (1849–1850 CE) [The year of Leimapokpam Tanchou, Sakabda 1771 (1850 CE )]. 28 Wednesday, Lamta (February/March), the royal younger brother Debendra the Jubraj became king at the age of forty–seven years. (1). The royal son Sangkor Sing became the Jubraj. The eldest Thourani Aapanpi the Wahengpam maiden also died. She was given the last rites in the Mangnao graveyard. 29 Thursday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. That day was also the Bisu Sangkranti. 1

Scribal marking at the bottom of the Ms. Page, Debendra Singh became king.

Sakabda 1772 (1850 CE) The year of Puyachupa Sing, Sakabda 1772 (1850 CE). Friday new moon was the Cheiraopa the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. Sachiphu was an intercalary month and Saturday was the first day of the lunar month of Sachiphu (March/April). The hourly announcement of time by the beating of pung drum was ordered to be stopped (by the king). Bamon Panhabi also died of cholera. 2 Sunday, Yenkhom Cha Dewan, the Hanjapa of the drummers who kept the time, also died. 5 Wednesday, the princess whose mother was Thourani Wakambi also died. 11 Monday, (1) a star passed behind the moon. 12 Tuesday, Langmaithem Cha Thumjao Puren who was married to a princess died. Loukrapam Cha Tewan (Dewan) also died. 15 Friday, Yiroipa Major also died. 17 Sunday, Loitam Cha Major, Wahengpam Cha Major and Loktonpam Cha Major, these three gave up their posts. Ngangom Cha Subidar, Chingchupam Cha Subidar and Lisam Cha Subidar, these three along with Anilongpa were deported to many Loi areas. But Nongmaithem summoned them back from Loi, including all those who had been deported to Loi in the reign of the previous king. 26 Wednesday, both Thingpaicham Cha Hajari and Sija Tampak Leima, these two died. The cholera epidemic lasted for four months. Many people died. 28 Friday, one civet cat (2) was caught in the temple of Shri Govinda. Many vultures (3) gathered in the polo ground. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Sunday. On that day Luke, a commoner of the land, (4) reported to the king that Yipungsi https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.003 Published online by Cambridge University Press

42

The Cheitharon Kumpapa

Khunjaopa wanted to be the king and when it was investigated it was found that Thoukrao had given the message. It was found to be untrue. So Thoukrao was punished for spreading lies. 2 Monday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 7 Saturday, Maharaj also forbade the gathering together of all the pibas (male heads of families) of an extended clan. It was also announced by the crier (riding) on the back of the elephant that for every paddy field two measures of paddy (5) were to be returned (to the state) by the farmer. 8 Sunday, as it was reported that the Haos of Thonlong had killed some Makhui army cadets, Phoukeisangbam Cha Major left to attack Thonlang. 9 Monday, the king made his royal wish known to Thakur Konok Hanjapa, and Lairenlakpa the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers, to these two to consult their almanac and appoint a pundit for the welfare of the king and the whole country. Pebam Cha was appointed the pundit as he was found to be the favoured one after consulting the almanac. 12 Thursday, Yipungsicha Sangkoitapa, Loitam Cha Major, Laisram Cha Major and Ningthoucham Cha Poila, these four people and about twenty others fled to the land of Mayang. 13 Friday, they began to build a birthhouse for the queen. 15 Sunday, Phoukheisangbam Cha Major returned after attacking the Thonlang Haos. He captured a prisoner and two cows. 17 Tuesday, as a woman married to Chongtham family was seized and had her breast fondled in the market place by a Hao who was a servant in the family of Laisram, he was punished. 27 Friday, the royal birth house was inaugurated and Aangoupanpa Loklenpa also ascended the throne (of Aangom). The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, when the star Purnapusu was in the ascendant, at five pung hour after day break yuthak, Meetingu Manik Nunglen Khompa and Meetei Reima Tamlen Khombi the Thiyam maiden were crowned. They ascended the throne at noon. 5 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yinga also began. 6 Saturday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people as it was reported that Ningthem (Chandra Kriti) had arrived from Mayang. The whole country assembled. 7 Sunday, the personal elephant of the king which had been selected, died. 8 Monday, the prince who was the Jubraj left for Keinou. The prince who was the Senapati set out for Samupal and Phoukeishangpam Cha Major set out for Maklang. 12 Friday, many frogs jumped in the Kangla. 19 Friday, Wangkheirakpam Cha Major set out for Keinou. 23 Wednesday, there was fighting on the top of the mountain at Samupan. Konsam Cha Major died. 24 Thursday, the Maharaj set out from the royal palace. He halted at Kangla. 27 Saturday, the royal prince the Jubraj and others fought in Aatom village by the bank of Waisen but they were defeated. Langthapan palace was occupied. 19 (6) Monday, Phoukoupa rite (7) was performed to appease ancestor Pakhangpa. New moon Tuesday, Ningthouchampa Jamadar and Nandeipa were attacked by a lai at Kuchu but they did not die. The month of Yigen (June/July) began on Wednesday. There was fighting for three nights. After having lost the battle, Meetingu Manik Nunglen Khompa fled to Mayang. He reigned for three months on the throne. He had 96 wives. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.003 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 1 2 3 4 5

6 7

43

Discrepancy by one day. Leirangsathibi scribal error for moirangsathibi, civet cat. Langtya: scribal error for langja, vulture. Luke Lammapa: a person belonging to the land, a commoner; Luke, accent on the last e, which is pronounced. Phoupot = approximately 60 kg. In the past, paddy which was harvested and kept in granaries belonged to the land. Normally it was distributed to the public, but at times of famine additional distribution was also made by the king, especially to the old and vulnerable. A levy on paddy was probably, system of taxation. Scribal error for 29. Phougoupa rite: worship of Pakhangpa for the forgiveness of those who had stolen paddy from the field. In fact this rite is normally associated with the worship of the Phouoibi Lairembi (the lai for paddy/rice) and why it is performed here to Pakhangpa is unclear unless this was an effort to receive blessings from Pakhangpa the royal ancestral deity by the new king.

MEETINGU JAIMAN CHANDRA KIRTI SINGH SAKABDA 1772–1808 (1850–1886 CE) [The year of Puyachupa Sing, Sakabda 1772 (1850 CE).] (1) The Month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, just before day break (Chandra Kriti) occupied the palace. While the star Aaslesa was in the ascendant Meetingu Jaiman Chandrakirti Singh became king at the age of nineteen years. The royal palace, the mantop and many other buildings were burnt. But two great palaces in the Kangla complex were not burnt. 4 Saturday, the royal son of Nongpok Wairang Pamheipa died. 5 Sunday, a star entered (went behind) the moon. 6 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 9 Wednesday, Surja of Moirang was appointed the chief of Moirang. 11 Friday, (the building in) Kangla was dismantled. 13 Monday, a monkey entered in Kangla. 15 Wednesday, in the night Yipungsi Aangou the Senapati, along with others including all his brothers and cousins (2) whom he had gathered together, entered into the palace trying to claim the throne and there was shooting all night at Chiraithong gate. But they were not successful and at four pung hours before the day–break yuthak they fled to Mayang, including Yipungsi the Jubraj. Bamon Gobinat was hit by a bullet and he died. Seven other men also were hit by bullets but they did not die. As the morning light was beginning to break through, Langkoncham Chaba and Nahakpam Cha Chal Sing, these two had a fierce combat in the southern area of the market and killed each other. 21 Tuesday, Leitam Cha Major died. 22 Wednesday, Wahengpam Cha Major Thoukraucham Cha the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana), Potsangpam the Hanchapa, and Krishnachandra, these three were deported to Loi to Kakching. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, they began to build the royal palace. They also performed an appeasement rite for the land in the Kangla complex. 5 Monday, they offered yu (rice beer) to Pakhangpa in the great palace. 9 Friday, the Sangkranti of https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.003 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 1 2 3 4 5

6 7

43

Discrepancy by one day. Leirangsathibi scribal error for moirangsathibi, civet cat. Langtya: scribal error for langja, vulture. Luke Lammapa: a person belonging to the land, a commoner; Luke, accent on the last e, which is pronounced. Phoupot = approximately 60 kg. In the past, paddy which was harvested and kept in granaries belonged to the land. Normally it was distributed to the public, but at times of famine additional distribution was also made by the king, especially to the old and vulnerable. A levy on paddy was probably, system of taxation. Scribal error for 29. Phougoupa rite: worship of Pakhangpa for the forgiveness of those who had stolen paddy from the field. In fact this rite is normally associated with the worship of the Phouoibi Lairembi (the lai for paddy/rice) and why it is performed here to Pakhangpa is unclear unless this was an effort to receive blessings from Pakhangpa the royal ancestral deity by the new king.

MEETINGU JAIMAN CHANDRA KIRTI SINGH SAKABDA 1772–1808 (1850–1886 CE) [The year of Puyachupa Sing, Sakabda 1772 (1850 CE).] (1) The Month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, just before day break (Chandra Kriti) occupied the palace. While the star Aaslesa was in the ascendant Meetingu Jaiman Chandrakirti Singh became king at the age of nineteen years. The royal palace, the mantop and many other buildings were burnt. But two great palaces in the Kangla complex were not burnt. 4 Saturday, the royal son of Nongpok Wairang Pamheipa died. 5 Sunday, a star entered (went behind) the moon. 6 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 9 Wednesday, Surja of Moirang was appointed the chief of Moirang. 11 Friday, (the building in) Kangla was dismantled. 13 Monday, a monkey entered in Kangla. 15 Wednesday, in the night Yipungsi Aangou the Senapati, along with others including all his brothers and cousins (2) whom he had gathered together, entered into the palace trying to claim the throne and there was shooting all night at Chiraithong gate. But they were not successful and at four pung hours before the day–break yuthak they fled to Mayang, including Yipungsi the Jubraj. Bamon Gobinat was hit by a bullet and he died. Seven other men also were hit by bullets but they did not die. As the morning light was beginning to break through, Langkoncham Chaba and Nahakpam Cha Chal Sing, these two had a fierce combat in the southern area of the market and killed each other. 21 Tuesday, Leitam Cha Major died. 22 Wednesday, Wahengpam Cha Major Thoukraucham Cha the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana), Potsangpam the Hanchapa, and Krishnachandra, these three were deported to Loi to Kakching. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, they began to build the royal palace. They also performed an appeasement rite for the land in the Kangla complex. 5 Monday, they offered yu (rice beer) to Pakhangpa in the great palace. 9 Friday, the Sangkranti of https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

44

The Cheitharon Kumpapa

Thawan began. 10 Saturday, Chongtham Cha hajari left for Mayang to meet the queen mother. The Menuthong bridge also broke. There was also a landslide at Nongmaiching mountain. 12 Monday, a tiger was caught in Kairang homestead. 18 Monday, (3) a tiger was caught in Poirou Kongchin. Yibungsi Bitambar Sing also arrived from Mayang. 20 Wednesday, the stone which had been brought in from the market place earlier was erected by the river bank in front of lai Nongsaba. As it was said that it was a forbidden thing to take away any (discarded) tree trunk or bamboo from the Kangla (complex), they were burnt in a ritual fire. The looking-glass which was by the throne (4) was placed on the large fast barge. 24 Saturday, (5) Chingakham Cha the royal brother–in–law the Senlungpa, left to fetch water from Suknu (for ritual purposes). 27 Tuesday, Yipungsi Maipak, along with some people from the land of Mayang, fled. Chongtham Cha Major, Soipam Cha Major, Laisram Cha Major, and Bamon Jagatham the Sanlung Puren, these four and many others were put in iron chains. Those who left to fetch (the ritual) water also arrived. 29 Thursday, they began to make the palanquin for the Maharaj. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Saturday. The Lakpa of Khapham (Pana), Wahengpa, and Potsangpa Hanchapas, these three were summoned from the Loi. 5 Tuesday, they began to build the mantop for Shri Govinda. 10 Monday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 14 Friday, the sword was sharpened at the flat stone of Nongsapa (6). A piece of brick was also thrown by the lai into the Lakkhong canal. 15 Saturday, Wahengpam Cha subidar and an advance party (7) of twenty men left to meet the queen mother. 18 Tuesday, while the Maharaj was inspecting an elephant which had not yet grown its tusks in front of the Utra building, one Mayang elephant attendant was killed (by the elephant). A civet cat was caught in the temple of Shri Govinda. 21 Friday, a monk who did not eat rice arrived. One Pangan mendicant (8) also arrived. He was allowed to stay in Aawang Keithen in Kangpokpi. 24 Monday, there was an earthquake after midnight. Thakur Gurunantan Paneshwar and Thakur Tamra, these two, were refused entry into the country. 28 Thursday, Yipungsi Gopan Sing the Lakpa of Khurai died in Mayang. 29 Friday, they began to make the royal clothes. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Sunday. A play staged on the river was performed (9). They also played the big pung drum which belonged to the Aahanlup (Pana). 4 Wednesday, (10) a tiger was caught in Sekmaichin and was presented (to the king). 5 Thursday, a person from one of the Yenkokpam families was taken to the Cheirap Court and flogged for having performed an abortion. 11 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. All the Bamon cooks attached to Shri Govinda were replaced. 12 Thursday, Thourani the Aoinam maiden, and her royal sister–in–law, married to the Chingakham family, both of them returned from Mayang. Sen (coins) were scattered in the Sna Keithen (the royal market). 15 Monday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people as it was reported that Ningthem Manik Nunglen (11) Khompa had come from Mayang. 16 Tuesday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

45

Kangngapa Thangkan hachari (hajari), and others including Aarongpa and Aakhanpa, these two, left to repel them. 17 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. Yampem Cha the Nongthonpa and all the noble and brave men were deported to all the Loi areas. 18 Thursday, Aangom Cha the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers arrived from Mayang. Aarupam Cha subidar and others proceeded for Lammangtong with fifty sepoys. Nongmaithem Cha subidar and others proceeded for Maklang with fifty sepoys. 23 Monday, there was thundering (12) at Thangching and Kouparu, (the abode of) these two lais. There was a great flood. Both Sansenthong and Keisamthong bridges broke. The people of all the four Leikais did not attend the market. Both the areas of Khurai and Wangkhei were under water. Paddy was very scarce that year. Wild ducks ate rice plants. Fish and salt were very expensive. The price of one measure of salt reached five sen. 24 Tuesday, Sakonsenpa Major along with others left with 150 sepoys. 27 Friday, a meteorite was observed. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, the Kangla building was inaugurated. The throne was also brought into the building. The king’s principal pung drum also produced a sound by itself (13). 3 Thursday, Kerani Kaptan (Captain) arrived. 4 Friday, at five pung hours of the dusk yuthak, they began to build the royal palace for Ningthem. An appeasement was also performed as it was reported that the highest of the peaks in Thanga hill had suffered a landslide. 7 Monday, there was a very heavy rainfall. The sun could not be seen for two whole days. There was a famine. 9 Wednesday, the image of Shri Brindabon Chandra was escorted to the house of the royal elder sister, married into the Chingngakham family. 10 Thursday, Nameirakpa Major and others marched to battle with 200 sepoys. 11 Friday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 17 Thursday, there was a combat in the area of Nungka Hao with the Ningthem (Meetingu Debendra) who was escaping. About ten people were wounded. 25 Thursday, as the Maharaj was coming to play polo, he saw a kalen (14) flying in the Khakeithen market and he shot it with a gun. 26 Friday, Yipungsi Pritambar Sing was appointed to the post of Chandrasithanda. 29 Monday, the royal father–in–law the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers was also appointed to the post of Aangoupampa, the chief of Aangom. A civet cat was caught in the temple of Shri Govinda. Konsam Cha and Nameirakpam Cha Majors, and Thangkan hajari, these three along with all the sepoys who went to repel the enemies, returned. They captured three men including one gold– smith who was an Aahondar, and they were brought (before the king). They also collected one flint–lock musket, four hunting guns and four pistols, these nine items were collected and they were presented (to the king). The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Wednesday. They found a gun (15) at Sansenthong bridge. 2 Thursday, they began to build Lakkhong. Laisram Cha Major and others left to meet the royal queen mother. They also began to build a palace for the royal mother. 10 Saturday, all the houses and buldings which belonged to Ningthem Nunglen Khompa and all those who https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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fled with him were pulled down and the material was used to build Lakkhong and many other bridges. 11 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. Yipungsi the Senapati and others, including all the Lakpas and Keirungpas of Institutes, left to receive the royal queen mother. 18 Wednesday, the royal queen mother reached Lamangtong. The Maharaj fired a four cannon salute. 16 Friday, she reached Phoiching. She also scattered sen coins. 17 Saturday, the king’s personal principal horse died. The queen mother also entered the Langthapan palace. She also scattered sen coins. 19 Sunday, Kamthenu (cow) died. It was buried in the western part of the Awang Keithen market. 20 Monday, the queen mother entered the palace through the Keithen Aawompa market (16). She scattered two lakhs of sen coins in the Snakeithen market. The Maharaj fired five cannon salute. Nongmaithem Cha Nungnangkhompa Rajkhwa died. 25 Saturday, news was received that Yipungo Khomsangpa the Jubraj had died in Tekhao. 27 Monday, Mora the youngest thakur was appointed the guru (by the king) and all the Bamon groups (17) also were ordered to be united. New moon Thursday, the king performed a sangkriton (18) in memory of his royal father Chinglen Nongtren Khompa. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Friday. The Haos in Phunan caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 2 Saturday, in Wapakai also a tiger was caught and it was presented (to the king). On that day Poiroupat (an area) which had belonged to Laiyingthou Pakhangpa in the days when Laisram Cha Somma Sing the Hanchapa was the Lai attendant, was taken away by the Maharaj from the guru and given back to ancestor Pakhangpa (the lai). The guru was given (the area of) Laphupat. 5 Tuesday, Haopam maiden the queen left for a pilgrimage to the Ganges with the frontal bone of her royal father–in–law Leiren Nonglen Sentreng Manikkhompa. 8 Friday, Loitongpam Cha Khompaton was killed when he entered the house of Yenlangpam, breaking through the mud wall, to steal. 11 Monday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 13 Wednesday, the royal palace was inaugurated. On that day, they also began to build the elephant house. 14 Thursday, the Phiringki Sahep left for Mayang. 15 Friday, there was a lunar eclipse. 16 Saturday, all the weapons from Yipungsi the Senapati were confiscated and he was forbidden to enter the palace. 26 Monday, one Hao killed a child who was also a Hao, during a raid in the southern region. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, the elephant house was inaugurated. 3 Tuesday, a horse died as it was strangled (by the reins) while it was jumping over a stepping stone. 10 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 12 Thursday, Chingngakham Cha the Nongthonpa and Maisnam Cha the Luwang Chief, these two, returned after negotiating with the Haos in the southern region. 16 Monday, the Senapati was received back with a seven gun salute. 21 Friday, a tiger was caught in Pangan Phuntrei and it was presented (to the king). 22 Saturday, they left for the area of Loiching to fell trees for the Kangla building. 27 Thursday, Haopam subidar and others, who had gone to the area of Aoinam Phusaba to demand the tribute payment https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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which was overdue, were scattered by the Haos of Phunlong, and they took as prisoners a man from the Ningngompam the family, one of Khetrimayum and another of the Laithangpam family and three sepoys, (they took) all of them and also pots and pans, clothes and five guns. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Tuesday. When Aaheipam Cha subidar’s wife was coming to the market she fell at the north of the Khwairampan bridge. She was frail and died. A tiger was also caught in Konna and was presented (to the king). 2 Wednesday, the Maharaj married two Chongtham maidens and one Longcham maiden, all three at the same ceremony. 6 Sunday, Maharaj went to Chingkon Langkon and caught a tiger. 10 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. The king of Samsok came and presented five horses (to the king) and they were handed over to the horse–grooms. 12 Friday, after the weaving of the king’s cloths had begun, as it was reported that the nachan (comb) was processing by itself in the loom, the Maipa performed an appeasement and supplication rite. 13 Saturday, Konchengpam Cha Major and others left to attack Nungbi Nunghara, and also to attack Oinam Phunleng. 28 Thursday, the stable was inaugurated. The month of Sachiphu (March/ April) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, Konsam Cha Major returned after attacking the Phulong Haos. He brought back the heads of the three sepoys who had been killed (by the Haos) and also all those items including the pots and pans, the guns and all the other items which they had taken. The Maharaj sitting at the courtyard of the great palace also (authorised) the making of the sen (coins) at the firing of a one gun salute. 5 Sunday, Konchengpam Cha Major returned from attacking the northern area. He captured in the battle ten people from both the areas of Nungbi and Nunghara, and 100 people in the battle at Phulong. He also subdued the villages of Tonaloisu, Haikhisu, Paoyisu, Kalasu, Marengsu and Khamlisu, all these seven villages were subjugated and incorporated (under the king). They paid their tribute with two buffaloes and 150 pieces of cloth. 11 Saturday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2 3, 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 11

12

Scribal note on the side margin in Bengali script, Chandra Kriti Singh became king. Machim–manao: siblings and cousins of both genders. Discrepancy on the dates. Sintasan for Singhasan: Bengali for throne. Term used for the first time. This refers to the ritual sharpening of the sword, which is also mentioned in the Anoirol lyric in the traditional Meetei Lai Harouba festival. Aagari: Hindi for advance party. Term used for the first time. Phukir for Fakir: Bengali, for Muslim mendicant. Term used for the first time. Noukalinla: Bengali, for a play staged on a river; linla for lila, stage performance. Term used for the first time. Scribal dittography. Nunglen: scribal use of the final form of letter ng above the letter n, in place of full letter for ng, in Nunglen. This scribal convention is used for the first time. Ningthem Manik Nunglen Khompa is the Meetei name for Debendra Maharaj. Literally, shot guns; meaning obscure.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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13 14 15

Obscure. Kalen: presumably kakyen, an extinct bird. Nongmei kamara khangye: nongmei kamara: a gun made of iron; kamara, for kamar, Bengali for iron; khangye: scribal error for phangye, meaning found. Keithen Aawompa: the oldest market which is situated to the west of the main Kangla palace on the road leading to Cachar. The road divides the market into north and south markets. It is also called Sna Keithen, the Royal Market. Bamon spha: for Bamon sabha; sabha, Bengali for association. Groupings of the Indian immigrant Hindus, many of whom claimed to be Brahmins, were formed according to their original caste and sect after their migration into Manipur. Sangkriton: for sangkitan, Bengali same as kirtan. Term used for the first time.

16

17

18

Sakabda 1773 (1851 CE) The year of Kumphi Khunchao Sakabda 1773 (1851 CE). 11 Saturday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day, in the month of Sachiphu. 18 Friday, saying that it was the royal command, Tenkhang brought all the servants of Tarung Lairemma along with all the belongings of the Lai and presented them to (the king). Then the Maipas of all the three Institutes of Maipas had made a request to the king, saying that it was forbidden to remove anything, especially when the opening of the lai’s mound remained closed. At this the royal verdict was given saying that, if that were the case, then they were to establish a sacred area for the lai. When the Yenkhurakpa lai was returning to his abode (1) (at the end of the Lai Haraoba ceremony) the Maibi found a precious and auspicious (yai) object which she brought and presented to the Maharaj. 19 Saturday, Nepram Cha Senlungpa reported that the Muslim ascetic who was living in Kangpokpi set his own house on fire saying that he had his own house, and fled to Linlong (Lilong) (2). 25 Friday, when an egg of a wild swan was found as to have been laid at the spot where the Mahadeva (stone) was kept in the courtyard of one Khomtram Maipi in Lamtong Tengkhan, and after the maipis and the maipas (3) had consulted the oracle from the lai, they also discovered four precious objects, which they brought and presented to the Maharaj. They also began to build the Chiraithong gate and two kitchens for the Hindu gods, a total of five buildings. 26 Saturday, Konsam Chaikoi left to clear the undergrowth. 27 Monday, Thokchao subidar’s wife was punished as she was found smuggling in small sen from Mayang. The coins were hung up (and displayed) in the market place. 28 Tuesday, the royal son the Senapati and his royal father–in–law Maisna the chief of Luwang, these two, had a scuffle at the Cheirap Court pulling each other’s hair. New moon Thursday, a five cannon salute was fired to summon and alert the people, announcing that Sna Khouton the Jubraj, Sna Bhuban Sing, Yipungsi Leimram Tapa, Yipungsi Khunchaopa, Yipungsi Puskar, and Yipungsi Sangkoitapa, these six along with many others who were from the extended families of Ningthem, had come from Mayang. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Friday. A wild cat was found dead at the main https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Chingthang khonglen canal in Ningngen. As a man of the Moirangthem and another one from the Laisram family were found running away, both were taken and were exposed in the Snakeithen market place on a raised platform. 2 Saturday, the Maharaj exempted Tulasiram, Gourang, and Mathop, these three and their sons and grandsons, who were the blood relatives of barber Balaram and descendants of Krishna Das, from compulsory duty to the state saying that they were from the same blood of Mongcham Yarai, and he also made them belong to Mongcham Pana (4). Thakur Sibananda from the Gurumayum family was appointed the king’s family priest (5). The king was given the sacred thread (by the guru) (6). On the same day Konsam Cha Gangka Major and Ningthoukhongcham Cha Premma Major the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana), these two and others, set off for Keinou. 4 Monday, a wooden house in Mahabali (grove) was broken. 9 Friday, the royal son the Senapati with an advance party of sepoys, marched up to Keinou to battle. 11 Sunday, they beautified the image of Shri Govinda. 12 Sunday, there was fighting with Yipungsi the Senapati at the foothills of Phupanwa. Yipungsi Khouton the Jubraj and Yipungsi Leikram Tapa, both were killed on the battle field. Yumlenpam Cha Chauton was also killed. Mud and dust rained down. 14 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. The Senapati returned from the battle field. 17 Saturday, Yipungsi Puskar and others, a total of twenty people were captured at Phupanwa and they were brought (before the king). The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Saturday. 5 Wednesday, a Gouranga Pravu (image) from Mayang was received. There was a smallpox epidemic. Many people died. 8 Saturday, the Maharaj went to Yenkoupung, the ring for cock–fighting, and held a cock fight. 10 Monday, Aaheipam Cha Cheityananda was appointed the chief of Moirang. 16 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. Locusts also attacked the paddy crops. 28 Friday, they began to build the birth house for Thourani the Oinam maiden. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Monday. 10 Tuesday, as it was said that the Yirengbam (family) in Phukakchao had a sword which was said to have a special quality, it was taken and presented to (the king). As it was also said that another sword was with the Chanampam (family), this was also taken and presented to (the king). 15 Sunday, they drained the northern section of the Thangkampat (Thangngapat moat) (7) and looked for fish. 18 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. They performed an appeasement and supplication rite to the lai as it was reported that a spring at the Thouroicham Lairema had begun to flow. 19 Thursday, blood was spilt at the place of both Laiyingthou Snamahi and Pakhangpa. 21 Saturday, the Maharaj forbade all the people who belonged to the clan of Khetri, who as a group were employed in a company (8) and were in charge of guns, from using guns. 22 Sunday, all the males of the Khetri clan were made to become water-carriers for Shri Govindaji. Sija Kala Leima, queen of Tekhao who was escorted by Naoroiram Cha, also arrived. She scattered sen coins in the Snakeithen, the royal market. 23 Monday, the stone post on the path to Kangla broke as it collapsed. 26 https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Thursday, many sparrows died in Sakonpan. 27 Friday, the Maharaj went down to near Waisen and caught three tigers. The month of Thawan (July/ August) began on Tuesday. 8 Friday, three guns (9) which belonged to Moicha subidar’s company, were stolen. The Maharaj ordered that (all the guns) (10) be kept in one place so that all the people might view them. It was said that the king’s cloth which was in the process of being woven, was woven by the lai in the night, and to confirm it a snake had sloughed its skin on the cloth on the loom. 10 Wednesday, the Maharaj caught four tigers in front of the area of Yenlangpam Khangpokpi. Pukhranpam Cha Nabadewan, a public reciter of sacred books, also died. A tiger was also caught in Pungtongpam and it was presented to (the king). 11 Thursday, the elephant Wangkheirakpi gave birth to a female calf. 15 Monday, the Maharaj presented a horse to Ancestor Snamahi. 17 Wednesday, as there had been no rain, both the Maharaj and the chief of Aangom performed a (rain-making) ceremony by riding in a boat. On that same night, a man was attacked by a tiger at the outskirts of Lamphen. The man survived. 18 Friday, a tiger was caught in Sekmaichin and it was presented to (the king). 19 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. Khuntrakpa, who came with those who made the attempt on the throne, was deported to Loi to Suknu. Pathi a craftsman was deported to Loi to Thangga. In Komtonpokpi, when a man from the Ngangom family and another from the Sarotkhaipam family, these two, were having a wrestling contest, the Sarotkhiapam died after a kamu (11) had pierced his body. 26 Saturday, as a man from the Snasam family and another from the Lairenmayum family, these two men were chasing … (12) from the area of Aayanglampen, they pledged to each other, but the man from the Lairenmayum family died. A tiger was also caught in Phoiching and it was presented to (the king). A man from the Konsam family, who also came with the party which made the attempt on the throne, was deported to Loi to Sekmai. Swordsmith Syam the Aayapuren was deported to Loi to Sakonmang. Sanla Bhadra was deported to Loi to Panlel. Most of the people who assisted him were escorted back (to their own land) and were set free. 28 Monday, the market was disrupted. Aaheipam Cha Cheityananda the chief of Moirang was sent back to the land of Mayang as he had caused a (public) scandal with the queen mother. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Wednesday. 6 Monday, a tiger was caught in Langpok by the Haos and was presented to (the king). That night a civet cat entered the Kangla and left its excreta. 9 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Thangga and it was presented to (the king). 14 Monday, all those men who took part in the attempt on the throne and who were still single were handed over to the company of Kang Sepoys. 14 Tuesday, (13) a notice was put up in the market place telling the people that they were to change the small sen to large sen (coins) at the rate of one hundred lakhs (small coins) to eleven lakhs (large coins). Two servants from the Tourangpam family were attacked by a tiger while collecting firewood in Langkon. The woman died. 21 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 22 Wednesday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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a frog entered the club house. At the boat race gala the royal ladies rode on elephants and watched the race from the elephants’ backs. On their return Thourani the Chongtham maiden fell off the elephant in front of the mound where cock fights were normally held. Her hands were injured. There was a small pox epidemic for two whole years and many people died. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Friday. 5 Monday, a tiger was caught in Pere Kangtapi. 10 Saturday, the Kwak Tanpa ritual was stopped (and in its place) they introduced a worship ritual to goddess Turga (Durga) after making an image of her, whose worship had never taken place in the past. Neimitok was made to ride the fast barge and a play on the boat was staged on the water. There was also a twenty cannon salute. 11 Sunday, a man was eaten by a tiger in Mayang Yumphan. 13 Friday, there was an earthquake. 14 Thursday, Thourani the Aoinam maiden gave birth to a princess. 19 Tuesday, a Hao from Pheijing was brought (before the king) as it was said that he had killed his own child. 20 Wednesday, the elephant Langkhongsa was taken to Mayang. 21 Wednesday, while a man, who was working for the eunuch who was from the Konchengpam family, was looking after the cattle in Kangngamung, he was eaten by a tiger. 22 Friday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. On that same night, the son of Yipungsi Wurungpuren and the son of Thanggangsapa Maipi, these two, were captured after their hands were struck by the sword as they forced the door and tried to go in to the wife of Yumnam the choir master. Both of them were brought (before the king) and were punished. 24 Sunday, a tiger was caught in Maklang and was presented to (the king). 28 Wednesday, they also caught a tiger in Langkon after making a soukap (encirclement with a fence and trench). 29 Thursday, as it was said that Yirengpa, who was in the custody of the army, had escaped, Leisangthem Cha hajari and Chongtham Cha hajari were both put in chains. Many of the noblemen were also excommunicated. The month of Hiyangkei (October/ November) began on Saturday. Those noblemen who were excommunicated were now pardoned and accepted by the Maharaj. 3 Monday, they began to build the royal bathroom. As the sen (coins) which were minted by the royal maternal uncle of the Maharaj were found to be too tiny, larger sen were minted; and the royal order was given to use both the larger sen along with the sen which had been minted and used during the reign of his royal father Mayang Ngampa. The royal order was announced by the town-crier (riding) on an elephant’s back, after the firing of a four cannon salute. 5 Wednesday, the Maharaj went down to Chingkon and caught a tiger. Two men were injured from gun shots. The tiger injured three men and Wahengpam Cha the Hanchapa of the army died from the injury. 6 Thursday, Yirengpa who had escaped from the custody of the army was recaptured and was brought in. He was put in a box and dragged about in the market place. The two hajaris were set free from their chains. A kite also flew in the Cheirap court. 16 Monday, Konsam Cha Major and others left to wage war in the northern area. Lakhongsa, a second elephant, was also taken to Mayang. 17 Tuesday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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there was an earthquake. 21 Friday, a woman from the area of Chakpa Leimram was found hanged. 23 Sunday was the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei. They also discovered intruders in Nongmaiching mountain, who pretended to have lost their way, (but) had set up an army camp. On inspection a hut was also discovered. They had felled two trees and even a garden of herbs and spices had also been established. But they found the place extremely quiet and deserted. The month of Wakching (14) (December/January) began Tuesday. 3 Thursday, the Maharaj along with all those from the king’s clan had a polo match against the Maipas along with Yipungo the Nongthonpa and all those married to princesses. Ningthem’s side won the match. They presented quilts to each other. 4 Friday, there was a repeat of the polo match. 7 Monday, the Maharaj and the royal son the Senapati gave up salt (as a protest) when the noblemen of the country failed to solve the problem (15) concerning salt. 8 Tuesday, a man from the Leichonpam family in Moirangkhom was eaten by a tiger while he was looking for a place where he could fish, and he died. 12 Sunday, the foundation post for the Kangla building arrived. 14 Friday, Bamon Major returned after attacking Paoyi. He presented twenty buffaloes, ten swords and ten spears to the Maharaj. 22 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 25 Friday, the Maharajah went to Leisangkhong to worship ancestor Snamahi (lai). 26 Saturday, the four Panas left for the area in the north to fell trees for making racing barges. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Thursday. 12 Monday, the Maharaj went to Koiremkei to feast on a fish dish which had become jelly. Full moon Thursday, as it was said that the image of Vishnu, which had been kept in the past along with the sovereign lai Snamahi in his shrine, was declared as ritually unclean, another image of Maha Bishnu was cast. The Maharaj selected 150 sepoys from all the four groups of sepoys and established an Institute of Sepoys. 19 Monday, there was a very strong earthquake (16) after the noon yuthak. The temple of Bamon Sithanta broke where it was joined to the tiered roof. The (symbol of) Nongkop Ningthou also fell. 22 Thursday the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 23 Friday, the royal son the Senapati and others, along with 1,000 sepoys, left to repel the Chasat Haos in the southern region as it was reported that they had killed each and every inhabitant and completely wiped out the villages of Heikang and Lamkang. 26 Sunday, as two men from the families of Laisram and Suraisam in Nampon stole cattle, which were then discovered in their cattle shed, they were struck with a sword and were brought before (the king). New moon Thursday, the Maharaj went down to Pungtongpam and caught a tiger. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, a tiger which was inside a mat which was rolled up, was caught. 3 Monday, the pipal tree in Lamlang also flowed with blood. 5 Wednesday, the chief of Lamlang village came. 6 Thursday, many ants were found dead at (the shrine of) Soraren. The sacred ground of Khoisnam Laremma also cracked. The public were warned by hanging up besoms that anyone who refused to accept https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the (new) senyai (small coins) would be publicly shamed in the market place. 14 Friday, Ningthem went down to the river gorge which was in front of the shrine of Thongngak Lairemma in Langkon and caught four tigers including cubs. 22 Friday, Konthoucham Cha the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) was deported to Loi to Wangngu. 23 Saturday was the Sangkranti of Lamta. 24 Sunday, Yipungsi the Senapati who had gone to wage war on Chasat returned. He also captured four people including Mathangki the chief of Chasat, Chamet, Lanthouyang, and Nongthei Nasingpa. They presented one bell metal bossed gong and three mithuns to the Maharaj while he was in state at the Utra. 29 Friday, they practised target shooting. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Sunday. 3 Tuesday, as it was said that 500 sepoys had deserted without waiting for the Senapati when they had marched to attack Chachat, on the ground that they were not given porters, (17) the Aawontar, Aamontar and some others who were the commanders of the army, a total of 103 of them, were deported to Loi to all the Loi areas. As the chief of Luwang and Khunpong Major, these two, were held responsible for failing to organise the porters, the chief of Luwang was deported to Loi to Leisangkhong and Khumpong Major was dismissed from his post. The Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) also returned from his deportation to Loi. 5 Friday, the rite of taking solid food the first time by the princess born to Thourani the Aoinam maiden was performed. They also inaugurated (the building) for Ancestor Pakhanpa. 26 Wednesday, two stone images of Ramchandra which belonged to the sepoys were found to have been stolen. 27 Thursday, the cry of a civet cat was heard in Langching. 28 Friday, the Maharaj and the Phiringki Sahep held a durbar (18) at the Polo ground. A twenty-nine cannon salute was fired. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Monday. 8 Monday, Phamthou officials sold salt at the market at a fixed price of 200 sen for one measure. Fish was also very costly. 13 Saturday, as there was (still) a controversy about sen, another sen coin was minted with brass and issued to the market so that the coin might be seen (there) and used. 25 Monday, (19) Thoukrao the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana) returned from felling trees for boats. 18 Thursday, Laisram Cha Major died. 19 Friday, Bamon Kantha Major and others with 700 sepoys left to attack the Paoyi Haos. 22 Monday the Sangkranti of Poinu began. Maisnam sold a measure of salt at 200 Sen Pheikak (20) in the market. 23 Tuesday, the younger brother of Yipungsi the Senapati died of small pox. 25 Thursday, an elephant which had not yet grown tusks died. A man from the Leiraorungpam family also died as he was hit by the ball while playing polo near Takyen. 28 Saturday, there was an earthquake. One star covered another (21). The birth house for the first Thourani, the Aangom maiden, was inaugurated. The Maharaj, along with Maisnam Cha Major and others, sang the village kirtan as the Bamons were abusing each other. 9 Tuesday, Maisnam Cha Major and Aaya Puren Major left for the land of Kapo. Those who went and devastated six villages including both the villages of Aawon and Haimi also returned. 10 Friday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Haopam maiden the Maharani who went to the Ganges for pilgrimage also returned. Lairikyengpa Hanchapa Ghaneshwar, Moirangthempa the Jamandar of Khoupum stockade, (22) and Maisna Aahontar (Aahondar) Major, these three were put in chains as they were found stealing (and exporting) buffaloes to Mayang. 14 Saturday, the chief of Luwang and Khunpong Major, both of them were received back (by the king). Full moon Sunday, a Gosai who was from the same home village as Maharaj’s guru also arrived. 19 Thursday, a sepoy who was a foreigner and who was also called Pakhan (23) was put in chains as it was said that he had struck a Pangan Major’s nose with a sword. 20 Friday, all the sepoys who were deported to Loi were summoned back. 22 Sunday was Pisu (Bisu) Sankranti. 1

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4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Laikabata: literally, as the Lai was going up to the heavens. At the end of the festival the maibi prays to the lais to return to their abode. A similar ceremony is also performed for ancestral spirits and guardian spirits of specific areas. Kangpokpi was not a Muslim settlement, whereas Lilong (Linlong) was. Maipi Maipa: Maipi is the female religious functionary, who acts as a diviner and gives the oracles of the lai. Lais speak only through the maipi. Traditionally the male equivalent, the maipa, had to cross–dress and is addressed as maipi when he carried out this ritual role. The terms maibi and maiba are also used for midwife and herbalist. Mongcham Pana: first time this Pana is mentioned. Purit: for Purohit, Bengali for family priest or domestic chaplain. Nukun thangpiye: Nukun sacred thread, thangpiye was granted, verb ending indicates that the recipient is less in status than the person administering it. It is very likely that this act was the renewal of the thread and not receiving it the first time. Thangampat; scribal error for Thangngapat, the moat by the palace. Khetri Kampu: Khetri for kshatriya caste; Kampu name of company, the regiment. First time this company is mentioned. Nung: scribal error for nungmei or nongmei, gun. Incomplete sentence. Kamu: obscure. Incomplete sentence. Scribal error or an intercalary day. There are many similar recordings in this year. Month of Poinu is missing. Chicha: scribal error for bichar, Bengali for settlement. Bhumikampa: Bengali for earthquake. Term used for the first time. Begari: Hindi for porter. Tarpa: for darbar, durbar Hindi for holding a court. Term used for the first time. Discrepancy on the date. Sen Pheikak: square sen currency coin. First time the term is used. Thawan michak ani chikneiye: literally, two stars bit each other, from verb chikpa to bite. Thana: Hindi for police station. Here it refers to a military stockade. Term used for the first time. Pakhan: for Pathan people of Afganisthan.

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Translation

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Sakabda 1774 (1852 CE) The year of Andro Govindra, Sakabda 1774 (1852 CE). 23 Monday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. Shrijut Maharaj Chandrakriti Singh, after having made known his wish to follow the Chandrapda almanac which was used by his royal grandfather Meetingu Chingthangkhompa, and after having consulted with his royal maternal uncle Chandra Sidhanta the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers, adopted the almanac. The Chandrabda year was 164. 23 Monday, it (the almanac) was discontinued. 25 Wednesday, the Talaipapa (1) was stationed in the market and in the shelters in the market to enforce the acceptance of the senyai sen (coin). 27 Friday, they began to build the great palace. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Tuesday. 4 Friday, the great palace was inaugurated. 5 Saturday, Thiyam maiden the wife of Ningthem (Devendra Singh) who had fled, also left for Mayang. The Nongleisang hut, which was in the sacred area of Lansonpi Lairembi, broke. 11 Friday, the Potsangpa Sanglang (building) was on fire. 12 Monday, the wife of one Tongpram, who was a minion at the Kangla palace and who was a guest resident in the Chakpa village, was found hanged. 14 Monday, a British lady (2) who was the wife of the Sahep arrived. 22 Monday, a gun shot was fired to warn those who refused to accept the senyai sen (coin) that they would be punished. 23 Tuesday, as it was reported that mercury was found in the area of Hiyangthang Lairembi, (3) the Maharaj went down and performed a Hindu religious rite. 25 Thursday was the Sangkranti of Kalen. 27 Saturday, they began to compile a horoscope for all the aeons to come to protect themselves. 28 Sunday, the Maharaj inspected the area of Koiremkei. The royal son the Senapati also set off to inspect the salt well in Karong. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Thursday. 5 Monday, a tree in the Mahabali grove broke. 7 Wednesday, Tampha the royal elder sister, who was the Jubraj and who was married into the Chingngakham family, died while she was still in the office of the Juparaj (Jubaraj) (4). 11 Saturday, Yumnam Cha subidar went to Khepumee to plant the flag. Full moon Wednesday, a man who was a minion of one of the builders was found to have been killed by an assailant in the gate house of Heisnam Lairemma. 18 Saturday, a meotorite was seen. 22 Wednesday, Thourani the Aangom maiden gave birth to a prince. He was appointed the Jubraj immediately. 26 Friday, matted hair (5) fell on Ningthem’s royal palace. 28 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month Yingen (June/July) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, Aananda Mohon Gosai died. 9 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Kakching and it was presented (to the king). Another tiger was also caught in Samupan and was presented (to the king). 10 Sunday, Yumnam Cha subidar, who went to plant the flag, returned. New moon Thursday, there was a solar eclipse. 16 Friday, blood was spilt in the place of (Lai) Snamahi. 17 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Khurai and it was presented to (the king). 18 Sunday, the Maharaj went (6) to worship Khoisnam

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Lairemma. 21 Wednesday, the Maharaj went down to where the Ancestor Snamahi was enshrined to listen to the oracle (7) of the lai. 24 Sunday, Maharaj went to worship Khoisnam Lairemma. On that day the Purums caught a tiger and it was presented to (the king). 25 Monday, a tiger was caught while attacking in the southern region and it was presented to (the king). 27 Wednesday, Keisam Cha Bhimram Sing who was appointed to be the scapegoat (8) for Shrijut was given five paris of paddy field in exchange for his becoming the expiation (9). He was also exempted from all the compulsory duties to the state. 28 Thursday the Sangkranti of Yingen began. New moon Saturday, the cannon became dislodged. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Sunday. There was a great flood and the river bank by Mangnau burst. The river banks by the Kona and Chekai granary also burst. Paddy plants in the southern area were destroyed. 5 Wednesday, Wuyen mushroom (10) was found growing (on a tree) in Ancestor Pakhangpa’s sacred area which was by the Institute building of (the Royal) Weavers. 13 Thursday, a tree fell in the Mahabali grove. 17 Monday, sareng fishes were found dead in the area of Yinamung. 19 Wednesday, blood was spilt at the swinging bar (11) which was used by monkeys at the Mongpa (grove) and also at Shri Govinda’s (temple). 24 Monday, the colour of the waters in the (Yumphal) river, Yiril river, and Thouban river, in these three rivers also changed. Blood was also spilt at the Khumphi Institute Building. 25 Tuesday, the royal son the Senapati died. 26 Wednesday, the racing barges for the Aahanlup and the Laipham (Panas) also arrived. New moon Sunday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. A tree fell in Mahabali grove. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, Bamon Jagadham returned after escorting back Yitham maiden, the Maharani. 5 Friday, two men from the families of Aayam and Chapungapam were deported to Loi to Langngathen and Palen respectively as both were found committing an offence while they were guarding the palace. 13 Friday, sareng fishes died in the area of Yinamung. 16 Monday, it was declared that any person who belonged to the Sanglen (Institute) was forbidden to abscond to the sepoys. 18 Wednesday, blood was split at the royal gate. Thokchom Cha subidar was deported to Loi to Wakchingkei. 20 Friday, blood was spilt at Shri Govindaji (’s temple). 21 Saturday, the Nonghum building was blown down. Blood was spilt in the Kumphi Institute building. Wutom, the swordsmith’s daughter married into the family of Tongpram, was found performing sorcery, as she cooked rice in the head of a person that was cut off with the sword by her husband. As she was deported to Loi to Mayang for her actions, which were forbidden and unheard of, she died in Maklang (as she was travelling). 25 Thursday, the racing barges for Naharup and Khapham (Panas) arrived. Thokchao subidar was summoned from Waktak. 26 Friday, they began to build the Nonghum building. They also opened up the Marong water course. 29 Monday, the Maharaj went down to Thangmeipan and caught a tiger. Paonam Cha Aahontar was wounded by a tiger and he died. New moon Tuesday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation

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Kongchengpa reprimanded a sepoy by twisting his arms as all his belongings were being seized, for he was reported to have eaten the paddy which belonged to another sepoy who was in charge of announcing the hourly time. The month of Thawan was an intercalary month (12). The month of Mera (September/October) began on Wednesday. It was the second day of the lunar month. That day the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 5 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Moirang. 7 Monday, the royal son the Jubraj had the naming ceremony and he was named Surchandra Singh. 10 Thursday, a serpent from the sky (13) fell into the garden of Thounaocham who lived by Kakwa. The month Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 5 Monday, the royal elder brother Tharma Setu was appointed the Senapati. 10 Friday, (14) they performed the religious ceremony of Kwaktanba, and they also presented to the (king) the royal ceremonial cloth. A person from the Leimapokpam family who came from Aawa also began to weave clothes with the Aawa designs (15). 13 Monday, Singthanira from Heirok was killed by his servant. 23 Friday, (16) the Maharaj went down and caught a tiger at Phaknung. (17). Ningthoukhongcham Cha Major killed the tiger by breaking its spine at the Keiyangthekpa display. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Friday. 4 Monday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 10 Sunday, Snahan the Jubaraj had Chakwumpa, the rite of taking solid food the first time. 11 Monday, lai Kouparu (mountain) thundered. 12 Tuesday, five cannon shots were fired to summon and alert the people that Sna Nawon Sing with his younger brothers, (18) along with Sna Kanhai Sangkoi, four of them and others, had come to claim the throne. 13 Wednesday, they fought at Laitoncham village on the slope of Laiyingthou Khoriphaba mountain. Yipungo Nawol Sing and Pheirapa, these two, were captured. These two princes were defeated on the battle field. Some people lost their lives and some received gunshot wounds. Some were captured. Yipungsi Kanhai fled to Mayang with some people. 14 Thursday, a Sahep with 150 sepoys returned after repelling those who came to attack. 18 Monday, the Sahep who had gone to supervise the upgrading of roads also returned. 21 Thursday, an elephant groom was killed by the elephant Yatonpok in Kokchai when it became wild. Three men were also injured. They captured the elephant by building a song enclosure (with a trench round it). 22 Friday, a Sahep and the Maharaj together caught two tigers in Yirom Meechrao. 26 Tuesday, the Sahep left to repel invaders. 27 Wednesday, the son of Bamon Chandrahas killed the Yangampam maiden, who was with child, by stabbing her with a knife near the temple which belonged to the Senapati, saying that the child she was carrying was not his. He was deported to Aawa. 29 Friday, Yumnam Cha subidar left to demand bees–wax which was part of tribute payment. New moon Saturday, there was a solar eclipse. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, two Saheps arrived. Those who were reluctant to accept sen (coins) were punished with public shaming https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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(khunkoinapa) in the market place. 4 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. Nameirakpa Major also left for Mayang to fetch gunpowder. A woman also was drowned by the Menu bridge. 7 Friday, (the king) left for Leisangkhong to worship ancestor Pakhangpa and Snamahi. 8 Sunday, two Saheps left for Mayang. 11 Wednesday, the Maharaj had a polo match against those who were married to the princesses. Maharaj’s team won the match. 12 Thursday, Konsam Cha Major and others, with all the sepoys from Woksu, left to fell trees for the armoury building. 13 Friday, when Yumnam Cha Lila Sing went to demand the tribute payment in bees–wax, Pungton of Mao killed four men including the subidar. 15 Sunday, there was a quarrel when Leisangthem piba Sugra Sing was challenged concerning his pibaship by both the Major and the hajari, saying that he was not the rightful piba, but that there was already a piba; and that on that ground even the lai (in whose service he was engaged) would be confiscated from his custody. As they looked up the genealogy it was found that the former piba was the rightful piba. There was a lunar eclipse that night. 20 Friday, there was an earthquake. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Monday. 4 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 8 Monday, they began to make bricks. 10 Thursday, all the high officials were dismissed. Then the Maharaj pardoned them all immediately. 19 Friday, Nameirakpa Major, who went to fetch gunpowder, returned. 27 Saturday, when it was reported that the stockade in Aoinamlong had been attacked, Konchengpa Major and others left to repel the attackers. 28 Sunday, the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) and the Lakpa of Narahup (Pana) these two and others left to fell trees for firewood to be used to fire bricks. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 7 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Moitangpok by a man while he was collecting firewood and it was presented (to the king). 18 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Mayang Yumphan and it was presented (to the king). 19 Sunday, Yipungsi Pheirakpa’s son arrived from Mayang. 28 Monday, the Maharaj went down to Hiyangthang Lairembi and performed a Hindu religious rite. There was scarcity of water in the central area of the country where there was no river. The month of Sachiphu (March/ April) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, a Sangai doe (19) was caught in Lakhong. 3 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. Yipungsi Nawol also died. 10 Sunday, many ngakha fish (20) died in the Nungcheng pool. 12 Tuesday, Konchengpam Cha Major returned after repelling enemies. Six Lusai Hoas were taken in battle and they were brought (before the king). One had been killed. As it was said that it was not customary to mutilate (a corpse), the dead body was sent to Waikok. Konsam Cha Major and others once again left to repel enemies. 13 Wednesday, the Maharaj went to Lamangtong. 17 Sunday, four Pangan entertainers arrived. The Maharaj made them perform in Kangcheipung Polo ground in his royal presence. 24 Saturday, the chief of Chasat was received in court. 27 Tuesday, many ngakha fish died in Nungcheng (pool). The month of Sachiphu (21) (March/April) began on https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Saturday. 3 Monday was the Bisu Sankranti. That night the Institute building for weaving clothes was burnt. 1

2 3

4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Talaipapa: law enforcing official. Probably derived from and a modified form of Bengali term tali or talui, from the root tal meaning, push. In this case one who keeps order or directs. First time the term is used. Bipi: for Bibi, Bengali for European or Muslim lady, respectable woman. First time the term is used. Hiyangthang Lairembi is an indigenous lai related to boats and rowing and the place name is derived from the lai. After hinduisation a hole was dug to represent Durga’s yoni and that spot became the central focus in her worship. Mention of a princess as a Jubraj is problematic: it may have been an interim measure until the birth of a son to the principal queen on 22nd of the month. Chota for Jota: Bengali for matted or clotted hair; meaning obscure. Lengye from lengba verb meaning to move; polite form for verb to walk or to go. Laihui: bell. Here it refers to the hand–bell which is used by the Maibi while she is being possessed by the Lai and receives the oracle. Wusin: scapegoat. Normally at the new year every person in the family was represented by a trout which is set free in the family ponds with the prayer that it was to take all the evil which might happen in the coming year to the person it represents. This was done by the eldest lady of the family. But this case is different in that a man is substituted for the king. Term and practice of a human scapegoat is mentioned for the first time. Shakespear also recorded this practice. Pasika oina: as a pasika. Pasika: from the Bengali term pariskara, noun, meaning cleansing. Wuyen: literally chicken of the tree; mushroom with a tasty flavour. Mongpa yoi sakai: Mongpa grove where the stone carving of a Hindu image of Hanuman was placed; yoi, scribal error for yong, monkey referring to both the carving of Hanuman and the monkeys which were introduced and inhabited the grove; sakai, a shelf usually made of lengths of bamboo and suspended from the roof, and generally in the kitchen, on which dry food is stored. In this case the swing bars placed for the monkeys. First time the term is used. Textual dislocation. Thakki napi: serpent from the sky. First time the term is used. Discrepancy on the date. Aawa phi mayeknaipa: clothes with Aawa designs. Term mayeknaipa is also used for the Meetei ladies’ long embroidered skirts. Discrepancy on the date. Phaknung: alternative rendering, inside a rolled-up mat. Sna Nawonl Sing machi manao: scribal error for Sna Nawol Sing, machin manao, Sna Nawol Sing and his younger brothers. Sangai: brow–antlered deer of a species found only in Manipur. Ngakha: tiny flat white fish, barbus conchonius, now almost extinct. Probably an intercalary month.

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa Sakabda 1775 (1853 CE)

The year of Thingkuchampa Chingsompa, Sakabda 1775 (1853 CE). 4 Tuesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 8 Saturday, the Maharaj presented (1) a man from the Snapam family in Yairipok to be the servant to Lai Nongpok. 17 Monday, it was reported that when Pukhranpam opened the door to enter the house of Potsangpam in Lairenkabi, he was killed by three men who were from the families of Nongmeikappam, Khaitem and Potsangpam. All three of them were deported to Loi to Suknu. 21 Friday, the Maipas of the three Maipa Institutes propitiated Nungsit (Wind) as there was a drought. There was dew that night. 27 Thursday, it was reported that the wife of Maipa Syampa Cha, who was pregnant, had been killed on the outskirts of Lamphen in Konok Thingen by two men from the families of Pukhranpam and Kanghucham, who then had buried the body under floating reeds; it then was discovered. There was fighting in the Khwairampan market, resulting in the death of these two assailants. Their bodies were ripped open and then were hung up in the marketplace. 28 Friday, the royal maternal uncle Chandrasidhanta, the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers, performed a religious rite in order that it might rain. After seven months of drought, it began to rain. 29 Saturday, a person from Kakching was punished with Khunkoinapa (public shaming) for being selective in accepting the sen (coins). As it was reported that the Khanlong (iron post) on the top of Nongmaiching mountain had been lost, a Maipa went and put another at the shrine. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Monday. 5 Friday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 15 Monday, when Snasapa Awondar, while returning from collecting the tribute payment from the Aoinamlong stockade, left a sepoy whom he had brought with him in a Hao village because he was sick, he (Snasapa) was whipped in the presence of the Maharaj during a parade. 20 Friday, the Maharaj made the officials of the Garot and Cheirap courts have a polo match. 24 Tuesday, Pukhranpa Pundit, who had helped the king to come to power, died. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Tuesday. 6 Sunday, a man from the Moirangthem family died of sudden adult death syndrome as he was sleeping in the mandop of Shri Govinda. 7 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 11 Friday, the whole country was very scared as it was said that secret spies (2) were roaming around on duty, terrorising (the public). 15 Tuesday, the market was disrupted and was out of control. 16 Wednesday, it was reported to the king that the salt well in Waykhong had made a barking sound. 17 Thursday, Nepram Cha Senlungpa was deported to Loi to Wakching. He was summoned immediately. 27 Sunday, Thangcham Cha Thonlangngampa of Khurai Leikai was put in chains as it was said that he had beaten up a man from the Lairikyengpam family. 28 Monday, they hunted tigers in Chingkon. A man from the Yenlangpam family died as he was attacked by a tiger. But the tiger was not caught. New moon Wednesday, Yipungsi the Lakpa of Khwai left for Leisangkhong to worship the lai there. As the males of Ningthemmayum (except the reigning king) were not https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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permitted to worship Snamahi or Pakhangpa, the worship (by the Lakpa) was regarded as tantamount to an attempt on the throne. He was deported to Loi to Langngathen. Yumnam Luchon was deported to Loi to Ningngen. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Thursday. A tiger was caught in Andro and it was presented (to the king). 2 Friday, the (Hindu) cart festival took place. The wheel of the cart broke and Longchampa the Wurungpuren was punished for it. 6 Tuesday, Longcham Cha Lama the Potsangpa Hanjapa went to the Sahep for a meeting. 7 Wednesday, the Lusei Haos who were kept in the custody of the sepoys, escaped. 9 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 13 Monday, those Lusei Hoas who had escaped were captured and killed by the Khongchi Hoas. Many people from all the four Leikai residential areas also died of influenza. 29 Wednesday, all those who came and were involved in the attempt on the throne with Yipungsi Cha Naol Sing were sent to their respective brothers–in–law, relatives and members of extended families. New moon Friday, Yipungsija the Lakpa of Khwai was summoned. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Saturday. 5 Tuesday, a tree in Mahabali (grove) broke. 12 Tuesday the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 13 Wednesday, a comet appeared. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Sunday. A tree broke in Mahabali (grove). 4 Wednesday, three tigers were caught in Mayang Yumphal. 6 Friday, there was a great flood. The river broke its bank by Mangnao (the royal cremation ground). The palace was under water. (The shrine of) Pakhangpa was also under water. Paddy crops were destroyed in the southern area. 14 Friday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 17 Monday, there was a controversy relating to Lairemma Hoitom Pokpi. The sepoy from Yoirenpam reported to the Maharaj that since the Khuraicham family had settled in Taopungkhok and had become the custodian of Lairemma Hoitom Pokpi, death and sickness amongst the people had been frequent. The number of widows and widowers had become many. The Maharaj related this to his royal father–in–law the chief of Luwang and his royal brother–in–law the Nongthonpa, to these two. The Maipa Institute summoned most of the pundits and also the five households from the Khuraicham family. They also summoned all the elders who were the early settlers in that area, and began to investigate the matter. They discovered that there were two lais in the past. The lai which had been separated and which they had, (3) had been taken by the Khuraicham family when they left and settled in Taopungkhok. The original Lairemma Hoitom Pokpi was reinstalled by Haopa, the Lakpa of the shrine in Yoirenpam, (as they) said that the Khuraicham family which had settled in Yoirenpam had been in the service of that lai from the distant past. The Khuraicham (family) which had settled in Taopungkhok was not involved (in the service of Hoitom Pokpi in Yoirenpam). 18 Tuesday, there was a fracas between the Naharup and Aahanlup (Panas) during a boat race. A fine was paid to the Maharaj by the Aahanlup (Pana) as they were found to be in the wrong. 19 Wednesday, two men from the families of Satpam and Thoutam who lived in Leisangkhong https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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were mauled by a tiger. They failed to catch the tiger. 27 Friday, many people including four Keirungpas left to fell trees to build a two-storied house. Yumnampa Haobi subidar left to negotiate with the Chasat Haos, as it was reported that when some people went to fell trees for boats in the southern region, these Haos were acting in an insane manner. Yenkhom Cha poilya also left to summon the chief of Khuchingkha. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, a tree fell at Laiyingthou Khoriphapa. Houwaipam Cha, Hitang of horse grooms, died of sudden adult death syndrome. 6 Wednesday, when an elephant went wild Chirom Cha the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana) fell off the elephant and injured his leg(s). 14 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. The month of Hiyangkei (October/ November) began on Wednesday. Yenkhom Cha poilya who had gone to summon the chief of Khuchingkha returned with the (chief’s) son. The father did not come, and after being asked why he had brought the son instead, Yumnam Cha poilya had to go back to summon the chief of Khuchingkha. 3 Friday, the moon was seen partially covering a star (4). 4 Saturday, a star was covered by the moon (5). 13 Sunday, the Haos brought the head of Yumnam Cha Linla Sing. 15 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 20 Monday, while performing a Ras play at Bamon Kantha Major’s compound in Kyamkgei, when a gun shot was fired, Oinam Cha Aawondar died as the gun misfired. Bamon Major was punished. The Maharaj’s grandmother, who was the mother of the chief of Luwang, died. 28 Tuesday, Chingakham Cha the Nongthonpa the royal brother–in–law and others left to arrest the chief of Khuchingkha. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. 10 Saturday, Laisrapa Govinda subidar and others left to take back the gunpowder which was sent by a Sahep as it was found to be less efficient (6) in performance. 10 Tuesday, Thourani the Aangom maiden, the principal queen gave birth to a prince. 14 Wednesday, Leisangthem Cha the hajari of Khapam (Pana) died. 15 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. Gananta, a foreigner, forecast an eclipse. The pundits of Manipur said there would not be an eclipse. There was no eclipse. Yipungsija the Hanchapa of elephants, who had set off for the Ganges, returned without reaching the place. 17 Saturday, the Sahep left to see to the repair of the roads. 18 Sunday, Tongpram Cha the Lakpa of Sanglen died. 27 Tuesday, the royal brother–in– law the Nongthonpa (7) returned after handing over to the Sahep the chief of Khuchingkha whom he had arrested. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Saturday. A child with four legs and four hands was born in Thangmeipan. It died immediately. 3 Monday, Laisrapa Govinda, who went to return the gun powder, returned. On that day stars appeared in the afternoon. 14 Friday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 15 Saturday, Sanchira was flogged in the market place as he was found to be in league with the Haos in stealing cattle. 19 Wednesday, the royal son Yipungo Aatonpa (born of) the Aangom maiden died. 27 Thursday, the Sahep who left to supervise the repair of the road to Mayang returned. The month of Phairen https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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(January/February) began on Sunday. 8 Sunday, the royal elder brother the Senapati (8) and others, with 1,000 sepoys, left to attack the village of Mongchu in the northern region. 13 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 15 Monday, Potsangpa Rama the Hanchapa, who went to have a meeting with the Sahep, returned. 25 Wednesday, the Koireng Haos caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). An elephant was also caught in the area of Heirok and it was presented (to the king). New moon Monday, it was kept (9) in the Mangnao area. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Tuesday. 8 Tuesday, the Senapati Major who went to attack the Hao village (of Mongchu) returned. They brought with them one ivory tusk, two servants, three guns, three spears, red felt clothes, gold and silver as the tribute payment, which were presented (to the king). On their return trip they also devastated the villages of Makhal and Makhan and captured many people. Yumnam Cha the Aahontar died. 10 Thursday, when the repair work on the leakage of the storied temple of Shri Govindaji, which was first built by the royal maternal uncle and which had been taken up by the Maharaj, was completed it was inaugurated. The wife of Ningthem’s guru, the Thourani his wife, arrived. 12 Saturday, when six men from the families of Haobam, Wangkhei, Dobanamoi, Soirensangpam, Nongthonpam, and Laisrapa tried to break into the house of one Bramahon Barikha through a hole they had dug in the mud wall, they were caught. They were displayed on a raised platform built for that purpose in the marketplace and they were also flogged. Then they were exiled to the land of Aawa. 14 Monday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. Full moon Tuesday, while performing the Yaosang play (10) a person died in Chairen. 16 Wednesday, Ningthem left for Kokchai to hunt tigers. The Maharaj shot and caught a tiger. 18 Friday, the Maharaj played polo and allowed the Bengali Mahasai and his wife the Thourani to watch the game. 21 Monday, a man from the Sarotkhaipam family in the area of Chakpa Keiroi died as he was speared while he was making a hole through the (mud) wall to enter the house to steal. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Wednesday. 5 Sunday, the queen mother left for Nongmaiching mountain to worship a lai. A comet also appeared. 9 Thursday, Bamon Major and Nameirakpa Major, these two along with others and 600 sepoys, left for battle. 11 Sunday, the Maharaj left for the Nongmaiching mountain to worship a lai. He spent the night there and performed Hindu religious rites. 14 Wednesday was Bisu Sankranti. 1

2

Katle: to offer, to present. Term is also used for an object of sacrifice as well as giving a present to one of a higher social status. Appointing a person to be a servant to a lai was a normal practice. This was not human sacrifice. Churanthapa: these were king’s secret spies who spread terror among the general public. Tradition has it that they used to roam in the night and eavesdrop by the mud walls of people’s houses, and if any person was found to be speaking against the king they were dealt with. First time the term is used.

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4 5 6

7 8 9 10

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Aahappa laiti: literally, that lai which was appointed or added on. When a family branches off to settle in a different area, leaving the original parental place of settlement, it was a normal practice to take a portion of the ancestral relics with them to ensure them of their ancestral ties. Huitom Pokpi literaly means the ancestral mother of the Huitoms. Thaki machita napye: literally clung at the side of the moon. Probably the same star mentioned in the previous sentence. Khutkap phate: alternative meaning, less by one hand span’s depth in the cubic volume of the gunpowder (in a marked container). However when referring to measurement the short form kap is often used in place of khutkap. Scribal dittography. Mayangmung samipati: scribal error for Mayampung Senapati, the royal elder brother the Senapati. Thumye: scribal error for thamye, from verb thamba to put it down, to keep, or to leave. Yaosang play: Hinduisation of the traditional first ploughing of the season Harao Lou. Ploughing of the Harao lou began in the reign of Paikhompa in 1675 CE (Sak. 1597) in the early spring. This was accompanied by communal rejoicing with dancing and singing in the promise of another year’s crop. To this traditional rejoicing the worship of Chaitanya’s image (the Bengali founder of the Chaityanite Viasnavism) was appended; a new name yaosang was given and it became a Hindu religious festival. First time the term Yaosang is used.

Sakabda 1776 (1854 CE) The year of Khorikhun Chaopa, Sakabda 1776 (1854 CE ) 15 Thursday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 24 Friday, the Bengali Mahasoi and his wife Thourani left. The month of Kalen (April/ May) began on Friday. Shri Meetei Leima Ponglen Khombi the queen mother, after having discussed with Shrijut Maharaj, declared to him that the chronology which was kept by his great–grandfather during the seven years’ devastation of Meetei Leipak (the land of the Meeteis) was full of mistakes, and thus they began to compile (a corrected chronology) (1) in the presence of Ancestor Nongsapa. 2 Saturday, Bamon Major and Nameirakpa Major, these two, who went to attack the Tangkhuns in the northern region returned, and they captured twenty prisoners. 7 Thursday, Rani the wife of the Gosai left. Full moon Friday, there was a lunar eclipse. 16 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 24 Saturday, there was a contest on the Pibaship in the Naorem (extended family) between the then Piba and the man next in line to him. The man who was the sepoy was found to be in the right. 25 Sunday, there was an earthquake. The Yirengpam family in Phugakchao also had a contest over the office of Mapenleima (2) and the clan was split into two. They also composed separate genealogy. There was also a contest for the pibaship between Aachoipa the son of the chief of Moirang and his brothers. The elder brother was found to be in the right. Aachoipa Yirapanta separated himself to form another family. In the family of Loukrakpam also there was https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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a contest for the Pibaship between those whose mother was of royal descent and those whose mother was a commoner. The descendants of the woman who was of royal descent were found to be in the right. New moon Friday, a cow and her calf were killed by lightning in Khakempa Panli. The area of Laiyingthou Snamahi was also struck by lightning. The month of Yinga (May/ June) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, there was an earthquake and the market was disrupted. 4 Wednesday, an aftershock took place. 6 Friday, a case was conducted in the royal presence of Shrijut and the queen mother over a contest concerning the pibaship. The contest was on the ground that the rightful Piba of Sakontongpa (extended family) was living in Aawa, and the contestants were Laisrapa Sangkoipa Hitang, who was the next in line to the absentee Piba, and the one next in line to the Hitang for the Pibaship. Sangkoipa Hitang was found to be in the right. The Chantam family also contested for the pibaship. The Piba who used to be an apprentice to a Maipa was found to be in the right as he said he was the grandson of a lady from the royal lineage. In one Laisram family also there was a contest over the pibaship between the son born from a lady of royal lineage and the hajari of a Pana. The family was split into two. But the chief family position was conferred on the family which claimed to have had royal lineage (3). There was also a contest over the pibaship in the family of Meepam, between those who settled in Kakwa and those who settled in Loklaopung, between these two. The man who lived in Kakwa was declared to be in the right. In the extended family of Narengpam also there was a contest for pibaship between the families of Ningthousenpa and the Sakontongpa. The family of Ningthousenpa was declared to be in the right. The market was disrupted. The family of the Chief of Aangom said that the family of Aangom Pacha Hanpa had (moved away and) settled as a separate family. But they denied it saying that they had not been split up. When the records of the ancestors, both from the female and the male lines, were consulted it was discovered that the Pacha Hanpa’s family had not separated from the original family. Concerning the family of Paonam also, when it was said by the family of the Piba that there was a Jogi in the family of the Pundit, and when it was looked into, it was discovered that there was no Jogi. The Piba was fined as he was found to be in the wrong. 19 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. Waikhom also was from the family line of the subidar. They belonged to the line of the younger and the elder (males) of the family. When they were contesting (for the first time) over the pibaship, both the contestants were residing in the land of the Mayangs. But when both of them contested subsequently it was shown to them that a royal verdict had been given then that both were to take an ordeal by water at the Nungcheng pool. The subidar was found to be the rightful Piba. Concerning the family of Thoutam, there was a contest over the Pibaship between the families of Ningthousenpa and the family of the minion of Maroi the Keirungpa. Ningthousenpa was declared to be the rightful Piba. And the next in line for the Piba was declared to be https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Pacha Chatpa. 20 Thursday, a monkey jumped onto the plinth around a house. Thangcham Yaosem also contested over the Pibaship. Nanda was declared to be the rightful Piba. There was also a contest over the Pibaship in the Khuraicham family between those who had settled in Taobungkhok and those who had settled in Yoirenpam. Those who had settled in Yoirenpam were declared to be in the right. The family of Chungkham was also split into two. Two pibaships were created. (The articles belonging to) their family lai were also shared out. 24 Monday, the Maharaj went down to Sangngaiprou and caught a tiger. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Monday. There was a contest over the pibaship in the Thouroicham family. Sakontongpa was declared to be in the right. As it was said that a thief who was exiled to the land of Aawa had fled from Aawa, he was allowed to become a resident in Panlen. Wangkhei Meerap, who had fled to the land of Mayang, was captured along with his seven servants by the Mongtai Haos in Makuron, and they were brought before (the king). 2 Tuesday, they began (to build) the granary. While two Bamons were pulling the Kang chariots (for Hindu chariot festival) in Singchamei their carts collided and they ended in a scuffle. Both of these Bamons were deported to Loi, one to Leisangkhong and the other to Thangching. As for those Meeteis (who were involved), they were whipped and then let them go. 4 Thursday, Ramanada the Hanjapa of Bamons died. 6 Saturday, blood was spilt in the great palace. 11 Thursday, many frogs jumped in Lakhong. 13 Saturday, the Maharaj went down to Haotan and caught a tiger. 15 Monday, it was reported that as Aongnam Tharoi had stolen a gun which belonged to Aathokpa Aapanpa the Lakpa of Institute Buildings, he was offered (as a servant) to (lai) Wangparen and requested the lai to bless (him) with abundance of fish. 17 Wednesday, pibaship was contested in the extended family of Yirengpam, between the youngest (male) who had made a pilgrimage to the Ganges and the family of the Lakpa of granary hands. The person who had made the pilgrimage to the Ganges was declared to be in the right. 21 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 22 Sunday, the Maharaj deported all the horse grooms to Loi to Sanglen as the horses were found to be thin. 25 Wednesday, a court case took place in the presence of the king, concerning Aatom who lived in Phupanwa, as it was said that he was a drummer in Takhen. But it turned out that Aatom was not (the drummer), but the person with whom Aatom came turned out to be the drummer; he belonged to the family of Basaram, and also came from Takhen; and Purna was their Piba. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, the stone pillar which was erected in the market place, which then was dug up and taken into (the palace complex) and erected by lai Nongsaba, was dug up and erected once again in the market place, as it was said that fish were very scarce (since the stone was removed). 3 Friday, there was a controversy between Lairikyengpam Lanhampa the Hanchapa and Laphoipa the Hanchapa, these two on the issue of gotra (4). Laphoipa said that (they adopted) Anima gotra (5). Lanhampa replied and said that https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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previously they had been using (rules) of that (gotra), but since the days of the head of the temple clerks (Maharaton), they adopted the Goutum gotra. (6) Lanhanpa won the case. They offered gold to Shri Govindaji. Court fees were paid to both the Maharaj and the Brahon Sapha (sabha). 7 Tuesday, Nameirakpa Balaram Sing disowned his son Tugra Sing saying that he was not his real son. When it was investigated it turned out that he was the real father. Turga Sing won the case. 8 Wednesday, saying that there was a drought, they displayed (the images of) Govindaji and Shri Radha, these two, in the polo ground. sen coins were scattered in the marketplace. 10 Friday, a tiger was caught in Wuchekkon. Puksri (7) destroyed paddy crops. 11 Saturday, in all the 108 areas which were designated to the lais, they staged the Sulon play (8). That was the only time when the lais were involved and continued to be invloved in the jhulon play. 16 Wednesday, a wild cow appeared and it was caught. 19 Saturday, two men ran away to the land of the Mayangs. As it was reported that after the Sahep had captured them and brought them back, both had been allowed to escape by Wahengpa subidar of Aoinamlong stockade and Leipokpam Pumara, these two, both of them were whipped in the presence of the Maharaj and then were publicly shamed in the marketplace (9). 20 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 24 Thursday, Khwairampan collapsed (10). 26 Saturday, three tigers were caught in Aathokpam. New moon Thursday, as it was reported that the Lusei Haos had devastated Suknu, some people left to repel them. Ningthoukhong Cha Major’s horse died during a polo match. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Thursday. 5 Monday, there was an earthquake. 6 Tuesday, the extended family of Aakoicham the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana) was split into two families. 13 Tuesday, Khoisnam Maiba’s wife in Wuchekkon was killed by the elephant Bharani in the night, as it trampled down the house. 17 Friday, Yumnam Cha Habi left to attack Thonglang. 20 Monday, there was a boat race. There was a controversy concerning the (polo) ball and all four Senlungpas were deported to Loi. The Maharaj made the Haos from the Aayokpa and those from the Sangsaroi (Institutes) compete in a boat race. 25 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. There was an earthquake aftershock. 27 Tuesday, there was a contest over the pibaship in the (extended) family of Ningthoucham in Yumnam. Aangang Aaton and Jipananda these two were appointed to become two pibas. A tiger was caught in Khompitok. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Saturday. 10 Sunday, cranes were seen on the roof of Kwaksang, (the shed for crows). 17 Sunday, the Lakpa of Khwai who was the son of the Jubraj the son of Ningthem Mayangngampa, and his younger brother, the three sons of Yipungsi Pheirapa, and Yipungsi the Hanchapa of elephants, these seven were expelled to the land of the Mayangs as it was said that they tried to make an attempt on the throne. Yipungsi Pheirapa died in Mayang. 21 Thursday, a man from the Huirem family was eaten by a tiger in Leisangkhong. Four tigers were caught. 25 Monday, the Sangkranti of Mera https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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began. The water in Nungjeng pool was as red as blood. 28 Thursday, the Lusei Haos devastated the village of Mantak on the outskirts of Moirang. The Maharaj left to repel them. He stayed there one night and also worshipped Sovereign (Lai) Thanggoching before he left. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, the four Panas made bricks across the area of Nahamang. All four Panas were involved. They also went to Koutruk to fell trees for fire, wood to fire the bricks. 8 Sunday, Aakham Cha the Lakpa of Sanglen Institute died. New moon Saturday, there was a lunar eclipse. A sahep also left for the land of Mayang to play polo (11). 21 Friday, Maisnam Cha the Lakpa of Aahanlup (Pana) left on a pilgrimage to the Ganges. There was also a contest over the pibaship between the elder and the younger brothers in the Huidrom family who were potters and made nganthak pottery (12). There was an argument with the principal wife (13). The elder brother was declared to be in the right. 25 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. The month of Poinu (November/ December) began on Tuesday. The Maharaj, taking his seat along with all the Maipas and Maipis and all the people of the land, made appeasement to all the heavenly divinities of the land and the (lais) of the four cardinal points, after erecting the appropriate posts and canopies, in order that Khwairampan (market) might be built. 10 Wednesday, Shrijut Maharaj along with the people began to build a brick bridge. Langcham Cha Tharma Sing the Wurung Puren and others, including the people of the Leikais, the army of the land, and those from the Sangsaroi, these three groups, were commissioned to build the bridge together as a team. They also scattered a large quantity of sen (coins) at the foot of the bridge and at the marketplace. 12 Friday, there was thundering on lai Kouparu. 20 Saturday, there was an earthquake. 25 Friday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Wednesday. Yipungsi the Senapati, the royal brother–in–law the Nongthonpa, and Haopam Cha Major, these three and others marched to repel the Lusei Haos as it was reported that they had plundered Chasat. 8 Wednesday, they returned having repelled the Lusei Haos. 14 Tuesday, those who had gone to play polo in the land of Mayang, returned. 16 Thursday, Thangkangsapa Kumar, who was also a prince and occupied the post of the Lakpa of Khwai, and was living in Wangkhei Leikai, was discovered to be making an attempt on the throne. He was killed and his corpse was hung up at Wangthonpi. Those Brahmons and others who were involved in the plot were punished. One Meetei who was a Khetri, and one from the family of Aayekpa, these two were deported to Loi to Suknu. 25 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Friday. 12 Monday, the Victoria (team) and Tuli Naha (team) had a Polo match. Nepram Cha Jamandar injured his head. 13 Tuesday, three tigers were caught in Lairensajik and presented (to the king). 25 Monday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The Lusei Haos were received at court. The month of Lamta (February/ March) began on Saturday. A servant working in the family of Chingngakham https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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who lived in Moirangkhom was found to have been murdered. 2 Sunday, a tiger was caught in the Wangkhei Leikai and it was presented (to the king). 10 Monday, the Thourani the Chongtham maiden gave birth to a prince. 13 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Chairen and it was presented (to the king). 21 Friday, the princess born to the Thourani the Aangom maiden, had her ears pierced. 25 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 27 Thursday, lai Aapekpa of the Chungkham family was divided. New moon Sunday, as they were digging up (the foundation) of the magazine in the Langthapan palace, a man who was minion to the Yumnam Leikai (Institute) was killed. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) (14) began on Monday. 6 Saturday, the Purum Haos caught a tiger in Sakonmang and it was presented (to the king). 8 Monday, they stretched (the skin for) the Kangla yaipung (the personal royal drum). 10 Wednesday, Shrijut Maharaj innaugurated the brick bridge with all the people of the Leikais, after having taken the image of Shri Govinda there. He also gave gifts of gold and silver to all the Bamons and Bheishnabs. A large quantity of sen (coins) was also scattered. 13 Tuesday, (15) Thourani, the Aangom maiden gave birth to a prince. 25 Thursday was Bisu Sankranti. Note. 1 2

3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Regular palace recording was disrupted during the seven years’ devastation by the Aawas. Mapenleima: literally, the lady or queen who was the grandmother of the clan. Before the patriarchal system became dominant with the incoming Pakhangpa group, a martriarchal system prevailed amongst the autochthones of Manipur. The Mapenleima is not the wife of the Piba (the male head of the clan). Even at the present day, the importance of the female is evident in that in any marriage between Manipuri Meeteis, the line of descent from the grandmothers’ side is taken into account in order to prevent relationships between which marriage is forbidden. Pibaship was normally held by the rightful male head or genitor of any extended family. But those of royal lineage seem to have been given precedence over the traditional custom. Godra: for Sanskrit gotra original meaning ‘a cowshed, ‘a herd of cows,’ ‘a clan’, an exogamous sept, especially of Brahmans. First time the term is used. Aanima gotra: Anima was the first of the eight Siddhis of the Hindus. First time the term is used. Goutum gotra: The originator of this Gotra was one of the five Kyasthas who came to Bengal with five Brahmins from Kanyakubja (Kanauj) in northern India in 920 CE. Puksri: probably an insect. Sulon for Bengali term Jhulon meaning ‘act of swinging’. Hindu festival where Krishna is depicted on a swing with his lover Radha. First time the term is used. Khungkoinaba: literally, to walk round the village, public shaming. Obscure. Khwairampan was an open–roofed market. First time polo being taken and played in Mayang (Cachar) is mentioned. From there the British officers introduced the game to Britian (inventing their own rules). The polo team returned to Manipur in the middle of Wakching (entry below) after spending a long enough time to teach the game to the new players. Manipur still plays both the

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12

13 14 15

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Pana Polo and the International Polo. Pana polo is rougher and permits a player to hook the opponent off the horse with his polo stick. Nganthak: the earthen container which holds the tobacco paste and the live charcoal used in pot smoking. This container is placed tightly on a narrow hollow bamboo reed or wooden pipe which is attached to the top of the pot from where the smoke is inhaled through the mouth. First time the term is used. Mama aahan: the principal wife in a polygamous family, who is addressed as mama ahan meaning elder mother. Contest was between two half brothers. Sachiphu; scribal emendation, both for this month and for the month of Kalen of the following year. Discrepancy on the date.

Sakabda 1777 (1855 CE) The year of Sekmai Devanta, Sakabda 1777 (1855 CE). 26 Friday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Tuesday. A stag was caught in Khakhong gorge. 4 Friday, the Maharaj left for Moibi hills to inspect the tea plants (1). 13 Monday, they began to make the palanquin Muksungampa. Full moon Wednesday, Nadiya Chand the son of Ningthemton arrived from Mayang. 16 Thursday, the Saram family which was from the lineage of Meetingu Thangbi Lanthapa was accepted as descendants of the great palace. 24 Thursday, a milk cow which belonged to Shri Brinaban Chandra gave birth to a calf which had no tail but had bow legs. A man from the Khwairakpam family was also killed in Keinou by a buffalo. 28 Monday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, all the records of the genealogies were put together. 6 Tuesday, a tree in the Mahabali grove broke. 8 Thursday, the chup post (2) at Santhong was found to have been washed away. 14 Wednesday, the prince born to the Thourani the Aangom maiden died. Full moon Thursday, the Lusei Haos were received at court. 26 Sunday, a person from the Saikhom family died as he was hit by a mud ball which was thrown by a man from the Chingakham family. 28 Tuesday, the house of Puthiraja Punsipa in Kakching was pulled down by the people of his village, saying that he was an evil person. He was given permission to go and settle in another village. New moon Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Friday. On that day, one Yoirenpam Goura Sing whose mother had taken him about during a famine (in search for food), and who was thought to be missing, was found living in Soisa Kameng, along with his son and his family, the three of them. After finding out his origin and tracing his relatives, and after the Maharaj intimated these facts to his royal brother–in–law the Nongthonpa, the family was brought back from the Loi area. 26 Saturday, there was a contest for the post of Ngamthang (a deputy) between Potsangbam Major’s family and Leimanai Hitang’s family. Hitang’s family was appointed. As it was reported that one of the branches of a tree in the sacred area of Ningthem

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Pokpa which was in Lansonpi Keipham had broken, Maipa and Maipi went down and performed appeasement rites with supplications. 27 Friday, … died due to manu (3) in the area adjacent to ancestor Pakhangpa’s sacred area, on the bank of the Nungjeng pool. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Sunday. 2 Monday the Sangkranti of Yingen began. Yingen was an intercalary month (4). 6 Friday, the Maharaj took one Konkham maiden to the palace and married her. There was also an ordeal by water in the Thangkampat moat between two Kapui Haos as they contested the ownership of Makhun village, to which both belonged. 7 Saturday, Yipungsi Wupentra the Pachahanpa died. When it was reported that the Haos of Khuchingkha had killed some inhabitants of Aatangkhun village and the matter was investigated, it was found that Yumnapa the Poilya had committed the crime, and he was dismissed from his post. The many Haos (who were involved) were flogged in the Sna Keithen marketplace. 8 Sunday, it was reported to the king that Chothe Nungchongpa was born in the area of Chakpa Leimram (5). 11 Wednesday, the club house was set on fire. 23 Sunday, there was thundering on Kouparu (mountain). Blood was also spilt at (the shrine of) Nongsapa. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Tuesday. 3 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 9 Wednesday, Shrijut gave a royal order to his royal brother–in–law Chingakham Cha the Nongthonpa, after consulting his royal father–in–law Aangoupampa, and all the nobles in the Cheirap court, to (announce) and record that the families of Thingkucham Liklai, Phamtou, Rasak, and Bhatra who were from the lineage of Jai Sing, all these four families who lived in the area of Konsapa Khutnaipa (6) along with their descendants, should be granted exemption from compulsory duties to the state, after they had offered gold and silver to Shri Radha and Govindaji. This act of grace was entered in the royal records which were also engraved in copper. 22 Monday, (the image of) Shri Brindabon Chandra was collected from the Chingakham family. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Wednesday. A Kapui Hao was flogged in the marketplace as it was said that he had slaughtered a cow. 3 Friday, Ningthem went down to Wuchekkon and caught a tiger. 5 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 21 Monday, Heisnam Aaphi and Kumud, these two contested over the pibaship. Aaphi was found to be the rightful Piba. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Friday. 6 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 11 Monday, blood was spilt in the temple in Mongpa grove. The king of Chasat was also killed. 13 Tuesday, the Thourani the Oinam maiden gave birth to a prince. 14 Wednesday, the racing barges for the Aahanlup and Laipham (Panas) arrived. 19 Monday, Tampakleima the mother of the Jubraj arrived from Tekhao. 22 Thursday, in Heinoupok Tampakkei a man from the Mutum family died as he was pierced in his elbow by a man from the Thangcham family, who claimed that the man had stolen a bamboo fishing trap. 23 Friday, the family of Nameirakpa Major and the family of a minion of Pacha (Institute), contested over the pibaship. The minion of the Pacha (Institute) was found to be the rightful Piba. The month of Hiyangkei https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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(October/November) began on Friday. There was an earthquake. 3 Monday, two men from the family of Meeyengpam who lived in Kakwa and Loklaopung contested over the pibaship and the one who lived in Loklaopung was found to be the rightful piba. He took Yaoreepi (7) (the family lai). 7 Friday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 11 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Sakonmang and it was presented (to the king). 12 Wednesday, the Lusei Haos came and presented to the Maharaj one elephant tusk. 14 Friday, a soldier from the Yirom family was drowned in Waithou. 19 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Sekta and it was presented (to the king). 20 Wednesday, there was a boat race. 28 Friday, a Sahep arrived. 29 Saturday, the Lusei Haos arrived. The wife of the Hao who was in custody also came. The Hao who was in custody was set free by the Maharaj. New moon Sunday, fifteen cannon shots were fired to celebrate the victory of the saheps over Rahar (Lahore). The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Monday. 6 Friday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The Maharaj accompanied by the Sahep left for Kokchai to feast on fish. 10 Tuesday, the servants left for Khuchingkha to collect the tribute payment. 13 Friday, as it was reported that one tiger was eaten by three tigers in Lairen Sachik, the Maharaj and the Sahep left and caught the three tigers. 17 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 18 Wednesday, Chingngakham Cha the Pukhranpa, and Maisnam Cha the Thumchaopuren, with others, left to dig Chandrakhong canal. 20 Friday, a fire was spotted on the top of Kouparu mountain. 21 Saturday, the Thourani the Chongtham maiden gave birth to a prince. 22 Sunday, they performed a Hindu religious rite at Hiyangthang Lairemma offering milk from 108 cows. 28 Sunday, as Maisnam Major and Konthou the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana), these two, were involved in a controversy in gambling at cards both were deported to Loi. But they were summoned back soon. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began Saturday. Pakhangpa manifested himself in Lenglen. 6 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 8 Tuesday, the Haos of Khoirupok caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 9 Wednesday, as Barachandra, a conscript, came from his home with the intention of supporting an attempt on the throne and of finding supporters; he was arrested. A man from the Mongcham family and another from the Nongthonpam family fought and killed each other at the Aaheipam Khongnang Pheitekpi. Moirang subidar was deported to Loi to Sagkonmang. 14 Friday, the Maharaj exempted the Kanghucham clan from the compulsory duty in the Leikai army for a century, after they had joined in a family gathering for a common meal with him (as they were of royal blood). 24 Monday, the Maharaj hosted 108 old ladies to a meal and begged that they might bless him that he might live long. A (mayang) barber who occupied the post of Hanchapa and to whom the Meetei surname of Mongpicham had been given, was made to take the Hindu sacred thread (8). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Thursday. 7 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 10 Friday, the queen mother left to inspect (9) Chandrakhong canal. 23 Friday, Ningthem went to north Sekmai and returned on the same day. 28 Wednesday, as it was reported that https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Ningthoukhong Cha Major was beaten by Maipa Syam Cha, (Maipa) was taken to the Cheirap court and was reprimanded. Haopam Major and two Phiringki Saheps and others returned from attacking the Haos in the Kapo area. As a horse which belonged to a Pangan was found in the possession of a man from the Nongthonpam family, he was exposed on a platform in the marketplace and then was flogged. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, the queen mother and many others, after gathering all the people of the land of Kangleipak, (10) left to dig the canal. 6 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 13 Wednesday, a tree broke in Lansombi Ningthem Pokpi. It fell on a shrine. A post also broke in the sacred area of Marampa kei (granary). 17 Sunday, those who went to Chandrakhong canal returned on the same day. 20 Wednesday, the Maharaj left to dig the mouth of the canal. Two canals, one named Punglen Khong canal and the other named Chandrabanhop canal, were both dug and opened up. Ningthem returned on the same day. 2 Monday, the Maharaj went down to Yitam and caught two tigers. One was offered to Chingkhei Ningthou (lai). Ningthem spent a night there. 6 Thursday, the queen mother and others including Lakpas of Institutes, Keirungpas, Pukhranpas and Nongthonpa, all of them returned after digging the canals. 7 Friday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1

2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

Tea grew wild in Manipur; the seeds were exported and the income was kept by the king until the British added it to land revenue. However, no tea–plantation was established, and even during British rule after 1891 the durbar objected to any tea plantation project. Chup: a ritual act in which a small symbolic construction is built to prevent unpleasant episodes from reoccurring. Manu thungtuna: due to a sickness named manu; obscure. The subject of the sentence is not mentioned. Sentence repeated. Obscure. But the Chothe (Purums) were probably an autochthonous group like the Chakpa Leimram people. Konsapa khutnaipa ta leiba: who lived in areas where smiths of brass utensils and other such smiths were settled. Yaoreepi: the female ancestor of Meeyengpam clan. Normally the piba is the custodian of the belongings of the founder ancestors. When some of the families in the clan separate and move away from the original area of settlement the ancestral relics are also shared out. Barbers were considered low caste by virtue of their birth in mainland India. But in Manipur a barber was allowed not only to become twice born but also to hold positions of status and recognition in the society. Pa: incomplete word; scribal error for yengpa meaning to inspect. Kangleipak; probably a scribal emendation of Leipak to Kangleipak. A long vertical line between Chingna and Kang in the Ms. could be taken as a scribal correction for a pause; the letter k is superimposed over the two vertical lines, and the sign for ng inserted, thus representing kang: joining with the next word leipak produces Kangleipak, the ancient name of Manipur before hinduisation.

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa Sakabda 1778 (1856 CE)

The year of Kakching Chadrasam, Sakabda 1778 (1856 CE). 8 Saturday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 11 Wednesday, a tame female elephant to be used to pacify other (wild) elephants arrived from Tekhao. 13 Friday, they saw evidence that the tunnel of Pakhangpa had reached the Institute building of Aahanlup (Pana). The three Institutes of Maipas performed the rite of offering yu (rice beer) to Pakhangpa. The Purums were settled in Sakonmang. 18 Wednesday, the princess born to the Thourani the Aoinam maiden had her ears pierced. Three families from Kapo Samsok (1) also fled to (Manipur). 29 Saturday, a python was captured in Khakeithen market. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Monday. 8 Monday, Thourani Hongnemsumbi, wife of Ningthem Chingthang Khompa, died. 9 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. The month of Yinga (May/ June) began on Wednesday. 10 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Thursday. 12 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. An omen was observed on the shoulder joint of the image of Shri Ramchandra Pravu. 16 Friday, the younger brother of Sna the Lakpa of Khurai died of cholera. Many people died of cholera. 18 Sunday, the Maharaj left for Sakonpan to hunt wild pigs. He did not catch any. 23 Friday, the tunnel of Pakhangba reached the Pacha Institute building. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. 3 Monday, a tiger was caught in Sakonmang and it was presented (to the king). 14 Friday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 17 Monday, the king of Aawa sent a golden saddle as a present to the Maharaj. 18 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 23 Saturday, the sepoys who were posted in the area of Laiyingthou Khoriphapa and those who were posted in the area of Lairemma Channing Leima, these two (groups), had a controversy over the performance of a haraoba festival. When it was investigated by royal order the sepoys in Khoriphapa (2) were found to be on the right. Concerning the land (area belonging to the lai), it covered all the area of Sakat Jiri (3). 24 Sunday, the wife of Jubraj Khongsangpa arrived from Tekhao. 27 Monday, Ningthem went down to Kongpa Yiranpam and caught a tiger. Wayenpam Cha Gunachandra was attacked by a tiger and he died. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, there was a landslide at Kantrapokpi in the area of Waikhurok gorge in Sikhong. The Yingourok river became blocked. The Maipas from the Maipa Institute performed an appeasement rite with supplications. 5 Thursday, there was a boat race. The chief oarsman Loitongpa Chatra died. 23 Friday, when a wild sow ran in to the middle of the Kangla complex from the northern direction, it was caught by the entrance to the canal in the south. 16 Monday the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 20 Friday, six puppies were born in the Nonghum building. Also a litter of pigs was born in the elephant house. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, six men, including Aoina Kunta who had escaped

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to the land of Mayang, were captured and they were brought before (the king). 3 Thursday, all the royal ladies including the queen mother, along with the Maharaj went down to Linlong and caught two tigers. 13 Sunday, the Thourani Luwongsu gave birth to a princess. 14 Monday, there was a lunar eclipse. 18 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. The Maharaj caught a tiger in Wurup village. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday. 2 Wednesday (4) there was an earthquake. 12 Sunday, while Thangcham Yupanpam Laknat was shooting a cannon shell which he had made (to test it) at Chingkon, it exploded. Four Wairis also arrived (5). 16 Thursday, there was an earthquake. 18 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. A tiger was caught in Thoupan and it was presented (to the king). 28 Tuesday, Thangchapa Loknat made another cannon shell and it was fired in the presence of the Maharaj in Sangaibrou. The month of Poinu (November/ December) began on Friday. 7 Thursday, they began to build the mantop for Shri Govinda. 16 Friday, the Maharaj set out to attack the Kam Haos. 18 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 19 Sunday, the Maharaj marched to attack the Kam Haos. 26 Tuesday, Ningthem climbed the mountain. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Sunday. 6 Friday, there was thundering at (lai) Wangbren. 7 Saturday, Ningthem attacked (the Kam Haos). Nineteen sepoys received gun shot injuries and eleven of them died. Eight men including Chongtham Cha hajari survived. As the Haos rushed to crush the enemy and while the Meeteis were crossing the river (as they were retreating), they lost 202 guns, the palanquin Muksu Ngampa, the Wokphrun Ngampa sword, (6) the royal canopy, and the royal sekpin; other items including brass utensils, clothes, and food rations and water were all lost. About fifty Haos who were porters also died. Some ran away without taking any food. 10 Monday, the people of Sekmai caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 18 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 24 Monday, the Maharaj returned from his attack of the Kam Haos. Thirty–nine people lost their lives in the battle. The Maharaj performed the sorat rite (shradha) for all of them. Regarding the guns and weapons of war which were left behind, a sum of twenty three Indian Rupees was levied as a fine for each gun from all those who were held responsible. Chirom Cha Pathi the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana) and Haopam Cha Binad Major these two who had the good fortune to serve their king were rewarded with Thangpan (7). Longcham Cha Loma the Hanchapa of Security Guards and Laitoncham Cha Chandra Sing, these two and all the others who had the good fortune to serve the king, were rewarded befitting their courage and valour with royal reward cloth, gold bracelets and gold necklace. The month of Phairen (January/ February) began on Monday. 11 Thursday, a Phiringki Sahep left for Mayang to escort his child. 17 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. Rasmani the former chief of Aangom died. 20 Saturday, Thongam Cha subidar began to cast a bell-metal cannon shell. 29 Monday, as the Maharaj gave an order to hold back the waters of Takyen, a barricade was built. New moon Tuesday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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they inaugurated Shri Govinda’s mantop. The month of Lamta (February/ March) began on Wednesday. The people of Antro caught a white horse in Woksu and immediately it was presented to the Maharaj. 3 Friday, the royal son the Jubraj had his ears pierced. 18 Friday, Konchengpam Cha Major and others left to devastate Wokphrun. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, the Hoas from the northern area began to raise the level of the earthen plinth on both the north and western sides of the market. Konchengpam Cha Major also returned after devastating the Haos in Wokphrun. 3 Saturday, the prince who held the post of Katwan died. 5 Monday, the genealogical record which was written down was securely kept in a royal box and this was marked with a gun salute. A gift of red felt cloth for seats (8) and paddy fields was granted to all those who took part in composing the record. 7 Wednesday, the image of Shri Ram Chandra Pravu which was stationed in the Khwairampan (market place) was moved back to its previous place at Ningthem Pukhri. When there was a controversy over the number of paddy fields dedicated to Konthoucham Lairemma, and it was found that the number of paddy fields was too great, and that they were virgin fields which had not been cultivated before; and as the royal decree had been given, Yumnam Cha pundit and Lourempam Cha Hitang of the Maipa (Institute), these two went down and moved the iron chain which was suspended at Mayang Langkhong to mark the boundary of the lai’s paddy fields, to Heikrupung (mound), where the iron chain was lifted up and suspended to indicate the new land boundary. 13 Tuesday, Longjampa Randi and Langkoncham Cha Hem Sing the Phourungpa, these two who had gone as envoys with a message from Shrijut to the king of Aawa, returned. They returned with Chingakhampa the (Manipuri) ambassador to Aawa. The king of Aawa sent a present to the Maharaj. 17 Saturday was Bisu Sankranti. 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8

Kapo Samsok: the portion of Samsok which was within Kapo (Kabaw). Khoriphapata pa: the last syllable ta of Khoriphapata is to be read as repeated with the next syllable pa, tapa meaning those who had settled. Sakat jiiki makheine: the letters j and r are written jointly and the vowel i read as repeated. Alternative reading: the Bengali letters may be used carelessly and jiri should be read as ching, reading chingki, the Sakat hill range. Either an intercalary day or scribal error. Wairi: obscure. Palanquin Muksu Ngampa, Thang Wokphrun Ngampa: palanquin used at the victory over Muksu, sword used at the victory over Wokphrun (present Ukhrul). Thangpan: the highest reward, consisting of multiple gifts and certain specific privileges, for saving the person of the king or for services rendered to the security of the throne. Phirangji phita: Phiranji, red felt cloth, phita: seat. This cloth was a status symbol when worn by the king’s officials, such as Lambus. In this case it was used as a seat instead of mats; this usage is restricted to royalty and a select few to whom the king had granted the honour.

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Sakabda 1779 (1857 CE) The year of Laisrapa Baladeb, Sakabda 1779 (1857 CE). 18 Wednesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 29 Wednesday, a black tiger was caught in Loitang and it was presented (to the king). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Saturday. 5 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 6 Wednesday, Chingngakhanpa the (Manipuri) ambassador to Aawa left. 14 Thursday, Laiton subidar who had gone to fetch gunpowder arrived with fifty–nine rifles. The Meeyangs (Mayangs) in Khangngapok caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 19 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 20 Thursday, the Sahep who lived in Kangchupkhun left to establish a settlement in that village. 21 Friday, as it was rumoured that guns and money had been buried by the Aawas at Thonghampat in the northern area of Sanmong, the area was excavated, but nothing was found. The Maharaj also fired a cannon at Chingmeirong. The month of Yinga (May/ June) began on Sunday. There was an epidemic affecting buffalos. There was also a drought. 16 Monday, Aangoupampa Premkhomba the chief of Aangom died. Nongmaithem Cha Sakonsenpa Hitang was appointed as the chief of Aangom. 20 Friday, Konthou the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) and others, who were expelled and were deported and on the way to the land of Aouwa (Aawa) because of their gambling at cards, (1) returned without reaching their destination. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, the Maharaj himself went down and inaugurated the temple of his royal elder sister’s husband Chingngakhanpa the Nongthonpa. 5 Wednesday, Nongmaithem Cha the chief of Aangom was married to the daughter of Chingngakhampa the Nongthonpa. 15 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Wakchingkei and it was presented (to the king). 22 Tuesday, because of a drought and as the season was dry the Maharaj and the chief of Aangom performed Nonglaoba rite (2) in a boat. 24 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Wednesday. 4 Saturday, the Maipa performed an appeasement rite with supplication as the public time-keeper made a mistake in announcing the correct time. A tiger was caught in Sakonmang and presented (to the king). 9 Thursday, the queen mother and all the royal ladies went to Koiremkei to feast on fruit. 27 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. Yipungsija the Tolairoi Hanchapa died. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Thursday. 18 Monday, some selected sepoys from the company of sepoys were made to parade. In the days of Meetingu Nongpok Wairang Pamheipa, Nepram Chanta who was a servant in the family of Aangom became a Meetei, and the king graciously incorporated him into the Aahanlup (Pana) (3). Naba, Sachou and Haoram, these three stayed behind. During the reign of Shrijut Chandrakirti Singh Maharaj, as Nongmaithem Cha Aangoupampa the chief of Aangom said that (Nepram) originated as a servant in the family of Aangom, the case was brought before the royal presence. The verdict was passed that Nepram Kokila was considered to be in the right concerning the controversy, and the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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king allowed him to be a member (of the Pana). 23 Friday, after Sarotkhaipa from Chandrakhong became a Meetei and was incorporated into the Laipham (Pana), and after he had joined the Pana polo team as a player and (had played in the Pana Polo match), Ningthem deported all the Lakpas, and all the Keirungpas, of the Institutes of the Laipham (Pana), to Loi. 28 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. New moon Friday, there was a solar eclipse. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Saturday. 10 Monday, which was also the day of the Kwakchatra, (4) one of the branches of a pipal tree in the grove of Lai Chakhapa broke. Vultures were also perching on the roof of the Kwaksang (shed). The buffalo which was used to pull the cart with gun powder also broke its leg(s). There was also an earthquake. The boats used in the play which was staged on the water also capsized. As it was reported that a lady by the name of Puya from the royal household, and Yumlenpa Tenka, these two, were having sexual relations in the bath house of the queen mother, a raised platform was built and both the queen mother and the Maharaj were made to take ritual baths by the Maipa. The water-carrier was dismissed. 28 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. New moon Saturday, they propitiated the market (keithen Lairemma). The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Sunday. 6 Saturday, Thourani the Aangom Maiden gave birth to a princess. 8 Monday, a tiger was caught in Chairen and it was presented (to the king). 29 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. Paddy plants dried up while in bud. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Tuesday. 16 Tuesday, as it was reported that the Moirangs had climbed the Karang plateau and had erected a stone post there, the royal father–in–law, the chief of Luwang, Samjetsapa hajari, and Maisnam Cha hajari, these three, went down along with many strong and brave men, professional soldiers, and danced the Thengkou dance (5) in Moirang. The Maipa sanctified the area (where the stone post was erected). The Moirangs were told that the demarcation of their land area ended at the waters of the Sentra (lake). Saying this, they uprooted the stone which was erected and brought it with them. The maipa performed the mikon rite (6). The hair and ears of Moirang Laiphrakpa Natisyam and Hemnaipa, the leading vocalist of the male choir, these two, were cut off and then were brought and buried in Moirangkhom (7). 29 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Thursday. 9 Friday, the Hintus (Hindus) (8) devastated the Phiringkis and five gun shots were fired to alert and summon the people that they might come to the land of the Meeteis. Nameirakpa Major and others marched with 600 sepoys and they reached Chiri (Jiri). 27 Monday, when two Hao cattle thieves in the northern region killed each other, their bodies were hung on the mound at Wangkhei Pungchao. 28 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Saturday. 5 Wednesday, after Khwaisnam Piba arrived from Mayang he came into the presence of the Maharaj, and bowing down, pleaded that https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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he was the rightful piba. Ningthem agreed, saying that he was correct even though the written registry of births (of that family) was not found, and he was sent to the Cheirap Court and the Maiba Institute where he paid court fees to both these two Institutes as the case was settled. This person’s name was Prem Sing. 9 Sunday, the people of South Sekmai, to whom was allotted the task of supplying earthen cooking pots used for Shri Govinda in the time of Meetingu Chinglen Nongtren Khompa, (this task) was terminated by his royal son Chandra Kriti Singh Maharaj. They were replaced by the people of Thongchao. As the Sekmais reverted back to their old trade of making pottery, as a court fee they paid one sun of gold (9) each to Shri Govindaji, to the Maharaj, to the queen mother and to the Cheirap Court. Those who were involved in passing this verdict were Aangoupamba (the chief of Angom), the royal son the Jubraj, the royal son the Lakpa of Khwai, the Lakpa of Khurai, the Mantri, the Lakpa of Wangkhei, the Lakpa of Yaisakun, the Pukhranpa and the Nongthonpa, all the Lakpas and Keirungpas of Institutes and the chief of the Phamthou officials. It was made known to all of them. This settlement took place when Wangpa Champa of Chandrakhong in Sekmai was the Lakpa of the village, and Khenaram the skilled craftsman was in office as the Lup Lakpa over the groups (of craftsmen), in the days of these two people. 11 Monday, the royal elder brother Chahi Aahum arrived from Mayang. 28 Thursday, the Maharaj, the queen mother, and all the ladies of the royal household went to Koiremkei and feasted on fish. The Sangkranti of Phairen also began. New moon Saturday, Yipungsi Haochou arrived from Mayang. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, Nameirakpam Cha Major returned from Mayang after repelling the invaders. 7 Saturday, the Maharaj went down to Chingkhampan and caught four tigers. Two wild pigs and one civet cat were also amongst the animals which were caught. Chingsupa, who was a minion of Anirongpa, was injured by a wild pig but he did not die. 12 Thursday, they began to build a palace for the queen mother. Full moon Saturday, there was a lunar eclipse. 25 Wednesday, they began to build the great palace. They also inaugurated the building which was built for the queen mother. 28 Saturday, Yipungo Haochu was sent back to the land of the Mayangs. The Sangkranti of Lamta began. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Tuesday. 8 Monday, when the Maipa tried to make new fire (10) to be used at the Sachiphu Leithong phatpa rite (11) it did not ignite. 9 Tuesday, they completed the dredging of Kekrupan river. 17 Wednesday, the great palace was inaugurated. 18 Thursday, they noticed steam rising up in Kekrupan Thingen (barricade). 20 Saturday, the sword Khongpompa which was in the shrine of Lai Puthipa was found to have been displaced by itself. The Maharaj did not take the matter any further saying that the time had not yet come (12). 23 Tuesday, three monks from Aajudhya arrived. A shelter was built at the grounds where they had cock fights and they were settled there. All the Haos from the northern region were made to commence the digging of a canal for boats, beginning from https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Chingnganglen in the Aangom village to Khapisoi. Yumnanpa the Talaipapa brought a man from Khabinambon in a dog’s collar as he was accused of stealing a buffalo, and he was brought before the king. 14 Wednesday, all the four Lakpas of the Leikais, along with all the Pukhan Nongthon (Pukhanpas and Nongthonpas) and the Sanglak Keirung (Lakpas and Keirungpas of Institutes), were not allowed to sit on the red felt clothes. 28 Monday, Pisu Sangkranti began. 1 2

3 4

5

6

7

8 9 10 11

12

Juwara: from Bengali Juya meaning gambling. Term used for the first time. Nong laoba: literally, nong rain, laoba to call or to shout; to shout for rain. This was one of the rain ceremonies and consisted of riding in a boat with exchange of abusive words between the king and the chief of Aangom or their representatives. Pana thokchare: from verb panathokpa, meaning to be permitted to belong to a Pana. Term used for the first time. Kwak chatra for Kwak jatra: sanskritised term for the traditional Meetei Kwak Tanba rite, literally ‘chasing the crows’. As celebrated at present, crows are enticed to a certain spot with food, and then frightened by the sound of a gunshot. The direction taken by the first bird indicates the run of fortune for the land and the king. This rite takes place once a year and is conducted by the court Maipas, the religious functionaries. Origin of this practice is obscure. Thengkou: a ritual sword dance in the pattern of the Paphal (curve) of Pakhangpa, the ancestral Lai, the snake symbol of the Ningthoucha clan. The dance is performed either by the king himself or his representatives, both for blessing on the performers and the destruction of their enemies. It also indicates that the place where the actual dance had taken place had been subjugated, in this case the Karang plateau. Mikon short form for Mikon Thakon: a rite performed only by the Maipas and Maipis, and the elder women in the case of individual families. In this rite the spirits are gathered together or begged to remain: mi, the shadow; tha, short for thawai meaning the spirit; kon short for konpa, to gather together or to embrace. The shadow and the spirit are two aspects of the individual. Also every area is regarded to be under the protection of a particular spirit. This rite is still performed today. Moirangkhom: literally, where the Moirangs were collected. Some popular oral traditions claim that many of the heads of the Moirangs were buried in Yaisakun (also called Moirangkhm) and a mound was built over them. But this mound, probably a commemorative mound, was erected in Sak. 1509 (1587 CE) by the people of Yaisakun and there is no mention of any heads being buried when the mound was completed. If the body parts of these two Moirangs were buried within the vicinity of this mound, it could have given rise to this popular oral tradition. Hintu: for Hindu. First time the term is used. One sun of gold=1/4 of 11.664 gram=2.916 gram. Meipa chingpa: literally, to draw or pull out the fire; the fire produced from the flint is considered to be ritually clean. Sachiphu Leithong Phatpa: religious rite performed every year in the month of Sachiphu which is also the beginning of the lunar year, for the wellbeing of the king and the country. Sentence is obscure.

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Sakabda 1780 (1858 CE) The year of Yumnam Chaopa, Sakabda 1780 (1858 CE). 29 Tuesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, Yipungo Chahi Ahum was escorted away to Mayang. There was a polo match between the Patsoi and the Yuyoilenpam teams. A player who was from one of the Mutum families and who played in the Patsoi team died of an injury caused by a polo stick during the game. 9 Thursday, a tiger was caught at Waya gorge and it was presented (to the king). 10 Friday, there was an earthquake. 21 Tuesday, Yampem Cha Rasmon Nongthonpa died. 27 Monday, the Maharaj took part in a polo game. The queen mother and all the ladies of the royal household watched the game. It was also an intercalary day (1). The Khongchai Haos caught a tiger cub alive in Chandra Khong and it was presented (to the king). New moon Thursday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. Kalen was an intercalary month. One of the months of Kalen (April/May) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, there was an earthquake. 9 Friday, there was a great flood. All the houses in the four leikais (housing areas) were under water. The market was under water for four days and there was no market and the price of rice soared to one lakh of sen (coins) for one chengkok (2). Cholera also broke out. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Saturday. 3 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 9 Sunday, Khom who was a Hintu (Hindu) arrived from the north. He was lodged (temporarily) in the Khapham Institute building. 13 Thursday, four tigers were caught at Wapagai and they were presented (to the king). The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Sunday. 8 Friday was the Sangkranti of Yingen. 10 Sunday, some Pangans, (3) who were living under the family name of Nongthonbam saying that they were Meeteis, were discovered to be Muslims and to have forged their identity when their genealogy was checked. They were expelled to (the land of) the Pangans. 26 Tuesday, Thourani the Aoinam maiden gave birth to a princess. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Tuesday. 7 Monday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. Full moon Tuesday, there was an earthquake. There was also a lunar eclipse. 25 Friday, the stone which was erected in the Khakeithen market fell down. But it stood up on its own immediately. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Wednesday. 9 Thursday the Sangkranti of Langpan began. A comet was seen in the western sky. 15 Thursday, there was thundering at Lai Kouparu (mountain). 16 Friday, there was an earthquake. 24 Friday, Ningthem went down and caught a tiger in Kokchai. 27 Monday, as a controversy rose concerning (the choice) of the steersman in a boat race, both Yipungsi the Samu Hanchapa and his younger brother were deported to Loi. Both of them were summoned back immediately. 8 Friday, (4) in the southern hemisphere one star covered another star. 9 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. The royal brother–in–law Chingngakhanpa the Nongthonpa died. 14 Thursday, two families from the

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Leitanthem clan took the water ordeal as there was a controversy over the making of herbal medicine (5). The one who came out of the water first was confirmed to be the recognised herbalist. Yipungsija Pramananda and a man from the Thiyam family, these two along with others began to make gunpowder. They also established the Hitak Sungpa Institute. 20 Wednesday, all the horses were paraded. 22 Friday, Ningthem went down to Kokchai and caught a tiger. New moon Friday, there was an earthquake. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Saturday. A comet also disappeared in the area of the direction of Moirang (south–west). 5 Thursday, there was an earthquake. 9 Monday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. The epidemic of cholera also subsided. 14 Saturday, all the horses of the whole land were brought in and the best ones were selected. One horse died as another horse kicked it on the crown of its head. 26 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Monday. 6 Saturday, 300 buffaloes and 100 horses were escorted to the land of the Mayangs. 7 Sunday, one Mahaprabhu (image) which belonged to Ningthem Mayang Ngampa arrived from Mayang. 8 Monday, loud thundering accompanied the rain. Also a thunderbolt fell. And in the eastern area there was a hailstorm. In the central part of Yairipok (wild) ducks destroyed the paddy crops. Two hundred sepoys along with Lairen subidar and others set off to disperse the Tangan Haos. 10 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 11 Thursday, Lammapa subidar, Leita sunbidar, these two and others with two hundred sepoys set off for the western region. 19 Friday, a cow gave birth to twin calves in Sumsang. 22 Monday, Maisnam Cha Major set off to attack Tangan. 25 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. Eight people who were the Leima Nai and who lived in Chandrakhong ran away to the land of Kapo. 27 Friday, as it was said that Satpam Thamoirempa fought with all the people of the Meinam (family) and that he was in the wrong, he was deported to Loi to Chandrakhong. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, the Maharaj set off for Kakching to inspect tea plants. He arrived at Uchan Pokpi. (He) also took part in a game of polo in Kakching. He also made Kakching and Wayakhong have Khubak Yisei (6) singing contest. He rewarded them with silver and gold. 6 Monday, Maisnam Cha Major and Lairen subidar, these two returned after dispersing the Pangans. They took one prisoner. 9 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 10 Friday, a tiger was caught in Thanga and it was presented (to the king). The Maharaj also inspected the land starting from Kakching up to Wayakhong gorge. He also gave the task of supervising the boring of a salt well to Maisnam Cha Thumchao Puren (officer in charge of salt mines). The Maharaj returned from his inspection of those areas. 18 Friday, Lammapa subidar and Leita subidar, these two, also returned. 23 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Thanga and presented (to the king). 27 Sunday, as it was rumoured that the Aakam Hoas were marching to attack, the Maharaj left to repel them. When it was found that no one had marched to attack the land, they turned https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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from Yisok. 28 Monday, (again) when it was rumoured that the Aakam Haos were on their way, the Maharaj set off for Moirang. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Friday. Ningthem also returned. 9 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. Full moon Thursday, there was a lunar eclipse. 19 Monday, a man from the Khumukcham family who lived in Kakchingkhunou was attacked by a buffalo and he died. A son of a Pangan chief from Silot (Shylet) also arrived riding an elephant. As Bamon Guru Gosai said that he was fortunate enough to render service by walking round the funeral pyre of Chinglen Nongtren Khompa Maharaj, his royal son Chandrakriti Singh the Maharaj rewarded him with two salt wells in Phanchangkhong. 21 Wednesday, Houbi Ningthou the chief, who was the father of Tonghu of Chasat died in Chairen in a fierce fight (7). Khongchai Leirik (also known as) Sakang Hao Huisapa captured two Aakam Haos. The Aakam Haos also gathered the Haos of Saiton and took them. Some escaped and fled back. Two Bamons from the Gurumayum family who were among those who were captured when the village was devastated, were amongst those who escaped. 22 Thursday, the Maharaj set off for Moirang to repel the Aakam Hoas. He also settled the Saitons as a village in Torbung. 25 Sunday, Ningthem returned after repelling the Aakam Haos. 29 Thursday, the Chief of Chairen died. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Saturday. 8 Saturday, the Maharaj set off for Moirang again to repel the Aakam Hoas. 9 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 11 Tuesday, the village of Kapok was devastated and three people were captured. They were named in the list of captives in battle and then they were sold (8) (as servants) in Moirangkhom. Senting and Longya, these two, who were captives of the Aakam Hoas also escaped and came running. Full moon Friday, the Maharaj celebrated Yaosang (spring festival) in Moirang. 18 Monday, the Maharaj returned. 22 Friday, they built a palace in Moirang for Ningthem. The sepoys, all the inhabitants in Suknu, Kumphi, Moirang and Taothong were all subdued. 23 Saturday, Rani the wife of Gosai, the Maharaj’s guru, arrived. On that day the royal decree was given by Shrijut Maharaj that the carrying of Yaiphi the royal standard (9) by the army, which was formerly carried by the lead horse, was forbidden. The army paid a court fee in the Cheirap Court. 24 Monday, the Maharaj went down to Moirang. 28 Friday, Ningthem returned. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Monday. On that day Yipungsi Haochou, Yipungsi Megaching, and Yipungsi Keipha, these three from the Ningthemmayum family along with Aoina the Pukhranpa, Chingngakhanpa the Lourung Puren, (10) two Bamons, some skilled professionals, the conscript, and one Ketri were arrested as it was found that they were making an attempt on the throne. 4 Thursday, Longchampa Roma Hanchapa of security guards captured sixty–three elephants from Jiri and five of them died. Forty–eight of them were sold to the Mayangs. Seven elephants including one which had grown tusks arrived. 10 Tuesday, the Bisu Sankranti began.

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa Numitsu nini thoiye: thoiye won or gained, from verb thoiba to win; alternatively a scribal error for oiye, was, from oiba, to be. That day was also the second day. Chengkok: literally, rice which is carried on the head. Baskets are used to measure rice and grain. Though the sizes of baskets differ slightly from place to place, one basket of rice weighs approximately 18.5 Kg. Women rice traders carry them on their heads. First time the term is used. Panganna: Pangan (Manipuri Muslim) is the subject of the sentence but the number is not indicated, nor does the form of the verb make it any clearer. Probably it refers to a family. The name of the month of Mera is missing. Hitak sungpa: normally this refers to those who make herbal medicine or tobacco paste for pot smoking. But since gunpowder was also called nongmei hitak/hidak, meaning medicine for guns, it could also mean making of gunpowder. Herbal medicine as well as tobacco paste was locally produced by specific families. Khubak Yisei: Khubak, hand, palm; yisei, song. Phrase means singing with the clapping of hands and later came to refer to a female choir with a lead singer who is also the precentor. The singing is accompanied with the clapping of hands and graceful dance movements by the choir. First time the term is used. Scribal insertion of the sentence at the top margin of the Ms leaf. Liye: archaic Meteiron, verb to sell; modern meaning is to preserve or to be out of date. Yaiphi: literally, a cloth which has precious quality, a royal cloth, the king’s flag or the king’s standard. Lourung Puren: officer in charge of agricultural land and agricultural products.

Sakabda 1781 (1859 CE) The year of Thingkuchampa Chakrapani, Sakabda 1781 (1859 CE). 11 Wednesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 20 Friday, when a sword was being made in Kakching the iron blade flew off from the stone anvil. 22 Sunday, the party of those who made an attempt on the throne including Yipungsi Haochou, Megachjing and others, were all deported to all the Loi areas. 26 Thursday, Gosai Rani went back. Shrijut Maharaj gave her two hundred rupees, two horses and all kinds of clothes omitting nothing. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Tuesday. 7 Monday, the Maharaj went down to Moirang to make a covenant with the Khongchai Hoas. 8 Tuesday, in the presence of the king, the Khongchais made a covenant. They confirmed that they were the servants of the Maharaj and requested that they be given guns so that they could protect the land from the Aakam Haos. They drank the water in which all the nine Umang Lais, guns, spears, swords and all other objects which were considered sacred had been immersed, and after giving them 200 guns they were commissioned to protect the land against the Aakam Hoas. 9 Wednesday, Ningthem returned. 13 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 17 Wednesday, the prince born of Yipemma the Chongtham maiden had his ears pierced. 18 Friday, Lairen subidar and others, with 300 sepoys, set off to devastate Tholang, Aoinam https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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and Thingka, these three villages. Lamaba subidar left with the Mayang elephant groom to hunt elephants in Koubru. 24 Thursday, Yipungsi Megaching and Houchou, these two, were summoned back from the Loi. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, Loitongpam and Konthoucham, these two men who were the custodians of Thongngak Lairemma, were replaced. The matter was settled in the Maipa Institute with a payment of a court fee. 8 Wednesday, Lairen subidar also returned after attacking the Haos. Lamaba also returned after catching an elephant. 13 Monday, because of the drought, the whole country including Shrijut Maharaj offered rice pudding to Shri Govindaji so that it might rain. 14 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Friday. 16 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 18 Monday, Shrijut Maharaj and others sang nagarkirtan (1) so that it might rain. Because of the drought water was very scarce. Those who were not living by the Yithei river (2) had difficulty in finding drinking water. There was drought during the whole (rainy) season. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Saturday. 7 Friday, the seasonal rains began. 12 Wednesday, a person from the Yumlenpam family who was a servant dedicated to Lai Nongsapa died mysteriously (3) on the peak of Keirao mountain. A tiger was caught in Phoukakchao and it was presented (to the king). Full moon Saturday, there was a lunar eclipse. 18 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 21 Friday, one Pangan mahut (4) caught three elephants in Koubru and they were presented (to the king). The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Monday. Chongtham Cha Hannaman subidar was also taken by Laichan (5) and he too disappeared. 2 Tuesday, a Hao was drowned in the waters (river) at Khwairamban (market). 19 Friday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. There was no rain that season. Those who did not live by Yithei (river) did not have good paddy crops. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Tuesday. 10 Thursday, Pacha Laitonchampa was deported to Loi to Heiyen as he was found not competent to perform the thengkou (dance) at the Kwaktanpa rite. A man of Moirangthem families who lived in Sikhong died as he was eaten by a tiger. One of the elephants, which were caught in the area of the Mayang and which had escaped, came back, and it was recaptured in Yikop. 20 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 24 Thursday, as the family of Thangcham who was the head of the Chenglei (clan) had no one to continue the family line, Tongbram who was the next in line became the head (of the clan). The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, the Maharaj held a durbar at Utra. The Phiringki Saheps presented the Maharaj with gold, silver, shirts, many clothes and a golden sword and all that was fitting for a king. An eleven cannon salute was fired. 7 Wednesday, a man of the Soipam family was eaten by a tiger in Sikhong as he was collecting firewood. Maisnam Cha Major and others left to hunt the tiger but they returned without catching it. The hajari in the army who occupied the post of the Huichingpuren (6) was replaced by a major in the sepoys. 16 Friday, there was heavy rain with https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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loud thunder. 20 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. All the paddy crops throughout the whole subjugated mountain range (Loisang) where the Kapui Haos lived were infected with maoipi rai pest (7) and none of the plants flowered. Rats also ate up a large quantity of paddy. 27 Monday, sugar cane which was introduced from Tekhao, and which had been planted in the garden by the Paonam watering place, was mature, and the Maharaj along with all the noble and brave men of the land, tasted it. All the Lakpas and the Keirungpas of Institutes were also given some sugar cane. It was the beginning of the production of Tekhao sugar cane. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Friday. 10 Monday, it was declared that the extended family of Yumnapa Khetri Poila was descended from Meetingu Moirampa and the matter was settled with payment of a court fee. 21 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Sunday. 17 Tuesday, a tiger was caught at Samumanbi in Harikonjin. 20 Friday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 25 Tuesday, two Phiringki Saheps arrived. They pulled down the pavilion in the polo ground which was used by the king as the two Saheps had entered in it (8). 29 Saturday, both the Saheps left. New moon Sunday, the Aakam Haos came and paid their tribute payment. That day was also an intercalary day. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Tuesday. 12 Saturday, they began to build a mound for target shooting practice near the main Institute building of Laipham (Pana), on the northern side of the building. A banana bud which had seven buds on the same stock was brought from north Sekmai and it was presented (to the king). 21 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. A person from the Aoinam family in Sikhong was eaten by a tiger as he was collecting firewood. Two Majors went to hunt the tiger but they came back without catching it. 25 Thursday, Nepram Cha Major and others left to collect tribute payment which was overdue from the Mongchu Haos in the northern region. Soukaicham Cha Major also left along with all the Haos in the north, from Wokphrun, Huining, Choithara, Haichum and others, including all the inhabitants of the tributary of the Tangkhun inhabited mountain range, and all of them came down to dig a canal at Sikhong. They also dug Khunchaokhong canal which started from Lenglen. All the sepoys also set off for Khamenlok to fell trees to build the Garot Court. 29 Monday, they began to practice target shooting. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Lamphen and it was presented (to the king). 8 Thursday, the mist was so thick that the sun could not be seen. Fish was also very scarce. One trout which was the size of a thumb costs 100 sen (coins). They fenced off the north–eastern side of Thangkampat area and made a vegetable garden in it. The Maharaj and others planted in it taro, beans, banana, sugar cane, chillies and many other plants. The Aangom chief and many others also earthed up the low lands in Poirou where the river banks often overflowed. Every house was taxed one lakh and five thousand (105,000) sen (coins). 16 Thursday, Nepram Cha Major https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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and others returned from collecting the tribute payments from the northern region. 17 Friday, they began to build the Garot building. Gunpowder also arrived from Mayang. 20 Monday, as (the symbols of) Lai Pakhangpa were being moved to a temporary shelter, the shelter was burnt by the fire of the lai (9). 21 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 24 Friday, a maid servant in the Mutum family in Lairenkapi gave birth to triplets. The mother and the babies died. There was no survivor. 26 Sunday, Kanakjit the king’s personal horse died. Bhagrajit the horse was chosen to be the king’s personal horse. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, an owl entered into the club building. 4 Monday, the Lusei Haos were received at court. They presented three brass bossed gongs and two ivory tusks to the king. 6 Wednesday, the Maharaj left for Leisangkhong to worship the lai (Pakhangpa) there. On his way back he also consecrated a sacred area to lai Pakhangpa beginning from the lower part of Linlong. 13 Wednesday, Yipungsi Haochou arrived from Mayang. 16 Friday, the Bijaya Garot building was inaugurated. Mahabishnu Maharaj (10) along with all the nobles of the land offered pancakes (to all the people). 18 Sunday, six elephants were caught by Longcham Cha Rama. The Major arrived from the Mayang. One of them had not yet grown its tusks. 21 Wednesday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2 3

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Nagarkirtan: Bengali for the singing of Hindu religious songs while processing round the village. Yithei turen leitabadi: alternative reading, as there was no Yithei river, meaning as the river was dried up. Lai yeina siye: Lai, divinity; yeiba to beat; siye past tense of verb siba to die, had died. Mysterious and unsolved deaths were often credited as an act of the lai. First time the phrase is used. Mahut: Hindi mahaut, elephant driver. Laichan: obscure. Huichingpuren: the post description is obscure. Maopirai: Maopi is the local name for a thin-skinned variety of bamboo; rai probably implies a disease or an attack on the crops. After bamboo flowering, which takes place at long intervals, destruction of paddy crops by rats follows. Exact meaning of the term is obscure. Application of Hindu untouchable caste code against non–Hindu foreign guests. All non–Hindus as well as Hindu low castes were regarded as unclean. First time such a practice is mentioned in relation to foreign guests. Laiki meina: fire of the lai: as Lai Pakhangpa is never offered cooked food, his offerings are not cooked in a temporary shelter, as in the case of Hindu deities. Fire here probably refers to a lightning strike. Mahabishnu: the great Bishnu; shnu, scribal style of inscribing the unfamiliar sound in this loan word. First time this character is used and the king is given this title.

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The year of Thokchao Chand, Sakabda 1782 (1860 CE). 22 Thursday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 29 Friday, during a game of polo (1) in Khuntangpa in Chakpa, when an elder brother hit the ball it struck his younger brother and he died. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Sunday. 6 Friday, (the waters of) Kongpa (river were diverted and) stored. 7 Saturday, when a man from the Yumnam family and another from the Keisam family, these two, were found (guilty of) stealing cattle, Yumnampa was deported to Loi to Ningngen with his wife and children and Keisa was deported to Loi to Langgathen with his wife and children. 9 Monday, a tiger was caught in Khoupum and it was presented (to the king). 23 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. A tiger was also caught in Sikhong. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, when a controversy between the families of Hotam Ningthousenpa (the king’s body guard), and of Hotam the singer, concerning the role of the Laipupa (bearer and servant of the lai) at the Lai Haraopa ceremony was brought before the Maharaj, after summoning and consulting with the pundits, the Maharaj gave the verdict that as any disturbance of the ceremony for the lai is forbidden, the two of them should perform the Haraopa in turns. The Hiyang Hiren racing barge also made a barking sound (2). 5 Friday, the earlier Meetei settlers in Kapo Samsok, along with the Kapos who were thirty families, were made to settle as a village in Kangtapi near Wangching. 10 Wednesday, as Yumkhaipa subidar went to demand the tribute payments in iron from the eastern region, a Manung Hao (3) stabbed a sepoy with a spear in the area of Kathwa where betel–nut trees were cultivated, and the sepoy died. The Hao was sent to his village after having his ears cut off. Yumkhaipa subidar was deported to Loi to Chairen. The big clock which had been lost from the office of the Patcha (Institute) was once again set up. A tiger was caught at Langkakonchin and it was presented (to the king). 13 Friday, Nepram Major planted bamboos by the eastern bank of the Thangkampat (moat). 22 Monday, (images of) Radha and Krishna were brought out to the polo ground so that it might rain. 24 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 26 Friday, two elephants which had tusks were caught in Koubru after they had been enticed (into the trap), and they were (presented to the king). The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday. 12 Saturday, a comet appeared. 13 Sunday, there was an earthquake. 18 Friday, the Cheirap (Court building) was inaugurated. While paddy was being brought up in a boat, a sareng fish which had become a lai was encountered by the Khwairampan (market), and two men from the Aoinam family died. 27 Sunday the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Thursday. 15 Wednesday, there was a lunar eclipse. 17 Friday, the Maharaj left for Koiremkei to feast on fruit. A sow delivered a piglet in the Sumsang (building). 29 Thursday the Sangkranti of Thawan began. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Friday. 7 Thursday, at sunrise, a monkey entered in … (4) At dusk, a monkey entered (the shrine of) ancestor Pakhangpa also. 17 Sunday, the Maharaj went down to Leisangkhong to inspect elephants and he returned on the same day. 25 Monday, a tiger was caught at Chingngakham Leikai and it was presented (to the king). It was said that a child born to Yumnapa the drummer began to speak when it was only five days old. Langpan was an intercalary month. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Sunday. That day the Sangkranti of Langpan also began. It was an intercalary month. 3 Wednesday, Phiringki Sahep left to inspect the road to Mayang. 5 Wednesday, (some men were) injured while searching for a tiger. 6 Thursday, there was a great flood. Thangkampat (moat) burst its banks. Khurai Leikai was under water. 24 Friday, the royal elder brother the Senapati was arrested and brought (before the king) by Yipungo Natiyachan saying that he had conspired for the throne. But when it was looked into, it was found that the accusation was not true, and he was released. 19 Thursday, there was an earthquake. 20 Friday, the Maharaj left for Leisangkhong to inspect the elephants. 24 Tuesday, a gun was stolen from (behind the) door of Yipungo the Senapati. The sepoy who was the doorkeeper was taken to the Garot Court for not being alert and was given a thrashing. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 11 Thursday, the Sahep who went to inspect the road returned. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday and it was an intercalary day. 3 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 16 Thursday, Longchampa Major left for Mayang to hunt elephants. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 5 Monday, Lairen subidar left for the area of the Ngameis to demand the tribute payment which was overdue. 8 Thursday, the Sahep left to supervise the road (maintenance). 18 Monday, all the sepoys paraded in the inner polo ground. The Maharaj distributed Tekhao sugar cane to all of them. 19 Tuesday, Thiyam Cha Senlungpa left for Mayang to supervise the elephant hunt. 21 Wednesday, Maipa Syam Cha the Lakpa of Aahanlup (Pana) and others left to bore a salt well in Lengleng. 23 Friday, they began to dig the salt well. All the Tangkhuns from the Tangkhun mountain range were also engaged in the digging. 29 Thursday, Lairen subidar who had left to demand the tribute payment returned. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 3 Monday, Haopa who was a Pangan, and Jagata, these two, were found in possession of the stolen gun. When they were questioned, they admitted stealing the gun, and also admitted that both of them stole all the guns which were thought to have been lost in the past. There was killing in Suknu. 5 Wednesday, the Sahep who had gone to open up the road returned. 7 Friday, Ningthouchampa the palace guard was deported to Loi to Soisakameng when gold was found missing. The Maharaj went down to Lenglen to dig a salt well. 10 Monday, Ningthem returned. 18 Sunday, Ningthouchampa was https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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summoned. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. After two brothers from the Wareppam family who lived in Phupa had a quarrel, the elder brother Damudar separated himself from the family. 7 Sunday, the queen mother and others including the princesses and all the royal ladies left for Lenglen to inspect the salt well. 9 Tuesday, they all returned. 12 Friday, (5) the Maharaj went to Lenglen (Lengleng) to dig the salt well. 14 Sunday, Ningthem inspected the area of Karong. 18 Tuesday, (6) Ningthem returned. He came and sang in an open-air village kirtan for Yipungo the Lakpa of Khurai. 17 Wednesday, the Maharaj went down to Ningngen. 27 Friday, the royal elder brother the Senapati along with others went down to Poirou to hunt. They caught twenty– three beasts. They offered three beasts to a lai. Twenty beasts were distributed amongst all the Haos who were engaged in the digging of the salt well. 28 Saturday, the Maharaj played polo by Yitok. All the women of Chandrakhong, Ningngen and Sikhun were made to dance. The month of Lamta (February/ March) began on Tuesday. Ningthem returned. 2 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 9 Thursday, Yibungsi Chapranta arrived at Linlong and it was said that he came to make an attempt on the throne. Out of his three brothers one was exiled to the land of Aouwa (Aawa), and the other two to the land of Mayang. The Maharaj saved them. Chongtham hajari and Sarotkhaipam Cha hajari, these two, who were sent to the land of Mayang on a mission, were dismissed from their posts as they were found not competent in diplomacy. Maisnam subidar, Nebra jamandar, and Keisa Satwan, these three were expelled to the land of Mayang. Yenlangpa was sent to Loi to Kakching Khunlen. Khumuchampa was deported to Loi to Kakching Khunou. Karaopa was deported to Loi to Wangngu. Haopam was deported to Loi to Nungngu. Thangsapa was deported to Loi to Kumphi. Waikhwa was deported to Loi to Langngathen. 10 Friday, the Maharaj left for Ningngen. 14 Monday, they dug Chingthang Khonglen shaft and erected posts. Full moon Tuesday, the shaft for mining lead which was dug at the time of his royal grand–father Chingthangkhompa was once again opened, and they dug for a new vein in the reign of the Maharaj. 18 Friday, the new shaft collapsed. They filled it up immediately. 22 Tuesday, Chingthang Khonglen shaft collapsed in the night. 23 Wednesday, the Maharaj returned. 25 Friday, a man from the Moirangthem family who stayed behind to guard Ningthem’s troop near Yitok died of sudden adult death syndrome. Also by the (river) bank in Khongman a man from the Satokpam family, another from the Channam family, and yet another from the Namram family, these three, slaughtered a cow. As they were falsely accused of slaughtering a cow they were deported to Loi to Leisangkhong and the whole lane (leikai) was fined three hundred Indian rupees. 27 Sunday, the royal maternal uncle the Mantri and others, the whole country, left once again to dig a salt mine. 28 Monday, they began to build a palace for Ningthem in front of Lenglen (Lengleng) and to the east of it. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Thursday. It was Bisu Sankranti. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Kangchei: the term is used for both polo and hockey. Barking sound: Obscure. Manung Haos: Haos from the interior areas which consisted of the villages of Nunghar, Longpi, Phungkam, Huining, Wokphrun, Choithar, Langtang, and Siroi. Incomplete sentence. 12 Friday: scribal dittography. Discrepancy on the date.

Sakabda 1783 (1861 CE) The year of Leisangthempa, (1) Sakabda 1783 (1861 CE). 2 Friday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. They also performed an appeasement rite at the salt mine. 5 Monday, they began to dig the salt mine. 7 Wednesday, the Maharaj went down to Ningngen to dig the salt mine. 9 Thursday, the royal elder brother the Senapati and all the sepoys left for Mapithen to draw (the brine) from the salt mine. On that day mud rained down from the sky. 22 Wednesday, all the waters of Lampun (Nambun), Yumphan, Yirin and Kongpa, these four rivers, changed their colour. On that day they also dug the canal for the Lai. 23 Thursday, the canal which was dug in the name of ancestor Khuman Ningthou by ancestor Chingthangkhompa was once again repaired as it was found in a state of disrepair. They also dug another canal named Chandrakriti Singh. 27 Monday, Khonglen collapsed. 28 Tuesday, trees at Hiyangthang Lairema’s area broke as there was a strong wind. Many houses in the villages of Haoreibi and Yairipok also collapsed. A woman of the Aayokpam family, one monk and two Pangans also died as they were buried under the houses. On that day, Ningthem also returned from Ningngen. 29 Wednesday, Yoiren Hanpa of Moirang performed an appeasement rite for a canal. On that day, those who fled to Mayang including Thongngaipa subidar and three people of Aarong were captured and they were brought (before the king). New moon was an intercalary day. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Saturday. 3 Monday was the Sangkranti of Kalen. 4 Tuesday, a tree broke at Mongpa Hanpa (grove). 12 Tuesday, when five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people of an attack from Mayang, it was found to be false. And it turned out to be some monks (arriving). 25 Monday, a Mayang woman in Ngaikhong was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) as she tried to kill her husband. She was led around (in the marketplace) by a rope by the Sanglingpa (the head) of the Institute to the beating of a kettle drum (2), which was done by Takhen Langtha. Aayekpa painted her face. 28 Thursday, all the three rivers had risen greatly. The river banks burst at Paota anchoring place, Kyamkei, Leisangkhong, Pukhranbam Thingngen, and Maklang Thingngen. At all these places the rivers burst their banks. Many houses including Institute Buildings were under water. A man from the Keisam family and another from the Suraisam family in Mukuchimarin fell into the waters and died. The month of Yingen (June/July) (3) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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(gang of) cattle thieves which included one man each from the families of Sakonsem, Laisram, Naosem, Phamton, Thouroicham, two men from Thangcham, and one from Yenkhom, all eight of them were thrashed in the Sna Keithen (the royal market) and then set free. 4 Wednesday, eight men including Moirang Binat, Khumuchampa, Haobam, Yenlangpa, Thangjapa, and Waikhwa were summoned from Siloi. 6 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 17 Monday, the elephants from Leisangkhong were moved to Wuripok. 24 Monday, four men were beaten and then exposed by Naimeirakpa the fast runner, as they were found with some Mayang women in the market place. 25 Tuesday, a comet was seen at Koubru. New moon Sunday, there was a solar eclipse. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Tuesday. On that day, a tiger was caught in Langkon and it was presented (to the king). 3 Thursday, there was a shooting star in the night. 7 Sunday, as the Khongchais were killing each other it was ordered that those (who were guilty) should be taken to Panlen and be punished with death. 8 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. On that day Ningthem went down to Leisanghiten anchoring place in Langthapan to look for fish. 12 Friday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people that Yipungsi Maipak had marched from Mayang. The royal elder brother the Senapati and others, including four Majors, set off for battle. Full moon Monday, shooting took place and three men were injured. A man of Nongmaithem family who was in the open ground (near the battle field) was captured and he was taken (before the king). 18 Thursday, fifty men including Bamon Tula subidar and fifty foreign sepoys returned after repelling those who marched to attack. They captured two conch shells, two shields and ten langsoi spears (4) from the battlefield and presented them to Ningthem. 22 Monday, there was thundering at lai Koubru. 23 Tuesday, Yumnaba poila and others, while repelling the enemy, captured Thongaipa subidar and his son, (and) Meekampa and his son, and all four were brought (before the king). The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Wednesday. On that day the foreign sepoys left to repel those who marched to attack. 11 Friday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. There was an earthquake on that day. 14 Monday, Namra, the Nongthonpa, and Chanampa, these three, were summoned from the Loi from Leisangkhong. 21 Monday, when Longchampa Randi reported to the Maharaj that there was money (sen) hidden in the Mongpahanpa grove and that he wished to look for it, all the four Panas began to look for it. When the Maipas and the pundits advised that it was sacrilegious they were overruled, and the search was carried out and they began to dig. But no hidden coin was found. 24 Friday, twenty–seven men from Yiram Yipan fled to Mayang. The stone at Wangthonbi also broke. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, the temple of Brindabon Chandra crumbled. 12 Monday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 22 Thursday, Ningthem graced the Hiyang (boat race) festival with his royal presence, sitting on the golden throne which was placed on the back of two elephants which had been yoked https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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together. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Saturday. 13 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 20 Thursday, seven people including the children of Yipungsi Maipak, along with two men from the Keisam family, two men from the Naorem family, and one from the Moirangmayum family, who were escaping to Mayang, were captured and they were brought (before the king). New moon Saturday, Phiringki Malre (McCulloch) Sahep left for Mayang with his wife and children. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Sunday. 9 Monday, there was an earthquake. There was also a flood. There was also a famine that year. 13 Friday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 27 Friday, the queen mother went down to Langthapan Leisang Hiten (anchoring place) to feast on fish. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Tuesday. 5 Friday, they began to build two club houses on the east of the Leikhomsang building. 10 Wednesday, Ningthem went down to Wakhong in Leisangkhong to feast on fish. A Phiringi also arrived. 13 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 21 Monday, Ningthem left for the northern region to hunt elephants. One elephant was caught. Ningthem returned right away but the elephant died at Yikou while they were pulling it. Houwaipa the Lakpa of the Sanglen (Institute) along with all the people of the land left to hunt elephants. Five elephants were caught and they were presented (to the king). A man from the Pukhranpam family died as he was injured by an elephant. 27 Saturday, Puthipa a security guard and others caught nine elephants at the source of the Yirin (river) and they were presented (to the king). The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Wednesday. 6 Monday, after a man from the Sanlam family eloped with a woman who had been married to a Bamon, (5) both the wife and the husband were deported to Loi to Haochongpan. When it was reported that a man from the Naorem family who was working as a servant in a Bamon family was substituted by his father with another man, whom he had also sold (to the Bamon family) after he had been abducted, the father was flogged in the Snakeithen (the royal marketplace). 6 Wednesday, Yipungsi the Mantri, along with all the people of the land, went down to dig a canal. After Naoriya the choir master and the Yoiren Hanpa (6) of Moirang performed the appeasement rites for the canal, they commenced the digging. 12 Sunday, there was an earthquake. 13 Monday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 16 Friday, when a son of Bamon Khelaswar and a man from the Khaitem family were cutting thatch they had a brawl and Khaitem Cha died in the fight. The Bamon’s son was expelled to Mayang. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, Yirengpa Wupuchingpa was expelled to the land of Aawa. 3 Sunday, the Haos of the southern region, from the villages of Sennam, Longya, Kapok, Chairen and Senting, these five villages, came and presented to Ningthem five mithuns and five brass bossed gongs. 12 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 18 Monday, the Maharaj went down to picnic on fish by the Tekhao Yiren (waters) in Aouwang Potsangpam. He returned on the same day. 20 Wednesday, the stone at https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Wangthonbi broke. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Friday. 11 Wednesday, when it was said that the people of Makeng Thangkan had murdered the headman of the village of Charoi, and after five Haos had been arrested and put in chains and committed to the custody of the Donlai Paba; (7) and when it was found that they had escaped, Thouklau the Hanchapa was deported to Loi to Leisangkhong. Aoina the Hitang was set free after a flogging. 12 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 14 Saturday, thirty men who belonged to the Ramanti sect arrived from Mayang. 21 Friday, they dug the salt mine at Ningngen. 28 Friday, the Yoiren Hanpa of Moirang performed an appeasement rite for the salt mine. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Monday. 5 Friday, the royal palace was inaugurated. 9 Tuesday, the queen mother returned after having completed the digging of the (salt) mine at Ningngen. 12 Friday, a Phiringi Sahep arrived and an eleven gun salute was fired. 13 Saturday was Bisu Sangkranti. Note. 1 2

3 4 5 6 7

Leisangthepa: reading Leisangthempa for Leisangthepa. Matungta nakla or nalka Yeipati: the beating of nakla behind her – Alternative renderings: a) nakla, reading k as before l (written jointly) and applying the vowel a to both consonants: in this case nakala could be a scribal way of writing Bengali nakara, meaning a kettle drum (r and l are interchangable). b) nakal, reading k before l and applying the vowel a to k only; nakal would be Bengali adj. for shamed or harassed. The sentence may then be read as (a) a kettle drum was beaten behind her (to draw attention) or (b) she was harassed with beating from behind as she was led around. In khunkoinapa punishment, the guilty woman was always stripped to the waist and then the uncovered portion was painted with turmeric; a town crier went in front of her calling out her crime as he beat a drum. Yingen: probably a scribal error for Yinga since the Sangkranti of Yinga is recorded further on, and Yingen is subsequently repeated. Langsoi: pointed long-handled spear which is used in catching elephants. First time the term is used. Divorce and the remarriage of divorced women were accepted in the traditional Meetei society without any stigma. Yoiren Hanpa: Yoiren: post name in the Miapa Institute. Hanpa: head or chief. Donlai Paba: king’s law enforcement office.

Sakabda 1784 (1862 CE) The year of Aoina Pujra, Sakabda 1784 (1862 CE ). 14 Sunday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. Full moon Monday, while a wild bull was being chased down the hills by the Haos of Ngariyan, it attacked and killed a man from the Namoicham family in the housing area of Lamlangtong. The wild bull was captured in Lamlangtong. 21 Sunday, a

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tree broke at Nungcheng. 25 Wednesday, the Maharaj entrusted the Chasat Khongchai Haos to attack the villages of Thongkam, Paoyi, Huimi, Ngapum, Tuisen, and Tonngou and devastate these six villages. In the battle they took fifty–one people alive, 2,050 dead, and thirty–one cattle. As regards those who were captured alive, and those mercenaries, the Maharaj paid a price of fifty Lakhs sen (coins) (1) to their villages and they were made to settle together in a village which had been established for them. 26 Thursday, the Maharaj made the Khongchai Haos devastate the village of Pangthungli. They took fifteen people alive and 1,010 dead. For those who were captured a village was established immediately. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. 14 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 21 Monday, a man who lived in Nityaipat was flogged in the Sna Keithen (the royal market) for beating his elder sister. 22 Tuesday, by the bank of Yiril river many horses were bitten by wild dogs. 24 Thursday, Yenkhoipa Aarongpa Hanpa accused some people of the death of a cow which in fact died of cattle epidemic. He was deported to Loi to Langathen on the charge of being a wicked man as no one had killed the cow. 27 Sunday, gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people of an attack from Mayang. There was an earthquake on that day. The attackers retreated from Youyangtek. No one marched forward to attack. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, there was an earthquake. 4 Sunday, Wahengpa the pena player, and his younger brother, a minion to the Leikai, these two who were escaping to Mayang, turned back. The younger brother was set free but when the older brother was asked for his statement, he said that while ten of them were escaping together, the sepoys who belonged to the Phiringis shot at them, as they came to repel those who had marched to attack the land. As they were afraid they returned. They took the person who made the statement and checked for those who were supposed to have been shot, but no corpse was found. The man was punished for telling lies. 9 Friday, as one Hao who was from the Aayokpa Institute died when he was kicked by Surai Sumpa the Hiru Hanpa. Surai Sumpa was deported to Loi to Leisangkhong. Full moon Thursday, a tiger was caught in Sekta. 16 Friday, Yirengba Wupuchingpa was deported to Loi to Suknu. 17 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 25 Saturday, Thouklou the Hanchapa of the office Tolai Paba (Donlai Paba) was deported to Loi to Leisangkhong. 26 Monday, gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people as Yipungsi Maipak and Keipha, these two and others, had marched from Mayang. There was fighting at Parengpa and then, as the attackers reached the plains, three sepoys who belonged to the Phiringis and who had marched to repel them, were killed. Then as the attackers forced through there was shooting at the palace. But they were defeated and they retreated. A man from the Mutum family and another man from the hills, who were shot at the Snakeithen (the royal market place), died at Yaorei. Khangngenpa and Laisrapa, these two died at the Snakeithen (the royal market place). Yipungsi Maipakpa was captured in a paddy field in Chakpa Phayeng https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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by Thangkan hajari but his servant Maibya died. Four princes who had surrendered were captured. But Yipungsi Keipha and his brother escaped and fled. They captured thirty–three men alive in the battle. On their first attempt (attack), they retreated from Youyangtek. The month of Yingen (June/ July) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, Chandra Sing, Lila Sing, Jatop Sing, Raton Sing, Manik Khompa, and Tolen, these six people who lived in Mutum in the land of the Meeteis and who were engaged in making gunpowder, (2) were replaced by Kanghuchampa Ngoupa, Sanla the Hitang, Yumnam, Moirangthem, Wangchem, and Laisra, these six people. These six people subsequently were also replaced. 14 Thursday, a man from the Nongthonpam family and another man from the Yirom family who lived in Wuripok were punished as it was said that they had stolen a buffalo. 18 Monday, as it was said that one Laisram Yaithipi (3) had administered an abortion to one Arampam maiden after she was raped (4) (and caused to became pregnant) by Thokchao the Tolai Paba, the man was flogged in Snakeithen (the royal market place). The woman was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa). 20 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The Khongkoinapa punishment was stopped. 21 Thursday, Tenheipa jamandar and Chongtha jamandar, these two, were deported to Loi to Soisa Kameng as both of them were found retreating when they were supposed to reconnaitre. Khwairakpa subidar was deported to Loi to Waikok. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Sunday. 14 Saturday, Haowoipa the Lakpa of the Main Institute Building was deported to Loi to Leisangkhong for turning his back and laughing while the durbar was in progress. 18 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 20 Thursday, the Maharaj, taking his seat in the Top Garot, judged all the cases of the land, which involved debts both in cash and kind, as well as complaints of wrong and miscarriage of justice. 22 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 23 Monday, the sepoys who belonged to the Phiringis, who had been brought in to repel the enemy when Maipak attacked, left. 30 Monday, a comet appeared in the land of the west. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Tuesday. 15 Monday, a tiger was caught in Kangtapi. 20 Saturday, at the Pana boat race the Laipham and Khapham Pana boats finished the course alternately. It was regarded as not propitious and an appeasement and cleansing rite was performed. On that day, Haowoipa the Lakpa of the Main Institute Building was summoned from Leisangkhong. 23 Tuesday, they began to build the durbar building. 28 Sunday, the Maharaj and others caught a tiger in Kontha. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Wednesday. On that day Ningthem along with others planted pipal trees in Kangpokpi. 3 Friday, there was an earthquake. 11 Saturday, Yipungsi the Hanchapa of elephants and Soukaichampa, these two left to hunt elephants. 19 Sunday, they returned with a female elephant which they had caught. 24 Friday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 27 Monday, a man from the Tokpam family and another from the Mayanglampam family, these two took the water ordeal at the course of Khakhong stream of the Thangkampat moat, for https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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receiving stolen goods. Aayanglampam was found not guilty and Tokbra was punished. New moon Thursday, there was an earthquake in the night. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Friday. On that day Yipungsi the Samu Hanchapa and Sougaichampa Major, these two left for Koubru to hunt elephants. 3 Sunday, there was a flood. (The river at) Leisang anchoring place overflowed and many temples were under water. 8 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 20 Tuesday, those who went to hunt elephants returned with eleven elephants which they had caught. 23 Friday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Saturday. 4 Tuesday, one Phiringi Sahep returned to the land of the Mayangs. A nine cannon salute was fired. 6 Thursday, as it was said that there was a disagreement between Langchampa Major and the Sahep, he left for Mayang. 13 Thursday, a stone floated in the waters of the Loktak (lake). On that day a man from the Suraisam family, another from the Keisam family along with a man from Kapo and his wife, all four of them were found to have been murdered at Tumu Lokchao by the Haos. 21 Friday, the Sahep arrived. 23 Sunday, the Maharaj left for Heirok with the Sahep. Ningthem returned right away as the Hao who committed the murder was found. The Sahep proceeded to the land of the Kapos to buy horses. 24 Monday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Monday. 9 Monday, the Sahep, after buying thirty horses, arrived with the horses accompanied by Khumpong Major. 11 Friday, Thangkan Major and others, after catching three elephants from Torpung Cheklapai in Moirang, returned with them. 14 Sunday, three Saheps arrived. One was black. 16 Tuesday, Guruaaripam Aacharcha (Aacharja) guru died. 18 Thursday, the shrine in Kyamkei which belonged to Khakompa and Mungyampa were burnt. 19 Friday, Aoinam Yireima’s shrine in Aoinam also was burnt. 23 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. On that day, the shrine of Lammabi in Leisangthem also was burnt. 25 Thursday, the Maharaj with four Saheps caught three tigers in Paobitek. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Tuesday. 7 Monday, the Sahep presented to the king a beast named Katha (gadha, donkey). On that day Hoabam Cha Major died. 8 Tuesday, Peisa (currency coins) (5) were sent from Mayang to be used (in the country). The Maharaj, saying that he refused to adopt the currency, sent it back immediately. 11 Friday, one Takhen Aawondar Major died as he was stamped on by Aoina sepoy at the Garot court. 12 Saturday, when Chapungpa subidar led five others besides himself in an escape from the prison (6) and tried to flee to Mayang, Chapungpa subidar was captured and was killed in Khaopum. His corpse was left hanging. As a small–pox epidemic occurred for two consecutive years in the country many people died. 24 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. On that day the son of Aangoupampa died. Four (ancestral) lais, Hoitom Pokpi, Tarangkhoinu Cha, Khapa Leirenhan, and Matu Tewa, which were divided when Tongpra was the guardian of the Lais, were once again re–united on 25 Friday, Khuraicham, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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who settled in Yoirenpam, and Khuraicham, who settled in Taopungkhok, were made to unite as one extended family. 26 Saturday, many shrines were burnt. 29 Monday, the eldest princess was escorted to the Haopam family. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Thursday. 19 Monday, eighty people from Kakching ran away to the land of the Kapos. Twenty– five people from Phougakchao also ran to the land of the Mayangs. 23 Friday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 24 Saturday, Mklep (McCulloch) Sahep arrived. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Friday. Monday, the first day of the lunar month after the new moon, Konkha Haopa was appointed to be the keeper of Thongngak Lairemba and he was paid thirty lakhs of sen (coins). 18 Tuesday, a woman married into the Longcham family and a servant in the family of Leisangthem died as the thunderbolt struck both of them. 24 Sunday was Bisu Sankranti. 1 2 3

4

5 6

The name of the currency is not indicated. Hidak sungpa: Hidak here refers to gunpowder; sungpa, to make by melting or grinding. Yaithipi: Yai, meaning favoured, blessed, auspicious; thipi: ugly, inauspicious, unblessed. Term was applied to a group of Meeteis who had been degraded, probably punished for marrying across the forbidden degrees. According to Dr. Brown (1874: 13) the Eithibee (Yaithipis) performed ‘the useful but filthy office for the Raja and his family alone’. More recently the term has been used to refer to the category of Hindu scheduled castes. First time the term is used. Lannaramtuna: as had acted wrongly, conditional form of verb lannaba from verb lanba: to wrong some one, to act wrongly. In this context, term means to rape. For consensual relations, including extramarital relations, the term used is ngangnapa. Peisa: the basic unit of the Indian currency. Bondi taki: bondi, from Hindi band, noun, meaning imprisonment; taki, from. First time the term is used.

SAKABDA 1785 (1863 CE) The year of Sarotkhaipa Chandra Sing, Sakabda 1785 (1863 CE ). 25 Monday was the Sangkranti and also it was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. On that day, Taoroinai (Pakhangpa in the form of a snake) appeared in the palace. 27 Wednesday, they stretched the skin for a pung (drum) as the current one used in announcing the time was torn. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Sunday. 3 Tuesday, one Phiringji arrived. 11 Wednesday, those people from Kakching who left for Kapo, returned. On that day, two men from a group who tried to escape to Mayang, were captured. 14 Monday, Thokchao Mukta Sing was deported to Loi to Langathen for gambling in a card game. The rest, who were many, who took part in the game were flogged and then set free. 27 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. On that day a Sahep arrived. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, McCulloch Sahep, Tinlen

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Sahep and Ses Sahep, these three came and held a durbar with the Maharaj. 10 Thursday, at Mangnao in the inner polo ground all the sepoys of the land were taught target-shooting at various objects which were made of straw. 23 Tuesday, Kangngapa jamandar was deported to Loi to Kakching Khunou as he was found to have minted sen (coins) after having gone to Mayang. 28 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday. 5 Sunday, two tigers were caught at Kaina. 8 Wednesday, one Hao died as he was struck with a sword (1) at Nampon bridge. 11 Saturday, when Bamon Krishnaram’s cow in Chaching produced a calf which had two tails the Maharaj dedicated it to Khuntomyai. 14 Tuesday, the Maharaj bought a man called Khuntongpa Khutlongpa with the money from the sale of the paddy field which belonged to Lai Changning Leima, and appointed him as the custodian of the Lai (2). Full moon Wednesday, as it was said that the grand–son of Yipungsi the Lourung Puren was found stealing, he was exiled to Mayang. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Thursday. It was an intercalary month. The Sankranti of Yingen also began on the same day. 16 Friday, as it was said that the tunnel at Sikhong had made a barking sound, they performed a propitiation rite at the tunnel. 17 Saturday, when Hichapa subidar was found committing incest (3) with his grand–daughter the Mutum maiden, the grand–daughter was deported to Loi to Wakchingkei. As for the subidar he was set free after some money had been taken from him (4). 19 Monday, the Ngakhong canal at Leisangkhong burst its bank. 21 Wednesday, they began to repair the Khwai road and the Wuripok road as far as Yiroisenpa, starting from the front of Utra in the palace complex, and they completed it. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 3 Monday, Sannapa the Senlungpa was deported to Loi to Wakchingkei as he had forged a royal order. 4 Tuesday, Thokchao Mukta Sing was brought up from Langathen. 5 Wednesday, as Langkambi from the royal household was found to be pregnant by Bamon Thampou of Sija–Gurumayum family, she was escorted to the Bamon’s house. 6 Thursday, blood was spilt in the fast large barge. The Senlungpa who was a gold smith was pardoned and summoned from Wakchingkei. 25 Monday, the Phiringi Sahep presented two red felt blankets to the Maharaj. There was disagreement and they returned right away. 26 Tuesday, the Snasam maiden married into the Khangngenpam family died as the boat capsised in the Lampun (Nambul) river by the Yenlangpam bridge. 27 Wednesday, all the Phampei (5) officials of the Cheirap court were punished with hard labour and restriction to the kei areas, as they did not know how to conduct the durbar. On that day, blood was spilt in the presence of the Phampei official of the Laipham (Pana). The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, as it was said that two racing barges out of all the racing barges which belonged to the four Panas were called Lamtam hi (the guide boats), they were put into the water first. On that day all those in the Bamon Sobha (6) had a controversy https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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with all astrologers including the Hitang of the Konoks (the astrologers) on the date of Thourni Janma (7). The matter was closed by saying that the astrologers were in the right. In North Sekmai the chief of the village had a daughter born to him who was all white, but she died. 4 Thursday, when the people in Kakching dug the ground in the area of Panam Ningthou to gather iron ore, they found a blockage. When it was investigated, they found it was dry coarse loose sand. Then, after digging some iron-ore from the area of Wairikonchin, when they smelted it, it produced bubbles. 10 Tuesday, Kangngapa hajari, riding in the boat Aapanpa which was designated for the descendants of noblemen, and Yipungsija Theba, riding in the boat Aapanba which was designated for those who belonged to an inner circle, both of them were made to have a race. All the enthusiastic supporters, including Ningthem cheered them heartily, running along the banks of the waters. On that day in Wakchingkei a son born into the family of Sarotkhaipam was found hanged (8). 13 Friday, an elephant died. 14 Saturday, when one gun was found to be missing in the Garot, (some people) were imprisoned. 18 Thursday, the Phiringi Sahep and fifteen sepoys entered in with guns loaded with gun powder. They were chased out. On the following day, when all the nobles and officials of the land went to see them, they returned as they could not see any one. 20 Monday, Phiringi Matra Sahep left for Mayang with his wife and children. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Tuesday. 5 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 13 Saturday, one Sahep arrived. 20 Saturday, after draining the inner moat (in the palace complex) they began to build the brick wall Panloipa. The month of Hiyangkei (October/ November) began on Thursday. 6 Monday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 14 Tuesday, Tinlen Sahep left, but the Meeteis were persuaded not to leave. Full moon Wednesday, there was a shooting star. 16 Thursday, Yipungsi the Senapati left for the Ganges. 21 Tuesday, many grasshoppers were seen from this day onwards. 27 Tuesday, there was a shooting star in the afternoon. On that day a Sahep arrived. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Friday. 3 Friday, (9) a letter was received from Mayang, saying that the Maharaj was in the right concerning the controversy between him and Tinlen Sahep. But Tinlen Sahep had already received small pox vaccines (and had used it) (10). A seven gun salute was fired after inspecting the letter. The letter was hung up in Snakeithen (the royal market place). There was also an army parade. 4 Monday, the time–keeper in charge of announcing the pung hour was imprisoned for striking the same yuthak twice. 5 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 7 Thursday, the Maharaj left to attack Mao. One Sahep also accompanied him. 14 Thursday, a message arrived from Mayang. 18 Monday, the Maharaj along with all the people of the land and the Sahep returned after attacking Mao. They burnt down twelve Hao villages. Aoukri was danced and sung in Mao Khunlen the main village. Those Khongchai who were like lais, and who accompanied (the king) to the battle field, killed 150 Hoas in Hapham. They captured eleven cows with calves. As they were https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 101 returning they also destroyed Mayangkhan village and took away paddy and other things including thirty head of cattle. 16 Tuesday, one Sahep left. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Sunday. 5 Wednesday the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 26 Thursday, there was a controversy between the Haos of the Chingthonglong and Siparong areas concerning the ownership of land. Both took the water ordeal, and the Haos of the Chingthonglong were found to be in the right and they were granted the land. The swarm of grasshoppers also disappeared on this day. New moon Sunday was reckoned as the day for giving gifts. The Maharaj offered gifts to Shri Govindaji, Racheshwari and others, including all the lais of all the land of the Meeteis, Bamons, Thamandis (Ramandis), all the Bramahons, including all the monks and Bhaisnabs, without leaving out any, with the offerings of horses, elephants, cattle, gold, silver, currency coins, salt, rice, paddy and clothes without number. One elephant was presented to Thamandi. All the officials and nobles of the land also gave gifts, each according to his ability. On that day Yipungsi Maipak, two sons of Yipungsi the Wurung Puren, Yipungsi Mayai Leppa, and all those who accompanied them from Mayang were released from the prison. But all those who fled from Meetei Liepak (land of the Meeteis) were still imprisoned. Bamon Manik, who used to carve religious images suffered sudden adult death syndrome in the bath house and he was carried away. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Monday. A Sahep also arrived. 5 Friday, they began to build the bridge which was opposite the Cheirap (Court building). That day the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The second princess was escorted into the family of Aangom Tonu (after marriage). A tiger was caught in Kumphi and it was presented (to the king). 6 Saturday, a Sahep left. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Wednesday. 6 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 8 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Wangu. 17 Friday, a tiger was caught in Phayeng. 21 Tuesday, Khongchais who left to attack Nathei in the northern region, returned. 22 Wednesday, an orchard was planted in Chingphu. They also dredged the Nampon river. The waters from Sna Thongmanpi which ran through the Kangngamung paddy fields were diverted to Leimakhong canal. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Thursday. Bamon Hari was captured while stealing in Khurai and he was brought (before the king). 5 Monday was Bisu Sankranti. Note. 1 2 3 4

Thang: thang is a general term for anything from battle sword to a kitchen knife. Leimanai: Scribal error for Lai manai literally servant to a lai, the custodian of the lai. Heiwainaba: to commit incest. Sen loutuna: literally, as a result of having taken sen, a bribe; lou, short form of verb louba, to take; tuna, suffix implying because of, on account of. If it was a fine the term would have been wakhongpa. In the earlier period crimes like incest were punished severely and even with the death penalty.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

102 5 6 7 8 9 10

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Phampei: one who had a seat in the court, high officials. First time the term is used. Bamon Sobha: Sobha Bengali for association, Association of Bramins. Thourani Janma: birth day of Thourani, Krishna’s lover, the married milk–maid, observed as a sacred day by the Hindus. First time the term is used. Thouri yanduna siye: literally, died by hanging from a rope: This phrase is ambivalent as it could mean hanged himself or was hanged. Discrepancy on the date. Sahep ti ka sura: last syllable ti of word Sahepti is read as repeated with the following syllable ka, making it tika; tika sura, Bengali terms, tika, vaccination against small pox; sura alcohol, here meaning potent, probably referring to the small pox vaccine. An attempt was evidently made to introduce vaccination against small pox. Many people had already died by this time.

Sakabda 1786 (1864 CE) The year of Waikhwa Hem Sing, Sakabda 1786 (1864 CE). 6 Tuesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 7 Wednesday, during a friendly game of polo between the Wapakai, Langmeiton and the Naicharup, a fight broke out and a servant of Huitrompa Tompa Tompok was killed. 8 Thursday, there was a fracas between the Haos in Phoiching and the Aayokpa Haos in Yirengpam. 12 Monday, those in the Pacha (Institute) looked up all those who had married widows. Haowoipa Aachranpa also was dismissed. But he was restored right away. Both Thoutapa Aapanpa and Takhen Hanpa also were punished. 20 Tuesday, both Longchampa the Wurungpuren and Moirang Sattwan died. 21 Wednesday, (a person from) Khundrakpam who was coming to the market died by Nityaipat corner. 23 Friday, a Sahep who fled from the land of Aawa, arrived. McCulloch Sahep arrived with his wife and children. The (salt) mine in Sikhong also collapsed. 28 Wednesday, thirteen guns from an Institute in Naran Konchin were stolen. New moon Friday, when the eclipse which the astrologers had predicted did not take place, all of them were punished by making them stand in the water (1). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Saturday. As it was said that Lairikyengpa Lanla the Hitang was having extramarital relations with Yipemma (2) Luwongsu, he was deported to Loi to Nungngu. 5 Wednesday, they began to build a brick building called Phatok in the north of Nungcheng (pool) to imprison (offenders). 7 Friday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. On that day Yipemma the Haopam maiden was sent to her parental home as she was found with child from a man of the Laisram family with whom she was having extramarital relations. But her child was received (into the king’s household). 10 Monday, all those who were put in chains for being in the company of Yipungsi Maipak when he marched to make an attempt on the throne had all their chains removed. 24 Sunday, people came to know that there were two guns in the village of Khongchai Pantong subidar. 25 Monday, when it was found out that Korphu the grandson (3) of Yipungsi Kapo Tapa was involved in stealing the guns, while he was on his way to Kapo after https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 103 being exiled with his wife they were stopped and allowed to settle in Panlen. 27 Wednesday, a man from the Naorem family who attended (the Insitute) in Naran Konchin, and was the guard of guns, died from the flogging he received. Bamon Sanlung Puren Jagatham, with the help of the Haos from the northern region, opened up the course of Luwangyi (river) which had become blocked. Ningthem also made Thiyampat (lake) into a paddy field. Maisnam Cha the Senlungpa also was given the task of converting the uncultivated land in Chingpu into paddy fields. They also made the Aayokpa Haos settle there. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Sunday. 8 Monday the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 11 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Keilanpi. 18 Wednesday, there was a controversy between a man from the Sorotkhaipam family and another of Ningthoucham family concerning money which had been borrowed, and after taking the water ordeal Ningthoucham was declared to be in the right. 20 Friday, they began to build a storied club– house. One Huithou (wild dog) was caught in Heingang and it was presented (to the king). 23 Monday, the Khongchai Hao who killed one of the Sahep’s Chaprasis (4) ran away. 25 Wednesday, he was captured by the Chiru Haos who lived in Wuran and they brought him (before the king). The Maharaj rewarded all those who had captured (the runaway) with twenty rupees (5) and the Garot (Court) with thirty rupees. All those from the Naharup (Pana) who attended the Garot (Court) were imprisoned. 27 Friday, the night quarters for the king’s guards were inaugurated where the king also was present. New moon Monday, Maisna the Nongthonpa and others opened a market. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Tuesday. In Ningthoukhong when Thiya the Senlungpa, Aoina Khutei and Potsangpa, those brave in battle, were measuring the area of the paddy fields dedicated to the two lais Woknaren and Thangnaren, the rope which they were using to measure the field broke, and all three men died. 11 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 16 Wednesday, when Kangngapa the hajari went to search for those fourteen guns which were lost, he came to know their whereabouts. 17 Thursday, a sepoy from the Leimakhujam family in Kyam and Konchengpa aamondar, these two were arrested in Sikhong for stealing, and they were brought (before the king). The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Wednesday. The river Lounampan burst its bank by the sacred area of Samurou Lakpa (lai). 2 Thursday, Ningthem went down to Makoi and caught a tiger. 4 Saturday, Hiyangtek (river) in Kyamkei burst its bank. 9 Friday, Bamons who were divided into two groups, observants and nominals, were made to be united as one group (by the king). They also completed Singjamei Thingngen barricade. 10 Saturday, as the people were digging to construct the foundation for a brick pillar for the Cherai bridge, they found human bones, and they dug them out. 14 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 17 Friday, the Saheps’ sepoys who guarded the treasury were replaced by Meetei sepoys. 21 Tuesday, the Bamons who had been split into two groups were now made to partake in a common meal as one body, in the mandap of Shri Gobindaji, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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by all those in the Bamon Sabha. Four cannon shots were fired. The big pung drum was sounded. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Friday. After Takhen Leihaorungpam Thungpongpa had said that Leihaorungpam Sarikpa the jamandar was a drummer from Takhen, the royal box was opened and after consulting the records it was found that Sarikpa the jamandar was in the right. Thungpong was in the wrong. 16 Friday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 27 Tuesday, all the Pangan (Meetei Muslim) community in the valley were made to contest in a boat race with two Pangan Majors, who were buglers, at the bow of the boats. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Saturday. When the Sinnaipa Institute claimed that the keeper of Khamlangpa (lai) from the Yirom family was a craftsman, the records in the royal box were consulted and he was found to be the keeper of Khamlangpa (lai). 12 Wednesday, the bridge by the royal gate was inaugurated. 16 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 17 Monday, in Tentha a man from the Maipam and a maiden born in the Moirangthem family were found hanged together. 18 Tuesday, Yipungsi Maipak died. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Monday. 13 Friday, Ningthem went down to inaugurate the temple which belonged to his royal aunt who was married to a guru. 17 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 19 Thursday, Ningthem and others left for Koubru to hunt elephants. 26 Friday, the birth houses for both Yipemma Aakoisu and Chongtha caught fire and were burnt down to the ground. 27 Saturday, six elephants arrived. The Maharaj also returned from hunting. The month of Poinu (November/ December) began on Wednesday. Yipungsi the Hanchapa of elephants also caught eight elephants in Makenglok gorge and they were presented (to the king). 17 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Thursday. 16 Thursday, Ningthem went down to Wuchiwa and caught three tigers. 17 Friday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. On that day Ningthem gave a royal order and it was made known to Yipungsi the Hanchapa of Palanquin hands, that settlements be made in Panlen in the southern region (6) as the place was found to be deserted. They began to settle people there. The queen mother also asked her royal elder brother the chief of Luwang, to make settlements in Manamayang as that place was also deserted. 28 Wednesday, they began to extend the Seka (Sega) road up to Lammangtong. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Saturday. 6 Wednesday, Ningthem went down to Chingkham Sangkomsang to feast on fish. He also inspected the cattle. Ningthem went down to Sangkomsang to feast on fish. He also planted a bamboo grove and an orchard in Chingkhampan. Narengpam Cha Bapu and Khoipam Cha Puthi Sing, these two brought with them a man named Punte Rakhanpa, who could make guns and swords, from the land of Deva Sing the king. 8 Friday, they dug two salt mines for the queen mother at Yitham. A village named Kapo village was established for those who came from Aawa (7) at Kangtapi at Wuningkhong Mapan. All those who escaped to Kapo were asked to return, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 105 and they were settled at Karathong. 10 Sunday, forty tons (8) of gunpowder which Kangngapa Thangkan the hajari went to fetch from Mayang, arrived. Full moon Friday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people that Yipungsi Kanhai and Yipungsi Kala, these two had marched from Mayang. They did not reach their destination. 16 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Sunday. 6 Friday, they began to build a great royal palace for ancestor Pakhangpa. Ningthem also went down to Yangkoi Karong to feast on fish. He also brought fish and distributed it to all the ladies in the palace, including all those born in and married into the royal family. Fish was also distributed to all the Institutes. Villages were also established in Kakmayai and Manlom and in the Loi areas. 16 Monday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 23 Monday, two prisoners from the families of Aoinam and Naorem escaped from prison after taking off their chains. But both were captured at Khoupum and they were brought back. 24 Tuesday, Se Sahep arrived. 25 Wednesday, the storied building at Chiraithong was inaugurated. 27 Friday, Ningthem and Se Sahep played a game of polo. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, Ningthem went down to Chingkhamnung and caught a tiger. Se Sahep was also invited to shoot tigers. 7 Sunday, Munlara the sword–smith from the land of Luntera made a gun in the inner polo ground. He tested the gun which he had made and it exploded. He was injured. A horse was also injured. Many men of the land were made to practice target shooting. As for the sword smith, he went back to his country. 9 Tuesday, Se Sahep left. 12 Friday, the royal great palace for ancestor Pakhangpa was inaugurated. Full moon Tuesday was Bisu Sankranti. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Yisingda tingba: literally to soak in the water. It was a well-known method of punishment. First time the phrase is used. Yipemma: princesses are prefixed with Macha meaning child; Yipemma could refer to any of the many wives of the king. First time the term is used. Su: for masu grandchild. Here it refers to the grandson. Chaprasi: Bengali for orderly. First time this term is used. Rupee: Indian currency. First time Indian currency is mentioned as being used in the country. Alternative reading: southern region in Panlen. Probably some of those who were taken as captives to Aawa during the seven years’ devastation, and their descendents. Tum: scribal representation ton; 1 ton is equivalent to 2,240 lb imperial mass weight. First time this term is used.

Sakabda 1787 (1865 CE) The year of Chanampa Tuhop, Sakabda 1787 (1865 CE). 16 Wednesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 17 Thursday, lightning struck the house (1) of the Ngangpam family in Heinoukhongnempi https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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and killed a maid servant and a man. 21 Monday, Lairikyengpa Lanla Hitang returned from the Loi where he had been deported. 18 Friday, the salt mine in Sikhong was dug. When they found that the mine was not producing, the queen mother went down and they chose another location. 25 Friday, they dug the mine again. They also established the Lourungpa Loisang (2). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. 4 Monday, the queen mother returned with all the people of the land. 5 Sunday, a pool was dug at Yaorou. 16 Thursday, the main bridge which was used by the army collapsed in a strong wind and fell on many people. Konjengpa Kuti was killed. Many people were injured. Kangla, Utra, Aawangthong, Samuthong, Lourusang, Aarongpa, Mayang Loisang, Sangsaroi Loisang, Patcha Loisang, Sanlungsang and Sepoi Loisang all these buildings collapsed. Also three branches of the pipal tree by Chingngangpam broke. Many dwelling houses and outhouses, trees and bamboos in the housing areas were also destroyed. 18 Saturday the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 20 Monday, they began to build the Kangla building. 22 Wednesday, Yipungsi Natyachan, who was imprisoned on the charge of conspiring in an attempt on the throne, was released. But Potsangpa Major was deported to Loi to Kumphi. Thokchao poila was deported to Loi to Wangngu. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Friday. It was also the second day of the lunar month. 20 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 22 Friday, the queen mother set up an image named Bangsi Baton and gave it to the people of Moirang to worship it. 25 Sunday, twenty–five prisoners escaped from the prison after beating Aakangcham and Sinnam, these two sentries, (3) and they also took two guns from them. All the guards of the prison were dismissed. But Khut was flogged. 29 Thursday, all those twenty–five escaped prisoners with the stolen guns were captured immediately and they were brought back. New moon Friday, Ningthem went down to Lokpa Ching and caught a tiger. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, McCulloch Sahep looked for building plots on the Nogmaiching mountain. When he was informed that dwelling there was forbidden (as it was a sacred area) he abandoned the plan. Sanchenthong bridge also collapsed (4). A man and a cow fell into (the river). 3 Monday, a brick culvert was made across the road which led to the Maku mountain range. On that day while there was an army parade, the Akam Haos came and brought with them one mithun and one ivory tusk and asked if they could pay their tribute. But the Maharaj did not agree to it. They also suspended a big pung drum in a cart and beat it as they pulled the cart in the cart festival. 22 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Sunday. On that day, Khagokpam who lived by the river bank in Kongpa was told by the people of Thoupantong that they should not live there as the place was a sacred area dedicated to lai Phutoubi, and that it was forbidden for any one to settle there. But when the Maipa told them that the place was not a dedicated area to any lai they were allowed to settle. 3 Tuesday, an elephant died by the Lanmithong bridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 107 7 Sunday, half of the pipal tree at Singjamei broke. Sati khongnang pipal tree at Haokhapi also broke. 8 Monday, the Maharaj declared that Sakontongpa who was the Piba of Thaoroicham Aapan (family) was not the rightful Piba and gave the post to Pangkra. 11 Thursday, a meteorite was seen in the night. 12 Friday, crows from the land of Mayang flew and perched on the kapok tree at Nungkoibi (Nungkoipi). 24 Tuesday, the pipal tree at Singchamei Thingngen broke. 25 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 27 Friday, one of the Ningthem Pokpa Wu (5) in Lansonbi broke. 28 Saturday, Ningthem went down to Chaopok and caught five tigers. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Tuesday. 12 Saturday, they cleaned up Nungkoibi. 16 Wednesday, the hand–bell which belonged to Lainingthou Snamahi did not produce any sound. 19 Saturday, there was an earthquake. 27 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. New moon Tuesday was very windy and one of the branches of the pipal tree by Chingkangpam broke. The great palace and some Institutional buildings in the palace complex also collapsed. Patcha Institute building and Sanlung Institute building, these two, also collapsed. When the top of a tree (6) by the Utra building broke, Maisnam Tamra Sing was injured. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Wednesday. There were hail stones in the area of the four Leikais and the palace area. 4 Sunday, Ningthem went down to Chaopok and caught a tiger. Yirungpa the hanchapa of Eunuchs was punished for four days as he made a mistake in the Thengkou ritual dance on the day of the Kwak Tanpa ceremony. 11 Sunday, Kangngapa Thangkan Aapanpa the Sanglakpa brought a tool for making bricks from Mayang. Full moon Wednesday, there was a lunar eclipse. There was also an earthquake. 27 Monday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, they began to build the great palace. 17 Sunday, two monks called Panta arrived from Kasi with three cows which were all white, two bulls, and three goats. 23 Friday, after Aaya and Soubwa had appealed to the Maharaj concerning the way in which his royal servants in the Maipa Institute were handling the worship, and (the way in which) the appeasement and supplication rites of all the lais and spirits were being carried out, and that they were being conducted in an incorrect way, the royal order was given that all the Puyas (7) should be opened and consulted together with with two (other) men, Aaya and Soubwa. When the Puyas were consulted in the royal presence, with all the members of the Maipa Institute, together with Aaya and Soubwa, it was considered that the Maipa Institute was following the liturgies as they were found in the Puyas with regard to worship and appeasement and supplication rites. The royal verdict was given that Aaya and Soubwa were in the wrong. And it was also found that Soubwam who lived in Sangaibrou was (related to) a servant who had been given by the royal ancestor Garibniwaz Maharaj to his royal grandmother the Arambam maiden who lived in Sagaibrou. Moreover, all those books which were said to have been composed by these two were collected, and all of them were https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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made to be brought to the Chreirap court, where both Aaya and Soubwa were made to wash their hands (symbolically). The verdict was also passed that the rightful custodian of (lai) Mawao Leima, which was in the custody Soubwa Baisnab formerly, was Soubwam Satruthon’s family which had settled in Heirok and the lai was given to that family. Soubwa was deported to Loi to Soisakameng. Aaya Hemchandra was deported to Loi to Sakonmang. 27 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 28 Thursday, there was an earthquake. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Sunday. 6 Friday, one Bamon from Mayang came and begged money from the Maharaj and when he was given one hundred and fifty rupees he refused to accept it saying that it was too little and excommunicated the king and then went back to Mayang. He was recalled from his journey and rupees were given to him (8). 7 Saturday, sen (coins) were made. Full moon Saturday, Ningthem went down to Kakyai and caught four tigers. The Phiringki Sahep also watched the entertainment with his wife and children. 21 Friday, when it was said that after Bepashtakari’s (9) son had fathered a child in an extramarital relationship with a maid–servant in the family, and when it was found that he had made an arrangement to dispose of the child by giving it away, the maidservant and Ningthouchambi the wet nurse of the baby, these two, were punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) and Bepartkari’s son was deported to Loi to Heirok. Bamon Hemant’s brother (to whom the baby was given) was deported to Loi to Haochong. 25 Tuesday, a tiger and a buffalo attacked each other in Kumphi. Both died. 27 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 27 was an intercalary day. 28 Friday, there was an earthquake. 29 Sunday, Yipungsi the Hanchapa of elephants and Soukaichampa Major, these two captured twelve elephants in North Makeng and they were presented (to the king). The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Tuesday. 21 Sunday, both Aaya and Soubwa returned from the Loi. 27 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 29 Monday, Ningthem went down to north Potsangpam to feast on fish. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Wednesday. 6 Monday, paddy fields were established in Thongrabi by channelling the waters. 10 Friday, a canal was dug in Phoukakchao. 11 Saturday, there was an earthquake. 17 Thursday, four men who lived in Aawang Khonghampat and who were from the families of Maisnam, Thokchom, Lourempam, and a man of another Thokchom family, these four, were taken to Suknu and punished by death, as it was reported that they had murdered a Pangan trader and a Meetei who had come to buy buffaloes. 26 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, when it was said that the Aoinam (family) was the custodian of Lai Puthiba, and when the books were consulted (and) no record was found, it was then declared that Aoinam was in the right. 4 Monday, there was a contest regarding the correct parental home, the birth place of (lai) Chingcharoibi, between Huitrom who had settled at Wuyan, and Lourempam who had settled at Keirao. Huitrom was found to be in the right and it was https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 109 declared that Huitrom was the parental home of (lai) Chingcharoibi. 13 Tuesday, Kangngapa Nawang caught nineteen elephants in the forest of Jiri. Seventeen were sold. Two were brought back and they were presented (to the king). 18 Sunday, when a Hao who was a servant to a man of the Konthoujam family who worked at the Sankhomsang (office), wanted to pay back his (redemption) price, his master said that the amount of the money was twenty–five lakhs of sen and the Hao said that it was fifteen lakhs. When the case was tried in the Cheirap Court, and in the absence of a witness on the matter, they were told to take the ordeal by water. Both took the ordeal by water and the servant was declared to be in the right (10). On that day, Potsangpa Major and Thokchao poilya also returned from deportation to Loi. 21 Wednesday, Ningthem went down to Yangkoi to feast on fish. 25 Monday, when they were building the shrine of ancestor Pakhangpa, Ningthouchampa, Haobicham, Aoinam, and two men from the Yumnam family, these five men were hired at the price of thirty lakhs of sen each. (11) Also a man by the name of Lairik was hired to smelt iron to make the throne at thirty lakhs of sen. 26 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 28 Thursday, one Hao from Aateng was handed to the Sahep after he was arrested as it was said that he had killed a foreign trader (12). Thangjaba returned the bribery money received by the servant of Yenkhu the Lakpa of Chandrakhong instead of the servant. His wife was not involved. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Saturday. 6 Thursday, a meteorite fell. 18 Tuesday, a pool was dug in the Chingpu orchard. 23 Sunday, Ningthem went down to Sangngaithen and while trying to barricade tigers, a tiger escaped (13) and injured a sepoy from the Thoukyaocham family and he died of the injury. 27 Thursday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2

3 4 5 6 7

8 9

10

Sum: scribal error for yum house; sum means woodworm. Lourungpa Loisang: Institute of Agriculture. The post of Lourungpuren, chief officer in charge of agriculture, was in existence previously and now the post has an Institution attached to it. First time this Institute is mentioned. Sentry: English word for armed guards. Tekte: did not collapse; scribal error for tekye, it collapsed. Ningthem pokpa wu: literally, tree which fathered Ningthem or king. Each reinging king had a tree planted in his name and omens were read from that tree. Naton: literally, nose; scribal error for maton, the crown of a tree. Puya: Ms written in Meetei Mayek from various peiods (almost all are undated). In this context it refers to a liturgical text for the worship of the lais of the land. See further Vol. 1. p. 10. Amount not mentioned. Bepashtakari: Bengali term meaning one who manages. In this context the term refers to the manager of either the royal household or the temples of the Hindu deities. First time the practise of redemption from bonded labour by payment of a cash price is mentioned.

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110 11

12 13

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Leiye: literally, bought. As the task of these five men was the building of a shrine this was the charge for their labour. First time cash payment for labour in place of it being a duty to the king and the state is recorded. Pepari: for Bengali bepari, trader; here it refers to Indian traders. First time the term is used. Henkhiduna: scribal error for chenkhiduna, having run away.

Sakabda 1788 (1866 CE) The year of Waikhwa Binod, Sakbda 1788 (1866 CE). 28 Friday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 29 Saturday, a man from the Ningthoucham family struck one Sangkoi Tonpa (1) from the Bamon Sanglakpam family and Keisa Kangpuren, who was a trainee herbalist, these two, with the sword, and fled. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Monday. On that day Ningthouchampa who fled (after committing the crime) was caught and was brought back. 3 Wednesday, Haowoipam Cha the Lakpa of the Main Institute went and dug Khunchao Khong salt mine in Ningngen. 6 Friday, when it was said that the Luwangsangpam family which had been living as the guardians of Mahabali (Hanuman’s temple) was from the family of Luwang Ningthou Sangpam, the guardian of (lai) Luwang Ningthou Punsipa, a search was carried out and it was found to be correct, and the family was made to be the guardian of Luwang Punsipa. 8 Sunday, Sangkai, (2) who was struck by the sword, died, but Keisa survived. 9 Monday, Ningthouchampa was killed in Khwairampan. 10 Tuesday, Khuraicham Cha the poilya and others, with 300 sepoys, left to attack Monchu. 14 Saturday, all those who were the keepers of all the Institute buildings were made to report (3) regularly to the Cheirap Court and to include the notification of all those who were sick and had died. 24 Wednesday, as Ningthem planned to host a feast where pancakes would be served, he also had given orders to bring up his personal elephant and four others from Kokchai, a total of five elephants, so that these elephants might take part in the feast. When these five elephants were brought up, four of them came up in the night, on their own, without any attendant. New moon Monday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. Kalen was an intercalary month. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Tuesday. 6 Sunday, when it rained in Mantri Leikai the colour of the rain water was yellow like turmeric. Many people died of cholera. It lasted four months. 23 Wednesday, at the third pung hour after the noon yuthak, which was also the (astrological) hour of the wind, Sna Gokul Sing, the Aatontra Major, Aatonpa Chipanta the kut, Thokchao Jat Sing the kut, Thangcham Cha Muhan Sing, and Thoutapa Jatu, these six people began to record the number of all the people in the land, both male, female and servants, and also the number of head of cattle. The name of the written record was called Roumati Number. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 13 Tuesday,

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Translation 111 the Viceroy’s written verdict arrived from Calcutta saying that Ningthem was in the right regarding the disagreement between Ningthem and Tinlen Sahep. A twenty–one cannon salute was fired. 17 Saturday, there was a flood. The river banks by the Aawathong bridge, in front of Shriji (temple), burst on both sides and the palace was under water. 21 Wednesday, Longcham Cha the Wurung Puren and Puthipa hitang of security guards arrived from felling trees in Theewa for the principal barge. 23 Friday, when there was a controversy over the pibaship when Thangkongpa claimed that he was the rightful piba against the family of Takhen Leihaorungpam Pal Sing jamandar, who claimed to have descended from the family of a drummer, the records were consulted and the jamadar was found to be in the right. Thangkongpa was found to be in the wrong and he was deported to Loi. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Friday. Blessing was invoked on the boats. 4 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 5 Tuesday, a red rainbow was seen above the kitchen of Govindaji. 10 Sunday, a Tangkhun Hao who had stolen cattle was confronted and arrested in Kameng in Kakching and was put in prison. 13 Wednesday, ten people including the Phamthou of the Cheirap (Court), Wumu the Lakpa of a village, the chief of Changkam, Chungsu Hanpa, Keikran Hanpa, the Sakon Hanpa Hitang, and four Sarung Hanpas were punished for not performing their service in a way pleasing to the king during a hunting expedition in the month of Kalen. They were pardoned immediately. 24 Sunday, a noise was heard from the senthak and senkha (4) which were placed where the king’s guards were stationed. Pakhangpa also manifested himself in Tancheng. The month of Thawan (July/ August) began on Saturday. 3 Monday, a meteorite was seen. A comet appeared (5). 5 Wednesday, the brick bridge in Khwairampan collapsed. 6 Thursday the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 22 Saturday, when a search was made after it was reported that two men from the Wahengpam family, one from the Yenlangpam family, and one from the Kabarampam family had sold stolen guns, they were found and captured while they were having a meal in the shrine of Lai Marching, and they were brought before the king. 23 Sunday, those who went to buy tustan (6) from Mayang, returned. 29 Saturday, Yipungsi Chandrasidhanta’s son and a man from the Sorensangpam family were put in prison for stealing. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Monday. 5 Friday, they started to make a brick wall named Panloipa beginning from Chiraithong gate. They also earthed up the road to Mangnao (grave yard). 7 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 10 Wednesday, blessings were invoked for the principal barge. While trying to name the barge, there was a fight between the Maipa and the astrologer. The king gave the verdict that the Maipa was in the right and he named the boat. He was rewarded with a complete set of clothes and all that went with it. 25 Wednesday, the Hanchapa of Leimanai, the queens’ servants, was found dead hanging from a tree in Sikhong, The month of Mera (September/ October) began on Tuesday. 8 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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12 Sunday, Yipungsi Gokul Sing and Yipungsi Kala, these two came from Mayang and made an attempt on the throne. There was shooting at Khurairakpa barricade and both fled. Three Saheps left with 200 sepoys to repel them. There was shooting in Keinou between the Meeteis and the Sahep’s party, as the Meeteis were not aware that the Saheps were repelling the enemy. When they found out the mistake, they stopped shooting at each other immediately. Some of the Sahep’s sepoys were injured. 17 Thursday, three Saheps and Ningthem held a durbar. Thokchao the Aahondar Major, a man from the Laisram family and the sepoys from the two stockades at Aoinamlong and Khoupum, and all those who ran forward in the battle field were captured and they were brought in. (The body of) Thokchao jamandar who died in the battle field was hung at Khurailakpa barricade. (The body of) Khangngenpa was hung up in Yumnam Khunnou. (The body of) Aakoicham was hung in Ngaikhong. (The body of) a man from the Thoutam family was hung in Chothepung mound. Those three Saheps watched Ningthem play polo. They also left gun powder and two rifles. Some horses were presented to them. 25 Friday, all three Saheps left. 28 Monday, Huirongpa escaped from the prison. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Thursday. 7 Wednesday, Bamon Bebashta (Bebshtakari) died. 8 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 12 Monday, they built the Chingchaputhong road. 13 Tuesday, three men escaped from the prison. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Saturday. 5 Wednesday, Ningthem went to inspect the Tamengkhong canal. The irrigation canals round the paddy fields were made to drain the waters of Yingourok. 6 Thursday, one Nungleppam maiden, who was a maid–servant in the Moirangthem family in Tentha, was found hanged. 8 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 11 Tuesday, there were hail stones. 16 Saturday, a two–storied building collapsed. 20 Wednesday, all twenty–seven people, including the son of the chief of Luwang, were chained by one foot (7) with an iron chain, as it was said that they had acted disrespectfully towards (the statue of) Nongsa (8). As it was also said that four princes and nine Bamons were in the group, they were imprisoned in the four main Institute buildings. 22 Friday, a buffalo which was allowed to roam freely (9) was presented to Ningthem. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Monday. Aathokpa subidar along with the Haos from the northern region repaired the road from Wabakai to Leisangkhong. 3 Wednesday, Bamon Tantrathar died. 4 Thursday, open-air singing of religious songs took place for Bichi’s mother. Ningthem performed it. 7 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 9 Monday, Haoaoipam Cha the Lakpa of Sanglen, along with the Haos from the northern region, earthed up the surface of Poiro road. They also began to repair the Seka (Sega) road again. 13 Friday, there was a controversy over the pibaship in the extended family of Wangkheirakpam between the families of Thana Sing and Rasanta, and when the royal records were consulted, Thana Sing the hanchapa of the Royal Security Guards was found to be in the right and the pibaship was https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 113 given to him. When a man had said that the had seen a man from the family of Khetri having a relationship with a married woman, and that he had seen them in the act, the informant and the accused were made to take the ordeal by water, and as the informant (10) came out of the water first, Khetri was regarded to be in the right. 19 Thursday, a meteorite was seen. 28 Monday, there was an earthquake. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Tuesday. 7 Monday, Meethom the son of Yipungsi Wangkheirakpa was deported to Loi to Wakchingkei as it was said that Meethom’s servant had set fire to someone’s house. 8 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 11 Friday, they began to build the brick pillars for the Sanjenthong bridge. They also repaired part of the Khwairampan bridge with a wooden beam. 14 Sunday, Ningthem had target shooting practice at Yaran. 17 Wednesday, when a Hao in a Khongchai village was killed by his own village people, with the consent of all the villagers, when it was said that he was a male witch, the aggressor was killed in Heirok. 19 Friday, one Khongjai Hao also shot another Khongchai, who was also an aggressor, at Chaksoi Thumchapa. The aggressors were killed within one month. 25 Friday, the opening which was used as an exit door at Lakton was filled, and another opening was made at the northern side. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Thursday. 5 Monday, Longjampa Phunan the Lourung Puren measured the field in Senlong Lamyai to make paddy fields. Kangngapa dewan also caught two tigers at Ningthoukhong and they were presented (to the king). 9 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 21 Tuesday, Nepra Major died. New moon Thursday, there was an earthquake. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Friday. On that day, after making a shooting area in Yaran, Ningthem made the Poila Company have shooting practice with a gun called Lanpham (rifle) at a target at 400 Lams distance. The bullets went further than the measured distance. 8 Friday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

Sangkoitonba na: the suffix na is a scribal error for pu, accusative suffix, indicating that Sangkoitonba is the object of the sentence (na indicates the subject). Sangkai: probably scribal error for Sangkoi, shortened form of Sangkoitonba. Rapot touhanle: rapot for report, were made to report. Senthak senkha: sen, currency coin; thak and kha for mathak and makha, meaning one on top of another. In the traditional worship of a lai sen coins are placed as stepping stones for the lai to the shrine. Probably it was to mark the area as sacred. Meipi su kabi su paiye: literally, flames and strings of fire flew. Traditionally interpreted as evil spirits and seen only by a few, but here meaning a comet. Tustan: probably from root tus, Bengali for soft woollen cloth. First time this term is used. Makhong mana: literally, foot and ear; mana (ear) probably a scribal error for nama, one of a pair. Nongsa sannei haituna: literally, as it was said that they were playing nongsa; nongsa, lion, but the term is also used for the statue of Nongsa or Nonsapa, a mythical creature which also became a traditional lai: sannei, present indicative of verb sannaba to play. The meaning of this sentence is obscure but may refer to this large

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114

9

10

The Cheitharon Kumpapa group of men playing very near the statues of he nongsa in the palace complex, which would indicate disrespect as the area would normally have been regarded a sacred area of the lai. Alternatively it may mean they were making fun of the figures of the nongsa. Yiroi tharpa: Yiroi, buffalo; tharpa, from verb thapa to send; tharpa or tharapa, one that is sent out, not confined, allowed to wander freely, a wild buffalo. At the traditional Lai Haraoba festival animals were sacrificed in the rite saren chanba and then shared as a common meal by all the participants. If the animal was not sacrificed, it was sent away as a scapegoat. Sakhi: Bengali, for sakhyi witness. First time this term is used. The wording implies that the informant and the witness is the same person.

Sakabda 1789 (1867 CE) The year of Soibam Bala Sing, Sakabda 1789 (1897 CE). 10 Sunday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 11 Monday, they began to build a stable at the south of Sanglangmei. 14 Wednesday, the Maharaj gave orders that the rulings of the Cheirap Court which were decided were to be referred back to him on a daily basis, and they began to do so. 16 Friday, Snaba Chantra Sing was bought for the post of a Lai Manai (servant of the lai), from the wealth which belonged to Changningleima (lai). 22 Friday, Ningthem went down to Aoinam Sawompung and caught a tiger and a wild boar. On that day Karaphu the grandson of Yipungsi Kapo Tapa, along with his wife the Soipam Maiden, were expelled to Kapo as it was said that he had stolen cattle. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, two Hunthung Haos who lived in Poirou killed each other in Wangkhei Pungchao in Khurai, as it was said that a buffalo had been stolen and had been eaten. On that day, people from north Purum caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 3 Tuesday, the Maharaj began to listen to the public reading of the Shri Bhagabot. It ended on the seventh day. He distributed gold, silver and many other gifts. 11 Tuesday the Sangkranti of Kalen began. On that day Yotpok Pukhri, Yumchao Pukhri, Waikhong Pukhri, Keiteni Pukhri, and two pools for Govinda, these six pools were dredged. They also dug the Chingchaokhong Pukhri. 17 Monday, all the Lakpas of the granary hands were made to become Changloi (1) of the four Panas and the Changloi Sanglen (Institute) was built behind the Naharup Institute building: and they were made to report for the Lanlup service also. 21 Friday, 202 guns and gunpowder, twelve rifles and two lakhs of cartridges arrived. 29 Saturday, there was an earthquake. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, they began to build the Nonghumsang building. 6 Saturday, Ngangpam Maharani died. On that day the subidar of the stockade in Sangsupa returned when he had dealt with the matter of the Champhung Haos, after receiving a report that there had been killing between them and the Chawai Haos in the northern region. The Loktak (lake) dried up. Fish was very scarce and even the skin of a portion of a mud fish was sold on the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 115 lukmai baskets (2). 13 Friday the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Tuesday. 4 Friday, the chief fast barge was taken to the river and was rowed, and the Maharaj also took part. 7 Monday, the stable was inaugurated. 15 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 18 Friday, the Jubraj married two maidens from the families of Ngangbam and Khoirom at the same wedding ceremony, after having taken them to his palace. (3) 23 Wednesday, the Maharaj offered a big bell to the ancestor Pakhangpa. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Thursday. On that day one Bamon maidservant died when the pipal tree at Ngahapung broke. 3 Saturday, a star entered (was covered by) the moon. 16 Friday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 17 Saturday, Kangngapam Cha Major left for Chiri (Jiri) to build a barricade. 24 Saturday, the Maharaj and others caught five tigers in Wangkoi. When the Keirungpa in charge of the Yaireksang (night quarters) summoned the Potsangpa the security guard and asked him to respond immediately (to his order), the Potsangpa refused and appealed to the Maharaj. The king gave an order to take the matter to the Cheirap Court, and the Cheirap Court gave the verdict that Potsangba was in the right. It was decided that any request and communication was to be given in the right manner within the Institute building. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Saturday. On that day, an opening was made below the Shanggai Punsipa palace building and only the males were stationed there (4). 5 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 12 Tuesday, a lai manifested itself in the pool behind the Sanglangmei (building). 17 Monday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 20 Wednesday, the Maharaj went down to the area of Mangsalam and caught five tigers with his own royal hands. The Phiringi Sahep watched the performance with his wife and children. On that day, fifteen prisoners escaped. They ran after them and apprehended them right away. They were flogged and then sent back to the prison. Nongmaithempa was drowned. Wusapa jamandar, Yentrenpa, Thokchao, and Huirongpa, these four were deported to Loi to Suknu. 24 Sunday, there was an earthquake. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Sunday. It was also an intercalary day. On that day Wusapa jamandar, Yentrenpa, Thokchao, and Huirongpa, these four who were deported to Loi to Suknu were prevented by the queen mother from being sent (there), and they arrived at the Garot (palace court). 4 Tuesday, they were sent to prison. The 4th day also was an intercalary day. 4 Wednesday, Panchanon Thakur died. 5 Thursday, Pembam Cha Pundit died. On that day Narengpam Cha Thoiren Hanpa was appointed to be the Pundit and he was presented with Lamthang Khuthat (a reward cloth). Khumucham Cha the senlungpa was appointed to be the yoirenhanpa. 9 Monday, one Sahep arrived. 10 Tuesday, a meteorite was seen. On that day a Hao woman died in Changankei when she was trampled by a horse. 11 Wednesday, the Maharaj and the Sahep held a darbar. 16 Monday, a tiger was caught in Aoinam Sawompung. The Sahep also watched it. 19 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 20 Friday, the king’s personal principal https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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elephant was in a state of arousal and injured a man. 21 Saturday, the Sahep left. The repair work on the road starting from the southern gate (of the palace) to Suknu, and also the Yaiskun road, were completed. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, they began to build Woksang and Sumsang buildings. 11 Friday, Thokchao Chirai the leader of the Lanlup was deported to Loi to Haochongpan for taking his wife’s sister as his wife. 20 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 22 Monday, Thourani Aakoisu gave birth to a princess. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Wednesday. 6 Monday, they began to make the palanquin for the Maharaj. They also inaugurated the royal son the Jubraj’s Tampakyum palace. Full moon Wednesday, they began to weave the king’s ceremonial clothes. 24 Tuesday, during a boundary settlement inspection with the Sahep, when it was pointed out to the Sahep by Soukaicham Cha Major, along with Takhen Lampu Wa Aahondar Major and Thouroichampam Cha the hitang of Aametpa (Institute), that the boundary posts which (the Sahep) had placed were incorrect, the posts bearing the flags along the boundary line of Keemai and Dippai were pulled out by the Suta Sahep himself (5). Then Len Sahep, Tebi Sahep, these two Saheps and Soukaicham Major, Kangngapam Cha Major, Thouroicham Cha hitang, Khoisna jamandar and Mutum Cha muktyar held a conference and they all discussed the matter. At the durbar they (Meeteis) pointed out that all the land, which was surrounded by Chinnam and which was at the source of the Barak (river), had already been settled as the boundary for the Meeteis when the boundary demarcation had been fixed earlier. The Saheps checked their records and confirmed it to be true. Then it was declared that all the land surrounded by Chinnam belonged to the Meeteis. Even then Len Sahep asked for further evidence (to support the written record). At this Len Sahep was presented by Thouroicham Cha the Hitang of Aametpa (Institute) with the Nung Chintumpa, (a pointed stone) which had been taken from Tappai (at the time when the boundary settlement took place earlier). This brought the matter to a final conclusion and it was confirmed that they (Meeteis) were in the right. The Saheb took the pointed stone with him. 19 Sunday, the Sangkranti of the month of Poinu began. 26 Saturday, there was an earthquake. 27 Sunday, a tiger was caught in Takhen Chirang and it was presented (to the king). 28 Monday, a meteorite was seen. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Thursday. Friday also was an intercalary day. On that day, they began to build a brick bridge at Yaromorikhong canal. It was completed immediately. 2 Saturday, a meteorite was seen. 7 Thursday, five prisoners who had been put in chains escaped. On that day Khoitongpam Cha subidar left to attack the Ngameis. 13 Wednesday, Houwaipam Cha the Lakpa of Sanglen (Institute) and Wangkhei subidar, these two and others with 400 sepoys, left to attack Paoyi. 16 Friday, they began to build a brick bridge at Merakhong canal. 18 Sunday, Purun Sahep (Dr. Brown) arrived. 20 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. On that day, Thourani Aahan (the principal wife) the Aangom maiden https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 117 gave birth to prince Snaton. 23 Friday, they completed the brick bridge at Merakhong canal. On that day, they began to build a brick bridge at Laiyinthapi. It was completed immediately. 24 Saturday, Kangngapam Cha Major, who had gone to buy 850 guns from Lakhipur, arrived. 25 Sunday, Kangngapam Cha Major began to raise the level of Thongkrangbi road. 26 Monday, Lammaba Dewan arrived with 350 guns. 28 Wednesday, McCulloch Sahep left for Mayang with his wife and children. The younger brother of Sna Phaibok (the royal twin brothers) also left in the company of the Sahep. New moon Friday, Loitongba subidar was attacked on his return journey after he had attacked the Ngameis, and two Meeteis and four Khongchias were killed. A few Haos were also killed by the Meeteis. The Khongchais brought back eighteen heads of the Haos. The (Haos) also took two guns from the Meeteis. Some guns from the Haos were also taken (by the Meeteis). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Saturday. 5 Wednesday, Haowaipa the Lakpa of Sanglen (Institute) returned after attacking the Haos in the northern region. 6 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Major and Longchampa Major, these two left to attack Tangan in the northern region. 8 Sunday, a meteorite fell in the evening. 10 Monday, a meteorite fell in the evening. A star also was covered by the moon. 19 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 22 Saturday, there was an earthquake. 29 Saturday, the Luseis were received in court. They presented one elephant tusk to the king. The Maharaj presented two spears to the Luseis. On that day Longcham Cha Major and Kangngapam Cha Major, these two along with others who went to devastate Tangan with 1,000 sepoys, 1,000 Khongchais, and 800 commoners (from the Lanlup), returned. They captured ten people and they were brought back. A man from the family of Wangkhem died from a gun shot from a sepoy in the stockade. Two Khongchai Haos also were killed. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Monday. 5 Friday, they began to build Thongsang bridge. 7 Sunday, Shri Govindaji’s temple collapsed. A Nongsa (statue) also collapsed. 13 Saturday, a meteorite fell. 26 Friday, Bibi, a Sahep’s wife arrived. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, Kangngapam Cha Major and others with some sepoys of the country made a hunting expedition at Yamla Sapham. 10 Thursday, six men from Aawa who were staying at Nityaipat area were arrested and brought to the Karot (Garot) Court for trial for having relations with six Meetei women from the families of Longcham, Kangngabam, Chongtham, Khangngenbam, Yumnambam, and Thokchao. On the same day, they inaugurated Shri Govindaji’s (temple). Aatengba Hao who had fled to the Mayangs was captured by Wangkhei Meiraba and he was brought (before the king). He was sent to prison. Full moon Sunday, Gosai Rani arrived. 19 Saturday, the Bisu Sankranti began. 1

Changloi: from noun chang, standard; loi plural form. In this context it refers to all those who were dealing with weights or measures; office of Weights and Measures. First time this term is used.

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118 2

3

4 5

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Lukmai: hand–woven round flat bamboo baskets with a raised frame at the base used for displaying goods for sale in the market. These baskets are light and used by women and often carried on their heads. Sale of goods was traditionally in the hands of women. Pukhattuna luhongye: literally, after having taken to (his palace) the marriage took place. Formerly there was no mention of any fixed or specific place where the marriage ceremony of a prince should be performed, though mention of the wife’s parental home, where even the king had to spend some time, is mentioned. The practice of bringing the brides to the house of a royal male groom is carried out even to day. Normally in Meetei society, marriage always took place in the bride’s house and afterwards she (including princesses) was escorted to the groom’s house. First time this phrase and practice is mentioned. Lupatana phamye: Lupa, silver, scribal error for nupa, male; only the males sat there. Suta Sahep: ie. chota Sahep, assistant or deputy officer. First time the term is used.

Sakabda 1790 (1868 CE) The year of Taoriya Kirtibasi, Sakabda 1790 (1868 CE). 20 Sunday, was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 23 Wednesday, the Tangan Haos returned the heads which they had taken (as trophies) from those slain (in the battle). They also brought with them six guns and one ivory tusk which they presented to the king. On that day, Soukaichampa Major also returned from the expedition to catch elephants. A man from the Ninggonpam family died after being injured by an elephant. Ngaseppa jamandar and Yumnapa jamandar, these two, were also injured by an elephant, but they did not die. They captured three elephants, one of them was shot and they took its tusks. All of them were presented (to the king). 26 Saturday, two Mayangs arrived and they operated on those who suffered from gall stones, but as the patients died, they were stopped from performing further operations. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, Gosai Rani went back. On that day a man’s body was found in the waters of the Linlong (river). 10 Saturday, a man from the Nongmeikappam family, a man from the Thiyam family, and another from the Pukhranpam family, these three were brought (before the king) as the two buffaloes which they had stolen were recovered. The Phiringi Sahep entered into the palace building and took photographs (1) of the people in front of the Utra building. 21 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. On that day, a man in Koiremkei was injured as an arrow from the sky (lightning) struck him. He did not die. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Saturday. On that day, a man from the Khetrimayum family in Kakching fled to Aawa after killing his wife’s sister. 2 Sunday, one of the sons of Yumnam the conch-blower in Yisok died as he fell from a mango tree while picking mangoes. On that day the Thourani from the Longcham family was sent back to her parental home. 8 Friday, two Nungsong Hoas were captured as they had stolen buffaloes from the people of Ningngen and they were brought in. Full moon Friday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 119 the Kangla (building) was inaugurated. 16 Saturday, a man from the Laisram family, and another from the Tokpam family, these two, escaped from the prison. 17 Sunday, they began to build Sanchenthong bridge with bricks. 18 Monday, they inaugurated the bridge and Shri Gobindaji (image) also was taken there. 21 Thursday, the bridge collapsed. 23 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 24 Sunday, a man from the Thoutam family, who was working as a servant in Waikhong, was brought (to the king) as he was found touching the throne of lai Wangpuren in Suknu (2). The royal verdict was given that he was to be appointed the servant of the lai and he was therefore sent back. 28 Thursday, the two escaped prisoners, Liasrapa and Tokbra, were both recaptured. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Sunday. 5 Thursday, the (images of) Krishna (3) and Balaram, these two, were made (4). (Images of) Rathajugon were sent to Bamon Gosai. The person who made these images was Chungkham Cha Longla. 6 Friday, a tiger was caught in the Heipok hills in the Langthapan palace compound. The Sahep watched the event. On that day one man from each of the villages of Khamtong, Kangpat, Nampotsa, Longchao, Krihang, Lampui, Haimi Mongpa Khunnou and Khunlen, these two, Konpan, Phapneng, Langsung, Langli, Chahok, and Tanhong, from all these fourteen villages came to the king and presented their tribute payments. 12 Wednesday, a Hao was drowned in the river in the Sansenpam area. 20 Friday, the Sahep took photographs of seven men dressed in Ningkham and Samchin (5). On that day, a cow which had three horns was brought in and was presented (to the king). 25 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Monday. 10 Wednesday, divans were placed in the mantop and people were allowed to sit on them to watch a performance. 12 Friday, the temple and the mantop were ritually cleansed as it was found that one Pangan (Muslim) woman had entered into the mantop of Shri Gobinda while watching the performance at the Jhulon celebration. The Bamon’s house was also ritually cleansed as it was also said that the same woman had entered that house. 22 Monday, the Maharaj went down to Langthapan palace to feast on jack fruit. 27 Saturday, the queen mother and all the royal ladies, along with all the nobles and the brave men, went down to Langthapan palace to feast on jack fruit. 28 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. On that day Kanggapam Cha Major caught three tigers in Keina and they were presented (to the king). Two of them were caught with his own hands. One was caught by a Pangan. New moon Tuesday, there was a solar eclipse. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Major left for Kachai to bring down the main beams (for the buildings). The servants of Bamon Raj Pundit, Teli Tonu, Teli Aangou, and one woman from Sekmai, all three who were hiding in Chandrakhong in Sekmai, were found and they were brought in. 4 Friday, the Koupui Haos who lived in the southern part of the market were ordered by the king to perform their merry–making dance which the king and the Sahep watched. 10 Thursday, there was a (public dramatic) https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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recitation of the Shri Vagabat which was listened to by the people. It ended after seven days. To the Brahmons (6) 100 small water containers (7), 100 bowls, 100 sets of clothes, gold, silver and a large quantity of sen (coins) were presented as a charitable gift to gain merit. 22 Wednesday, they began to build the royal bath house. A jugyi (8) also entertained them as he danced leaping up in the air, turning to all the directions. 24 Friday, Lai Nongpok and Panthoibi, husband and wife, Lai Ching Ningthou and his wife, all four lais who were housed in Wukhongsang, were escorted to their appropriate sacred areas, after the building of their shrines by the royal father–in–law the Lakpa of Aahanlup (Pana). On the same day, the Purans which were kept in both the Institutes of the Maipa and the Pundits were also read in the main Institute Building of the Khapham (Pana). Eleven boxes of lead also arrived from the land of Mayang. A case concerning the workers in the granaries was also heard in the Cheirap Court. 27 Sunday, in the morning the Maharaj went to a boat race where he made Longcham Cha Major and Kangngapam Cha Major, these two majors, take the lead places by standing at the prow of the racing barges. The Sahep also photographed the race. 28 Monday, two long (guest) houses were built by Laikhong canal where Kapo and Mayang traders could stay when they arrive. They also began to repair all the roads in the four Leikais (residential areas). 29 Tuesday, Aatompa from Kapo arrived as an emissary. New moon Wednesday, the Sangkranti of the Langpan began. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, a meteorite fell. 4 Sunday, when Khuraicham Cha the Kangpuren came with a woman from Aawa, her husband who came running after them also arrived; and when the case was brought before the Cheirap Court Khuraicham Cha the Kangpuren had to pay Rs. 70 to the husband. The Cheirap Court also gave him Rs. 30, and the husband returned to his own country. 8 Thursday, the water in the pool in the Ras Mandal was found to be stale and polluted. 21 Wednesday, Longcham Cha Major and others left to attack the Chakri Haos in the northern region. 22 Thursday, four Saheps also returned to Mayang. On that day, an arrow from the sky (lightning) struck a woman in Kakching Khunnou and she was killed. 23 Friday, Soukaicham Cha Major and all the people from southern Keirup (9) left for Chairen to hunt white elephants. 25 Saturday, the Aawa emissary arrived. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Friday. On that day the Sangkranti of Mera began. 2 Saturday, Soukaicham Major returned as they did not find any white elephants. 5 Tuesday, Kangngapam Cha Major left to repulse the Luseis with 100 sepoys when it was reported that the Luseis had surrounded the Haos at Montha all night and had killed some people. 8 Friday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people of an attack. The summons turned out to be in connection with the Lusei Haos. One Kut from the party of Nongthonpa Kang, Leithathempa aahondar from Khoichuman, and Yelangpa aahondar from the Naharup (Pana), these three were killed in the fight. The Haos fled. 12 Wednesday, as it was reported that there was a brawl between Laiton https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 121 senlungpa and his mother, the son was brought up and whipped in the Cheirap Court and then kept in the custody of the Dolai Paba. Full moon Saturday, Longcham Cha Major returned after attacking Chatrik. He captured Yangkhinleng the Lakpa of Chatrik village alive in the battle and brought him (to the king). The Maharaj sent him back with gifts of clothes and food. 18 Tuesday, one section of the storied building at the southern side of Chirai (door) collapsed. Some people were injured. 29 Wednesday, when a tiger entered the house of Potsangbam in Laisram Khunlen, Gangka Sing aahondar of Yirengpa Sunu Sepoy regiment caught it and it was brought in. On that day Kangngapam Cha Major also left for Mayang. 23 Sunday, Soukaicham Cha Major left to hunt elephants. A Sahep also arrived. 26 Tuesday, six prisoners escaped. 29 Friday, a man from the Yenlangpam family, a man from the Yentrenpam family, and another from the Wahengpam family, these three, were recaptured and they were brought back. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Sunday. That day the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 5 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major returned after negotiating with the Haos. 11 Thursday, (10) the Maharaj gave Luwanglon village five guns, fifteen kathas and fifteen nungs (11) of gun powder, and to Aoinamlong village fifteen guns and thirty kathas, and fifty nungs of gunpowder to be used to protect their villages. Ten sepoys who deserted when Kangngapam Cha Major went to battle were brought before the Maharaj and they were flogged in his presence. On that day it was said that as some people were draining the waters from Pheitaiyi paddy fields (they heard) a lai making a sound from within (the lai’s abode), and they stopped what they were doing. They also began to rebuild Sansenthong bridge once more. 12 Friday, Soukaicham Cha Balai Major returned with seven elephants which he had caught and they were presented to (the king). 13 Saturday, three escaped prisoners, including Huirongpa, were captured at the Aoinamlong stockade and they were brought back. Full moon Monday, Yipungsi Loikhompa was expelled to the land of Aawa as it was said that he had stolen cattle. 19 Thursday, a meteorite fell. 21 Saturday, the Maharaj and the Sahep took photographs of a Tangkhun, a Maring and a Kapui, all three of them. New moon Monday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. On that day a meteorite fell. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Tuesday. 5 Saturday, the Maharaj along with all his wives and all the royal ladies erected a chup (12) in the Kangla (palace complex). 7 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Major also returned after establishing a village for the Montha Haos. On that day the king’s personal horse died. 8 Tuesday, a mother and her child, who were Montha Haos and who had escaped from captivity from the Lusei Haos, arrived. 9 Wednesday, Thokchao Mukta Sing, Namra and others, a total of seven men were flogged as they were found taking Meetei women to Aawa. 17 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Major and others, with 600 sepoys and 1,000 Khongchais, left to attack Ngarimonlong. 19 Saturday, a black tiger which was in a tree behind (the grove of) Heisnam Lairemma Panthoibi https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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was caught by the Maharaj with his own hands. 28 Sunday, there was a very severe earthquake at three pung hours before sunset yuthak. The storied building of the Peithop Club house collapsed and buried a Bamon from the Gurumayum family, Hicham Tulasi’s unmarried daughter, and a Bamon maidservant, all three of them, and they were killed. Lakton Chiraithong and most of the Pharaikons in the palace complex collapsed. The queen mother’s palace also cracked in nine sections and the ground on which the building stood also subsided. Water and sand spouted out like a fountain from beneath the ground. The shrine of Lainingthou Nongsapa and the open courtyard in front of the shrine also cracked. In the courses of Singtha river, Luwangli river and the Turen Aamanpa river, in all these rivers water and sand spouted like springs of water. The temple of Shri Radha and Govinda also collapsed and their images were shattered. The Lanmithong bridge and some houses and granaries which belonged to the people of the land were damaged. There were fifteen earthquake aftershocks during that night. 29 Monday, there were three more aftershocks in the night. New moon Tuesday, there was another aftershock again and it lasted one whole yuthak (13). As the river banks of Yumphan, Thouban and Yirin rivers, all these three river banks caved into the rivers, the water level of these rivers rose. The brick bridge in Khwairampan (market) and all the brick temples (and) brick houses, including all the two storied buildings in all the land, collapsed. The course of the Naga river by Khwairampan (market) which (they) had just begun to dredge was filled with water. All the roads and bridges in all the four Leikais were cracked. Some people of the land camped for two or three days in the open courtyards and on the raised plateau as some of their houses had collapsed, and some were afraid that their houses would collapse. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Wednesday. That day the Sangkranti of Wakching also began. There were again four earth tremors on that day. At every earth tremor the waters in the gorges and the sources of rivers in the mountains also produced tidal waves; it caused the water–levels to rise in the Yumphal, Yirin, Thoupan, Singtha, and Luwangyi rivers, as well as all the other rivers in the land. 3 Friday, Maisna the Nongthonpa died. Thourani Chongtha Aahan was also sent away to her parental home. Maisnam Cha Bapu Major also was excluded (14) by the king. 4 Sunday, there was an earthquake in the night. 5 Monday, there was an aftershock. 9 Friday, there was yet again another aftershock in the night. 12 Monday, the Maharaj received a letter asking him to join the invasion on the Lusei Haos as two Saheps were reported as having been killed by the Lusei Haos. On that day Maisnam Cha the Aarangpuren was appointed to the post of the Nongthonpa. 14 Wednesday, news was received informing that the Aawas were on the march and had reached Khambat. 20 Monday, Longcham Cha Major left to attack the Luseis with twenty sepoys. 23 Thursday, Khunpong Major, Maisna the Samu Senlungpahan, these two and others with 200 sepoys, left to reinforce the advance party. 25 Saturday, Kangngaba Aakhanpa the Lalup https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 123 Chingpa and others with 100 sepoys, left as a reinforcement. New moon Thursday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The month of Lamta (February/ March) began on Friday. 8 Monday, the royal elder brother the Senapati and others left to invade the Luseis. Two saheps also left (to join them). 21 Thursday, Kangngapa Major also left to attack the Luseis. 23 Saturday, the royal son the Jubraj left for Lamatong to have a conference with the royal elder brother the Senapati and the two Saheps. He returned immediately. 27 Friday, 105 people from Langathen and Panlen fled to Aawa. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Sunday. There was an earthquake on that day. 3 Tuesday, the royal elder brother the Senapati, the Sahep, Kangngapam Cha Major, Khunpong Aarangpuren Major and others, who had left to invade the Luseis with 5,100, soldiers returned before reaching their destination as they found that the Luseis had taken to their heels. But the ration of rice had already been taken in advance as far as Khoupum. 6 Friday, Longcham Cha Major also returned from Kampiron after devastating the Lusei Haos. 9 Monday, there was an aftershock. 13 Friday, they began to build a temple for Debi in the Chiri (Jiri) stockade. Those involved in building the temple were Soubwam Kher Sing Aarangpuren, (the head of management), Nganguwa Bhagya Sing Machahan, Tenheipa Ngoupram, and Sankoitapa Machahan, these four people built the temple. 16 Sunday, as a Pangan (Muslim) woman was found having an extramarital relationship with her younger brother–in–law, the man was put in prison and the woman was punished with public shaming (khunkoinapa) in the market place. 23 Sunday, Bamon Krishna Gopan and his wife were expelled to the land of the Mayangs for stealing cattle. On that day as the Maharaj gave a royal order to the Khongchais that all the brave Khongchais should go and invade the Lusei Haos, the Khongchais set off to attack (the Luseis). 26 Wednesday, they began to build the shrine for ancestor Pakhangpa. 28 Friday, the Khongchais killed forty–four Luseis and brought with them two heads and presented them (to the king). One head was buried (and listed amongst those who were subjugated) in Nungkoipi. They also captured sixteen guns, six spears and eight swords and presented them (to the king). 29 Sunday, the Bisu Sangkranti began. 1 2 3 4 5

Tashper: from Bengali tasbir, meaning picture, portrait. First time this term is used. Only the servant or attendant of the lai and the religious functionaries were considered worthy to touch the throne of the lai. Krshna: this word has been written differently by the scribe, which indicates this loan word has not yet found its final form in the Meetei Mayek script. Nirpon: from Bengali Nirupan noun meaning fixing. First time this term is used. Ningkham Samchin: both are traditional official dress worn by men. Ningkham is a scarf, triangular in shape, of plain coloured cloth with an intricately embroidered coloured border and a tassel at one point. This is tied round the waist, with the tasselled point hanging over the buttocks (ning, hence Ningkham). Samjin is a head– dress made of a length of silk or very fine cotton tied in a special way and decorated

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124

6 7

8 9 10 11

12

13 14

The Cheitharon Kumpapa at the top with a feather; an embroidered chin strap of the same material covers the ears and is tied beneath the chin, with the tassel hanging under the chin. These two form a set and is the ceremonial attire worn in duels, war dances, boat races, and in the sport Keiyangthekpa (breaking the spine of a living tiger with bare hands). It is worn by the royalty and those to whom it is given as a reward for valour and extraordinary deeds. Brahthons: scribal error for Brahmons. Tukana: an all purpose small brass pot with a narrow neck and a small lip round the opening shaped like a rounded flower vase, with a flat base, which Brahmins and mendicants carry with them when they travel to fetch and carry water for rituals, ablutions and drinking. Jugyi: mendicants devoted to Sakti. The meaning of the sentence is obscure. Kha Keirup: alternative rendering, a group of people in the southern region dedicated to catching tigers, or a group which worked in the southern granaries. Discrepancy by one day. Katha and nung: Katha, Bengali for a receptacle or basket used for measuring grain; nung, stone, referring to specific weight (probably less than a katha) used in measuring. Chup: a structure built to prevent the reoccurrence of certain undesirable events. Normally chups were built when a person died in a very unnatural, violent or horrific way or at the death of one whose way of life was undesirable, in order to prevent its recurrence. Even at the death of an unmarried woman, a chup was usually built so that she might not be reborn. Unmarried women were considered deserving a chup until recently. The reason for this chup is not indicated. First time this term is used. Yuthak amarak: literally, once again for a yuthak; rak, again, repeated. See Vol. 1 p. 154. Yinthokye: past tense of yinthokpa, to exclude, loosing the favour of the king. First time this term is used.

Sakabda 1791 (1869 CE) The year of Moirang Chaiteinya, Sakabda 1791 (1869 CE). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Tuesday. It was also the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 4 Friday, as it was said that the Lusei Haos had advanced, Soukaicham Cha Major and others set off with 400 soldiers. 9 Tuesday, Konok the hanjapa died. 10 Wednesday, a monk from Wuyan who came prostrating all the way arrived before the image of Shri Govindaji which he worshipped. 11 Thursday, when the Bara Sahep went to inspect the land in Kapo, he was accompanied by Khunpong Major the Bara Dewan, Hatam Cha aahondar Major, another aahondar from Moirang, and twelve soldiers, as the vanguard party (1). When they arrived at (the river) Ningthi, Choukusa and Choukusu, these two noblemen of Kapo, and others asked why the Sahep had come there. The Sahep replied that they had come to visit the land. After that, most of the people of Kapo were photographed. 14 Sunday, in Thatoi village in the southern region, when a man went to recover a debt owed to him, on the way the debtor was speared and in that

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Translation 125 way the debt was paid. 16 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 17 Wednesday, Shrimati the queen mother inaugurated Aawang Lamla salt well. 22 Monday, Mantri Punsipa’s wife Sangkai, a grandmother, died. 26 Wednesday, the Bara Sahep returned after inspecting the land of Samsok which stretched up to the banks of the Ningthi (river). 27 Saturday, while a male servant in the Ninthoujam family and a man from the Wangkheimayum family were running away to the land of Aawa with two women, they were captured and brought back. The male servant was flogged in the market place and then released. And the women were sent back to their grandfather (2). The man from the Wangkhei family was put in prison. 29 Monday, Ningthem went down to Heipongpokpi and barricaded a tiger. It was shot and it rolled in the river. They cast a draw net and it was roped in. Many women and men were allowed to watch the performance. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. It was an intercalary month. There were two Kalen months. 2 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 3 Friday, there was an earthquake. 4 Saturday, the Sahep climbed up to Kangchup village. 7 Tuesday, there was an aftershock. 8 Wednesday, there was another aftershock. 10 Friday, there was yet another aftershock. 13 Sunday, three tigers were caught in Santum and presented (to the king). 20 Sunday, the wall in Thangmeipan which was in the north of Khwairampan (market) was pulled down, and the area was incorporated into the market. 23 Wednesday, a tiger was caught in Kokchai and it was presented (to the king). 28 Tuesday, a controversy arose over issues concerning seniority in the Maipa Institute between Thokchom Kuladhaja the Piba from the Mantrimayum lineage, Gourachandra jamandar, Hemchandra Hanchapa of the Dalai Pabas, and Chaga Sing Kut, these four against Tangleipa subidar, Kumud Sing Thangsupa who was a former Lanlupchingpa, Kisi the king’s personal guard who was also the Lakpa of Pakhangs, and Tulasiram subidar, these four. After opening the book entitled Meehouparon Yumchangpa (the genealogy and the origins of families) and consulting the records, it was found that the grandfather (3) of Gourachandra jamandar and Hemchandra the Hanchapa of Dolai Pabas were senior and they were in the right. Tangleipa subidar was made to belong to the family of Mangsok. There was no trace of the grandfather of Kisi the Lakpa of Pakhangs. When the case was taken up in the presence of Shrijut, the case was concluded saying that what was found in the records of the Piba Meehouparon Yumchangpa (the genealogy of the settlements of the Pibas) was to be taken as the correct record. On that day the controversy between Loukrakpam Tuba Sing jamada, who had settled in Pasoi (Patsoi), and Ramanta jamandar, was also decided after checking the Meehouparon Yumchangpa records, and it was declared that Tuba Sing who had settled in Patsoi was in the right and the case was closed. The month of Yinga (May/ June) began on Friday. On that day, a sign appeared in the Ningngen (salt) mine. Sen (coins) which were kept in the Pacha Institute building were found to have been stolen by Aaheipa Tenbi, and he was sent to prison. 5 Monday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 6 Tuesday, a black tiger cub was caught in Liwa in the garden of Snakhon and it was presented (to the king). On that day as it was reported that fifteen guns had been stolen from Kangkum stockade, the subidar and the jamandar of the Kang Sepoys, these two along with fifty sepoys, left in search of the stolen guns. 10 Saturday, Aathokpa subidar brought Lamyang Hao, who presented to the king one elephant tusk. The king received Lamyang Hao at court. 17 Saturday, Shrijut gave the royal order that the families of Chingkham, Nameirakpam, and Sekharaimayum were to settle in Nungphei. On that day the younger brother of Sna Theba arrived from Mayang. 19 Monday, a gold smith, who was a mohotara and who lived in Thoupan Sapantongpa, came and presented to the Maharaj sen (coins) which dated back to the reigns of former kings who were the king’s royal ancestors, sen coins of Charairongpa, Pamheipa, (4) and Marampa, these three kings, saying that he had knowledge that those coins were authentic. 20 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 21 Wednesday, blessings were invoked on the Khwairampan market. 22 Thursday, they began to build Shri Govindaji’s temple. They also inaugurated Khwairampan market. People were encouraged to attend the market right away. 23 Friday, a monkey entered the Kangla complex. It also entered Pakhangpa’s grove. On that day a tiger was caught in Phayeng and presented (to the king). 24 Saturday, as the Taurangpam and Aayekpam families belonged to the same clan they became inhabitants of Haochongpan (for marrying within forbidden relationships). 27 Tuesday, 1,000 guns which were sent by the Bara Sahep from Kalikata (Calcutta) arrived. The price for 500 guns was paid. An eleven cannon salute was fired. 29 Thursday, Soupam Khenlanta the Aayang Puren, Ngangom Aanandamukho the Lanlupchingpa of Pukei, Tenleipa Ngoubram the Naharakpa, (5) and Loukrakpa Purnanda of the inner stable, these four who had gone to build the memorial (tomb), returned. New moon Friday, three Luseis arrived. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Saturday. On that day Shri Govinda’s temple was inaugurated. 6 Thursday the Sangkranti of Yingen began. On that day, the king’s personal horse was selected. 11 Monday, the Luseis were received at court. 12 Tuesday, Loitongpam and Paonam became inhabitants of Haochongpan for marrying across their family lines. There was also an earthquake. 13 Wednesday, twin elephants were born in Kokchai but both calves died immediately. 14 Thursday, a man from the Ningthoucham family died as he was injured by a falling beam while dismantling the Kang (cart used in the Hindu cart festival). Full moon Friday, there was a lunar eclipse. 21 Friday, Shri Panchjukta Lairen Meetingu Chandrakiti Maharaj gave the royal commission to Khumucham Cha Purna Singh the Pundit, who was also the Senlungpahan (chief of Senlungpas) of Khaphan (Pana), that the missing portions in the record titled Ningthouron Chada Laihui (6) be entered and that he was to be responsible for that task. As it was thus commanded, Chingngakham Cha Chaopaton, Sarangthem Cha Surupananda, and Thoutam Cha Chaopaton, these three were summoned. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 127 And all the nobles from the Cheirap Court including the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei, the royal maternal–uncle the Mantri, the royal father–in–law Maisnam Cha the chief of the Luwang (clan), the royal elder brother–in–law Chingngakham Cha the Pukhranpa, Soukaicham Cha Major, and Kangngapam Cha Major; all these noblemen of the country, along with some Brahmins and Pundits, gathered before the royal presence on the royal veranda, and as the royal order was announced offerings of one gold and one silver coin were made to Shri Govindaji, Ancestor Nongsapa, Ancestor Pakhangpa, and Ancestor Sna, to each of these four lais. And also a gift of two suns weight of gold (5.832 gr.) and one Indian rupee were presented to each of the three gurus of the Maipa Institute. Also to Shrimati the queen mother a gift of one gold coin was presented. The queen mother blessed the king that he might reign in prosperity and all his wishes might be fulfilled. To each of all the nobles of the land, the Brahmins, the Bheishnabs and the Pundits who were present, a complete set of clothes was presented. Indian rupee coins were also distributed. The sun was worshipped (7). Laiyingthou Pakhangpa, Nongsapa, and Snamahi, these three lais were enthroned after setting up their golden thrones as the king had vowed, and after having written some names (8) (for the reigning king) on the golden pipal leaves; and after having lit three bees–wax candles which had been especially made, (the names) were cast before the candles. Taking the name which was cast last in front of the last beeswax candle by Khumucham Cha the Senlungpahan Pundit of the Khapham (Pana) as being the chosen name, at the firing of one canon salute, Naochinglen Nongtren Khompa was proclaimed as Shrijut’s reign name. Chingngakham Cha, Sarangthem Cha, and Thudam Cha, these three entered the reigns of the three sovereign kings (which were missing) in the Ningthouron of the kings in the presence of Layingthou Nongsapa. The records of eight kings were entered in the Chada Laihui. Shrijut Maharaj presented to these three people (who entered the records) two paris (9) of paddy fields each as a gift in perpetuity. They also received one mohor (11.664 gr.) of gold each. 25 Tuesday, Shrijut Maharaj offered to Yumjao Lairemma one gold Kyang Likphang (necklace). He also offered to each of the ancestors Pakhangpa, Nongsapa, and Sna one string of gold nganggoi and one gold kyanglikphang necklace (10). New moon Saturday, Sansenpa astrologer forecast a solar eclipse but the majority of astrologers said there would not be any eclipse. There was no eclipse. Sansenpa astrologer was punished in the kei. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Sunday. 6 Friday, four people from Aawa including a Kyath arrived from Kale to return the guns (which they had taken). They offered to pay the price of the guns in Indian rupees. They were told that the price of those guns was not acceptable. No rupees would be accepted. They were told to return the guns. They left. 9 Monday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 18 Wednesday, as it was said that the Mayang Lampu Walourung Puren (11) was having an extramarital relationship with a married woman, he was flogged in the market https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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place. 20 Friday, the Mahabharat was recited (12). On that day they began to write the genealogy and the first settlement of the Ningthemmayum (extended royal) families (13). 21 Saturday, a man from the Maisnam family was flogged in the market place for chasing a woman in the market. 22 Sunday, as the door of Shri Govindaji’s temple could not be opened, they sawed the door off and opened it. 25 Wednesday, Khuntongmayum Cha Aarangpuren Major left for the land of Kapo. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Tuesday. 5 Friday, As Huitrompa Aaeeta was found casting seductive looks at Aangom Cha Selungpa’s wife, he was deported to Loi to Khorikhun village. 10 Wednesday, the Sahep photographed a Maipi dressed in Potloi (14). On that day, while making his rounds to check up on the watchmen (15) Kangngapam Cha Major found that there were no watchmen on duty at the Lai–thong (door of the shrine), the Garot–thong (door of the Garot Court), Lakthong (entrance door), and the inner Chirai–thong (Chirai door), and that all these four doors were found to have been neglected. The guards were flogged. 11 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 12 Friday, the Sahep took photographs of men, women and the Maibis of the two Leikais of Kangngapam and Keisam Khun, who took part during the Laipou dance (16) in which the women were made to dress in potlois. On that day Laisraba Kripa, who had escaped from the prison and fled to Mayang, was recaptured and he was brought in. 20 Sunday, three tigers were caught in Leisangkhong and they were presented (to the king). 21 Monday, five families from Ningngen Khunou village which had been newly established by Soukaicham Cha Major ran away. 24 Thursday, as it was said that a man from the Khuraicham family and another man from the Chingsupam family, these two who were attendants at the Sangkai Macha, the small residential palace, had stolen goods, both were put in prison. 25 Friday, two villages of Leimanai and Ningthounai (servants of the queen and servants of the king) in Thang (Thanga), came and asked for permission from the king that they, who were the servants of the king, might be permitted to hold a boat race between the two villages. Permission was granted and they had a boat race, and they also had Kangjeimukna (17) matches. Women also performed a dance and the menfolk were made to accompany the dance by shouting Hoi. Ningthem presented to both the villages thirty rupees. On that day two elephants, Khintra and Aarangpa attacked each other in Wuchekkon and Khintra’s tusk broke. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, they began to weave the Ningthouphi (ceremonial cloth) for the king. 5 Sunday, Soukaicham Cha Major left for Chairen to catch white elephants when the news was brought that white elephants had been seen. On that day the pool for Lai Puthipa was cleared as it had dried up. 7 Tuesday, a man from the Khoirom family died as he was crushed by a buffalo. 11 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 12 Sunday, Soukaicham Cha Major returned from the elephant hunt as he did not find any white elephants. On that day Kangcham Pitra was put in jail as he had made mistakes in his duty as a https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 129 guard. 8 Saturday, (18) Ningthem went down to Pankei and a tiger was caught with his own royal hands. 20 Monday, they began to build a palace for ancestor Pakhangpa. 22 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. 29 Thursday, there was an aftershock. New moon Wednesday, there was another aftershock. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Friday. It was an intercalary day. 7 Wednesday, Kangngapam Cha Major caught four tigers in Keinou. One man from each of the families of Nongmaithem, Hicham, Thokchom, and Chirom, these four men were injured by a tiger but they did not die. 8 Thursday, the Maharaj performed Sansenpa play (19) in the Polo ground. 11 Monday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 12 Tuesday, Kangngapam Cha Major left for (the area of) the Luseis to build an enclosure there. On that day, a lai appeared in Tangcheng. 17 Sunday, the Maharaj left for Kouparu to hunt elephants. One Pangan caught a python from where the army was stationed. They captured a small elephant and it was presented (to the king). 19 Tuesday, they returned. 22 Friday, a flour mill was set up at Nityapat which is on the way to Lampun (Nambul river). 24 Sunday, the Luseis came and pleaded with Ningthem saying that they were wrong in killing the people of the Meeteis and they handed over to the king the head of Laiton subidar, the Thangkhutum sword, the brass pot (which they had taken), one brass bossed gong, three ivory tusks, and one Hao female who was from the Montha Hao group. On that day there were two earthquakes. 28 Wednesday, the Maharaj went down to Nungkei to feast on fish. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Saturday. 6 Thursday, (Meetei polo players) left for Mayang for a polo match with the Sahep. Those who left were Nongmaithempa Chandrakanti, Aahanpa Mathu Sing, Kongkha Keso, Thokchao Nawang, Bamon Phurailapa Manik, Yenkhom Chaopa, Hichapa Aangangmacha, Saraisumpa Totrupa Machahan, Yenlangpa Cheiteinya hajari, Yampepa Petam Sing, and Bamon Samurailatpam Kamo. These eleven players also took thirty– three horses with them. They played a match at Tutpa Tu against those Meeteis who were in the Sahep’s team. After scoring thirteen goals by the Meetei team to nil from the Sahep’s team, an extra three players were added to the Sahep’s team which enabled them to score two goals. Once more when they extended the play for two more games, the Sahep’s team scored one goal. On another day, when they played seventeen games, the Sahep’s team could not score a single goal. Then again, when the play was extended for three more games, the Sahep’s team scored two goals. In both the matches the Meetei Polo players won the matches. Then after this the Sahep requested the Meetei players to play amongst themselves so that they could watch. The Meetei Players played a match. Then the Captain Sahep, saying that the Meeteis were excellent players and that they were very happy to have watched the match, presented them a reward of one hundred and twenty Indian rupees. Shrijut Maharaj’s reward to each of the polo players, which had already been handed over earlier, consisting of one hundred Indian rupees and a length of narrow and long mormon material for https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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a head dress, (20) was also presented to each of the players in the presence of the Saheps. 12 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. Full moon Sunday, Kangngapa Major returned with 624 guns which he received in Lakimpur out of the 1,024 guns which were purchased by Lammapa Dewan in Calcutta. 16 Monday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people that the Luseis were approaching to attack the country. 19 Wednesday, Lammapa Dewan arrived with 400 guns. 27 Thursday, gunpowder and fifty– five rifles arrived from Mayang. 29 Saturday, Khambong Major left for Suknu to repel the Maton Haos who were (one of the sub–groups of) the Haos of Karong, as it was reported that they had marched to attack. Soukaicham Cha Major set off for Moirang. On that day Thingkwa Poila and Maisnam Cha Senlungpa Aahan, these two, were appointed as majors. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Monday. On that day one Mayang elephant mahaut, who had left for Koubru mountan saying that he could catch an elephant by laying a trap, returned as he failed to catch any elephants. They also began to build a hilka which was of foreign design. 4 Thursday, the Lairikyengpa Institute was built and people were made to attend the Institute. 8 Monday, one Hao from the northern region, who was digging a trench, speared Laisrapa the fast runner in Khurai. He did not die. On that day, one Langmei bird (21) was shot in Maongpahanpa (grove). A cow which butted its owner with her horns in Langching was brought to Sankhomsang, the royal cowshed. 9 Tuesday, the Sahep arrived. One of the grandsons of Shrijut Mayang Ngampa Maharaj who accompanied the Sahep also arrived. Taoroinai also manifested itself in Taklen. 10 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. Full moon Monday, there was a lunar eclipse. 22 Monday, Ningthem left to feast on fish at the waters of Tekhaoyiren. 27 Friday, (the image of) Hanuman was given a cosmetic renovation (22). On that day, a tiger was caught in Pangei and it was presented (to the king). Phijapa Konchai was injured by a tiger and he died. The tiger which had been brought in was kept in front of the Main Institute Building of Laipham (Pana), and Ningthem along with all the people, using lampu, the long spears, held it down piercing it in the mouth (and killed it). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Tuesday. On that day Ningthem went down to Yangkoi Khongchin to feast on fish. 3 Thursday, two sons of Ningthem Thaka Tapa (Dhaka Tapa) along with twenty–five men fled to Mayang. 4 Friday, Ningthem went down to Changankei to feast on fish. 7 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Major left with the Sahep for the northern region to settle the boundary demarcation of the country. 10 Friday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 13 Monday, Laisrapa Kripa came up from Phubanwa. 16 Thursday, Thokchom Cha jamadar and others bought gunpowder, sixty rifles and two boxes of topis (23). 20 Sunday, Longchampa Major, Chingakhampa the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana), and Bamon Kula the Thumchao Puren, these three along with fifty sepoys, left to reinforce those who had left to fix the northern boundary of the land. 26 Saturday, one of the sons of the royal maternal uncle Thaka Tapa, Leisang https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 131 Major’s son, and one Bamon, these three and others who had fled to Mayang, were captured by the people at Aoinamlong stockade and they were brought back. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Thursday. On that day, a meteorite fell. 2 Friday, Kangngapam Cha Major and the Sahep who had gone to the northern region to settle the boundary demarcation of the land returned as they could not come to an agreement. 11 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 13 Tuesday, a feast was offered at Mahabali Thakur. The custodian (of Mahabali) was Khumucham Cha Purnachandra senlungpahan of the Khapham (Pana). Krishnadas was the Mahanta. On that day Potsangpa Major died. 14 Wednesday, all those men who fled with royal maternal uncle Dhaka Taba’s son were flogged in the market–place and then released. The Bamon was expelled to Mayang. Leisang Major’s son was put in prison. Those who were the workers in the Keis (granaries) were sent back to their respective Keis. The princes were kept at Aapanapa (under guards). The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Saturday. On that day, a group (24) (of people) from the Ningngonpam (extended family) who had settled in Thoupan were deported to Loi for having a disagreement with some people who belonged to Bamon Purit (25). 3 Monday, all the Sirdar sepoys along with Shrijut were made to have a target shooting competition at Chingkon. Those who could hit four times were given a reward of four rupees each. All the Sardars and all those who were assistants were served with milk and molasses. 5 Wednesday, they repaired the main canal by the Ningngen hill. 6 Thursday, two tigers were caught at Kangngamung and they were presented (to the king). 7 Friday, when Shrijut Maharaj came to know that Burun (Brown) Sahep was preparing to slaughter a cow for meat, he sent Kangngapa Major with the message that killing of cattle was not practised in the Maharaj’s country and sent twenty rupees as a reimbursement for the price of the cow, and the cow was taken back to Shrijut Maharaja. 11 Tuesday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8

Aagari: Hindustani meaning advance, the vanguard. First time this term is used. Maputa: Mapu, grandfather, ta post position meaning to, at. In this context, the grandfather from the male line, who is considered the head of the family for as long as he lives. Mapuna: mapu, grandfather or head. Alternative meaning, heads of households. Pamheipa is a popular name given to Mayampa also known as Garibniwaz. Naharakpa: name for a post, Lakpa of the Nahas, in charge of male youths. Ningthouron Chada Laihui: a book of the genealogy of kings in which all their mothers were also recorded. Numit puja touye: sun was worshipped. Puja: Bengali for religious worship. First time this term and practice is mentioned. Sangkanpa toupa… nam yituna… khoiru thaomei thanye. Sangkalp toupa: conflation of Sanskrit sang with; Kalpa, the years of Brahma; meaning in the presence of Brahma or as long as Brahma is, swearing an oath on the eternity of Brahma: nam yituna, having written the names; nam Bengali for name; yituna from verb yipa/ yiba to write: Khoiru thaomei thanye, literally, the beeswax candle. In the Meetei tradition

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18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

The Cheitharon Kumpapa a beeswax candle was used on very important occasions. Traditional rites were synthesised with Hindu rites. First time this phrase is used. Pasika scribal error for parika, pari. Manipuri males wore gold necklaces, bracelets and ear studs. Offering of gold necklaces to ancestral lais was in keeping with the tradition. At present such offerings are mostly gold plated. Lampu walourungpuren: term walhouba is used in reference to the regular offerings of cooked food to the Hindu deities. Lampu, in charge; Walourung Puren probably scribal error for Walhourung Puren, the senior most person amongst those who prepare the offerings. Post name. First time the term is used. Path: Bengali, meaning reading, recitation, public reading. First time this term is used replacing the Meeteiron term with the same meaning. Ningthemmayum: Ningthem is another name for a king. Mayum means home or family; Ningthemmayum refers to all those related to any of the Meetei kings but who did not themselves become kings. Ningthemmayum is used for both the genders but females after marriage were identified by an added phrase ‘married into the family of …’ This is the case with all the married women in Manipur who traditionally keep their own family name. Family (yumnak) names precede personal names for both males and females. Potloi: an ankle length satin skirt, hooped, and stiff from the knees downwards, red or green in colour, with the soft material from the knee upwards gathered at the waist. The stiff part is embroidered all around with sequins and mirror pieces. At present it is used in the performance of Manipuri–Hindu Ras by women participants, and also as the bride’s dress at Manipuri Hindu weddings. First time this term is used. Choukidar: Bengali for watchman. Laipou ki: Laipao oracle or word from the Lai; ki, post–position, at. In the Meetei Lai Haroupa festival a message from the lai is sought, after enacting in a dance form the whole concept of the Meetei cosmology, beginning from the creation of man through to giving of life, birth, growth, and so on. The oracle is called ‘the hearing of the pao (message) from the divinity’. The complete festival is sometimes referred as Laipao taba: listening to the word or message of the Lai or God. Maibis have their own cultic dress, but on this occasion they were made to wear the dress normally worn by the dancers in the Hindu Ras. First time this term is used. Kangjeimukna: an indigenous game played by men divided into two teams. The players use hockey sticks and try to put a ball in the goal and they also engage in wrestling to prevent the opponent from getting the ball. First time the term is mentioned. 8 Saturday: scribal error for 18th. Sansenpa: A Hindu religious play depicting the fight between Krishna and his older brother Balarama against the wicked king Kansa. Meetei polo players wore the Kokyet head dress. Langmei: for Langmeiton, an indigenous bird of great beauty, now almost extinct . Anga raga: Bengali, conflation of anga, body, appearance, shape, a limb; rag, hue, colour. It refers to the repainting of the image. First time this term is used. Topi: Hindustani for hat. First time this term is used. Machet ama: a section, moiety, group of the extended family. Bamon Puritki: literally, something or some one belonging to Bamon Purit.

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Translation 133 Sakabda 1792 (1870 CE) The year of Maisna Deva Sing, Sakabda 1792 (1870 CE). 12 Wednesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. The Sankranti also began on that day. 16 Saturday, two stones to be used for carving images also arrived from Lammangtong. 19 Tuesday, selected sepoys from two regiments were made to compete in target shooting at Chingkoi in the presence of Ningthem. 22 Friday, which was also 10th of Sachiphu, Friday of the Chandrapta year 1802, (1) a man was flogged in the market place for disguising himself as a Hao and snatching goods. 27 Wednesday, all the Sardar (sepoys) of the Bijaya Garot were made to have a target shooting practice at Chingkon in the presence of Ningthem. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Sunday. On that day, Yiroipa Yumchao who lived in Kontha, which was in the Ahanlup (Pana), was made to become a Muslim as he married a Muslim woman (2). Laisrapa Chaoton the Pakhang Lakpa also died of sudden adult death syndrome in Tampakyum, the crown prince’s palace. 6 Saturday, the royal prince the Jubraj, the royal elder brother the Senapati, Aangoupampa the Chief of Aangom, all the nobles of the land, Pukhranpa the Nongthonpa, and the Major sergeants, all of them held a durbar with the Sahep concerning the land (boundary). It (the boundary) remained as it was before in the past. On that day after Khuman Lampu Khatlong the Lakpa of the Sanglen (Institute), who fled to Khoisnam, quarrelled with his grandson Tonlenkhonpa Singsupa and most of the people in the Khoisnam (extended family), and having failed to resolve it, the matter was brought before the royal presence. As Shrijut gave the royal order to have the matter dealt with by the Maipa Institute, the royal prince the Lakpa of Wangkhei judged the case sitting at court and declared that Khumanlanbam was in the right. The case ended with the verdict that at the time when Ningthouchampa was the Lakpa of Sangku Sang of the Aahanlup (Pana) Khumanlampam family which lived in Patsoi he was the rightful Piba. 3 Monday, a Hao from Maram was drowned in Thangkampat. 14 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 21 Friday, Terakeithen market was inaugurated in the presence of (lai) Bijoy Govinda. 23 Friday, in the presence of Shrijut one Mayang couple, husband and wife, performed acrobatics on rope in the inner polo ground. 24 Monday, there was a polo match in which the Maharaj also took part, and the nobles of the Cheirap Court and the Thakurs (brahmins), all of them, were entertained with tal (unsweetened pancakes). 25 Wednesday, the elephant Kokhaibi died. 26 Thursday, Aarupa Thoipa from Sekta caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 27 Friday, the Purums caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 29 Sunday, Saram and Naoroipam were exiled to Haochongpan as they had intermarried. New moon Monday, when a dispute was brought to the Maiba Institute between Soukrakpa, a former Lourung Puren, and one Aawa Taba (who had settled in Aawa) over the pibaship, and when they failed to resolve the matter, the case was brought before Shrijut. When the royal records were consulted before His Highness the king, they https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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found no entry of the grandfather of the Lourung Puren but that Aawa Changba’s (Taba) grandfather was registered under Premti, though further details were missing. The verdict was given that the Aawa Taba was in the right for the time being, but as he had returned from a foreign land there were other points yet to be considered. But as for the Lourung Puren his genealogy was not correct therefore he was made to wash his hands symbolically. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, Pukhrampam and Narengpam who were in the Maiba Institute contested over the seniority of their ranks (3) in the Naharup Institute (4); and after the case was tried by most of the Pundits and the elders, and their decision was not accepted, an appeal was made to Shrijut. When the royal records were consulted before His Highness the king it was found that Pukhramba was in the right and he became the Khoira, senior officer of the Naharup Institute. 6 Sunday, a Montha Hao was arrested (by the villagers) and brought before (the king) as it was said that he had killed a smith who was also a Montha Hao in the Khunyai village. The accused was given back to the people of Khunyai village telling them to kill him immediately. On that day, Moirang Pundit, Thangsapa the astrologer, Langkonchampa the former Phourung Hanpa, and Meeyengpa who was the previous Phammi Yaima, these four, lost their posts as pundits as it was found that they had made a mistake in compiling the genealogy (5) of the ancestors as they were composing the Kangleiron (6). Khumucham Cha Khabam the Senlungpa was appointed as Pundit. Thangsapa, Meeyengpa, and Langkon, these three were displayed in the market place behind an enclosure made of bamboo poles with a red rope tied on it. They were made to squat on their haunches and the Moirang Pundit was made to observe them. 11 Friday, Thourani Chongtham Aahan (king’s first wife), who was sent to her parental home was found to have made effigies of Shrijut Maharaj and Shrimati the queen mother with beeswax (for black magic). Those who were involved were Sarotkhaipa Tonnu, Paona Wuchek, Haobam Bapu, Thokchao Thampan, a man from the Chongtham family, Bamonsna Manik, Sabireima, Leimachaobi, a woman from the family of Chongtham married to one of the king’s relatives, Moirang Maibi, Wahengpam Sanoima, Potsangbi and wife of Huitrom subidar. They were tried by both the Cheirap and the Garot Courts jointly and all of them were punished accordingly. But Sarotkhaiba Tonnu was deported to Loi to Suknu for life (7). Paona Wuchek was deported to Loi to Sekmai North for life. Haopam Bapu, Thokchom Thampan, and Chongtham these three were put in prison. Moirang Maibi, Wahengpam Sanoima, Potsangbi, and Sougrakpa Khela’s wife, these four were deported to Loi to Pan barricade. Bamon Sna Manik, Sabireima, Chongtham married to one of the king’s relatives, and Leimachaobi, these four were expelled to Mayang. On that day when a pond was dug within the Garot Court compound, they found some bones. 16 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 21 Sunday, as Naoroiba Kut’s daughter was having an extramarital relationship with the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 135 second son of Bamon Wariliba (the recounter of legends) she was with child; and after she had informed of the father of the child, and as Konchengbi, who was married to a Bamon, was administering abortion on the pregnancy, both the mother and the baby died. When there was a controversy concerning if it was a confirmed pregnancy or not, the Aametpa Institute went down and took up the case. When it was declared that since the person (woman) was dead there was no way of finding out the truth, they gave permission to Moirangthempa, who was the servant of the Bamon, to operate on the dead woman. It was declared that the child was already formed. Moirangthempa the servant was made to be the owner (8). The Bamon was ritually cleansed. The mother (of the woman) and the Maibi were given punishment befitting the crime and then set free. 24 Wednesday, Haopam Bapu, Thokchao Thampan, and Chongtham, all three of them were set free from the jail (9). 25 Thursday, the royal father–in–law the Luwang chief (who was) the guardian of a lai died. Many cannon shots and rifle shots were fired. 27 Saturday, two tigers were caught at Kangngamung and brought (to the king). The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Thursday (10). 5 Sunday, a boat which Ningthem had dedicated to a lai arrived from Tonngou. 6 Monday, a tiger was caught in Kokchai by Moirangsa and it was presented (to the king). On that day a man from the family of Leimapokpam was beaten in the anchoring place of Tareisararen by the Mongpahanpa (grove) as he was seen wearing a long necklace (11). 21 Saturday, Kangngapam Cha Major was appointed the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) and Soukaicham Cha Tulihan Major was appointed the Lakpa of Aahanlup (Pana). 12 Sunday, a man from the Naoroibam family, who previously held the post of a kut, and a Bamon woman, took the ordeal by gold and silver in the Cheirap Court and the woman was found to be in the right (12). 14 Tuesday, there was a lunar eclipse. 19 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 21 Monday, as a monk who was a foreigner was caught stealing the clothes of one Wumang lai (13) he was expelled to Mayang. 21 was an intercalary day. 21 Tuesday, many people died of influenza and as all the dead bodies could not be cremated in Langching and Changankei, all the people who attended the Garot Court went down there and performed the cremations. In these two villages Shrimati the queen mother distributed salt, fish and paddy. There were also cattle, buffalo, horse, pig, chicken, goat and wild beast epidemics. Many of them died. There was a drought and fish was very scarce. Mud fish were sold in portions. 22 Wednesday, the elder son of the barber Gobi was flogged in the Cheirap Court and then sent to jail as he was found dragging his divorced wife by force from the street to his house and beating her. On that day, Thokchao Dayanithi and Arampa kut, these two, were flogged in the market place as they were found looking for the Keiroi (granary) after having made a royal seal (14). 29 Wednesday, Namoicham a minion to the Leikai fell while hanging decorations in the mandwap and he died. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. 6 Wednesday, when all the Maipas https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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and all the people from all the Institutes, beseeching Shrijut Maharaj for his blessings, opened up a sacred area in the Kangla by digging it (15) and performed an appeasement rite to the Lai so that it might rain, the year’s rain began to fall. The king also blessed them saying that if he truly was a descendant from the line of ancestor Pakhangpa then the paddy sowed in that month of Thawan should flower and bear crops, and produce a harvest as great as if it had been sowed (earlier) in the months of Kalen, Yinga and Yingen. 10 Saturday, Wangkheirakpa Major died. 11 Sunday, the Lai manifested itself in Chingbu. There was also an earthquake. 16 Friday, Mogan died. 20 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Saturday. 4 Tuesday, it happened that when two Konchengpa brothers had a fight the younger brother struck the elder brother with the sword; the younger brother was kept in chains in the Garot Court. 7 Friday, in Chandrakhong Haopam Katwan’s servant was beaten to death by Mutwa, a foreign trader, as he thought his wife was having extramarital relations with the victim. Haopam Turupa the Lanlupchingpa’s maid servant who was a vegetable vendor also died. 17 Sunday, Mutuwa’s wife was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) (16) in the Snakeithen (the royal market place). 17 was an intercalary day. 17 Monday, when the Lu and the Nao (17) had a boat race and when Ningngonpa Sna Wonpa and Nongthopa Tengma, these two were found wearing clothes which had gold and silver work on them, the employees of Aanamsang (18) stripped them of their clothes in the market place and the army burnt them. 21 Friday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Monday. 10 Tuesday, Hatam Cha Samu Sing aahondar major, Sencham Cha Ngachan, and the chief of Tangkhun, and others brought with them from Kapo, chingcha and khangla teak, konton fruit tree, khumila, meepao, meethouri, ponape, kona, khewu, khujinla, meipou, meithouri, kanope, kona and khewu plants for planting in Chingkhamnung hills in Kapta. All were planted. 12 Thursday, Thingpai Major died. 16 Monday, Purun Captain Sahep (Captain Brown) arrived. 19 Thursday, the Saheps played Polo. 20 Friday, Purun Captain Sahep (Captain Brown) and another Sahep who had been living in (the land of) the Meeteis went to the market and bought some articles. On that day when two Ningthem Machas, one Lairen Mayum who was in Lep Company, one Thangcham in Pangei, one Meitankeisangpam, and Jaga Sing Mayang from Ningthoukhong, these six people tried to escape to Mayang, they were caught and brought back. The two Ningthem Machas were set free. The remaining four were sent to jail. 22 Monday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. On that day Shrijut Maharaj and the two Saheps together caught two tigers in Patsoi. 24 Wednesday, Khuraijam poila was appointed Major. 25 Thursday, Purun Captain Sahep (Captain Brown) left with his wife who was a Meetei maiden. On that day the Sahep who was living in the (land of the) Meeteis and the Sahep who had just arrived from Mayang and Kangngapam Cha Major, these three, left for https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 137 Mayang. According to Shrijut Maharaj’s royal order to Liesrampa senlungpa, a lemon orchard and fruit trees in all the sacred areas allocated to the lais were planted. 26 Friday, the monk Barahangsa who was housed in the Khuntomyai went back to Mayang. The month of Hiyangkei (October/ November) began on Tuesday. On that day a grand–daughter of Longcham Cha the Laimanai, who was also the Lai Selungba of Sanamahi, was found hanged. 6 Sunday, as they were blessed by Shrijut, paddy plants flowered abundantly on the stock that year. 7 Monday, puksri (pest) attacked paddy plants that year. On that day the temple of Bamon Laimayum was struck by a thunderbolt. There were also hailstones in the northern area. One Samchetsapam male, one Ngangkham male, one Yirungpam male, and one Thoukyocham male, these four men, were sent to Kameng as they had married Kameng maidens. 13 Sunday, two Khongchais were drowned in Linong. 20 Sunday, when one Bamon Gurumayum’s son Mohan was found having extramarital relations with Wangkhei Ngoubi’s wife, the Bamon was fed with leather in his mouth. Wangkhei Ngoubi was stripped of the Hindu nakun sacred thread he was wearing and was made to become an inhabitant of Suknu. 22 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 27 Sunday, a man from Wakching and another from Yirungpam, these two who had escaped from the prison were recaptured and brought back. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. 9 Thursday, a temple was built on the eastern side of Leikhomsang for Lokhyi Thourani (19) and it had a tin roof with a golden pinnacle. 13 Monday, Shrijut Maharaj gave a feast to all the Pundits, Hanjapas and Hidangs, and the elders of all the three Maiba Institutes and sought their blessings. 21 Wednesday, a man from the Laisram family was exiled to Haojongpan for marrying a Thongngam woman who also happened to be his niece. 22 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 24 Saturday, Hatam Cha Samu Sing aahondar major, Sencham Cha Ngachan the Tangkhun chief, these two left for the land of Aawa and began to build Nasangnga stockade (20). The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Friday. 4 Monday, Bamon Guru’s son Muhon was deported to Loi to Haojongpan. Kangngapam maiden Nutyi also gave birth to a son on that day. As the father could not be identified the baby was given for adoption to the Sangsang (orphanage) (21). 6 Wednesday, Shrijut Maharaj and others made Yenkhom Sinnam Nambuntapa (who had settled by the Nambun river) and Kritithan Khabam Yinpa accept an agreement for three months to be the Khoira (22) for the Ningthouchas before of ancestor Pakhangpa, after they had drunk the water in which flowers offered to Pakhangpa had been dipped. Those noblemen who were present and witnessed the taking of the oath were Shri the Royal Son the Jubraj, the royal father–in–law Maisnam Cha the chief of the Luwang clan, Soukaicham Cha the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana), Chingngakham Cha the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana), Yumnam Cha the Dewan, Lamabam Cha the Dewan, Hawaipam Cha the Lakpa of Sanglen Institute, Haopam Cha the Lakpa of Sanglen Institute, Ningthoucham Cha the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Sangkhupa Sanglakpa; from the office of Senlungpas, Ningthoucham Cha Senlungpa Naha, Chongtham Cha Muhantar from the Bijoya Garot, Longcham Cha Top Major, (23) Kangngabam Cha Major, Maisnam Cha Major, Khuraicham Cha Major; from the Maipa Institute Khumucham Cha Pundit, Wangkheimayum Cha Pundit, Oinam Cha Pundit, Taorem Cha Aaseipa Hanchapa, Namoimayum Cha the Yoiren Hanpa, Longcham Cha Maipa Hitang, Meikam Cha Aaseipa Hitang, and Hoitham Cha Yoiren Hitang; all these officials were present. On that day, a man from the Wangkheimayum family was exiled to Sakonmang for having a relationship with his elder brother’s wife. 8 Friday, Khunpongmayum Cha Major who went to Kapo to settle the land (boundary) issues returned. 13 Wednesday, Kangngapam Cha Major and the Bara Sahep, these two left for the north with 300 sepoys to settle the boundary of the land. On that day, the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei sat in court in the Maipa Sanglen and in the presence of Khumucham Cha Pundit and others, including all the Hanjapas and Hitangs, brought a case concerning a contest over the pibaship in which Aasangpam Pundit’s family revealed that Aasangpam Govind Sing Lanlup Chingpa, who was his disciple, (24) along with all his family members, were Mayangs. At this (the Pundit’s) disciple from the Lanlup Chingpa’s family said that, the Pundit’s family were Purum. The Royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei and Khumucham Cha Pundit these two took the matter before the royal presence of Shri the Royal son the Jubraj in the Cheirap Court, and all the nobles then referred the matter to the Vijaya Garot (Court in the Kangla) before Shri the Royal elder brother the Senapati and others, including all the Major Saheps and before the royal presence of Shrijut, where it was judged and declared that the family of Lanlup Chingpa, who was a disciple of (the Pundit), was found to be in the right. Even then the court also decided that the parties had to take an ordeal before the lai for its final verdict. They were made to drink the water in which the lai’s symbol had been immersed at Yaoreibi, and then made to wait for three months. At the end of the period the verdict was confirmed, but as Aasangbam Cha Govind Sing did not agree that the Pundit’s family and descendants should be related to him, he was given a family name of Aasang Aawangbam. 14 Thursday, as a party was on its way on pilgrimage to Khetra in Mayang, a small elephant which had grown its tusks joined the domesticated elephants (which were with the travelling party), and it was caught and presented (to the king). Full moon Friday, there was a lunar eclipse. 22 Friday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. On that day, while Kangngapam Cha Major and Firingki Burun Sahep, these two, were camping in the Hao Village in the north while they were settling a land dispute, some Purums were despatched to fetch supplies of rice. As it was reported that the party of Purums which had been despatched were killed on their way by the Phuba Haos, Kangngapam Cha Major left with some Sepoys to devastate (Phuba) village. On that day, Firingi Sarapi Sahep and Patara Sahep, these two arrived at Makhen paddy field. 24 Sunday, both the Saheps left to https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 139 inspect the area of Wuirong. 25 Monday, Phumba was devastated. Two people were taken dead. They also gathered five buffalos and seventy mithuns. New moon Saturday, Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major gave a feast to all the Sardars. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Sunday. 4 Tuesday, while Kangngapam Cha Major was staying with the Hoas (in the north), after distributing salt and red felt clothes (25) according to their seniority to all the clans of Mao villages in a paddy field in Mao, Kangngapam Cha Major also told them that they should not go back on what had been agreed; to which all the Haos also agreed saying that they would not go back (on it) and they made an oath holding their guns. 9 Monday, Purun Commissioner, Patra Sahep, and Srabi Sahep, these three arrived at the ravine between Kitimee and Tangan. The Saheps told Kangngapa Major that one of the saheps suggested that they inspect Chiri Maru (the source of the river). 11 Wednesday, as they were returning to Makhen paddy field the Bara Sahep who lived in the land of the Meeteis, and the three Saheps who came with Kangngapam Cha Major, these five had a consultation, and Purun Commissioner said that the river from the land of the Meeteis flowed downstream but the river from Makhen went upstream to the north. Then he asked if they could agree that the land boundary be fixed at that point. Kangngapa Major replied that all the land of Thipommee belonged to the Meeteis and that the Meeteis did not agree with anything that had been suggested. As they had disagreed, the three Saheps went back. (Kangngapa) Major also returned. The area of the land from Nongthonpan barricade in Sekmai up to the river gorge which bordered Katimei and Tangan measured four lakhs three thousand and nine hundred (403,900) lams. 25 Monday, as news arrived that the Luseis had devastated Namphou, Longcham Cha Major and Maisnam Cha Major, these two and others, left to repulse them. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Sunday. 5 Friday, they began to build a temple for Durga (26). 9 Monday, the Aakam Haos brought two Lusei heads which were taken as war trophies and they were ritually buried in Moirangkhom. 13 Friday, when a book of the genealogy of the Khetrimayum family written in (Deva)nagari script, and another book on the Pangans, these two (boks), were presented (to the king), the book on the Pangans was declared to be false and the royal order was given that the book was to be washed by (the writer) with his own hands; but the other book in nagari script was returned. Full moon Sunday, nine males and three women, these twelve people who had fled from Chandrakhong, were captured and were brought (before the king). 18 Wednesday, Sna Thapan daughter of Thourani Luwangsu was escorted to the house of Langmaithem Mukho. On the same day Soukaichampa Major also returned from the land of Mayang after his pilgrimage to Khetra. 20 Saturday, Shrijut Maharaj along with all the nobles, all the officials of the Cheirap and Garot Courts, all the brave and strong, all the weak and the sick of the land, played matches of heiru kangchei (27) after each of the players had selected his own opponent, so that the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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people of the land might watch and be entertained. 22 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 26 Wednesday, as all the members of the Konsam Aawang clan felt that it was not good to have two Pibas and decided to have one Piba; Khan Sing (28) Piba and Anganag Aaton Piba took the water ordeal in the Nungcheng (pond). Khana Sing Piba was declared to be the rightful piba according to the verdict of the Lai. Those who were in Khana Sing’s group were Patra, Gunamni the Konsahanpa (senior brass–smith), and Punya. These four and all those who were in Angang Aaton’s group came together. There was also an earthquake on that day. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Monday. 5 Friday, all the royal daughters of Shrijut Maharaj went to worship (Lai) Thangching in Moirang. 14 Monday, Ningthem went down to Heingang and caught a tiger with his own royal hands. On that day the royal aunt who had married a Guru died. Tuesday full moon, the Lusei Haos were received at court. 19 Friday, Kshetri, the leader of the men’s choir, who lived in Lairencham, arrived at the temple of Shri Govindaji to worship him and he came prostrating himself all the way. There was also an earthquake on that day. 22 Monday, the son of Wurung Puren the carpenter caught a tiger in Potsangpam and it was presented (to the king). 23 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. On that day five Aawas came and offered to pay back for the guns which had been lost from the stockade. The king’s personal principal elephant Raj Banhop Luwangpa also died. 24 Wednesday, the elephant which was caught at the foot of the Bhuban Hills by Soukaicham Cha Tulihan Major was named Bhubonjit and it was appointed to be the king’s personal principal elephant. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Wednesday. 2 Wednesday, (29) Leita subidar, Aathokpa subidar, and Tongpra subidar, these three along with 100 sepoys and 300 Khongchais, left to attack the Luseis. 4 Saturday, the General Sahep arrived from Mayang with nine boxes of gunpowder and guns. 5 Sunday, a fourteen gun salute was fired (30) for the arrival of the (General) Sahep. 6 Monday, as Yenkhom Sinnam who lived in Nambul and Khapham Yinpa Kritidhaja, who had taken the oath by drinking the water in which ancestor Lai Pakhangpa’s symbol had been immersed as a witness, that they had accepted their (temporary) appointment as the Khoira of the Ningthoucha clan for a trial period of three months, were found to be blameless and acceptable; they were appointed as the Khoira of the Ningthoucha clan. 8 Wednesday, Purun Sahep with his wife, who was a Meetei maiden, left for Mayang. A thirteen cannon salute was fired. 9 Thursday, Shrijut Maharaj left for Yitham to inspect the salt well and returned on the same day. 12 Sunday, Ningthem went to Aawang Lairikyengpa Konchin and caught a tiger. The General Sahep also watched the performance. Full moon Wednesday, there was a strong wind with a hail storm. Some dwelling houses, outhouses in the palace complex and some of the Institute buildings were damaged. 16 Thursday, there was an earthquake. 19 Sunday, a woman of the Maibam family who lived in Tekcham was struck by lightning from which she died. 23 Wednesday was Bisu Sangkranti. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 141 1

2 3 4 5

6 7

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15

16 17 18 19

Chingthangkhompa during his alternate regency with his older brother Meetingu Marampa, introduced a local, apparently Bengali, Chandrabda dating in Sakabda 1682 (1760 CE) and the Chandrabda year was 97. See Vol. I pp. 5–6. At this period only the king had the power to command one to change his religion. Khoira: seniority. First time this term is used. It is not indicated if the Maipa Institute was in the Naharup (Pana) Institute. Pu thangpham: pu, ancestors; thangpham, conflation of thangba, to carry and pham, place; literally, the placing or listing of the names of the ancestors, genealogy. First time this term is used. Kangleiron: not clear if this was another name for the Cheitharon Kumpapa or a different book altogether. Suknu oihankhiye: literally, was made to become a Suknu, deportation for life. Alternative rendering: as Suknu was also the place where capital punishment by drowning in sacks weighted with stones was carried out for any grave crimes, especially a challenge on the throne, this might also refer to capital punishment by drowning. Mapu oihankhiye: literally, was made to become the owner: not clear if this was in relation to the operation or as the father of the baby, but most likely it was the latter. In some controversial cases where the true identity of the father of a child was involved, either a person could be forced or willingly accept the role of a father, to help either the woman and her baby, or to save face of the family concerned. As this man was a servant he perhaps had no choice. Phatoktaki thatokpiye: were set free from jail; scribal dittography. Intercalary month. Necklaces were worn by Meetei males according to their status and rank in the society. It was also a reward gift for bravery and meritorious achievements. Why this man was beaten is obscure, unless it was considered inappropriate to his rank, or he was wearing a long necklace worn by women. Men wore it short and sometimes in double or triple rows. Ordeal by gold and silver: in this ordeal the parties had to scramble for the objects and the one who got it first was regarded to be in the right. First time this ordeal is mentioned. Wumang lai: literally, lai in a grove: Many Meetei lais were associated with groves where not just the shrines but large areas were also allotted to them and were considered sacred. But the name Wumang lai was not generally used to refer to an individual lai; each lai was referred to by name. First time this term is used. Sna Mohor: Sna, royal or gold; mohor, Bengali for seal or gold coin. Gold coins were issued only by the king, usually as commemorative coins. First time this term mohor is used. Kangla yithong phatpa: literally, to open up the course of the water in the Kangla. Specific areas in the Kangla complex are associated with the Ancestral Pakhangpa. A river also used to run through the Kangla complex. It is possible the appeasement rite was offered to the ancestral lai. Kongkoinapa: scribal error for khunkoinapa, public shaming. Lu, Nao: Lu, villages by the Loktak lake; Nao, villages by the river. Aanamsang: Aanam, derived from namba to control or to suppress; sang, institute, office. Probably it was a new office to enforce law and order. Lokhyi: a scribal attempt to create a new letter to convey the new sound khyi. First time this character is used.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

142 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

28 29 30

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Thapa: scribal error for thana, stockade. Sangsang: a dormitory for boys under the supervision of a Khunlakpa: in this context it refers to the orphanage section. Khoira: male anestors. In this context it refers to the acceptance of the role as ancestor for three months; khoira, an official who was responsible for the Ningthoucha clan. Longcham ta top top Major: Longcham ta, scribal error for Longcham Cha; top, scribal dittography. Sebak: Bengali for follower, apprentice, disciple. First time this term is used. Red felt: those who wore the felt were officers of the king and were to be obeyed by the villagers in matters of law and order. Durga: Hindu goddess. Heiru kangchei: Kangchei, can refer to both polo and hockey generally; heiru, literally. stone, in this context it refers to the hockey ball made of bamboo root. First time this term is used. Khan Sing: the scribe has overwritten to correct the name to Khan. Scribal error or an intercalary day. Kaye: scribal error for kapye, was fired.

Sakabda 1793 (1871 CE) The Year of Laisrapa Puna Sing, Sakabda 1793 (1871 CE). 24 Thursday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. On that day, the four Panas witnessed the public performance of pena music and the public recitation of legendary stories. 29 Tuesday, Khunpongmayum Cha Major and the General Sahep, these two left for the land of Kapo to settle the boundary demarcation. On that day Laisram Aatom who lived in Phupanwa was struck by lightning from which he died. The month of Kalen (April/ May) began on Thursday. 6 Wednesday, while an elephant which had tusks was coming downhill from the Koubru mountain, along the Loiya mountain range towards Yichum Wairoiching hill, Lammapam Cha Dewan and Kangngamam (Kangngapam) Cha Major, these, two, drove the elephant uphill towards Yingngourok, where it was stopped and then caught by Shri the royal son the Jubaraj. 7 Thursday, according to the royal order of Shrijut Maharaj, Khumucham Cha Pundit, Chingngakham Cha Chaopaton, Sarangthem Cha Surpananda, and Thoutam Cha Chaobaton, these four (were those) to whom royal commission was given, began to compile a book titled Aawa Ngampa (Conqueror of Aawa). 9 Saturday, Khunpong Mayum Cha Aayapuren Major, who had gone to the land of Kapo, returned. 12 Tuesday, (Lai) Pakhangpa manifested himself at Lakhong. On that day as it was reported that one of the sons of Bamon Sanglakpam set his house on fire when he had a fight with his wife, both the mother and her child were exiled to Mayang. 14 Thursday, a servant of one Bamon Gurumayum who lived in Lamnagtong behind a bridge, set a house on fire after trying to break into the house through both the back and front doors; and when he ran into the house he was apprehended. He was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) in the market place. 22 Thursday, the temple of Vijoy Govinda was inaugurated. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 143 23 Friday, one Heirangkhongcham and one Meitankeisangpam, these two men escaped from prison. 25 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Saturday. 5 Wednesday, along with Shri the royal son the Jubraj, sitting in the Top Garot (Court), Chingakham Cha Pukhranpa, Soukaicham Cha the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana), Chingkham Cha the Lakpa of Khabam (Pana), Lamabam Cha Dewan, Shoukaicham Cha Major, Maisnam Cha Major, Kangabam Cha Major, and Khunpongmayum Cha the Aayapuren Major, these nine began to try a case. On that day, one Aoinam, one Mayengpam, and one Nongthonpam, these three men were flogged for stealing cattle. Full moon Saturday, two men from Wabakai from the families of Meeyengpam and Nahakpam were brought in for committing homicide and they were kept in the custody of the army. 17 Monday, there was an earthquake. 20 Wednesday, a man from Mayang who lived in Mayang Khangngapok (1) was found hanged. 23 Saturday, a banana plant in Ningthem’s garden was found having twin flowers. On that day the families of Dayaram the eldest son and Piba, Gabinda the second son, and the youngest son Dayananda, these three who were the descendants of Chantam Leima Konnu of Yirengbam, came to Shrijut with the sword, spear, and all the important and sacred objects which belonged to Ancestor Pakhangpa, and which were in the possession of their families, carrying some of them on their backs and some in their arms, and presented all to Shrijut. The royal verdict was given that these three and all their descendants and descendant’s descendants were to be exempted from all the compulsory state duties as a reward. 27 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, a woman married to the Karam family was drowned in the Nambul river. 4 Thursday, Shrijut Maharaj’s royal order was given that Haomacha who was selling (goods) by weight (2) was forbidden to use weights, but the price (of the same article) for one lumai (lukmai) (3) was fixed at one sen coin. 11 Thursday, a meteorite fell. Full moon Thursday, there was a lunar eclipse. 21 Saturday, the Maharaj and the Bara Sahep had a conference. 29 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. New moon Monday, Ningthem went down to Kongmapan and caught a tiger. An elephant also injured two women but they survived. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, the royal brother–in–law Haobam Cha the Lakpa of Ahanlup (Pana) was deported to Loi to Leisangkhong for using a gun to shoot a tiger which was already in an enclosure, which should not have been done unless it was unavoidable. Chingngakham Cha Major was deported to loi to Phougakchao. They were summoned back immediately. 10 Thursday, the Kona Thingen barricade burst. 13 Sunday, there was an earthquake. 16 Tuesday, Yaikhom Cha Aatonpa was found sitting on men the enthronement seat. But he was sent away free with a present of a complete set of clothing. 18 Thursday, Maharani the Aangom maiden Manik Loiren Khombi died. On that day in the Khurai area, when Phicham Thoukai found that Thangcham Thoukai was having https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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extramarital relations with his wife, (4) he beat Thangcham Thoukhai and he died. New moon Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. On that day when Khuyonthem Intramani, a former jamandar, had made the accusation that Mungkhom Cha Irabanda was not from the family of Mungkhom, and after checking it was found that the accused was in the right and was a Mungkhom, Khuyonthempa was fined. The month of Thawan was an intercalary month. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, Manik Nunglen Khompa Maharaj died in Shylhet. 17 Friday, Haobam Cha the Lakpa of Yaiskun died. 22 Wednesday, Hidak Phanpa the security guard was punished in the kei, as it was said that he had failed to serve the nobles of the Naharup and Khapham (Panas) in the correct and courteous manner on the day of the boat race. On that day a sepoy from the family of Khumanthem was drowned. After one day the person who was punished in the kei was pardoned. 24 Friday, while repairing the Kona Thingen barricade with Maisnam Cha subidar and others, a man from the Takhelampam family was drowned. A man from the Wangkhem family also was found hanged in Kyam. 27 Monday, Kangngabam Cha Major left for Mayang for a conference with the Sahep. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. On that day Sisupam Cha Gouratham subidar left with ten sepoys and some Khongchai sepoys to escort back some Luseis. On that day a purification rite was performed as a man from Puyam and a woman of Phamtom were found cohabiting in the elephant house. 5 Tuesday, when Firingki Sahep inspected some land for a building plot for his own residence on the Chinga hill, as part of the area was found to be a designated sacred area to a lai, he did not proceed. The Maharaj made a new list (of sacred areas) and entered the above area (in the list). 9 Saturday, the frontal bone of Maharani Aangom Chanu was taken to the Ganges. 14 Wednesday, when Ningngonpa who claimed he could make gold (5) failed to make gold, he was put in jail. All those who worked with him were also jailed. All their children and wives were arrested and brought before (the king). 16 Friday, the Chiraithong gate which was roofed with white tin was inaugurated. There was an earthquake. 19 Monday, as it was said that the maidservant of Yipungsi Mantrimayum was found trying to cut her own throat, she was taken and brought (before the king). On that day as it was said that five men and four women of Kapo tried to steal guns from Kangun stockade, they were captured and they were brought in. 21 Thursday, a man from the Naorem family in Waithou was drowned. 28 Thursday, Haopam the Lakpa of Sanglen died. 29 Friday, the royal maternal uncle the Mantri died. New moon Saturday, four men from the families of Hemnam, Khuraicham, Wangkheimayum, and Laisram from the village of Bolram (Boloram) were arrested and brought (before the king) as it was said that they were stealing cattle. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Sunday. On that day one Mayanglambam and one Loitongpam, these two, escaped from the prison. They were recaptured immediately. 2 Monday, the Sangkranti of Mera https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 145 began. On that day a leech which was three wais long was seen in Lanhampung mound. 6 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Major, who had gone to the land of the Mayangs to have a conference with the Firingki Sahep, returned. 16 Sunday, the royal son went down and caught four tigers. 17 Monday, three water carriers for Shri Govindaji’s (temple), two men from the Ngangbam family and one from the Meinam family, all three men were deported to Loi to Khangngabok for failing to do their duties in the right way. 18 Tuesday, Nameirakpam Major died. 26 Wednesday, a man from the Aakoicham family was found sitting on men (the enthronement seat). But he was sent away free with a present of a complete set of clothing. 29 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Chairen and presented (to the king). New moon Sunday, Naorem the Hiruhanpa caught three tigers in Leisangthem in Thoupan and they were presented (to the king). The month of Hiyangkei (October/ November) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, a woman married into the Chanambam family, while going to trade (from a boat) on the Loktak lake with her child on her back, was drowned. 4 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 13 Friday, the temple for Durga was inaugurated. 18 Thursday, a maiden born in the Moirangthem family, who was working for one Goswami as maid servant, was punished by being painted with white lime and black soot and was then given away to a Pangan (Muslim) bugler, as it was said that she ran to the Sahep’s wife for protection (6). 20 Saturday, gun powder and 500 guns arrived from Mayang. 24 Wednesday, the Khongchai Chasats brought five Lusei heads. 26 Friday, Souaicham Cha Major and Kangngapam Cha Major, these two and others with 2,000 sepoys and 4,000 porters, left to invade the Luseis. Sahep (General Nutthal) also went with them. New moon Tuesday, there was a solar eclipse. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Wednesday. 4 Friday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. On that day the villagers of Harikhun were told to supply headloads of rice, and when they refused their houses were pulled down by elephants and then set alight. 7 Monday, they opened up (the barricade) at the Thangkampat moat. 13 Thursday, there was a controversy over the pibaship between Yambepa Ganthrabron hajari and Kantha the leader of the Manung Sakonsang Lanlup (special cavalry group). Ganthrabron hajari was told that according to the record of the genealogy of his family settlement he was not in the right and the pibaship was given to the leader of the special cavalry group. 11 Friday, they began to repair the market. 13 Sunday, all those who left to attack the Luseis reached the salt well. On that day (the Luseis) brought a woman from Nanphou and said that they would pay tribute. 14 Monday, after news was received that a man had been eaten by a tiger at Phamlou, when it was checked it was found that it was a murder case. When the man who committed the murder was brought in he was kept in the custody of the army. 21 Tuesday, the royal father–in–law the Samu Hanchapa died. 23 Thursday, there was an earthquake. On that day, the Luseis left an ivory tusk, laying it across the road. New moon Wednesday, thirty–two families https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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from Khujingkhai came running to the troops in Chibu for protection. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Thursday. On that day Poiboi the chief sent twenty– six Lusei envoys with a message to the troops in Chipu (Chibu). The two Majors made nine of them stay behind. Seventeen of the envoys were sent back saying that they were to take back a message to their chief. 2 Friday, Poiboi the chief, along with two other chiefs Lambum and Leirik, came with two ivory tusks and made their tribute payments. A hut was built in front of the troops. An area of ten lams was cleared of grass. The two Mantris, the General Sahep, along with the sepoys of the land, had a conference with the Luseis. The Luseis begged (them) and said that they, the Luseis, were afraid of the Meeteis. They wished to bow down and to submit, and to beseech the king. 3 Saturday, they dug Chipu salt well. On that day the two Majors, the Sahep, and Bamon Thumchao Puren, these four, in the presence of all the sepoys of the land assembled together with the Lusei chiefs, Tampum Ningthou, Leirik Ningthou, and from the side of the Khongchais; Anethang, Haomang and Lamleipung; so the Luseis were asked how their assertion, that they wanted to pay homage to the king, could become an oath according to the their custom. They replied, saying that if they also performed acts of huirin thatpa (the breaking of the intestines of a dog), yot thekpa (the bending of iron or spade) and huiyang khaiba (the splitting of a dog at the spine), rites which were important (to them), the covenant would be sealed. To this the two Meetei Majors also replied: ‘On our part, our words will be binding till the sun and the moon, these two cease to exist, till stones have hairs growing on them, till the soipon (small partridge) becomes as big as a hen, till the course of the river Tuyai flows upstream to its origin: we the Meeteis will keep our oath that if you Luseis kill any one from the areas of Moirang, Kumphi, Khongchai and the Kapui, the tributaries to us Meeteis, then may you fall as the falling of the dog’s hair, may you be broken as the breaking of the yot (iron), may there be no descendants, may you fall as the falling of the rice flower in stock, may both your father and mother become desolate as the ashes.’ At this saying, ‘May the descendants of our ancestor Saiwun become desolate if we do not keep the agreement’, they (the Luseis) performed the Huirin Thantpa rite on the inner bridge of Tuyai river, with the offering of silver and gold to seal the oath. They also split the dog at the spine and broke the iron (spade). The Meetei Maipa was Haosong the chief of Phairen. He held the head (of the dog). The Maipa for the Luseis was Tambum. He held the tail (of the dog). The handle and the scabbard of the sword (used in the rite) were made of brass (7). The Luseis took the sword with them to be kept as a lai. 5 Monday, they began to build the Nahut Wangkon. 6 Tuesday, they put a wooden structure inside the Chipung salt well–shaft. 8 Thursday, four stones from Tuyai were brought down to engrave on them the footprints of Shrijukta Maharaj. The foot prints were engraved. On two stones the figures of (ancestor) Thangching and his wife were engraved. On the remaining stone they engraved the figure of the dog https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 147 of the General Sahep. On that day Thourani Laisubi died. 9 Friday, Narengpam Cha Yoiren Hanpa performed an appeasement rite for Chipu salt well. It was inaugurated immediately. They also erected a flag at the place and planted two pipal trees. The Hao villages which were subjugated were Warunen, Lengkham, Poipoi Mamakhun village, Lanpum, Larakhum, Heningkhun village, Lalakhun village, Haobilan, Tanthoukhun village, Thingchatumkhun village, Hongngukhun village, Lamsaokhun village, Pumhang, and Lantanglup; altogether fourteen Hao villages were subjugated. They were the settlers on the Takhang mountain range. 10 Saturday, as Yenlangpa Maibi (8) was found having extramarital relations with a Pangan maiden he was made to become a Pangan (Muslim). 11 Sunday, Soukaicham Cha Major and Kangngabam Cha Major, these two along with others and 2,000 sepoys, 1,000 Khongchais and 4,000 men acting as porters, altogether 7,000 men, erected two mounds of stones by the Tapasan (9) (the king’s) engraved footprint. 12 Monday, Bamon Leihao, Thapam Gokun the Thumjao Puren, and others went to the two villages of Sikhong and Ningngen and made heavy solid round disks of salt (at the salt wells). 16 Friday, the stones on which the footprint of the Maharaj, the emblem of the Nongsa, and (ancestor) Thangching and his wife were engraved, were erected between these two salt mines. They also formed the army into seven battalions. 17 Saturday, one Khongchai family who fled from Lemkham village arrived. The person who engraved those stones, Thangcham Cha Tharmashwar, was promoted to be the court engraver. 22 Thursday, Burun Sahep (Brown) returned from his attack of the Luseis. 28 Wednesday, Soukaicham Cha Major and Kangngabam Cha Major, these two, returned from their attack of the Luseis. They captured thirty–two families from Khuchingkha, a total of 1,126 people were captured and they were brought in. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Saturday. 4 Monday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 9 Sunday, once again five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people to march to attack the Luseis. They built two (mud) barricades (10) in Keithenphei. 12 Wednesday, Ningthem went to Moirang. 19 Wednesday, Ninghtem returned. 29 Friday, the Sahep also returned. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, Sisupam Cha subidar and Taimacham Cha hitang, these two and others left to hunt elephants at Makeng. On that day while Saoukaicham Cha Bolai Major (Balaram Major) and Kangngapam Cha Major, these two majors, were on duty at the stockade at Saiton Sapham hill and when 700 Luseis fled and sought shelter in the stockade, they were pursued by 105 Aakam Hoas (seeking) to capture them. These two majors captured the Aakam Haos of Sute tribe (11) who included the chief of Chaton and his brother Lothang, Thengkupao, Thamlen, Haopum, Khutin, and also from the Sute tribe Mompem the chief of Yaton, whose father was the brother of the (former) chief of Yaton, Yapao and his son Thongkathang, Waithang, Nothang; from the Lamyang clan, Kakathang the chief and his brother Kamlen, his son Sukom, Aayinlumya, Pumlen and Paoton, these sixteen and https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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others, a total of fifty–six Aakam Haos were captured. They also took forty– four guns, Aawa swords including knives, and everything that each one of them had on their persons. All those objects which were captured reached (the king’s presence). 7 Saturday, Sangkhupa subidar and Taimachampa hitang, these two, arrived after catching three elephants from Makeng paddy fields. 8 Sunday, the royal son the Jubraj caught three tigers in Keinao and they were presented (to the king). Koireng caught a leopard in Kangtapi and it was presented (to the king). 14 Sunday, vending places in the market were rearranged. They also established a male choir of monks. 20 Friday, the Lusei chiefs of Tanpum and Leirik, these two and others came with one bossed gong and two ivory tusks and paid their tribute (to the king). 21 Saturday, the king presented to the Lusei chiefs of Tanpum and Leirik, these two and other Haos a total of eleven of them, six phirangji red felt clothes, talaiphi, pink coloured head dress, silver and iron spades, all these were presented. They were made to take an oath by the drinking of the water in which the Sna Khutsu Aarongba the king’s personal double–barrelled gun and the cannon had been washed. 25 Wednesday, two men from the families of Khetrimayum and Huitrom were flogged in the market place for stealing cattle. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, in the village of Cheplan while the Khoongchais were dragging a boat they got drunk according to their habit of eating and drinking, and when a gun was fired while they were still under the influence of drink a woman was hit and she died. But another person survived. Eight people were put in prison. 3 Thursday was the Bisnu Sankranti. 1 2

3 4 5 6

7 8 9

10

Mayang Khangngabok: immigrant Mayangs were settled in Khangngabok in Manipur and hence the name. Tula khaipa: tula, Bengali for weight; khaipa, to separate, to divide, to share out. Probably there was an attempt to replace the traditional system by the weight system used outside Manipur. First time this term is used. Lumai: scribal error for lukmai, a hand woven flat basket where goods for sale are displayed in heaps. Matubu: matu wife; bu, indirect object. Snawonpa: conflation of sna, gold; wonpa, literally, either to turn something into gold or to weigh. Term for gold–smith is snasaba. First time this term is used. Chensinba: from verb chenba, to run, with the suffix sinba indicates that the person is trying to run away from danger and looking for safety and protection. If it was a simple visit the term would have been chatlui, went. see Annual Adminstrative Report of the Munnipoor Agency for 1873. Maibi: the term is used for religious functionary, midwife and herbalist. Tapasan: scribal error for patasan (padasan), conflation of pad, Bengali for foot, foot print, and asan seat, office or post; here engraved foot print. First time this term is used. Lamwokpu thonle: verb lamwoknaba, to meet some one accidentally on one’s way; lamwok, noun, an object one is likely to meet, to be confronted with, in this context probably a barricade: pu, post position; thonle,: past tense of thonba, to heave up.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 149 11

Suteki Chat: literally, belonging to the Sute Jat, Jat referring to the Hindu caste. The traditional Manipuri clan system was quite different from the Hindu caste hierarchy. First time this term is used in reference to non–Hindus.

Sakabda 1794 (1872 CE) The year of Haorongpa Deba, Sakabda 1794 (1872 CE). 4 Tuesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 8 Tuesday, Hotam Cha Aahontar Major who along with ten sepoys had gone as an envoy to meet the Firingki Sahep who lived in Aawa, and the king of Aawa, returned. He did not meet the king of Aawa. But he brought the document from the hands of the Firingki Sahep. On that day the Haos living in Chingmeirong caught a tiger in Aasei Loklen and it was presented (to the king). 10 Thursday, the royal daughter Sija Makhao was escorted to the house of Nongmaithem Cha Nabamani with three horses, six buffaloes, and domestic servants. 13 Sunday, Kangngabam Cha Thangkan Major left for the Khunlen main village of Mao in the north to demand the tribute payment which was overdue. 17 Thursday, a man from the Chanambam family was found hanged on the pipal tree by the main road near Laikhurembi (Kali). A funeral was forbidden and the corpse was cast away onto waste land. 22 Tuesday, two Aakam Hao brothers by the name of Kakathang died of cholera in the prison. 25 Thursday, a house named Basai was built in the army camp and Poltep Sahep, a military officer who had just arrived, taught the Seina Haos and Chingmeirong Haos, the Haos from these two villages, how to play the bugle. They were fed with paddy grown in the hills. 26 Friday, Aoinam maiden Chinglen Khombi the Maharani died. 27 Saturday, the Keis in Tingkri caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, Kangngabam Cha Major returned from collecting the overdue tribute payments in the northern region. Five Haos from the village of Haolempa were also brought in a dog’s collar and they were handed to the Sahep. New moon Tuesday, Jiba born in the Thoukraocham family in Ningngen was found hanged. 6 Monday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 9 Friday, Pintpan Sahep arrived. Full moon Thursday, there was a lunar eclipse. Shrijut fell ill. Those who were privileged to attend on the king were Khumucham Cha Purnachandra Singh, Khabam Senlungpahan Pundit, along with Chanampam Cha Binda, Khangkenpam Cha Thangkro, Aoinam Cha Lamlangngamba, Huirem Nanda, Yirengpam Cha Purna Sing, and Aaheibam Cha Jugol Sing, these seven people, nursed the king. 19 Sunday, Firingki Colonel, the General arrived. 20 Monday, a twelve cannon salute was fired. 21 Tuesday, the General Sahep arrived. A twelve cannon salute was fired. 26 Sunday, one Ganga Das, who belonged to the sect of Ramandi Samatni, along with fifteen people from Ajuthya, arrived that day. They brought with them one flag, one round shield, one kabak thang (broad sword), one silver luwangchei (walking stick), a beast called a camel, one horse, and one sheep, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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all these they brought. New moon Thursday, there was a lunar eclipse. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, there was an earthquake at the sixth pung (hour) of the night yuthak. 7 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. On that day Tourem Cha Pundit died. 11 Monday, as it was said that the grand–daughter of one Bamon Wari Liba, a public reciter of stories, who had an extramarital relationship with Chanampa, was found to have procured an abortion of a three months foetus by Bajharam Sing, (1) Wari Liba’s wife, her daughter, and Bajharam Sing, all three, were expelled (to Mayang). Chingakham maibi (the midwife) was expelled to Aawa. 12 Tuesday, Ningthouchampa was put in jail as it was said that he beat one Beisnabi in Phoiching. But the rest of those who were involved were fined and then set free. 22 Thursday, Ningngonpa who tried to make gold was put in jail. 23 Friday, Sakonsem maibi was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) in the market place. 24 Saturday, there was an earthquake after the night yuthak. 26 Monday, Shrijut and the Sahep had a durbar. An eleven cannon salute was fired. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Saturday. 9 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 14 Friday, there was an aftershock. Full moon Saturday, a tiger was caught in Wuchiwa and was presented (to the king). There was an aftershock on that day. 16 Monday, a baby boy whose umbilical cord had not been cut and was still connected to the placenta, who was being carried down (by the waters) was caught at the river bank by the northern bridge in the palace complex. The Sanglingpa cut the umbilical cord. Singlup gave the last rites. 23 Sunday, as it was said that Ningthoucham maibi the midwife had performed an abortion on Pangkeicham Tonu when she was seven months pregnant, after she had had an extramarital relationship with Loitongpa, the tailor of shirts, all three of them and Oinam maibi (midwife) (2) were given punishments which were appropriate. New moon Sunday, there was a controversy between Bamon Dantrathara and Bamon Chakraparti, these two concerning songs. Tantradhara was found to be in the right. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Monday. On that day lightning struck twice. Yentrenpa Sachou and Nameirakpa, these two were captured and were brought in. Shrijut in his graciousness performed a kirtan in the mandwap of Maibya keirungpa. Monks choir sang. 5 Friday, Khunpongmayum Cha Aayapuren Major died. 8 Monday, Ningonpa was bought as a servant for Ningthem’s grandfather and he was escorted to the (grandfather’s) house. 11 Thursday, (posts) which were one and half lam long were erected on both sides of the road up to the four gates (of the palace complex) for the sulon (jhulon) festival and they began to light dewankiri lamps (3) on the top of the posts. The lighting of the lamps was observed just as was done in the month of Mera at (the shrine of) Lairemma Chaoren. Notices concerning the rules to be applied by those who were to guard the lights at the four gates were written, and hung at each of the four gates, by the guards of the gates. 12 Friday, Kangngapam Cha Thangan Tuli Naha Major left to repair the road to Suknu in order to attack the Aakam https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 151 Haos. 27 Friday, Chanampa hajari died. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Wednesday. 8 Tuesday, Leipokpa Keirungpa (and others) began to repair the road to Leisangkhong. 9 Wednesday, two tigers were caught in Kumphi and presented (to the king). 10 Thursday, they began to build the Samuthong. 11 Friday, the white camel which was brought in by Ramanti Saman died. 12 Saturday, Chongtham Cha Aangangton hitang for horses was punished at kei as it was said that his judgement in the case relating to one Sakonsem was not right. Thangcham Cha Sachou, Laisram Cha Khoupum the Sarunghanpa, these two were sent to Loi to Waikok. 14 Monday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 16 Wednesday, Shrijut and the Firingki Sahep held a durbar. A shirt with gold and silver work on it, one jaiptra, (4) and one embroidered innaphi (shawl) were presented to Soukaicham Cha Bolai (Balaram) Tulihan Major, Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Tulinaha Major and Bamon Leihaothapam Cha Gokun Thumchao Puren, to each of these three, for their victory over the Luseis. Shrijut was presented with 500 guns which had brass handles and 5,000 kathas of gunpowder. 21 Monday, the Aaimon Haos brought and presented to the Shrijut one nousa (5) which was produced and had been hanging on the castor oil tree (6) for a very long time in the sacred area dedicated to (lai) Taraosangku Leima. 24 Thursday, four Haos, including Aaikon from the Aakam Haos, and four Haos from Phakloi, including Haokipa, came and presented to Shrijut their tribute payments, which included three ivory tusks. Chongtham Cha Aanga Aaton also was released from the punishment in kei. Thangsapa sarungpa and Laisraba sarungpa these two were also summoned from Loi. 27 Sunday, as Aasem a soldier from the Laipham army, and Lourempam from the Maklang stockade were running away from their posts, both were caught by the son of Lusrou the chief of the Lushais while he was hunting, and brought back. 28 Monday, (a woman) in Kumphi was rewarded with one pari of paddy field for catching a tiger which had bitten her husband. New moon Wednesday, Nongthouchampa who was a servant of Khunpong Aayapuren Major ran away. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, a controversy arose between the weaver of the king’s (ceremonial) cloth and the tailor of the king’s (ceremonial) shirt, as to who should cut the cloth (from the loom). The tailor went and pleaded at the Cheirap Court and the case was brought before the royal presence. After discussing with the Maipas and the Pundits, it was found that the weaver was in the right. So the weaver cut the royal cloth. 3 Saturday, Kangngapam Cha Major went to the area of Suknu and built a barricade at Kana salt mine and stayed there. 29 Saturday, while he was still staying at the barricade and when he was informed that a message had been sent by the Aakam Haos (through Kogathang a messenger) the Major sent back Kogathang to Kamte, his own village, telling him to find out the details of their message. Thus the messenger was made to return. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Saturday. On that day Kangngabam Cha Thangkan Major and the Firingki Mason Sahep, these two https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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and others including Maipa Arampa Chandrabaton the Phamnaihanpa and Loitoncham Cha Bhabananda the Phamhihanpa, all left to demarcate the land of Kapo. 3 Monday, they appeased the Lai at Aoklu. 9 Saturday, two Pungkris (Phoongyee) including Thamang Miyachao of Kapo Yitup along with fifty people arrived. They bowed down to Kanngapam Cha Major and the Firingki Sahep and said that they, their servants, were very happy and requested the party to negotiate an agreement with the Haos for them. So the Major helped and an agreement with the Haos was made. 14 Thursday, Chaongaikham the khunlakpa of the village of Tumu who was forty–one years old, and the khunlakpa of the village of Soiya, these two along with one hundred people arrived also (at the camp). Jaretti along with the Yingthi Lakpa (the Lakpa of Irrawady area) and others, accompanied by about two hundred people, also arrived. The two arrived under two royal canopies and they camped in Tumu Khunyai village. 15 Friday, Charet (Jaret) and the khunlapka of Yingthi along with about fifty men came (to the camp). After Kangngabam Cha Major, the Firingi Sahep, Bamon Leihaothapam Cha Kakun the Thumchao Puren, all these three and Babu Takmusin, these four and the rest of the people had assembled, the khunlakpa of Yingthi of Aawa said that after Chaopha the chief of Samsok had gone and told the king of Aawa that the stockade in Wuchanpokbi in Manipur had been moved further down by two days’ march, traversing Lamtup Yangoupokpi; he had been delegated by the king of Aawa, after consulting with four Mantris from Chayai, and sent to present the case. After having discussed this, all these, they agreed that all that was said was acceptable and returned. 21 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major, the Sahep, Bamon Thunjao Puren, Girani (clerk) Babu, Konchengpa subidar, Khoisna subidar, Sanouchamba subidar, Nongthonpa jamandar, Aayekpa Aahontar Major, Hotampa Aahontar Major, Wahengpa muhori, Mongchamba from Kalikar, Arampa Phammi Hanpa from the Maipa Institute, Laiton Phammi Hanpa, Thingkuchampa kut, Pebya Lanlup Chingpa, the extended family of Haobam, and most of the soldiers had all assembled along with Phentakwun the chief of Samsok of Kapo and the khunlakpa the chief of the village of Tumu; these (latter) two, together with Chaku and Samakhoi, these four who came under canopies with 150 Aawas, also gathered together in an assembly of all the nobles of the two countries; Kangngabam Cha Major said: ‘Our land comprises all the vast area of Mahran (Maram)’ (7). To this the nobleman of Aawa replied that the land of Manipur in the north traversed the area of the Tangkhuns, (and) in the south all the areas which are behind Knle (Kale) and all that is in the west of Kanle. He also said that if all this is documented in the written Puran (record) then (they) should take all the land as indicated. To this the Major (Thangkan) and Firingki Mason Sahep, these two asked Arambam Cha Chandrabaton the Phammi Hanpa and Laitoncham Cha Bhabananda the Phammi Hanpa if all this (detailed information) was recorded in the Puran. When they replied that there was a written record, the Sahep replied that it was all well and he https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 153 accepted the information, and all this information had already been sent to the Bara Sahep in writing. To this Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major said to the noblemen of Aawa concerning their accusation that the stockade at Wuchanpokpi had been moved further down to Yangoupokpi, that this was due to their ignorance of the fact that the area of Yangoupokpi was within the land of the Meeteis. The Kampang Marings also had established their settlement in that area and because of that (the stockade) was moved further down. As the Major gave his reply to the Aawas (in those words) the Firingki Sahep asked if all the sites of the villages still existed, (and) the Major replied that they were still there. After the Maipa also had confirmed that everything was recorded in the Puran, the chief of Samsok and Kentak Wun, after having all their misconceptions clarified, coming to an agreement with the Major, and having spent that night (in the camp), returned with all the Aawas to their homes in their own land. 29 Friday, Kangngapaam Cha Major and the Sahep, these two along with all the people, returned; and they took one chingchapu post of five wais in circumference and eight lams in length and two khewu posts of five wais in circumference and four lams in length with them. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Sunday. 3 Tuesday, Kangngapam Cha Major (and) the Phiringki Sahep, these two along with all the others, arrived after fixing the boundary line with the Aawas. On that day a Gosai’s servant fled. 6 Friday, as Takhen Aayekpam Jaga Sing, Aarampam Gabiram Sing, Aayekpam Chaopa, Aayekpam Siram, Jaganat Mayum Binot, Kwathapam Yirapanta, Yumkhaipam Manik, Lousampam Ratan Sing, Luplakpam Gakul Sing, Leihaothapam Gopan Sing, Leihaothapam Bhaban Sing, Lamabam Sam, Kangpantapam Rasmon, Khunlam Balob, Ningthousenpam Purna, and Leihaothapam Pala Sing, all these were said to have been drummers from Takhen, the case was brought before Shrijut for the royal judgement. The royal verdict was given that they were not drummers and the case was closed. Amongst those who sat at court on this case were the royal prince who was the Mantri, Khumucham Cha Pundit, and the Hanchapa of the hitangs, all were sitting in court. On that day Soukaicham Cha Major left for Kapo Valley via the land of Chatrik. Shrijut also left for Wuripok to inspect elephants. As Shrijut was about to proceed further towards the area of Thongngak (Lairemba) to inspect the hay for the elephants, the Maiba tried to prevent him saying that Thongngak was a forbidden area for kings to enter. The king took no notice and proceeded to inspect the hay. But on the way Soichao the royal chestnut horse on which he was riding broke loose and as the king was about to fall off the rider by his side, Thangcham Cha Hungtung, rushed in and held the king and prevented him from falling. In this way he was able to render service to the king. Full moon Saturday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. A kirtan was held for Ningthem to commemorate (the day) when he fled the country, by the people of the land as a service to their king and each person contributed 400 sen (coins) towards it. On that day one of the sons of the king of Pong along with four sons of https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the Mantri (of Pong), all five arrived. The precious gemstone which the visitors had brought was admired. The Aakam Haos brought Phakloi Haos, including women and children, who were coming down (to the plains) and brought them (before the king). Tulihan Major arrived with the Haos from the Mayang area he had captured, and they were brought (before the king). 16 Sunday, Thoitingcham Cha Wutom was found sitting on the men (the coronation seat). 17 Monday, Longcham Cha Major left for Thipommee to pay homage to the footprint of Shrijut’s royal father. Two Pangan bugle players who had run away were also captured and brought back. 17 Tuesday, Kangngapam Cha Major left to hunt elephants. 18 Wednesday, Soukaicham Cha Ponlei (Boloi) Major who had visited Chatrik also returned. On that day the son of the king of Pong and the four sons of four (8) mantris of the king of Pong, to these five were shown the precious gemstones which belonged (to the king of Manipur) and which were kept at lai Nongsapa. They were also shown Huka Raj the Hitakphu (for pot smoking) which had been presented by the king of Pong previously. Other presents including Khumomba sword, Khangsunaha spear (9) and arrows. The visitors agreed and confirmed they were authentic (Pong articles). 19 Thursday, Leipokpam Cha Sachou the keirungpa (and others) completed (the repair of) Seka Lambi and Sakonmang Lamb, these two roads. 23 Monday, Hotam Cha Samu Sing Aahantar Major, Sencham Cha Ngachan Tangkhun chief who was also a subidar, Thangcham Cha Balaram Sing kut, all three left to establish a stockade in Homuk which was at the eastern foothill of Lampetsa, and to dig five salt wells. 28 Saturday, one Brahon (brahmin) woman from the Gurumayum family stabbed a woman married into the family of Leisangthem in Chingamakha with a Takhen knife so that she died. The Brahmon woman was expelled to Aawa as it was said that such acts were not to be tolerated. But as she returned she was exposed on a raised platform, built for that purpose in the market place by the mound for five days, and then she was expelled to Mayang. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Tuesday. 6 Saturday, the five salt wells which had been bored by Hodam Cha Aahontar Major were completed and inaugurated. Also, as the stockade was complete, they inaugurated the building. Full moon Monday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 16 Tuesday, they also began to build a brick wall around (the palace), beginning from the Wangkon pond. 18 Thursday, an order was given to move the cow sheds from Montum and Pankei to Wakha. 19 Saturday, an envoy arrived. 22 Tuesday, the king’s personal principal horse died. 25 Friday, as Shrijut Maharaj was returning from Yiroisenpa after inspecting the cowshed, they decided to find out the distance from the foot hills of Yiroisenpa to the gate at Utra. They discovered the distance was 3,000 lams. The month of Phairen (January/ February) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, the Haos from Ngatacheng came and paid obeisance to Shrijut Maharaj with baskets of ginger and cola–yam saying that they had not had any descendants in their midst (10) for a long time (and begged the king’s blessing). Shrijut Maharaj blessed them saying https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 155 that they should be blessed with children from that day onwards. 3 Friday, out of all those who committed murder in Phumlou, two men, Thokchao and Thoknao, these two were deported to Loi to Suknu and Loukrakpa was deported to Loi to Nungngu. Ningthouchampa and Khoirupa were deported to Loi to Leisangkhong. 5 Sunday, the king’s personal principal horse was chosen. 8 Wednesday, twelve men who were horse and cattle thieves who were kept in chains in the Sanlungsang Institute building were transferred to the prison. 10 Friday, ancestor Pakangpa was moved to a temporary shrine. 11 Saturday, Sangkupam Cha subidar left for the north with five sepoys. 14 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. On that day Longjam Cha Top Major also left with Firingki Tamason Sahep to settle the boundary in the north. The former boundary, which had (already) been in existence and which had been agreed upon between the three Phiringki saheps who had come with sixty sepoys, was now not agreed, and they returned. 19 Sunday, Shrijut Maharaj held a Durbar in the Payasan Building where bugle playing was taught, with all the noble men of the country and the four Saheps. The names of those three Saheps who came were Patra Sahep, Kampa Sahep and Suto Sahep (11) and they were present. 14 Friday, one Kam Hao was found entering the Nungchen Aapisa (in the Kangla complex) with a sairong bow (12). The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Friday. On that day Soukaicham Cha Major, Kangngabam Cha Major, Bamon Leihaothapam Cha the Pumchao (Thumchao) Puren, these three along with Ngangompa Kritichandra the Yoiren Hitang of the Maipa Institute, Taimacham Naorem Cha the Aaseipa hitang, Chanabam Cha from the (Institute of) Astrologers who was the keeper of the Kumpapa Chronicle, and Lairenlakpa the Lanlup Chingpa, all consulted the records in the Kampapa (Kumpapa) which was in the custody of both the Institutes (of the Maipas and the Astrologers) along with the four Phiringi saheps. The saheps noted down the names of the two Aawang Hao villages in the north which had been subdued and paid tribute during the period of Shrijut’s royal father Gambhir Singh. 2 Saturday, they (the Phiringkis) also made a note of the two Hao villages at Laiyi which were subdued in the time of Shrijut’s Royal uncle Nara Singh Maharaj. When Phiringki Tamson Sahep asked the Meeteis if their written book used Devnagari script, Kangngabam Cha Thangkan Major replied saying that it was not (written in Devnagari), and that it was an ancient written record of the Meeteis, a chronicle of the Meeteis which had been kept in the Maipa Sanglen (head office) of the Maipa Institute. To this the Sahep replied and said that he accepted (the record) and he would write and send the report to the Bara Sahep so that he would know about it. Saying this he wrote down (the report). On that day Khoisnam Cha subidar and one Sahep left accompanied by fifty sepoys for Maram Khunlen to reoccupy the stockade. 6 Tuesday, Patra Sahep returned after his inspection of the source of the Thoupan river. 11 Sunday, a white cloth was spread at Lai Koubru. 12 Monday, Shrijut Maharaj and the Firingki Sahep had a conference. 13 Wednesday, the Sahep left to inspect the Loktak https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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area. 14 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. Aakam Hao Kakatang’s son and brother who were kept in the prison were released. Kampa Sahep and Suto Sahep, these two also returned to the north with their sepoys. 16 Saturday, the royal son the Jubraj in the presence of the royal son the Mantri, the royal father–in–law Samu Major, Kangngabam Cha Major, Tamason Sahep and another Sahep made the son of Aakam Hao Kokatang take an oath by drinking from the water in which the cannon, gun, sword, and spear had been washed at Sanchengthong. The oath was sealed with the Huirin thatpa rite with the tearing apart of the intestines of a dog by the two parties. He pledged (an oath) saying that if they the Aakam Hoas should begin to act in a violent manner (13) then may the sun, the moon, the land and the king be in the right and all of them (the Aakam Haos) would become servants (to the king). Saying this he swore an oath. The head of Kagathang who had been killed, and other items, were handed back and they were escorted by the royal son the Mantri and Maisnam Cha Samu Major, these two, up to Suknu. 18 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major and others including the Phiringki saheps left for the land of the Aawang Haos to inspect the area. 29 Thursday, a maidservant in the Suraisan family in Nambon Laitoncham was found hanged. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Saturday. On that day, the royal son the Mantri, Maisnam Cha Samu Major, Bamon Thumchao Puren, the Lakpa of the village who was also the Lup Lakpa of Aanan Nanphou, all of them along with the Paipon Haos, a subgroup of the Kam Haos, and all the other Haos who accompanied him, entered into the Huirin Thatpa rite where the Phana army camped. They also stroked the skin of a mithun (14). They also ate together the meat of a mithun in a communal meal. Kaikon Kam Hao and all the other Kam Haos swore an oath, saying that if they (the Kam Haos) should act in a violent manner they would die in the same way as the mithun had been killed and would perish like wood ash. Saying these words they swore an oath. 3 Monday, when Yaton the chief of the Kam Haos came bringing one nongthei (15) and a mithun as his tribute payment to the king, he met Thangsapa Khongchai the Lampu, and as Yaton the chief of the Aakam Haos was told (by the Lampu) to turn back as the Meeteis were surely going to kill him, he entrusted to Thangsapa his tribute payment of nongthei (16) and the mithun and he returned home. To this Thangsapa denied having said what he was reported to have said. When Kangngapam Cha Major asked the maternal uncle Yaton, the chief of the Kam Haos, as to what had happened to his son the chief, he was answered that (his son) had returned as he was advised to do so by Thangchapa (Thangsapa) Khongchai the Lampu since the Meeteis were going to kill him. When Thangsapa was challenged by the Major he denied having said anything. Then the Major demanded that both of them (the Lampu and the chief) should undergo an ordeal as confirmation by drinking the water in which a gun and the teeth of a tiger had been immersed. The Kam Haos drank it. Thangchapa was unable to drink it. But the matter was not resolved. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 157 On that day the Mantri and Maisnam Cha Samu Major these two and all the others who were involved in entering the oath of agreement with the Kam Haos returned. 4 Tuesday, the Sahep officer who gave lessons on bugle playing left. 6 Thursday, one Gosai arrived. 12 Wednesday, a cattle thief was flogged in the market place for stealing cattle from the cattle shed and he was put in prison. 13 Thursday, Firingki Tamason Sahep, who had gone to inspect the land in the north, returned. Kangngabam Cha Major also returned. Three Saheps also went back to Aawanglam, land in the north. 14 Friday, Bisu Sankranti began. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13

14 15 16

Bajharam: a loan word. First time the sound jh is used. A natural childbirth in the traditional way was always attended by two maipis (maibis) the chapokpi maipi, the midwife and maiwoknapi maipi, her assistant. Dewankiri; lamps. Jaiptra: Bengali. What this term means in this context is uncertain. It could be either a written certificate, a medal, or some other token in recognition of their achievements. Nou ama sa: nou sa, beast or insect: obscure, perhaps a cocoon of a silk worm which had been hanging on the castor oil tree. Kekemanpi: castor oil tree. In Manipur, silk worms used to feed on the leaves of this tree, as well as mulberry leaves. Manipur used to produce silk of a very high quality. Mahran lamchao: alternative reading, Mahran main road. Four sons: scribal dittography. Kansunaha ta: Khangsu spear: obscure. Pannao singnao tadare: literally, the cola yam and the ginger had not produced any tuber. This phrase is also used when no children are born. There is the common belief amongst the people of Manipur, both in the plain and hills, that when offerings to the lais of ginger and pan are made, the person will be blessed with children just as the plants produce tubers. The ancient belief was that the king’s blessing as an ancestor benefitted society. Suto Sahep: term used for the British Assistant Political Agent as opposed to Bara Sahep for the Political Agent: suto, small, here in term of official rank. Sairong: a bamboo bow which uses hard mud balls or pebbles instead of arrows. Sometimes the mud balls were set alight and used to set fire to thatch roofs or grass. Ngaorapat:i conditional form from ngaoba, meaning insane, used both as a noun and a verb; the same term is used when a person or a group of people act with uncontrolled violence or unreasonably. Santang matu nanneiye: literally, stroked the skin of a mithun. First time this rite is recorded. Nongthei for nongthrei: probably a ruby, or perhaps garnet or carnelian. The Khongchai men and women wore these as big earrings and long necklaces. Nongmei: gun, scribal error for nongthrei.

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa SAKABDA 1795 (1873 CE)

The year of Naorem Chaopa, Sakabda 1795 (1873 CE). 15 Saturday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 23 Sunday, Sangkhubam Cha subidar and others left to devastate the Kongchias in Aawanglam, the northern region. 28 Friday, there was a very strong wind in the night, and a woman of the Maisnam family who was on the road died as she was buried when a house collapsed. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Monday. It was also the second day of the lunar month. 7 Sunday, Baldebsei Gosai arranged a performance for three Hao villages from Sangsaroi and Chingmeirong. 13 Saturday, the Gosai left. 16 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 18 Thursday, a Ngamei Hao was drowned in the Paotak watering place. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Tuesday. 16 Friday, when Srimati the queen mother was making a garland for Radha Gobinda she found a leech. She punished the leech by having it put in chains and then having it transported to Loi to Suku (1). On that day Dinnat, a monk, was captured with some other people, and was brought before the king as he was found planning to put one Nongmaithem Tapa, a descendant of Ningthem Yirengpa, on the throne saying that his time has come (2). 21 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 22 Wednesday, Keisa Aobhi was deported to Loi to Sekmawang, Yipungsi Nongmaithem Tapa to Thangka, Konsapa with his wife and children (3) to Langathen, Loitongpa the astrologer to Panlen, Yenkhoipa to Sakokmang, Puthipa Yaima with his wife and children to Kha Thongchao, Ngangompa Senlunglampa to Khorikhun; (of the) foreigners who were (Bamons); Bamon Ramtin to Heirok, Bamon Chantranat to Khanglapokbi, Gopan to Ningthoukhong, all of them were deported to Loi. Yiroipa Gobi jamamdar was dismissed from his post. Monk Tilnath, who was a foreigner, was expelled and made to return to Mayang. On that day, Shrijut also left for Makoi to hunt elephants. On the same day the royal son the Jubraj caught (a tiger) and it was presented (to the king). 27 Monday, in a controversy over the pibaship between Khumanlampam Rupa who had settled in Makting and Purnasing who had settled in Chingtong, Purnasing was found to be in the right and he became the Yumlen piba. Rupa who settled in Makting was sent away as his grandfather was not listed (in the royal record). 28 Tuesday, Mayanglambam, Heirangkhongcham, and Yirom, these three men who had escaped from the prison, were caught immediately and brought back. 29 Wednesday, some Kapui Hoas from among those who had besought Ningthem to be allowed to settle at Heinou Khongnembi as his servants, were arrested and were brought (before the king) as it was said that they had killed a cow. The month of Thawan (July/August) (4) began on Friday. On that day, Leimram Moton caught a tiger from Waikhong and it was presented (to the king). 4 Monday, Huidrompa Aaiton was put in prison as he was found entering the club house with a sword disguised as a walking stick. 9 Saturday, as an Aasem maiden who was married to a Pangan (Muslim)

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Translation 159 was said to have stolen cash from the Firingki Sahep she was expelled to Kapo. 12 Tuesday, a monkey was chained and deported to Loi to Wakchingkei when it was found it had entered the palace building. 13 Wednesday, another monkey was deported to Loi to Phayeng after it had entered the Kangla complex. 24 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 29 Friday, Shrijut gave a royal order for curfew saying that no men nor women in groups of four or five were allowed to assemble anywhere either in the streets or any living areas as this had caused many problems. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Sunday. 9 Monday, as a maiden from the family of a thobi (5) was said to have eaten a meal in the house of her husband Wangkheipa, Shri Thamanti Thakur the hanchapa of Bamons and (the husband), these two, were made to drink the water in which the feet of the image of Shri Govinda had been washed as a Hindu cleansing rite. 13 Friday, there was a controversy between Khuraicham Aangangchao hajari, who had settled in Taupungkhok, and Khuriacham Bhabok, who had settled in Yoirenpam and who was also from the family line of the Lakpa of Sangku who had (custody of) the lai. In this conflict between these two descendants of the same family, the one who had settled in Yoirenpam was found to be in the right, Tarang Khoinucha Huiton Lairemma and her husband, these two lais were allotted to him. As Khapaleerenhan and Manutek (lais), both husband and wife, were confirmed to be the lais who were originally in Taopungkhok, they were allotted to Khuraicham Cha Aangangchao hachari, and he conveyed the lais to Taopungkhok. 14 Saturday, Hotam Cha Samu Sing Aahontar Major established a market between Wangching and Lamting. Pipal trees were planted in the four corners of the market. 16 Sunday, on the event of bringing down two barges (from the mountain) there was a controversy on the ground that these barges which were allotted to Naharup and Khapham (Panas) were brought down first. The case was discussed in the Cheirap and Garot Courts with the Pundit and the problem was dissolved and the controversy excused on the ground that the barges had been ritually cleansed (6). 25 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 27 Thursday, when a maiden from the Bamon Samrailatpam (Samurailatpam) family and a man from the Maibam family, who had been cohabiting, (7) decided to become members of the Haochongpan community and left for Haochongpan; (8) they were summoned back saying that their case was not complete. When the case was heard the verdict was given that what the couple had decided was correct and they were permitted to become (residents of) Haochongpan. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, Firingki Sahep spent one night at Chinga with the view to making his home there. But he fled as he could not even spend that night there (9). His house was dismantled. 12 Friday, they began to weave the king’s ceremonial cloth. On that day Shrijut went on his own royal feet to Wangkheipa who had married the Toba maiden (washer–woman) and set him free after flogging him. 13 Saturday, Wahengpam (10) Cha Major and others left for Aouwang https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Kamolokchao gorge to hunt elephants. 19 Friday, there was a controversy over the pibaship between Chongtham Cha Chura Sing hajari of Laipham (Pana) and Chongtham Cha Sachou. The case was brought up before the royal presence and nobles of the Cheirap Court which consisted of the royal son the Samu Hanchapa, the royal son the Mantri, the royal brother–in–law Chingakham Cha the Pukhranpa; from the Bijaya Garot (Court) Sougkaicham Cha the Tulihan Major; from the main office of the Maipa Institute, Khumucham Cha Pundit and others, a total of three pundits; (and) all the Hanjapas and Hitangs, Aahanthempa the Hitak Phanpa Hanjapa, Ningthoucham Cha the Potsangpa Hitang, Aangom Cha the Senlungpahan (head of Senlungpas) of Laipham (Pana), and Brahmachari Mayum Thakur Das Bityanithi. After the case had been discussed in this assembly, in the presence of all those assembled, Shrijut gave the royal order to Laipham Hajari and those with him who were the blood descendants of Chongtham Sangai, and all those who were the blood descendants of Chongtham Nanda; that both of them come forward and look at the royal records for themselves with their own eyes (11). When the royal records were seen by both the parties with their own eyes, they also found that Chura Sing who was the descendant of Chongtham Sangai was in the right. Shrijut with his own royal hand inscribed in the royal record the name ‘Chura Sing’ (as the Piba of Chongtham), saying that the name of Chura Sing Hajari be deleted. Chura Sing the Laipham Hajari presented before the royal presence one san (2.916 gr) of gold and one Indian rupee as the court fee. He also paid court fees to the (members) of the Cheirap court and the Maipa Institute. He also paid a court fee with one servant (12) to all the nobles of the land (who heard the case). Nando’s descendant Sachou was fined for being in the wrong and the fine was one servant (13). When Chongtham Cha the Naharup Hajari, Pilaiti, and Hanpa a guard to the king who was also a son of a Major, these three who had spoken words which should not have been spoken, were handed to the Cheirap Court so that each should be punished with what each deserved and then to be deported to Loi; all the three Chongthams stated that they did not accept (the charge and the verdict) in their hearts. At this, Shrijut said that if they did not accept the king’s verdict then the case was to be dealt by the Cheirap Court once again and they should be tried accordingly. When the Cheirap Court retried the case, as they held Shrijut’s royal verdict to be the right verdict; on 26th Hiyangkei Sunday, they accordingly deported all three to Loi; Chongtham Cha the Naharup Hajari to Kameng, Pilaiti (Bilaiti) to Leisangkhong, and Hanpa the king’s guard whose father was a Major to Langathen respectively. 21 Saturday, Bamon Krachanat who was a foreigner was struck with the sword by his male domestic cook, who also was a foreigner and a Bamon. 25 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 26 Friday, Yirom Cha Aarupa died. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday. 7 Tuesday, Wahengbam Cha Major left for the northern region to hunt elephants. 9 Wednesday, during the Haraoba ceremony https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 161 dedicated to Naothingkhong, (a former king) Ancestor Pakhangpa appeared (in the manifestion of a snake) and it was taken to the palace and presented (to the king). On that day they also took the buffalo which killed its owner in Ningthoukhong, and presented it (to the king). 14 Monday, when the Aarangpa (management) Institute failed to supply the fresh mustard seed which was requested of them, the matter together with the Keirung Senlungpa (in charge of granaries) was taken before the royal presence of Shrijut, and after the case was being tried Ningonpam Cha Machahan was flogged in the royal presence. Aarangpuren the chief overseer (of Aarangpa Institute), Sanchira, Soibra and Louremba, these four men, were punished. Full moon Tuesday, there was a lunar eclipse. 20 Sunday, when the eunuch Muktram summoned some people after he was told to do so by the queen–mother, and as those people whom he presented were not completely out of danger from having smallpox, the eunuch was punished at the kei at Chirai. There was an earthquake around about daybreak. 21 Monday, a Taorem maiden married into the Sairem family was shamed publicly with Khunkoinaba as she cut her own hands with a scythe when she and her husband had a quarrel. 23 Wednesday, Wahengpam Cha Major caught an elephant which had one tusk and it was presented (to the king). 24 Thursday, Shrijut ordered a notice to be displayed in the market place, stating that women had forgotten how to behave in respect of dress, food habits, speech and all the etiquette pertaining to womanhood (14). 25 Friday, when a man asked Syamkala to repay the money which he had borrowed, Syamkala attacked the man in the market place accusing him of having an extramarital relationship with his wife. 26 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 29 Wednesday, a maidservant complained that her employer had taken her and had impregnated her. When it was discovered that she was not pregnant she was exposed in the Khwairampan market for three days. The month of Poinu (November/ December) began on Friday. 2 Monday, seven elephants were used to carry the belongings for the sepoys of the Sahep who came as the relief. The market by Minuthong bridge was inaugurated and Ningthem attended the ceremony and scattered sen (coins). As it was forbidden (by the king) to sell anything (that day) all the articles were carried away. 8 Thursday, a man from the Huitrom family was flogged in the Snakeithen the royal market place as he was found committing adultery with a married woman. 10 Saturday, there was an earthquake. On that day Thourani Singsubi gave birth to a prince at five pung hours after noon yuthak. 4 Wednesday, (15) Nepram Tharma Sing left after handing over the post of the Hidak Sungba. His extended family was subdivided. 20 Tuesday, Niyar Sing the Piba of the new Yumnam family (Yumnam Anoupa) and Sangkoipa hitang had a disagreement in the presence of Ningthem. Sangkoipa hintang wanted to have the family subdivided, but the Piba refused on the ground that he could not agree to the family being subdivided because of the royal order of Chingthangkhompa Maharaj which forbade any division. Shrijut gave the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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royal verdict that in the royal reign of (his) great–grandfather Bhaghyachandra the royal order had been given that Yumnams should be joined together as a family and they were forbidden to be divided. Saying this, Ningthem referred the matter to the Top Garot. Officials in the Top Garot included the royal prince the Yubraj, the chief of Aangom, Tulihan Major, Tulinaha Major, all the officials of the Top Garot, Khumuchampa Pundit from the main Maipa Institute, and Sarang Pundit, all these officials, along with the Hanjapas and Hithangs of other Institutes. Yumnam piba paid two Indian rupees as a court fee. Then they concluded the case saying that it would be a forbidden action (to discard the ancestral verdict). 21 Wednesday, a woman was exposed in the market place for five days as she was found turning copper into (imitation) silver in the market. The woman was warned that if she were to be found in the future committing such a crime her hands would be cut off and eyes plucked out. This message was proclaimed in the market place by the crier riding on an elephant. 24 Saturday, Kangngapam Cha Major and a Sahep left for the northern region to inspect the area. 25 Sunday, Maisnam Cha Samu Major left for Kongyanglok gorge to hunt elephants. 26 Monday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Saturday. 13 Wednesday, Laisram Jambhuban left with fifty sepoys to fell trees at Chepu salt well. 16 Saturday, when a controversy arose concerning a woman who had eloped with two men of the families of Yampem and Wangkhengpam, these two were flogged in the market place and then released. But a man from the Aathokpam family and another man from the Ngangpam family, these two were sent to jail. When a man of the Maring tribe was clearing the undergrowth (for jhum cultivation) his machete struck his child from which the child died. 21 Friday, Maisnam Cha Samu Major returned after catching an elephant which had tusks from Kongngalok gorge. 23 Sunday, Chingakham Cha Yipungo Senlungpahan died of small pox. 25 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. The month of Phairen (January/ February) began on Monday. On that day one Kengngoi Hao was killed. A horse which had only one eye on its forehead also was born. It died immediately. 8 Sunday, lightning struck four bamboo flag posts, beginning with the post which was erected in the south-west corner, in the middle and in the north-west of the Rasmandal of Shri Radha and Govinda, together with the flag post of Kalikar. 23 Tuesday, a keijenglang (16) was caught in north Sekmai and it was presented (to the king). The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, the prince born to Thourani Singsubi died. 5 Saturday, Thourani Aakoisu gave birth to a prince. 6 Sunday, two tiger cubs were caught alive in Yiku in Koiremkei and they were presented (to the king). 16 Wednesday, one Laisram Cha and one Soroisam Cha were put in prison as they were discovered taking a box of gunpowder from Bijaya Garot where it was stored. 23 Wednesday, Phiringki Sahep Purun (Dr. Brown), along with Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major, and Bamon Leihaothapam Cha Gokun Thumjao Puren, these three returned https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 163 from their inspection of the source of the river, as they had been ordered by Shrijut the Lak Sahep (17) after a disagreement with the Sahep on the demarcation of the boundary of (Manipur) and Aawa. They returned from their inspection of the source of the river in accordance to the order of Shrijut the Lak Sahep. The information concerning the demarcation of the land boundary in the north where Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Tulinaha Major, Bamon the Thumchao Puren, the four Firingki Saheps who came from outside, and the Firingki Sahep from Manipur were involved, concluded as follows: ‘According to what was discussed on the Phura peak of Siroi mountain in the year of Haorangpa Deba, Sakabda 1794 (1872/3 CE) on the 29th Sangkranti (of that year) Saturday; (and which was carried out) in Sakabda 1795 (1873/ 4 CE) on Saturday the 29th Sangkranti (of that year); and what was said by the Firingki Political Agent living in Manipur, Aaton Sahep, Patra Sahep, and Yisitin Sahep, these four Saheps, that the river which flowed from Siroi flowed to the land of Tekhao (Ahom, Assam). To this statement, Kangngapam Cha Major had replied saying that the river the Saheps were referring to flowed to the land of Aawa. The four Saheps asked the Major what would be done if this river which he had said flowed to Aawa was found not to flow to Aawa, but was found to flow to Tekhao. To this Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major had replied saying, that if his words were found not to be true, then the Sahep Luk (18) could hang him. To this reply Tamson Sahep said that (in Manipur) next to Shrijut Maharaj there is the Jubraj, next to the Jubraj the Senapati, next to the Senapati the Major; and when such a Major who holds such a position had given a verdict on the case, and said that the river from Siroi flowed to the land of Aawa, then the (British) Sirkar would not be able to settle the matter during that season. Because of this it was obligatory to report the matter to the Lak Sahep. As it (they) reached this conclusion, Patra Sahep, Yishter Sahep and Aakon Sahep these three Saheps left to report the matter to Shrijut the Lak Sahep. After receiving the report, the verdict given by Shrijut the Lak Sahep was as follows: ‘If such an important person in Manipur holding such a high position as a Major has said that the river flowed to the land of Aawa, then the river does flow to Aawa; and even if they (the British) said that the river flowed to the land of Tekhao, it was necessary for them to find out the exact position and report the findings to him so that he could judge the matter’. As these orders were given then, some (British officers) came in response to the order to find the source of the river in Sakabda 1795 (1873/4 CE ). Those who came were Patra Sahep, Katwan Sahep, Makre Sahep, and Sutra Sahep, and these four Saheps arrived with 100 sepoys. The Political Agent Sahep of Manipur with twelve sepoys, along with Kangngapam Cha Major, Bamon the Thumchao Puren, and others also left; and these three led the five Saheps to the source of the river in order to demarcate the boundary on 24 Saturday (Lamta) (19). 25 Sunday, they arrived at Keithenmanbi. They stayed there for three days. 26 Monday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 28 Wednesday, they arrived at Mayangkhang. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Purun Sahep asked Kangngapa Major how the place Mayangkhang (20) came to be called by that name. As the question was put to the Major, the Major answered saying that a species of paddy known as mayangkhang was planted by those people who settled there. Since then the area came to be known as Mayangkhang. The party stayed one day in that place. New moon Friday, they arrived at Thingpa Karong (21). They camped there. While at the camp a Sahep asked (about the river) and Kangngapam Cha Major told them that the river flowed down from Katung and the area where they encamped was called Thingpa Karong. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Saturday. On that day, they reached Meeteipham. 2 Sunday, Sahep climbed up the Maram hills and photographed (the view). 6 Thursday, they moved from Meeteipham and camped in Mao. 14 Thursday, at Thipommee (Dimapur) they erected a flag at the stone bearing the foot prints of Shrijut the royal father of the present king (Chandrakriti) with a 200 gun salute. They honoured the late king (Gambhir Singh) by remembering in songs his achievements and glory. 15 Friday, they returned and reached Mao. 17 Sunday, Nongthonpa subidar and others with fifty sepoys left to erect a flag post to mark the place (22). 20 Thursday, (23) those who left to erect the flag post returned. 25 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. The month of Phairen (January/ February) began on Monday. 4 Thursday, both Tulinaha and Maibya from Nungpi arrived at Mao. The report these two gave was that they had attacked and had broken the resistance in the area called Sechiphimee. Twenty–three Hoas had died. As they were giving their reports a letter from a Sahep arrived, (24) saying that Thipommee was where the matters concerning the Luppa Tangkhun and the orders of Patla Sahep would be discussed between the Major and himself; he also had heard that (the Major) had returned. 6 Friday, as they marched from Mao up to Thipommee, they also found the Suto Sahep who had come from Tekhao. Kangngapa Major, and the Sahep met, and after the two had had a conference the Sahep requested the Major that the Major himself should go in advance to Laiyeeram (25) and prepare the provisions (26) and everything that would be required (for the expedition), and he would follow with Patla Sahep. Kangngapam Cha Major accepted the proposal that (he) would be the advance party as it also came from Patla Sahep, and he left (Thipommee) after halting one night there, and arrived at Mao on 8 Sunday. 9 Monday, the Major ordered the despatch of thirty chengkok measures of rice (27) to Thipommee. 11 Thursday, the Major marched with Phoucha from Mao to Tungchoi. They halted a day there. 13 Friday, they camped at Yawa. 18 Wednesday, they camped at Laiyee. 24 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The month of Lamta (February/ March) began on Tuesday. 3 Thursday, Yumnamba jamadar, who accompanied the Saheps, returned to Laiyee. He reported that the five saheps would travel from Thipommee by way of Konyaram and would arrive at Tilmee. They had asked (the Major’s party) to march up to Tilmee. On that very day, they (the Major and his advance party) marched to Tilmee along with the troops https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 165 and reached Tilmee. They had a conference with the five Saheps. They halted one day there. 5 Saturday, they marched to Sichamee, each person carrying enough rice for fifteen days. They halted there one day. 7 Monday, Prun Sahep took a photograph. 9 Wednesday, they reached Yesamee. The Sahep took a picture of the lake. They also camped there. 10 Thursday, they reached Marmee. 11 Friday, as they reached Primee they were faced with the Haos who had been waiting there at the barricade, shouting war cries. At this Patla Sahep called the Major Sahep and said that the Haos had already started the battle, to which Kangngapa Major replied informing the Sahep that he was leading the party; and after making thirty porters turn back, the Major marched forward with twenty men, leading the rest and broke through the barricade. The Haos left many traps as obstacles, but when they saw the large number of people, they did not give any trouble. The party camped in that village. 12 Saturday, they reached Thasimee Khunnou. 13 Sunday, they arrived at Thasimee Khunlen. While at that place, after the five Saheps, Kangngapam Cha Major and Bamon the Thumchao Puren had climbed up to Thasimee Khunlen (hill top) and were looking around, Patra Sahep observed that the Major himself had been pointing his finger to the north and said that he wondered if (the Major) meant that the river flowed to the north. At this Kangngapa Major replied to the Sahep saying that the river flowed in the eastern direction first and then turned northward. At this statement Patara Sahep, Pepton Sahep, and Suta Sahep were determined to see the river for themselves and thus marched down to the river with twenty sepoys. As they were climbing down towards the river, Kangngapa Major sent Konchengpa the Aahontara Major and five men to accompany the Saheps. When they reached the river they found that the river was flowing from the north to the south. The width of the river was forty–three Sna–lam–chei, the royal lam measurement stick; and there was a large quantity of stones, reddish in colour, and some huge in size. Another river, whose source was in Siroi, also flowed there. This river was called Ngari by the Haos, Nariya by the Saheps and Laiyee Turen (Laiyee river) by the Meeteis. This river flowed northward and at the east of the village of Thasimee Khunou, where it converged with another river; after converging it flowed towards the south–east direction and flowed to Aawa. Having seen the course of the river, the party left (the river) and returned. After arriving in the camp, Patala Sahep called Kangngapa Major and said: ‘Major, what you had said is certainly correct. We have seen that the river flows to Aawa. I am greatly ashamed. I cannot face you. You could return to–morrow. I also will return back towards Thipommee by way of Konyaram’. At these words Major Sahep (Kangangapa Major) said to Patla Sahep: ‘Sahep, the river which you had mapped with your own hands made it flow to Tekhao; but since the river flows to Aawa, the map is wrong. So erase the mistake with your own hands.’ After these words the Sahep erased the mistake (in the map) with his own hand. 14 Monday, on the order of Thangkan Major the name of Shri Panchajuktaswar Maharaja Chandra Kriti https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Singh was inscribed on a stone which was one Khupom measure deep and one Haokap measure (28) wide. Then, as was instructed by Thangkan Major, this inscribed stone was buried by the road–side in front of the village by the two mango trees growing there, one of which was in the direction of the mountain and the other to the south–west (of the mountain), after digging at the south–west of this tree, and at a distance of one thakai measure (29) from it at a depth of one khupom measure. That place was claimed for Shrijut Maharaj. They sang victory songs beseeching prosperity to the king, and returned. They halted the night at Primi. 15 Tuesday, the party reached Malmee. The villagers were already preparing to fight to prevent the party from entering their village. But when the village was about to be devastated, they approached with apologies, admitted of their mistakes and begged to be forgiven. 22 Tuesday, they reached Kameng. Kangngapa Major was met with two elephants. All those Hao villages which had been mentioned above were subdued for Shrijut Maharaj and tributes were collected from all of them, according to what was expected from each of them. The tributes which were collected were 1,500 Indian rupees in cash, thirty–five swords, and thirty–five spears in kind. 23 Wednesday, (The Major and his party) arrived at the palace. Purun Sahep also arrived. 25 Friday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Thursday. 25 Sunday, Bisu Sangkranti began. While they were reading Rajmantri, they observed that a crow which flew from the western direction had perched on the post of the Madwap and was seen watching the reading (30). 1 2

3 4 5

6

7 8

9

Suku: scribal error for Suknu. Jug sure: Jug, Bengali meaning time, year; sure, complete, correct: in this context, has arrived. Alternative rendering: the reign years of the ruling king has come to its completion. Mawa: husband, scribal error for macha, child or children. Month of Yingen is missing. Thobi: for dhobi, Bengali for dhopa or dhoba masc. noun from verb dhop or dhob to wash. Hindu religion regards dhobas as unclean Sudras, and Brahmins do not take water touched by them. Anampane: from verb anam athou kokpa, to be ritually cleansed in the traditional way from any pollution. This rite could be performed on both old and new objects as well as people who were perceived to be under an evil spell. Aongnatuna: conditional form of aongba. This verb has a wide range of meaning: to cohabit, to elope and be married; depending on the context. Hochongpan: conflation of Hao, common, ordinary, tribal; chong, from chongba to jump, move, act or dance about; pan, a barricade or an enclosure. With the rise of the Hindu influence, those who lived in or were expelled to this area came to include those who broke the Hindu caste norm; in this case that of a Bamon woman cohabiting with a Meetei man. Tradition has it that when McCulloch, who was married to one of the daughters of Nara Singh Maharaj, wanted to build his residence on this hill he was refused on the ground that the hill was a sacred place dedicated to a lai.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 167 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17

18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

28 29 30

Wahengpam pam: pam, scribal dittography. Yengchao haina: see it for yourself. Obscure. Either payment by giving one of his bonded servants or paying the equivalent price. Obscure: not clear if the behaviour of women referred to here was in relation to the expected code of a Hindu woman, which differed considerably from Meetei tradition, or conversely that these women had become so entrenched in Hindu customs that they were neglecting the traditional roles of women. Scribal error for 14th Wednesday. Keijenglang: literally, a striped tiger, probably one of the rarer Indo–Chinese species, which are smaller and darker than the Bengal tiger. Lak Sahep for Laat Sahep: Bengali and Assamese for Governor General of India, the Viceroy of India. The term Laat was derived from the English word Lord. First time this term is used. Sahep luk for Sahep lok: Bengali for British officers. The entry from here onwards refers to the events which had taken place previously. Translation is problematic since Manipuri has no exact equivalent of direct speech. Mayangkhang: conflation of Mayang, meaning non–Manipuri Indians; khang, from verb khaangba, to give freely, as in chak khaangba to give rice or a feast freely. Mayangs were granted land freely when they were settled. Thingpa Karong: the term implies that the river became forked because of an obstruction. Makla yungpa: to erect a makla, a non–Manipuri term, ‘as a mark, to mark’; probably a corruption of the English word ‘mark.’ Discrepancy by one day. The text does not mention who wrote this letter. Laiyeeram: area of Laiyee. Rasop: Bengali for rasad, provision for the army. First time this term is used. Chengkok: a measuring basket used for grain, paddy and rice. Term literally means one measure of rice which is carried on one’s head. The size of the basket differs from area to area. One basket is considered to weigh approximately half of one Indian maund measure or 18.66 kg. Haokap: conflation of Hao, common; kap span. Thakai: half of a lam measure. Lam measurement comprises the distance from the tip of one middle finger to the other, across the shoulders, when both arms are outstretched. A crow from the west: obscure. It implies an omen. According to the Manipuri oral tradition Indians were sometimes called Mayang kwak (because of their darker skin).

Sakabda 1796 (1874 CE) The year of Thangcham Chaopa, Sakabda 1796 (1874 CE). 26 Monday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Friday. 6 Wednesday, all the people of the Ningthoucha clan inaugurated a shrine for Ancestor Pakhangpa. They also made a contribution towards the building of the palatial (shrine). Full moon

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Friday, there was a lunar eclipse. 28 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, all the pibas of the seven clans (1) were summoned by Shrijut Maharaj to the Mandwap of Shri Govinda, at the assembly of the Bamon Sabha (association), the Cheirap and Garot Courts, all the nobles and brave men of the country, and (he) gave the royal command that in taking and giving a bride in marriage (they should) take and give only those daughters from good families; marriages between the forbidden degrees of relationship, from the same blood relationships, having the same ancestors from the female line, between the forbidden clans and gotras, were interdicted and not permitted. So Shrijut’s royal verdict was given, saying that the number of widows and widowers had become very great and the country was in distress. 9 Sunday, Shri the royal son the Jubraj from the Cheirap Court and others, including the nobles and the brave men of the country, the Main Maipa Institute and the Institute of Pena Players, discussed the subdividing of lai with reference to Hoitom Lairemma, saying that this lai (2) was Panthoipi’s Laichat (3) and was the wife of Tarang Khoinucha. As for Matutek, she was the wife of Khapa Lairenhan (4). Because of these facts the lai belonged to the Khuraicham family which had settled in Taopungkhok, and on the ground of these findings the lai was given to them. This was the reason given when this case was brought before Shrijut and the case was settled. Furthermore, during (the discussion of) that case, the records in Panthoipi Khongkun (5) were consulted in the royal presence of Shrijut, and it was recorded (there) that Hoitom Lairemma was the wife of Tarang Khoinu Cha and she was Panthoipi’s Laichat. She was also found to be Panthoipi’s Laichat in all the other written records. On the evidence of these records, Manutek and her husband (6) Khapa Lairenhan, these two were agreed to be the lais who lived in Taoubungkhok, and were made to be taken there. Shrijut gave the royal verdict, saying that what was said by the Maipa and the Pundits was right, and what was said by the Institute of Pena Players was wrong, and the case was passed on to the Cheirap Court. Laitoncham Cha the Lakpa of the Institute of Pena Players and others, including all the Hanchapas and all Hitangs, were punished in kei (7) for five days from the 10 th Monday. 11 Tuesday, five ivory tusks were presented to Shrijut by the Maram Haos from the north. Those Hao villages which had not been subdued before but were subdued in the reign of Shrijut were Tuithang, Monhong, Panlu Khunka, Purun Khun, Khongchat Khun, and Haichatlampui Khun. These six villages were established and they were made to pay land–tax (8) (to the king). This record (regarding settlement and land–tax), which had already been established on the first day of the lunar month of Yingen in Sakabda 1796, has been entered here because the information was given later, and therefore it has been entered here (9). Full moon Sunday, the royal son Koireng was appointed the Katwan. 24 Monday, a man from the Laisram family became a Muslim. Barhangsa a visitor arrived from Mayang. 25 Tuesday, Kangngapa Major left to attack the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 169 Aakam Haos. 28 Friday, a Pangan (Muslim) woman was publicly shamed with khunkoinaba for beating her child. New moon Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Monday. 9 Tuesday, a case concerning Bamon Kamalakanta the Hanchapa of Konoks and Puja the Hitang was brought before Shrijut on the charge that these two had joined the Konoks (10). The case was taken up by the Bamon Sabha in the presence of Shrijut and it was found that Bamon Gurumayum Nongmaiching was in the right, and the Hanchapa of Konoks (Bamon Kamalakanta) was punished at kei. The Hitang was deported to Loi to Khangngapok, and his brother Samanda was deported to Loi to Heeyen. The Hanchapa was released after being imprisoned in kei for nine days. The Hitang and others were also summoned. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Tuesday. 3 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. On that day, Ningthem’s Purit (Purohit) died. 7 Monday, the Thourani the Thokchom maiden was escorted to the palace. 10 Friday, Sna Chamu was escorted into the family of Maibam. 11 Saturday, Soukaicham Cha Major and Kangngabam Cha Major, these two left for Mayang. 14 Tuesday, Bamon Major also left for Mayang. Full moon Wednesday, a tiger ate a dog in the sacred area of Wangparen in Suknu. On that day a letter of invitation to Shrijut the Maharaj of Manipur from the Lat Sahep (Viceroy) was received asking him to come to the pleasant place in Jila (Cachar), and (saying) that he also would come there so that they might meet and make each other’s acquaintance. Some presents were also sent to Shrijut. All the nobles of the Cheirap and Garot Courts assembled in the presence of Shrimati the queen–mother and discussed the invitation. They decided that the invitation should be accepted and that the king should travel to Cachar. Shrijut thus gave his royal order for Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major to leave four days in advance (of the king) to see to the security of the road and bridges, and for Thakur Bamon Major to leave two days in advance with all the sepoys (11). 16 Thursday of Yingen, (12) Shrijut set out for the journey at an auspicious hour. 17 Friday, Shrijut Maharaj made the royal journey. Those who were the royal escorts were the royal son the Wangkheirakpa, Sna the Samuhanchapa, Soukaicham Cha Major, Chingngakham Cha the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana), Ningthoukhong Cha Gokul Sing a pundit from the Maipa Institute, Heitham Cha Ratan Sing the Yoirenhanpa, Luwangsangpa the Phammi Hitang, Kamalakanta the astrologer and the Hanjapa of the Konoks, who knew how to calculate auspicious and inauspicious times, and Wahengpam Cha Sangkoitapa the Panji Lanlup Chingpa. All these people from the land who served the king accompanied (him). 18 Saturday, Shrijut reached Leimatak. Bamon the Thumchao Puren and Purunn Sahep, these two, left. 20 Sunday, they reached Khoupum. 21 they reached Yirang. As Ancestor Pakhangpa manifested himself Shrijut worshipped him. 23 Wednesday, they camped at Maku. 24 they arrived at Jiral (Jilla). On the right hand of Shrijut were seated on chairs Yishka Sahep, Purun Sahep, Wangkheirakpa, Samu Hanchapa, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Thangkan Major, Bolai Major, and Bamon Gokul, these eleven people were seated. On the left hand of the Lat Sahep were seated the Chief Commission Sahep (of Assam), Major Wala Katwan Sahep, and Chiton Sahep; they sat on the left (of the Lat Sahep). Then the Sahep (Viceroy) said that he was very happy to meet Shrijut Maharaj. Then the Maharaja replied that he too was very happy to meet the Lat Sahep. Then the Viceroy asked if the land of Aawa was at one with him. The Maharaj replied that it was not but they were in communication with each other. Then Chongtham Cha Aangangton brought in twenty–one gold Asarbi (13) which were presents from the Maharaj to the Viceroy, and Shrijut placed them in the hands of the Lat Sahep. The Viceroy made a salute with his own hands and then received the presents with the same hand. Shrijut Maharaj also received the salute. The presents from the Viceroy to Shrijut included a sword and a scabbard covered with gold on both sides, one golden star, one gold hand fan, one silver plated dagger, a long gold necklace, one turban, a length of (14) crepe material studded with gold work, and a string of pearls which the Viceroy himself put with his own hands round the neck of Shrijut. With a salute all these presents were presented. Then they all returned to their seats. Then all the officials from both the countries presented the Lat Sahep and Shrijut with what each one had brought from the produce of their own respective countries. They met once again in the evening. They continued to discuss the same topic which was discussed earlier on (15). The Sahep also got into the boat (to depart) on Thursday the first day of the lunar month of Langpan (August/September). Then Katwan Sahep and Meculiyum Sahep asked for the time when Shrijut was leaving and they were informed that Shrijut was leaving at 10 o’clock. Then both the Saheps informed them that the Lak Sahep had given orders to both of them that they should escort Shrijut up to Belanga on the banks of the Barak river. As they had been ordered they said that they would escort Shrijut Maharaja when he left. 2 Friday, as Shrijut Maharaja returned accompanied by all those people of the land, the two Saheps also went back. 3 Saturday, as Shrijut Maharaj was about to leave, a Ramanti monk from Lakhyipur (16) dressed in a tiger skin begged the king for permission to go to the land of the Meeteis. He was given permission to enter the country. He presented (to the king) one Saligram (stone) and one Narasingh (image), these two lais, and he also travelled (with them). 4 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. As they reached Lamangtong, Shrijut lodged both the lais in the temple of Aateita after taking the image of Bishnu. 9 Friday, Shrijut Maharaj arrived at the Royal Palace and the Royal Market Aawompa on his return from his journey to meet the Sahep (Viceroy). An eleven cannon salute was fired. As had been directed and instructed by the Wujas and Pundits, that the records of the events which took place in the country while Shrijut was away, and the records of what took place at Shrijut’s meeting with the Viceroy, should not be written together but to be recorded separately; may I (the scribe) be permitted to record also the events which took place in Meetei https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 171 Leibak, the land of the Meeteis, while Shrijut was away. 20 Sunday, of the month of Yingen, the son of Moirangthem Cha the senlungpa was brought (to the court) for having extramarital relations with a Leima of the Thingpaicham family (17). 24 Thursday, a man from the Aoinam family who lived in Thangka died as he was attacked by a tiger while working as a forced labourer (18) in building a Royal Palace for Shrijut in Leimatak. The tiger was caught. On that day Shrijut allowed the Sangpannapa guard of Institutes to be freed from his imprisonment in kei, where he had been sent for five days after their arrival from their journey (to Jila), for the mistake he made while on duty to Shrijut in not heeding a request when some people had shouted (to him) to put a rope across the river first before crossing the river, when they found the Maku river was in flood. They had lost a messenger on duty, who was from the family of Chongtham, as he was drowned and swept away in the Maku river. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, a meteorite was seen. 4 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 11 Sunday, Kangngapa Major also arrived from Mayang. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, Khangngabu Khangngen beams to be used in building Shri Govindji’s temple arrived from Cheklaipai. 5 Wednesday the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 12 Wednesday, fifty muhars of gold (19) and two hundred Indian rupees which belonged to Shrijut, which had been kept in the Institute building which was under Aahanthem Cha Jatop Sing, were stolen. 20 Wednesday, the royal box which had been stolen was returned. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Sunday (20). 5 Thursday, Maisnam Cha Major and others left to hunt elephants in the land of Aawa. 7 Saturday the Sangkranti of Mera began. 22 Saturday, Miasnam Cha Major and the party returned with ten elephants which they had caught. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, emissaries from Aawa including both Ta Wu and Te Wu and others arrived from Aawa. 7 Monday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 19 Friday, Shrijut Maharaj went down and inaugurated Singchamei market, Heirangkhoi market, and Sansenthong market, these three markets. The market in Sinhchamei was named Lammabi market, Heirangkhoi market was named Meiyang market. Shri Bishnu and his wife Lakhi (images) also were taken for the inauguration. 21 Monday, they began to build a temple for Ratha and Gobinda. The Sahep also left for the land in the north. 26 Friday, Haobam Cha Sulonkhomba and Aayapuren Major, these two left with fifty sepoys for Chingchapu to fell trees for Khangapu Khangen beams to be used in the temple for Shri Gobinda. As they arrived at Kongkan, the newly appointed Aayapuren handed over the written paper about the stockade to all the Haos of Aawa and the people of Aawa, saying that they had come to inspect their stockade and the Haos who were the subjects (of the king), and also to fell trees. 5 Monday of Poinu (21) they began to fell trees. 29 Monday, Purun Sahep left for Chatrik (22). The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Chairen Yenlangpa was deported to Loi to Suknu for killing his mother. 5 Monday, Shrijut presented the Aanan Haos and other seven Hao villages in Suknu with 500 Indian rupees so that they might have a feast and eat whatever they wished to eat. They were given thirty Indian rupees for mithuns also. The villagers from Suknu, Nungngu, Chairen, Tonsen, Mahao, Kakching Khunou, Thoingchao Khunlen in Waikhong, Langngathen, Lamting, Wangching, these thirteen villages also came and performed Khubak Yisei with singing and dancing before Shrijut Maharaj. They also requested a gift from the king. On that day Shrijut’s royal daughters also arrived at Kakching to watch the Khubak Yisei song and dance performance. Two hundred Indian rupees were given (to be divided among) the thirteen villages which had requested a gift, according to the amount determined for each village. Seven pairs of salt discs were also given to the two villages of Kakching Khunlen and Wairi. 9 Thursday, Purun Sahep returned from Chatrik. All the royal daughters also returned from Kakching after witnessing the Khubak Yisei, song and dance performance. Shrijut Maharaj also returned to the royal palace. 18 Saturday, Tonsen who lived in Moirang arrived with three Aakam Hao heads taken in a raid and presented them (to the king). 20 Monday, Purun Sahep left for Mayang. The month of Wakching (December/January) began Friday. 2 Saturday, they went to ask for some Haos (to perform) their communal duty in dragging down chingcha (posts) from Kapo. 5 Tuesday, the replacement for Purun Sahep arrived with five sepoys. That day the Sangkranti of Wakching also began. 7 Thursday, Hichan Cha subidar and others, with 150 sepoys, left for Kapo to repel invaders. 13 Tuesday, 400 sepoys were sent to strengthen the stockades on the road to Mayang (Cachar road). 22 Thursday, Nongthonpam Cha subidar and others led 200 sepoys to devastate the Khongtei Haos in the northern region. The month of Phairen began on Sunday. 7 Friday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. On that day a grandmother from the Thangcham family and her grandchild were burnt to death in Lamsang. 9 Sunday, Kola, Chingkhurempa, and Ramanda, these three who were the descendants of Chanampam Cha Aoma, presented to Shrijut Maharaj a sword and other sacred objects which belonged to Ancestor Pakhangpa. Shrijut Maharaj decreed that the descendants of these three in all their generations to come should be exempted from any kind of labour in the form of duty to the state. 10 Monday, Soukaicham Cha Tuli Aahan Major and Kangngapam Cha Tuli Naha Major, these two, left to wage war on the Aakam Haos. 11 Tuesday, Nongthonpam Cha subidar returned after waging war on the Khongteis. He captured five prisoners and they were brought (before the king). 16 Sunday, the wife of Ngangom Cha Meebija was publicly shamed with khunkoinaba (23). 24 Monday, a maiden born in the Saikhom family was also publicly shamed with khunkoinaba for having a relationship with a Mayang. 29 Saturday, a deer was caught when it ran into the army camp below Tulinaha, in the area of the Aakam Haos, The Aakam Haos delivered the wife and children of Kamson their chief to Aathokpa subidar. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 173 The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Monday. 7 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. Full moon Monday, a copy of the Mahabharata was brought from Brndaban. 21 Sunday, Haopam Cha Sulonkhompa the Ayapuren Major, the Sahep, Chingngakham Cha the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana), Bamon Gokul the Thumchao Puren, these four along with 600 sepoys left for the land of Kapo. 24 Wednesday, a daughter born into the family of Mayengpam was publicly shamed with khunkoinaba in the market place for aborting her pregnancy. New moon Tuesday, there was a solar eclipse. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, a meteorite fell. Also on that day a lai manifested itself in the Nungcheng (pond). 7 Monday, Haopam Cha Sulonkhompa the Ayapuren Major and others, the Sahep, Chingngakham Cha the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana), Bamon Gokul the Thumchao Puren, all of them who had gone to the land of Aawa, returned. That day was also the Bisu Sankranti of Sachiphu. 1 2 3

4 5

6

7 8 9 10 11

12 13

14 15

Sanlai taret: seven sanlais or clans. Originally there were more than seven, but some became amalgamated, probably to conform to the seven Hindu gotras. Hoitom Lairemma or Hoitom Pokpi: Ancestress Hoitom, believed to be connected to a person becoming a widow or a widower. Panthoibi’s Laichat: Panthoibi stands for the female aspect of creation and fertility of the land; laichat, literally, ways of the lai (divinity), traditions, customs. In this context it implies sharing in the essential nature of Panthoibi. Khapa was one of the clans, here the ancestral divinity of the Kaba yek. Panthoipi Khongkun: literally foot steps of Panthoipi. A collection of ballads and myths in which true love between young men and young maidens in different epochs, in the early history of the Meeteis were collected. Manutekwa: conflation of two words, Manutek and wa for mawa, meaning Manutek’s husband, Manutek and Manutek’s husband. Term Manutek is understood to be repeated by a scribal convention. Keita sumye: literally punished in Kei. Khajna: Bengali for land–tax. First time this term is used. Since the month of Yingen for the Sakabda year 1756 has not yet been reached this is presumably a scribal error for an earlier year. Konoks: the indigenous astrologers, whereas Bamons were immigrant Hindus who claimed to be brahmins. Apparent displacement of text referring to the invitation, the conference in relation to the invitation and the travel arrangements. This section should presumably have been before the entry of the record of the departure of Thangkan Major and Bamon Major on 11th. Alternatively it may refer to a second meeting to confirm the earlier decision. Yingen: scribal error for Thawan, 30th July 1874 CE. Asarbi: probably commemorative gold coins; saba verb to make; asaba noun meaning an object which has been made; asarbi, from asaraba, for saraba the final product; with the polite form suffix bi. Than: Bengali for an unbroken length of woven material. One than is equivalent to forty imperial yards. First time this term is used. Manipur Adminstrative Report for 13th August 1874 describes this meeting.

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174 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Lakhyipur: a large village in Cachar where there is also a large Meetei settlement. Leima: male and female descendants from the female line of reigning kings had this title, while males and females born from the male line kept the title Sna. The modern equivalent for Sna is Raj Kumar/Kumari though it is now used very loosely. Male and female descendants from the male line of princes whose fathers did not become kings have the Ningthem Cha Mayum as their surname. Begari: Hindi for unpaid forced labour, similar to pothang, lanlup or compulsory labour to the state or the king. First time this term is used. Gold measurements: 4 muhors=1 tola. 1 tola=0.375 troy oz. 50 muhars=12.5 tolas = 0.375 x 12.5=4.6875 troy oz. Intercalary month. Poinu 5: textual dislocation. Chatrik: Sanskrit, meaning religious pilgrimage; in this context probably simply that he took his leave. Kok koineiye: scribal error for khunkoineiye, from khunkonapa, public shaming.

Sakabda 1797 (1875 CE) The year of Aapujamba Kunla Sing, Sakabda 1797 (1875 CE). 8 Tuesday, was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. On that day Haobam Cha (1) the Aayapuren Major and Purum Sahep, who had gone to the land of Kapo, returned. 9 Wednesday, Sougaicham Cha Major, Kangngabam Cha Major, and a large number of people also returned. Those captured in the battle were Phaikon, Thangjinglup, and the chief of Longya, these three were captured. 14 Monday, in the royal presence of Shrijut, in the durbar, Sinam who had settled in Yoirenbam was replaced by Chukham Chaopaton in the Siphaiba Sang, the Institute of the Sepoys, and the appointment extended to all his descendants. He was also allowed to belong to the Khapham Pana. But when Sanglen, the Main Institute, arrested the son of Chungkham Cha Tonlen once again and filed a case, Shrijut gave his royal verdict that in the life time of Sinampa the Pungyeipa (drummer) this matter had been settled, and that it was forbidden to say that Sinam Chaopaton the Mantri had affiliated himself to Khapham Pana. In this way the matter was resolved. Full moon 15 Tuesday, the Khongchais caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 16 Wednesday, a maiden born in the Wusam family and another maiden born in the Haikham family from Khurai, these two, were escorted to Shri Maharaj as his wives. 21 Friday, a meteorite fell. 23 Thursday, they began to build a brick bridge over the Naga river by the Kapo leikai area. 24 Friday, when a leech was found climbing up the veranda of the queen mother’s royal palace, she had it put in a trap and then had it transported to Loi to Aarong. On that day, Loitam Cha Tanchao was also made to become a Pangan. 28 Monday, they began to make a brick bridge in the Khwairampan market after digging across the Naga river. 29 Tuesday, when Aathokpa subidar who went to bring back Komison, who had been captured, four Hao females and three males who were captured by the Kam

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Translation 175 Haos also arrived with them. 30 New moon Wednesday, a meteorite was seen. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Thursday. On that day Pamon (Bamon) Hanjapa died. 8 Sunday, after Naoriya Phiringji’s wife had given birth to a son, Namara Manik was found to have been having a relationship with the woman; when they were made to swear in the royal presence of Shrijut in the Durbar, and as both the males gave a written petition to the king saying that they, the king’s servants, would not be able to be separated (from the woman), Shrijut gave the royal verdict saying that if that was the situation, then it would be a case of one woman having two men at the same time, and it would be polyandry; and they were allowed to practice polyandry. In this way the case was closed (2). 5 Monday, a Kwagok container (for betel nuts) was made in pure gold for Shrijut and it had the figure of Rahu (3) showing its cheeks and head (4). The smith who made this image was Aawang Konsam Cha Pangnganton Hanjaba. 7 Wednesday, Shrijut made a public appearance at Utra and made the two wrestlers who had arrived from Kasi perform a wrestling match. Konok Komala Kanta was appointed the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers. 9 Friday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. On that day, the Maharaj performed the Chenghongpa rite with the offering of rice to Ancestor Pakhangpa (5) so that he might be pleased and bless (with a plentiful rice harvest). Shrijut Maharaj also offered a pair of wooden sandals to Ancestor Shri Nongsaba. Offerings of gold and silver were also made. 10 Saturday, Murari built a brick culvert in Palokon in the Chandranati area. 16 Friday, as (the king) was on his way to perform the Yukouba rite (offering of rice beer) Ancestor Shri Pakhangpa (6) manifested himself. 18 Sunday, lightning struck (7) Aawang Yumnam Khunnou village. Two houses were burnt. On that day brick culverts were made in Chingmeirong and by Yirong river. 20 Tuesday, one of the sons of the Yenlangpam family in Kokcahi died a sudden death while asleep. 22 Thursday, an almanac entitled Sortoi, which belonged to Yibungsi the former Chanda Sidhanta of the Institute of Astrologers, was taken (to the king). 25 Sunday, they dug a pond in Yaran. Ningthem went down to inaugurate it. 28 Wednesday, a Meetei (Mayek) book was given to Firingki Makilum Sahep who lived in Cachar. According to the royal order from Shrijut, another copy of all the leaves of the book was written down by the Main Institute of the Maibas and it was sent to the Deputy Commissioner. To each of them was sent one copy. 29 Thursday, a Pangan man was exposed in the market place as he was found having sextual relations with his elder brother’s wife’s daughter. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, a tiger called Kranglai (8) was caught in Chungkangpam Warok. 4 Monday, six people including Aathokpa subidar were injured by a tiger when they tried to barricade some tigers in Sachep. No one died and one tiger was caught. 6 Wednesday, Chuba Raja went to Nongkhakching hill and caught a tiger called Kranglai. On that day, seventeen men from Kakching Khunlen village also fled to Aawa. 8 Friday, Thamandi guru died. 13 Wednesday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Aawangpat Sangpam Cha Pangan the Tonlaipham Hanchapa began to make the golden Lonlei head dress (9). Shrijut’s wife the Thokchom maiden was also married (10). 14 Thursday, Wahengpam Cha Muhori arrived from Mayang. 18 Tuesday, Pamon Gurumayum Thaku Das was appointed Guruji. As it was reported that Pamon Laimayum Hitang, Thangaaribam Brajanath the chief cook, these two, had said that they would not eat any food cooked by Guruji; Shrijut also said that if that was the case then they also would not be permitted to enter his palace and they were excommunicated. 25 Monday, Satrukhon Sing the horse was selected to be the king’s personal principal horse. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Sunday. On that day, they performed an episode of a play (11) taught by Kosai, in a boat in the Thangkampat moat. 3 Tuesday, in the royal presence of Shrijut Maharaj some Haobam Kapuis in the Kyang homestead died of excessive drinking of yu (rice beer). 8 Sunday, a tiger which had entered a house in Pangei was caught and presented (to the king). On that day, the wife of Maipya the drummer in Yiram Siphai was also expelled to Aawa, as it was said that she had massaged the stomach (12) of a pregnant woman. 13 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 29 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Choirom Aawang and it was presented (to the king). The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Monday. On that day a Hao woman, who had been captured by the Kam Haos, escaped. 5 Friday, all the nobles and the brave men were summoned into the presence of the king, and a durbar was held; and the assembly was told to look into the matter of the Keirois as they were becoming extinct (13). The royal son Yibungsija the Mantri, along with eight people who held the post of senlungpa in the Khapham (Pana) Institute Building, began to look up the list of those who were listed as Keirois from the time of the royal maternal uncle. On the second day, on Saturday, the big drum which belonged to Khapham (Pana) was heard sounding by itself. On that day, the royal son the Chuparaja (Jubraj) along with all the nobles and brave men of the Charirap Court assembled in the Institute Building of the Laipham (Pana) and began to plan to take a census of all the Haos. 5 Tuesday, Shri Maharaj left for Langthapan to feast on jackfruit. On that day Thingtwa, the monk, was expelled to the land of Aawa for impregnating a woman who was still with her husband and then procuring an abortion. 14 Monday, they also began to build a bridge. 18 Friday, Yentrenpa Sanou and Moirangthem Cha Panchanli, who were in jail, were deported to Loi to Suknu. Yaikhup was deported to Loi to Chairen. 20 Saturday, Phiringki Matimasen and Tactor (doctor) Sahep, these two arrived. On that day, Shrijut Maharaj gave a public appearance in the Khwairanpan market, and after having summoned all those males born in the Pamon and Meetei families in the land, made all their youths scramble for pineapples after bringing in five boat-loads of them. Kangngabam Cha Major, Maisnam Cha Major, and Wahengpam Cha Major, these three majors, were punished in the Kei on charges of not being able to solve cases concerning debts which were due. 27 Saturday, Shrijut went down to Chapungapam https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 177 main village and caught a tiger. A man from the Hawaipam family and an attendant to an eunuch in Chajing died from wounds incurred from the tiger. Aangom Cha Kriti Sing, Ponlatep Sanya the Lakpa of Institute, Laisupa Aaton Khongchai Lambu, Nameirakpa Guna Sing Lanlupchingpa, Chongtham Toyanithi jamadar, and Soipam Cha Dharma Sing Machahan, these five (14) returned after felling the chingsaku and kheu beams to be used in building the temple for Shri Govinda. 28 Tuesday, two Saheps left. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, there was an earthquake at three pung hours after the morning yuthak. 7 Tuesday, Shri Maharaj expelled a man from the Sanlam family and another from the Takhenlambam family to the land of Aawa as it was said that they had caused the daughter–in–law of Loitongpa subidar to become deranged (15). 9 Thursday, Shrijut Maharaj took part in the celebration of Hiyang boat race, embarking on the fast racing barge in the afternoon after the pung hours passed two and was approaching three pung hours (16), wearing the Lonlei head dress. As he entered the barge there was lightning. On that day the bow and arrow which belonged to Laiyingthou Khamlangpa also was seen floating down the river. 9 the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 12 Monday, Shrijut witnessed a boat race which he had arranged between the ladies who were dancers and those who were scholars in academies. 23 Wednesday, a man from the Aoinam family and another man from the Lairikyengpam family were exposed in the market place as they were found to have written books which did not have the royal authorisation. 29 Tuesday, when Surai Sumpa, who lived in Samupan, made a request to allow Phubon Sing, the Naharakapa of male youths who lived in Sakonpan and who was also involved in putting the king on the throne, to join them as he was from their clan, and to allow him to settle with them; Shrijut gave the royal verdict that it was not correct. And after looking into the royal record it was declared that Phubon Sing was in the right. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Thursday. 13 Wednesday, Purun Saheb and Singsrabi Saihep, these two, arrived from Mayang. 17 Sunday, Serikatwan the policesa Sahep (17) left. A woman from the Thokchom family, who worked as a maid servant in the family of one Tegakhan Hajari, was punished by exposure in the market place for three days for stealing. 18 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 25 Sunday, (18) Bamon Mangkrathapa died in Suknu stockade while in office. 26 Monday, Maisnam Cha Samu Major left for Koyanglok river gorge to hunt elephants. 30 Friday, a nagarkirtan (19) in honour of Cheitei and Nitya, these two brothers, was performed and the participants, including Shrijut, marched round the Thangkampat moat carrying 700 flags and 1,000 torches. They also sang. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Saturday. 10 Monday, Shrijut gave his royal order that all that which had been achieved by Kangangabam Major should be listed in full in writing without leaving out anything, and also that all his descendants including their children’s children were to be exempted from all the state compulsory services. 12 Wednesday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Shrijut gave the royal order that all those in charge of Institute Buildings were to erect a flag for Hariwuthan (20). 18 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. On that day as a man from the Kangngabam family who belonged to Laipham Pana and another man who was a professional skilled person were given the order to perform the Khou (ritual) spear dance in Mayang, all the officials in the main Laipham (Pana) Institute Building were punished in Kei. On that day Lairikyengpa, Wuthop Hidang from the Pungyanmayum family, and others, took charge of the Maipa Institute. As it was said that those who were in the Chanamthabam Chenglei group belonged to Aaniman Gotra, and were using (the almanac of) that gotra, and that they also belonged to Koutum (Goutum), the case was taken up by the royal son Yipungsi the Mantri, Chingkham Cha the Pukhraanba, these two along with others. They consulted both the copies of the Kumpapa which were kept in the Maiba Institute and Institute of Astrology which were under the Mapa Sanglen (Father of Institutes). As they opened the records they found that they (the group) belonged to Aaniman Gotra first and then they became Koutum. As the entry in the Snapuya the royal record was also the same, it was declared that Wuthop Hitang from the Pungyanmayum family was in the right. All those in the party of Chanamthabam Chinglen were fined. 21 Thursday, polo players, pena players, and those who were spear dancers from all the four Institutes, along with the Tangkhun Hao spear dancers, left for Mayang with the Sahep. On that day, Maisnam Cha Samu Major arrived with nine elephants which he had caught from Pungsanchingmai mountain side. Aakhanba the Lanlup Chingba from the Khomdram family, one Hao and one Pangan, these three died as they were injured by the elephants in the song enclosure. 23 Saturday, Phiringji Prun Political Agent Sahep left for Kalikata (Calcutta) with his wife, children and his mother–in–law to take part in a polo match, at three pung hours after the yuthak. (21) 27 Wednesday, a Hao who was looking after mithuns caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Sunday. On that day, a daughter born in one Yirengbam family was expelled to Aawa as it was said that she had aborted (22) a pregnancy. Monday the first day of the lunar month, Shrijut left for Langthapan to stage Kanlidomon play. 2 Tuesday, Kanlidomon was staged. 3 Wednesday, the three villages of Kakching Khunlen, Kakching Khunou, and Wairi were made to perform Khubak Yisei. They were rewarded with one hundred Indian rupees. Shrijut returned to his royal palace. 4 Thursday, the three villages of Kakching were made to perform their dance in the inner polo ground in Shrjut’s presence. They were rewarded with three–hundred Indian Rupees. 8 Monday, as five Mayang Mosman (Muslims) who came from Dhrapur begged Shrijut Maharaj to allow them, his servants, to stage a circus and also that they might be paid with some rupees; they were given permission to perform their circus in the inner polo ground in Shrijut’s presence. They were also paid with three hundred Indian rupees. 10 Wednesday, Yibemma Yelangbam Maiden was https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 179 married to Samu Hanjaba. Sna Katwan was also married to one Senjam maiden and one Aaheipam maiden, to both of them. 15 Sunday, Hotam Cha aawondar major opened a stockade at Yingourok. 16 Monday, they inaugurated a mantop for Shri Govindaji which was eight lams wide in the centre and seven lams and one khupom in height. Gosaiji went back. 18 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 19 Thursday, a man from the Aathokpam family was flogged in the market place as it was said that he had stolen gold from the royal treasury. Kangngabam Cha Aoipa the Konsa Hanpa (head of brass smiths) was exposed in the market place as it was said that he stole gold. In the night of the same day Moirang Panchali who was in prison was sent to Suknu. 20 Friday, as one of the Mayang Pangans who came from Dharpur made a further request to Shrijut to allow him to stage one more performance in his royal presence, Shrijut consented and witnessed another performance. 21 Saturday, when a Laisram maiden, a maidservant of Maisnam Cha the Luwang chief, had been examined for pregnancy after she had said that she was with child, and when it was found that she had not conceived, she was exposed in the market place. 23 Monday, Shrijut gave the royal order that the people in the Senloi area who paid tribute (in sen), and all those in other subjugated Loi areas who had become members of Panas, were to be offered (the option) now of forming their own leikais (village streets) instead of paying tribute; also that they were to occupy all the four sides of their areas of settlement; and that they were to join the militia in the Naran Seinra Kapri (Company) which had just been established. (The royal decree continued that) all those who occupied official posts in the Panas were to remain in their respective Panas and they were forbidden to enlist in the army. But all those (who reported for recruitment) from various Loi areas which were not clearly specified (as being in any of the newly formed Panas), or whose case was not very clear, were to be sent back to their former places. And some were sent back. A court named Noya Naran Seinra Karot was established 24 Tuesday, Kangngabam Cha Thangkan Major and others left for the land of the Mayangs to hunt elephants. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Tuesday. 4 Friday, as it was said that a woman from Khetra (in India) who was married into the family of Swabam had an extramarital relationship with a man from the Konsam family (and) had caused her husband to become mentally disturbed, had damaged his eyesight, and also had aborted the pregnancy, she was expelled to Aawa and Konsam was put in prison. 5 Saturday, Soukaicham Cha Bonlai Major left for Moirang to drag timber for the Mantop building. 8 Tuesday, in Sekmaichin, one Yirengbam maiden the wife of Thounaokjam Cha Gunodhojo, who was having an extramarital relationship with Yumnam Cha Aamu, fled after killing Gunodhojo. The woman was deported to Loi to Kameng. 16 Wednesday, they dug a pond in Kakwa Lamtaipung crossroads. 18 Friday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. On that day Khumujam Cha Pundit said to Shrijut Maharaj that he had seen signs which indicated that the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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king would be favoured with blessings that would have special power as well as being auspicious and of ancient origin. 25 Friday, the Monbi Haos captured thirty Longya Hoas and they were brought (before the king). 29 Tuesday, a pure gold box called Kwagok, which had been presented by the king of Pong and which was made in the shape of a Takhen pegion, weighing eighty–four muhor, and which had been taken by Shri the maternal uncle Thaka Taba in Dhaka, and which had been brought back by Bamon Adhikari Mayum Jagadham the Sanlungpuren, arrived intact. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, Laitam Cha Poila along with one–hundred and twenty Haos dug the Monthoukhong canal and after completing it made two conduits. 7 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. 12 Monday, Singsupam Cha subidar returned from pilgrimage. 14 Tuesday, (23) a man from Suknu was killed by the Haos. 15 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. 16 Thursday, a man from the Narekpam family was expelled to Aawa as it was said that he was a thief. Maisnama Cha Samu Major left for the northern region to hunt elephants. 18 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 21Tuesday, a man from the Moirangthem family and another from the Aoinam family, these two, were burnt to death as they were burning the undergrowth for jhum cultivation in Ningngen. 28 Wednesday, Shrijut went out and inaugurated Phuta Lakhong. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Saturday. On that day it was discovered that gunpowder had been stolen from the magazine and sold by men from the Ningthoujam and the Chingngakham families and two Pangans, by these four men. Ningthouchampa and Chingngakhampa, these two, were deported to Loi to Leisangkhong. The two Pangans were put in prison. 4 Tuesday, Purun Sahep arrived with Yipungsi Keipha, along with his wife and children from Mayang, and they reported to the Garot Court. 8 Friday, Shri Maharaj and the Sahep held a durbar. Those who went to play Polo in Kanlakata (Calcutta) also returned. 12 Tuesday, Maisna Samu Major returned with eleven elephants which he had captured in the northern region and they were presented (to the king). 13 Wednesday, they cast a bell with bell metal for Shri Gobindaji by the Chingsuku bridge, near the pond by the horse stable. The bell was cast at one pung hour after the noon yuthak with eight mounds weight of bell metal and used eighty–two blow pipes. 16 Saturday, the Makoi Haos caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 18 Monday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 20 Wednesday, forty tums (24) of gunpowder arrived from Mayang. Hotam Cha Hontar Major established a stockade in Maharan. 21 Thursday, Khangenpa, who had escaped from the prison and run to the saheps for help, was handed over immediately. 23 Saturday, the people of Phayeng caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). The month of Sachiphu (25) (March/April) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, Nongthonpa hajari from Aapanpa was expelled to Khangngabok. 4 Wednesday, when Lourenbam Cha the Wurungpuren fell off the Mantop, his waist was dislocated. 13 Thursday, the Naga bridge collapsed. On that day, a man from the Loitongpam https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 181 family was made to become a Hao for marrying a Hao maiden. 17 Monday, they cast a big bell for Shri Govindachi which weighed eight mounds and they used one hundred and twenty–five blow pipes. They also gave a one cannon salute at the beginning and completion of the cast. When one Wapa cow (26) entered in the Tulaipaba Institute it was caught. 18 Tuesday was Bishnu Sankranti. 1 2

3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20

21 22 23

Ja for Cha. Phiringji: here must refer to a non–Manipuri foreigner and not a British officer. The British could not be tried in a court in India nor practise polyandry openly. Polyandry is upheld in the Hindu sacred epic the Mahabharata but is not witnessed before this in Manipur. First time polyandry is mentioned. Rahu: according to the Hindu myth, Rahu is the name of the demon which causes an eclipse of the sun and the moon. He is also conceived as being able to bring misfortune on individuals. Rahu is often mentioned with Ketu, another demon. First time this term is used. Khaja Kokyi: khaja, probably for khajai, cheeks; kokyi for kok, head. mis–spelling of Pakhangpa. Shri Pakhangpa: Shri, a Hindu honorific title is given to Pakhangpa, the Meetei Ancestral lai. First time Shri is used as an honorific for Pakhangpa. Literally, an arrow from on high was shot at Aawang Yumnam Khunnou village. Kranglai tiger: either a tiger which was given this name or one of the rare and extinct species. Lonlei: traditional head dress worn by kings and noblemen at state functions. Meaning obscure. Nouka khanda: Bengali for an episode of a play entitled Nouka, meaning a boat. Suiye: short for puk suba, massaging the stomach. Meeteis used massage as a form of treatment; in this case it may have been to terminate the pregnancy. Keirois were responsible for tilling the ground and building houses for the king and the state. Discrepancy by one. As in most traditional cultures there is a popular belief amongst the Meeteis that witch–craft could be used to cause mental disturbance. Pung hours: see additional note on Meetei Time reckoning in Vol. 1. p. 154. Policesa Sahep: Policesa for police. In order to distinguish the –ce in police from the s sound in sahep the scribe has invented a different character for the s of sahep. First time this character has been used. Scribal dittography or an entry for the following week. Nagarkirtan: Bengali, congregational singing of religious lyrics in honour of certain Hindu deities while perambulating round the village. Hariwuthan: conflation of Hari and utha, Bengali, verb meaning to get up, literally, Hari got up: a regional religious cult related to Hari worship which was practised in Bengal: Hari in another form, as Jaganath, is believed to fall into a long sleep, and the day he wakes up is termed Hariwuthan. First time this term and practice is mentioned. The exact yuthak is not indicated. Karbha pat: Bengali for garbha pat, meaning abortion. First time this term is used. Discrepancy by one day.

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182 24 25 26

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Tum: obscure, probably meaning drum: t and d sound were interchangeable. First time this term is used. Sachi: for Sachiphu, scribal abbreviation. Wapa Aamom: obscure.

Sakabda 1798 (1876 CE) The year of Kanghuchamba Khemasi, Sakabda 1798 (1876 CE ). 19 Wednesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 27 Friday, as Shrijut gave the royal order to Purnachanda Pundit (1) to record in writing in full an account of his journey to Sinla (Jilla), Sarangthem Cha Suparnanda Pundit sat with Thoutam Cha Pundit and Chaopaton the compiler, these two, and Khundrakpam Cha Jaga Sing, Yumlempam Cha Penakhongpa the Pakhang Lakpa, all four of them disclosed in detail and in the right order, without leaving out anything, all that took place during the royal journey. And what was mentioned (and recorded in draft) in the Kephrai (2) was established and finalised by Yampem Cha Aangnagton, Yirungpam Cha Bapu, Khundakpam Cha Nungnang, and Khomtram Leisang the Lalupchingpa, these four, writing them down in detail with a kangru (pen). In the month of Kalen (April/May) on 2 Wednesday, the two storied building was inaugurated with a two cannon salute and they also began to perform aodibasa (3). 3 Thursday, the temple of Shri Gobindaji which was being built was inaugurated with an eight cannon salute, all of which were fired simultaneously. Shri Cheitei and Nitai (images) were both moved to the inner polo ground. Four Sna Panla male choirs sang in Shri Gobindaji’s mantop. As Shrijut came out in the polo ground and two Shrimati Rasori female choirs led all the other choirs which were established in the four Leikais, the Loilam (autochthonous) areas, all the villages in the Panas, all the choirs which numbered one hundred and ninety one sang, and the two images were inaugurated. To all the other images which were worshipped by the Panmons according to their castes in the land of the Meetei, meritorious gifts were made (by the people) with the offering of lupa (Indian rupees). To all the Bamons who were led by nine ratans, (4) all the Bamons who wore the sacred thread, all the monks and the Peishnabs (Bhaisnabs), to all of them meritorious gifts of gold and silver coins (5) were presented. To all the pung players, the lead and the second singers of those choirs, meritorious gifts of silver coins were presented. Sixty Bamon cooks deep fried tals (6) day and night for fifteen whole days and they were distributed to all those officials who served the king in the land of the Meeteis; to all the keirois who tilled the land and those born of them, all those in the Loi areas, to all of them were served packets of six tans wrapped in Leihoura leaves, which were spread out on a large cloth by ninety–one Bamons, carrying them across their shoulders (in a basket and suspended through a pole). Without leaving out any, all women, all men, Bamon women, all the Leimas and Sichas, (7)

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Translation 183 all those who held the posts of Pukhranbas and Nongthonbas and their wives, all those who held a post and their wives and children, all of them were invited and made to worship the Hindu images, and then offer to (the images) rupee silver coins, half rupee and quarter rupee coins. Then to all those who were present a packet of six tans and a monetary gift was presented. On that day Shrijut made offerings of Indian rupees so that feasts might be given in Brintapon, Aamika, Nabatip and Jaganathkhetra, in these four places of Hindu pilgrimage. All those who also wanted to offer made their offerings, each according to his or her ability. On that day, in the evening, they performed Sobhaparba (by telling the history of the Hindu Sobha). Tuesday the 9th day of the lunar month, a pipal tree on the Moirangkhompung mound was blown down by the wind. Bamon Takhenchingbam Khetrani, who was pregnant, died as she suffered a broken skull. Another Bamon woman also had a fractured arm. 10 Wednesday, some Khongchais brought the head of a Kam Hao and a tiger and presented them to the king. On that day some Pangans showed their skill before the Utra building. 17 Wednesday, near the Sansenthong bridge on the very spot where Nonggarei (8) were found, a temple for a Lamboibi, (9) her house, and an image of Narasing (10) were inaugurated. When Tongpram Hema Manik, who had settled at Heinou Khongnempi and who was living as though he belonged to the Chenglei clan, was challenged by Tongpram who lived in Khurai, who was the Lakpa of Khurai and also the grandson of the Lakpa of the Naharup (Pana), (claiming) that he was the older of the two. The case was brought before the royal presence. The royal order was given, and after consulting the records it was found that in the year of Thingkuchampa Chakrapani, in 1781 Sakabda, when the Thangcham family of the Chenglei clan became extinct, there was a controversy between his grandfather the Lakpa of the Naharup (Pana) and Matyananda subidar, and they were brought before the royal presence. A durbar then was held in the royal presence and Matyananda was found to be in the right. His grandfather Tuchom came originally from Nongmai. Thus the verdict was given then that Hema Manik was in the right and the case was closed. 20 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 24 Wednesday, Snapa a servant of Khuraileima was found hanged in Lamsang. 25 Thursday, a man from the Longcham family, a man from the Thoukraocham family, and a man from the Satpam family, these three who were the servants of Sna the (royal) grandfather, were made to settle in Nungngu Satpam. 27 Saturday, a man from the Narengpam family and his wife were made to become the Lai Manai (servants of the Lai) by making them swear while touching the throne of (lai) Koubru of Sekmai Awang. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Wednesday. 5 Sunday, a case concerning an abortion (reported) to have been carried out on one Khetri maiden in Khetri Leikai in Thoupan, who was married to Sna Pam, and had been closed saying that no abortion had taken place; (but) it was now found that both the Cheirap and Garot Courts had evidence then that the abortion did take place. The Pacha court https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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was now condemned for not conducting the case in a proper way, and Yipungsi the Pacha Hanpa (head of the court) was deported to Loi to Mayang Khangngapok, and the Aachanbri (11) was dismissed from her post. Also concerning another case of abortion (reported) to have been carried out on Tonu, a maiden born into the Khoirom family in Yairipok, which had been dismissed by Wanglem Aangomhanpa, Khomtra, and Loktonpa, these three, when they said that no abortion had taken place and her case was then closed; it was now discovered in a durbar before Shrijut that these three had taken a bribe of thirty rupees. This was regarded as corrupt and all three were sent to prison. Kharipa was also sent to prison as he had failed to deliver a message from the Khetri Leikai correctly. 6 Monday, Shrijut went down to Kakwa Lamtai cross–roads and inaugurated a pond there. 10 Thursday, Goswami Kourachanta arrived. The son of Aarampam Cha who had settled in Roipan was expelled to Haochongpan for cohabiting with his aunt, who was his own father’s sister. Also a man from the Leisangthem family was expelled to Haochongpan for marrying a maiden of the Konok clan. 14 Monday, one Yumnam Cha, a palace–guard, was made to become a Kei in Sekta, as he was found having sexual relations with Heikrusu, who was one of the wives of Ningthem, in the enclosure of Ancestor Pakhangpa. 21 Tuesday, Yipungsi the Patcha Hanpa was summoned from Loi. 22 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 27 Monday, when Lamaba Keirunglampa claimed that Lamapam Maipa Hanpa had no descendants left he was corrected by Lamabam Triluk dewan, saying that there was a grandson of (Maipa Hanpa) still alive, and the case was brought to the Durbar before Shrijut’s royal presence. When the court found that Leimapa was in the right Shrijut gave the royal verdict that the finding was to be confirmed by divine ordeal, by making the two parties scramble for the gold and silver in a contest in the presence of the lai in the Peithop Club House. Lammapa Chaopaton the grandson of Maipa Hanpa caught the gold and he was declared to be the rightful Piba of Yumlen. On that day they were also told to become two clans and they had been separated. Their ancestral lai also was shared out between them. To each ancestral lai was attached twenty (extended) families. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Friday. It was an intercalary day. 9 Friday, Shri Gobinda’s second Pala (12) were allowed to join the four main choirs and the trainee singers were made to be in charge of the evening worship gouri (13). 10 Saturday, all the princes who served in the Cheirap Court were punished in kei in Palen (14) for failing in their service to the temple gods. Tati the horse arrived from Mayang. 13 Tuesday, many houses in Sairem Leikai in Chingkham Lamphei were flooded when the banks of Lounampan canal burst. There was also a cholera epidemic. Many people died, beginning with the Haos who lived by the outskirts of the market. Full moon Thursday, Demant (Damant) Sahep arrived at four pung hours before the noon yuthak. Demant took part in the Ras play before (the image of) Nityai Nanda. 16 Friday, Shrijut and Damant Sahep held a durbar and it was opened just before https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 185 the fourth pung hour after the morning yuthak with the firing of a thirteen gun salute. 19 Monday, all the nobles and the brave men from the Cheirap and Garot Courts assembled in Aapan Pachoupa and discussed matters concerning the West over tea, which was served from the royal kitchen. 24 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 28 Wednesday, Shrijut played polo. At this game of polo the two barges (which were to be made out of the tree–trunks) which were felled in Pachai were also presented to the four Panas. After the Maipa performed a rite they commenced to make the barges. 29 Thursday, Maisnam Cha the Nongthonpa left to meet the Sahep who was arriving from Mayang. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Saturday. 3 Monday, a tiger called Kranglai was caught in Langching and presented (to the king). 8 Friday, there was an earthquake. 13 Thursday, as the Phiringki Sahep sent word to Shrijut asking to let him have the date and Sakabda year concerning (event of) the Aakam Haos, the details were given. 21 Friday, at one pung hour after the noon yuthak, Barayiten Sahep who came from Mayang arrived. 22 Saturday, after two pung hours of the morning yuthak, as the third pung hour was approaching, the Firingki Sahep came in military uniform and held a durbar with Shrijut in the band house where band-playing was taught. 24 Monday, Shrijut held a durbar with the Phiringki Sahep along with all the officials of the Cheirap and Garot Courts and all the noble and brave men of the land, at the first pung hour of the morning yuthak. 27 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 29 Friday, after the morning yuthak as the hour was approaching for the third pung hour, Phiringki Burun Sahep died (16). A thirteen cannon salute was fired. Thirty shots from handguns were also fired. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Sunday. On that day as Shrijut was coming out to play polo and as Phiringki Sahep and Damant Sahep, these two, said to Shrijut Maharaj that both of them wished to play polo with Shrijut, they had a game of polo. On that day Shrijut went out in front of the small royal palace in the evening, and after calling in the sepoys who were foreigners, made the Kasubis (17) dance, which they (sepoys) were made to watch. 2 Monday, a man from the Wahengpam family, a servant of Sanba Rachou from the Ningthemmayum family was sent to jail as he was said to have stolen goods from the Heikham (family). 3 Tuesday, Shrijut went out into the courtyard of the band house, where band-playing was taught, along with the Aangom Chief from the Cheirap Court, the royal prince the Jubraj, the Pukhranba, and the Nongthoba, and held a durbar with two Saheps. 4 Wednesday, Sera Sahep left. 5 Thursday, (the family of) Yumnam Cha Bheirop was separated from Yumnam Cha Aachranpa Jatunath who had settled in Moirangkhom Mathak. Those who settled in Moirangkhom Mathak were separated. 7 Saturday, Shrijut gave his royal decree that Thoutam Chaopaton the Pundit and scribe were to teach Damant Sahep Meetei Mayek (script) and read through Meetei books titled Takhen Ngampa and Samsok Ngampa. Full moon Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. 28 Saturday, the Sankranti of Langpan began. The elephant Patrasing https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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also died. 29 Sunday, Konthouchampa struck Wahengpa with the sword when he found that Wahengpa was having extramarital relations with his wife, a woman born into the Yumnam family. The month of Mera (September/ October) began on Monday. 5 Friday, Thokchao, who was a follower of one of the male choirs, was expelled to Haochongpan with a woman from the Ngangpam family who was married to a Bamon, as they were found to have been having extramarital relations. The professional midwife who carried out the abortion on her (Ngangpam) was expelled to Aawa. 6 Saturday, Haopam Cha Sulonkhompa the Aayapuren Major died. His servant Wangkheirakpam Chaobi also was publicly shamed with khunkoinaba in the market place and then exposed. 7 Monday, a child of a Gosai died. A cow also died in Hokaibithong. 12 Saturday, Maisnam Cha the Luwang chief died. 29 Monday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, three prisoners escaped. 3 Friday, they began to make Ningthouphi, the royal ceremonial cloth. 10 Friday, Taimachampa the Sangkoipa Hanchapa of the Aahanlup (Pana) was deported to Loi to Panlen. Soukrakpa the Hitang was also deported to Loi to Kakching Wairi. 23 Sunday, a tiger was caught by a team, including a Sahep, in Thoupan Kramtangchen. 29 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. New moon Thursday, a woman from the Wangkheimayum family, two women from the Moirangthem family, a woman from the Khangngenpam family, two women from the Thokchom family, a woman from the Nongthonpam family, a woman from the Konthoucham family, one Thangcham maiden who had fled, and a man from the Satpam family, all these nine people (18) were made to become Hari (Harijan outcaste) by Shrijut’s royal command. The cholera epidemic which started in Yinga did not stop at all for five whole months. The month of Poinu (November/ December) began on Friday. On that day, they began to build the brick bridge at Katrikseina. The price of one betel nut was 400 sen. 6 Wednesday, after Ningthem went down to Kona Kochin in Yerum Phumpham which was behind Khekman, while he was trying to enclose a tiger, a meteorite fell. It was also raining. A tiger was also caught in north Sekmai and was presented (to the king). 7 Thursday, a tiger was caught and Shrijut also returned to the palace. 18 Monday, a polo match was played between the king’s personal body–guards and the guards of the royal palace with fifty horses in each team in the polo ground. Shrijut also came out and feasted on tans. 24 Saturday, Shrijut went out and played polo in the inner polo ground riding on horses made of yengthou reeds (19). 27 Tuesday, at the third pung hour of the pre–dawn yuthak there was an earthquake. 28 Wednesday, the Phiringki Sahep donated rupees to those polo players from the king’s palace guards for playing polo and they had a feast. There was an aftershock in the night just before the pre–dawn yuthak. On the new moon Friday the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Saturday. On that day when it was agreed in the Tanyei https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 187 Institute (responsible for keeping and announcing the pung hours) not to take bribes from those who had leprosy, it was found that Warengpa Hitang and Lairenlakpa the Lakpa of Pakhangs, these two, had been taking bribes. Both of them were deported to Loi to Khangngapok. 10 Tuesday, they performed Sobhapraba in Shri Gobindaji’s mantop. 13 Friday, as one Chingkangpam Cha, one Khaitem Cha, one Aahongsangpam Cha, and one Huitram Cha, these four men who were (in charge of the state cattle) in Haoro Keiren, were found stealing cattle they were replaced by those who were in Watok. 17 Monday, a durbar was held near the outer polo ground in a specially built two-storied wooden building decorated with hangings of tewangkrang between Shrijut and the Sahep, along with all the Nobles and the Brave men of the land, Lakpas and Keirungpas of Institutes, Hanchapas and Hitangs, those who were the Thoukan and the Langkan (20), Keirung, and Senlun (21), Haos and Mayangs, Khun Lak and Lup Lak (22), all of them, without exception, were present. A photograph was also taken. Gifts of Indian rupees were presented to all the Keirois, Haos and Mayangs. Twelve prisoners were also set free. 18 Tuesday, Shrijut invited all the Haos to the inner polo ground and a photograph was taken. Each person was presented with Indian rupees according to his respective rank. 29 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. New moon Sunday, Maisnam Cha Samu Major returned from hunting elephants in Kaolok in Mayang. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, the pung (drum) which was used by the Tanyeipa (23) was torn (24) in the night. 4 Thursday, the announcing of the Pung hour was stopped. 5 Wednesday, a wild dog was caught at Langthapan and was presented (to the king). On that day Satpam Cha subidar also left for the northern region to demand tribute payments which were due. 6 Saturday, Shrijut Maharaj along with his royal sons and others formed a team, and Aangoupanpa (the chief of Aangom) chose and led the opposing team, and they had a polo match. 7 Sunday, a meteorite fell. 8 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Major and others left for Kapo to decide the land boundary. 13 Saturday, as it was reported that wild elephants were moving down into the Kangngamungsa Chirok river gorge all the people of the land left to catch them. But as it turned out to be domesticated elephants they all returned. 16 Tuesday, a cow and its calf were killed in Thangtek when lightning struck them. 19 Friday, Shrijut Maharaj left for Keibi. 20 Saturday, he inspected the area of Makokching. 23 Monday, when Shrijut Maharaj halted in the area of Antro which was on the track leading to Woksu, and as he was looking over all the landscape, Ningthoukhongcham Cha Gokul Sing Pundit and Heetham Cha Ratan Sing the Yoirenhanpa, these two servants of the king, presented (a petition) before Shrijut’s royal feet; they said that what both of them, the servants of Shrijut, were petitioning before Shrijut’s royal feet was that the area which both of them, Shrijut’s servants the Nonglambus, (25) had then been pointing out to Shrijut was the area which was regarded as a sacred area of a lai; (but) now both of them, Shrijut’s https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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servants, were petitioning before his royal feet (the information that) the area was not in fact a sacred area but was a track. After having presented their information, both of them went to each of the paddy straw stacks and coaxed the lais to leave the area. All that had taken place was reported to the king. Shrijut also arrived at Thoupan Yairipok. 25 Wednesday, a market, Lairen Meetingu Nongchinglen Nongtren Khompa was inaugurated in the region of Thoupan Yairipok Yairisumtongpan (and) the market was named Keithenlen (chief of markets) at Lanloilam Mahan in Chakhapa Wuyokkon, at the bend by Mongpa Hanpa Thorithek. The valiant male black tiger, which dominated the region of Tampa Wangamlon Makaipham was buried; and Hwen Kakathang the brave standing over (it), piling up the black soil, built a great mound, and dedicated the market with the name Yoiputhanpa Keithenlen. Lairen Meetingu Naongchinglen Nongtren Khompa dedicated the chief market in Thangka. A photograph was taken. On that day Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major also returned from his journey to Kapo to settle the land boundary. 25 Thursday, Shrijut Maharaj arrived at his royal palace. On that day, while playing a game of polo in Wangjing, Sinamba Sudeb’s son was penalised. 27 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Thingnongkei and presented (to the king). 28 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The month of Lamta (February/ March) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, at the area named Leimapokpa hajari (26) the Thoubal river was diverted and the Tameng Khong Yithei canal (began to) flow. 4 Saturday, the royal son the Jubraj and the sahib left to inspect the land in Suknu. They halted in Lahoi to hunt. 6 Monday, when the Jubraj and two saheps burnt the undergrowth to hunt, they caught a python. 7 Tuesday, the Khongchais caught one Chabrakba khen (27) and it was presented (to the king). They reached Laisopitapi in Moirang. They inspected the enclosure (animal trap) in Sakang. 9 Thursday, they inspected the enclosure in Suknu. 10 Friday, Haobam Tharma Sing hajari, Satpam Cha Wupentra Sing, Wahengpam Niktyaijit, these three, left to measure the area of the four Leikais. 11 Saturday, the Jubraj returned. On that day the Sarang Pundit, Meikampa Pundit from the Maipa Insitute, and Luwangsangpam the Phamihanpa, these three, performed a dedication rite in Aawang Marajri so that some people from the four Panas could settle there. 12 Sunday, a settlement was made in Marajri Pukhau and some from amongst those who served the king in all the land were chosen, and each of them was given five thousand sen to settle as families and individuals (28). All those from the four Panas who had agreed to become servants of the Panas were paid according to their rank and all of them were made to settle in villages in Marajri Pukhao. To each of them was given a half measure of paddy per lou free (29) from the land of the Meeteis for their food. They were also given water vessels, bowls, plates, spades, machetes, cattle, and buffaloes for a trial period of two years, to earn their livelihood. 13 Monday, Dronta Sahep arrived from Mayang. A Pangan was hanged as he was found guilty of killing his wife’s sister. 15 Tuesday, the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 189 Maharaj and the Sahep held a durbar. A thirteen cannon salute was fired. There was a lunar eclipse. 23 Wednesday, the Maharaj left to inspect the dam which was being built in the Thoupan river. He also planted a pipal tree in Thingen. He also offered gold and silver to the lai. 25 Thursday, Shrijut returned. 28 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 29 Thursday, a man from the Satpam family, a man from the Phoukeisangpam family, a man from the Ningthoukhongcham family, these three who had run away to Mayang, were captured and they were brought before (the king). New moon Thursday, a solar eclipse which was announced for that day did not take place. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Friday. On that day they inaugurated a market in Aawang Sagonmang. At the side of the centre of the area, in the upper northern part of the oldest (settlement) in Lingpi Chathok Lam (Lingpi the land of plenty), (in order to inaugurate) the market of Lairen Meetingu Naochinglen Nongtrenkhompa in Thangka, the white tusks of an elephant were buried, and Phumanglan Thouyang standing on top (of them) erected a great mound and the market was named Yoipu Khoimom Lairem Yireima Keithen. 4 Monday, a man from the Soibam family was exposed in the market place on a platform built for that purpose, as he was found guilty of stealing cattle. 8 Thursday, the Maharaj left for Pukhao. 9 Friday, the Jubraj and the Sahep, these two, left for Laisoi to hunt. 13 Tuesday, the Sahep caught a tiger in Kokchai. 16 Friday, all the horses from all the stables were made to be brought to the Institute (dealing with horses) and they began to register each of them. 16 Friday, Sanlanawol Sing the Nonglampu and all the other Nonglampus along with some Haomachas (30), collected twenty–four rupees from the people of Antro, thirty–three rupees from the person who looked after mithuns, ten rupees from the person who manufactured camphor, a total of sixty–seven rupees was collected, saying that they were going to perform a rite to the lais. But they performed the rite at a mound of paddy straw which was not in the designated sacred area of the lai. When this matter was made known to the Maipa Institute by Takhenlampam Cha Thangkong the Sinnaipa of Antro, Syampurna Sarungba the Lakpa of the village of Antro, and Loitam Cha Chandra Sing the Luplakpa, these three along with all the leading elders and older people of Antro, Khumucham Cha the head Pundit and other pundits including the Hanchapas and Hitangs of the Institute of Pundits, took the matter to the Cheirap Court. When the case was tried by all the princes of the Cheirap Court, it was declared that all the Nonglampus had done what should never have been done and in this they were wrong. Saying thus, they were imprisoned in the custody of the Dolai (Tolai) Pabas (the law enforcment officials). They were fined fifty rupees and then released. The money which they had taken from the people was also presented to Shrijut. Shrijut gave the royal verdict that the Maipa Institute and the Nonglambus were to carry out all the worship and appeasement rites on the Nongmaiching mountain top as had been done from ancient times, and any change or alteration was forbidden. The king https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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also reminded (them) that the families of those who had been appointed as Nonglambus were exempted from state duties. They were of the same status as the Maibis. The king commanded that those who were accepted as the recognised legitimate official Nonglambus, whom the (country) regarded as such, were named to be Nonglambu Luwang Langmaipa. Those who were in this group were Aabhiram from the Sanlam family who had settled in Yunam Pere, Naol Sing from the Sanlam family who had settled in Kakyai, Hijam Yumlen Deba Sing who had settled in Mahabali, and Hicham Noutu Sing who had settled in Laina. These four were regarded as the legitimate Nonglambus (rainmakers) and the case was closed. 20 Tuesday, the Jubraj and the Sahep, these two, left for Paobitek to hunt. 21 Wednesday, they returned. 23 Friday, Shrijut Maharaj left to inspect the new settlement in Aawang Marajri. 24 Saturday, Shrijut went down to Khongman and caught a tiger. 25 Sunday, a monk who lived in Sanjenthong was chased out to the land of Mayangs after being imprisoned as he was found to have acted scandalously towards women. Those women who were involved were one Bamon woman from the Bamon Loubuktabam family, and a woman from the Konsam family, these two women. 27 Tuesday, three plants with fruit on them, two of which were called Kola Birkhya (31) fruit and which had a hard trunk like a tree but with leaves and fruit similar to that of a banana, and a flowering (shrub), which were brought from Mayang at a total cost of three hundred rupees, arrived. They were planted immediately in an enclosure by the Band House where band music was taught. 28 Wednesday, Bisu Sankranti began. 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Purnachandda: meaning to Purnachandra. In writing this word the scribe has used a modified form of a Bengali letter for d, and in the last three characters (ndd) the letter n is not the one normally used in a closed syllable. For a copyist who was aquainted with Bengali script in writing Meeteiron, this would have been an easy mistake to make. The same convention is used in writing Gobinda a few lines later. Whether this spelling is original or an alteration by the subsequent copyist is not clear. Kephrai: obscure. Aodibasa: for Bengali audhibasa, a Hindu ritual performance. First time this term is used. Ratan: low grade clerk in the employment of the Brahmins. Lupa: here means silver; but the term is also used for one rupee British India coin, originally minted in pure silver. Tal: Manipuri term for Bengali ruchi. Sicha or Sija: term used for all women married into the extended royal families as well as for girls born of princesses. Nonggarei: orchid. Lamboibi: a female Hindu monk who has renounced home and the world. Narasing: the uncle of Chandra Kirti and regent during his minority, who subsequently became king; he is here deified with an image. Alternatively, it may be the introduction into the Hindu pantheon of an image of a lion with a human head.

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Translation 191 11

12 13

14 15 16 17

18

19 20 21 22 23 24

25

26 27 28 29 30 31

Aachanbri: post of a senior female member from the royal family who sat at the Pacha court. Pacha court dealt with all the cases relating to marital and extramarital relations of those related to the royal household. It was a women’s court even though the Hanba was a prince. Pala Yaima: literally, the second choir in terms of rank. Gouri: fem. Bengali for fair in complexion; probably refers to Durga. Alternatively, gouri may be used for the ritual, including singing, when the Hindu deities are put to rest each evening by the brahmins. This practice is a hinduisation of the Lai Naosum in the Meetei Lai Haraoba. Kalen: scribal error for Palen, place name. Tar: scribal error for tarbar or darbar or durbar. Major Robert Brown of the Bengal Army, Political Agent of Manipur, died in Imphal and was buried on 18 August 1876 in the cemetery in the Manipur British Residency. Kasubi: literally, the term means prostitute. In this context presumably the scribe is using the term in the sense of Hindu devadasi. However, there is no evidence for devadasi either in Manipuri traditional culture or after hinduisation. First time this term is used. Discrepancy by one; Hari (people): Bengali for Hindu untouchable caste. No crime or offence is indicated as to why these nine women and a man were commanded to become a group of Hari; it was perhaps a further step of the king towards making Meetei Hinduism to be in line with the mainland Indian Hinduism. This is an innovation; children play various games with wooden or cane horses. Thoukan Langkan: master of ceremonies and his staff. Keirung Senlung: short for Keirungpas and Senlungpas. Khun Lak, Lup Lak: Lak, short for Lakpa or heads of khun (villages), and lup (groups or associations). Tanyeipa: the beater of the drum to announce the pung hours. Pung sekaiye: literally, the pung became torn; sekaiye, passive form of sekaipa to tear. Alternative rendering: since the term pung is also used for the hour (the drum was formerly used to announce the time) and since the ms. has no spacing between words or punctuation, pungsekaiye could be read as pungse kaire; se as post–position of pung, meaning (i) that particular pung (drum) also became torn, or (ii) that specific pung (hour) was not correct. Kaire, from kaiba to be broken, could also refer to there not being the right beat or number of beats, or right timing. Nonglambu: a Maipa in charge of rain-making rituals traditionally from the Aangom clan. First time this term is used. This sentence, and the one below, is repetitive, and may be a case of scribal dittography. Hajarita: scribal error for Hajarina; post–position ta, meaning at; na means by. Chabrakpa khen: unidentified. Choima: single as opposed to a married man. One lou: lou paddy field; the standard measurement of one lou is two and half acres. Haomacha: either common people or those from the Haomacha Institute. Kola Brikhya: kola tree; Brikhya, Bengali for small tree or shrub. Manipur has thangtup trees, which are similar to date palms in every respect except that the dates are very small. It is possible this tree is meant here.

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The year of Khangchrakpa Chaopa, Sakabda 1799 (CE 1877). 30 Friday was the Cheiraopa of the month Sachiphu (March/April). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Saturday. 3 Monday, Shrijut Maharaj attended the inauguration ceremony of the two–storied building of Soukaicham Cha Major. On that day, while a man from the Longcham family was looking for fish in Lamteng, he was buried when the bank crumbled and he died. 7 Friday, those who were at the stockade in Kharamman captured twenty–five Tonlung Haos and they were brought (before the king). 13 Wednesday, a monk was expelled to Mayang. Some Khongchais who lived in Moirang brought the heads of five Aakam Haos which were war trophies and they were presented (to the king). 16 Saturday, a Sahep and Tak Musi with his wife and children were summoned to return (to Mayang). 25 Tuesday, the Khongchai sepoys brought the heads of twenty Aakam Haos which were war trophies and they were presented (to the king). 27 Sunday, a tiger was caught in Pechi and it was presented (to the king). 28 Friday, the Jubraj left for north Lamphensoi to hunt. He caught wild boar, hog deer, sangngais (brow–antlered antelope) (1), sachans and nuwangs (2), all these were caught. 30 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. The month of Kalen was an intercalary month. On that day, Shrijut ordered 108 different dishes to be prepared, and after they had been offered to (the images of) Shri Radha and Govinda, he invited all the Brahons (brahmins) and Beishnops to partake of all that which had been offered in a communal meal. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Monday. 6 Friday, two Choithara Haos escaped from prison. 9 Monday, two Saheps arrived from Mayang. The name of the Sahep who had already been (in the country) was Wukleng and the new arrival was Liklik Captain. 11 Wednesday, a monk who was living in Sansenthong area was expelled to Mayang. 15 Sunday, the Sahep and Kangngabam Cha Major, these two inspected the area of Chingmeirong. Only two ladies from Chairen were allowed to sing in the Cheirap Court. 20 Friday, a bell for Shri Govindaji which weighed seventeen mounds (of bell metal) was cast using 152 blow pipes. They also cast two smaller ones. They also gave a cannon salute (when the bell was cast). 21 Saturday, Shrijut Maharaj went along with all the noble and brave men of the land, the Haos, the Mayangs, all the Lakpas of villages and Lups (associations); and attended with the two Saheps the parade of Saheps’ sepoys. Immediately a durbar was held in the polo ground. Two cannons fired a twenty–one cannon salute simultaneously. 23 Monday, Liklip Captain Sahep left for Mayang. 24 Tuesday, all the Brahons (Brahmins) and followers of the Mantris, including Pitra, were put in jail as they had failed to carry out the service to Shri Govindaji on a specially auspicious night (3) in the right way. Leimapokpa Thaban the lead choir master of Palahan (the leading male choir), Marei the Nongthonpa, Khumanlambu, and a man from the Yenlangpam family, were deported to Loi to Khangngapok. Shrijut received

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Translation 193 them back. New moon Monday, one naosek (4) had flown in Pheitalakhong. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Tuesday. 3 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 20 Sunday, the eunuch from Yummangpao was punished in Kei. 28 Monday, there was an earthquake in the night. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, a silver vessel was placed on top of the Kang chariot. Shri the queen mother also worshipped Sna the ancestor and Panthoibi (5) the ancestress, these two lais. She also offered Indian rupees. 4 Saturday, one Phiringki Sahep became infected (6) after shooting a python and he left for Mayang. 5 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 8 Wednesday, the royal son–in–law Aangom the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) died. 14 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Mayangyinphan and it was presented (to the king). 16 Thursday, Sera subidar and his wife were deported to Loi to Awang Sekmai. Loitam poila was also deported to Loi to Kameng. 20 Monday, a tiger was caught in Wangngu and presented (to the king). 13 Thursday, as they were repairing a drainage gully (7) on the southern side of Shri Govindaji’s mantop by the area of Heinouthong, they found they were in the area known as Kumba Ningthou Soiphamba, (8) and saying that it was a forbidden area for any one to live, they moved away from that place. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. 4 Sunday, the Maharaj held a Durbar in the mantop of Shri Govindachi with all the officials of Cheirap and Garot Courts, all the (male) descendants of all the officials of the land including even those who held the post of Machahans, (9) and also the kothondars from the sepoys. The decision of the durbar was that (Meetei) women were forbidden to go to monks who were foreigners and marry them, they were forbidden to go to the bepars (Mayang shops) and purchase any goods from them, (and) every one was forbidden to speak evil of the king and the officials while on the public highways and bye– ways and in the residential areas. And also any public gathering of people to discuss matters that were critical of the king in the country at that time was forbidden. If anyone was found discussing such matters they would be punished. 6 Tuesday, a man from the Konchengpam family and a man from the Ningthoucham family, who had stolen guns and fled to Mayang, were captured and were brought back to the country. 7 Wednesday, Shrijut felt unwell. Khumuchampa Pundit attended him and when the king recovered, the king said to the Pundit, that as (he) Ipu (grand–father) had rendered service to him, the king, in the correct and courteous manner every time he had become unwell, and had pleased him, and he (the king) believed that he would continue to do so in the future and to please the king, and as there was no present which would match such service from Ipu (the Pundit), the king said that it was time now for him the Pundit to assume the attire and ways of a man who deserves rest (10): (he) exempted him and all his children and their children’s children, all his descendants, from the compulsory service to the state for good. 8 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 9 Friday, Chingsuba subidar and others left for the northern region to collect the tribute https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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payments which were overdue. 12 Monday, Kangngapa Major and others left to wage war in the northern region. 15 Thursday, there was a lunar eclipse. 17 Sunday, the queen mother, along with all the ladies of the royal household, went down to Wusoi Pokpi to feast on pineapples. 18 Monday, all the nobles and brave men also went down to Wusoi Pokpi to feast on pineapples. On that day, a tiger was caught in Wangngu and it was presented (to the king). 20 Wednesday, when a woman from the Kabrang family in Thaouroicham tried to get her lover to leave, he was killed by Laisraba by thrusting a spear into him. Laisraba was hanged by the rope. (The woman) was punished by exposure on a platform built for that purpose. 25 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Major returned from his attack on the Hoas in the northern region. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Saturday. 4 Tuesday, the Sakang Haos caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 6 Thursday, Namwuk the Namnga–Meetam tree (11), which symbolised the father of the royal great grand–father, fell down. 9 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 15 Saturday, Shrijut gave the royal order, which was announced by the town crier on horse back, to all the four Lekais that cattle sheds must be built and all the cattle must be kept in the sheds, beginning from the month of Langpan till the month of Mera these two months; and if this warning was not carried out, any cattle which were not in the shed would be confiscated and would belong to the state. 16 Sunday, a person from the Yenlangpam family from Yelangbam Khangpoki who had small pox (12) was brought before the Cheirap Court and the court examined the person. 24 Monday, as they were trying to trap tigers in an enclosure, Khuraicham Cha jamandar, Chapungpam Cha aagari, and a sepoy, these three, were injured as the tigers overpowered them. 25 Tuesday, Shrijut caught two tigers from the Langkon mound which was within the enclosure. 27 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Lokpaching and it was presented (to the king). 28 Friday, the Maharaj held a durbar in the mandwap of Shri Govindaji with all the nobles and the brave men of the land and the pibas of all the sageis (extended families). The Maharaj notified all those assembled that marriages within the extended families, between those who shared the same blood relations and a common grandmother, in both the east and west, south and north, that any marriage between those who shared the same blood relations and a common grandmother, were forbidden. The nobles and the brave men, all of them, replied saying that the royal decree was very good. Then the Maharaj told them that after this decree no one should marry within the forbidden relationships, and that all those who had already been married within these relations were not to ignore the royal decree. He also told them that should any marriage take place in the future within these forbidden relationships, not to disregard him (the king). The month of Mera (September/October) began on Sunday. A tiger was caught in Thoupantong. 5 Thursday, four women caught a tiger in Thouban Heirok. 6 Friday, when many princes went down to Wuchiwa, the royal son who was the Lakpa of Phungkanai Institute caught a tiger. 7 Saturday, a cow https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 195 red in colour died on the lower slopes of Yiroisempa mountain as its legs were caught in a wurokthong bridge (13). 10 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. On that day one Ningthouphi was presented to Aangoupanpa (chief of Aangom). Khuraicham Cha Major also was presented with one Ningthouphi Saichonba and Sanlam Cha was presented with Ningthouphi Heikoi (14). After watching a play titled Debi, when the crowd were returning from the play, Bramon men from the Manihar Mayum family, the Aathikari Mayum, along with Laisram Cha, Suraisam Cha, and Leisangthem Cha, these five men overpowered and attempted to rape five women in Kwakkeithen market, who were also returning from watching the play; these five men were exposed in all the market places for five days in each market. But the Bamon males were allowed to sit by the posts, below the raised platform (erected for the exposure). 11 Wednesday, they began to build the Aawangthong bridge. 15 Monday, Shrijut began to distribute water (15) from the Ganges to all those who were in charge of Institutes. The distribution day was fixed to be on every full moon. 22 Monday, a Sahep arrived with his wife. An eleven cannon salute was fired. New–moon Monday, Satpam Cha subidar gathered the Haos from the Loya village to be new recruits in the army. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Tuesday. Loita poila who had been deported to Loi was also summoned back from the Loi. 10 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 22 Tuesday, Shrijut went down to Wusoipokpi to feast on fish. 23 Wednesday, the queen mother, along with all her children and grandchildren and all the ladies of the royal household, also went down to Wusoipokpi to feast on fish. 26 Saturday, Soukaicham Cha Balaram Major along with the Sahep and 200 sepoys left to wage war on the Haos in the northern region. 28 Monday, all the people of Thoupan were given a feast by the Maharaj in Wusoipokpi. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Wednesday. 5 Monday, they began to build a royal palace in Lamting. 7 Wednesday, the piba of Konsam Aachouba and Anggaton the reciter of Hindu sacred lyrics, (16) these two along with all the members of the sagei (extended family), brought a case before the royal presence, concerning a quarrel they had with Chaoton the piba of Konsam Aabisa and all those in that extended family (concerning the pibaship). When the case was taken up by the royal son the Jubraj, Aangoupanba (the chief of Aangom), Sna the Lakpa of Wangkhei, Sna the Samu Hanchapa, Yipungsi the Mantri, Chingngakhanpa the Pukhranpa, Chingtha mohondar, Ningthouchampa the Sangku Sanglakpa, Leimapokpa (the father of one of the wives of the king) hajari, Ningthoujampa the keirungbahan, Maisna Major, Khumuchampa head Pundit from the Chief Maipa Institute, along with all the Hanchapas and the Hitangs of the Pundit (Institute), they discovered that Konsam Aachoupa (the elder) was originally from the line of a man who was a skilled person and Konsam Aapicha (the younger) was originally from the line of a man from Kapo. The case ended in the royal presence (with these findings) and they were fined. They also https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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paid fines to both the Cheirap Court and the Maipa Institute and the case was closed. 10 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. On that day when Shrijut went to Thoupan, he also inspected the area of Yikop Keiranbi. He made the people of Thoupan Aachoupa and Aathokpam, perform Khubak Isei (singing and dancing), and gave thirty Indian rupees to them. He also went to Lamting and inspected the areas of Yikop, Kaoren, Wontha, and Tentha, these areas. From there he returned to the royal palace. 11 Sunday, eight men were killed in Konkan stockade. On that day, when an official in Moirang and the Moirang khut (Moirang clan) had a quarrel, as the people were in the right, the official was put in jail. 12 Monday, Soukaicham Cha Major and the Sahep, these two returned after their attack of the Haos at Monchu. The Haos killed two sepoys who were under the Sahep’s (command). 18 Sunday, a woman died as she fell from the Ningthouchampa Senlungpa bridge over the Nampun river. 19 Monday, a man from the Yirengpam family who ran away was caught immediately. On that day, twenty sepoys who belonged to the Sahep and ten national sepoys were taken and they devastated the Hao villages in the northern region. 20 Tuesday, the body of Maibra was brought from Konkan stockade and shown to the Sahep, as he had asked to see the corpses of those who were killed at that stockade. 21 Wednesday, a tiger was caught in Lupatrao and presented (to the king). 24 Friday, Thangkan Major left with 200 sepoys along with the Sahep for Kapo to inspect the land. 25 Saturday, the Sahep returned. 29 Wednesday, an omen was given at the Top (Garot). 30 Thursday, Kangngapa Major returned. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Saturday. Shrijut left for Maklang stockade to inspect the area. Nongthonpa subidar also left with twenty sepoys to demand the tribute payment which was overdue. 9 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 12 Wednesday, Yipungsi Haojao who was the Samu Hanchapa was deported to Loi to Heirok. 13 Thursday, after building a house on the northern side of the existing brass smelting house, an Institute of brass smelting was established, and they began to produce flat sheets of brass. On that day Yumnam Cha subidar, Wangkheimayum Cha subidar, and Chingsupam Cha subidar, these three along with others left to wage war in the northern region. 14 Friday, a man from the Laisram family was flogged in the market place as he was found having extramarital relations with a woman. The woman was also exposed in the market place. Full moon Saturday, Aoinam Cha the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana) died. 23 Saturday, a tiger was caught in the Haraolou paddy field and it was presented (to the king). New moon Saturday, Satpam Cha subidar with three sepoys who belonged to the Saheps returned after attacking Monchu. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, a storage house, where guns which had been captured and confiscated by Konthok could be kept, was built in Konthokyai, and the house where guns were kept was roofed with white metal. Two granaries which had brick foundations, (and) which were used for storing paddy and other items, were also roofed with metal. On that day when the Lakpa of the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 197 village of Wokphrun with his son went to collect the tribute payments which were overdue, as it was said that as they had stripped naked some women of Khunthank, they were killed by the inhabitants of Khunthak. Their bodies were brought back. The bodies were returned immediately. 3 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 4 Wednesday, the river’s course beginning from Yirin up to eastern section of the palace garden was dredged. They also dredged the river course beginning from Porompat up to Kongpa. 10 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 11 Wednesday, Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major and the Sahep left for Kapo to inspect the area. 14 Saturday, Kangngapa Major and the Sahep returned after their inspection of the land of Kapo. Full moon Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. On that day Shrijut Maharaj, along with the Bamon Sabha and all those Meeteis who were educated, judged a controversy concerning the conclusion of a play entitled Krishna Bail Lila (17). Some were of the opinion that the play ended at a scene entitled Gurkhentra and others that it ended at a scene titled Praja. When the case was tried a verdict was reached and what the Bamon Sabha considered should be the right decision, that the play should end at Guru Khentra, was accepted and the case was closed. 24 Monday, Loitongpam Cha subidar and others dug a canal for boats from Maklang up to the foot of the Yiroisemba hills. There was an earthquake on that day. Aawa emissaries also arrived. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Tuesday. On that day four emissaries including Pamon Manuhara arrived from Aawa. They also built brick culverts crossing diagonally at the canal at Laingam. On that day, Kabo women with children, a total of fifty, arrived from Tekhao. 4 Friday, in Maklang, in the area where they were digging a trench, Shrijut had Maisna Chaopaton flogged in his royal presence, blaming him for being troublesome and not knowing how to convey royal orders. 5 Saturday, Shri Govinda’s mantop was roofed with corrugated iron. They also blocked up the Merakhong canal. 8 Tuesday, Warep the Panarakpa of the Leikais and Naoriya the Pakhanglakpa of the builders, these two were sent to prison as the front portion of the roof of the mantop was too short. After five days they were set free. On that day some people, including Yumlenpam Cha Jatra, ran away to the land of the Mayangs. 9 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 11 Friday, those Kabo women with children who had arrived (in Manipur) left for Kabo. 13 Sunday, Kangngapam Cha Major left for Kongyanglok to repel the attackers. 18 Thursday, Misnam Cha Samu Major left for Mayang to fetch gunpowder. 19 Friday, a Hao died in Hiyangthang when he (or she) was butted by a cow. 24 Wednesday, Kangngapam Cha Major and Khunpong Mayum Cha Major returned from Kongyanglok after their pursuit of the attackers. They captured thirteen people including Yumlenpa Jatra Sing and they were brought (before the king). Immediately they were put in prison. Yumlenpa Jatra was put to death as was the custom (18). Thangchapa Nandi’s son, Thangchapa Durga, and Yumlenpa, these three, were also sent to prison as they were planning to run away. Naoroipa jamandar was deported to Loi https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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to Kakching. 28 Sunday, Yumnam Cha subidar (and) Wangkhei Mayum Cha subidar, who also had gone to repel enemies in the northern area, returned. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Wednesday. On that day Shrimati the queen mother took most of her royal daughters–in–laws, the royal ladies from the royal household, all the princes, Sna the Jubraj, and most of the Snas who were princes to Wusoipokpi to feast on fish. 6 Tuesday, Shrijut also looked for fish in Wusoipokpi along with all his royal wives and all the royal ladies from the royal household who were allowed to catch fish using the Yin fishing nets (19). The ladies were also permitted to serve and even allowed to hold the Kangten (20), and were made to compete for the number of fish they caught. Each of them was allowed to keep their own catch of fish. Fish were also distributed to all those who had served the king during the excursion. Fish which were caught were also brought to the palace and distributed to all those who were the guards of Institute buildings. On that day, the price of Wusoipokpi lake in Waithou reached 300 Lakhs sen (coins). Maisna Samu Major who had gone to Lakhipur to collect 750 guns and forty mounds (weight) of gunpowder also arrived. A man who was a follower of Yirom Cha Katrik Seina, who was in post at the Kapo stockade, was killed by the Haos while he was collecting fire wood. 10 Friday was Bishnu Sankranti (21). 1 2 3 4 5

6

7 8 9 10 11

Sangngai: brow–antlered antelope, a species found only in Manipur. Sachan, Nuwan: species not known. Mangkan Latri: Bengali for mangal ratri, auspicious night. First time this term is used. Naosek: a tiny bird, exact species unknown. Sna and Panthoibi: first time Sna has been mentioned as a male ancestor and Panthoibi is conceived as his spouse. Originally Laisna was regarded as the consort of Pakhangpa and Panthoibi the wife of Lai Nongpok Ningthou. It may be used here simply as an honorific, and as a title it is usually attached to the name of a lai or king. Laichutuna: literally, as he was infected; Laichuba, effect or result considered to be caused after an encounter with an object which is a taboo. Lairen or python was the symbol of the Meetei ruling clan and thus was considered sacred. Killing a python was a taboo. First time this term is used. Churi: a drainage gulley which takes off the water from the roof of a house where a drainage gutter is not used. First time this term is used. Kumba Ningthou Soiphamba: literally, area where Kumba the king had met disaster; probably a sacred area. Machahan: literally, eldest child, but generally refers to eldest males only, as the patriarchal system was well established in pibaship. Aaramki: aaram, Bengali meaning rest, ease; ki: post–position, of; meaning it was time to retire from hard and difficult tasks. First time this term is used. Namnga Meetam wu: Namnga, something on which one can lean or rely; conflation of nam, back, and nga, from ngaba to rest, to lean: Meetem wu, Meetam tree. According to the Meetei tradition a tree was planted in a special sacred area in the name of a

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Translation 199

12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21

reigning king and from the nature of its growth the fortune of the king was read. First time this term is used. Laipokpa: scribal error for laithokpa, smallpox. Worok thong: a temporary bridge made on either bamboo or wooden stilts over a stream or a river. Such bridges are very fragile having only two or three bamboo strips to walk over and a bar to hold on to. Ningthouphi: a royal reward cloth of embroidered silk and also official attire; saichonba with long sleeves; ningthouphi heikoi, ningthoupi with the hekgoi motif. Gangka chon: for Bengali Ganga jal, meaning water from the river Ganges. Lairik Haiba: for Lairik Haipa: reciter of Hindu sacred lyrics, scribal dittography. Krishna Bail lila: for Krishna Bal Lila, Bengali meaning a play entitled ‘Krishna the Boy’. First time this term is used. Parthi toutuna: prathi from Bengali partha, meaning customary way; toutuna, on account of, because of, as was the custom. First time this term is used. Yin: name given to an indigenous fishing dip–net which is suspended from the four ends of two flexible bamboo strips which cross each other diagonally at the centre, and tied to a pole at the point where the diagonals cross. A rope is tied at the head of this pole and used to pull the net up from the water, while the other end of the pole is used to anchor the net on the bank. When this type of net is used from a boat, the net is smaller and the pole shorter, one end being tucked between the knees. These nets are mostly used by women in Manipur. Kangten: obscure. Bi: scribal abbreviation for Bishnu.

Sakabda 1800 (1878 CE) The year of Haobichampa Chandra Sing, Sakabda 1800 (1878 CE ). 12 Sunday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, the opening (ceremony) began and on 3 Sunday, which was the day of akhy tritiya, (1) they began to sing Krishna’s Ramlila. 4 Monday, a tiger cub was caught alive in Keibi and it was presented (to the king). 8 Friday, a tiger was caught alive in Kontha and it was presented (to the king). 12 Monday, when Shrijut made those men in Wusoipokpi who could not pay off their debts dig a pond, a man from the Lourenpam family, a minion of Chongkhanpa died, as he was struck by lightning. 13 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 18 Sunday, the emissary from Aawa left. 23 Wednesday, Loitongpa subidar was deported to Loi to Thangga as it was said that he had not carried out an appeasement rite efficiently. On that day when a baby was taken out of the river in Kyamkei as it was floating downstream, the appropriate rites were performed. After consultation all the widows and the unmarried girls of the older age group, in all families of both the Bamons and Meeteis, on both sides of the river banks along the course of the river for a considerable distance, were examined by the Maipas, the traditional physicians by massaging their stomachs. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Sunday. 6 Thursday, the royal son the Jubraj fainted at the songs describing the rs https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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(Ras) (2) as he was moved by its seductiveness. 7 Friday, when Shrijut himself also became completely possessed by the seductiveness of these songs and he remained in that state for one pung hour, Khangkrenpam Cha the Thansuhanpa was able to attend to the king. Shrijut was pleased with the service rendered to him. 9 Sunday, the emissary from Aawa arrived. A person from the Mongbicham family who lived near Ngangpam Warok died as he was bitten by a snake. 10 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Major left for the northern region to collect the tribute payments which were overdue. On that day Kangngapam Cha Senlungpahan, Pana hajari, Bara Dewan Major, (and) Aayapuren the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana) had delegated Hotam Cha Samu Sing subidar and Saikhom Cha Netrajit, these two, to be in charge of closing the Khopum road and the Kha road, these two roads in the east, and opening up a new road to lead to Wangjing. This new road which they were to open was to (be in the northern hills) beginning from Lamting at the spot where they had erected (a stone) on which the footprints of Shrijut had been carved, and proceeding (in stages) towards Loklaopung, up to the pipal tree, by the side of Thongnangpan barricade; from there (it was) to proceed up to Heitup Pokpi; from there up to Thongnang Chington mountain top; from there up to Thokpami Maton mountain top; from there up to Chanamthen plateau; from there to proceed to Sibong, Khunman, Nungpak Thabi, so that the road should lead on to Tumu; from there crossing across Khuchairok gorge (and) proceeding to reach Moreh stockade, and then from there to arrive at Tumu. This road leading to Tumu was to fork off at Chalouthen plateau in Maringkampang at the foothills of Namthou mountain, and proceed to Mangsa which is on the road to Panlen. Those who carved the foot prints were Ningthoukhongcham Cha Tamra Sing and Likra the Lanlup Chingpa. 14 Friday, the singing of Ras in which Shrijut took part ended. On that day, there was a contest over the pibaship between Chanam Devaswar and Chanam Khamba, and when the case was brought before the royal presence of Shrijut it was found that Chanam Devaswar was in the right. On that day the Sangkranti of Yinga began (3). 28 Friday, Kangngapam Cha Major returned after devastating the villages of Heiyakhun, Pungnamee Chawainu, Koinade, Purun, Tumnoupokpi, Thingka, Lampui, Makhaan, Mayam Khunlen, and Maopungton in the northern region. He also captured fifteen Haos and they were brought (before the king). The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Monday (4). There was an earthquake. 6 Saturday, a tiger was caught by Saroykhaipam Marei in Chairen and it was presented (to the king). Shrijut protected those in the south who had devastated the Aakam Haos in Kamson and Mungkhung, in these two areas, and presented each of them with one embroidered Pariphi (loin cloth) and one measure of salt. On that day a tiger was caught in Lokpaching and presented (to the king). 13 Friday, when a marriage took place between the families of Yenkokpam and Snasam, those involved were deported to Loi to Haochongpan. 14 Saturday, Thokchao Thapangampa was deported to Loi to Suknu for performing an abortion. The https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 201 woman was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa). 17 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 18 Wednesday, one of the palanquin bearers who worked for yipungsi Pushkor Sing the Khwairakpa (5) at a particular rank was brought to the presence (of the king) as he claimed to be his own brother. 19 Thursday, the digging in the sacred places in Loktak was stopped by Meikampa Pundit. 20 Friday, as there was a drought Shri Govinda (image) was taken out in the outer polo ground and all the people of the four Panas sang. Shrimati the queen mother also was present. The people of the four Leikais also sang a Kirtan in the open air. It rained. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Tuesday. On that day Sarungbam Cha Papu, a minion of the Haomacha (Institute) brought the tubers of a red lotus flower which had 108 petals from Takhen and offered them to Shri Govindaji. Shrijut rewarded him by offering him the post Keirakpa Puren. After the tubers were planted in the pond of Lourempa Haomacha hitang and when the flower bloomed it was offered to the image of Shri Govinda by Shrijut. It was placed on the flute which was attached to the image. Lourempa Haomacha hitang was rewarded with a Lamthang khuthat reward cloth. 2 Wednesday, when one Thangcham maiden, who was a maidservant of Yipungsi Chandra Sithanda’s son, Aananda’s younger brother’s wife, was operated on (for an abortion), Aananda Sing denied being the father of the child .The case was tried by divine ordeal before the (image) of Shri Govinda, where they had to scramble gold or silver pieces. As the silver piece was caught it was declared that Aananda was the father of the child, and he was deported to Loi to Khangngapok, with the verdict that he was not human. 8 Tuesday, when there was a controversy between Kasmalakanta and all the astrologers on the issue of whether the dating of the years (6) was right or wrong, the case was brought before the royal son the Jubraj and others including the chief of Aangom, all the Majors, and the Bramon Ratan Sabha, where the case was discussed; and when the matter was reported to Shrijut Maharaj, the royal verdict was given and Kamalakanta was dismissed from his post and was banned from the palace. 9 Wednesday, Kangngapam Cha Nawong was deported to Loi to Kameng as it was said that he had made a mistake in his personal attendance on the king while the king was in the Garot Court. On that day one Ningthoucham maiden who lived in the house of Thiya, a former senlungpa, was found dead hanging from a rope in the bamboo grove of one Nepra, a former jamadar. 14 Sunday, Puthipa Deb was captured in Youyangtek and he was brought (before the king). Full moon Monday, a prisoner from the Yirungpam family who had escaped from the prison was captured in Yampem and he was brought back. He was sent to the prison immediately. 16 Tuesday, Yirungpa’s brother was sent to prison. 18 Friday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 19 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Warok and it was presented (to the king). 21 Monday, Loitongpa subidar was summoned back from Thangga. 28 Monday, an order was issued and it was made known by a crier, that all the people, including all those who were the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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security guards of Institute buildings and all the inhabitants of the four Leikais, were to have an additional task (imposed upon them) to listen to the recitation of sacred (Hindu religious) stories (7), and to remain attentive to it for seven days, because there was a drought. 29 Tuesday, all the ladies who attend the Khwairampan market performed the nong laoba rain ceremony as there was a drought. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, they opened the Kangla Yithong, the flood gates in the Kangla. 4 Saturday, a female frog heavy with spawn jumped out from the Kangla tunnel. It went in immediately. They opened Kangla Yithong flood gates for seven days. Formerly it was opened only for one day. 6 Monday, as it was said that the inhabitants of Thingpakhunlen had killed some Manung Haos, Heikruchampa subidar from the stockade arrested nine Thingpa Haos and they were brought before (the king). As it had not rained for six months, beginning from the month of Sachiphu, there was no water in the month of Hiyangkei. 10 Friday, prisoners channelled the water from the river by the Sanchenthong area. The water from the inner moat was also channelled. All the security guards of the Institute Buildings helped to divert the water by scooping it into the channel. 13 Monday, they began to build the Mongpa building. 15 Thursday, two guns arrived from Mayang. 18 Saturday, Kangngapam Cha Major left for Mayang to welcome the Sahep. 20 Monday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 25 Saturday, a white elephant arrived in Snakeithen Aawompa market and Shrijut inspected it. On that day as it was said that the daughter of Yumnapa, a minion to a Pana, (8) who was a maidservant had become pregnant after an extramarital relationship with a man from the Leitanthem family who was enrolled to be a sepoy, the case was brought to the Patcha court. When she had been examined by massaging her stomach she was found not to be pregnant. She was exposed in the market place. The man was released immediately. 27 Sunday, one of the branches from the Chinsu tree at the south gate broke. New moon Thursday, in Sanlam Louwai village a man from the Yirom family died when he entered in Sararu (9). The month of Mera (September/October) began on Friday. On that day as it was reported that the wife of a horse–groom in Pukhao had been sexually molested by Chungkhapa a servant of a hajari, he was flogged in the Sna Keithen Royal market. On that day, Satpam Cha Aamuton the Wurungpa and who was skilled in the use of chisel, set his chisel on the Chingcha (teak) foundation post of Maharaj’s royal palace, at seven pung hours of …. yuthak (10). 4 Monday, Kangangapam Cha Major who went to Mayang to welcome the Sahep returned. 5 Tuesday, 4,000 broken guns along with bayonets were sent to Mayang. 9 Saturday, from Silot (11), Chamasenti Tipati the Commissioner Sahep and Hiyaron the Suto Sahep from Cachar, these two arrived. 12 Tuesday, the white elephant was washed with water collected from the canal. The position of the left tusk was above the right tusk (12). 17 Sunday, Longcham Cha Phunan senlungpa was injured by a tiger while they were encircling tigers in Heingang. 18 Monday, they began https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 203 to build a palace in Pukhao for Shrijut Maharaj. On that day Hao Serei was put in prison. Taimachampa kut left along with sixty sepoys to disperse the Chasat Haos as it was reported that they had tried to round up the Honglu Haos. On that day Shrijut expressed his opinion that he found the written work Kangleiron, which was recorded by the Moirang Pundit during his reign, was not to his satisfaction, after he had seen it with his own eyes. The king summoned before him Khumucham Cha Pundit, Sarangthem Cha Pundit, and Ningthoukhongcham Cha Pundit, these three Pundits, and gave his royal command saying that as he was not happy with the Kangleiron which Yipu the Moirang Pundit had compiled, he suggested that they all compile it sitting together in his presence and with him, the king himself taking part in the compilation. 21 Thursday, when the compilation was complete, the book was given the title Sangkai Phammang (13). A gun salute was fired and it was also announced in the market by the town crier on the back of an elephant. But the Kangleiron was washed and cleansed (14). On that day the Sangkranti of Mera began. 22 Friday, after observing a Hindu worship ritual for the book it was placed in the royal box. The month of Hiyangkei (October/ November) began on Saturday. 3 Monday, The granary where paddy crops were kept was inaugurated. On that day the white elephant was given a horoscope. It was named Harichantra Banhop. 12 Wednesday, Sampantara the astrologer was deported to Loi to Thangka as he was found forging an order as a royal order when it was not. 18 Wednesday, Soukaicham Cha Major along with 500 sepoys left to attack Chatik. 21 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. On that day they began to compile the genealogy of the Bamons. 25 Tuesday, Puthipa Deba, Yirungpa Chaopa, and Lairem Aangoupa escaped from prison. Yirungpa Cahaopa was caught immediately. 26 Wednesday, Gosairani and her son arrived. 28 Friday, when a marriage took place between the Yanglem and Laisram families, the couple were expelled to Haochongpan. On that day Soukaicham Cha Major arrested seventeen Nungbi Haos from the northern region, they were captured and were sent down. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, the Colonel (later) General, the Political Agent Sahep left for Mayang with his wife and two children, the three of them. 4 Thursday, Longchampa Major returned from his trip to the eastern region. 9 Tuesday, Lairen Aangou who had escaped from prison was recaptured and he was brought back. 10 Wednesday, Soukaicham Cha Major returned after waging war on the Chatrik. 17 Wednesday, Shrijut left for Pukhao. 19 Friday, a tiger cub was caught alive in Langching and presented to (the king). 21 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Tuesday. On that day a woman from the Khomtram family drowned in Loktak lake. 2 Wednesday, a woman from the Konchengpam family died as she was struck by the axe while her father was cutting a bamboo (15). 7 Tuesday, Goshairani left for Mayang. 11 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Keirak. 12 Sunday, Aawa emissaries arrived. 13 Wednesday, a tiger was caught https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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in Kakching Khunnou and presented (to the king). 16 Thursday, the bodies of a sepoy from Aawang Khunnou and another sepoy from Aachambikei who were at (their) post at the Tuyang Karong stockade and who had died from injuries received when they were hit by a gun, were brought back. Full–moon Wednesday, one Hao was sent to Suknu to be punished with death for killing his older brother. 17 Friday, the Maharaj went down to Nganglou to inspect the area. 20 Monday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 21 Tuesday, two tigers were caught in Wapakai and presented (to the king). 22 Wednesday, there was a contest over the Pibaship between Chita Sing the son of Lamtampa from the the extended family of Ningthoukapam who had settled Laisramoinu, and Thoupa the grand son of Tharon of Sagon Makok. The case was brought into the royal presence, and when the case could not be resolved, the king decided that they should take the ordeal by water; both dived into the Nungcheng pond and Lamtampa’s son Chita Sing was found to be in the right and he became the rightful Piba. Those who were involved in deciding the case were Yipu Aangoupampa (chief of Aangom), Yipungsi the Mantri, Chingngakhanpa the Pukhranpa, Soukaicham Cha Major, Khumucham Cha Pundit, and all the Hanchapas and the Hitangs, all of them were present. 25 Friday, the Maharaj left for Wangching to inspect the area. He halted at Champi Maha then at Heitup Pokpi and finally arrived at Kakching. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Thursday. On that day the Maharaj returned from his inspection of the land. On that day, a sahep also arrived. An eleven cannon salute was fired. 2 Friday, Shrijut and the Sahep held a durbar. A gun salute was fired. 3 Saturday, the Aakam Haos killed five men in Suknu. On that day the kitchen in Maklang stockade was burnt. 5 Monday, Meisna Cha Major, and others along with 200 sepoys, left to disperse the Luseis. On that day, as one of the Haos who was in the service of the Sahep was demanding money from the Haos who were living with the Meeteis using a (forged) document, he was caught and was brought before (the king) on the same day. The tusk of the chief elephant broke. Pungton Ngoupa from Mao and Sarang Hao, these two were sent to prison as they snatched salt (from a vendor) in the market. 7 Wednesday, as it was said that Yipungsija Khomton and Yipungsija Chaopa, these two, had a scuffle with each other, Khomton was put in iron chains and Chaopa was sent to prison. 8 Thursday, Maisnam Cha Major returned. 9 Friday, when Yirengpam Cha Jagata and Nabachandra, these two, had a controversy the case was brought into the royal presence and Nabachandra was found to be in the right and the case ended before Shrijut’s royal presence. 11 Friday, as it was reported that a man from the Sinnam family was found sitting on Shrijut’s royal throne he was given a complete set of clothes and a hen was also offered as yenhingthapa (16) for Shrijut’s welfare. 19 Monday, Shrimati the queen mother went to Moirang with all her children and grandchildren to worship the Lai in Moirang. 21 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 23 Friday, the queen mother returned. 25 Sunday, a man from the Heirom https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 205 family in Khaithem village was brought before (the king) as it was said that when he chased a cow from his garden it died as it jumped over the gate. On that day Purun Sahep arrived. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Saturday. 5 Thursday, as it was said that a man from the Aasem family was found sitting on Shrijut’s royal throne, he was given a complete set of clothes for the welfare of Shrijut and then sent away. On that day a man from the family of Thangcham Chaoba who was also a minion of Syampurna the astrologer and Haoumurapa, these two, became separate families. The matter was settled in the royal presence with the payment of a court fee. 12 Wednesday, Shrijut Maharaj went out to the inner polo ground with the sahep and made all the sepoys of a company have target shooting practice. 22 Friday, Shrijut Maharaj went down to the Kasomlai waters to feast on fish. On that day the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 23 Saturday, (Shrijut) looked for fish in the waters of Wakok and he distributed the fish to all those who were in his service. 24 Sunday, Shrijut returned. 26 Tuesday, a man from the Khundrakpam family who came prostrating all the way reached the temple of Shri Govindaji at the time of the evening aarti worship. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, the royal son the Jubraj and others left for Paobitek to hunt. 3 Tuesday, when the royal son set the place on fire for hunting, the kut the horse-groom was burnt to death. On that day Ngairangpam Cha the sepoy, who came prostrating himself all the way, reached the presence of Shri Govinda. 9 Tuesday, Shrijut went and caught a tiger in Langkon. 10 Wednesday, Kangngapam Cha Major and the sahep, these two, left to meet the acting Captain (17). 11 Thursday, one of the branches of a pipal tree broke. 16 Monday, the Sahep arrived. 17 Tuesday, Kangangapam Cha Major arrived. 18 Wednesday, a tiger was caught in Loitang and it was presented (to the king). 21 Saturday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1

2

3 4 5

April/May is considered to be auspicious and believed to be the beginning of the Satya yug, the Hindu era according to the Madhava Vaishnava. First time this term is used. Akhy tritia: Sanskrit, referring to the third day of the bright fortnight of Baisak. Rski iseita, Rs, Bengali meaning flavour, essence, love relation, passionate desire, deep longing, strong attachment; ki post–position of, iseita at the song, at the flavour of the songs or in the seductive erotic songs. Bengali Rs corrupted to Ras, is the name given to a Meetei Hindu Vaishnavite religious dance and accompanying lyrics in which the love between Krishna and his lover Radha is expressed. The dance movements are derived from the traditional Manipuri religious ritual of the Lai Haraoba. The erotic love lyrics expressing their feelings and longing for each other were first sung in Bengali, as was the case in all the Meetei Vaishnavite songs until the beginning of the twentieth Century when the vernacular replaced Bengali in Vaishvanite ritual. First time this term is used. Sangkranti of Yinga: either a scribal error or a textual dislocation. Yingen: probably an intercalary month. Khairahpa: scribal error for Khwairakpa, the Lakpa of Khwai.

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206 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Sokki: concerning sakabda; here sok, short for sakabda, is used to mean the dating of the year, not sakabda era as such. Lairik taba: literally, to listen to the words of the lai. Lairik also means a book. Here it refers to the public recitation or reading of Hindu religious stories by a designated reciter. Panakhangpa: scribal error for Panakhanpa, one who works for a Pana or is of low status. Sararu: obscure. The Yuthak is not indicated Silot: Shylet. The position of the tusks of an elephant was taken into account when the elephant was to be considered important in the Manipuri traditional culture. Sangkgai phammang: literally, in the presence of the king in the palace. Chamle: past tense of verb chamba, to wash, to cleanse, as in washing a dirty utensil. Probably the axe head detached from the shaft. Yenhingthaba: conflation of yen, hen; hing from hingba alive, living; thaba to send. It is a traditional rite in which the object offered; here the hen becomes scapegoat and is set free symbolically carrying away evil. Kaptakara: Bengali, one who is acting as a captain, usually of a sporting team, though may imply also a military rank. First time this term is used.

Sakabda 1801 (1879 CE) The year of Nongthonpa Dharma Sing, Sakabda 1801 (1879 CE). 23 Monday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. On that day, Hicham Cha Naba subidar along with others set out to battle at one pung hour after the morning yuthak with 280 sepoys, when they heard the news that about 400 to 500 Aawas had marched up against the land. On that day after the full tide, the water level in Ningthem Pukhri rose by one hui, (1) and it remained at that level for two days. On that day Shrijut Maharaj and the Commisioner Sahep inspected the gunpowder at the magazine. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, the Khongchai Tomson Haos from the area of Moirang caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 3 Thursday, they began to build Shrijut’s royal palace and the boat house, both of them were begun. The teak which was used was Chingchapu teak. The (foundation post) of wuyin teak was placed facing the north-east direction. On that day Shrijut went and inaugurated the temples which belonged to Kangngapam Cha Major and Leikokpa the Pana Hajari. 4 Friday, the royal son the Jubraj went down to Sarang to dig a salt well. 11 Friday, according to Shrijut’s royal order, the Sekmai river was dammed up by Leima Pokpa the Pana Hajari. 14 Monday, the royal son the Jubraj, who had gone to the salt mine, returned. 22 Monday, iron chains arrived from Mayang. On that day there was a very strong wind and many houses and outhouses collapsed. 23 Tuesday, Gantha Sing, a Mayang who had been expelled to Mayang, arrived from the northern region after he had stolen land (and stayed) in the northern region. 25 Thursday, the Sangkranti of https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 207 Kalen began. On that day a tiger was caught in Andro and presented (to the king). 27 Sunday, a tiger was caught in Lokpaching by Aapanpa Macha and presented (to the king). The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Thursday. 13 Monday, a royal daughter was escorted to the Nongmaithem family. 16 Thursday, a message was announced in Sna Keithen (the royal market) that Thinggwa Sangom Thakpa, a servant of the royal son the Jubraj, had absconded. 18 Saturday, Ngangomba who ran away from the prison was captured and he was brought back. 25 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 26 Sunday, the embankment of the irrigation canal at Waikhom Khongnang burst. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Friday. On that day, as it was said that a woman born into the Thangcham family who was married into the Lairikyengpam family had procured an abortion, the midwife, who was born in the Seram family (and) who was married into the Lairikyengpam family, and Theemu, who was the midwife’s assistant, were expelled to Aawa. The husband (father of the aborted baby) was put in prison. 6 Tuesday, (2) Chingngakham Cha the Nongthonpa was dismissed from his post as it was said that he had abducted a maiden born in the Thokchom family. Those who took part in the abduction included four Bamons and a man from the Lairikyengpam family. The Lairikyengpam man was sent to prison. The Bamons (3) were put in chains and made to guard the prisoners who were on hard labour. A woman of Thangcham family who was also involved in the abduction was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) in the market place. 7 Thursday, Shrijut’s royal palace building and the Leikhomsang building were inaugurated. The three royal sons’ (buildings) were also inaugurated. 19 Monday, there was an earthquake. 21 Wednesday, there was an aftershock. 26 Tuesday, (4) the king’s personal elephant died in Kokchi in the house where the elephants were kept. New moon Saturday, an astrologer who had made a forecast of an eclipse was punished by yisingda tingpa (5) as it was said that the eclipse did not take place. 26 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Sunday. 13 Thursday, a man from the Chingngakham family and another man from the Hicham family were arrested for stealing an ivory tusk. The Chingngakham was sent to the prison and the Hicham was set free. 21 Friday, Aangoupa’s (chief of Aangom) father died. 29 Saturday, a man from the Moirangthem family in Phumlou died when he fell down and became caught under the pole (6) he was using as the yoke to transport paddy seedlings. On that day, an elephant entered in someone’s garden and died. On that day the Sangkranti of Thawan also began. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Monday. 6 Saturday, a daughter and a son from the Khongpantapam family who lived in Haopam Marak died as the boat capsized at the Hiyangthang bridge. 7 Sunday, the royal son the Jubraj and others left to feast on fish at Wusoipokpi. 9 Tuesday, a man from the Konsam family escaped from the prison. 14 Saturday, (7) 100 guns which had safety catches arrived from Mayang. On that day the prisoner Konsapa was caught and he https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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was brought back. 18 Wednesday, Ngangbi the wife of the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei gave birth to a daughter. On that day after the royal daughter who was married into the Nongmaithem family had a quarrel with her husband when she returned home after seeing a dance in the palace, she returned to the palace and reported to Shrijut that she had been kicked (by her husband). At this the royal son–in–law Nongmaithempa was summoned and was flogged at the Garot Court. A sword–smith from Chekkon, Kongchengpa, and Lairenlakpa, these three who were also involved in the quarrel, were also flogged and sent to prison. 21 Sunday, as the royal son– in–law Nongmaithempa was in iron fetters on his way to Loi to Suknu where he had been deported, he was stopped when he reached Leisangkhong. 24 Wednesday, the Lakpa of Lamlokkei Hao village caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 25 Thursday, the royal daughter who was married into the Nongmaithem family was brought back to the palace. On that day all the royal daughters begged their royal father Shrijut at least to spare the life of his servant Nongmaithempa. At this the king commanded that princess Thatoi Sna’s phanek (8) was to be sent to him and if he agreed to wear it as a shawl, when he was told to do so, his life would be spared and he would be brought back. So as a phanek was sent to him, and as he wore it as a shawl his life was spared; and on the new moon Wednesday, he was escorted back wearing the phanek as a shawl. But he was forbidden from entering the palace. He was taken to his father’s house. That day the Sangkranti of Langpan began. The month of Langpan was an intercalary month. One of months of Langpan (August/September) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Langpok and presented (to the king). On that day as it was said that a foreigner who was a servant, Thampan wife of Krishna Sing a foreigner, the foreigner Sangkom Sing’s daughter, the wife of the foreigner Rahara, and Bamon Laimayum Gokulchan, these five people, had procured a daughter of Bamon Kanouchi Mayum and given her to one of the Sahep’s sepoys; the wife of the servant who was a foreigner was deported to the stockade in Sakonmang at Yumnam Khunnou where sepoys were stationed, Thampan the wife of Krishna Sing Nandagiri (the foreigner) was deported to the Kei in Yairipok, and the wife from the Kanouchi Mayum family was deported to Wangching along with her mother and father. On that day a man was deported to Pan (barricade) as it was said that he was having extramartial relations with a married woman. A woman born in Mayanglambam family was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa). 5 Saturday, Kangngapam Cha Thangkan was promoted to Prakesiya General and Soukaichampa Bolai Sing to General, and on 11 Friday, Longcham Cha Ram Sing to Aatirari (9) General, these three were promoted to the rank of general. On that day, as it was reported to Shrijut by Khumucham Cha Pundit that the tunnel in Kangla was becoming blocked, the royal command was made known that the tunnel should not be blocked, and it was to be repaired. As the royal command was given, Khumucham Cha Pundit and others, including Sarang Pundit, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 209 Maikampa Pundit, Yoiren Hanpa Heithapa, (and) all the Hanchapas and the Hitangs, made arrangements for the repair. Toibichampa, Aarampa the Phammi Hanpa, and Meikampa, these three repaired the tunnel. 14 Monday, Shrimati the queen mother left for Wusoipokpi to feast on fish with all the princesses and the royal wives. 15 Tuesday, news that one of the servants of Wahengpam Cha Major had absconded was proclaimed in the market place. 20 Sunday, a meteorite fell. On that day, as it was reported that the tunnel in Moirang was filled Shrijut gave the royal order and sent Meikamapa Pundit to repair it. Those who took part in the repair were Yintra Mikeirungba and the Laisnagpa (the guardian of the lai), Pukhrem Bhatra the Maipa Hanpa, Maipram Cha Leisangkhompa the Aseipa Hitang, Maipram Cha Leisangkhompa the Aseipa Hitang, Phairenpam Cha Nandaswar, and Konchingpam Cha Aatommacha, these five were involved in repairing the tunnel. With the stones from Sentra the tunnel was repaired. 17 Thursday, there was an earthquake. 21 Monday, the queen mother left for Wusoipokpi to feast on fish with all the princesses and royal wives. On that day, when Leisangthempa was tried for striking his wife with a machete (thang) (10) the court gave the verdict that the wife had struck herself. 24 Thursday, a man from the Paonam family ran away from the prison. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. On that day a tiger was caught in Wangkoi. 3 Saturday, a Gosai arrived from Mayang and when Shrijut Maharaj asked why he had come, the Gosai replied saying that he had come with the intention to beg for Indian rupees. Shrijut Maharaj told (his attendant) to give him ten Indian rupees. 5 Monday, Shrimati the queen mother left for Wusoipokpi. On that day a tiger was caught in Langkon and it was presented (to the king). On that day, as it was reported that a Sahep had been murdered at Monchu on 7 Wednesday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people for a relief column. On that day, Kangngapam Cha Major left with the vanguard party for the northern region (to assess the situation). 9 Thursday, the royal son the Jubraj along with others, his royal younger brother the Katwan, Maisnam Cha Major, and a Sahep, altogether four of them left to attack Monchu village with 1,000 sepoys and 2,000 Sangchois (Manipur levy) (11). On that day a man from the Thingkucham family in Nungkang was brought to the Garot Court in a dog’s collar (12) as it was said that he had extramarital relations with a married woman. Full moon Thursday, Sepi Captain Sahep arrived with sixty sepoys. 18 Sunday, Sepi Captain Sahep left for Maonchu to attack the village. 25 Sunday, the Sahep’s (Johnstone, the Political Agent) son died. 28 Wednesday, the Sahep’s son was buried in the village of Kangchup. The month of Hiyangkei (13) (October/November) began on Friday. On that day Hicham Cha subidar left to build an enclosure in Kapo. 3 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 7 Saturday, thieves broke into the house of Bamon Thangchipa and escaped after stabbing both Thangchapa and his wife with a knife. 13 Friday, a Sahep arrived. 15 Sunday, Prun Sahep and the Shuto Sahep returned after attacking Monchu. 18 Tuesday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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(14) the royal son the Jubraj and others including his royal younger brother the Katwan, Miasnam Cha Major, and Kangnagpam Cha Major, returned after attacking Monchu. 20 Thursday, both the Saheps left for Thipommee. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 3 Tuesday, Shrijut went on an outing to Gurupat (lake) with most of his royal sons and royal daughters and caught fish using yin fishing nets and long (fishing baskets) (15) and they also danced the Khongkan–Chei, (bamboo) dance (16). 4 Wednesday, a man of the Laisram family was flogged in the market place as it was said that he had extramarital relations with a woman born into the Aoinam family. 5 Thursday, gunpowder arrived from Mayang. On that day, a man from the Laisram family was flogged in the market place as it was said that he had an extramarital relationship with a woman born in the Lairenlakpam family. The woman (17) was exposed on a platform built for that purpose in the market place. Full moon Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. On that day, as it was reported that a man by the name of Laikhuram who attended the Aakhanpa (Institute) could not be traced as no one knew his whereabouts, the message was proclaimed on 18 Wednesday by the crier in the market place. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 5 Friday, Shrijut Maharaj left to inspect the area from Wurok–khong in Leihao–khong up to Yantha Kathapa. 6 Saturday, gunpowder which was bought by the Sahep at a cost of one Lakh of Indian rupees arrived from Mayang. 25 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Major left for Mayang to receive the Sahep. 27 Saturday, a man from the Chongtham family fell off the bridge and was drowned. 28 Sunday, a deer which wandered in the palace compound was caught alive. 29 Monday, a message was proclaimed in the market by the crier that a servant of Yumnam Purit had run away. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 10 Friday, the Lak Chief Commissioner Sahep (18) and the Secretary Sahep, these two arrived. A thirteen cannon salute was fired. 12 Monday, the sahep presented gifts of cash and a double-barrelled gun in a case to Shrijut Maharaj, and gifts (of guns) were also presented to the royal son the Jubraj, the royal son the Katwan, and also to Kangngapam Cha Major. 15 Thursday, the Sahep and Kangngapam Cha Major left to wage war on the northern region. 22 Wednesday, the Maharaj left for Wusoipokpi to feast on fish. 23 Thursday, Hichapa was flogged in the market place as it was said that he had had extramarital relations with Touriya Jatra’s wife. 24 Friday, Kangngapam Cha Major and the Sahep, both of them returned. 25 Saturday, with the firing of a seven gun salute (the area of) Ngari Monalongbi was presented to the royal son the Jubraj, and eight lous (paris) (19) of paddy fields were presented to the royal son the Katwan. 29 Wednesday, Soukaicham Cha Major left for Chatrik in the northen region to collect the tribute payments which were due. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, the royal son the Jubraj left for Chingnganglen https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 211 to hunt. On that day, as it was said that a cow had been killed in Nampon, four men from the families of Thokchom, Moirangthem, Loitongpam, and Thiyam were brought up to Sanlungsang (the cattle court). The ring leader Thokchao was kept in the army night quarters. That day the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 4 Monday, the ringleader Thokchao was sent to prison. 12 Tuesday, Soukaicham Cha Major and the Sahep who had gone to Chatrik, returned. 17 Sunday, the white elephant was taken down to Kokchai. 19 Tuesday, Wahengpam Cha Major left for Cachar to fetch guns. 21 Thursday, a man from the Soukrakpam family was drowned in Nongmaithem Leikai. 26 Monday, the house of a monk who was a foreigner and who lived in Yenkaopung was burnt. 29 Thursday, Soukaicham Cha Major and Kangngapam Cha Major, these two and others, left to attack Chasat with 1,000 sepoys. New moon Friday, a tiger was caught at the foot hills of Nongmaiching mountain and was presented (to the king). The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday was Bisnu Sankranti. 1

2 3 4 5

6

7 8

9 10 11

12 13 14 15

Hui: measurement consisting of the distance between the tip of the thumb to the tip of the index fingure of an adult when the palm is held outstretched. First time this term is used. Discrepancy by one day, Bamonti: the Bamons, scribal dittography. Discrepancy by one day. Yisingda tingpa: literally, the phrase means to soak something in water for a specific time; term used of a punishment by which a person was forced to stand in a river or pond to a specific depth for a specific period. First time this term is used. Louhon chei: stick used to transport paddy seedlings. The seedlings are suspended on both ends of a pole which is carried across the shoulder behind the neck. First time this term is used. Discrepancy by one day. Phanek: Meetei woman’s ankle length skirt. In the Meetei Hindu culture at that period a husband was considered to occupy the place of dominance over his wife, and for any man to be seen wearing his wife’s skirt was considered to be a humiliation implying his role and manhood had been taken away. First time this punishment is recorded. Prakasiya and Aatinari generals: titles, meaning uncertain. Thangna yanpa: term thang is used for a sword, a machete, or even a kitchen knife; yanpa means to strike deliberately. Sangchoi: literally, men who were reserved under the authority of an institute; here the militia. First time this term is used. On this incident see further Johnstone’s My Experience in Manipur and the Naga Hills (London 1896) chapter xvii on the relief of Kohima. Huikang: dog’s collar. Hiyang: shortened form used for Hiyangkei. Discrepancy by a day. Long: indigenous fishing basket used in shallow waters, made of thin bamboo strips, round in shape and with a depth of approximately two feet and an open top with a

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212

16

17 18

19

The Cheitharon Kumpapa diameter of one and a half feet. The strips are matted loosely both in the warf and the weft so as to make holes to drain off the water; the open top is fastened between two pliable bamboo strips, to strengthen the mouth and to hold it firm while scooping up the waters. Long is used by both males and females. First time the term is used. Khongkan Chei: in this dance or game, two people facing each other hold two bamboo sticks at either ends, and they are moved together and apart, in regular rhythms, while the dancers who are between the poles jump over them, keeping the correct rhythms. At present this dance is known as Bamboo Dance. First time this term is used. Nubiti: for nupiti, the woman. The Lak Chief Commissioner Sahep: here the Chief Commisioner of Assam. The term Lat was also used for the Governor General, and Bara Lat became the designation for the Viceroy of India. Lou: for lou pari, paddy field. One lou or lou pari measures 2.5 acres.

Sakabda 1802 (1880 CE) The year of Heikruchampa Chaopa, Sakabda 1802 (1880 CE). 4 Tuesday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. On that day Shrijut Maharaj went down to Kakching Khunlen to inaugurate a mantop. He took the images of Radha and Govinda with him. His wife the Thourani also went with him. On that day Khuraichampa, the servant of his royal daughter married into the Aangom family, was drowned in the outer Thangkampat moat. 5 Wednesday, Radha and Govindaji were infused with life in Kakching. The mantop was also inaugurated. Five choirs also took part in singing. A female choir also took part in it. People were also fed on tan. Friday, Shrijut Maharaj returned with his wives to the palace. On that day a sibling of the Pangan Major, a bugle player who lived in Naharup Kampu, died by hanging. 8 Sunday, Wahengpa Major who had gone to fetch 1,000 guns and two cannons returned. 14 Saturday, a message was proclaimed in the market place by the crier on an elephant’s back that Thokchao a former Aahontara Major had been reported missing. 17 Monday, Soukaicham Cha Major, and Kangngapam Cha Major, these two returned after attacking the Chasat Haos. 21 Friday, Sakonsem Cha subidar, and Thoutam Cha the Lanlupa Chingpa, these two along with twenty–three men, left for Thipommee to fire cannons. 28 Friday, a Pangan was expelled to Keirang as it was said that he had a relationship with the wife of Purun Sahep (1). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Monday. On that day, as it was said that Nongmaithem Cha Chandrakanti’s daughter had aborted a pregnancy after having had a relationship with Hao Seree, she was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) and then was deported (to Loi) to Antro. Hao Seree was deported (to Loi) to Suknu. 3 Wednesday, Shrijut opened a fair. Tan was sold around the temple of Shri Govindaji. They also sold rice, flattened par–boiled rice, puffed rice, pots of molasses and milk, steel knives, scissors, brass plates and kitchen utensils, clothes, betel leaves and betel nuts; all these items were https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 213 sold. 4 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 5 Friday, the fair ended. The performance of the Bonhata (Pralhadh) Charit play also was completed. 13 Saturday, Hao Seree who was deported to loi to Suknu was summoned and was put in prison. 18 Thursday, a message was proclaimed by the crier riding an elephant that a man from the Longcham family, who was a servant of Lai Snamahi, had been reported missing. 24 Tuesday, a man from the Langkam family who lived in Lairencham was put in prison as it was reported that he had had extramarital relations with a woman born in the Loitongpam family, who was already a mother. 29 Sunday, the royal son the Samu Hanchapa caught a tiger in Kokchai and it was presented (to the king). The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Tuesday. 16 Monday, a Hao bugler whose name was Aananda Sing was expelled to Aawa for taking as wife a woman of the Hari group. (2) He left his wife in Aawa but returned bringing with him machetes, one of which had a pointed blade, and another a flat blade, and a pocket knife. He stayed at Pasai (3). On that day the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 8 Wednesday, while the Lusei Haos were hunting, the chief of Saipu with the help of the Khongchai sepoys in Moirang slaughtered the Lusei hunters. The Lusei Haos asked as to why they had been killed when they had not come to attack but only to hunt; and after both the parties had agreed and taken the oath not to kill each other, which was sealed with the Huirin Thatpa (the pulling apart of the intestines of a dog) rite, the case was heard. The Luseis were given the reply that they were killed because they were hunting in an area which did not belong to them. Then both parties agreed to be on good terms and become friends, and took another oath with the Huirin Thatpa rite. 13 Sunday, three Haos who were in the group of those who were digging the Chandra Khong canal were drowned in the Thoupan river. On that day in the area of the Chandra Khong (canal) a man from the Khetrimayum family was struck with the machete by a man from the Heikrucham family, after they had quarrelled over the area where they were to collect fire wood; and (he) was brought in. Full moon Tuesday, there was a lunar eclipse. On that day Kshetri Dandabot who lived in Lairencham also died by hanging. 19 Saturday, Yipungo the Lakpa of Khurai died. 22 Tuesday, there was an earthquake one pung hour before the daybreak yuthak. On that day, Lisam’s daughter in Khongman died when their house collapsed. In Kontha also a daughter born in the Wahengpam family died as their house collapsed. Cracks appeared in the temple and the storied buildings, also in the bridge in Khwairampan. 23 Wednesday, a meteorite was seen in the night. On that day a Hao was drowned in the Thoupan river. 29 Tuesday, Leisang the Takhen Lampu and sepoy Chiri the son of Longchampa Aaton, both of whom lived in Thaopungkhong, were put into prison as it was said that both of them failed to report for Lanlup duty (compulsory labour). The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Thursday. On that day Yipungsi Tonpok died. 7 Wednesday, when the banks of a river by the road side collapsed barking sounds also could be heard. The colour of the water also became different. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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On that day a Gosai arrived. 8 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 10 Saturday, there was an earthquake at four pung hours after the noon yuthak. 25 Saturday, there was an earthquake. The month of Thawan (July/ August) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, a man from the Yirengpam family in Yirengpam village was exposed in the market place after being caught stealing molasses while disguising himself as a Churanthapa (4). He was exposed also in the Singchamei market, Khwairampan market, and Moirangkhom market. On that day a tiger was caught in Wapokai and was presented (to the king). 6 Thursday, there was an earthquake. 11 Monday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. Full moon Friday, a Pangan from Wuchiwa was drowned. 21 Thursday, a woman from the Aarambam family was drowned in Wangkhei leikai. 22 Friday, Wusam in Aawang Potsangpam was drowned. On that day Shrijut Maharaj invited four women who were with child from the four leikais and offered them a rice meal, and then asked them to bless him. He also gave them two Indian rupees each as a present. The family names of these four women were Nongmaithem from Khurai, Aahanpam from Wangkhei Leikai, Laisram from Khwai, and Heikrucham from Yaiskun. On that day a message was proclaimed in the market place by the crier riding an elephant that a man who was a domestic servant, together with the family of one Pangan Napang (a Muslim who was deaf), had run away with his family. 29 Friday, Shrijut presented to ancestor Pakhangpa a woman from the Sanlam family to be a servant of the lai. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Sunday 4 Wednesday, Shrijut presented a maiden from the Laisram family to lai Nongsapa to be a servant of the lai. 7 Saturday, there was an earthquake after the dusk yuthak. 8 Sunday, a message was proclaimed in the market place by the crier on an elephant that a woman from the Hari group had been reported missing. 9 Monday, a message was proclaimed in the market place by the crier riding an elephant that the wife of Thongngaipa, a follower of the male choir had been reported missing. 10 Tuesday, a message was proclaimed in the market place by the crier riding an elephant that a maid servant in the Maisnam family was reported missing. 13 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 19 Wednesday, a man from the Soipam family in Seka road who had become a Lampopa (a Hindu monk) monk was brought up to the Pacha Court (Women’s Court) (5) as it was reported that he had had sexual relations with a woman from the Kongjengbam family. On that day when Shrijut became unwell Chanam Cha Kantep the Jamandar attended on the king. 23 Sunday, there was an earthquake at five pung hours after the morning yuthak. 24 Tuesday, Shri Johnstone Sahep came in and held a durbar with Shrijut Maharaj along with the royal sons and the Majors. Shrijut Maharaj was pleased and marked the occasion with the firing of a thirty–one cannon salute. On that day, a meteorite was seen. 25 Wednesday, Shri Johnstone Sahep left for Mayang with his wife and children. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, a fair was opened. 10 Wednesday, at seven pung hours after the daybreak yuthak, Shrijut Maharaj https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 215 offered to Shri Govindaji a nine-layered flag post with (round) flags. The fair also ended. On that day Kangngapam Cha Major was rewarded with Khupomyai shin pad, Khutangyai arm pad, and trousers and a jacket, and the sword Panloi. Maisnam Cha Major was presented with a royal saichonpa (long sleeved shirt), Yirungpam Cha Poila was presented with a five-layered flag. 13 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 23 Tuesday, the Sahep who went to the Mayang returned. 24 Wednesday, a man from the Thiyam family who lived in Banaram village was brought in as it was said that he was having an affair with a Bamon woman born in the Heikaksi family. 25 Thursday, a man from the Wangkhem family was arrested and brought to the Garot Court as it was said that he was having an affair with a Bamon woman born in the Bamon Aanoupam (newly arrived immigrant Bamons) family in Wuripok. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday. 5 Sunday, a tiger was caught in Kontha. 6 Monday, a message was proclaimed in the market place by the crier riding on an elephant that a man from the Suraisam family in Topkampu had been reported missing. 7 Tuesday, a message was proclaimed in the market place by the crier riding on an elephant that a man from the Paonam family, who lived in Khoirom Aawang and who was a servant of Moirangthem Cha the subidar, had been reported missing. 11 Friday, as it was said that a woman from the royal household, who was an attendant to ancestor Lai Nongsapa and was also the Lakpi of the market, was having extramarital relations with Sarotkhaipa who was working in the catering section for the temple, he paid a compensation of twenty–five lakhs sen(6). 14 Monday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 19 Sunday, when the daughter of Sakonsenpa tailor had an affair with a Pangan, she was made to become a Pangan. Her father and mother were made to settle in the Wairokpam homestead in the Pangan village which was on the opposite side of the Linlong (river). 20 Monday, after pushing the boat into the water the chief fast barge was rowed. 21 Tuesday, when the Khapham and Laipham (Panas) had a polo match, Laipham (Pana) presented a servant to the royal son the Katwan. 22 Wednesday, when the Naharup and Aahanlup (Panas) had a polo contest, they presented a servant to the royal son Sna Thampou. 23 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Major and others along with 100 sepoys and the Sahep left for Thipommee. 26 Sunday, one civet cat (7) was caught alive in the Maharaj’s royal palace. 29 Wednesday, a well was dug on the southern side of Shri Gobinda’s (temple). The month of Poinu (November/ December) began on Friday. 4 Sunday, Shrijut Maharaj went to Yitam homestead. On that day the Sahep arrived. 5 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Major returned from Thipommee. 6 Tuesday, Shrijut Maharaja and the Sahep held a durbar. On that day Shrijut Maharaj went to Yitam homestead. 7 Wednesday, Shrijut Maharaj went to Linlong. A cannon shot was fired. On that day Siton Sahep arrived from Mayang with sixty–three sepoys. 10 Saturday, Shrijut Maharaj along with all his royal sons went to Linlong to feast on fish. 12 Monday, the Sahep came in and held a durbar with Shrijut. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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It took place at the inner polo ground. The Sahep demonstrated (by firing) two gun shots in the presence of Shrijut and the shot hit the foot of the banner. On that day, the royal son the Jubraj and the Sahep left for Kokchai to hunt game. 14 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. On that day the royal son the Jubraj and the Sahep returned from hunting. On that day Khumucham Cha Pundit along with others including all the Hanchapas, all the Hitangs, and the Sahep discussed the origin of the Meeteis. Full moon Thursday, Khuntrakpam Cha the subidar from Aoinamlong took 1,000 guns to Mayang. On that day there was a lunar eclipse. 17 Saturday, a man from the Wangkhem family was flogged in the market place for having extramarital relations with a Bamon woman. 20 Wednesday, Tan (Dun) Sahep left for Mayang. On that day Shrijut Maharaj went to Yitam homestead. 21 Thursday, a message was proclaimed in the market place by the crier riding on an elephant that a servant of the Hanchapa of Ningngen had run away. On that day Shrijut Maharaj went to Yitam homestead. 25 Monday, when Shrijut Chandrakriti Singh Maharaj enquired and was finding out if there was any one amongst the (music) teachers who knew the Tasikon (Dasigon) melody which has become obsolete, the king was given the melody which had been passed down from Wuja (8) Khuyonthempa. Accordingly, in the royal presence of Shrijut, Kangngapa Major asked Wuja Aayekpa, Wuja Narumpa, and Laisrapa Kukila the second in the choir, these three, if the melody was correct. Wuja Aayekpa, and Wuja Narumpa, these two, replied that the melody was correct, but Laisrapa the second (in the choir) replied that it was not correct. At this, when he was asked to demonstrate the melody by singing (it), he could not do so, and he was punished in the kei. On that day Chingngakham Cha Meri the Senlungpa was put in prison, and his house was searched, as it was said that he had caused the royal daughter Phanteng Sna to become insane by using black magic on her. New moon Friday, the engineer Sahep arrived. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Saturday. 2 Sunday, Dun Sahep and the engineer Sahep, these two, came in to Shrijut and they had a durbar. 3 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Major, Dun Sahep and the engineer Sahep left for Thipommee in the northern region. On that day, as it was said that Thangcham Cha Bojari’s wife who was from the Naorem family had procured Toni from the Bamon Aanoupam family for Wangkhei, a jamadar, she was exposed in the market place on a platform built for that purpose for five days. On that day they repaired a road starting from the river bank at Yitam, cutting through the middle of Chingkangbam Warok, up to Wangkhei Pungchao. This road was upgraded. 10 Monday, Shrijut Maharaj left for Yitam to establish an Institute. 13 Thursday, was the Sangkranti of Wakching. 14 Friday, Ningchit Sahep arrived. Shrijut Maharaj went to Yitam. 15 Saturday, Khuntrakpam Cha the subidar arrived from Mayang bringing with him 1,000 guns, fifty–seven rifles and twenty–six boxes (of ammunition). 16 Sunday, Kapta the runaway, a man from the Khwairapam family with his son, and Thangcham monk, these three, were caught in Mayang and they https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 217 were brought back. All three were put in prison. 17 Monday, Shrijut went to the area where the road was upgraded and rewarded Chingkangpam Waroksangpa and all those who had raised the level of the road with him, by hosting a party where they were served pholara (9). 19 Wednesday, Shrijut Maharaj went out to the inner polo ground and held a durbar with Nepan Yichinyiyara Sahep along with Soukaichampa Major, Maisnam Cha Major, and Khuriacham Cha Major, and two people from the Top Court. On that day Phiran the Meetei Lampu from Meereipung caught a tiger. He was rewarded with one Pariphi (reward cloth) and half a measure of salt. On that day a person from the Takhenlampam family in Lamphen was drowned. 20 Thursday, the royal son the Jubraj, all the Majors, and Shrijut Maharaja went to Aseipa Loklen and measured out 500 lams in area, and a four gun salute was fired. On that day a letter was received which said that three people had been injured at Chatrik. 21 Friday, Shrijut Maharaj went with all his royal sons and royal daughters and inaugurated a dairy at Yitam. The inhabitants of the villages of Pungtongpam, Makeng, and Sekta were made to perform in public Khupak Yise. The Haos were also made to perform (their dance). On that day they also began to dig a canal at Nganglou. On that day an elephant from Khurai, which ate the bananas which had been offered to lai Puthipa, died (10). 23 Sunday, all those who dug the canal at Nganglou were summoned. 24 Monday, one Pangan sepoy who lived in Keirao, and who was amongst those who went to attack the Haos at the eastern region, was brought back as he was wounded when a bullet from the Haos went through both his thighs. He survived. 25 Tuesday, Shrijut Maharaj went to Asei Loklen to practice cannon firing. 26 Wednesday, those in Kangkum stockade captured Khongjai Chalou the chief and the Lakpa of the village, these two, and they were brought before (the king). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Monday. That day was the second day of the lunar month. A census was taken of the whole country including all those who served in the courts, women, children, and servants, without leaving out any one. Shrijut Maharaj rewarded Maipam Cha Chaoren the Jamadar and his younger brother Tolen the Hitang in the army, these two brothers who were on duty in the Kongken stockade, with Ningthouphi Tachin (royal reward clothes) for capturing Chanlou the chief of the Khongchais and the Lakpa of a (Khongchai) village who was also the commander of the vanguard, these two people. On that day also Shrijut Maharaj presented Ningthouphi Tachin (royal reward cloth) to Namoicham Cha Kamal Sing, the Aaondar in the Ningonpam Company, for capturing the Khongchai chief of Chasat. 3 Tuesday, Wutom from the Narengpam family and Chaopa of Thokchom family, these two, were put in prison as it was said that they were the match–makers for Chingakham Cha Meri the Selungpa. On that day Chingkham Cha Meri the Selungpa was exposed in the market place on a platform built for that purpose. 4 Wednesday, he was exposed at the Menuthong bridge. 5 Thursday, he was exposed also at the Nongpokthong bridge. 6 Friday, he was exposed https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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at the market place at Moirangkhom. 12 Friday, (11) the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 13 Saturday, a tiger was caught in Chairen and presented (to the king). It was caught by Laisram Cha Tanglei. He was rewarded with one Pariphi and half a measure of salt. On that day Chingakham Cha Meri the Senlungpa was made to go and worship every one of the lais as it was said that he had used black magic towards the royal daughter Phanteng Sna. He was also exposed on a platform built for that purpose in front of the Utra Court after his hair had been shaved off. All the guards of all the Institutes and the inhabitants of the four leikais were alerted and they were called to come and look at him. Then he was put in prison. 10 Tuesday, (12) Aatom Cha the Haomacha Hanchapa and Chingsupam Cha Gouratam the subidar, these two, returned from Chatrik. 19 Friday (13), the Chief Commissioner arrived from Mayang. 20 Saturday, Shrijut Maharaj went to the Bungalow (British Residency) along with his four royal sons and two Majors and held a durbar with the two Saheps. 21 Sunday, the four royal sons, including the Jubraj, held a cock-fight at the Yenkaopung (the ground for cock-fighting). On that day Shrijut called before him all his four sons, including the royal son the Jubraj, all his royal younger brothers, all the nobles of the Cheirap Court, all the Major Saheps of the Garot Court, and held a durbar where he expressed the wish that they attack Aawa. 22 Monday, the Chief Commissioner Sahep and Ranak Sahep, these two, came in and held a durbar with the four royal sons and two majors. 26 Thursday, three camels arrived for the Sahep from Mayang. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Tuesday. 3 Thursday, as Shrijut Maharaj expressed his plan to turn Auwang Lamphensoi in the northern region into agricultural land by making paddy fields, Leimapokpa the Hajari left to build living quarters with the voluntary militia from the Leikais, and the builders, carpenters, Kunta and Lupata who specialised in making doors, all these men from various Institutes, went down and laid out the areas for the paddy fields. They also allotted the paddy fields (to the inhabitants) immediately. On that day a one gun salute was fired as Shrijut inaugurated a Mantop. 10 Thursday, they began to build shrines for the ancestor Pakhangpa and the ancestor Nongsapa, these two shrines they began to build. 13 Sunday, the Sangkranti of the Lamta began. 14 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Major and Johnstone the Political Agent Sahep, these two, left for Theepommee. 19 Monday, Shrijut Maharaj took (the image of) Hali (Hari) to the area of Bijaigovinda and attended the Laikeithen market. 21 Monday, a man from the Laisram family and another from the Waikhom family, these two, escaped from the prison. 23 Wednesday, when Kangngapam Cha Major and the Sahep went to (Thipommee), and as the Maram Haos refused to transport Sahep’s baggage to where the Sahep was staying, Kangngapam Cha Major arrested nineteen Maram Haos. They were brought back with him and then put in prison. 24 Thursday, two escaped prisoners were captured at Kakching and put in prison. The month of Sachiphu (March/ April) began on Wednesday. 6 Tuesday, a man from the Khoirom family https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 219 died in Yairipok as he was attacked by a pig. There was an earthquake on that day. 12 Monday was Bisnu Sankranti. 1

Wife of Purun Sahep: Purun Sahep is Dr. L. Brown, the Political Agent from 1867– 1875. The lady was most likely Dr. Brown’s widow, a Meetei lady. 2 Pasai Hao Aananda Sing …the Hari group: Pasai means bugler; it is unclear if the bugler Aananda Singh (a Hindu Meetei name) was referred to as a Hao because he had taken a Hari woman, or whether he was a non–Meetei tribal (Hao) by birth who had been incorporated into Meetei Hindu society. The designation Singh was adopted by Hindu Meeteis to indicate kshatriya caste. Alternatively, Hao may be used here in its original sense of ‘commoner’ rather than ‘non–Hindu Manipuri tribal’, the meaning it came to have after the hinduisation of the Meeteis. The Hari group was created during the reign of this king in the course of his hinduisation programme. 3 Pasaita: at Pasai. Alternative rendering: Pasai may refer to the army band house; pasai, basai or bhasai, bhajai are terms used for wind brass instruments. 4 Churanthapa: term used for the king’s secret agents who were greatly feared by the people. First time this term is used. 5 Macha: scribal error for Pacha; the Pacha court also dealt with cases relating to women. In this case the incident was unusual as a Meetei Hindu monk was supposed to have renounced the world. 6 Maman hanlamye: literally, returned the price. Since it was an extramarital relationship with a woman who was a lai’s attendant, the man was required to pay compensation for seducing an unmarried maiden. 7 Leirang Sathipi: probable scribal error for moirang sathipi, civet cat. 8 Wuja: loan word, probably derived from Bengali Ucha meaning high, lofty, exalted, noble, or in the sense of a professional. Presently this term (spelt Oja) is used in Manipur for a teacher in any field without implications of rank. First time the term is used. 9 Pholara: also known as phola, a mixture of soaked parboiled flattened rice with molasses and milk. 10 Alternative rendering: the elephant ate the bunch of bananas on the plant which was growing in the sacred area of Lai Puthiba. 11–13 Discrepancy on the dates.

Sakabda 1803 (1881CE) The year of Thokchao Chaothoi, Sakabda 1803 (1881 CE). 14 Wednesday, was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. New moon Thursday, they performed the religious rite to infuse life into the figures of Shri Radha and Krishna. On that day, Kangngapam Cha Major left to meet the Sahep who became unwell while hunting in Panlen. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Friday. On that day Kangbamcha Major arrived. 3 Sunday, the fair began. 5 Tuesday, Paona, Potsangpa and Khaithipa, these three servants of the royal son Katwan, were flogged and Paona succumbed and died. 7 Thursday, the fair ended. 9 Saturday, Wangkheilakpam Khompa caught a boar by the bank of Nungcheng (pond) in the sacred area of Ancestor Pakhangpa, after chasing it from Nongmeipung area (east of Nungcheng https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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pond). 10 Sunday, the royal son Katwan along with ten people were deported to Loi to Thanga for not handling the case efficiently when his servants quarrelled amongst themselves. On that day a man from the Phanchoupam family, who lived in the area where the Laipham Sepoys were stationed, was made to become a Hao as it was said that he had a relationship with a Hao woman. 10th also was an intercalary day. On that day Shrijut Maharaj sent down the images Ram Krishna to Kala Raja in order to worship them. 14 Friday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 22 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Major and the General Sahep, along with 700 sepoys and 100 Khongchais, left for the northern region to wage war. 29 Thursday, when Kamalakanta tried to adjust the almanac (which was in use) to coincide with and make it agree with another almanac which was used in a foreign land, Sampantara the astrologer brought the matter before Shrijut’s royal presence saying that if this was done then it would require the Chandrapta almanac to loose six pung hours (on a daily basis). The case was heard and it was declared that Kamalaknanta would be in the wrong (if he proceeded) and he was deported to Loi to Ningthoukhong. Sampantara the astrologer was also punished in the Kei as he had not reported the matter earlier when he was aware of the mistake. Full moon Saturday, Sampantara the astrologer was released from the Kei. On that day Kangngapam Cha Major returned with thirty–one Maram Haos he had captured. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Sunday. On that day two tigers were caught in Langpok. 17 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. On that day Pukhranpa and Potsangpa, these two servants of the royal son Katwan, were sent to Loi to Suknu as both were found to be the aggressors (in the flogging in which Paonam died). 18 Wednesday, the royal son Katwan was summoned back from the Loi. 26 Wednesday, Soubwa aaondar Major left for Chadrakhong with 200 sepoys as it was reported that there was an uprising in that area. Yipungsi Aakhi was arrested and he was brought in (before the king) as it was said that he was the claimant for the throne. 27 Thursday, five gun shots were fired (to summon the people). Soukaicham Cha Major and Maisnam Cha Major, these two and others, left for Chandrakhong to face the uprising. On that day Yibungsi the Mantri died. A man from the Chingngakham family who lived in Aandro, and a maibi from the Yumkhaipam family who lived in Leirongthen, were arrested and brought (before the king). They were considered to have assisted Yirengpam Phoukakchaotaba (Yipungsi Aakhi) the claimant to the throne who had settled in Yirengpam Phukakchao. Yenkhoipa Makheng was killed and his corpse was exposed at Wangthonbi; Chingngakhampa Pundit was killed and his corpse was exposed at Aarongthong; Yirengpa Khaoton was killed at Chingmeirong and his corpse was exposed there; Yirengpa Dayananda was killed at Lamtong in Sangaiprou and his corpse was exposed there; Yirengpa Pangkoi was killed at Yiroisenpa and his corpse was exposed there; Tobichampa Mitlao was killed at Linlong and his corpse was exposed there; Wareppa Thampan was killed at Wangkhei Pungchao mound and his https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 221 corpse was exposed there (1). New–moon Sunday, one of the sons of the king of Pong and a man from the Sarotkhaipa family who lived in Chandrakhong, these two were also killed in Chandrakhong and their bodies were exposed there; Yirengpa Thuntangpa, Heikruchampa Hanchapa of Ningngen, and Thuntangpa’s son, these three were also killed in Ningngen as they were regarded to have been involved in the insurrection and their bodies were exposed there. Nongthonpa the Hanchapa of Sikhong was also killed in Sikhong and his body was exposed there. Yirengpa who was said to be the Senapati-designate, Nungsuk a miserable hunter from Aandro, and a brewer of Aandro liquor, these three were also killed in Aandro and their bodies were exposed there. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Monday. On that day, the royal son the Jubraj and his royal younger brother the Wangkheirakpa, these two and others, left for Aandro to establish villages. Thirty people from Chandrakhong and Ningngen who were blood relatives were also arrested and brought (before the king) on the charge of being involved at the insurrection. Yenkhoipa the Lakpa of Sanglen Institute, Loitongba Jatra, Loitongpa subidar, and Huirongpa Jugal Sing were arrested, brought (before the king) and kept in the Vijaya Garot on the charge that they were involved in the insurrection. Then they were sent to Suknu to be executed there. 2 Tuesday, both the royal sons returned. 3 Wednesday, a comet appeared in the northern sky. On that day all those who were arrested and brought (before the king), including Yipungsi Aakhi, on the charge of being involved in the insurrection were released. On that day all those who were arrested and brought (before the king) from Aantro were flogged and then set free. On that day Maipa Thiyam Thoupa, who had been handed over to be executed, was forgiven by the king and his life was spared and he was put in prison instead. 6 Sunday, Kamalakanto was summoned back from the Loi. 19 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. On that day Chingngakham Cha Pukhranpa was appointed Mantri and Kangngapam Cha Major was promoted to Pukhranpa. On that day Pukhranpa Tol Sing, Aatwa Thapan, Laiphrakpa Aatonpa, Yumkhaipa Maibi, Kangcham Bokun, Senchapa (who took bribes) aahondar, Pukhrihongpa Melei, Sanla (Sanlam) Samu aahondar, and Snapa Khomba were sent to prison on the charge that they were involved in the insurrection. Altogether these fourteen people (2) were also made to become inhabitants of Chandrakhong Khunou village. Bamon Aangangmacha from the Samulailatpam family (worshippers of Ganesh) was also sent to Chandrakhong. On that day, Laisrapa Khutlumpa, Konthou Khutlumpa, Meeyengpa Debchandra Khutlumpa, the sword–smith Marei, Kangngapa Chipa, Moirang Tolen a police constable, Snapa Samu, Sougaicham Cha a former aagari, Khumuchampa Hennoupa, Laisrapa Cheikok, Waikhwa Aangangmacha, Samulailatpam Bapuyaima, and Loitongbam Bapu, these eleven men along with two Bamons with their wives and children, were deported to Loi to Ningngen Kairam. 21 Sunday, Shrijut Maharaj selected 320 men to be the inner guard and after making them swear https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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allegiance to him at the mandwap of Shri Govinda, the Maharaj gave them uniforms of red shirts and trousers, and both the king and these men took oath. They (the inner guard) also paraded. 23 Tuesday, four tigers were caught in Wapakai. 26 Thursday, Soukaicham Cha Major was appointed Pukhranpa. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Wednesday. 6 Monday, Sanchenpa the astrologer was appointed Lakpa of the Institute (of Astrologers). On that day Longcham Cha Major was appointed Pukhranpa. Chongtham Cha mohondar was appointed Top Major (in the Top court). 12 Sunday, there was an earthquake. 14 Tuesday, there was an after shock. 15 Wednesday, there was another aftershock. 22 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Thursday. It was also an intercalary day. 5 Tuesday, a man from the Thouklaucham family at Heikruboroi was found hanged by the river during the night. 14 Wednesday, a man from the Yumnam family in Sachirok was brought to the Garot Court as it was said that a Meetei man had killed a Hao when they contested over the area where fishing traps could be laid. 17 Saturday, two elephants were taken to Mayang. 23 Friday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Saturday. On that day a sepoy who was in the Tulihan regiment was drowned in Yairipok. 7 Friday, an unmarried woman born into a Lukram family in Heinou Khongnembi was brought (before the king) as it was said that she had killed a little girl born into the Laisram family by drowning her and then had taken the gold earrings from the little girl. 10 Monday, Chingngakham Cha Mantri died. On that day Satpam Maiden, the wife of the royal son the Katwan, also died. 14 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Thangkan Major left for Mayang. 17 Sunday, the royal brother–in–law Nongmaithempa Lampong Hanchapa died. 23 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 28 Friday, Shrijut went to Aangom Leikai and caught a black tiger. There was an earthquake that day. New moon Sunday, a man who was cutting hay in the area of the Yiram Sepoys was found dead. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Monday. 13 Friday, Tamason Sahep arrived with his wife and they brought with them two bulls, two cows, and three sheep from Pratakora. On that day the pung clock in the Bijaya Garot started by itself. 22 Sunday, the Suto Sahep arrived from Mayang. 23 Monday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 27 Friday, Konchengpa Poilya, Lourempa sergeant, Sinaipa subidar, twenty Inner Poilya (the inner guard) with 105 sepoys of the land left to attack Kabo. The Suto Sahep also left with twenty of his sepoys. There was an earthquake that day. 28 Saturday, Kon Sahep arrived with fifty sepoys. New moon Monday, Doctor Sahep and Chiton Sahep arrived with two sepoys. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Tuesday. 6 Sunday, Bijuri Sahep (electrical engineer) arrived. Akon Sahep also arrived. 10 Wednesday, Pathar Sahep (the District Commissioner for the Hill Areas) arrived. On that day, as the skin of the Kori Pung drum which was used by the time–keeper from Takhen was torn, a new skin was stretched (on it). 12 Friday, the Maharaj and the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 223 three Saheps held a durbar. Full moon Monday, there was an earthquake. 16 Tuesday, the Haos from north Purum caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 17 Wednesday, the Haos in Kangtabi speared each other resulting in death. The aggressor was arrested and brought (before the king). 20 Saturday, Doctor Sahep, the Political (Agent) Sahep along with his wife and Soukaicham Cha Major, these three along with 200 Meetei sepoys and 200 British sepoys, with these 400 sepoys, left for the land of Aawa. 24 Thursday, (3) the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The army was made to camp by Kongkang stockade. Two Kapo Pungkris came there and they had a consultation (with the Manipuri party). They left immediately. 26 Saturday, three Kapo male (4) prisoners and others left, taking with them some papers which were a reply (to an earlier message). On that day, Soukaicham Cha Major and the Saheps crossed the Miya river in the eastern region and after crossing a high mountain range inspected the land. 27 Sunday, they climbed a high mountain on the western area (of the range) (5) and inspected the area. The salt well at Kongkan was inaugurated and they made salt. It was named Chandrapti. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Thursday. 7 Tuesday, (6) Louremapa sergeant and the Sahep left for Kapo. They reached Panlen on the same day. 7 Friday, (7) Konyang of Chasat along with eleven Haos came and paid obeisance to Shrijut, saying that they were his servants as they always had been. At that Sougkaichampa Major discussed with them about their coming and settling in the land of the Meeteis. 11 Saturday, there was an earthquake. Full moon Wednesday, the three Saheps and Khoisana poila left for Jatrik in the north. 15 Thursday, Soukaicham Cha Major and the two Saheps piled up stones at the foot–hills of Angngo mountain, on the western side of Thinlen river, and left them to mark the land boundary, as the boundary had been determined. The northern side (of the pile of stones) was the land of the Meeteis. The land on the west (of the stones) measuring 200 lams and which belonged to the Queen (Victoria) was in the land of the Kapos. Thus the land boundary was determined. Those Saheps who came were eight in number. 17 Friday, Soukaichampa Major along with Khoisna poila, Maimom Cha the Maipa Hanpa, and the Wujas of the astrologers inscribed on a stone what had taken place, and erected the stone by the bank of Namyang river at the foot of the pipal tree at Loirang. The 2nd day of the month of Phairen (January/February) Monday, the Political Sahep and his wife along with the Captain Sahep returned from their inspection of the land of Aawa. Soukaicham Cha Major also returned with two Saheps. 22 Wednesday, the Captain Sahep left for Mayang with the twenty Mayang sepoys. 23 Friday, (8) the Sangkranti of Wakching began. On that day the Sahep came in and held a durbar with Shrijut. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Friday. 8 Friday, the Maharaj left to dredge the Nganglou river. 10 Sunday, the Maharajah and the Sahep held a durbar. An eleven cannon salute was fired. On that day the Political Agent Sahep with his wife and the Captain Sahep, these three left for Mayang. On that day Thourani Aakoisu gave birth to a princess. The https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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baby died immediately at daybreak. 24 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Sunday. On that day 200 sepoys left for the battle. 6 Wednesday, the Maharaj planted a pipal tree at Wurokkhong. 8 Saturday, they built the earthen plinth of the Linlong market and the Maharaj planted four pipal trees there. He returned to the palace on the same day. On that day the Commissioner Sahep arrived from Mayang. A thirteen cannon salute was fired. 11 Wednesday, (9) four Saheps came in and held a durbar with the Maharaj. 14 Friday, Kangngapam Cha Major escorted the Chief Commissioner, Doctor Sahep, Captain Sahep, these three Saheps, back to the northern region. 23 Monday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. On that day, all the ladies of the royal household went down and inaugurated Linlong market. They also scattered sen (coins). A one gun salute was also fired. They returned to the palace on that day. New moon Sunday, a tiger was caught in Kampu in the Naharup (Pana). On that day Kangngapam Cha Major returned from escorting the Saheps. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Monday. 5 Friday, Khoisna poila and Aokon Sahep, these two who had gone to Chatrik, returned. 13 Saturday, the Maharaj left to inspect Linlong thingngen dam. 24 Wednesday was Bisnu Sankranti. 1

This uprising is recorded in detail in the letter from Lt. Col. J. Johnstone, Political Agent Manipur, to the Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Assam, no. 2D dated 25th January 1882 (see Foreign Department Political A, March 1882, Nos. 137/42 Manipur Affairs). 2 Supna 14 ma asiti: literally, altogether these fourteen (people). It is not clear if these fourteen people were from those who were imprisoned. 3 Discrepancy by one day. 4 Kapo lupa ahum: three Kapo lupas; lupa, probably a scribal error for nupa meaning male. 5 One of the several mountain ranges within Manipur. 6–9 Discrepancy on the dates.

Sakabda 1804 (1882 CE) The year of Aoina Purna, Sakabda 1804 (1882 CE). 25 Thursday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day of the month of Sachiphu. 26 Friday, Aokon Sahep left for Mayang. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Tuesday. 3 Thursday, the fair began. 7 Monday, the fair ended. 8 Tuesday, Yumnam Cha subidar of Kang brought with him 403 guns from Mayang. He also brought with him a red rodent and a variegated rodent as well. 14 Thursday, Katwan the royal son was summoned from Thangga. On that day, Sarungpa who lived in Keirao was found hanged. New moon Wednesday, there was a lunar eclipse. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Thursday. 3 Tuesday, (1) a tiger was caught in Yaran. 18 Sunday, a tiger was caught in Aouwang Yumnam Khunnou. 20 Tuesday, a man from the Moirangthem family in Aasei Loklen died as he was gored by a buffalo. 26 Monday, when it was inquired https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 225 as to whether Sinnan Cha Mitrenta Sing the Aarang Puren was the senior mahut or not, after consulting the records it was found that he was the senior mahut since the days of their grandfather. All the members from the Sinnam family who were from the line of Chungkhwapa were senior mahuts. This case was tried by the main Maipa Institute and those who were involved were Khumucham Cha the Head Pundit, all the hanchapas and the hidangs, and the royal grandson Shri the Lakpa of Khwai, (2) Mayang Lampu, the Sinaipa Hanpa, Yiroipa hanchapa of craftsmen, and Aahanthempa hanchapa of the Humairois (those who fan the king). They arrived at the verdict that Mahut Hanpa was in the right and he paid one lakh of sen as the court fee. 28 Tuesday, they milked 108 cows before the image of Shri Gobinda as there was a drought. 29 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, eight Bamons recited the Shri Bhagabot before the image of Shri Gobinda. 17 Friday, as Shrijut’s royal order was made known and when the royal grandson Shri the Lakpa of Khwai, Khumucham Cha the Head Pundit and all the hanchapas and hidangs were looking into the right place for the Sinaipa, it was found that concerning (lai) Yirom Khamlangpa, that the guardian of the lai should be attending to it and not the sinaipa, and the case was closed at the Main Maipa Institute after the payment of the court fee. Full moon Saturday, the area of the market was measured out and it was 222 Lams in the east and 66 Lams in the north and all the four sides were measured out (3). On that day Yenkhoipa the Sanglen Lakpa who had been summoned back from Aawa arrived. On that day when it was reported that Tulasi Mani subidar was descended from the family of Puyam Sinaipa – he had settled in Yoirenpam and his Piba was Tanjou a craftsman – the royal records were consulted in the presence of Shrijut and it was found not to be correct. The case was closed at the Main Maipa Institute after the payment of the court fee. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Sunday. On that day the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 2 Monday, Soukaicham Cha Major and the Sahep, these two left for Mayang. 8 Sunday, Khaithipa Maibi (4) who lived in Yairipok was made to become an inhabitant of Andro after he was found to have been having an affair with the wife of Sakonsenpa in Andro. On that day Wahengpa Pukchao caught a tiger in Aarong. 17 Tuesday, Aayekpa subidar and others, along with 100 sepoys, pursued the Chasat Khongchias who had escaped from (the place) where they had been detained by the market place after they had been arrested. 20 Tuesday, a Pangan who lived near the Thoupan Yirong was drowned. Sone the chief of the Khongchias and others who escaped were recaptured at Nungsin Yikpa in Kameng and they were brought back. On that day a Hao woman was drowned in Khuka. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Monday and it was an intercalary month. 2 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 4 Friday, Soukaicham Cha Major and the Sahep who went to Mayang returned. They brought gunpowder and 7 guns. 20 Saturday, the Phunan Hoas caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 22 Monday, a https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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man from the Wokram family who lived in Kakwa was drowned. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Wednesday. 4 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 5 Sunday, carpenter Rama, Yumnapa Wuthop, Chaoriya Chaopa, and Haongoupa from Kangtapi, these four were put in prison for killing their servants. Shrijut went down to Lamlongkei and caught a black tiger and three cubs alive. 6 Monday, a comet was seen in the eastern hemisphere. 24 Thursday, a man from the Chongtham family was made to become a Pangan as he was having a relationship with a Pangan woman. New moon Thursday, Thingpai subidar and others took 200 guns (to repair) to Mayang. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Friday. On that day there was an earthquake. Many died of cholera. 3 Sunday, there was an earthquake. On that day Chongtha the Pana Hajari died. Khundrakpa subidar and Yumkhaipa subidar, these two who had gone to bring guns, arrived with 200 guns from Mayang. 5 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 6 Wednesday, two tigers were caught alive in Haraoulou paddy field. On that day the Commissioner Sahep arrived. 17 Saturday, a man, who was a servant of Ningthem and who lived in Topkampu, fell and died in the Khwairampan market. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Saturday. 6 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 6 Thursday the Sangkranti of Mera began. 19 Wednesday, when investigations were carried out concerning Khutlem Sajou who lived in Khwai as to whether he was truly a craftsman, Sajou said that his grandmother had eloped with his grandfather from Pukhranpam and they lived at her home (5). During the case, all the Hanchapas and Hidangs of the Khutheipa Institute (craftsmen) were summoned and asked if they had any information on the matter; and after they had replied that they had no knowledge whether his (Sajou’s) father or grandfather did attend the (Khutheipa) Institute, the decision was made that what Sajou had said was correct, and the case was settled after the payment of the court fee. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Monday. There was an earthquake on that day. 5 Friday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 6 Saturday, Chongtham Cha the Top Major along with the Meetei polo players of the Meetei polo team left with the Sahep to play polo in Cachar. They took 150 horses with them. On that day, after the servant of Yikuthum Dewan in Konthoucham village had a disagreement with a follower of Laikangpa over the ownership of a paddy field, it ended in a fight in which Laikangpa was killed and his corpse was brought in by the villagers. 7 Sunday, the Sahep also left for Cachar. 18 Wednesday, a tiger was caught in Aathokpam village. A man from the Sakonsem family died after a tiger had bitten him. 22 Sunday, there was an earthquake. New moon Tuesday, two tigers were caught in Phoiching. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Wednesday. 5 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 7 Monday, Chongtham Cha the Top Major and others who went to play polo in Cachar returned. 8 Tuesday, Saikhupa kut captured thirty three Khongchais from the area of Kapo and they were brought in. Full moon Tuesday, a https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 227 maidservant of Yumnapa Kothontar in Topkampu was found hanged. 18 Friday, Kangngapa Major and the Sahep left for Kalikata (Calcutta). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Thursday. 7 Wednesday, three tiger cubs were caught in Khaitem village. 9 Friday, Soukaichampa Major and the three Saheps who had gone to the northern region returned. 19 Monday, when it was reported that the Thoupan river was about to flood the salt well in Yitham, the royal son the Jubraj and most of the people of the land went down to Yitham to dam the Thoupan river. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Saturday. 6 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 19 Wednesday, a black tiger was caught in Aoinam village. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Sunday. 3 Tuesday, one Major Sahep and one Colonel Sahep, these two Saheps, arrived. 5 Thursday was Bisu Sankranti. 1 2 3 4 5

Discrepancy on the date. Khwai Rai Rakpa: Rai scribal dittography. 220 by 66 lams, a rectangular shaped market. Khaithipa Maibi: Khaithipa is a male name. Term maibi is used for female religious functionaries. Chenlakpani: from chenba, to run, to run away, to elope; term indicates that they eloped and lived virilocally.

Sakabda 1805 (1883 CE) The year of Shri Waikhwa Deva Sing, Sakabda 1805 (1883 CE). 6 Friday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. On that day all the newly married and all the maidens of all the families from the four Leikais of Wahengpam, Kangngabam, Keisam, and Yenlangbam Leikais were made to perform the (Lai) Haraoba Dance wearing the Potloi costumes for merrymaking (1) at the outer Polo Ground. One Mem Sahep (European lady), the Colonel Sahep, and the Sahep who was already living in Manipur, these three, watched the performance. 7 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Sachiphu began. On that day (2) the Mem Sahep and the Colonel Sahep, these two left for Mayang. 12 Thursday, Soukaicham Cha Tulihan Major along with the Sahep left for Mayang. 16 Monday, Shrijut left to inspect Yitham and Ningngen. 18 Wednesday, the chief of Aangom, Kangngapa Major, and Maisna Major, these three, riding on elephants inspected all the areas covered by four Leikais, the villages and Yimphan (Imphal) so that the areas might be demarcated. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Monday. On that day a cow died when it was struck by lightning in the area of the Yiramsiphai regiment. 8 Monday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. On that day Saoukaicham Cha Major and the Sahep returned from Mayang. On that day a child was drowned in Pangan Haoribi. 13 Saturday, Shrijut and the Sahep held a durbar. 13 Sunday, (3) Thourani the Wusam maiden gave birth to a princess at two pung hours after the morning yuthak but the child died on the third day. 14 https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Monday, Pamon Tepantra’s son was put in the Garot (prison) for stealing clothes from Shri Govinda’s mantop. On that day a man from the Thiyam family in Keisampat was drowned. 20 Monday, Aangou from the Laitoncham family, who belonged in the Heingang Company (battalion), came in to Wakanpam maibi intending to have sexual relations with her, and when he was refused he raped her. When Wakampa Naoaonlo tried to restrain him, Laiton Aangou struck him with the sword and Wakampa died. Laiton Aangou was arrested and he was brought up to the Garot Court. He was put in the custody of the army immediately. On that day a message was proclaimed by the town crier riding on an elephant that Longjampa Aakari’s wife was missing, but he kept her secretly in hiding. 21 Monday, swarms of butterflies flew from the west towards the east. 22 Tuesday, when Ancestor Pakhangpa appeared in the house of the royal grandson the Lakpa of Khwai (as a python) it was taken to the palace. 28 Sunday, the Aanan Haos caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). On that day a large number of eels floated on the water. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Wednesday. On that day Laiton Aangou was executed in Khwairampan (market). 9 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. On that day Kangngapa Major and the Doctor Sahep, these two left to attack the Maram Haos. On that day a daughter from the Khangchrakpam family in Yumnamleikai was drowned. 16 Thursday, one Khongchai man was drowned in the Khuga river. 19 Saturday, (4) Kangngapa Major and the Sahep, who had gone to attack the Maram Haos, returned. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, a man from the Yumnam family in Moirangkhom died of sudden adult death syndrome. The house was declared ritually unclean. 4 Sunday, a man from the Maibam family in Phachangkhong hit a man from the Khaithem family with the yoke of a plough, (5) as he was having an extramarital relationship with his mother–in–law, and he died. The wife was brought to the Garot court. 11 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 21 Wednesday, a woman from the Pukhranpam family in Sakonpan was drowned. On that day Heitham Cha Ratan Sing yoirenpa, Tongpram Aaseipa Hanpa (lead singer), Ngangngompa yoiren hiding, and Luwang Sangba Aaseipa hidang, these four men planted pipal trees at Chakhaba. They also planted (trees) in Nahapham. 25 Sunday, brine from the salt wells of Chandrakhong, Ningngen, and Sikhong, from these three wells were brought into the palace and they made salt. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Saturday. 7 Friday, Shrijut Maharaj and the Sahep held a durbar in the band house. 8 Saturday, a woman from the Thoutam family in Kokchai was drowned. 9 Sunday, a daughter from the Ningthoucham (6) family in Yithai was drowned. 13 Thursday, (7) the Sangkranti of Thawan began. On that day at five pung hours after the morning yuthak they began to build the Nongpok thong (eastern door). 19 Wednesday, a man from the Ningthonbam family in Keinou was gored by a buffalo and he died. 28 Thursday, the Sahep joined the celebration riding on an elephant. The month of Langpan (August/September) https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 229 began on Sunday. On that day when the Hiraopa (8) was performed in the presence of Shrijut, the king announced his pleasure and happiness at the celebration to all the courtiers of the land. On that day Takhenlambam Cha Lomba Jatra was made to move house with all his family, wife, children, and grandchildren, from Potsangpa to Khapham Pana and become a member of the Pana, according to the royal order given by Shrijut. As for him (Lomba Jatra), he became the Nourumhan (9) of Khapham Pana. All those who were involved in taking this decision, who included the royal son the Jubraj, were Yingu Aangoupanba, Yingu Khwairakpa, Saoukaicham Cha Tulihan Major, Kangngapam Cha Tulinaha Major, all the hanchapas and hidangs of the Khapham Main Institute. In the presence of Shrijut a court fee of one san of gold and one Indian (silver) rupee was paid. Court fees were also paid to the Cheirap and the Garot Courts. 2 Monday, they cast lots for the bow and the stern positions in the barges, and immediately as the start was announced the race began and not a moment was lost. The riders in the bow of the barge who supported the tengmai (10) were men from the Garot Court. 3 Tuesday, four tigers were caught in Wuchiwa. 6 Friday, the royal son the Samu Hanjapa left to hunt elephants riding an elephant, along with Maisna Major and 400 sepoys (11). On that day, when it was reported that one Khongchai Hao snatched yu (rice beer) from a Kapui Hao and not only drank it but also cut the ears off the Kapui Hao with a knife, the Khongchai Hao was arrested and was put in prison immediately. 7 Sunday, (12) a woman with child was drowned in Linlong. 14 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 19 Thursday, (13) a man from the Yumnam family in Khuntrakpam village was drowned. 21 Saturday, a male servant of Yampempa jamandar was drowned in Haroaurou. 23 Monday, they began to build a brick wall round the Thangkampat moat. On that day, they also began to build a bridge opposite the Cheirap (Court) and the South bridge, these two bridges. On that day, Shri the royal son the Samu Hanchapa and Maisna Major returned from their elephant hunt in Suknu. They caught fourteen elephants and they were presented (to the king). On that day dogs howled greatly in the area of Chingkangpam Khongnang. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Tuesday. 3 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Major left with 300 sepoys to attack the Somareng Haos. 4 Friday, a message was proclaimed by the town crier riding on an elephant in the market place that Heikrujampa subidar was found to be missing along with his male servant and female servants. 5 Saturday, a man from the Khongpantabam family was drowned. On that day nine Somareng Hoas were put in prison. 6 Wednesday, (14) a man from the Aoinam family in Khurai was drowned. 16 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 18 Friday, a Bamon woman in Bamonleikai was found hanged from a tree. On that day a male Purum Hao was drowned. 22 Monday, the elephant Moirangsa killed a man from the Yumnam family in Kokchai. 26 Friday, Kangngapam Cha Major returned from his journey to the northern region. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Thursday. 2 https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Friday, man from the Aakoijam family in Aoinam Thingen was drowned. 7 Wednesday, Heikruchamba subidar and others, along with 200 sepoys, left to wage war in the northern region. 11 Sunday, Chingngakhampa the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana) died. On that day the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 21 Wednesday, Shrijut went to Lilong to feast on fish. On that day, when a fight broke out in Konthoujam village between Laikangpa, who was a minion, and Haopa, a servant Yingkutumba Dewan, together with two Haomachas (from the Haomacha Institute), these three on one side, Laikangpa the minion died. Hao Ngaopa was put in prison and the sentence was for life. Those two Haomachas were also put in prison for blindly being involved in the fight. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, Satok a piba was arrested and brought before the royal presence for saying that he was a khutheipa (skilled craftsman) (15). When the case was discussed and the royal records were consulted on the royal order, it was discovered that the accused was not listed as a craftsman. The case was thus closed. Those who were involved in the trial were the royal grandson the Lakpa of Khwai, Khumuchampa the Head Pundit, the hanchapa and the hidang from the Main Maipa Institute, the hanchapa and the hidang from the Khutnaipa and Sinnaipa (professional) (16) Institutes, all of them were involved. The court fee was paid. 4 Monday, when the family of Niyar Sing sinnaipa, who had settled in Khwai, was arrested and brought before (the king) for saying that he was a descendant of a sinnaipa, the case was tried by the royal grandson the Lakpa of Khwai, Khumuchampa Pundit, with all the hanjapas and hidangs of the Aaphoupa Khutheipa Institute, and after consulting the royal records following the royal order, it was discovered that he was not a descendant from the family of a sinnaipa, and Niyar Sing’s family was declared to be in the right. The court fee was paid. 14 Thursday, a tiger was caught in Leisangkhong and presented (to the king). 15 Friday, a male Pangan who lived in Keikhu was found hanged from a tree. 20 Tuesday, when Wangkhei subidar and others with 100 sepoys went to the Aawang Haos in Chingsong to collect the tribute payments which were overdue, a man from the Khundrakpam family from Mayanglangching was pierced by the spear by a Hao. 21 Wednesday, the royal son the Samu Hanjaba, along with Maisna Samu Major, (and) Aathokpa poila, left with 286 sepoys to hunt elephants at the southern region. On that day the royal son the Samu Hanjaba caught two tigers at Thopan Khekman and they were presented (to the king). One of them was caught by Chatra, who was a minion at the Haomacha (Institute). 26 Tuesday, three men from Pukhao from the families of Mutum, Nongmaithem, and Aakoicham who were absconding to Kapo were arrested and they were brought (before the king). 29 Friday, they began to build the Nongpokthong bridge. Saturday was new moon. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Sunday. 7 Saturday, Thoutapa Sekhar from Mayang Yimphal was arrested and brought up and kept under the custody of the Dollai (Tulai) Paba as his wife died when he beat her. At Chingngamakha also one of the children of https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 231 Thongngaiba, a minion of the male choir, was burnt to death. 8 Sunday, Loitongpa Maring was also arrested from Mayang and was sent to prison. 16 Sunday, it was found that the wife of a Sahep who was stationed in Heinoupok was abducted to a paddy field at night and was abused (17) by three men who also snatched a red felt cloth from her. 17 Monday, the royal son the Samu Hanjaba, the Tolairoi Hanjapa, and Laisraba Major returned from the elephant hunt. One elephant was shot and they brought the tusks. The elephant attacked one Pangan and a man from Chairen, these two were injured. On that day the Sangkranti of Wakching also began. 21 Friday, they began to build the shrine for (Lai) Snamahi. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Tuesday. 13 Saturday, the Sahep and the Major returned. 14 Sunday, Shrijut and the Sahep had a durbar. 16 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. On that day all the Sepoys paraded in the presence of Shrijut and all the noblemen of the land. All the soldiers were presented with medals. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, a woman born in the Thangcham family in Waripok was expelled to Kapo as it was said that she had burnt a house. 5 Sunday, a case was lodged in the royal presence against the Konsams who lived in Yairipok that they were craftsmen who were the smelters of brass. But when the case was heard in the royal presence and after royal records were consulted, it was found that the accusation was false. They were set free. 17 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 18 Friday, Thourani Maipya died. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Friday. 2 Saturday, an unmarried maiden from a Konok family who lived in Konok Thingen and who was five months pregnant was found hanged from a tree (18). Her lover, who was the grandson of a Bamon and had immigrated from Tekhao, was put in prison in chains in the Garot Court. 16 Friday was Bisu Sankranti. 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9

Harao potloi: literally, potloi worn in the merry making dance: an ankle-length skirt made of bright red or green satin, studded with mirror work and silver sequins on a wide hem, with a very stiff lining, thus forming a hooped skirt with the upper part gathered at the waist. The gathered portion of the skirt was copied from Hindu women in Brindabon, while the stiff hooped portion with silver and sequence work was traditionally Meetei. Potloi was introduced into the Hindu Ras Lila. Now potloi is worn by brides at Hindu Meetei weddings as well as in performances of the Ras Lila. Scribal dittography. Discrepancy on the date. Discrepancy on the date. Potpu: the cross–piece of the plough to which the bulls are yoked. Ningthoucham jam: jam, scribal dittography. Sakok: abbreviation for Sakonsen, Thursday. Hiraopati: conflation of Hi and Haroapa; hi boat, haraopa, festival, celebration; the festival of boat race. First time the term Hiraopa is used in place of Hiyang Tannapa, Hiyang Boat Race. Nourum Han: chief or lead oarsmen, stroke. First time this term is used.

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10

Tengmai: term used for the chief or head of an Institute. Here Tengmi is the chief person in the boat race. The Meetei boat race is more than just contesting the speed in rowing but also is a celebration – it is a celebration as well as a sport. The Tengmai, leader, stands straight in a poised and dignified manner dressed in full traditional attire at the bow of the boat challenging the opposing crew, while his chosen supporters hold him firm as the oarsmen take up the rowing. The boats are large barges and very different from the present day racing boats. It is a festival as well as a sport. First time this term is used. 11 Samuta tangna tanpa: tangna for tongna, riding on an elephant; tanpa, to hunt elephants. 12–14 Discrepancy on the dates. 15 Khutheipa: a craftsman who works with his hands. Such people could be from amongst the incoming labourers also, and not necessarily from the original inhabitants of the land, to whom various skilled professional tasks were allotted on the basis of families (see next note). 16 Khutheipa or khutnaipa and Sinnaipa: skilled professional people. During the reign of Loiyumpa (sakabda 996/1074 CE) every family was allotted a specific craft and the preservation and improvement of the crafts were thus secured under Institutions which oversaw them 17 Sannaramye: past tense of verb sannaba, to play; literally, three men played with the woman, probably a gang rape. First time this term is used to describe such an incident. 18 There is a ballad based on this incident, and many plays have been staged bringing out the social barriers imposed by the Hindu caste system which forbade this maiden to marry the man she loved. The maiden’s name was Mainu Pemcha from an indigenous Konok family, and the man’s name was Bora Chaoba, a descendant of an immigrant Bamon family.

Sakabda 1806 (1884 CE) The year of Heisna Tharmo Sing, Sakabda 1806 (1884 CE). 17 Saturday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 18 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Sachiphu began. 21 Wednesday, (1) two Saheps arrived from the northern region. 22 Thursday, Shrijut Maharaj and the Sahep held a durbar. 24 Sunday, a man from the Yenlangbam family from Chachingpitra died from an injury which he received from bricks which were thrown down (in a construction site). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Saturday. 3 Monday, the fair was opened with a one cannon salute. 16 Sunday, a meteorite fell. On 17 Monday also another fell. On that day Shri Pancha Jukta Manipureswar Lairen Meetingu Chandrakirti Singh Naochinglen Nongdren Khomba Maharaj assembled on the veranda of the royal palace Shri the royal son the Jubraj, along with all his other royal sons, all the princes in the Cheirap Court, the Generals and the Colonels, (2) all the Majors, and the poilas in the Bijoya Garot, Shri Guruji and Shri Peposhtakari, the hanjabas, hidangs of Sarmas, (3) and the Pamon Sopha (sobha), and held a durbar. It was announced at the durbar that the king himself had given his

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Translation 233 royal order and had exempted all children, grandchildren, and all the descendants of Shri Kangngapam Cha Major the Pukhranpa, from all hard labour and compulsory duty to the state as long as there is fire and water on the earth, and that this was the king’s solemn promise in the presence of all those assembled. The king’s royal order was announced to the country and the Durbar. Court fees were paid to Shri Gobindaji, Balaram Krishna, Shri Jaganathji, to all of them and to Shri the queen mother, to each of them two muhors (4) weight of gold and two round coins of silver, and to the rest, including the Brammhon Sapha, each according to his rank and status. 18 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 26 Wednesday, Khumucham Cha the Pundit Aachoupa (Head Pundit) died. On that day Sarangthem Cha Pundit was appointed the Pundit Aachoupa. 21 Thursday, a woman born into the Thokchom family in Moirang was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) in the market place for aborting a pregnancy after having extramarital relations with a man from the Thongngam family. Immediately after the punishment she was sent back to her family. Thongngaipa (who fathered the baby) was sent to prison and Meikam maibi the midwife was deported to Loi to Panlen. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Sunday. On that day, Chingngkhampa poila caught a tiger at Thoupan Yirong. 6 Friday, a woman from the Pamon Kanouchi family (an immigrant from Kanouj) was sent to yaithipi (the untouchable community) when it was discovered that she was having an extramarital relationship with a man from the Yaithipi group (5). As for her food and support the Yaithipis were told to keep her. Full moon Sunday, a tiger was caught at Laikhong. On that day the Commissioner Sahep arrived from the northern region. 16 Monday, a play named Wuchek Prpa (6) was staged. 20 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 24 Tuesday, Wurek a servant of a Bamon was flogged in the Sna Keithen royal market for having extramarital relations with the wife of a man from the Huirengbam family, and then was set free. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, they began to build the Wuttra (Utra) in the fifth pung hour after the daybreak yuthak. 7 Sunday, as it was said that a man born in Yirengbam family was having extramarital relations with the daughter of Thongngaipa the Lanlup Chingpa in Haobam Marak, both of them were brought up to the Garot Court. On that day Pheiroijampa a servant of the royal son the Sakon Hanchapa, a man born in the Thongchom family, Loukrakpa a servant of the royal son the Katwan, and Thongngaiba a servant of Shrijut, these four were flogged in the market place for stealing horses. Then they were set free. 12 Saturday, two men from Siroi, nineteen from Nuhara, twenty–seven from Nungbi, and two from Khambason, all these Haos were sent to prison as it was said that they were fighting and killing each other. On that day, a tiger was caught in Moirang and it was presented (to the king). 14 Wednesday, a tiger was caught at Sachep and presented (to the king). 22 Tuesday, a man from the Nongmaithem family who lived (and worked) in the Sahep’s house was drowned. 23 Monday, the Sangkranti of https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, many sparrows died on Thoupan Tomching mountain top. 4 Saturday, Kangngapam Cha Major left with seventy–five sepoys to attack Kongkan. 7 Tuesday, the king’s personal horse died. 8 Wednesday, a tiger was caught alive in Changangkei and it was presented (to the king). Full moon Wednesday, a Pangan in Haoreipi was drowned. On that day Kangngapam Cha Major returned from Kongkan. 16 Friday, a man from the Aayekpam family from Kapowakching was sent to prison for stealing cattle. 24 Friday, a meteorite fell. 25 Saturday, Sam Beda (Veda), Jajur Beda, Rik Beda and Atharba Beda, all these four arrived from Shri Brindaban. On that day the Sangkranti of Thawan began. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Thursday. 10 Sunday, two tigers were shot at Wurup, one was shot by Chayingu Captain and the other was shot by Chongtham Cha the Top Major. 11 Monday, they began to build the boat house at seven pung hours before the dusk yuthak at Sansenthong market. On that day a man from the Mayengbam family in Kapo Leikai was found hanged from a tree. 12 Tuesday, the Sahep took two tiger skins and displayed them (at an exhibition). 14 Thursday, Kangngapam Cha Major left for Laimaton to repair the road. 17 Sunday, a Ngammei Hao who was in prison escaped. 19 Tuesday, Kangngapam Cha Major who went to repair the road at Laimaton returned. 20 Wednesday, Shrijut Maharaj held a durbar with the Sahep. 24 Saturday, the Sahep left for Mayang. 27 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Saturday. 5 Wednesday, a tiger was caught in Ngeirangbam and it was presented (to the king). 5 Sunday, Maibam Cha the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana) died. Full moon Monday, Sampan Tura the astrologer and Konok Komalakanto, these two, predicted a lunar eclipse at six pung hours after the midnight yuthak on that date, and that it would last till two pung hours before the dawn yuthak, and that from the day break yuthak the day would be regarded as ritually clean (7). But Sansenpa the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers and all the other astrologers said that the eclipse would take place during the pre–dawn yuthak and would continue till after the daybreak yuthak for two pung hours in that yuthak; and it would become ritually clean (only) after two pung hours into the daybreak yuthak. When it was checked out all the astrologers were proved right. 20 Thursday, a message was proclaimed by the town crier riding on an elephant in the market place that when the Konoks had refused to eat the Krakidan (8) but it had been ignored; because of this any Meetei who had entered into the house of a Konok was (to be) deported to Loi, and (so would they) if any Meetei were to enter into the house of a Konok in the future; (9) also if any Bamon were to enter into the house of a Konok, that Bamon would be made to become a Konok. 27 Thursday, Soukaicham Cha Tulihan Major left for Mayang to meet the Sahep. On that day Chairen Mitlu caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). On that day the Sangkranti of Mera began. New moon Sunday, Thampou the daughter of Mutwa https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 235 aamondar in Patsoi died from an injury she received from a tool while she was being raped by Nanteipa Sangkoi. The month of Hiyangkei (10) (October/ November) began on Monday. 10 Wednesday, a tiger was caught in north Sawompung and presented (to the king). 11 Thursday, the General Sahep arrived. An eleven cannon salute was fired. On that day a message was proclaimed by the town crier riding on an elephant in the market place that a man from the Lourenbam family in Sekta and another man from the Singkam family, these two men, were missing. 17 Thursday, a man from the Yumnam family, another from the Huitrom family, and yet another man from the Waikhom family, these three men in Langchei were arrested and brought in as they were found picking lemons after disguising themselves (11) as the royal son Katwan. 27 Friday, all three men who were picking lemons were exposed in the market place on a platform built for that purpose. 28 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. On that day those three men from the families of Yumnam, Huitrom and Waikhom were put in prison. On that day a man from the Thoukraojam family, two men of Bamon Aaribam family, a man from the Bamon Samulailatpam (Samurai) family, and a man from the Bamon Aanoubam family, these five men were arrested and brought up for robbing a Pangan of his silver rupees. Thoukraojam was put in prison. One Bamon Aaribam was deported to Loi to Kameng enclosed in a long fishing trap. Bamon Samurailatpam was deported to Loi to Kakching Khunou, the other Bamon Aaribam was deported to Loi to Chairen, Bamon Aanoubam was deported to Loi to Kakching Khunlen. The month of Poinu (November/ December) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, the Hao who killed Chingangba aamondat in Aawang Hithen was executed in Huitraobi. After that …(13). 6 Monday, there was an earthquake at five pung hours after the daybreak yuthak. On that day, at the Lourembam homestead in Wangkhei Leikai, Sarangthem Cha Pundit Aachoupa (the Head Pundit) Wangkhei Pundit, Heitham Cha the Yoren Hanba, and Maimom Cha the Maipa Hanpa (the Head Maipa) from the main Maipa Institute met, and when all of them said that there was a homestead which belonged to the attendant of (the descendants of) Khamsang Haopa, it was refuted by the royal grandson the Lakpa of Khurai, Moirangthem Cha Pundit, Laitonjam Cha the Lakpa of the Yisei Sakpa Institute (Institute for singers), and Khuntratukpa the scribe who was also the the Lanlup Chingpa (head of the Lanlup). As there was a disagreement, and two diverse opinions, the case was brought before the royal presence of Shrijut. As Shrijut gave his royal order to the royal son the Jubraj to attend to the case, the Jubraj assembled the Aangom chief, Kangngapa Major, Maisna Major, Ningthouchamba the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana), and discussed the case with all present at his residence (in the) palace. When the royal grandson the Lakpa of Khurai asked for evidence as a sign to confirm (their statement), and when the Maipa replied that all of them could sign with their own hands as a witness to their statement, the royal grandson the Lakpa of Khurai said that as for him and his group they refused to give a signed statement. At this https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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all those assembled decided that the Maipa was in the right, and when their finding was reported to Shrijut it was declared that the main Maipa Institue was in the right. Laiton the Lakpa of the Institute of Yisei Sakpa, and Khuntrakpa from the scribes who was also the Lanlup Chingpa (Head of the Lanlup), these two were punished in the Kei. Instead the book compiled by Khuntrakpa the Lamlup Chinga, which was entitled Meihoubaron Kangleiron (genealogical record of the inhabitants of Kangla) which was not in use, was washed and cleansed in the presence of Shrijut. 10 Friday, a tiger was caught in Khorikhun and it was presented (to the king). Full moon Tuesday, Soukaicham Cha Tulihan Major and the Sahep left for Moirang to inspect the place. On that day as it was said Tanchao a Hao, a cobbler, had killed a calf which belonged to a minion of Miasnam Maiba in Thangmeiban, Tanchao was arrested and was taken to the Garot Court. 16 Wednesday, when a woman born into the Wahengbam family in Wahengbam Leikai was reported as being with child after having extramarital relations with a Bamon from the Guru Mayum family into which a princess had been married, but as the Bamon male denied paternity and also having any extramarital relations with the woman, the case was brought before Shrijut. The royal order was given that if there was disagreement between the parties then they should be brought before Shri Govindaji and their case should be tried by divine ordeal, in which they would have to scramble for the gold and silver pieces. As the Pamon (was successful in the ordeal) he was declared to be in the right the woman was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) in the market place. And as for the child it was to be considered as an adopted child. 24 Thursday, Soukaichampa Major and the Sahep these two returned. On that day as they found four Maram Haos had killed two Hao porters who were carrying ivory tusks on their journey, these four Maram Haos were sent to prison. 28 Monday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Thursday. On that day the General Sahep and Tan Sahep, these two, left for Thipommee. 9 Friday, the Commissioner Sahep and the General Sahep, these two, returned from the northern region with Kangngapa Major. A thirteen cannon salute was fired. On that day the Luwang chief from the village of Lamlang came and presented to Shrijut one bossed gong. 10 Saturday, there was a polo match. The Saheps were invited to watch the game. 12 Monday, four Saheps held a durbar with Shrijut. On that day a boat race between the Hao Machas and the Ningthou Senpas was held as the four Saheps wished to see a boat race. As for the one who normally took the position of standing at the prow of the fast barge, the Lanlup Chningpa of Masang Institute took that position. 13 Tuesday, the Commissioner Sahep and the General Sahep left for Mayang. 27 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Saturday. On that day, the Pangan who ran to the Sahep for protection was sent back (to the king) saying that it was not the correct thing to do. 18 Monday, the royal son Jilla Ngamba was given the sacred thread of the Hindu https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 237 faith. The bridge in front of the Cheirap Court was inaugurated. 19 Tuesday, Soukaicham Cha Major and the Sahib, these two, left for Kongan stockade. On that day a tiger was found dead in the garden of Naoriya subidar in Kapo Leikai. As Shrijut had given the royal order to go down and perform an appeasement rite, (and) since nothing like that had taken place in the past, the Pundits performed an appeasement rite. 27 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Monday. 11 Wednesday, Soukaicham Cha Major and the Sahib returned from Kongkan. 14 Saturday, a tiger cub was caught in Lansonbi by Chingkangpam Chaopa. 23 Monday, Chingkangpam Cha Aaton Chaopa caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 27 Friday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Monday. On that day a maiden born into the Ningonbam family (and) married into the Laishram family in Wangkheileikai was found hanging from a tree. 5 Saturday, the Kaprang Haos caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 8 Tuesday, when Loktonpa Gobinda and Khaithipa Chaopatan, these two, were running away with a married woman and three maidens, with these four women, they were arrested by the Haos of Mayangkhang and they were brought back. 10 Thursday, while a Hao at Leisangkhong Thingkhon was sitting down with a gun already loaded with the gunpowder about to shoot a pig, his younger brother pulled him up from the raised plinth of the house where he was sitting, (and) the gun went off accidentally and killed the younger brother. Full moon Monday, there was a lunar eclipse. On that day a Pangan and a Hao were sent to prison as it was said that they had snatched a phanek (skirt) (14) from the market. 24 Thursday, as a sword–smith from Kameng, along with twelve people of Kameng, was running away to Kapo, they were captured and put in prison. On that day as it was said that the brass utensils (15) which were (in the shrine of) Ancestor Snamahi had been stolen, some people from that locality were arrested and brought in and detained in the Garot Court. 25 Friday, a tiger was caught at Nungkoi. 27 Sunday was Bisu Sankranti. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Scribal dittography. Charnen, Krnen: for General and Colonel. The scribe has difficulty representing the unfamiliar sound j (which the Meetei Mayek script does not have). Sarma for Sharma: Hindu Brahmin caste. First time the word is used. One muhor of gold weighs 11.664 grams. Yaithipi: conflation of yai, precious; thipi, feminine form, meaning unpleasant, inauspicious. Wuchek Prpa: Wuchek, bird; Prpa, for Bengli parba, meaning chapter or section. Sengle: will be ritually clean. Meetei Hindus regarded the period during an eclipse as ritually unclean. Krakidan: probably scribal error for Kalidan for offering to the Hindu goddess Kali. regarded as an inauspicious goddess who feeds on human flesh; to eat any offerings to her would not bring blessing.

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238 9 10 11 12

13 14 15

The Cheitharon Kumpapa The second part of the sentence is cryptic; the structure of the sentence implies that as it had been a cause of deportation previously so it would be in the future. Hiyangtha: in place of Hiyangkei, scribal error. As all three men could not have disguised themselves as one Katwan, the sentence is rather obscure; presumably two were disguised as servants of the Katwan. Ruppa rut touyi: Ruppa, Indian rupee silver coin; rup touba, to commit rup; rup for Bengali lut, meaning to plunder, to loot, to ravage etc. In Manipuri, the term is used to indicate armed robbery with violence. Incomplete sentence. It is not clear if the phanek or skirt was from the display for sale in the market or seized from a woman’s body with bad intentions. Kon: brass utensils in the shrine of Snamahi; or alternatively kon is short for konmai, brass mask.

Sakabda 1807 (1885 CE) The year of Khoirupa Nabasyam, Sakabda 1807 (1885 CE). 28 Monday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Thursday. 2 Friday, a tiger was caught at Kwarok and it was presented (to the king). Two people died (in the hunt). Khumanthem Kut died but the Pangan survived (1). 3 Saturday, the fair began. 6 Monday, a man from the Seram family in Wurup became a Pangan after marrying a Pangan woman. On that day Thingen (dam) in Khorikhun was blocked up. 11 Saturday, one of the Sahep’s sepoys died from a fall at Yaisang. 22 Wednesday, Thourani Heikha gave birth to a girl. On that day, as it was said that a dagger and two Risa swords were found in the prison, Khaithipa Tamra Sing and messenger Sekhwar Sing, these two, and others including prisoner Tangakhara, were flogged. 29 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Friday. 7 Thursday, the royal daughter who was married into the Nongmaithem family died. 11 Sunday, emissaries from Aawa arrived. 16 Friday, two escaped Hao prisoners were captured by the Kapo sepoys in Wakching and they were brought back. But one of them escaped after attacking one of the sepoys with a sword. 23 Saturday, the Aawa emissaries left. 24 Sunday, the royal daughter Thatoi Sna died. 25 Monday, Soukaicham Cha Major the Lakpa of Aahanlup (Pana) left for the land of Kapo with the Sahep. On that day the royal son Gandhar Sing died. The month of Yinga was an intercalary month. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Sunday. On that day the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 3 Tuesday, the Haos from Lempa village caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). On that day a woman born in the Yumnam family at Pukhao was found hanged from a tree. 8 Monday, (2) Soukaicham Cha Tulihan Major returned with the Sahep. 13 Sunday, (3) a man from the Hiekrucham family in Sanlungpham was drowned. On that day Kangngapam Cha Tulinaha Major left to wage war on the northern region. 22 Tuesday, a tiger was caught in Langkoncham. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Monday. On that https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 239 day Kangngapam Cha Major returned from the northern region. 2 Tuesday, there was an earthquake. 5 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 10 Tuesday, Yipungsi the Lakpa of the Institute of eunuchs died. 12 Thursday, the royal son the Lakpa of Phungkanai Institute (4) caught a tiger at Wurup and it was presented (to the king). 18 Thursday, Bamon Phurailatpa was deported to Loi to Chairen with his wife and children as he had eloped with daughter of Bamon Bragha (as a second wife). Khaithipa subidar’s daughter, who was the match–maker, was deported to Loi to Panlen. 22 Tuesday, a woman born into the Meikam family in Mayang Yumphal was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) in the market place, as it was said that she had aborted a pregnancy after an extramarital relationship with a man from the Laisram family. Sangbam the midwife from Meitan (who ministered the abortion) was exposed in the market place. Laisrapa who fathered the child was put in prison. On that day two trees from the Mahabali (grove) fell down. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Tuesday. On that day as it was said that a man from the Wokkram family was sitting on the Hokeibi Stone in Khongnang Pheitekpi, (5) he was put in iron chains in the Cheirap Court. 6 Sunday, a Hao prisoner escaped. On that day the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 12 Saturday, Khuraichampa Rajkhwa died. 25 Friday, the emissary from Aawa arrived. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Wednesday. 6 Monday, the emissary from Aawa returned. 8 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Friday. 4 Monday, a Sahep returned to Mayang. 6 Friday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 12 Tuesday, a crow flew from the southern direction and perched on the men (6). Immediately it dropped dead (and fell) off the seat. Many crows also died in the housing areas. 26 Saturday, a cow was drowned in the watering place by Shri Govinda’s (temple). On that day iron ore was brought from Loktak and they began to make a scimitar. The person who brought the iron-ore was Wangkhei Pundit. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Saturday. On that day a man from the Yumlenpam family escaped from prison. 8 Monday, the night quarter for the king’s guards was set alight. On that day the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 12 Thursday, the Commissioner Sahep, the Political Agent Sahep, the Chief Secretary Sahep, and the Shuto Sahep, these four Saheps arrived. A thirty–three cannon salute was fired. 13 Friday, a polo game was played for the four Saheps to watch. 14 Saturday, they watched Hiyang (boat) race. 17 Tuesday, the four Saheps and Kangngapa Major left for Thipommee. 18 Wednesday, the Luplakpa of Lempa village caught a tiger and it was presented (to the king). 21 Friday, showers of meteorites fell like as though rain drops were falling. 24 Monday, Karaopa subidar left with 100 sepoys to wage war at Thibommee. 28 Monday, Thourani the Takhenlampam maiden died. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, Ngangombi the wife of the royal son the Hanchapa of palanquin bearers gave birth to a daughter. 4 Thursday, as the Phiringki Sahep asked (them) to https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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give a gun salute as they had captured the king of Aawa, a thirty–one cannon salute was fired. 7 Monday, a tiger was caught at Konok Thingngen. 8 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people. The royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei and his royal younger brother the Samu Hanchapa, Soukaicham Cha the Tulihan Major, and Kangngapam Cha the Tulinaha Major, all of them along with others, left to wage war on the Aawas. The Saheps also were amongst them. 8 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 22 Tuesday, the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei and his royal younger brother the Samu Hanchapa, Soukaicham Cha Major, and Kangngapam Cha Major, and five Saheps returned after attacking the Aawa. They collected twenty-seven langtum guns, (7) five elephants, three royal canopies, and many cows with their calves. 24 Thursday, the princess born to Thourani Haikha died. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Friday. 6 Wednesday, Nepra subidar left for Samsok. 7 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. On that day the Woon of Kentak arrived with his wife and children. 9 Saturday, all the pibas of the land were made to listen to the recitation of the Bhagabot by 108 Bamons in the mandwap of Shri Govinda. 19 Saturday, when it was discovered that two siblings of Bamon Devendra and Aadhikari Mayum were found to have established the worship of a Hindu image (in a temple in their premises) and made others come and worship it, both were taken to the Cheirap Court. When they were tried they were told that they, who could not be part of the Bamon Association nor of the Meeteis, had acted wrongly in establishing a temple where a Hindu deity was worshipped, and they were deported and made to settle near Haochongpan (8) with their wives, children and grand– children. On that day three Pangans were flogged at the market place as it was said that they had aborted a pregnancy. 24 Saturday, Nepra subidar returned from Aawa. He presented to Shrijut a horse and a bunch of peacock feathers which were presents from the king of Somsok. 25 Sunday, Jutpilap the Bara Sahep arrived with 100 sepoys. 26 Monday, he left for the land of Kapo. On that day a tiger was caught in north Sekmai. New moon Friday, lightning struck the royal gate. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Saturday. 4 Wednesday, a tiger was caught at Haorang. 8 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 10 Monday, a man from the Laisram family was flogged in the market place for stealing a horse. 12 Wednesday, when a fight broke out between the Haos on duty as porters for the state and one Aahanthempa from Nambol, one Chiru Hao died. Most of the Haos and most of the Meeteis were arrested and brought in and kept at the Top Garot. 13 Friday, the Colonel Political Agent Sahep left for Mayang. 20 Thursday, a Sahep arrived. 28 Friday, the Haos of Lempa village caught a tiger. 29 Saturday, a Hao was drowned in Linlong. The month of Sachiphu (March/ April) began on Monday. 3 Wednesday, a tiger was caught at Kameng in Kakching. 8 Monday was Bisu Sangkranti. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.004 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 241 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

Not clear if the Pangan who survived was one of the two who were considered dead. Discrepancy on the date. Discrepancy on the date. Phungga Nai Sanglen: Phungga family hearth, nai servant, Sanglen Institute. Literally, an Institute which dealt with servants and their families (who were also regarded as servants). Formerly there was a practice of Aayokpa (adopted ones) according to which individuals (along with their families if they had them) were ‘adopted’ and became part of the family. First time this Institute is recorded. Hokeibi–nung: Hokeibi–stone; probably a cultic stone. Men: The Meetei king’s enthronement seat. Langtum nongmei: Langtum guns, obscure. The opening of a Hindu Temple on a private basis became common after the adoption of Hinduism. It appears the Bamon Sabha now was beginning to introduce a divisive approach based on caste and race to strengthen their religious authority; clearly not all immigrants who claimed to be brahmins were accepted as such by the Sabha.

Sakabda 1808 (1886 CE) The year of Naorem Punsi, Sakabda 1808 (1886 CE). 9 Tuesday, was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 13 Friday, (1) a tiger was caught at Sikhong. 17 Tuesday, Patla Sahep arrived. An eleven cannon salute was fired. 17 Wednesday, (2) Puthiba Deb, Yaikhupa, Aakoichampa, and a Pangan ran away to Mayang. They were captured and put in prison. 23 Monday, Kangngapa Major and three Saheps left for Thipommee. 25 Wednesday, the Woon of Kentak returned to Aawa with his wife and children. On that day a monkey entered the Kangla. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, the royal son the Jubraj’s double-storied building was inaugurated. Maisnam Cha the Tuli Yaima Major’s double-storied building was also inaugurated. 6 Wednesday, the market was attended. 14 Monday, Chingsupa subidar left for the northern region. 16 Wednesday, during the battle between the Awas and the Meeteis, when the Meeteis marched against the Aawas in the northern region one of the Saheps received a bullet wound in the knee in the battle and five of their sepoys lost their lives. There was an earthquake on that day. 17 Thursday, Meetingu Naochinglen Nongtren Khompa, after thirty-seven years (on the throne), died at the age of fifty-five years. On that day the royal son Surchandra Singh became king at the age of thirty five years (3). 1 2 3

Discrepancy on the date. Discrepancy on the date. According to the British records the the King died on Friday the 18th, at night. In Meetei time reckoning a day lasts from daybreak until the next daybreak. The Chronicle follows the Meetei time reckoning, though the absence of the exact yuthak and pung hour is surprising. Maharaj Chandra Kirti died of illness.

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa MEETINGU SURCHANDRA SINGH SAKABDA 1808–1813 (1886–1891 CE) (1)

The year of Naorem Punsi, Sakabda 1808 (1886 CE). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. 17 Thursday, the royal son Surchandra Singh became king at the age of thirty-five years. Laisrapa Aangaton Macha stood on the right hand of the king holding the sword as his body guard and Khutlem Cha Sachou on the left (2). On that day, the royal maternal uncle Bara Chaopa fled (3) and there was shooting at Yaorou between (Bara Chaopa) on the one side and Maisnam Cha the Tuli Yaima Major, Yirungpa poila on the other side. 18 Friday, the royal younger brother the Katwan (Koireng Tikendrajit) along with the royal younger brother the Lakpa of Phungkanai Institute, Kangngapam Cha Major, the royal son (of the former king) the Lakpa of Wangkhei, and Chongtha the Aaya Puren Major, all of them joined the fighting at Yaorou. Those who rebelled were routed from Yaorou and repulsed up to Khurairakpapan barricade where the shooting commenced again. Finally they were defeated and they fled. 21 Monday, the royal younger brother the Katwan and the royal younger brother the Sanglakpa of the Phungkanai Institute, these two and others, returned. Those who were captured in the battle were Pukhranba Tangko, Chongtha Mia, and Yingkutumpa Samiaik, these three and others, a total of ten people were captured. On that day Warokpa Khela Sing of Wangkoi, who had become a slave to Ancestor (lai) Wangparen, after encountering the Ancestor, was redeemed by Shrijut with his redemption price and set free from all the duties to the lai. On that day blood was spilt at the shrine of ancestor Pakhangpa. 22 Tuesday, Shrijut rewarded with thirty Indian rupees each (of the families) of those who had lost their lives on the battle field and with ten Indian rupees each all those who were not injured. To all those who could not perform sorat (shradha) in the villages ten Indian rupees each were given. On that day the Sahep who had gone to Aawa returned. 23 Wednesday, Naoriya the Hiru Hanpa died. 25 Friday, the Sahep arrived from Thipommee with 100 sepoys and ten barrels of gunpowder. On that day all the king’s wives were brought up from their parental homes. New moon Wednesday, Yipungsi the Pacha Hanpa died. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Thursday and it was an intercalary day. On that day the royal younger brother the Senapati (Chandra Kriti’s son Jhal Kriti) died. On that day Sakonsenpa subidar left with the Captain Sahep to attack Aawa. They took forty sepoys with them. 6 Tuesday, Khoirupi one of the wives of the king who had been sent to her parental home, died and as she was about to die she took the vows of a Hindu nun (4). The wife of the royal younger brother the Katwan also died. 16 Thursday, Konnasna, another wife of the king, died. 20 Monday, Soukaicham the Lakpa of Ahanlup (Pana) died. On that day the royal order was given by Shrijut that Thangcham Khagokpam Noutuna Sing, his son Kulathwaja the Senlungpahan of Laipham (Pana), and all their descendants and male relatives should be exempted https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 243 from all the compulsory duties to the state. 22 Thursday, the Sahep took up his residence by the Polo ground at Langthapan. On that day Gopan Sna the royal younger brother was appointed the Lakpa of Phungkanai Institute (5). 28 Wednesday, the royal younger brother the Katwan was appointed the Senapati. The king’s personal horse was also selected. All the prisoners were also released. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Friday. 9 Saturday, the royal daughter Aamusna was married into the Haobam family and she was escorted there. 16 Thursday, a Sahep died. A ten cannon salute was fired. 18 Saturday, the royal younger brother the Senapati caught a tiger at Kwarok. 24 Sunday, the royal grandmother Pongleng Khombi died (6). The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Sunday. 18 Wednesday, as news was received that the Haos had come to attack an area of Moirang, Soukaicham Cha Major and Laisrapa Major, these two along with many others left for Moirang to repel them. 21 Saturday, Shrijut and the Sahep held a durbar. On that day the two majors returned from the battle field with four Khongchais whom they had captured. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Monday. On that day, when Wusabi the wife of the king was found having extramarital relations with Bamon Hidang Mayum Parikhya, Wusabi was sent to her parental home and Bamon Parikhya was excommunicated. 3 Wednesday, Khongchai Haos Khonghu and Mengke, who were also captured on the battle field were brought in. 5 Friday, the royal younger brother the Senapati caught three tigers at Wuchiwa. 12 Friday, they began to weave the ningthouphi (the king’s ceremonial cloth). 13 Saturday, the frontal bones of Chandra Kirti Maharaj, the queen (grand)mother Ponglen Khombi, and the royal younger brother the Senapati, were all taken to Brintabon. Those who left with (these frontal bones) were Paka the Sakon Hanchapa along with Thongchao Tonpa subidar, Gurumayum Tamcha the king’s cook, Yirengpa Punsi the Lanlup Chingpa, Laikangpa Aatonchao, Satpa Chingkhu subidar, Satpa Chaopa, Moirang Chaopa kut, and Nongmaithempa Tonchao, all of them accompanied (the royal remains). On that day Soukaichampa Major and Laisrapa Major, along with 300 sepoys, left for the land of Aawa to open up a new road there (7). The month of Mera (September/October) began on Monday. On that day, as Shrijut gave his royal order to his royal younger brother the Yubraj, Yingngu Aangoupanpa of the Cheirap Court, and all the noble men in that court, that all the Phamthous, all the heads of villages and their children, should be saved, all of them (who were involved in the recent attempt on the throne) had their lives spared. 3 Thursday, Aakoichamapa subidar, Khuraichampa subidar, Phamtom kut, Namra kut, Aakoichampa jamandar, Keisa kut, and Thingpai kut, all of them along with 300 sepoys, left for Nungkatang to repel enemies as news had been received that the area had been devastated. 7 Monday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people that attackers from Mayang were advancing. There was a conflict with shooting at Youyangtek between the enemy and Yirungpa Major, Sangkupa poilya, these two and others. 8 Tuesday, the royal younger brother https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the Katwan was appointed the Senapati (8). The Senapati along with his royal younger brother the Samu Hanchapa, the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei, Chongtha Major, and Chongtha the Pana hajari, these five and others left for battle. The fighting took place at Youyangtek. They captured thirty people in the battle. 10 Thursday, Laikhun village was presented to his royal younger brother the Yubraj, Ngarikhun village to his royal younger brother the Senapati, and Phuntrat village to his royal brother the Samu Hanchapa. To the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei and to Kangngapa Major were presented four paris of paddy fields and a silver kwaisen (kaosen) each. To the following various presents were given: Maisna Major, three paris of paddy fields and a standard with nine penants; (9) Chongtha Major, one Ningthouphi Saichonpa (10) and a standard with five penants; Yirungpa Major one Ningthouphi Saichonpa and a standard with seven penants Wangkhei poilya, one Ningthouphi Saichonpa and a standard with five penants; Konchengpa sergeant one Ningthouphi Tachin; (11) Thingkuchampa subidar one Ningthouphi Tachin; Maisna subidar one Ningthouphi Tachin; Aasangpa subidar one Ningthouphi Tachin; Aakoichampa subidar one shirt with khamenchatpa pattern and a standard with one penant; Laiphrakpa subidar one Ningthouphi Tachin; Haopam subidar one Ningthoupohi Tachin and a standard with one penant; Heikruchampa subidar one Ningthoupohi Tachin and a standard with one penant; Haopam subidar one Ningthoupohi Tachin and a standard with one penant; Laiton subidar one Ningthoupohi Tachin and a standard with one penant; Maisna jamandar one Ningthoupohi Tachin and a standard with one penant; Wusason jamandar one Ningthoupohi Tachin and a standard with one penant; and Wareppa kut one Ningthoupohi Tachin and a standard with one penant; all these rewards were presented. To all the others rewards of standards were given each according to their achievements. Rewards of leikham adornments (12) both gold and silver were also presented without withholding any. 13 Sunday, at the shooting in Yirousenpa they were victorious and Sna Parachaopa was captured by Khutleipa the Keirungpa. A total of nine princes, five Bamons and one hundred and thirteen Meeteis and thirty–three guns were captured in the battle. Two saheps and fifty sepoys assisted (the king) at the battle. 14 Tuesday, Sna Parachaopa along with four princes were handed over to the Saheps who escorted them to Mayang. 17 Friday, Kangngapa Major left to repair the road to Mayang (Cachar road). 20 Tuesday, he returned. On that day prince Sna Tonbi, who was on the side of Sna Barachouba and who was captured in the battle, was deported to Loi to Sakonmang. Yipungsi Koupui Ngampa’s son was deported to Loi to Kakching Khunnou. The son of Yipungsi Mantri, an eldely gentleman, was deported to Loi in Kameng. Polya the Lakpa of Wangkhei was deported to Loi to Chairen. The five Bamons were split up and were deported to Loi to Kumphi, Thangka, Phougakchou, Wangngu, and Kakching Khunnou respectively. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Wednesday. On that day, Shrijut called Laikhura Sajou and told him that as his mother had been the wet– https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 245 nurse of his royal father, and thus as both he and the king’s father had shared the same mother’s milk, the king now wanted to repay the kindness of what his mother had done; and so he declared that he and all his descendants would be exempted from the compulsory duty to the state. 5 Monday, four tigers were caught by the royal younger brother the Samu Hanchapa from Wangkoi. 7 Wednesday, they began to mint sen (coins) bearing (the inscription of) Shrijut’s reign. One betel nut cost four sen. 11 Sunday, a tiger was caught at Wangkoi. 21 Wednesday, a Sahep by the name of Frengmaru Cha arrived from Mayang. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Friday. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Sunday. 4 Wednesday, the royal younger brother the Samu Hanchapa caught four tigers at Yisoksok. 8 Wednesday, (13) a woman from the Thangcham family in Yairipok died by committing suicide (14). The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Tuesday. 5 Saturday, twenty one containers of gunpowder arrived from Mayang. 14 Monday, after the forth pung hour and as it was approaching the fifth pung hour after the morning yuthak they began the Kangla (palace) building. 18 Friday, there was an earthquake at six pung hours after the dusk yuthak. 19 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 24 Wednesday, Shrijut went out to the outer polo ground along with all his royal younger brothers, all the nobles from the Cheirap Court, all the Majors from the Garot Court, and eight Saheps and held a fair for the Haos, in which all the Haos along with their women and children came down and participated. A thirty–one cannon salute was fired. In the evening of the same day the Ras Lila dance performance was staged at the pologround. Many fire crackers were lit. The Saheps also witnessed the performance. 25 Thursday, the royal younger brother the Yubraj, along with the royal younger brothers the Samu Hanchapa, the Tonlairoi Hanchapa, the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei, Soukaichampa Tulihan Major, Maisna Major, Yirungpa Major, and Leeta Major, left with 2,000 sepoys to attack the Lousra Haos. The month of Lamta (February/ March) began on Wednesday. On that day Shri Sna the Sakon Hanchapa returned from Brindaban. 17 Friday, Wangkon the delivery house for the queen was innaugurated. 18 Saturday, the royal younger brother the Yubraj, along with all the other royal younger brothers, was victorious in the battle at Lousraou and returned. The Haos who were captured in the battle were Nongning, Mangthok, and Songkai and others, a total of twenty–two men. They also captured eleven mithuns, one bossed gong, and one ivory tusk, everything that was captured was brought with them. 11 Sunday, a tiger was caught at Langkon and it was presented (to the king). 23 Thursday, Shrijut Maharaj went out in front of the Utra and saw Mangthok, Nongning, and Songkai, along with all those who were captured in the battle, and told them that they were to render tribute payments and act as porters when required. As they accepted (the king’s words) they were asked to take an oath by drinking the water in which the sacred things, which included fragments of a thunder–bolt, had been immersed and also to bite on the bones of pigs and https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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tigers as they took their oath. This they did and made their solemn oath to fulfil the conditions expected of them. 27 Monday, four Bamons were sent to prison as they were said to have struck a sepoy who was under the British with a sword. After a trial they were set free. 22 Wednesday, a man from Longkhumwarok died after a tiger had bitten him. He was born into the Ningngonpam family. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Friday. 3 Sunday, two men from the Loitongpam family at Satpam Sotlai died of adult death syndrome. 5 Tuesday, a man from the Waikhom family at Thoupa died of adult death syndrome. On that day the Sahep began to set up the telegraph line (15). 17 Sunday, the Haos from Phupakei in Nambon caught two tigers and they were presented (to the king). On that day, when the elephant which had not yet grown its tusks became wild, it ran away after attacking Thangkai a worker at the elephant house; and it ran to the out– house of Lairen subidar and then to the market place and disrupted the market. 20 Tuesday was the Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12

13 14 15

Scribal heading at the side margin, Surchandra Sing became king. Yetta: on the right; scribal error for on the left. Nara Singh Maharajah’s son who was the Lakpa of Yaiskun. Beishnabi: amongst the Meetei Hindus when a person dies he or she can take the path of a Hindu monk or a nun. This is carried out as the person is dying in accordance with the previous wish of the deceased or according to the wish of the nearest surviving kin. This step signifies that the deceased has put an end to all the earthly ties. From a more pragmatic point of view, the heavy expense of a Meetei Hindu sradha ceremony (and also the anniversary rite) at which the Brahmin who officiates receives substantial offerings, is made less burdensome for the surviving members of the deceased. Phungkai: scribal error for Phungkanai Institute. Chadra Kriti’s mother, Kumudani from the Maisnam family. She survived her son the late king. Lamyanpa: literally, a harbinger; in this context, to open up a new road or to clear an area. Repetition of the entry of 28 Wednesday Yinga: the royal younger brother the Katwan (Tikendrajit) was appointed the Senapati. Phiran mapan: Phiran either a standard or a flag, mapan, nine. A standard with nine penants. Ningthouphi Saichonpa: literally, royal cloth with long sleeves; a knee-length silk shirt with a lining, a high collar, and wide long sleeves; it has woven patterns of multiple colours over the body of the coat, and is fastened at the front with loops in the Chinese style. It is given as a reward by the king. Niongthouphi tachin: a reward cloth probably with an intricately woven fringe. Leikham: adornment. Meetei men used to adorn themselves with flowers on their ears; here made of either gold or silver, and probably worn either on the head–dress or the shirt. Discrepancy on the date. Aatmakhat toutuna siye: died as she commited aatam khat, for Bengali atmaghat meaning suicide.. Sahepna yot tingpa houye, pao chatnapa: literally. the sahep began to put up wires to send messages.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 247 Sakabda 1809 (1887 CE) The year of Khuntongpa Bala Sing, Sakabda 1809 (1887 CE). 22 Thursday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 23 Friday, they began to build the enthronement palanquin for the king with the firing of a one gun salute. They also inaugurated Kangla at five pung hours after the yuthak (1). One gun salute was fired. The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Sunday. On that day a man from the Leimapokpam family was drowned in the river behind the Mahabali grove. 2 Monday, a Sahep arrived from Mayang. 3 Tuesday, the Sahep and Shrijut Maharaj held a durbar. 7 Saturday, a fair was opened. On that day Shrijut distributed fish to all the security guards of all the Institute Buildings. On the evening of that day a play titled The Marriage of Siba and Parpati (Parvati) was performed. 21 Friday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 23 Sunday, they began to build wangkon (a birth house) at three pung hours after the morning yuthak. Chingngakham Cha the Nongthonpa and Nongmaithem Cha Chandramukha the Pukhranpa, these two took charge of the (ceremony for the) enthronement of Shrijut Maharaj and began to arrange everything accordingly. 24 Monday, Sulonkhompa the son of Khumuchampa the Pundit had a controversy with Khumucham Cha Kamal Sing and Thambou regarding their being from the same extended family. When the case was heard it was found that they belonged to the same extended family and they joined the family of Sulonkhompa the piba. 29 Saturday, Santha the Hitang of the time keepers fell in the courtyard of Brindaban Cahndra and died in front of the temple. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Monday. 9 Tuesday, Shrijut went to his wife’s family home and erected a chup (2). He also built Thabi house, (a house of prosperity). 12 Friday, they began to build the royal palace at seven pung hours after the noon yuthak. They also began to build the Leikhomsang at four pung hours after the dusk yuthak and stretched (the skin) for the royal pung (drum) at six pung hours. Ningthouchamba Saram’s son from Thiyam Konchin stretched the skin. They also inaugurated the Sanglangmei (building). It rained heavily. 20 Friday, a tiger was caught at Kwakkeithen. Nongmaithem Cha Angoupampa and Chinphuron (3) Nongningkhombi ascended the throne (of the Aangom clan). 21 Saturday, Shrijut Maharaj and the queen went down to Yumnam Aanoupa to renovate a house. 22 Sunday, Leima (the queen) went down to her family home and performed an appeasement rite to her ancestor. 23 Monday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. On that day (the king) went down to Rasangthem Lammabi and Leisangthem Lammabi, to both these (lais) to stay there for a short time (4). 25 Thursday, the king, who is also named Meetingu Chinglen Lanthapa, with the queen Leisangkhonpi, who is also named Meetei Leima Khayoiron, ascended the throne at seven pung hours after the noon yuthak. A fifty cannon salute was fired (5). A four hundred gun salute was also fired. On that day, Sarangthrem Cha Pundit Aachoupa (the head pundit) was rewarded with a

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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gold bracelet, Khamen Chatpa loin cloth, and a Lamthang Khuthat shawl. 28 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Senapati and Soukaicham Cha Major, these two, left for Samla for the Phampanlan (to mount an attack to commemorate the ascension of the king). The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, the royal younger brother the Senapati left to hunt for Phampan Satanba (a hunt to commemorate the ascension of the king) and the animals which were caught were one black patridge (sanlangkak), one lapwing (wurenbi), and one wild boar. 6 Monday, all the women of Khurai danced at the club house in the royal presence of Shrijut. 9 Wednesday, all the women of Wangkhei danced at the club house. 12 Saturday, all the women of Khwai danced at the club house. 18 Saturday, Thangcham Khapokpam Cha the Muhontar left for Suknu (river) to collect water for ritual purposes. Those who accompanied him were Nongmaithem Cha the Pundit, Heitham Cha the Yoiren Hanpa, Tangriya Hitang the Lakpa of Pakhangs (youths) from the Institute of Hiruhinao (oarsmen), Toibichampa Yumnampa the Keirungpa Han, and Mutwa the Hitang of Palanquin bearers. 21 Monday, the royal younger brother the Senapati and Soukaichampa Major returned (6) from waging the Phambanlan and they captured ten people including Yirupa the chief of the village, ten buffalos, four mithuns, two elephants, and two horses. On that day, the king was installed on the throne in Kangla. Yenkokpa the Hanchapa and Aasangpa the Naharakpa were present at the installation ceremony. 12 Tuesday, Thangcham Cha the Muhontara also returned from fetching water from Suknu for ritual purposes. On that day, Loitongpa the Keirungpa was drowned in the river behind the Mahapali (temple). 26 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, Ningthouchampa the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana), the Keirunpba of the Khutheipa (Institute), Nongmaithempa Pundit, and Heithapa the Yoiren Hanpa left to erect a meetam nung (stone statue) at the Santhong (7). Full moon Wednesday, there was a lunar eclipse. On that day all those who went to erect the Meetam nung returned. 23 Friday, Shrijut offered all the indigenous lais one Indian rupee each. On that day Chingsupa poila died. 28 Wednesday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. New moon Friday there was a solar eclipse. On that day a tiger was caught in Langkon. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Saturday. 4 Tuesday, as a Pangan was said to have committed incest with his mother, (8) he was flogged in the market place, and as for the mother she was exposed and then punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) in the market place. 14 Thursday, seventy–three prisoners escaped. Yenkhoiba poila went after them with 200 sepoys and captured a man from the Lairecham family. 25 Monday, Shrijut went in person to Lanmithong and there was shooting between him and the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei (9). Laisrapa Tarung subidar, Nongmaithempa the dewan, one Bamon, and a man from the Thangcham family lost their lives. On the same day there was shooting in the night at Chiraithong and three men from the families of Thingkucham, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 249 Naorem and Thingkom, all three fell. At the shooting in the Kangla complex four men from the families of Konchengpam, Thangcham, Maibam, and Phoukeisangpam, all four fell. Gopan the son of Yipungsi the Lakpa of Khurai, with one of his younger brothers, a son of Yipungsi Konbarei Aapanpa the Lakpa of Institues, and a son of Yipungsi the Samu Hanchapa, all fell at Chirai (Chiraithong). 26 Tuesday, Yipungo the Lakpa of Wangkhei, along with the son of Yipungsi the Lakpa of Khurai, fell by the bridge in front of the Cheirap Court. Laisrapa the Kut fell at Lanmithong. New moon Saturday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Sunday. 13 Thursday, five gun shots were fired to summon and alert the people that Yipungsi Jukintra Singh had come (10). On that day Leita Major left to repel the enemy. 13 Friday, the Sahep, with 100 sepoys and others, left to repel the enemy. 14 Saturday, Kangabam Cha Laphen the Senlungpa, who had gone to fetch fifty–nine prisoners, arrived with the prisoners and two explosives. 15 Monday, Tuliyaima Major also left to repel the enemy. 16 Monday, the royal younger brother the Senapati along with the royal younger brother the Dolairoi Hanchap, (11) Chongtha the Aayapuren Major, and others, also left for battle with 200 sepoys. 17 Tuesday, there was shooting at Chaipa village between the Sahep’s sepoys and the invaders, at which the Sahep were victorious, and Yipungi Jukintra Sing fell. 18 Wednesday, the royal younger brother the Senapati and all the others returned. Those who were captured in the battle were one of the sons of Yipungsi Akhi, one Bamon, thirty Meeteis, and two Pangans. Thirteen men lost their lives. 20 Friday, the sons of Yipungsi Aakhi and all the others were escorted back to the land of the Mayangs. 24 Tuesday, Shrijut had sen minted which were scattered in the market place. The month of Hiyangkei (October/ November) began on Monday. On that day the Sangkranti of Mera began. 3 Wednesday, they began to build a throne and a palanquin to be used in the enthronement ceremony for Thangcham Cha the chief of Moirang. On that day all the descendants of Toncham Cha Nachou the Lakpa of Khapham (Pana) became the Khoira (guardians of the king’s extended family). Court fees were paid to Shrijut, the Top Garot, the Cheirap Court, and the Main Maipa Institute (12). On that day Shrijut gave 200 Indian rupees to a Gosai. 13 Friday, Thingpai Yaima, who sided with the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei in the battle, was deported to Loi to Kameng, and also Wusapa a son of a royal daughter (was deported to) to Ngungngu; Mutwa and Moirang Chatu, these two, to Chairen; Kshetri Theepng to Kumphi; and Khumanthempa Chaopa to Aarong; Phuntreipa Sengkoi to Thangka; the Pukhranpa to Suknu; Mutwa Komon to Panlen; Tonchao the Mayang Lampu to Phoukakchao; Leisapa to Kameng; Aongngaipa the Lanlup Chingpa and the Nongthonpa, these two, to Leisangkhong; Ngangompa the Lanlup Chingpa to Kakching Khunou; and Thongngaipa Heiton to Kakching Khunlen; all of them were deported to Loi. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Wednesday. On that day the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 2 Thursday, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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there was a controversy over the Pibaship between Aakoichampa Hiyangngampa and Aakoichampa Mukta, and when the case was brought up before Shrijut it was found that Mukta was in the right and he became the the rightful Piba. The court fee was paid to Yingu Aangoupampa, Kangngapam Cha Major, Sarangthem Cha the Hidang of the Main Maipa Institute. On that day Kangngapam Cha Major left with 500 sepoys to wage war in the northern region. 10 Friday, the Maharani went down and presented an elephant to Ancestor Snamahi. On that day Thangchan Cha the chief of Moirang ascended the throne (of Moirang). New moon Wednesday, nine Saheps including the General Sahep along with 400 sepoys arrived from the northern region. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Thursday. On that day, Kangngapa Major returned after attacking Maram. On that day the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 21 Thursday, when a Bamon from the Kongpalailatpam family at Konokthingen had fathered a son of a maiden from the Aapucham family, he first denied his paternity of the child. But when the case was brought before the presence of Shrijut, and after Shrijut along with the Bamon Sabha had given the verdict that he was to take the divine ordeal in the presence of the image of Shri Govinda in which he (and the girl) were to snatch gold and silver pieces, he confessed that he was the father of the child. Aapucham family paid the court fee to Shri Govinda and the Cheirap Court. 25 Sunday, a tiger was caught in North Sekmai. On that day the Sangkranti of Wakching began. The month of Phairen (January/ February) began on Saturday. 7 Friday, 200 guns which were sent by Yirungpa Major in the custody of Lamphen the Senlungpa arrived. On that day they began to make ningthouphi (the ceremonial clothes for the king). 12 Wednesday, Kangngapa Major left for the northern region to meet the Sahep. 14 Saturday, Yirungpa Major who went to fetch back guns from Mayang returned. Full moon Sunday, there was a lunar eclipse. 24 Monday, an open air kirtan was performed in the evening, carrying 1,000 flaming torches and 1,000 flags, and Nigthem took part at it. 28 Friday, Kangngapa Major and the Commissioner Sahep, these two arrived. A thirteen cannon salute was fired. 29 Saturday, Shrijut and the Sahep held a durbar. On that day a message was proclaimed in the market place by the town crier riding on an elephant that a Meetei woman had eloped with a Mayang. New moon Sunday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Monday. On that day the Commissioner Sahep left for Mayang. Kangngapa Major escorted him. A thirteen cannon salute was fired. 20 Saturday, Shrijut Maharaj went down to Bijoy Govinda’s temple to perform the Holi festival. 24 Tuesday, (13) there was an earthquake in the morning. 28 Saturday, Shrijut left for Chandrakhong (canal) and a wooden culvert was erected at the canal. He returned on the same day. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Tuesday. It was an intercalary month. The Sangkranti of the month also began on that day. 4 Friday, Kangngapa Major returned. 9 Thursday, a tiger was caught at Wutrapat. 10 Friday, at four pung hours of the dusk yuthak https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 251 they began to make the ningthouphi (the ceremonial clothes). 18 Friday, Shrijut left for north Sekmai. The Koiremkei bridge which was built under the supervision of Kangangapa Major was inaugurated. 26 Saturday, there was a very strong gale. Many trees and bamboos were broken. There was also a very heavy hail storm. Many birds died. At dusk on the same day there was an earthquake. 27 Sunday, two Pangans died when the Chandrakhong canal broke its banks. 28 Monday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj left to inaugurate the Chandrakhong canal. 29 Tuesday, the royal younger brother the Jubraj returned. New moon Wednesday was the Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2

3 4

5 6 7

8

9 10 11 12 13

The exact yuthak is not indicated. Chup; a temporary hut usually built (and subsequently destroyed) for a dying person when the manner of the death, or the life style of the deceased, was not desired to be repeated in the family. Even at the death of an unmarried woman a chup was built till quite recently. Chinphuron: a maiden of the Sarang Leisangthem clan, from the Chingngakham family. Yawong Yinpa: this phrase is used when the husband spends a period of time or is permanently at his wife’s parental home. This act seals his affinity with his wife’s family as a member of this family and not just a relative by marriage. In this context the king is seeking acceptance from these ancestral lais. Rak: post–position, to; kappa, to shoot; indicates repeated firing: scribal dittography. Chat chatle: chat, scribal dittography. Meetam nung yungpa chatle Moirang santhongta: literally, left to erect a stone carved in the shape of a human being at Moirang santhong: meetam nung, a stone carved in the shape of a human being. Normally human shapes are formed with bees– wax for ritual purposes e.g. as used in black magic. Santhong is the southwest location of any building or area, which is regarded as important and is associated with Lai Thangjing of Moirang. As Moirang is in the southwest it is known as Moirang Santhong. In this context the erection of the Meetam–nung may be to commemorate the ascension of the king, and Moirang Santhong here could refer to either the southwest location or the shrine of Lai Thangjing in Moirang. Pangan or Meetei Muslims were permitted to be polygamous with up to four wives of any age according to Muslim custom: this case of incest very likely was with a step– mother. The Lakpa of Wangkhei: Dinachandra was a grandson of King Labyana Chandra. Yipungsi Jukintra, a son of Chiba. Deeloi Hanchapa: scribal error for Dolairoi Hanchapa, the Hanchapa of palanquin bearers. Sanglen su: the main Institute also, scribal dittography. Discrepancy on the date.

Sakabda 1810 (1888 CE) The year of Naoriya Sachou, Sakabda 1810 (1888 CE ). The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Thursday. That day the Sangkranti also https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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began. 12 Monday, a Sahep arrived from Mayang. An eleven cannon salute was fired. On that day a Sahep left for Mayang. 27 Monday, (1) they began to build a birth house for Shrimati the Maharani. 28 Tuesday, they began to build Masin (Institute building). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Saturday. 2 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 5 Wednesday, they began to build the club house. 10 Monday, they began to build the royal palace and the Leikhomsang building, these two buildings. 21 Thursday, there was an earthquake. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Sunday. 5 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 6 Friday, Yipungsi the Pacha Hanpa died. 8 Sunday, Shrijut went to Aaseiloklen and caught a tiger. A man was injured. 11 Tuesday, (2) an egg which had hatched (3) at (the temple of) lai Khurembi (4) was brought (to the king). 25 Tuesday, the Sinaipa (5) from Haochongpan was brought in. Shrijut and the Sahep held a durbar. 26 Wednesday, all those who were from the extended families of kings and who lived at Tekcham, and who had been excommunicated by the royal father the (previous) king for entering in the Sahep’s (residence), (6) Shrijut made them report to the Cheirai (7). Then Shrijut had them (8) reinstated, and they were made to report to the king’s extended family. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Tuesday. 6 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 9 Tuesday, (9) a man from the Kangngapam family at Kwakeithen was drowned. On that day blood was spilt at (the shrine of) Ancestor Pakhangpa. 10 Wednesday, a meteorite fell. 26 Friday, the Maharani gave birth to a princess at the great palace. One cannon shot was fired. Bugles were played together with the blowing of conch cells and all other (appropriate) service was also rendered. The month of Thawan (10) (July/August) began on Wednesday. 5 Sunday, a tiger was caught at Leisangkhong by the Haos and it was presented (to the king). 6 Thursday, (11) the Sangkranti of Thawan began. 14 Monday, (12) a man from the Lourempam family was drowned at Sekmaichin. 17 Thursday, a man from the Tongpram family, who was posted at the Meeteipham stockade, was killed by the Haos while he was on his way to deliver official letters. 20 Sunday, a tiger was caught at Thangcham village. 21 Monday, a man from the Khoisnam family was drowned at Laiphakpam. 24 Friday, two Haos were drowned at Linlong. 26 Sunday, one Sanlam maiden who was kept at the Patcha (Institute) (13) gave birth to a son. On that day Lingngam Hao from Langkon caught a tiger. The month of Langpan (August/ September) began on Friday. 7 Wednesday, Shrijut and the Sahep held a durbar. 13 Tuesday, there was an earthquake at six pung hours after the midnight yuthak. On that day, a Pangan who lived at Wuchiwa was brought in for killing another Pangan. 15 Thursday, Sansenpa the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers died. 15 Thursday, the Pangan who killed another Pangan was sent to Suknu. On that day the Sahep shot a cow at Langthapan. 16 Friday, Kangngapa the ahantara Major began to kill the sepoys at the stockade. Eight Hao men who were brought up from Mao Khunlen, including Haya the chief of the village, arrived. 18 Sunday, two tigers were caught at https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 253 Wangngu. 19 Monday, a message was proclaimed by the town crier riding on an elephant in the market place saying that no Mayang trader coming from Mayang was permitted to stay in the country. 23 Friday, Laiton Ram Sing dewan who arrived from Mayang took part in the Naharup Panna boat race. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Saturday. 10 Sunday, when Waikhwa the Senlungpa from Kakwa hosted a play on the boat at the Yumphan river, a daughter from the Ningthoucham family was drowned. On that day three paddy fields and a standard with nine penants were presented to the royal son Meithom. Yirungpam Cha Major also was presented with a standard with nine penants. Laisram Cha Major was presented with Ningthouphi Saichonpa. Sangkupa poilya was presented with a standard with five penants. Ningthoukhong Cha poilya was presented with a standard with three penants. Chongtha the Pana hajari was presented with a standard with five penants. Wiakhwa Linlanta the Senlungpa was presented with Ningthouphi Tachin. Khutheipa Sachou the Keirungpa was presented with Ningthouphi Tahin. Pukhranpam Cha jamandar was presented with Ningthouphi Tachi. Aathokpa Pukchao the Lanlup Chingpa was presented with Ningthouphi Tachin. Keisa the Lanlup Chingpa was presented with Ningthouphi Tachn. Heisna the ahontara Major was presented with a plain standard. Konok Sachoupa the astrologer was presented with a paddy field. Longchampa the Lanlup Chingpa was presented with a standard with five penants. 12 Friday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 19 Wednesday, as Shrijut Maharaj gave his royal order Kangngapam Cha Major commenced to build the Koiremkei bridge. The person who actually began to build the bridge was Meekampa the Phammi Hitang. 23 Sunday, a man from the Yenlangpam family at Heirok was drowned. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Monday. 3 Tuesday, Chongtham Cha Aayapuren Major left with 200 sepoys to repel enemies as Sikong Hao village was devastated. 7 Saturday, a tiger was caught at Wurup. On that day a tiger was caught at Loitang Khunou. 12 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 13 Friday, Chongtham Cha the Aayapuren Major, who had gone to wage war towards the region of Kapo, returned. 25 Monday, the king’s personal horse died. On that day a tiger was caught at Chingngalen. Heisna the aahontara Major was arrested at Sachep. Eighteen men including Nungngu Laisrapa Mittong who had escaped to the region of Kapo were captured immediately and they were brought in. 28 Saturday, Shrijut Maharaj and the Sahep held a durbar. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Monday. 4 Friday, five gun shots were fired (to summon the people). 7 Monday, the royal younger brother the Senapati, along with the royal younger brother the Sakon Hanchapa, Maisna Major, and Chongtha Major, left with 1,000 sepoys to wage war. 12 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. 14 Saturday, Shrijut Maharaj went to inaugurate the Koiremkei bridge. On that day a man from the Samoucham family and another man from the Wairokpam family were flogged in the market place for gambling at cards. 17 Thursday, when there https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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was a disagreement between the royal younger brother the Samu Hanchapa and his servant Khetri the Lanlup Chingpa, between the master and the servant. Khetri the Lanlup Chingpa ran away to (the area of) Hakaibi bridge, taking with him Aoina Subitara’s sword which was left unattended. The royal younger brother and others ran after him and he was overpowered by the bank of the river behind the house of Aangom the Lakpa of Laipham (Pana). He was arrested and then sent to prison. 24 Thursday, as Langkhoncham Chaopa, Thokchom Chaopa, and Aaram Yaima, who had been imprisoned for gambling at card games were escaping to Mayang, they were captured at Kambiron and brought back. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Wednesday. On that day prisoners Khaithipa Takhra Sing, a man of the Yumnam family, and a man from the Huitram family, these three, escaped from the prison. 4 Saturday, the royal younger brother the Senapati, the royal younger brother the Sakon Hanchapa, Liasrapa Major, Maisna Major, and Chongtha Major who had gone to wage war on the Chasats, returned. What they brought with them consisted of one bossed gong, one ivory tusk, and they also took twenty people as prisoners including the chief of Nonghu. They also brought with them 800 Indian rupees (and) one mithun, which were taken from the people, and the nineteen Tangkhun Haos whom the Chasats had abducted. On that day a tiger was caught at Tingkri. 7 Tuesday, Shrijut Maharaj presented to ancestor (Lai) Wangparen one family to be the servant of the lai. 8 Wednesday, Khaithipa Tamra Sing, a man from the Yumnam family, and another man from the Huitrom family, these three who ran away to the area of Kapo, were captured and brought back. 10 Friday, the royal daughter Tampha Sna died. 12 Monday, a Sahep arrived. Shrijut and the Sahep had a durbar. On that day the Sangkranti of Wakching began. New moon Thursday, a Hao was drowned at Aarapti. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Friday. On that day a monkey entered the Kangla (complex). It was captured and deported to Loi to Suknu. Shrijut and the Sahep had a durbar and an eleven cannon salute was fired. 9 Saturday, a man of the Chantam family from Mayang arrived at the temple of Shri Govinda prostrating himself all the way. On that day a man from the Aoinam family and a man from the Thokchom family, these two, escaped from the prison. 11 Monday, Haso from the Laisram family (14) was found hanged at Thoupung grove. On that day the Sangkranti of Phairen began. 14 Wednesday, a man of the Maisna family died at Sikhong while playing polo. 26 Friday, as it was said that a man from the Soipam family and his wife had made an arranged marriage between Phamtom’s daughter and a Sahep, the Soipams were made to become Haos. And the mother of the maiden who was married to the Sahep was exposed on platforms especially built for that purpose at the Heirangkhoithong market, Moirangkhom market, Khwairampan market and other market places, a total of five main markets. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Saturday. 5 Wednesday, the bridge at Koiremkei was inaugurated. 11 Wednesday, Shrijut presented one royal https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 255 Khamenchatpa shirt to Tonghu the chief of Chasat and allowed him to return to his village. On that day the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 21 Saturday, Shrijut went to Thangmeipan and had two ponds dug. 22 Sunday, the Maharani went to Kwarok and worshipped the lai there. She returned on the same day. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Monday. 5 Friday, Yehip Sahep died. A ten cannon salute was fired. 7 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Senapati left to wage war on the Haos at the northern region. 11 Friday, the Bisu Sangkranti began. 1 2 3

Discrepancy on the date. Discrepancy on the date. Maton thoktuna: literally, which had sprouted; as in the case of plants, tubers, seeds and beans etc. 4 Lai Khurembi: literally, a lai with many hands: Khurembi, a corrupt and shortened form of Khutlongbi, with many hands, referring to the Hindu deity Kali (Durga). Though Hindu deities do not have cooked fish, meat, or eggs offered to them, Kali favours living blood sacrifice. The popular belief amongst the Meetei Hindus is that she will bless them with children if tubers are offered within the period when the tubers sprout, symbolising Kali’s multiple hands. 5 Sinaipa: skilled persons in various professions, including persons in charge of all those of the King’s personal servants who have these skills. 6 Europeans were considered as unclean according to the Hindu caste code which was well established amongst the Hindu Meeteis by this tine. 7 Cheirai: either a scribal error for the Cheirap Court, or the Chirai Thanggan clan, which the Hindu Meeteis regarded as unclean as they were Haos. The later makes more sense in this context. 8 Loukhattuna: from verb loukhatpa, to pick up something which has fallen to the ground, or to raise some one who has fallen: in this context these people who had lost castes were re–instated. 9 Discrepancy on the date. 10 Ngawan: scribal error for Thawan. 11, 12 Discrepancy on the date, and frequently after this. 13 Patcha Institute: womens’ court. 14 Scribal note indicating insertion at the top of this page, ‘5th line, Laisram Macha Haso.’ i.e. Haso of the Laisram family.

Sakabda 1811 (1889 CE) The year of Luwangsangpa Goura, Sakabda 1811 (1889 CE). 12 Monday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. 20 Saturday, (1) one Mayang was found smoking the hookah of the royal younger brother the Sakon Hanchapa and sitting on the seat of his royal elder brother the Senapati at the Top Garot Court. He was flogged and sent to prison. 21 Sunday, a star was observed going behind the moon. 22 Monday, a Pangan was flogged for stealing cattle. 27 Saturday, Longchampa subidar and others left with 100 sepoys for the western region to repel enemies. The month of

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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Kalen (April/May) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, Soukaichampa Major died. 13 Monday, Kangngapam Cha Major who went to Mayang to receive the Sahep returned. An eleven cannon salute was fired. On that day the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 24 Thursday, the Maharaj and the Sahep had a durbar. 27 Sunday, a Hao from Nungchaipan was found to have been shot by another Hao in a fight between the Haos. New moon Wednesday, the pond in Thangmeipan was inaugurated. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Thursday. 8 Thursday, a daughter born in the Laisram family in Lamangdong was drowned. 13 Tuesday, the royal younger brother the Senapati who had gone to (the area of) the Haos returned. 16 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. 26 Monday, there was a great flood. 27 Tuesday, the Maharani left to worship Khumanpokpa (the ancestor of the Khumans). 28 Wednesday, Shrijut went to the Ngangbam family to inaugurate a mantop. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Saturday. 5 Wednesday, while a sepoy of the Laiphrakpa family in Yairipok was cleaning his gun it went off accidentally and killed a Hao woman who was selling firewood, as the gun happened to be loaded. 13 Thursday, a star was seen going behind the moon. Full moon Friday, there was a lunar eclipse. 17 Thursday, Laiphrakpa, who accidentally shot the Hao woman, was deported to Loi to Suknu. 24 Sunday, a Beishnab who was looking to occupy land illegally (2) was drowned at Heingang. 25 Monday, a man from the Yensenpam family was drowned at the Langthapan pool. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Monday. 16 Monday, a Hao escaped from the prison. 22 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Thawan began. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Tuesday. 4 Friday, a meteorite was seen. 7 Monday, Shrijut went and inaugurated the Garot (Court) building which was roofed with corrugated iron. A four cannon salute was fired. 12 Friday, when the price of paddy sored to nine thousand sen (coins) per Sangpai basket, Shrijut fixed the price at five thousand sen and forced them to sell it at that price. On that day a woman was drowned at Khongnang Pheitekpi. 17 Wednesday, Konsam who had settled at Thangmeipan was made to become a member of the extended family of the king. Chingngakhanpa the water carrier, who had escaped from prison and was caught stealing fish at Hiru Hinaopa, was returned to the prison. 22 Monday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. 28 Monday, (3) Shrijut made the Haomachas, (4) who were the palace guards, have a boat race. Lairen the head of the Palace Security Guards rode at the front of the boat. Shrijut also made Yenlangpa the Naharakpa of the Haomachas play a polo match between themselves. They were also made to compete at a foot race and wrestling. On that day Shrijut distributed paddy to all the frail and the suffering people in the country. 25 Thursday, (5) a meteorite was seen. New moon Tuesday, Sarangthem Cha the head pundit died. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Thursday. On that day Laikhra Sachou was appointed the head pundit. 3 Saturday, the royal younger brother the Senapati caught a tiger at Aahongkei. 11 Saturday, (6) there was an earthquake. On https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 257 the new moon Wednesday, Snachaopa the son of Meetingu Manik Khompa, Snachaopa whose mother was a Loitam maiden, Yumnapa Jatra, Aasangpa Machahan, Manuharmayum Bamon Aangang Bapu, Chingsupa Thanin, and Maisna senlungpa, all of them were arrested and brought up to the Garot Court as they were found making an attempt on the throne. 16 Thursday, there was an aftershock. 18 Saturday, Satpa subidar, Chungkha aahondar major, Maisna subidar, and Yambepa Tolen, these men were put to prison for stealing a saddle which belonged to the Sahep and causing a disturbance. 22 Wednesday the Sangkranti of Mera began. 26 Sunday, Yipungsi the Lakpa of Khwai died. 27 Monday, Maisna the Dewan died. A prisoner from the Yumnam family escaped from the prison. The month of Hiyangkei (October/ November) began on Friday. 6 Wednesday, one gun and three bayonets (7) were stolen from the Maklang stockade. 12 Monday, six men, including Khaithipa Tamra Sing, escaped from prison. 17 Saturday, a polo match called Cheri Kairi was played between contesting teams from Khurai and the Wangkhei (areas), and the Khwai and the Yaiskun (areas). As for the Panas, the match was played between the Naharup and the Khapham Panas, and between the Aahanlup and the Laipham Panas. 25 Monday, Shrijut went and inaugurated the mantop of Thangchapa the chief of Moirang. On that day the prisoners Khaithipa, Thaotem, Yumnam Khuyonthempa, and Mutwa who had escaped from prison were captured and then sent back to prison. 22 Friday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began. 25 Monday, a Sahep left for Mayang. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Sunday. On that day as Shrijut gave his royal order that the demarcation between Louwai (rural) and Yumphal (urban) was to be shown, Nongthonpa Sengkoi the Lanlup Chingpa, Thokchao Doyanithi the chief of the keirungpas, and Sarungpa the keirakpuren, these three from the Top Garot Court went down and erected a stone pillar at Waikhom Khongnang (pipal tree) to mark the boundary. The area to the east, north and south (8) of the stone pillar was to be regarded as Yumphal (town) area and the areas behind the stone pillar as rural areas. According to this demarcation those areas which were in front (of the stone pillar) were: Pasikhongpa, Lairentubi, Puruksoubi, Meerep Pung, Kongpa Laipham Leithongphatpham (a designated area to a lai), Khombi Toklangcha Loupungphei, Mantri Khongnang, Wangma Chumbreikhong, Thongngak Yiroisenpa Chingchin, Moirang Hannupa, and Langthapan Khunton, and proceeding from there up to the area of Waikhom Khongnang. These areas which were in front of the stone pillar were regarded as Yumphan area. And the areas behind the stone pillar were regarded as rural areas. 6 Thursday, a tiger was caught at Moirang and presented (to the king). 23 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Poinu began. The month of Wakching (December/ January) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, Shrijut Maharaj and the Sahep had a durbar. On that day a tiger cub was caught at Aasei Loklen gorge. 3 Sunday, Tonghu the chief of Chasat came and presented a rhinoceros skin (to the king). 10 Tuesday, Shrijut Maharaj went and attended a kirton which was https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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performed at the mantop of Bamon Kokran. 11 Wednesday, Lanhampung and Langkon (hills), these two hills made a barking sound (9). 12 Friday, at the Thangngampat bridge by the top end of the Ngangpam Leikai (lane) by the Maharani market three cows had been stabbed in the night by unknown assailant. No one knew the identity of the attacker. 14 Sunday, Sna Chaopa the son of Meetingu Manik Nunglenkhompa was deported to Loi to Thangka for making an attempt on the throne. 18 Thursday, the royal younger brother the Samu Hanchapa and others left for the northern region to hunt elephants. 22 Monday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 24 Wednesday, the Bara Sahep left for Thipommee. A nine cannon salute was fired. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Wednesday. 7 Monday, Bamon Gurumayum Hayainu died of adult death syndrome. On that day Aahanthempa subidar and others, along with fifty sepoys, left for Nungchaipan to retaliate against those who had killed the Haos and absconded. 13 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Samu Hanchapa and Kangngapam Cha Major, these two and others, returned from the elephant hunt. Eleven elephants were captured. Elephant Moirangsa (from Moirang) died at a fight with Konprekpokpi, a wild elephant. 16 Thursday, a woman from the Mayanglampam family was found hanged in Kakching Khulen. 17 Friday, Satpa subidar, Chumkha aahondar Major, and Aaoina hajair, these three, were released from the prison. 18 Saturday, Shrijut went to Top Garot and held a durbar. 20 Monday, the king’s personal horse died. 21 Tuesday, when a woman who was married to a man from the Potsangbam family in Haobam Marak was found having an extramarital relationship with Yirengpam Snakhomba, Potsangpa Pangkoi broke the head of Yirengpa. Potsangpa was brought up to the Garot Court. 22 Wednesday the Sangkranti of Phairen began. The month of Lamta (February/March) began on Thursday. 17 Saturday, there was an earthquake at midnight and again after midnight. 18 Sunday, Yipi Mutwa Yokcha died. On that day Shrijut also went to the Kirtan in memory of Soukaichampa Major. 20 Tuesday, the Maharani with all the royal ladies from the palace went to Wainen to feast on fruit. On that day there was an aftershock (of the earthquake) after the noon yuthak. After three pung hours also there was another aftershock. 22 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 24 Saturday, five guns were stolen from the Kangloi building. 27 Tuesday, a Hao was drowned at Yitam Yiren. 28 Wednesday, Baji Aananda Tas arrived with four images of Radha Jugon from the Ganges. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Friday. On that day there was an earthquake. 2 Saturday, Laikhuram Cha Bapu was Shrijut’s substitute (in the role of scapegoat). Ningthem gave him ten Indian rupees. On that day Yirengpa, who had had an extramarital relationship with the wife of Potsangpa, died. Potsangpa’s wife was punished by public shaming (khunkoinapa) in the market place. 13 Thursday, Shrijut went to the kirtan of the Chongtham family at Chingnga Makha. 20 Thursday, Shrijut went to the target shooting at Chingmeirong. 23 Saturday was the Bisnu Sangkranti. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 259 1 2 3 4 5, 6 7 8 9

Discrepancy on the date. Lam mapa: conflation of lam, land, and mapa, verb to look round for something to steal; here to occupy land illegally, Discrepancy on the date. Haomachas: those who belonged to the Institute of Haomacha; alternative rendering: common people as opposed to royalty. Discrepancy on the date, and frequently subsequently. Changgi for sangkin: bayonet. Mathakna Yumphal: literally, the area in front of the stone pillar, taking the pillar as the demarcation line. Barking noise: obscure.

Sakabda 1812 (1890 CE) The year of Maimoba (1) Subon, Sakabda 1812 (1890 CE). 24 Sunday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu. The month of Kalen (April/ May) began on Monday. 9 Monday, (2) Laisrapa, a servant at the Top (Garot Court, caught a tiger at Lamtong. 12 Thursday, a man of the Ningngonpam family was killed by a buffalo which he had stolen when it gored him at Lousi road. The buffalo had its horns cut off as was ordered by Shrijut. It was returned to its owner immediately. 13 Friday, a burglary took place at the Soibam family at Kontha Aachambi, during which the owner of the house was gagged and his belongings were taken. Longcham Leikham, Samchetsapa Leinou, and two brothers from Moirang, these four, were the thieves. The two brothers from Moirang were put in prison but the other two escaped to Kapo. 16 Monday, a Sahep arrived from Thipommee. 17 Tuesday, Shrijut went out and held a durbar. 19 Thursday, a man of the Soukaicham family was put in prison as it was said that he was attempting to enter a house through a hole of the mud wall to steal (3). He leaped out (of prison) after cutting himself with a machete saying, ‘Let me die’ (4). But many people surrounded him and he was captured by Leipokpa aahondar. On that day Gokunla Bithu, husband and wife, Brajabithu, husband and wife, these four (images) which had been brought out from Shri Brntabon were received by Shrijut Maharaj and the Maharani at the Khwairamban market, with singing at an open air kirtan. Then the images were taken to the palace. 25 Wednesday, Aahanthempa Jatop’s younger brother escaped to Mayang as he owed money to the Sahep. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Monday. On that day the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 3 Tuesday, the royal younger brother the Sakon Hanchapa and the Sahep left for Moirang to repel immigrants. They halted at Moirang Koite Lok. On that day the chief of Songkang came and presented a brass bossed gong. 11 Friday, they reached Matharok. 12 Saturday, the royal younger brother said to the chief of Soikang that he was to climb up to his village along with the Sahep. To this the chief of Songkang pleaded that the Sahep should not go up to his village with all the Sahep’s https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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troops. The request was accepted as reasonable and only the royal younger brother the Sakon Hanchapa and the Sahep, along with eight sepoys, climbed up to the village of the chief. A present of thirty measures of rice and one Ratang spear was presented to the royal younger brother, and to the Sahep one Phipong Chamipa was presented by the village. The chief of Songkang, the chief of Lamyang, the chief of Khamen, and Thanpung the chief of both Khunnung and Khunao; all of them bowed to the party. 27 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Yinga began. New moon Tuesday, there was a solar eclipse. On that day a leech was caught at the royal palace and it was deported to Loi to Leisangkhong. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday. 3 Friday, Mutwa Keirungpa’s grand child was drowned. On that day one of the sons of Pheiroichampa became one of the Aayokpa Hao (5). 4 Saturday, a meteorite fell. 9 Thursday, a fracas broke out between a man of the Ngangbam family and a man of the Haobam family, resulting in the death of one person, when both went to inspect the paddy in Wangching. The man from the Haobam family was captured by the villagers and he was brought in. 13 Monday, Shrijut Maharaj and the Sahep had a durbar. 19 Sunday, a maidservant of Thangcham Cha the chief of Moirang died of adult death syndrome. On that day a man of the Takhenlambam family and a younger man, these two, escaped from the Garot Court after cutting their iron chains. 20 Monday, Takhenlambam was caught immediately. 26 Saturday, the royal younger brother Koireng the Senapati caught a tiger at Thangcham village. 27 Sunday, Puthipa Deb, two men from the Thangcham family, and a man from the Laisram family, all four, were arrested and put in chains as they were found minting sen coins. New moon Wednesday, Guruji died. On that day the royal younger brother the Sakon Hanchapa (6) and the Sahep, along with one of the Sahep’s sepoys and Chongkhurek the chief, arrived. On that day when a man of the Phicham family and a man of the Waripam family from Khurai were brought (to court) saying that they were drummers from Takhen, Phicham was found to be in the right and a court fee was paid to the Institute of the Pundits with the approval of the Takhen embassy. On that day the Sangkranti of Yingen began. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. From 2 Saturday it was an intercalary month. 5 Tuesday, the man from the Haobam family who had killed a man (in the fracas) was deported to Loi to Hangkun. 17 Saturday, two men from the Kongkham family and a man from the Khangngenpam family from Aathokpam were flogged at the market place for stealing paddy, and then they were set free. There was a flood and many houses were under water. Shrijut went to the sorat (shradha) rite for the wife of Thangsapa the chief of Moirang. 24 Thursday, as Thaba Samsetsapa Leinao, who had run away to Kapo, returned of his own accord, he was sent back to the Institution to which he formerly belonged. On that day a woman was sent to the Pangans as it was said that she was having an intimate relationship with a kuli (7). 30 Saturday, (8) Toma Sekhar of the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 261 Gurumayum family was escorted as a Ram worshipper (9). Aaheibam Chaoba was brought up to the Garot Court as he was found selling a gun which he had stolen. The other Thawan (July/August) month (intercalary month) began on Sunday. The Sangkranti of Thawan also began on that day. 2 Monday, the royal younger brother Kulachandra Singh the Jubraj completed the Menuthong suspension bridge which was made of iron. The Maharani came out and inaugurated the bridge. It was celebrated with feasting at which many people, including Bamons and Beishnabs, were served with phola, (9) and many gifts were also presented (to the Bamons and Beishnabs). The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Monday. 2 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. On that day Maisnam Cha Samu Major was appointed the chief of Luwang (clan). 3 Wednesday, two tigers were caught at Wurup. 4 Thursday, there was an earthquake at four pung hours after the night yuthak. The tremor was very strong. 7 Sunday, at six pung hours after the midnight yuthak the royal younger brother Koireng the Senapati, the royal younger brother Aangou the Dulairoi Hanchapa, and the royal younger brother Jilla Ngampa, these three entered the palace and seized it. The royal elder brother, also called Maharaj Surchandra Singh, Chinglen Lanthapa took refuge at the Bungalow (11) of the Sahep. The royal younger brothers the Samu Hanchapa, the Sakon Hanchapa, along with three Phunggai Sanglakpas (of the royal household), left to be with their royal elder brother the king. Chinglen Lanthapa, who was also called Shri Surchandra Singh, had reigned as king on the throne for four years. Kulachandra the royal younger brother the Jubraj was making a visit to Nambon. 8 Monday, no king reigned on the throne and there was no market. 9 Tuesday, Shri Kulachandra Singh became king at the age of thirty–seven years. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Maioba: the consonant m is understood as repeated, thus reading Maimoba. Discrepancy on the date. Sagun touye: past tense of verb sagun touba, term used for breaking into a house through a hole made in the reed and mud wall in order to steal. Aei surake: scribal error for aei sirake, meaning: ‘Let me die or I am going to kill myself’. Aayokpa Hao: an adopted commoner. Kakon Hanchapa: scribal error for Sakon Hanchapa. Kuli: coolie, term used for an Indian porter or labourer of lower caste; probably a Muslim in this case, as the woman was sent to the Muslim community. Discrepancy on the date. Thamandi: scribal error for Ramandi, a Hindu sect; unclear to whom he was escorted. Phola: soaked flattened rice mixed with milk and molasses. i.e. the Political Agent’s residence, situated near the Kangla.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.005 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa MEETINGU KULACHANDRA SINGH SAKABDA 1813 (1890–1891 CE)

The year of Maimoba Subon, Sakabda 1812 (1890 CE). 9 Tuesday Langpan (August/September) Shri Kulachandra Singh became king (1) at the age of thirty–seven years. At four pung hours he entered the palace complex. At five pung hours he entered the Sanglangmei (the king’s robing room). At six pung hours he entered the royal palace. At the noon yuthak he appointed his royal younger brothers Tikendra Sing as the Yubraj, (and) the (former) Dolairoi Hanchapa as the Senapati (2). At three pung hours after the noon yuthak he was enthroned. At the night yuthak the eldest wife of the king was brought from her parental residence. On that day the one who was also called Chinglen Lanthaba (Surachandra) left for pilgrimage to the sacred places. His three royal younger brothers (3) also accompanied him. 14 Saturday, one elephant and also a monkey entered the Kangla complex. 16 Monday, the royal younger brother Jilla Ngampa was appointed the Samu Hanchapa. Meeyengpa Tola was appointed Muhodar. 24 Tuesday, Yipungsi Rachandra was appointed the Minister. 29 Sunday, four Konoks were brought into the Garot Court as they were found minting sen (coins). The month of Mera (September/October) began on Wednesday. 2 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. 7 Monday, Shri Kulachandra Singh the Maharajah gave the royal order that Chongtham Hawaimaton the Keirungpa and Chaopahan the (Chongtham) Piba, and all their relatives in the extended family who were the king’s male relatives, (4) should be exempted from compulsory duty to the state. On that day the king’s personal horse was chosen. 16 Wednesday, water which was (stored) above the official seats in the night quarters of the king’s personal guards produced a foul smell. 18 Thursday, 200 men were made to keep watch around the walls and over the palace complex all through the night. 19 Friday, when the Kharaichams who lived in Khonghampat came to the Garot Court claiming that they belonged to the company of the Noya Sepoy, and after they were questioned by the court as to how they became sepoys, the court was informed that they had been recruited in the days of ancestor Gambhir Singh’s reign by those who were in charge of the ceremony of the king’s ascension to the throne. After consultation all the people in the Bijaya Garot including the royal elder brother the Senapati, the court decided that they were not regular sepoys and the case was closed. Those who participated in reaching the verdict were Kangngapa Major, Yenkhoipa the Tulihan Major, Yirungpa Major, Leetha Major, Laisrapa Major, Konchengpa sergeant, Ningthoukhong Cha poilya, Laikhra the Head Pundit, the Hanchapas and Hidangs of the Main Maipa Institute. A court fee of two Indian rupees was paid. 22 Monday, the Mantri died. 27 Sunday, (5) a tiger was caught at Chingmeirong. 28 Monday, the royal younger brother the Senapati caught a tiger at Langkon at Chingmeiron and it was presented (to the king). The month of Hiyangei (October/November) began on Thursday. On that day a https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 263 Bamon hidang died. 4 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangei began. 11 Saturday, there was an earthquake. 15 Wednesday, there was a lunar eclipse. 24 Saturday, at the Cherei Kairei Polo Tournament the Khapham and the Laipham Panas played a match against the Naharup and the Aahanlup Panas. 25 Sunday, the tournament continued and matches were played. There was also an after shock. 26 Monday, Yipungsi Konbirei Aapanba the Lakpa of Institutes was brought in as it was said that he was making an attempt on the throne. Pukhao was also brought in. 28 Wednesday, they began to build the palanquin for the king. A cannon salute was fired. 29 Thursday, Khaithipa Aangou subidar who was arrested at Lampui Sengpao was brought in and questioned. New moon Friday, Pukhao, who was involved in the attempt on the throne, was flogged and then set free. The month of Poinu (November/ December) began on Saturday. 8 Friday, a big branch of the kapok tree at Nungkoibi (6) broke. On that day Yipungsi Konbirei Aapanpba the Lakpa of Institutes was deported to Loi to Thangga. His sons and uncles (including maternal uncles) were all deported to Loi at Kakching; Khomba to Khorikhun; and Bamon Samulailatpam Pangan and Bamon Takhenchangpam Aatoyaima, who were also involved in the attempt on the throne, to Kumphi; Khaithipa Aangou subidar to Suknu; and Yaikhupa Bira, Khaithipa Pheira, Ngangompa, Laisrapa, Yenkhoipa and Maibra kut, these six, were sent to the prison. 13 Wednesday, Shrijut Maharaj and the Sahep held a durbar. On that day the body of a Hao was discovered at the hay stack at Wutlou. No one could identify this Hao. 14 Thursday, the royal younger brother Koireng Jubraj the Senapati, the royal younger brother Zila Ngampa the Samu Hanchapa, along with the Sahep and his wife, played polo at the outer polo ground. 28 Monday, a man from the Aangangcham family at Pungtongpam died as a tree which was being felled crushed him. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Sunday. 3 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. 7 Saturday, a prisoner who was given the task of making an opening through the palace wall died as bricks fell on him. 13 Thursday, (7) a lai manifested itself at the pool of Garon. 16 Monday, Shrijut and the Sahep held a durbar. 19 Thursday, Shri Brindaban Chandra’s image was found with its face turned sideways. 20 Friday, striped grasshoppers flew from the southern direction to the northern direction. 22 Sunday, the sound of stamping of feet (was heard) from the temple of Brajabithu’s image, which had been worshipped by the royal elder brother (8) while he was the Maharaj. 25 Wednesday, there was a polo match between Khwai and Yaiskun, Khurai, and Wangkhei and Shrijut went out and participated in the match. 26 Tuesday, they began to compile a census report of all the inhabitants of the four leikais. New moon Sunday was the day for giving charitable gifts. Ningthem gave many charitable gifts. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Saturday. 4 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. On that day much blood was shed in the temple of Ramachandra (9). A horse was also found on the Phunanching hill. Immediately it was presented to the lai by the Maipa Institute. And also https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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white objects flew from Phunanching hill towards Koubru. 8 Monday, a man from the Laitoncham family and a man from the Khetrimaum family, these two, were found stealing paddy and selling it. 17 Wednesday, the Maharaj had new sen (coins) minted, and he scattered fifteen lakhs of sen in the market place. 22 Tuesday, a man from the Keisam family was found hanged at Khunthongyai. 23 Wednesday, Shrijut and the Sahep held a durbar. 24 Thursday, a man of the Lairikyengpam family was burnt to death. On that day a thief who broke into a house killed a woman of the Thokchom family and left her (there). This took place in Singchamei. 26 Friday, they began to build the Sansenthong bridge. 28 Sunday, Kangngapam Cha Major left for Mao with 700 sepoys to meet the Sahep. The month of Lamta (February/ March) began on Wednesday. 4 Saturday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 10 Friday, the royal younger brother the Senapati and Maisna Major along with fifty sepoys left for north Sekmai to meet the Commissioner Sahep. 11 Saturday, the royal younger brother the Senapati returned. Plantains, sugar cane and torches which were to be lit were planted in front of all the houses along the road where the Sahep was to pass, to show that he was the Commissioner Sahep (10). 12 Sunday, the Commissioner Sahep arrived with 400 sepoys. Shrijut Kulachandra Maharaj along with all the noble and brave men of the land welcomed him at the Sna Keithen the Royal Market. A thirteen cannon salute was fired. The Commissioner Sahep arrived at the Konthoujam homestead (the Political Agent’s residence). The Commissioner Sahep asked the Raja Sahep (the Maharaj) to have a durbar with him. Shrijut also returned to his palace. Shrijut along with his three royal younger brothers and the officials of the country went for the durbar at two pung hours before the noon yuthak. The Commissioner Sahep did not come out saying that he had not had his food. Though they waited much longer he did not come out. Even after waiting for almost one whole yuthak the Commissioner Sahep refused to hold the Durbar. At this Shrijut and his two royal younger brothers returned. The officials of the country also returned. 13 Monday, the Commissioner Sahep sent word to Shrijut that he was going back on the following day after day break and so made a request for porters, and also said that he wanted to see the country’s Ras Lila performance. Shrijut told the Top Garot to see that everything was carried out and if the Sahep had requested to see the Ras Lila it was to be arranged. Phulo the Nongthonpa was summoned and forty Indian rupees were given towards the expense. The participants went and performed the play in the evening of that day in the presence of the Saheps. Then they returned from the Sahep’s residence at eight pung hours before the day break yuthak (11). Then at one pung hour before the daybreak yuthak (12) the Saheps came with the sepoys and began to shoot (13). When the sound of gunshots was heard many women and young people were in disarray and they fled. At this Tangko the Pukhranpa ran out and fought with the sword hand-to-hand with the Sahep who had entered, and both died together. Two Tangkhun Haos also died. One Bamon https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 265 also died. There was much shooting in the late afternoon of that day. Seven sepoys of the Sahep’s company crossed over the Minuthong bridge and entered the house of one Pangan Sardar (Dasu Sardar) and killed three women. Then they entered the housing areas and set alight Wusam Leikai, Yampem Leikai and Saikhom Leikai, these three leikais were burnt down. When Yampem Tonlonkhonpa tried to save his house from the fire, he was shot dead. Shrijut said that there was great chaos by the area of Chingnang Khongnang and after observing dense smoke rising up he also said that apparently the houses had been set on fire and many women and young people must also be running away in chaos; and so he sent Khunpong subidar, Leisang jamandar, Aathokpa Dewan Macha, and Chongtha Mia. They went and fought. Khumbong subidar, Leisang jamantara, and Aathokpa Dewan Macha, these three, received gun shots and died. At the Western Gate the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei along with fifty (Manipuri) sepoys manned the defence. The area behind the polo ground was set alight (14). Then crossing over (the river) by the side of the Nityainanda (temple) on the northern side of the Lanmithong bridge, at the area which was at the front of the Sanlung Sang Institute, they shot at each other and the army camp was devastated. Then just before sunset the Saheps ran back to the Bungalow (Residency). But a sepoy who was hit by a bullet and died was left behind. Then there was shooting along the wall by the Thangkapat moat (of the palace). Much firing by both sides took place there and many gun shots were also fired from the Sahep’s Bungalow. When it became late, the Commissioner Sahep sent a message by means of a bugle call saying, ‘Let us stop (firing) for the time being’ (15). At this message the officials of the land conferred and said that if the Sahep had asked to hold a durbar (they agreed); and turning to Lukrampa the Lanlup Chingpa from Phikang, they said, ‘You go and meet the Commissioner Sahep.’ So Lukrampa the Lanlup Chingpa went to the Bungalow. Inside the palace the royal younger brother Koirang the Jubraj, the royal younger brother Aangou the Senapati, the royal younger brother Jinla (Jilla) Ngampa, Nongmaithempa the Aangom chief, Maisna the Luwang chief, Kangngapa Thangkan Major, Ningthouchampa the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana), Haopam Cha the Lakpa of Sanglen Institue, and Chingnghanpa (Chingakhanpa) the Nongthonpa, all these officials of the country and others, assembled and consulted over what had happened. The royal younger brother the Jubraj, and all the others, said, ‘As we agreed to invite them by means of the bugle call, so we have invited them to come (to the palace). By means of the bugle call the Commissioner Sahep has accepted and said that they will come.’ Then the Commissioner Sahep with four other Saheps, along with the bugler, all six of them, came in the palace compound. Then a durbar was held between the Commissioner’s party and the royal younger brother the Yubraj and all the officials of the country. At the durbar the royal younger brother the Yubraj said: ‘Sahep, we do not accept a word of what you have said. You lied when you asked yesterday for https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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porters, saying that you were leaving; but in fact you have fired at my own Tampak Yum (the Jubraj’s palace) itself and killed many women (and) young people, and I myself also was forced to spend the night at the palace of Shrijut Maharaj. Your real intention was to slay me. We had thought that you, the Sirkar, uphold justice in every case in which you were involved. But you do not uphold justice. What you have done is not right, even more it was not a just and humane action in the way you carried out the whole attack. In fact, on this very day the true intention of you all is to slay the king and all the people of the land. The only reason why you stopped slaying them all is because you were not successful. You have burnt the houses at the eastern area of Chingnang Khongnang to ashes. What wrong have we the Meetei people committed to deserve such actions from the Sirkar? Even at this very moment you are only asking for a truce to buy time as it is (now) night; but as soon as the day breaks your true intention is clearly to restart your attack on the people. We have no trust in you.’ Thus the Commissioner was addressed. At this, the Sahep (Commissioner) replied, ‘We will not wage war on you further. Let us come to an agreement’. At this the royal younger brother the Jubraj and Kangngapa Major said to the Sahep: ‘If you are saying that you are going to cease waging war on us then we will make our soldiers go and collect all weapons of war, including guns, spears and swords which belong to your regiment, Sahep, and let us both (agree) to lodge them in the palace for safe keeping. We will not let a single gun be lost. After the case has been heard and dealt with, you can take all of them back with you. And, Sahep, you also send back the bugler who came with you. And as for you, Sahep, all of you Saheps spend the night at the palace. Let there be good relations and good will between you and us. And as far as we are concerned, on our side, one hundred people have already been slain.’ As these words were said, the Commissioner Sahep replied and said, ‘It is not right for us to lodge our weapons at the palace. You do whatever you consider you have to do’ (16). Then the royal younger brother the Yubraj and Kangngapa Major, these two, said to kill the five Saheps and the bugler, six of them, in front of Utra; and they were executed. (17) Then after summoning Wangkhei Pundit from the Maipa (Institute), Yenkokpa the Aaseipa Hanpa, Ningngonpa the Maipa Hanpa, Soibra the hitang, and Khuman Lampu the Pakhang Lakpa, the royal younger brother the Jubraj and all the officials said, ‘Pundits, you do as you customarily do in such cases.’ The heads which were taken in the war were buried at Nungoipi and the bodies were buried at Khwairampan. After this the whole country rose up and burnt down the Bungalow (Residency) at Konthoucham. All the Saheps (and) the sepoys, along with the Mem (Mrs. Grimwood), were dispersed and they fled. Monbi Sahep and some sepoys fled towards the Cachar road (18). Seven Saheps and about fifty sepoys were dispersed and they fled towards Kapo. Some fled towards the northern region. Leita Major and others with 100 sepoys marched towards the western region to repel the British. Yenkhioipa Major and others with https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 267 100 sepoys marched towards Kapo to repel the British. Laisrapa Major and others with 100 sepoys marched towards the northern region to repel the British. About fifty British sepoys were captured from the housing areas and they were put into prison. 16 Thursday, the royal younger brother Aangou Senapati, Kangngapa Major, and others with 100 sepoys, marched to repel the British and they reached Bisnupur. 18 Saturday, they marched up as far as Yaoyangtek. Then they came down to Lammangtong. 19 Sunday, the royal younger brother the Yubraj and all people of the land held a durbar. The Yubraj then said to the people: ‘If the enemies have retreated and if they are not found then return soon. But if the enemies are found in camps in the mountains, then those of you who are in the vanguard of the pursuit are to follow the enemy right up to the land of the Mayangs. While pursuing the army, if you find that you are too few in number then you are to send a message to us and many men will be sent as reinforcements.’ Thus they discussed the strategy. Then the royal younger brother the Yubraj returned to the palace. Those Saheps and others who had fled towards the eastern direction to Thoupan were pursued by Yenkhoipa Major and others with 100 (Manipuri) sepoys. They marched up to Tengnoupan. When the information of their location was given they were ordered to camp at Tengnoupan. But the enemy had captured Aasangpa subidar, Maibya subidar, and others, a total of five men and had taken these five men with them. The enemy also captured fifty men at Langngathen and used them as their porters. 20 Monday, a white monkey (19) was captured in Keirao and it was brought in but it died at the palace. The royal younger brother the Senapati and Kangngapa Major, these two and the others who had gone to repel enemies, returned as they did not encounter any enemy. A report was also received that the enemy had reached the plains of Mayang. 21 Tuesday, a report was received that the enemy (20) had marched up at speed from the eastern direction and had camped at Aathokpam village. At this information Shrijut gave his royal order that the royal younger brother the Senapati, Sna Maipak the Lakpa of Wangkhei, Sna the Tolairoi Hanjapa, Sna Haochao the Lakpa of Yaiskun, Chongtha the Aayapuren Major, and others along with 300 sepoys, should march up to Thouban. On that same day Sna Haochou the Lakpa of Khurai, Maisnam Cha Samu Major, and others along with 200 sepoys, marched towards the northern region to battle. 25 Saturday, the royal maternal uncle the Lakpa of Khurai and the Chief of Luwang, these two, returned as they found no enemy at the northern region. On that day Shrijut after consulting with the people of the land released those fifty–one of the Sahep’s sepoys who had been captured, saying that those sepoys were only the Sirkar’s (British Government’s) employees and it was not good to arrest them and detain them. And each one of them was given five Indian rupees. On that day they also sent away six Babus (Bengali men) who were living in the land of the Meeteis with their families, saying that they were to leave and return to their homes in their own country in order to save their lives. 27 Monday, the royal son Kala https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the Sakon Hanchapa, the royal younger brother Chinglen the Sakon Hanchapa, these two who had gone towards the land of the Mayangs to repel enemies, returned. In the eastern region, the royal younger brother the Senapati and the royal son the Lakpa of Yaiskun, these two, camped with troops at Linlong. After daybreak (28 Tuesday) news was received that when there was shooting at Aarongthong between Chongtha Major’s army and the Sahep’s army, the Sahep’s troops had advanced and the Meetei troops had fallen back, and also that about twenty (Meetei) men had been killed in the battle. All the people of the land were anxious. The royal younger brother the Senapati and the royal son the Lakpa of Yaiskun, these two along with almost all the men in the army, asked Sarang Pundit, ‘The army in the battle field will be in a very difficult position. Find an auspicious time (for the reinforcement party to set off)’. When all the astrologers said that six pung hours after the morning yuthak was auspicious, all the army of the land set off at that hour (21). Then at six pung hours after the noon yuthak (22) the army assembled at Thoupan market and fighting took place. All the women and children of Thoupan became dispersed and fled. Maisna the Keirungpa and Narengpa the Lanlup Chingpa, these two fired from a cannon from the top of Tomching hill. As the bullets from the Saheps reached them one of the bullets landed on the foot of Narengpa but he was not killed. A bugler was also hit by a bullet but he also was not killed. Sna the Lakpa of Yaiskun, who led the reinforcement party, (23) with all the army marched towards the west of Thoupan market and camped there. The following morning after daybreak, they crossed the river to the opposite bank and marched towards the south of Tomchin hill and camped at Waikhom homestead (24) and halted there. The royal younger brother the Senapati and all the people of the land held a durbar. After the durbar a message was sent by means of a bugle call: ‘You people of the sirkar, return (to your own place).’ The Sarkar’s reply came by a bugle call: ‘After fighting against you Meeteis it is not right for us to return without knowing if we have won the battle or not. Rather you should retreat.’ Then the Sarkar began to set alight every house at Aathokpam reducing them to ashes. They (sirkar) also camped and stayed at Sakonsem homestead. The Meeteis could not break through, nor could the Saheps proceed further. Both parties stayed in a stalemate. But as for those who were reconnaitring, they were kept occupied and there was much shooting on both sides. About fifty (Manipuri) sepoys, who were anxious to take up the challenge and engage in fighting, marched to the eastern side shouting the war cry, ‘Nake Nake’ (25) and began to shoot. But they could not break through and so they retired. Then both the camps waved flags to each other many times. But they did not come to any agreement and both parties returned to their own camps. Then the telegraph officer went to the British camp where he was asked, ‘Babu, what is the reason for your coming?’ The Babu replied and said: ‘Sahep Lok, you have been asked by the royal younger brother the Senapati, and by all the people of the land, that you should go https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 269 back and then they also will leave (the battle field). They also ask if there is anything good or useful in this shooting between you and us. Return to your land.’ After the messenger had given this message they (Saheps) replied and said, ‘It is not your business and it is not our practice to go back.’ After having heard the reply the messenger returned and gave the message to the army in the camp, saying that they (the British) refused to go back. After hearing this message the royal younger brother the Senapati and all the people conferred together, and all the people of the land took the decision saying that since they (the British) had refused (to negotiate) then all of them would go to battle regardless of whether they (the British) would win the battle or the people (of Manipur) would win the battle. Thus the whole country took the decision to go into battle. 25 Saturday, all the people of the land held a durbar and on 26 Sunday, at five pung hours after the noon yuthak, after all the people of the land had taken their (mid–day) meal, the royal elder brother the Lakpa of Wangkhei, the royal son the Lakpa of Yaiskun, the royal elder brother the Dolairoi Hanchapa, Yenkhoipa Major, Chongtha Major, and Wangkhei the Poilya, along with the others, the whole country entered into battle. But the enemy hid themselves in the fields and stayed there. The enemy dug trenches in the fields and from within the trenches they fired many bullet rounds. The Meetei sepoys fired on them and surrounded them. The enemy could not come out (of the trenches). After shooting in this way till daybreak, when there was a stalemate on the battle field, the whole army consulted and said that since the enemy were in the trenches whenever any gun was fired at them no bullet could reach them. So all of them decided to take up their swords and strike, and so to combat their enemy hand–to–hand on the battle field. Having decided thus the royal elder brother the Lakpa of Yaiskun and the royal eldest son Snahan, these two with all the other brave men, entered the battle field to challenge the enemy shouting, ‘Nake nake.’ The Lakpa of Yaiskun and his son, both father and son, began to combat hand–to–hand with the Saheps at three pung hours after the noon yuthak. The Lakpa of Yaiskun and his son, both of them, and three Saheps, received injuries, and all five of them died together. Then the troops from both sides went back to their respective camps as the sun had already set. In the night, the Saheps’ army fled secretly. 28 Tuesday, as the day dawned they confirmed that the British had fled. Saying that there was no enemy there, the royal younger brother the Senapati and all the people of the land left the battle field. On that day six Bengali males left for Mayang. On that day the royal son Kala the Sakon Hanchapa and the royal son Chinglen the Lakpa of Phungkanai Institute, these two, who had gone to repel the enemy by the Cachar road, returned. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began on Thursday. 3 Saturday, the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei, Sarouchampa poilya, and Yoirenpa poilya, these three returned, saying that no enemy was to be found. On that day Leitang Major also left for Mayang. 4 Sunday was Bisu Sankranti. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

270 1 2

3 4 5, 7 6 8 9 10

11

12 13 14

15

16 17

18 19 20

The Cheitharon Kumpapa Scribal additional note at the bottom margin of the ms. folio: ‘Kulachandra Singh became king.’ Chandra Kirti had several sons from different queens: a) from the Aangom maiden, the first wife: Surchandra, Thambou Sna alias Keswarjit, Paka Sna, and Gopal Sna; b) from the Chongtham maiden, the second wife: Kula Chandra, Gandhar Singh; c) from the Chongtham maiden, the fourth wife (sister of the second wife): Koireng Tikendrjit; d) from the Haobam maiden, the fifth wife: Aangou Sna; e) from the Aakoicham maiden, the sixth wife: Zilla Ngamba. The only son of the third wife died previously. Surchandra’s three full brothers accompanied him to India after his abdication. Kulachandra’s mother was from the Chongtham family. Males from the Chongtham extended family (sagei) were the king’s male relatives on his mother’s side. Discrepancy on the dates, and subsequently below. Nung koibi: A round stone in the Kangla complex which marks the spot where the heads of enemies taken in battle are buried. Mayampum: scribal error for mayampung, elder brother. Ramachandra ni: ni is; scribal error for Ramachandra gi, post–position of, for The manner of welcome was the highest honour in Meetei tradition, done only on important and auspicious occasions. The Sahep was the Chief Commissioner of Assam J.W. Quinton. According to the British records, Quinton’s party reached Sekmai on March 21st 1891, and was escorted into the capital by Tikendrajit early the following morning. The western calendar does not coincide with the Manipuri lunar calendar or with the sakabda year; it is not easy to reconcile the dating in the Chronicle with that in the British archival records. Eight pung hours before daybreak yuthak: in Meetei time reckoning this would be about 5 am. According to the British records the Ras Lila was not actually performed, although arrangements had been made to do so. One pung hour before daybreak yuthak: approximately 5.30 am. Nongmei Kaplare: nongmei, gun; kaplare, verb from kappa to shoot. Kaplare indicates that they came and shot. Facing east, the polo ground is on the right hand side of the British Residency and slightly south–west of the main road leading to the Royal Market from the Western Gate of the palace. Tokkhisi: from verb tokpa to cease, to stop; in this context, ‘let us halt’. The suffix khisi means to stop for the time being, i.e. indicating a truce. If a complete cessation was meant the form of the verb woud be toklase, toklasi: let us stop. Thokpa tou: ‘Do as you think best in this particular situation.’ If it implied, ‘Do as you like’ the verbal form would be touningbata tou. Those who were executed were: J.W. Quinton the Chief Commissioner of Assam; Lt– Col. C. MacD. Skene of 42 Gurkha Regiment; Mr. G. Cossins, Assistant Secretary to the Chief Commissioner; Lt. W.H. Simpson of 43 Gurkha Regiment; Frank St. Clair Grimwood, the Political Agent, who had been fatally speared earlier; and the bugler, Gunna Ram. Tongchei marin: a narrow dirt track, which was the only access road heading west. Yong angouba: white monkey, presumably an albino monkey regarded as an omen. Lanla scribal error for Lanna, literally, by the battle; in this context meaning the enemy.

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Translation 271 21 22 23 24 25

Six pung hours after the morning yuthak: about 11.15 am. Six pung hours after the noon yuthak: about 12.15 pm. Sna Yaiskun Lakchingpa: conflation of Lakpa and Chingpa; the Lakpa who led the reinforcement party. Waikhomki yi yingkhon: Waikhom homestead, yi scribal dittography. Nake nake: from lan naba, to attack; Nake short for ei lan nake, ‘I will attack.’

Sakabda 1813 (1891 CE) The year of Aahongsangpa Tunhop, Sakabda 1813 (1891 CE). (1) 5 Monday was the Cheiraopa, the new year’s day in the month of Sachiphu (March/ Aprl). The (Cheiraopa) was observed from that day till the 8th. 9 Tuesday, (2) news was received at the Top Garot Court that many British soldiers were approaching from the eastern region. Shrijut Maharaj along with others held a Durbar with all the people of the land and said: ‘While it was being considered whether the attack on us by the Saheps might probably cease, we have received reliable information from the western, the eastern, and the northern regions, from all these three regions, that the enemy with a large army are on the march to wage war on us. What do we people of the land say we should do? We cannot flee. Probably this is our last stand. All of you come forward shouting, ‘Nake, Nake’ and I will appoint each one of you to a post befitting each of you. Do come forward.’ In response to this call and according to the royal order, Paonam Cha Brajabasi and Chongtham Cha Mia, these two, were promoted to the rank of majors. Haopam Aanganghan also was promoted to the rank of major and Longchampa subidar to poilya. For the eastern defence, (Sna) Maipak the Lakpa of Wangkhei, Yenkhoipa Major and others, along with 700 sepoys, left for Thoupan to defend the land. 12 Monday, Paona Major and Chongtha Major and others, along with 400 sepoys, also reached Thoupan. There Paona Major requested (them) saying, ‘Royal son Wangkhei Lakpa and others, you, the multitude of the people of the land, please camp at Thoupan. I and my brother–in–law Chongtha Major, two of us, along with those true–born Meeteis who cry ‘Nake Nake’, together with all those who hold the rank of jamadar and subidar, a total of 400 of us, will march to Panlen. But let us have two cannons. Wangkhei poilya, you along with others march to Kakching at Panlen.’ Thus the party was ordered to march into battle at midnight. But before they set off, the major in charge of cannons said, ‘Regarding the cannon, we will take them with us.’ The royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei and Chongtha Major, these two, replied, ‘It is not the custom for the vanguard to take the cannons’, (and) they withheld the cannons. Thus in this situation the army said, ‘As for us, whether it is good or bad it makes no difference: let it be so.’ They set off for the battle field at midnight. What took place in the palace was as follows: 13 Wednesday, (3) at the time when the one pung hour was nearing two pung hours after the morning yuthak (a portent) was

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manifested in the southwest location of Lainingthou Pakhangpa (shrine) in which a palanquin, together with a chong banner and a flag, was seen coming down from the heavens and then disappearing about seven lams distance above the ground, but without landing on the ground. Many people of the land witnessed it. After that portent Kamani Sing came and reported to Shrijut and said: ‘A palanquin came down from the heavens but it disappeared by the area of your Ancestor Pankhangpa.’ At this report many pundits were summoned and they were asked to give the meaning of it all. A reply was given to the royal order by Wangkhei Pundit saying, ‘The palanquin was your Ancestor Pakhangpa’s Meeyampa Palanquin and the nine weapons which belong to your Ancestor Pakhangpa will be merged to the great power (4). Now this shows that the Palanquin Meengampa has already gone ahead. Thus the portent has given the message that that there will be peace in the land, long life for the king, and happiness and contentment for the people in the land.’ In this way the interpretation of the portent was humbly presented to the king. At this Nongmaithem Cha Pundit also said to the king, ‘What your servant, my grandfather (5) has said is correct. What is required (for us) to do now is to perform a great appeasement rite to your Ancestor (Pakhangpa).’ Thus the pundit humbly presented his view to the king. But at this Touriya the Hidang presented himself humbly to the king and said, ‘What has been revealed to me your servant is this, in this year thirteen (Sak. 1813) no one will be able to stop (these events).’ At this Ningthouchampa the Lakpa of Naharup (Pana) said, ‘What your servant the Hidang had said is this: in the days of your royal elder brother, it was prophesied that your royal elder brother would reign for forty years, and this year which is Sakabda 1813 is the 40th year of his reign.’ Having spoken thus they left the presence of the king. 11 Sunday, reports were received saying that the Saheps had marched with a large army from the northern direction also. On that day three rings of vapour were seen around the sun. Shrijut gave the royal order to march into battle and his royal uncle the Lakpa of Khwai and others, including Laisram Cha Jambhuban Major, Maibya Tatom subidar, (and) Heikruchampa poilya, with 800 sepoys marched into battle to the northern region. Reports came in saying that about ten saheps with 1,000 or 2,000 sepoys were on the march into battle from the western direction. The report also said that they had brought many horses and elephants with them. When this news was heard the people throughout the land became anxious. Then Shrijut with his royal younger brother the Yubraj and all the people of land held a durbar. After that the royal son Kala the Sakon Hanchap, Sna Ngangpa the Lourung Puren, and Yenkhoipa poilya and others, along with 1,000 sepoys, marched into battle. They camped at Laimaton. In the palace also all the officials of the land, including the Lakpa of Khurai and the Lakpa of Wangkhei, assembled and stayed together. They were on duty receiving messages from all the three directions. They communicated by receiving reports and sending messages to and fro with each of the groups at the battle-front from all the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 273 different directions. Shrijut supplied provisions of rice, fish and everything else needed to all those who were on duty in the palace building. (At the eastern region) Paona Major and Chongtha Major, these two camped and remained by the banks of the Khongchom river. Wangkhei poilya camped at the entrance of the mountain (in Kakching) and as he along with the army marched forward he asked the people of Kakching if they knew where the Saheps camped. No sooner had the people of Kakching told them that the saheps were at the top of the hill, than some of the saheps’ sepoys who were hiding in the village began to fire towards them. Wangkhei poilya and others, altogether about thirty men fought hand to hand. Wangkhei poilya and others, altogether twenty men, lost their lives. But the majority of the people fled. At the Khongchom river when the Punjabi (sepoys) from the top of the mountain discharged cannon shots into the camp of the two Majors, the first three shots did not reach the camp. But the fourth shot reached the camp. At this Paona Major and Chongtha Major, these two, sent an urgent request to the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei and Yenkhoipa Major, to these two, requesting them to send cannons and to move forward at speed with their army, saying that the bullets from the enemy cannons had reached them but that their (own) rifle bullets had failed to reach the enemy line. They sent their urgent request three times. But nothing was given to them. At this Paona Major cried out, ‘Fellow citizens and countrymen, their shots have reached us. We cannot retreat and die my brother–in–law Yenkhoipa Major would despise us, for he is even now with drawn sword, marching in the midst of the army. We all shall not survive, but we shall not turn back.’ So saying Paona drew two swords, one in each hand, and ran forward. 14 Thursday, the fighting which began at day break yuthak and continued until the early part of the dusk yuthak, (6) when the British cavalry led by the saheps surrounded the Meetei army. As they were being surrounded, Paona Major, Chongtha Major, and others fought against their opponents the sardars hand– to–hand. Many people also died from gunshot wounds. The saheps led their troops and marched forward aggressively without stopping. The Meetei vanguard was completely wiped out. Only about ten people who had received sword and bayonet wounds, including Chongtha Major, survived. Many Punjabis from the sahep’s army also died. As the sun was setting the Sahep’s army also returned to their camp. At this the Meetei troops at the rear, including the Lakpa of Wangkhei and Yenkhoipa Major and others, fled to the palace. At the palace the astrologer told Shrijut that Sani, the Hindu deity, would release him from his grip after five days and asked the king to offer a feast to Shri Govinda. All the (British) troops who had begun to march in from all the three directions on the 15th Friday reached the palace on the 16th Saturday. At this the whole land, the royal younger brothers the Yubraj and the Senapati, along with all the others held a durbar and stayed in the palace. 17 Sunday, they inaugurated the shrine of Ancestor Snamahi. At four pung hours after the daybreak yuthak money and other gifts were presented to all https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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the Brahmins and Baishnabs. All the royal wives were made to pack up their belongings and leave with their mothers for their parental homes. On that day Sachou’s family in Aawang Konsam was given permission to belong to the extended family of the king and the royal verdict was made known to the Main Institute of Maipas. Court fees of one san weight of gold and one rupee silver coin to the Main Institute of Maipas, one mohor weight of gold and one rupee silver coin to Shrijut, one san weight of gold and one rupee silver coin each to the Cheirap Court and Shri Govinda were paid. All the weapons of war and tools of trade were also brought in. In the late afternoon the family of Aangaton was also appointed to belong to the extended family of the king. All the tools of trade and weapons of war were presented to the Institutions where they belonged. At six pung hours after the noon yuthak a large number of the people of the country came out. With love and devotion for the Institutions which each one of them served and to which (they) belonged, they left them all in tears. Shri Govinda and all the other images (from the temples) were moved into the house of Takhur Tas (Das), the king’s personal priest, near Khongman. Ningthem presented him one thousand Indian rupees endowment for the upkeep of those images. Within one pung hour after the dusk yuthak, Ningthem, the Yubraj, the Senapati, Chinla (Jilla) Ngampa the Samu Hanchapa, Chingngakhanpa the Nongthonpa, Maisna the Luwang chief, and Chongtha the Aaya Puren Major, all these along with others, a total of about 200 men fled for Chasat in the east, taking the road to Porompat. Moirang Tonchao subidar, who had promised to lead the party up to his place and to whom one Lamthang Khuthat reward cloth and three thousand Indian rupees had been given, and who had already left three days before having promised to wait for the retreating party along with a man from Kapo who was to be their guide (to exile), was never found (as he had) arranged. The retreating party left behind twelve cannons, two cannon shells, twenty rifles, and most of the boxes of gunpowder at the royal palace, and the palace building itself was wired and connected to the explosive. At about five and six pung hours the explosive went off. The Royal Palace, the Club House, the Boat House and a total of about ten buildings were burnt down. People began to ask if the saheps had entered and possessed the Palace. All the women, young people, children and the elderly people, fled in all directions. Many left behind most of their belongings. 18 Monday, at about seven pung hours after the day break yuthak, the army from the western direction entered the palace, and the Bara Sahep was the first person to enter the palace. Gora (European) Pemton Sahep went to the four Leikais and forced entry into all the houses. But he did not force entry into the temple of Shri Govindaji. They also confiscated paddy from each of the (state) granaries and from each of all the private granaries. The Bara Sahep (Maxwell) stayed in the queen mother’s palace. The Bara Sahep became the king of the Meeteis. The Meeteis presented a large amount of pressed rice to him. The sepoys also stayed in the palace (compound). The Bara Sahep moved out to the https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 275 Utra building. All the horses, cattle, buffaloes which they had confiscated from the Meeteis were kept in the Konthoucham homestead (the former Residency compound). Thangchapa Khelendra (subidar) and some other Meeteis stayed by the Wangkon Pukhri. Nine cannons and all the guns which belonged to the Meeteis and those which belonged to the Manipur Levy were broken and piled up at the front of the Garot Court. All the weapons of all the Meetei army were confiscated and were broken up. Every door and gate (8) was guarded by a British sepoy. There was no market for one whole month. Every cross roads became a small gathering place for selling and buying and the people managed to be fed and sustained with food sold there. The Bara Sahep said: ‘You Manipuris, do not be afraid. Hold the market again.’ These words were reported to all the inhabitants of the four Leikais and they were ordered to hold the market. 28 Wednesday, Kangngapa Major gave himself up to the Sarkar of his own accord. New moon Friday, Shri Kulachandra Maharaj who had set off for the east to go to Khaki, came back as he could not reach Khaki. The Sarkar which had been searching for him all those days found him by the banks of Yiya and they brought him back (9). He was housed at the Ras Mandal (in the palace complex). The month of Kalen (April/May) began on Saturday. On that day Nongmaithem Cha the Aangom chief, Chongtham Cha Aangaton the Aayapuren Major, and Chingngakhanpa the Nongthonpa, these three who also had fled, returned of their own accord as they could not reach their destination. 2 Sunday, Maisna Samu Major gave himself up of his own accord. 5 Wednesday, many British sepoys died of cholera. One sahep also died. Gurumayum Thakur Nongmaiching died. They housed six cannons in the armoury (10) by Chingsuguthong. From the armoury they also began to fire a cannon at noon (to indicate the time). There was also a small cannon. 6 Friday, (11) the Sangkranti of Kalen began. 8 Saturday, a sahep died of cholera. 10 Monday, the British sepoys went down to every village and confiscated paddy by force from them. They also filled up the Kangla tunnel (12) (in the palace complex). They also dug up the stone at Khangcheng. All the males from four Panas began to labour in the palace (compound). 12 Wednesday, all males from the four Leikais who were made to labour were set free and they were replaced by the people from the four Panas. Two Panas were amalgamated into one Panas and three hundred men were forced to labour. On that day the royal younger brother Jilla Ngampa also gave himself up of his own accord. 15 Saturday, there was a lunar eclipse. On that day the royal younger brother the Jubraj was captured from the house of Thokchom Dewan at Singjamei Mathak and he was brought in (13). 17 Monday, Pukhranpa Phingang (14) was hanged. The pundits of the Maipa Institute were ordered to bring the Cheitharon Kumpapa and it was brought out. It was then kept in the Kangla (building). On that day the Bara Sahep gave orders to the Cheirap and Garot Courts to look for the money which was lost from Pangan Para (15) housing area. The money was recovered from the person who took it https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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and it was returned to the Sarkar. The month of Yinga (May/June) began on Sunday. 2 Monday, a Mayang, (16) who was in the service of the Jubraj was hanged on the charge that he was taking sides with the Meeteis. Of the 600 people who had been conscripted from the Panas, 200 were forced to labour at Keithen Manbi in the northern region. 5 Thursday, the Meetei army was also conscripted according to its respective regiments to carry wheat flour and other articles from Thipommee. The Shuto (Chhota) Sahep took his seat at Kangla and judged cases for trial. Thangchapa Khelendra subidar became the interpreter to the Shuto Sahep (17). 8 Monday, they began to copy the Cheitharon Kumpapa sitting at the Kangla. Twelve men from the two Institutes of Maipas and Astrologers began to transliterate the book from the Meetei Mayek script into Bangali script. On that day, Sna Hongpa the son of the chief of Moirang was appointed the chief of Moirang. 20 Friday, a meteorite fell. 23 Monday, Bara Sahep left for Chalou to collect tribute payments which were overdue. Also most of the books which were kept formerly at the Ras Manton (Ras Madal) building (in the palace complex) and which had been removed to various housing areas were brought back (to Kangla), after Khuraichampa the Lanlup Chingpa had searched them. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, the (Sarkar) permitted the cart festival for Shri Govinda to take place in order not to disrupt the (religious) practices. Each one performed his particular task in preparing food and singing in the choirs without any alteration. They (Sarkar) blasted the kapok tree at Nungkoipi with gunpowder, and also the brick wall (in the Kangla complex). 8 Tuesday, some Haos at Tumnaopokpi speared sepoys (of) Yumnam Khunou from the Thangcham family, the Naorem family, and the Aarampam family, these three, near Likli. Two of them died but the Aarampam sepoy survived. 9 Wednesday, Chongtham Cha the Aayapuren Major and Maisna the chief of Luwang, both of them, were taken by way of Thipommee. The Maipas and the Astrologers completed their transliteration (of the Cheitharon Kumpapa). 10 Thursday Yinga, the Sangkranti of Yingen began (18). There was an earthquake on that day. The Cheitharon Kumpapa was rendered into English by Babu (19) and Taoriya Hidang and Sarang Panji, these two, were allowed to help with the translation. But the others who were previously involved in the transliteration work were dismissed and excluded. The Bara Sahep also left for Kangchup village. He returned after three days. 14 Monday, the Shuto Sahep arrived. It was also the beginning of the banning of all the Meetei festivals and the recreational events of boat racing and foot racing events. They also dynamited the images of the Nongsas which were built of brick and were in front of the Utra. 16 Wednesday, people left for the northern region to carry flour. They included 300 (Meetei) sepoys along with all the men from the Loi areas. 19 Saturday, all the horses, elephants, cattle, and buffalos which belonged to the Meetei Kings were auctioned in the Sna Keithen the royal market. Most of them were bought by the Mayang traders. 26 Saturday, from this day onwards a severe cattle epidemic broke out. It https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 277 was also the beginning of the disease because of which the hooves of the cattle became swollen and then split. But not many beasts died. On that day six men who were Lanlup Chingpas from the Top Garot were put in prison. Also Wangkhei Pundit from the Maipa Institute, Ningngonpa the Maipa Hanpa, Paona Hitang, and the guard of Meitankei granary, all of them were also put in prison. Yenkokpa was set free after his ears were twisted. Soibra the hidang was also put in prison. The Ras Manton (Mandal) building was used as a prison. The armoury was also used as a prison. 27 Saturday, the Shuto Sahep moved out to a bungalow which was built at Kekrupan. On that day both the Bara Sahep and the Shuto Sahep appointed Wakanpa Samu to the post of Lakpa of Naharup (Pana) and he was made to carry out the works of the Naharup Pana. 29 Monday, two saheps along with thirty sepoys left for Nungngu, Chairen, and Suknu to inspect these areas. The month of Yingen (June/July) began on Wednesday. 4 Saturday, the (Sarkar) left for the northern region. There was an earthquake. 8 Thursday, at seven pung hours after the noon yuthak a meteorite fell. At that time the royal younger brother Koirang the Jubraj and Kangngapam Cha the Tuli Naha Major, these two, were hanged at Sna Keithen (the royal market). 10 Friday, the Sangkranti of Yingen began. 16 Thursday, Kulachandra Maharaj, along with his royal younger brother Aangou Senapati and the royal son the Lakpa of Wangkhei, these three, were taken towards Thipommee in the northern region. No servant or attendant or follower or family member, no personal belongings, were allowed to accompany them. On that day a Bamon from a Samulailatpam family and Chanam Chaopa entered the house of Loitongpam at Khongman through a hole dug through the wall of the house in order to steal. But the Bamon brought in the other person. Both of them were given fifty strokes each with a cane on their buttocks and then were set free. 25 Saturday, the Shuto Sahep arrived. The month of Langpan (August/September) began on Friday. On that day the Shuto Sahep tried a case in which Hao Yenkhu from the eastern area complained that his belongings had been confiscated by the Khongchais. The month of Thawan (July/August) began on Friday. 5 Tuesday, Sna Nadiya Chan was sent to prison. One sepoy of the rank of aahondar shot a jamandar from which he died. On that day, Yipungsi Mitkoi’s son Chaopa was brought in for stealing cattle. He was flogged and then set free. In the whole land of the Meeteis, the office of the Hiru Hinaopa was granted the right to all the lakes and all the products of the lakes on payment of Rs. 7,000 to the British Sarkar, and the ownership of the produce of the lakes fell into their hands. There was a severe famine. The price of one sangbai basket of paddy soared up to two Lakhs of sen. Many cattle were bought by the Haos. Cattle were scarce and cattle prices also soared. Many cattle were also stolen. Fish, salt, and anything edible was very costly. 14 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Langpan began. On that day Shuto Sahep went back. A nine gun salute was fired. The Bara Sahep asked if Gambhir Singh Maharaj and Nara Singh Maharaj, these two were brothers from the same https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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parents. Sarang Panchi (the astrologer) and Touriya hidang replied saying that they were not from the same parents but they were (cousin) brothers. At this the Bara Sahep had asked them to put in writing the full genealogy (of the kings) omitting none, beginning from Garibniwaz, and including his direct descendants and descendants of his wider family, within five days. At this Sna the Mantri and the Lakpa of Khurai, these two, were also called. They were also asked (by the Bara Sahep) saying, ‘Write down in a list the names of all the princes of the Land of the Meeteis according to their right genealogy and in the correct order.’ To this, both of them replied and said, ‘We do not know; only the Pundit will know.’ The two Pundits also said: ‘We also do not know. We are not able to tell you unless we consult the royal records which are kept in the sealed royal safe box’. When this was said, Bamacharon Babu brought up the royal safe box in great haste. The two Pundits, after consulting the royal records, compiled a list of all the princes in the whole land who were the descendents of Garibniwaz, according to their specific lineage and according to each (family) group. This chronological list was translated into English by Bamacharon Babu and then was handed over to the Bara Sahep. The Bara Sahep Herane Maxwell Sahep, after consulting the list for almost twenty days, said that the descendants of Gambhir Singh had wronged the Sarkar (British) and the king of Manipur must be from the lineage of Nara Singh. He also asked if Puskar was the eldest son amongst all (Narasing’s) children. To this Sarang Panchi the astrologer replied and said that Nara Singh’s eldest son was called Bhuban Sing, who had also been the Jubraj. But (now) he was dead. Then the Bara Sahep asked if he had any sons or grandsons. The Pundit (Sarang Panchi) replied and said that his descendants were still living. They searched for them and then were brought to the sahep. 22 Thursday, Bhubon Sing Jubraj’s brother was called up and (Bara Sahep) asked, ‘How many sons do you have?’ He replied and said that he had four sons. To this the Sahep asked him to bring to him all their birth certificates. All the four horoscopes were brought and presented to the Bara Sahep. Then his youngest son Jurachand (Churachand) born by his wife the Moirangthem maiden, was appointed to be the king by the Bara Sahep at the age of eight years. 1 2, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Scribal marking at the margin of the Ms. page: ‘Attack by the Sarkar.’ Discrepancy on the dates. Konkhu Konlen: literally the phrase means ‘the chief abiding place’. Yithou: literally grandfather, a term of respect for age and position used sometime even by the king to his subjects. From day break to dusk yuthak: from 6 am to 6 pm. Maj. H. St. John Maxwell, who had been appointed as the new Political Agent. Thong: term is used for both bridge and door of a building. Kulachandra Maharaj was brought in: the arrest of the Regent was carried out by Angom Ningthou Giridhani who received a reward of Rs 4,900. Top khana: Bengali for armoury. First time this term is used.

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Translation 279 11 12

13

14 15

16

17

18

19

20

Discrepancy on the date. Kangla surung: the Kangla tunnel. This is believed to be the sacred abode of Pakhangpa the ancestral deity of the Meetei Royal family in its manifested form as the sacred python. The mouth of this tunnel is also considered the only place where a legitimate Meetei king could be enthroned. Tikendrajit was brought in: Maxwell reported: ‘The arrest of the Senapati or Jubraj was affected by Subadar Khelandra Singh, SV (Burma Valley) Police battalion, to whom I would give Rs. 4,000 and by Sipahi Amu Sing, Garo Hills Police battalion, to whom I would give Rs. 1,000. The arrest of Angou Sena the third prince was effected by Moirang Tonchau Subadar to whom I would give Rs. 1,000.’ Tikendrajit Jubraj was arrested at his maternal aunt’s residence. Pukramba had struck and killed Political Agent Grimwood with a spear before the executions took place. Pangan Para: may be a corrupt form of Bangal Para where b and p, l and n are interchangeably used. It is the area where Bengali clerks, shop–keepers, and other support staff to the British officers were housed. Later, this area acquired the name Babu Para or area of Bengalis. This name is still retained and is in the old British Reserve area. Niranjan, formerly of the 34th Gurkha regiment, was an Indian from the village of Tikaumoh in Hardui, son of Daria Singh Chettri. He worked as the guard to the British Residency in Manipur for sometime but later joined the Manipur army after being appointed a subadar by the Yubraj Tikendrajit. Thangchapa Khelendra subidar was the same person who was rewarded by the British for arresting Koireng Jubraj. He was a descendant of one of the Meeteis who had fled to Cachar during the period of the Burmese invasions of Manipur. According to the family tradition he had then married a Mayang woman. Khelandra joined the British army and had a large family. 10 Thursday Yinga, the Sangkranti of Yingen began: normally the Sangkranti takes place at the end of the month, and there may be some confusion in the chronology here. Note also that subsequently the entry for Langpan (August/September) has been inserted before Thawan, and that it is also very brief. The keeping of the Chronicle was clearly disrupted during the armed conflict and reconstructed subsequently. Babu: this Bengali’s name was Bama Charan Mukherjee, the secretary to Maharajah Kulachandra. This English version apparently fell into the hands of Hodson (a subsequent Assistant Political Agent), who donated it to the British Museum in 1946. The title page reads State diary of Manipur, typewritten at the State Office by Nithon Nath Banerjee 1904. Mukherjee had no knowledge of the Meetei Mayek script and was not a scholar, though he understood colloquial Manipuri; nor did the Meetei Pundits have any knowledge of the English language. The rendering is inaccurate in many places and of very limited historical value. See further the introduction to Vol. 1 p. 10 for a discussion of this version. Chura Chand was the youngest of five brothers and a great–grandson of Nara Singh. His father was Chaobi Yaima and his mother Moirangthem Lalita Manjuri. He was therefore not of the legitimate line of Chandra Kirti, and was only five years old when made king by the British.

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[Thawan] 23 Friday, one person from the family of Naorem died as he was working in the palace as the bricks fell on him. 24 Saturday, foreign soldiers presented ten guns to the new king. All were broken. On that day the Sna Natya and his father, all three father and sons, were sent to prison. The month of Mera (September/October) began on Sunday Those who belonged to the Lanlup of Khapham (Pana) and who worked in the northern region were made to work in the palace. Five men who were Ramandis arrived from the land of the Mayang. They lodged at the Khwairaman (market). They brought three Gopalji (images) and two conch shells with them. The firing of the cannon at noon was also stopped. As the Saheps decided to move into the house of the Aangom Chief, one hundred men worked on it. 10 Tuesday, one Hao who was a murderer was hanged (1). 14 Friday, the grandfather of Ningthem (Churachand) was appointed the chief of Moirang (2). 15 Saturday was the Sangkranti of Mera. 16 Sunday Bamacharan Babu (3) was given the charge of all the lakes. Salt was taken up to Kangla and it was sold there. One nama of salt disk (100 salt disks) of salt was sold for two rupees. Wangkhei Pundit and other maipas who had been put in jail were released. On that day the Shuto Sahib went down to Moirang. 18 Tuesday, a married woman from the family of Lukhram in Kongpa was brought in as she was injured from a gun shot by a British sepoy while (he was) shooting a bird. The woman did not die and she was compensated with rupees. The sepoy was punished. The Suto Sahib returned. 19 Wednesday, they began to build a house for the Churachand Maharaj at the end of a village in Khurai at the homestead of Leishangthem Ayapurel Chongtha Major. The British made it into a palace. 22 Saturday, about thirty British sepoys left for Mayang. All those who lived in Khurai, from the Khurai Menu Bridge (Menu Thong) up to the area Thangmeipan Panli (barricade), were forcibly evicted. They made all the area from Khurai Leikai (lane) up to Menu Bridge, including the market area near the bridge, all these areas stretching a very long distance in Thangmeipan, into a housing lane for the British sepoys. Many British sepoys lived there. They also kept three cannons there. On that day the Bara Sahib made an announcement saying that 600 Meitei men would be chosen from the ten tulis or areas (4). Also Babu Bamacharan Mukherjee began to record the names of paddy field owners. 26 Wednesday, there was an earthquake. The month of Hiyangkei (October/November) began on Monday. On that day the Bara Sahep left for the eastern region to inspect the salt mines. All those in the regions of Sikhong Ningngen and Chandrakhong who had defaulted in their payments (5) were pardoned. 8 Monday, the Bara Sahep returned. 9 Tuesday, the Suto Sahep went to the north–eastern region to inspect the area. The Bara Sahep went around to all the four leikais (residential areas) and recorded (everything). He was accompanied by Bama Charan Mukherji and

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Translation 281 Konthou Tuban the senlungpa. 14 Sunday, the Sangkranti of Mera began. (6) On that day all the Punjabis (sepoys) left for Kapo with horses and cannons. 15 Monday, the Bara Sahib left for the northern region. 21 Saturday, they completed taking the land measurements. Sitting at the Kangla Bamacharan Babu Mukherji began to record a list of all names of the owners of paddy fields in English. 27 Saturday, (7) the Bara Saheb returned from the northern region. The month of Poinu (November/December) began on Wednesday. On that day Surchandra, also called Chinglen Nongdren Khonba Maharaj, who was living in British India died in Calcutta. He died after daybreak but the news of his death arrived at one o’clock in the afternoon. All the Hindu death rituals including the shradha and others were performed by his brothers in Shri Brindaban. 5 Sunday, the Bara Sahep appointed ten members who were to act as judges. 6 Monday, Bara Sahib left for the land of Kapo. 8 Wednesday, Komalakanta the Lakpa of the Institute of Astrologers died. Small pox broke out and many people died. 15 Tuesday, the Sangkranti of Hiyangkei began (8). On that day the Suto Sahib returned. 29 Wednesday, the Bara Sahep returned. The month of Wakching (December/January) began on Friday. 5 Monday, they began to build a bungalow in the Angom chief’s homestead for Michell Sahep (9) as he wished to reside there. They also built a brick wall and a moat round it. Michell Sahep married Tampha, a Thangcham maiden. 14 Wednesday, three Saheps including a General arrived from the northern region. 15 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Wakching began. In the Kangla paddy was sold at one rupee fixed price for a sangbai measuring basket or five thousand Sen (currency). On that day the exchange rate of one rupee to five thousand sen was fixed by the British Sarkar. Michell Sahep started to make a road in the northern region leading to Thipommee. On this programme of making the road many Meeteis were conscripted as unpaid labourers. They were beaten and harassed with strong words and as they found that they could not endure it and they wept saying that all that cruel treatment took place because they had no king of their own. They felt that the insolent Mayangs, who were of no account, had treated them with no respect by saying in mockery that their sufferings were due to their previous deeds. 20 Tuesday, the General Sahep left for the northern region. A large quantity of rice was stored in Shri Govinda’s temple. They also checked up on the money which had gone missing from the Residency. 21 Wednesday, Churachand Maharaj, who was living by the banks of Nambul river at Keisamthong bridge, was taken up to the end of the village at Khurai at one pung hour after the dusk yuthak. The image of Shri Govinda was also taken from the area of Khongman. The image of Shri Govinda was received by Ningthem, the nobles, the Brahmahons, and the Beishabs, along with some royal ladies, with the singing of a Hindu kirtan. Ningthem and many people became emotional. Ningthem offered to Shri Govinda gold and silver. The British Sarkar gave 500 rupees to Ningthem to offer to Govinda. All the institutions (and personnel) connected to Shri Govinda, such as the cook, https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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officials and their followers, those in charge of management, water carriers, the leader of the singing, those who were in charge of blowing the conch shells; the main Institution and Buildings of the Maipas, and the Institutions and Buildings of the Astrologers, all these which were essential were all re– established. 22 Thursday, the Bara Sahep left for the land of the Mayang. The Gutam Sahep (10) established granaries for paddy with great speed in Thoupan. The Haos were taxed and each of the Hao households was made to pay three rupees house tax. The month of Phairen (January/February) began on Saturday. 4 Tuesday, all the sahebs went to Yikop to hunt. They stayed there for three days. They caught many animals. 8 Saturday, one star covered another in the western hemisphere (11). 12 Tuesday, a meteorite fell. 14 Thursday, the Bara Sahib inaugurated a bridge at Singchamei. Horses and cattle could cross over it. 15 Friday, the Sangkranti of Phairen began. On that day the people of Kakching performed the Khubak Yisei dance and singing ritual at the palace. The Punjabis returned from Kapo with all the horses and cannons. They halted for one day at Chingngang Khongngang. Then they left for the northern region. Five Saheps and fifty white soldiers (Kora) also came in (to Manipur) from the Suknu direction. They halted for three days at the palace. The Sahep’s government asked to be guided to the Akam Haos so that they might attack them. They left immediately. 27 Thursday, the Bara Sahib arrived from the Mayang with a lot of luggage. The Bara Sahep appointed a supervisor for every 100 houses in all the land of Manipur. Each supervisor was given two sangams (12) of paddy fields. New moon Sunday, the Suto Sahep travelled beginning from North Sekmai up to Kameng in Kakching and appointed one supervisor for every 100 households. Shri the Bara Sahep also decided and announced in every granary that every Pamon (Brahmins), prince and princess, and the wives of princes in Manipur, was to pay four rupees for every paddy field. It was also announced that the Meeteis would not need to get a pass for entry and exit to Kapo and Keiyang (Kyang), and also that it was forbidden to take cattle, buffaloes, and horses out of the country. The month of Lamta (February/ March) began on Monday. On that day the Bara Sahib made Pamacharan (Bamacharan) Mukherji Babu collect all the books (of the land) to be lodged in the Garot Court and gave him the task of trying all the cases there. On that day 300 men called Khakman arrived. They also had 300 horses with them. They went to and fro to Thipommee to transport rice. On that day ten shops in the Khwairampan market were burnt. Goods worth 1,000 rupees were destroyed. After that, in the area beginning from the location of Ningthouchampa Naharup Lakpa up to the area by Lampun (river), many houses, temples, and mantops were burnt. The fire spread across the river and to many more temples and mantops. Then the fire burnt the housing area where the Adhikari Myum (Bamons) lived. The fire spread to the area of Khongman and burnt the temple and the mantop of Aaripam Thakur the cook. Sougonpung was also burnt. The people of the country said that it was https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Translation 283 an unusual phenomenon and attributed it to divine intervention. A total of 150 houses were destroyed by fire. 5 Thursday, three houses belonging to the Muslim cooks (13) of the Saheps were burnt. 6 Friday, many shops beginning from the bridge in the Khwirampan market area (14) were burnt. Many houses where the saheps lived, which were formerly the residence of Yipungsi the Lakpa of Wangkhei, were also burnt. The Bara Sahep came and tried to extinguish the fire. 10 Tuesday, the Hitam Maiden the queen of Shrijut Kulachandra Maharaj, his eldest son Yipungo Machahan Hazur, his younger sister Snatonbi, with five male servants and three female servants, along with Laisram maiden Yaima, her daughter Snatonbi, and her younger brother Sna Tonpa, with four male servants, and three female servants; Koireng Jubraj’s royal wife, Senchabi, their son Sna Chaopahan, the royal wife Konsabi’s son Sna Chaopa Yaima, the royal wife Laisubi’s son Sna Chaopaton, and a son born by the royal wife Ngangpi, all of them, all twelve of them were taken into the land of the Mayang. They were promised that they would be allowed to live in Shylhet. All the elder brothers of Shrijut Churajan said that they would not allow the Bamons of the Gurumayum extended family to be the family priests to the king. The elder brothers also said that they had their priest from the Athikari Mayum family, and thus Thakur Khongsangpa was appointed as their priest. Bamon Aripam Aangou was appointed the Purit (Purohit spiritual advisor). 11 Wednesday, both the guru and the purit were accepted saying that it was forbidden that they should be removed. On that day Thangchapa Khelendra subadar also left for the interior of the land of Mayang. 10 Friday, (15) all the buildings in the Kangla complex were pulled down. 14 Thursday, the Sangkranti of Phairen ended. 15 Friday, the Sangkranti of Lamta began. 18 Wednesday, all the traditional Lais (divinities) of Manipur Sna Leipak which had been scattered, suppressed and obliterated, all these divinities were once again re-established and Shrijut Maharaj Churachand offered silver to each of the divinities. 19 Thursday, all the elders and leaders of the village of Yurembam, along with all members of the Khuraicham clan who were residents of Sayang Leikai in the Tera Keithen area, brought up the case concerning the Ancestress Huitom Pokpi once again before the king. The ancestress was claimed to belong to both of the clans of Khuraicham and the Yurembam. As the controversy concerning the rightful ownership of the ancestress was once again brought up, and as the case was taken up before the royal presence of Shrijut Maharaj, according to the royal order (it was) given to the Maiba Institute: and after consulting the royal records the lai which belonged to the Khuraicham clan was found to be Tarang Khoinu Cha who was a descendant of Khaba Lairen Han (Khaba the first of all the divinities). The Ancestress was Tewa Leima. Huitom Pokpi was the national divinity whose custodian was the king. What Yurenbam did was only to carry out the service of the divinity. If the Khuraicham had joined the Yurenbam, then they were Khuraichams who had settled in Yurenbam. Thus it was considered to be the lai of the village. The lai did not https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.006 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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belong to the Khuraicham clan. Thus the royal verdict was passed by Shrijut. Wednesday, the Bara Sahep built the Yairipok bridge. On that day the Suto Sahep stayed at Yirinpung and began to collect money (tax) for the paddy fields. The Meetei Phourungpas also helped him. 20 Friday, Thangsaba Moirang chief’s mantop, which had a corrugated iron roof, was pulled down. 23 Tuesday, the Soto Sahep went down to Yairipok (17). They also filled up Nungjeng Apisak (pool). The sacred areas which were dedicated to (lai) Wangkon Lairemma Nunggoibi, the sacred areas dedicated to Ahanlup Pana Institute Building, the tunnel (18) (in the Kangla complex), the sacred areas dedicated to (lai) Konloi Leima, to Laiyingthou Pakhangpa, all these sacred areas were desecrated. They also levelled all the mounds and filled in all the ditches and made the whole area of the palace complex into a flat surface. The Cheirap Court was also flattened. The area by the Garot Court was also leveled. But they used the Garot Court as an office. Aangom leikai (housing area) was also flattened. 24 Wednesday, when all the people of the Aangom clan asked if they could settle in the area of Porompat, the royal elder brother of the king advised them to approach the Bara Sahep. When the Bara Sahep was approached, he in turn summoned Taoriya the hidang and Sarang Panji the astrologer and asked them if the area could be used as a residential area, he was informed that the area was not a dedicated sacred area to any divinity. Then the Bara Sahep and the Aangoms went down to the area and after inspecting the area refused to allot the place to the Aangoms, saying that it was a grazing ground. Gutam Sahep in charge of granary stayed in Thoupan and collected rupees from the area. A tax of five rupees was levied per lou paddy field. On that day, the Bara Sahep inspected the area of Taklenpung mound. As some people found that Shri Jaganath (carving) had a cloth hanging on its arm, they offered a big feast immediately. The month of Sachiphu (March/April) began Tuesday. 2 Wednesday, Satpa Major died. 4 Friday, the Singchamei bridge was inaugurated. The Bara Sahep gave fifty rupees towards the inauguration of the bridge. The Cheitei and Nityai images were taken out (at the inauguration). They also offered a feast of cooked food. They also served deep fried pancakes at the feast. They also presented cash as a gift to those who attended the feast. 7 Monday, the Gutam Sahep in charge of granary collected and stored a large quantity of paddy at Ponlem in Phoiching. He also went as far as Moirnag. On that day, Michell Sahep left for the northern region. 11 Thursday, all the lakes of Manipur were auctioned. 14 Monday was Bisu Sangkranti. 1 2 3 4 5

A Hao Murderer; this was Chirai Naga from Mayangkhang, who murdered P. Melville, the Superintendent of Telegraphs and O’ Brian, a telegraph officer. The boy king’s maternal grand father Moirangthem Ramanada Sing was a Pandit Achouba (Head Pundit). see note 19 of the previous section. Tuli: Urdu, used as a suffix to indicate an area or locality, Baki: Bengali, default in payment or unsettled amount. First time the term is used.

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Translation 285 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Sangkranti of Mera: this is the second Sangkranti of Mera, but Mera is not recorded here as an intercalary month. Discrepancy on the date and frequently subsequently. Sangkrani of Hiyangkei: probably scribal error. Lt–Col. St. John Mitchell, who was Adjutant–General in Brig–Gen. Graham’s column from Silchar, and became president of the special court which tried Jubraj Tikendrajit and Thangal. Gutam Sahep: officer in charge of stores; Gutam for Bengali Gudam, store house. Thawan michak ani chikneiye: literally, two stars bit each other. Lou Sangam: four sangams =1 pari paddy field, = 2.5 acres. Sahenki Khamsaman: scribal error for sahepki Khansaman. Khansaman: Bengali for an ordinary person to do with cooking, usually Muslms. Shops in the Khwairanpam market area: this was in the British Reserve, where all the Bengali petty traders were made to reside. Textual dislocation. literally, in the steps of. Yiripok ye: scribal error for Yiripok chatle, left for Yiripok, Suru: scribal error for surung, tunnel.

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The Cheitharon Kumpapa

GLOSSARY OF FREQUENTLY USED MANIPURI TERMS

Chakpa: indigenous inhabitants of Manipur Chong: ritual umbrella, often many-layered Dolai paba: law enforcement officer Hanchapa: court official Hidak: medicine Hidang: court official Hao: commoners, later used of non–Meetei hill peoples Kangla: palace compound Kei: granary, sometimes used as a place of confinement Keirungpa: official in charge of granaries Khamen chatpa: silk cloth with the Pakhangba design, restricted to royalty but also given as a reward Kheiyangthekpa: sport of wrestling with a tiger to break its spine Lam: measurement from finger tip to finger tip with arms outstretched Lai: deity, divinity Lakpa: chief, guardian, officer in charge Leikai: street, housing area Loi: indigenous inhabitants of Manipur: meaning ‘subjugated.’ Deportation to the outlying areas where the Loi lived was equivalent to internal exile, or later to outcasting Loisang: institute Mandop/Mantop: covered area for ritual and ceremonial functions Mantri: minister Mayang: Cachar or more generally India; non–Manipuri Indian immigrants Meetingu/Meedingu: king, sovereign Men: a cave or tunnel in the Kangla which was the place of enthronement of Meetei kings Nongsa: stone beasts erected as guardians in the Kangla Pana: divisions of the valley area for administrative purposes; those people in each division Phamban lan: a military expedition to celebrate the accession of a new king Phamthou: high-ranking court official Phiringki: (Persian) term used for European, foreigner Piba: the head of an extended family

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Glossary Poila/Poilya: court offical Pung: (1) a drum, (2) a short period of time (see Vol. 1 pp. 154–5) Sagei: extended family Sangbai: basket, also a measurement Selungpa: an official, probably originally a treasurer Sen/Sel: bell metal coin used as curency Song: enclosure used to trap animals Taoronai: the ancestral deity Pakhangba in his form as a python Thang: used for a cutting implement: knife, machete, sword Utra: the court in the Kangla Yu: rice beer Yuthak: a longer time period (see Vol. 1 pp. 154–5)

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PART TWO THE CHEITHARON KUMPAPA: THE ORIGINAL SCRIPT

MEETEI MAYEK OR MEETEI SCRIPT Approved Meetei Mayek script. See Manipur Gazette No. 33, 22 April 1980, Annexure 1–5 (1/2/78–SS/E)

Original letters (Eeyek Eepi) Letter

Pronunciation kok sam lai (for laipak) mit pa na chil til khou ngou thou wai yang hak (for hakchang) uun ee pham atiya

Probable meaning head hair forehead eye eyelash ears lips saliva (or life) palate larynx rib cage embryo or sperm spine body (or human being) skin blood womb sky (implying birth)

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Equivalent k s l m p n ch t kh ng th w y h u ee, i ph a

Letters developed later Letter

Name gok jham rai ba jeel deel ghou dhou bham

Equivalent g jh r b j d gh dh bh

Final forms of the letters used in closed syllables (lonsum eeyek) Letter

Final form

Equivalent k l m p n t ng

Vowel signs Sign

Name

Equivalent

otnap inap anap yetnap sounap unap cheinap

o i aa e ou u ei ng

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Position in relation to the letter after after above after above under above above

Numerical signs Numerical signs

Pronunciation

Bengali

Equivalent

Ama Ani Ahum Mari Manga

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5

Taruk Taret Nipan Mapan Tara

6 7 8 9 10

Punctuation A black round circle between two sets of vertical parallel lines is equivalent to a semicolon or a full stop.

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https://doi.org/10.1017/9789382264989.008 Published online by Cambridge University Press

THE MANUSCRIPT TEXT OF THE CHEITHARON KUMPAPA IN MEETEI MAYEK

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